FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Fagan, J Douglas, JF Yamamoto, K Heckert, AN Leigh, SD Obrzut, J Du, FM Lin-Gibson, S Mu, MF Winey, KI Haggenmueller, R AF Kashiwagi, Takashi Fagan, Jeffrey Douglas, Jack F. Yamamoto, Kazuya Heckert, Alan N. Leigh, Stefan D. Obrzut, Jan Du, Fangming Lin-Gibson, Sheng Mu, Minfang Winey, Karen I. Haggenmueller, Reto TI Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE panicle dispersion metric; carbon nanotubes; nanocomposite ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES; EPOXY COMPOSITES; NETWORKS AB Particle spatial dispersion is a crucial characteristic of polymer composite materials and this property is recognized as especially important in nanocomposite materials due to the general tendency of nanoparticles to aggregate under processing conditions. We introduce dispersion metrics along with a specified dispersion scale over which material homogeneity is measured and consider how the dispersion metrics correlate quantitatively with the variation of basic nanocomposite properties. We then address the general problem of quantifying nanoparticle spatial dispersion in model nanocomposites of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at afixed SWNT concentration of 0.5% using a 'coagulation' fabrication method. Two methods are utilized to measure dispersion, UV-vis spectroscopy and optical confocal microscopy. Quantitative spatial dispersion levels were obtained through image analysis to obtain a 'relative dispersion index' (RDI) representing the uniformity of the dispersion of SWNTs in the samples and through absorbance. We find that the storage modulus, electrical conductivity, and flammability property of the nanocomposites correlate well with the RDL For the nanocomposites containing the same amount of SWNTs, the relationships between the quantified dispersion levels and physical properties show about four orders of magnitude variation in storage modulus, almost eight orders of magnitude variation in electric conductivity, and about 70% reduction in peak mass toss rate at the highest dispersion level used in this study. The observation of such a profound effect of SWNT dispersion indicates the need for objective dispersion metrics for correlating and understanding how the properties of nanocomposites are determined by the concentration, shape and size of the nanotubes. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 43 TC 113 Z9 117 U1 4 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JUL 27 PY 2007 VL 48 IS 16 BP 4855 EP 4866 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.015 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 201VJ UT WOS:000248860400026 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK Francisco, JS AF Irikura, Karl K. Francisco, Joseph S. TI Competition between hydrogen abstraction and halogen displacement in the reaction of br with CH3I, CH3Br, and CH3Cl SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID QUADRATIC CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; AB-INITIO; POLAR SUNRISE; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; METHYL-IODIDE; THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; ATOMIC CHLORINE; COUPLED-CLUSTER AB Sudden ozone depletion events in the marine boundary layer are associated with jumps in the CH3Br mixing ratio, but current models of atmospheric chemistry explain neither the ozone depletion nor the CH3Br spikes. We have used ab initio theory to predict the forward and reverse rate constants for the competing hydrogen abstraction and homolytic substitution (S(H)2) channels of the title reactions. Including the spin-orbit stabilization of the transition structures increases the rate constants by factors between 1.3 and 49. For the atmospherically relevant case of CH3I, our findings suggest that the hydrogen abstraction and homolytic substitution reactions are competitive. The predicted branching fraction to CH3Br is about 13%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUL 26 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 29 BP 6852 EP 6859 DI 10.1021/jp071314c PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 191HE UT WOS:000248121400034 PM 17580833 ER PT J AU Anderlini, M Lee, PJ Brown, BL Sebby-Strabley, J Phillips, WD Porto, JV AF Anderlini, Marco Lee, Patricia J. Brown, Benjamin L. Sebby-Strabley, Jennifer Phillips, William D. Porto, J. V. TI Controlled exchange interaction between pairs of neutral atoms in an optical lattice SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; CONTROLLED COLLISIONS; ENTANGLEMENT; MANIPULATION; DYNAMICS; GATES; DOTS AB Ultracold atoms trapped by light offer robust quantum coherence and controllability, providing an attractive system for quantum information processing and for the simulation of complex problems in condensed matter physics. Many quantum information processing schemes require the manipulation and deterministic entanglement of individual qubits; this would typically be accomplished using controlled, state-dependent, coherent interactions among qubits. Recent experiments have made progress towards this goal by demonstrating entanglement among an ensemble of atoms(1) confined in an optical lattice. Until now, however, there has been no demonstration of a key operation: controlled entanglement between atoms in isolated pairs. Here we use an optical lattice of double-well potentials(2,3) to isolate and manipulate arrays of paired Rb-87 atoms, inducing controlled entangling interactions within each pair. Our experiment realizes proposals to use controlled exchange coupling(4) in a system of neutral atoms(5). Although Rb-87 atoms have nearly state-independent interactions, when we force two atoms into the same physical location, the wavefunction exchange symmetry of these identical bosons leads to state-dependent dynamics. We observe repeated interchange of spin between atoms occupying different vibrational levels, with a coherence time of more than ten milliseconds. This observation demonstrates the essential component of a neutral atom quantum SWAP gate ( which interchanges the state of two qubits). Its 'half-implementation', the root SWAP gate, is entangling, and together with single-qubit rotations it forms a set of universal gates for quantum computation(4). C1 Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Porto, JV (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM trey@nist.gov RI Lee, Patricia/B-6146-2012; OI Brown, Benjamin/0000-0002-4873-6362 NR 29 TC 234 Z9 235 U1 5 U2 36 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 26 PY 2007 VL 448 IS 7152 BP 452 EP 456 DI 10.1038/nature06011 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 193VG UT WOS:000248302700042 PM 17653187 ER PT J AU Zhang, XB Zwiers, FW Hegerl, GC Lambert, FH Gillett, NP Solomon, S Stott, PA Nozawa, T AF Zhang, Xuebin Zwiers, Francis W. Hegerl, Gabriele C. Lambert, F. Hugo Gillett, Nathan P. Solomon, Susan Stott, Peter A. Nozawa, Toru TI Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; TEMPERATURE-CHANGE; SURFACE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATIONS; EXTREMES; AEROSOL AB Human influence on climate has been detected in surface air temperature(1-5), sea level pressure(6), free atmospheric temperature(7), tropopause height(8) and ocean heat content(9). Human-induced changes have not, however, previously been detected in precipitation at the global scale(10-12), partly because changes in precipitation in different regions cancel each other out and thereby reduce the strength of the global average signal(13-19). Models suggest that anthropogenic forcing should have caused a small increase in global mean precipitation and a latitudinal redistribution of precipitation, increasing precipitation at high latitudes, decreasing precipitation at sub-tropical latitudes(15,18,19), and possibly changing the distribution of precipitation within the tropics by shifting the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone(20). Here we compare observed changes in land precipitation during the twentieth century averaged over latitudinal bands with changes simulated by fourteen climate models. We show that anthropogenic forcing has had a detectable influence on observed changes in average precipitation within latitudinal bands, and that these changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural forcing. We estimate that anthropogenic forcing contributed significantly to observed increases in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, drying in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and tropics, and moistening in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and deep tropics. The observed changes, which are larger than estimated from model simulations, may have already had significant effects on ecosystems, agriculture and human health in regions that are sensitive to changes in precipitation, such as the Sahel. C1 Environm Canada, Div Climate Res, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Reading, Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Reading Unit, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. RP Zwiers, FW (reprint author), Environm Canada, Div Climate Res, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM francis.zwiers@ec.gc.ca RI Stott, Peter/N-1228-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Stott, Peter/0000-0003-4853-7686; NR 30 TC 437 Z9 471 U1 25 U2 208 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 26 PY 2007 VL 448 IS 7152 BP 461 EP U4 DI 10.1038/nature06025 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 193VG UT WOS:000248302700044 PM 17646832 ER PT J AU de Ronde, CEJ Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Wright, IC Sparks, RJ Bannister, SC Reyners, ME Walker, SL Greene, RR Ishibashi, J Faure, K Resing, JA Lebon, GT AF de Ronde, C. E. J. Baker, E. T. Massoth, G. J. Lupton, J. E. Wright, I. C. Sparks, R. J. Bannister, S. C. Reyners, M. E. Walker, S. L. Greene, R. R. Ishibashi, J. Faure, K. Resing, J. A. Lebon, G. T. TI Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE submarine hydrothermal activity; mid-Kermadec Arc; New Zealand; venting; marine geology and geophysics : hydrothermal systems (0450,1034,3616,4832,8135,8424) ID FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; HIKURANGI PLATEAU; SUBDUCTION ZONES; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; SOUTHWEST PACIFIC; PLUMES; VOLCANO; PRECONCENTRATION; MAGMATISM; EVOLUTION AB [1] The 2,500-km Kermadec-Tonga arc is the longest submarine arc on the planet. Here, we report on the second of a series of cruises designed to investigate large-scale controls on active hydrothermal venting on this arc. The 2002 NZAPLUME II cruise surveyed 12 submarine volcanic centers along similar to 580 km of the middle Kermadec arc (MKA), extending a 1999 cruise that surveyed 260 km of the southern Kermadec arc (SKA). Average spacing between volcanic centers increases northward from 30 km on backarc crust along the SKA, to 45 km on backarc crust along the southern MKA, to 58 km where the MKA joins the Kermadec Ridge. Volcanic cones dominate in the backarc, and calderas dominate the Kermadec Ridge. The incidence of venting is higher along the MKA (83%, 10 of 12 volcanic centers) than the SKA (67%, 8 of 12), but the relative intensity of venting, as given by plume thickness, areal extent, and concentration of dissolved gases and ionic species, is generally weaker in the MKA. This pattern may reflect subduction of the similar to 17-km-thick oceanic Hikurangi Plateau beneath the SKA. Subduction of this basaltic mass should greatly increase fluid loss from the downgoing slab, initiating extensive melting in the upper mantle wedge and invigorating the hydrothermal systems of the SKA. Conversely, volcanic centers in the southern MKA are starved of magma replenishment and so their hydrothermal systems are waning. Farther north, where the MKA centers merge with the Kermadec Ridge, fewer but larger magma bodies accumulate in the thicker ( older) crust, ensuring more widely separated, caldera-dominated volcanic centers. C1 GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. RP de Ronde, CEJ (reprint author), GNS Sci, POB 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. EM cornel.deronde@gns.cri.nz RI Bannister, Stephen /B-4038-2008; Wright, Ian/B-9643-2008; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; OI Wright, Ian/0000-0002-6660-0493; Bannister, Stephen/0000-0002-2125-0506 NR 40 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD JUL 24 PY 2007 VL 8 AR Q07007 DI 10.1029/2006GC001495 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 195NR UT WOS:000248419400001 ER PT J AU Fuckar, NS Vallis, GK AF Fuckar, Neven S. Vallis, Geoffrey K. TI Interhemispheric influence of surface buoyancy conditions on a circumpolar current SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; OCEAN; STRATIFICATION; PROJECT; EDDIES; MODELS; WIND AB This study shows that the surface buoyancy conditions in the Northern Hemisphere may influence the stratification and transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). We use a course-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) in an idealized single-basin configuration with a circumpolar channel. A decrease in the magnitude of the surface temperature meridional gradient in the Northern Hemisphere reduces production of the deep water, affecting the interhemispheric Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and deepening the thermocline in both hemispheres. The induced change of stratification in the Southern Hemisphere circumpolar region increases the zonal volume transport of circumpolar current because of an increase in the local meridional density gradient and the associated thermal wind shear, which is the dominant baroclinic component of the total volume transport. The result is robust to variations in the background vertical mixing and the parameterization scheme for mesoscale eddies. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Fuckar, NS (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM nevensf@princeton.edu; gkv@princeton.edu OI Fuckar, Neven S./0000-0002-0097-3764 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 24 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 14 AR L14605 DI 10.1029/2007GL030379 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 195NU UT WOS:000248419700007 ER PT J AU Cage, B Russek, SE Shoemaker, R Barker, AJ Stoldt, C Ramachandaran, V Dalal, NS AF Cage, Brant Russek, Stephen E. Shoemaker, Richard Barker, Alex J. Stoldt, Conrad Ramachandaran, Vasanth Dalal, Naresh S. TI The utility of the single-molecule magnet Fe-8 as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent over a broad range of concentration SO POLYHEDRON LA English DT Article DE Fe-8; MRI contrast agent; SMM; ac susceptibility; NMR; relaxivity ID IRON(III) CATION; IRON CLUSTER; RELAXATION; NANOMAGNET AB Recent reports have compared Fe-8(aq) versus Magnevist with seemingly conflicting conclusions: one claims a much greater efficiency of Fe-8 for magnetic resonance imaging contrast, and the other claims a much lower efficiency. Our study shows that at concentrations below 1.5 mM Fe-8(aq) had a T-1 relaxivity, r(1), of 5.4 s(-1) mM(-1) which is comparable to Magnevist. Above 1.5 mM Fe-8(aq) had an r(1) of 1.1 s(-1) mM(-1), significantly lower than Magnevist. These results agree with the previous literature over the concentrations they examined. The results for the T-2 relaxivity, r(2), were similar. Here, we show that the concentration dependence of the relaxivity accounts for these discrepancies. Further, the relaxivity data are correlated with frequency-dependent maxima in X-ac(") of frozen solutions of Fe-8 dissolved in deionized water over the temperature range of 1.8-4 K and the frequency range of 200-1400 Hz. The magnetic properties of the single-molecule magnet Fe-8 in room temperature and frozen aqueous solution were found to be highly non-linear when examined over a wide concentration range. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80390 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80390 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Cage, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bcage@boulder.nist.gov RI Barker, Alex/G-5884-2012 OI Barker, Alex/0000-0002-6283-9157 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-5387 J9 POLYHEDRON JI Polyhedron PD JUL 23 PY 2007 VL 26 IS 12 BP 2413 EP 2419 DI 10.1016/j.poly.2006.12.009 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 198ND UT WOS:000248633900004 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Key, JR Francis, JA Wang, X AF Liu, Yinghui Key, Jeffrey R. Francis, Jennifer A. Wang, Xuanji TI Possible causes of decreasing cloud cover in the Arctic winter, 1982-2000 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR PATHFINDER DATASET; TOVS SATELLITE DATA; RADIATION PROPERTIES; CYCLONE ACTIVITY; MOISTURE BUDGET; RECENT TRENDS; SURFACE; VARIABILITY AB Satellite and reanalysis datasets show a decrease in wintertime (Dec., Jan., Feb.) cloud cover over most of the Arctic Ocean from 1982 to 2000. Concurrently, wintertime moisture convergence has decreased significantly over the Nansen Basin and parts of the Barents and Kara Seas (NBK; 75-90 degrees N, 45-90 degrees E). Over this region, correlation coefficients between monthly anomalies in the satellite-derived cloud cover and moisture convergence in the cold season are large and statistically significant. This reduction in moisture convergence results in a decrease in cloud formation due to weakening cyclone activity over the NBK region. Reduced cloud amount over this area leads to decreased cloud cover over the entire central Arctic because less cloud is advected to other regions. The same mechanism has been observed over northeastern Russia and the Bering Strait area (RBS; 65-75 degrees N, 150-200 degrees E) and is therefore an additional, and perhaps more important, control over cloud cover in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas and the Laptev Sea region. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Appl & Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Liu, Y (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM yinghuil@ssec.wisc.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 20 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 21 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 14 AR L14705 DI 10.1029/2007GL030042 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 193PA UT WOS:000248285300003 ER PT J AU Cerruti, M Rhodes, C Losego, M Efremenko, A Maria, JP Fischer, D Franzen, S Genzer, J AF Cerruti, Marta Rhodes, Crissy Losego, Mark Efremenko, Alina Maria, Jon-Paul Fischer, Daniel Franzen, Stefan Genzer, Jan TI Influence of indium-tin oxide surface structure on the ordering and coverage of carboxylic acid and thiol monolayers SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CONTACT-ANGLE HYSTERESIS; LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICES; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; SOLAR-CELLS; FILMS; NEXAFS; GOLD; ITO; DNA AB This paper analyses the variability of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formation on ITO depending on the substrate surface features. In particular, we report on the formation of carboxylic acid-and thiol-based SAMs on two lots of commercially prepared indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin films. Contact angle measurements, electrochemical experiments, and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy showed that the quality of monolayers formed differed substantially between the two ITO batches. Only one of the two ITO substrates was capable of forming well-organized thiol- and carboxylic acid-based SAMs. In order to rationalize these observations, atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses were carried out, and SAMs were prepared on ITO substrates fabricated by sputtering in our laboratories. An attempt was made to influence the film microstructure and surface morphology by varying substrate temperatures during ITO deposition. Good-quality thiol and carboxylic acid SAMs were obtained on one of the ITO substrates prepared in-house. While our characterization could not single out conclusively one specific parameter in ITO surface structure that could be responsible for good SAMs formation, we could point out homogeneous surface morphology as a relevant factor for the quality of the SAMs. Evidence was also found for ITO crystallographic orientation to be a parameter influencing SAMs organization. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, WM Keck Ctr Rna Mediated Mat Synth, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Cerruti, M (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM marta.cerruti@gmail.com RI Losego, Mark/A-8042-2009 NR 36 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 EI 1361-6463 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD JUL 21 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 14 BP 4212 EP 4221 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/40/14/016 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 188OY UT WOS:000247930400017 ER PT J AU Remijan, AJ Hollis, JM Lovas, FJ Cordiner, MA Millar, TJ Markwick-Kemper, AJ Jewell, PR AF Remijan, Anthony J. Hollis, J. M. Lovas, F. J. Cordiner, M. A. Millar, T. J. Markwick-Kemper, A. J. Jewell, P. R. TI Detection of C8H- and comparison with C8H toward IRC+10 216 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE line : identification; radio lines : stars stars : AGB and post; AGB; stars : individual (IRC+10 216) ID ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; ION C6H; MILLIMETER; RADICALS; CLOUDS AB We report the detection of new transitions of octatetraynyl (C8H) toward the circumstellar envelope IRC + 10 216 using data taken with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope ( GBT). In addition, we report five features from the Ku, K, and Q bands that have been identified as transitions of the octatetraynyl anion ( C8H-). From a rotational temperature diagram and an assumed source size of 30", we find a total C8H column density of cm 8(3) x 10(12) cm(-2) and a rotational temperature of similar to 13 K. From the five detected transitions of C8H-, we find a total C8H- column density of similar to 21 x 10(12) cm(-2) consistent with a rotational temperature of similar to 34 K for a total (CH)-H-8/(CH-)-H-8 column density ratio of similar to 3.8. This observed C8H/C8H- column density ratio is similar to the theoretical prediction of 3.6, while the observed column densities were lower than that predicted by a factor of similar to 30. This prompted us to reinvestigate the initial conditions of the circumstellar envelope (CSE) model. The new model results are presented, and they more closely match the C8H and C8H- abundances observed with the GBT. Finally, we use the new CSE model results to predict the abundance of decapentaynyl (C10H), and we compare them with the measured upper limit found from the GBT observations. C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Computat & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Math & Phys, Astrophys Res Ctr, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank, Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. RP Remijan, AJ (reprint author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, Edgemont Rd 520, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. OI Millar, Tom/0000-0001-5178-3656 NR 17 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUL 20 PY 2007 VL 664 IS 1 BP L47 EP L50 DI 10.1086/520704 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 189QD UT WOS:000248002700012 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI Linstrom, PJ Reed, JJ Zenkevich, IG Brown, RL Mallard, WG Stein, SE AF Babushok, V. I. Linstrom, P. J. Reed, J. J. Zenkevich, I. G. Brown, R. L. Mallard, W. G. Stein, S. E. TI Development of a database of gas chromatographic retention properties of organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography; retention indices; Kovats indices; linear retention indices; non-isothermal retention indices; database ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; INDEX SYSTEM; ANNIVERSARY AB A comprehensive database of gas chromatographic retention properties of chemical compounds has been developed using multiple literature sources. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database of retention data for non-polar and polar stationary phases currently contains 292,924 data records for 42,888 compounds. The database includes data for Kovdts indices, linear indices, Lee indices, retention times and retention volumes. The first release of this database for non-polar stationary phases is available with NIST/US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Mass Spectral Database (June 2005) and through the intemet (NIST Chemistry WebBook). The paper describes the database and the process by which it has been compiled. The format of data presentation and the quality control procedures are described. Data sources of gas chromatographic retention data are also discussed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stein, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steve.stein@nist.gov RI Zenkevich, Igor/N-1088-2013; OI Linstrom, Peter/0000-0003-3204-3454; Mallard, Wm. Gary/0000-0003-2158-5098 NR 39 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 20 PY 2007 VL 1157 IS 1-2 BP 414 EP 421 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.044 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 191CK UT WOS:000248107200048 PM 17543315 ER PT J AU Schweikhard, V Tung, S Cornell, EA AF Schweikhard, V. Tung, S. Cornell, E. A. TI Vortex proliferation in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless regime on a two-dimensional lattice of bose-einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS SYMMETRY GROUP; LONG-RANGE ORDER; TRANSITION; ATOMS; SYSTEMS; GAS; DESTRUCTION; TRAPS AB We observe the proliferation of vortices in the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless regime on a two-dimensional array of Josephson-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. As long as the Josephson (tunneling) energy J exceeds the thermal energy T, the array is vortex free. With decreasing J/T, vortices appear in the system in ever greater numbers. We confirm thermal activation as the vortex-formation mechanism and obtain information on the size of bound vortex pairs as J/T is varied. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Schweikhard, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 24 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 20 PY 2007 VL 99 IS 3 AR 030401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.030401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 192IN UT WOS:000248194700001 PM 17678271 ER PT J AU Adachi, K Chung, SH Friedrich, H Buseck, PR AF Adachi, Kouji Chung, Serena H. Friedrich, Heiner Buseck, Peter R. TI Fractal parameters of individual soot particles determined using electron tomography: Implications for optical properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MORPHOLOGY; MOBILITY; COMBUSTION; DIMENSION; ABSORPTION; MASS; 3D AB The morphologies of soot particles are both complex and important. They influence soot atmospheric lifetimes, global distributions, and climate impacts. Particles can have complex geometries with overlapping projecting parts and pores that are difficult to infer from the conventional techniques used to study them. We used electron tomography with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to determine three-dimensional (3D) properties such as fractal dimension (D-f), radius of gyration (R-g), volume (V), surface area (A(s)), and structural coefficient (k(a)) for individual soot particles from the ambient air of an Asian dust ( AD) episode and from a U. S. traffic source. The respective median values of Df are 2.4 and 2.2, of Rg are 274 and 251 nm, of As/V are 9.2 and 13.7x10(7) m(-1), and of ka are 0.67 and 0.71. The corresponding parameters, when calculated from 2D projections such as TEM images, are considerably less precise and commonly erroneous. Unlike other methods that have been used to derive fractal parameters, our method is applicable to particles of any D-f. Using the 3D data, we estimate that mass-normalized scattering cross sections of our AD and traffic soot particles are respectively about 15 and 30 times greater than those of unaggregated spheres, which is the shape assumed in global models to estimate radiative forcing. Accurate 3D information can be used to compute more precise optical properties, which are important for estimating direct radiative forcing and improving our understanding of the climate impact of soot. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ USA. NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Adachi, K (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, POB 870112, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM pbuseck@asu.edu RI Adachi, Kouji/A-2321-2008; Friedrich, Heiner/F-7981-2010 NR 60 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 19 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D14 AR D14202 DI 10.1029/2006JD008296 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193PE UT WOS:000248285700007 ER PT J AU Roy, B Mathur, R Gilliland, AB Howard, SC AF Roy, Biswadev Mathur, Rohit Gilliland, Alice B. Howard, Steven C. TI A comparison of CMAQ-based aerosol properties with IMPROVE, MODIS, and AERONET data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE MODEL; UNITED-STATES; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARTICLE CONCENTRATION; VARIABILITY; METEOROLOGY; ALGORITHM; MONSOON; TRENDS; URBAN AB Evaluation of concentrations predicted by air quality models is needed to ensure that model results are compatible with observations. In this study aerosol properties derived from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model-simulated aerosol mass concentrations are compared with routine data from NASA satellite- borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the Sun-synchronous Terra satellite, NASA's ground- based Aerosol Robotic Network ( AERONET), and the ground- based Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network. The motivation for this analysis is to determine how best to use these parameters in evaluating model-predicted PM2.5 concentrations. CMAQ surface extinction estimates due to scattering at 550 nm wavelength are compared with the IMPROVE nephelometer data obtained from 25 sites within the United States. It is found that model-predicted surface extinctions bear high correlations with nephelometer measured data. Sulfate fractional aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to dominate in the northeastern part of the United States; hence ground- based measurement of sulfate concentrations have been compared with time series of columnar AOD as observed by the MODIS instrument and also with the CMAQ- predicted tropospheric column values obtained during the June August period of 2001. CMAQ surface extinctions are found to be relatively higher than the IMPROVE nephelometer observations; however, there is a good agreement between CMAQ AOD trends and AERONET and MODIS data, obtained at the seven AERONET sites located in the eastern United States. CMAQ is also found to capture the day-to-day variability in the spatial AOD patterns. Monthly average satellite AOD estimates are found to be higher than the AOD data obtained using the CMAQ- predicted aerosol concentrations. Seasonal variation of satellite- measured aerosol intensive property "Angstrom exponent'' (a gross indicator of the aerosol size distribution) is presented for four selected sites: one each in the eastern and central parts, and two in the western part of the continental United States. Variability of Angstrom exponent at these four selected sites is analyzed in conjunction with the variation of summertime AOD (observed and modeled), mass concentration (observed and modeled) and modeled SO4 average concentrations during the summer (June-August) period of the year 2001. Annual time series of Angstrom exponent data at the four selected sites show a large east-west variation. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Roy, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM roy.dev@epa.gov NR 43 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 19 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D14 AR D14301 DI 10.1029/2006JD8085 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193PE UT WOS:000248285700005 ER PT J AU Fuller-Rowell, T Codrescu, M Maruyama, N Fedrizzi, M Araujo-Pradere, E Sazykin, S Bust, G AF Fuller-Rowell, Tim Codrescu, Mihail Maruyama, Naomi Fedrizzi, Mariangel Araujo-Pradere, Eduardo Sazykin, Stan Bust, Gary TI Observed and modeled thermosphere and ionosphere response to superstorms SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TOTAL ELECTRON-CONTENT; GREAT MAGNETIC STORM; PLASMA DRIFTS; EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE; LOW LATITUDES; FIELDS; DENSITY; DISTURBANCES; ENHANCEMENT; EXPLANATION AB [1] Observations and numerical simulations of the response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to "superstorms'' illustrate that multiple processes are operating. The initial response at high latitude is thermospheric heating, thermal expansion, high-velocity winds, wave surges, the initiation of a new global circulation, and the start of neutral composition changes. At low latitude, the initial response is driven by the penetration of magnetospheric electric fields, moving the equatorial ionization anomaly poleward, and enhancing both F region plasma densities and the total electron content at midlatitudes and low latitudes. Electron content also increases dramatically at the higher altitudes. In the later stages of the response, plasma densities begin to respond to the changing circulation; the transport of composition changes to midlatitudes and low latitudes; and the generation of disturbance dynamo effects, which either compete or combine with penetration fields. The observations and modeling indicate that all the processes have a significant impact at some time and place during the storm. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Texas, Appl Res Labs, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Fuller-Rowell, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Fedrizzi, Mariangel/C-6493-2012; Sazykin, Stanislav/C-3775-2008 OI Sazykin, Stanislav/0000-0002-9401-4248 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUL 18 PY 2007 VL 42 IS 4 AR RS4S90 DI 10.1029/2005RS003392 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 193QQ UT WOS:000248289600001 ER PT J AU Teague, LC Banerjee, S Wong, SS Richter, CA Varughese, B Batteas, JD AF Teague, Lucile C. Banerjee, Sarbajit Wong, Stanislaus S. Richter, Curt A. Varughese, Bindhu Batteas, James D. TI Effects of ozonolysis and subsequent growth of quantum dots on the electrical properties of freestanding single-walled carbon nanotube films SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PRETREATMENTS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; FUNCTIONALIZATION; PURIFICATION; CONDUCTIVITY; ACTUATORS; CHEMISTRY; BEHAVIOR AB A significant challenge exists in probing the transport behavior of chemically modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Thin films of SWNTs offer one facile approach to integration of these materials into electronics and sensing applications. Data on bulk resistivities of 'bucky paper' films created from HiPco SWNTs that were initially ozonized and subsequently decorated with CdTe quantum dots have been collected via 4-point probe measurements. Both the oxidation process and addition of CdTe nanocrystals result in increased bulk resistivities, presumably due to the introduction of additional scattering centers in tube sidewalls as well as charge traps in the CdTe functionalized tubes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Teague, LC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr Mailstop 8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lucileteague@gmail.com; sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu; batteas@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2007 VL 442 IS 4-6 BP 354 EP 359 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.05.097 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 194ZM UT WOS:000248382300036 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Picraux, LB van Zee, RD Yao, YX Tour, JM AF Zangmeister, Christopher D. Picraux, Laura B. van Zee, Roger D. Yao, Yuxing Tour, James M. TI Energy-level alignment and work function shifts for thiol-bound monolayers of conjugated molecules self-assembled on Ag, Cu, Au, and Pt SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GOLD; SURFACES; ALKANETHIOLS; PLATINUM; INTERFACE; STABILITY; TRANSPORT; JUNCTIONS; AU(111); SAMS AB Ultraviolet photoemission spectra have been used to study the interfacial electronic structure of self-assembled monolayers of 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl) benzenethiol, 2-naphthalenethiol, and 3-(naphthalen-2-yl)propane-1-thiol chemisorbed on Ag, Cu, An, and Pt. The binding energy of the highest occupied pi-state and the work function of the modified surface, though dependant on the molecule, were nearly independent of the substrate. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Smalley Inst Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Zangmeister, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cdzang@nist.gov OI Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 23 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2007 VL 442 IS 4-6 BP 390 EP 393 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.06.012 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 194ZM UT WOS:000248382300042 ER PT J AU Stegmann, PM Schwing, F AF Stegmann, Petra M. Schwing, Franklin TI Demographics of mesoscale eddies in the California Current SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT SYSTEM; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; PACIFIC SARDINE; OCEAN EDDIES; EDDY; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; OREGON AB Demographics and variability of persistent mesoscale eddies in the California Current have been investigated in a systematic manner using a decade (1995 - 2004) of merged satellite altimeter data. The number of persistent eddies formed each year varied almost 3- fold (4- fold) for cyclones (anticyclones) and was strongly modulated by the 1997 1998 El Nino event. Over the 10- year period, cyclone formation was maximum in both winter and summer while maximum anticyclone formation occurred only in winter. The majority of long- lived eddies (>= 70- day lifespan) originated seaward of the 1000 m isobath, and with the exception of 2 anticyclones, did not form between 45 degrees and 50 degrees N. Maximum westward propagation of long-lived eddies was almost 800 km with similar mean propagation speeds for cyclones and anticyclones. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Stegmann, PM (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM petra.stegmann@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 17 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 14 AR L14602 DI 10.1029/2007GL029504 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 193OV UT WOS:000248284800001 ER PT J AU Chaudhury, MK Chung, JY AF Chaudhury, Manoj K. Chung, Jun Young TI Studying friction and shear fracture in thin confined films using a rotational shear apparatus SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC FILM; INDUCED INSTABILITY; ADHESION; RUBBER; ELASTOMERS AB This paper describes the effects of the elastic modulus and sliding velocity on the friction and shear fracture of smooth silanized rigid disks rotating against thin confined films of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers. A rigid glass disk is rotated against thin PDMS films of different thicknesses and moduli bonded to a glass plate at various speeds. While the disk rotates on the PDMS coated glass plate, a load cell measures the resulting force with a cantilever beam. One end of the cantilever beam is glued to the glass plate, while its other end presses against a load cell. From the balance of forces and torques, the friction force at a given slip velocity is determined. The friction force increases with the slip velocity sublinearly, which is consistent with the results reported previously by Vorvolakos and Chaudhury (Langmuir 2003, 19, 6778). During rotation, however, the glass disk comes off the PDMS film when the shear stress reaches a critical value. This critical shear stress increases with the modulus of the film, but it decreases with its thickness, following a square root relationship, which is similar to the adhesive fracture behavior in thin films under pull-off conditions. A simple model is presented that captures the essential physics of the fracture behavior under shear mode. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Chaudhury, MK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mkc4@lehigh.edu NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 17 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 15 BP 8061 EP 8066 DI 10.1021/1a700501m PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 188BN UT WOS:000247893600029 PM 17571906 ER PT J AU Manzello, DP Brandt, M Smith, TB Lirman, D Hendee, JC Nemeth, RS AF Manzello, Derek P. Brandt, Marilyn Smith, Tyler B. Lirman, Diego Hendee, James C. Nemeth, Richard S. TI Hurricanes benefit bleached corals SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE coral bleaching; hurricane cooling; thermal stress ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Recent, global mass-mortalities of reef corals due to record warm sea temperatures have led researchers to consider global warming as one of the most significant threats to the persistence of coral reef ecosystems. The passage of a hurricane can alleviate thermal stress on coral reefs, highlighting the potential for hurricane-associated cooling to mitigate climate change impacts. We provide evidence that hurricane-induced cooling was responsible for the documented differences in the extent and recovery time of coral bleaching between the Florida Reef Tract and the U.S. Virgin Islands during the Caribbean-wide 2005 bleaching event. These results are the only known scenario where the effects of a hurricane can benefit a stressed marine community. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Virgin Isl, Ctr Marine & Environm Sci, St Thomas, VI 00802 USA. RP Manzello, DP (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM derek.manzello@noaa.gov RI Hendee, James/E-6358-2010; Manzello, Derek/A-8661-2014 OI Hendee, James/0000-0002-4799-5354; Manzello, Derek/0000-0002-0720-3041 NR 24 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 25 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 17 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 29 BP 12035 EP 12039 DI 10.1073/pnas.0701194104 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 192KA UT WOS:000248199200032 PM 17606914 ER PT J AU Wang, ZHA Liu, XW Byrne, RH Wanninkhof, R Bernstein, RE Kaltenbacher, EA Patten, J AF Wang, Zhaohui Aleck Liu, Xuewu Byrne, Robert H. Wanninkhof, Rik Bernstein, Renate E. Kaltenbacher, Eric A. Patten, James TI Simultaneous spectrophotometric flow-through measurements of pH, carbon dioxide fugacity, and total inorganic carbon in seawater SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE autonomous carbon measurements; spectrophotometric; carbon dioxide; pH; fugacity; dissolved inorganic carbon ID CORE WAVE-GUIDE; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; IN-SITU; TOTAL ALKALINITY; WATER PH; ACID; SYSTEM; SENSOR; SEA; CALIBRATION AB An autonomous multi-parameter flow-through CO, system has been developed to simultaneously measure surface seawater pH, carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO(2)), and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). All three measurements are based on spectrophotometric determinations of solution pH at multiple wavelengths using sulfonephthalein indicators. The pH optical cell is machined from a PEEK polymer rod bearing a bore-hole with an optical pathlength of similar to 15 cm. The fCO(2), optical cell consists of Teflon AF 2400 (DuPont) capillary tubing sealed within the bore-hole of a PEEK rod. This Teflon AF tubing is filled with a standard indicator solution with a fixed total alkalinity, and forms a liquid core waveguide (LCW). The LCW functions as both a long pathlength (similar to 15 cm) optical cell and a membrane that equilibrates the internal standard solution with external seawater. fCO(2), is then determined by measuring the pH of the internal solution. DIC is measured by determining the pH of standard internal solutions in equilibrium with seawater that has been acidified to convert all forms of DIC to CO2. The system runs repetitive measurement cycles with a sampling frequency of similar to 7 samples (21 measurements) per hour. The system was used for underway measurements of sea surface pH, fCO(2), and DIC during the CLIVAR/CO2, A16S cruise in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2005. The field precisions were evaluated to be 0.0008 units for pH, 0.9 mu atm for fCO(2), and 2.4 mu mol kg(-1) for DIC. These field precisions are close to those obtained in the laboratory. Direct comparison of our measurements and measurements obtained using established standard methods revealed that the system achieved field agreements of 0.0012 +/- 0.0042 units for pH, 1.0 +/- 2.5 mu atm for fCO(2), and 2.2 +/- 6.0 mu mol kg(-1) for DIC. This system integrates spectrophotometric measurements of multiple CO2 parameters into a single package suitable for observations of both seawater and freshwater. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Byrne, RH (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM byrne@marine.usf.edu NR 34 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD JUL 16 PY 2007 VL 596 IS 1 BP 23 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.048 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 193MH UT WOS:000248277600004 PM 17616236 ER PT J AU Singh, G Rice, P Hurst, KE Lehman, JH Mahajan, RL AF Singh, G. Rice, P. Hurst, K. E. Lehman, J. H. Mahajan, R. L. TI Laser-induced exfoliation of amorphous carbon layer on an individual multiwall carbon nanotube SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PURIFICATION; VACUUM AB Pulsed laser treatment of an individual multiwall carbon nanotube induced selective exfoliation of the amorphous carbon contamination layer. The multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was exposed to a 248 nm excimer laser. After the treatment, transmission electron microscopy images show that the amorphous layer has expanded and separated from the crystalline MWCNT walls. This interesting observation has implications for laser cleaning and possible thinning of MWCNTs to reduce the radial dimensions. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Inst Crit Technol & Appl Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Singh, G (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gsingh@colorado.edu RI Singh, Gurpreet/J-9083-2012 NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 16 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 3 AR 033101 DI 10.1063/1.2756357 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 192IH UT WOS:000248194000034 ER PT J AU Deschamps, A Tivey, M Embley, RW Chadwick, WW AF Deschamps, Anne Tivey, Maurice Embley, Robert W. Chadwick, William W. TI Quantitative study of the deformation at Southern Explorer Ridge using high-resolution bathymetric data SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE midocean ridge; faulting; Explorer; seafloor spreading; high-resolution bathymetry; autonomous underwater vehicle ID MID-ATLANTIC-RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; NORMAL FAULTS; SPREADING CENTERS; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; SOUTHWEST ICELAND; GRAVITY-ANOMALIES; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; SCALING RELATIONS; MIDOCEAN RIDGES AB We present preliminary results of a morphological study of the summit of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER). The SER is an inflated intermediate-rate spreading center located in the northeast Pacific off the West coast of Canada, that hosts a large hydrothermal vent complex known as '' Magic Mountain ''. A quantitative assessment of faulting on the axial summit graben floor close to the ridge Summit is accomplished through the analysis of high-resolution, near-bottom, bathymetric data. These data were acquired using a multibeam system mounted on an autonomous underwater vehicle operated a few tens meters above the seafloor. Structural mapping reveals numerous subvertical fissures and normal faults that nucleated from tension fissures. The ratio between the length and the maximum scarp height of normal faults is not constant contrary to what is generally observed on subaerial faults, highlighting the probable importance of fault segment linkage and fault growth processes within the relatively thin brittle layer. Populations of small faults exhibit an exponential size-frequency distribution that reflects the importance of linkage in the fault growth history and the relatively large amount of tectonic strain (3.7 to 18.4%) accommodated by the normal faults. We propose that the 500 to 600-m wide and similar to 60-in deep asymmetric axial summit graben of the SER formed due to magma chamber deflation as well as normal faulting that initiated on the present eastern border of the graben. We find a well-defined geographic distribution in the types of lava flows, which indicates a general decrease of the eruption rate through time. We also find that the '' Magic Mountain '' hydrothermal field is located in the vicinity of the large eastern axial summit graben bounding fault whose dimensions suggest it may reach to the brittle ductile-transition depth. This fault likely has provided an efficient physical pathway for fluids from the subsurface to the seafloor for a significant period of time thus allowing the hydrothermal system to grow and mature. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Deschamps, A (reprint author), Inst Univ Europeen Mer Technopole Brest Iroise, UMR 6538, Domaines Ocean UBO CNRS, Pl N Copern, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM Anne.Deschamps@univ-brest.fr RI Deschamps, Anne/F-3369-2010; Tivey, Maurice/E-9247-2015 OI Tivey, Maurice/0000-0003-0821-1155 NR 77 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.007 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 198OP UT WOS:000248637700001 ER PT J AU Grassian, VH Meyer, G Abruna, H Coates, GW Achenie, LE Allison, T Brunschwig, B Ferry, J Garcia-Garibay, M Gardea-Torresdey, J Grey, CP Hutchison, J Li, CJ Liotta, C Ragauskas, A Minteer, S Mueller, K Roberts, J Sadik, O Schmehl, R Schneider, W Selloni, A Stair, P Stewart, J Thorn, D Tyson, J Voelker, B White, JM Wood-Black, F AF Grassian, Vicki H. Meyer, Gerald Abruna, Hector Coates, Geoffrey W. Achenie, Luke Ekem Allison, Tom Brunschwig, Bruce Ferry, John Garcia-Garibay, Miguel Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge Grey, Clare P. Hutchison, James Li, Chao-Jun Liotta, Charles Ragauskas, Arthur Minteer, Shelley Mueller, Karl Roberts, Jeffrey Sadik, Omowunmi Schmehl, Russell Schneider, William Selloni, Annabella Stair, Peter Stewart, Jon Thorn, David Tyson, Julian Voelker, Bettina White, J. Michael Wood-Black, Frankie TI Chemistry for a sustainable future SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SCIENCE C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Nanosci & Nanotechnol Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. St Louis Univ, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Conoco Phillips, Houston, TX USA. RP Grassian, VH (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM vicki-grassian@uiowa.edu RI Minteer, Shelley/A-7711-2009; Mueller, Karl/A-3637-2010; Schmehl, Russell/D-2558-2011; Minteer, Shelley/C-4751-2014; OI Minteer, Shelley/0000-0002-5788-2249; Ferry, John/0000-0002-1420-8406 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 14 BP 4840 EP 4846 DI 10.1021/es0725798 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194SC UT WOS:000248363100007 PM 17711191 ER PT J AU Hubbard, JB Stoudt, MR Levine, LE AF Hubbard, J. B. Stoudt, M. R. Levine, L. E. TI Topography of metallic surfaces subjected to plastic strain: Roughness, spatial correlations, and eigenvalue spectral entropy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MATRICES AB This paper describes an analysis technique that integrates high-resolution topographical imaging and rigorous matrix-based three-dimensional characterization methods. We employ scanning confocal laser microscopy to obtain topographic images of the surface of an aluminum alloy subjected to various levels of uniaxial plastic strain. These images are discretized into a square array of pixels, each of which is then assigned a numerical value corresponding to the deviation of surface height relative to an averaged background. The result is a set of real, non-Hermitian nxn matrices, which are diagonalized to produce a collection of spectra, each of which consists of n complex eigenvalues. These eigenvalue spectra are observed to change systematically as the degree of plastic strain is varied. Because this approach is based solely on the behavior of the eigenvalue spectra, it eliminates the need for the a priori assumptions about surface character used in conventional topographic analyses. The information contained within an eigenvalue spectrum is distilled into a scalar measure of topographic disorder, referred to as the "spectral entropy." The spectral entropy is observed to decrease monotonically with increasing plastic strain. This behavior is consistent with the observed topographical changes induced by plastic strain. In addition, the spectral entropy can be decomposed into a constant term that is independent of all spatial correlations that occur in the surface roughness and a term that incorporates these correlations at all levels of complexity. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubbard, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stoudt@nist.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 102 IS 2 AR 023514 DI 10.1063/1.2757010 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 196MD UT WOS:000248485100032 ER PT J AU Lau, JW McMichael, RD Schofield, MA Zhu, Y AF Lau, J. W. McMichael, R. D. Schofield, M. A. Zhu, Y. TI Correlation of edge roughness to nucleation field and nucleation field distribution in patterned Permalloy elements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MEDIA; MEMORIES; REVERSAL; JUNCTION; ISLANDS AB The effects of edge roughness on vortex nucleation field and its distribution are measured in Permalloy nanostructured arrays. Teardrop-shaped elements, 250 nm wide and 30 nm thick, were fabricated using electron beam lithography and lift-off. Roughness variations were created by varying the electron dose during patterning, and measured by analysis of in-focus transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. In situ measurements of the vortex nucleation fields and the nucleation field distributions of the dose arrays were performed with Lorentz mode TEM. In combining the measurements of edge roughness with measurements of nucleation field and its distribution, we show that edge roughness increases the probability for vortex nucleation and thus permits vortices to nucleate at larger applied fields, but at the same time, edge roughness broadens the nucleation-field distribution in magnetic nanostructured arrays. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Lau, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM june.lau@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Lau, June/C-7509-2013; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 102 IS 2 AR 023916 DI 10.1063/1.2761850 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 196MD UT WOS:000248485100074 ER PT J AU Wang, CQ Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Rice, BJ Choi, KW Thompson, G Weigand, SJ Keane, DT AF Wang, Chengqing Jones, Ronald L. Lin, Eric K. Wu, Wen-Li Rice, Bryan J. Choi, Kwang-Woo Thompson, George Weigand, Steven J. Keane, Denis T. TI Characterization of correlated line edge roughness of nanoscale line gratings using small angle x-ray scattering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTION; METROLOGY AB To meet the challenges in dimensional metrology as the minimum feature size in semiconductor devices approaches sub-35 nm length scales, we have been developing a nondestructive method using x rays termed critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Its capacity to quantify the dimension of linewidth, pitch, line height, and sidewall angle of line gratings has been demonstrated. In this work, we have further extended its capabilities to quantify the correlated line-edge roughness (LER) and linewidth roughness (LWR). Model line grating patterns with controlled LER and LWR were prepared and measured using x ray, their results were analyzed with model calculations. The magnitude of LER/LWR deduced from x-ray results compares favorably with the scanning electron microscopy results obtained from the same samples. An apparent Debye-Waller factor, which can be deduced from the SAXS data without any detailed model-based calculations, is found to be a convenient parameter to quantify the amplitude of LER/LWR. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, DND CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Wu, WL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wenli@nist.gov NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 102 IS 2 AR 024901 DI 10.1063/1.2753588 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 196MD UT WOS:000248485100118 ER PT J AU Takahashi, K Battisti, DS AF Takahashi, Ken Battisti, David S. TI Processes controlling the mean tropical pacific precipitation pattern. Part I: The Andes and the eastern Pacific ITCZ SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SEASONAL CYCLE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; COLD-TONGUE; CLIMATE; ENTRAINMENT; VARIABILITY; REANALYSIS; ASYMMETRY AB The question of why the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is generally north of the equator in the tropical Pacific is addressed. Experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to idealized representations of the ocean show that the presence of the Andes is enough to lower sea surface temperature (SST) off the west coast of South America through evaporation, thus promoting a north-south asymmetry, with the ITCZ north of the equator, which is amplified by interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. The evaporative cooling results mainly from the subsidence of low specific humidity air, which is due in turn to the mechanical effect of the Andes on the zonal mean flow. The positive feedback from low-level clouds on SST is an important factor for the efficiency of the mechanism described. West of 120 degrees W, the presence of the Rockies and Himalayas produces a comparable forcing to that of the Andes, but this is not enough to reverse or neutralize the north-south asymmetry set by the Andes. It is shown that the longitudinal offset between the forcings in both hemispheres allows the Andes to preferentially set the north-south asymmetry, which propagates westward into the rest of the Pacific. Asymmetry in the observed ocean heat transports (more heat transport convergence in the Northern Hemisphere) associated with the Kuroshio was found to reinforce the effect of the Andes, although it is not a strong forcing by itself. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the north-south asymmetry of the ITCZ caused (evaporatively) by the Andes is robust to the presence of a strong equatorial cold tongue and to seasonality in insolation. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Takahashi, K (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM ken.takahashi@noaa.gov RI Takahashi, Ken/G-5321-2010; Battisti, David /A-3340-2013 OI Takahashi, Ken/0000-0003-3670-2939; Battisti, David /0000-0003-4871-1293 NR 34 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3434 EP 3451 DI 10.1175/JCLI4198.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 196LZ UT WOS:000248484700006 ER PT J AU Cassou, C Deser, C Alexander, MA AF Cassou, Christophe Deser, Clara Alexander, Michael A. TI Investigating the impact of reemerging sea surface temperature anomalies on the winter atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE SST ANOMALIES; ICE ANOMALIES; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; PERSISTENCE; PACIFIC; OSCILLATION; STATIONARITY; RECURRENCE AB Extratropical SSTs can be influenced by the "reemergence mechanism," whereby thermal anomalies in deep winter mixed layer persist at depth through summer and are then reentrained into the mixed layer in the following winter. The impact of reemergence in the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO) upon the climate system is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer ocean/ thermodynamic sea ice model. The dominant pattern of thermal anomalies below the mixed layer in summer in a 150-yr control integration is associated with the North Atlantic SST tripole forced by the NAO in the previous winter as indicated by singular value decomposition (SVD). To isolate the reemerging signal, two additional 60-member ensemble experiments were conducted in which temperature anomalies below 40 m obtained from the SVD analysis are added to or subtracted from the control integration. The reemerging signal, given by the mean difference between the two 60-member ensembles, causes the SST anomaly tripole to recur, beginning in fall, amplifying through January, and persisting through the following spring. The atmospheric response to these SST anomalies resembles the circulation that created them the previous winter but with reduced amplitude (10-20 m at 500 mb per degrees C), modestly enhancing the winter-to-winter persistence of the NAO. Changes in the transient eddies and their interactions with the mean flow contribute to the large-scale equivalent barotropic response throughout the troposphere. The latter can also be attributed to the change in occurrence of intrinsic weather regimes. C1 CNRS, CERFACS, F-31057 Toulouse 01, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cassou, C (reprint author), CNRS, CERFACS, 42 Ave G Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse 01, France. EM cassou@cerfacs.fr RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 43 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3510 EP 3526 DI 10.1175/JCLI4202.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 196LZ UT WOS:000248484700011 ER PT J AU Higgins, RW Silva, VBS Shi, W Larson, J AF Higgins, R. W. Silva, V. B. S. Shi, W. Larson, J. TI Relationships between climate variability and fluctuations in daily precipitation over the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INTRASEASONAL EXTREME RAINFALL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; SEASONAL PREDICTABILITY; HEAVY PRECIPITATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; ENSO INFLUENCE AB Fluctuations in the frequency of daily precipitation occurrence and in the intensity of daily precipitation over the United States during the period 1948-2004 are identified and linked to leading sources of interannual and interdecadal climate variability. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena are implicated in interannual fluctuations while the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) are linked to recent interdecadal fluctuations. For the conterminous United States as a whole there have been increases in the annual frequency of occurrence of wet days and heavy precipitation days and in the mean daily and annual total precipitation over the past several decades, though these changes have not been uniform. The possibility of significant natural forcing of these interdecadal variations in precipitation is explored. It is shown that the PDO is associated with these fluctuations over the western and southern United States, while the AO is also associated with them but to a much lesser extent over the southeastern United States. Because the interdecadal fluctuations are linked to changes in the global-scale circulation and sea surface temperatures associated with the PDO, the results imply that a significant portion of the skill of climate models in anticipating fluctuations in daily precipitation statistics over the United States will arise from an ability to forecast the temporal and spatial variability of the interdecadal shifts in tropical precipitation and in the associated teleconnection patterns into the midlatitudes. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20233 USA. RS Informat Syst, Mclean, VA USA. RP Higgins, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20233 USA. EM Wayne.Higgins@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010 NR 67 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3561 EP 3579 DI 10.1175/JCLI4196.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 196LZ UT WOS:000248484700014 ER PT J AU Findell, KL Shevliakova, E Milly, PCD Stouffer, RJ AF Findell, Kirsten L. Shevliakova, Elena Milly, P. C. D. Stouffer, Ronald J. TI Modeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE COUPLING EXPERIMENT; BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTIONS; PART I; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; UNITED-STATES; ENERGY BALANCES; AIR-TEMPERATURE; SEA-ICE; CIRCULATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB Equilibrium experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's climate model are used to investigate the impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate. Regions of altered land cover include large portions of Europe, India, eastern China, and the eastern United States. Smaller areas of change are present in various tropical regions. This study focuses on the impacts of biophysical changes associated with the land cover change (albedo, root and stomatal properties, roughness length), which is almost exclusively a conversion from forest to grassland in the model; the effects of irrigation or other water management practices and the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide changes associated with land cover conversion are not included in these experiments. The model suggests that observed land cover changes have little or no impact on globally averaged climatic variables (e.g., 2-m air temperature is 0.008 K warmer in a simulation with 1990 land cover compared to a simulation with potential natural vegetation cover). Differences in the annual mean climatic fields analyzed did not exhibit global field significance. Within some of the regions of land cover change, however, there are relatively large changes of many surface climatic variables. These changes are highly significant locally in the annual mean and in most months of the year in eastern Europe and northern India. They can be explained mainly as direct and indirect consequences of model-prescribed increases in surface albedo, decreases in rooting depth, and changes of stomatal control that accompany deforestation. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Findell, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM kirsten.findell@noaa.gov RI Findell, Kirsten/D-4430-2014; Shevliakova, Elena/J-5770-2014 NR 44 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3621 EP 3634 DI 10.1175/JCLI4185.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 196LZ UT WOS:000248484700017 ER PT J AU Free, M Seidel, DJ AF Free, Melissa Seidel, Dian J. TI Comments on "biases in stratospheric and tropospheric temperature trends derived from historical radiosonde data" SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; SATELLITE C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Free, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM melissa.free@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 14 BP 3704 EP 3709 DI 10.1175/JCLI4210.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 196LZ UT WOS:000248484700023 ER PT J AU Knauert, ST Douglas, JF Starr, FW AF Knauert, Scott T. Douglas, Jack F. Starr, Francis W. TI The effect of nanoparticle shape on polymer-nanocomposite rheology and tensile strength SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE mechanical properties; modeling; molecular dynamics; nanocomposites; rheology ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR; FILLED POLYMERS; POISSON RATIO; CARBON-BLACK; WIDE-RANGE; COMPOSITES; PARTICLE; TOUGHNESS AB Nanoparticles can influence the properties of polymer materials by a variety of mechanisms. With fullerene, carbon nanotube, and clay or graphene sheet nanocomposites in mind, we investigate how particle shape influences the melt shear viscosity eta and the tensile strength tau, which we determine via molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations of compact (icosahedral), tube or rod-like, and sheet-like model nanoparticles, all at a volume fraction phi approximate to 0.05, indicate an order of magnitude increase in the viscosity 17 relative to the pure melt. This finding evidently can not be explained by continuum hydrodynamics and we provide evidence that the eta increase in our model nanocomposites has its origin in chain bridging between the nanoparticles. We find that this increase is the largest for the rod-like nanoparticles and least for the sheet-like nanoparticles. Curiously, the enhancements of 17 and tau exhibit opposite trends with increasing chain length N and with particle shape anisotropy. Evidently, the concept of bridging chains alone cannot account for the increase in tau and we suggest that the deformability or flexibility of the sheet nanoparticles contributes to nanocomposite strength and toughness by reducing the relative value of the Poisson ratio of the composite. The molecular dynamics simulations in the present work focus on the reference case where the modification of the melt structure associated with glass-formation and entanglement interactions should not be an issue. Since many applications require good particle dispersion, we also focus on the case where the polymer-particle interactions favor nanoparticle dispersion. Our simulations point to a substantial contribution of nanoparticle shape to both mechanical and processing properties of polymer nanocomposites. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Starr, FW (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. EM fstarr@wesleyan.edu RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 79 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 12 U2 139 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 45 IS 14 BP 1882 EP 1897 DI 10.1002/polb.21176 PG 16 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 186EZ UT WOS:000247763200013 ER PT J AU Banovic, SW AF Banovic, S. W. TI Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior of Cu-Sn frangible bullets SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Cu-Sn; Frangible bullets; microstructure; mechanical behavior ID SHOOTING RANGE; LEAD BULLETS; SOILS; INTERMETALLICS; MORPHOLOGY; SUBSTRATE; GROWTH AB The microstructure and mechanical behavior of commercially available, frangible bullets were evaluated. The projectiles were manufactured by compressing blended powders of copper and tin to shape followed by a low temperature heat treatment. The microstructure consisted of minor phase clusters (CU3Sn, CU6Sn5, and un-reacted Sn) heterogeneously distributed throughout a copper matrix. Approximately 5% porosity was encased within these clusters. Morphological development of the Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds was discussed with respect to observations in solder literature. A tight statistical dispersion in Rockwell hardness measurements indicated that the non-uniform microstructure of the bullets did not affect the overall mechanical behavior of the individual projectile. This information will be used in finite element models developed to predict the impact performance of frangible bullets with soft body armor. Published by Elsevier BN. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banovic, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM swbanovic@nist.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 460 BP 428 EP 435 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.113 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 171HJ UT WOS:000246726200059 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H. Majkrzak, C. F. Sipatov, A. Yu. Giebultowicz, T. M. TI Ferromagnetic semiconductor superlattices studied by polarized neutron reflectometry SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Polarised Neutrons in Condensed Matter Investigations CY SEP 25-28, 2006 CL Berllin Brandenburg Acad Sci, Berlin, GERMANY SP Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin HO Berllin Brandenburg Acad Sci DE magnetic semiconductor; superlattices; polarized neutron reflectivity AB The results of extensive neutron reflectometry studies of EuS-based ferromagnetic semiconductor superlattices (SL's) which exhibit interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) are presented. The SL's grown on two different substrates, (0 0 1)KCl and (1 1 1)BaF2, with two types of nonmagnetic spacer material, PbS (narrow gap) and YbSe (wide gap semiconductor), were investigated. Neutron reflectometry measurements revealed pronounced antiferromagnetic IEC in the systems grown on (0 0 1)KCl substrate, whereas in the EuS/PbS superlattices grown on (1 1 1)BaF2 a ferromagnetic IEC has been found. The in-plane magnetic anisotropy and the population of the magnetic domains were studied by polarized neutron reflectivity. The in-plane directions of easy-axes has thus been determined in the all investigated systems. A nonuniform distribution of domains magnetization directions among the easy in-plane axes has been found. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Warsaw Univ, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kharkov State Polytech Univ, UA-31002 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Warsaw Univ, Inst Expt Phys, Ul Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM Henryk.Kepa@fuw.edu.pl OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 397 IS 1-2 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.019 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 193FH UT WOS:000248259300011 ER PT J AU Chen, WC Armstrong, G Chen, Y Collett, B Erwin, R Gentile, TR Jones, GL Lynn, JW McKenney, S Steinberg, JE AF Chen, W. C. Armstrong, G. Chen, Y. Collett, B. Erwin, R. Gentile, T. R. Jones, G. L. Lynn, J. W. McKenney, S. Steinberg, J. E. TI He-3 spin filters for a thermal neutron triple axis spectrometer SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Polarised Neutrons in Condensed Matter Investigations CY SEP 25-28, 2006 CL Berllin Brandenburg Acad Sci, Berlin, GERMANY SP Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin HO Berllin Brandenburg Acad Sci DE asperomagnets; mesostructure; depolarizing inhomogeneities; static chirality AB We have tested two He-3 neutron spin filters (NSF), one for the polarizer and one for the analyzer, in conjunction with a doubly focusing pyrolytic graphite (PG) monochromator on the state-of-the-art BT-7 thermal triple axis spectrometer (TAS) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). This system will provide significantly better neutronic performance for polarization analysis over a conventional TAS with Heusler crystals. We discuss the scheme for employing NSFs on the TAS instrument, including the He-3 cell design, spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) of these large He-3 cells, and the holding fields on the spectrometer. Using Rb/K hybrid SEOP, we have produced 75% He-3 polarization for the I I cm diameter cells for TAS in less than two days. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Hamilton Coll, Clinton, NY 13323 USA. RP Chen, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cchen@nist.gov NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JUL 15 PY 2007 VL 397 IS 1-2 BP 168 EP 171 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.053 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 193FH UT WOS:000248259300048 ER PT J AU Putzbach, K Rimmer, CA Sharpless, KE Sander, LC AF Putzbach, Karsten Rimmer, Catherine A. Sharpless, Katherine E. Sander, Lane C. TI Determination of Bitter Orange alkaloids in dietary supplements standard reference materials by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques CY JUN 17-22, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA DE citrus aurantium; bitter orange alkaloids; synephrine; standard reference material; fluorescence detection ID CITRUS-AURANTIUM L.; EPHEDRINE ALKALOIDS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; VAR. AMARA; SYNEPHRINE; OCTOPAMINE; EXTRACTS AB Four adrenergic amines [synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and n-methyltyramine] were determined in a variety of Bitter Orange containing dietary supplements. Two extraction techniques were evaluated in detail: Soxhlet extraction and sonication extraction. A liquid chromatographic separation using a reversed-phase C-18 stationary phase and the ion-pairing reagent sodium dodecyl sulfate was developed to separate the Bitter Orange alkaloids. Ultraviolet absorbance detection at 220 nm and fluorescence detection with excitation at 273 nm and emission at 304 nm were used for the alkaloid detection. The method described was used for the assignment of the levels of the predominant alkaloids in three candidate standard reference materials containing Bitter Orange. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Putzbach, K (reprint author), NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM putzbach.karsten@rcc.ch OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 20 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 13 PY 2007 VL 1156 IS 1-2 BP 304 EP 311 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.027 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 193BG UT WOS:000248247700041 PM 17524413 ER PT J AU Gilmore, K Idzerda, YU Stiles, MD AF Gilmore, K. Idzerda, Y. U. Stiles, M. D. TI Identification of the dominant precession-damping mechanism in Fe, Co, and Ni by first-principles calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION DYNAMICS; THIN-FILMS; METALS; RELAXATION AB The Landau-Lifshitz equation reliably describes magnetization dynamics using a phenomenological treatment of damping. This Letter presents first-principles calculations of the damping parameters for Fe, Co, and Ni that quantitatively agree with existing ferromagnetic resonance measurements. This agreement establishes the dominant damping mechanism for these systems and takes a significant step toward predicting and tailoring the damping constants of new materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Gilmore, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; Gilmore, Keith/D-5426-2013 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; NR 31 TC 138 Z9 138 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 13 PY 2007 VL 99 IS 2 AR 027204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.027204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 189XD UT WOS:000248021000054 PM 17678253 ER PT J AU Lee, PJ Anderlini, M Brown, BL Sebby-Strabley, J Phillips, WD Porto, JV AF Lee, P. J. Anderlini, M. Brown, B. L. Sebby-Strabley, J. Phillips, W. D. Porto, J. V. TI Sublattice addressing and spin-dependent motion of atoms in a double-well lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE NEUTRAL ATOMS; OPTICAL LATTICES; CONTROLLED COLLISIONS; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; ENTANGLEMENT; DYNAMICS AB We load atoms into every site of an optical lattice and selectively spin flip atoms in a sublattice consisting of every other site. These selected atoms are separated from their unselected neighbors by less than an optical wavelength. We also show spin-dependent transport, where atomic wave packets are coherently separated into adjacent sites according to their internal state. These tools should be useful for quantum information processing and quantum simulation of lattice models with neutral atoms. C1 Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM trey@nist.gov RI Lee, Patricia/B-6146-2012; OI Brown, Benjamin/0000-0002-4873-6362 NR 26 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 13 PY 2007 VL 99 IS 2 AR 020402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.020402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 189XD UT WOS:000248021000002 PM 17678201 ER PT J AU Rutter, GM Crain, JN Guisinger, NP Li, T First, PN Stroscio, JA AF Rutter, G. M. Crain, J. N. Guisinger, N. P. Li, T. First, P. N. Stroscio, J. A. TI Scattering and interference in epitaxial graphene SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBES; BERRYS PHASE; GRAPHITE; STM; DEFECTS; GAS AB A single sheet of carbon, graphene, exhibits unexpected electronic properties that arise from quantum state symmetries, which restrict the scattering of its charge carriers. Understanding the role of defects in the transport properties of graphene is central to realizing future electronics based on carbon. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy was used to measure quasiparticle interference patterns in epitaxial graphene grown on SiC( 0001). Energy-resolved maps of the local density of states reveal modulations on two different length scales, reflecting both intravalley and intervalley scattering. Although such scattering in graphene can be suppressed because of the symmetries of the Dirac quasiparticles, we show that, when its source is atomic-scale lattice defects, wave functions of different symmetries can mix. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP First, PN (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM first@physics.gatech.edu; joseph.stroscio@nist.gov NR 20 TC 468 Z9 472 U1 33 U2 256 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 13 PY 2007 VL 317 IS 5835 BP 219 EP 222 DI 10.1126/science.1142882 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 189DC UT WOS:000247968600034 PM 17626878 ER PT J AU Barth, MC Kim, SW Skamarock, WC Stuart, AL Pickering, KE Ott, LE AF Barth, M. C. Kim, S.-W. Skamarock, W. C. Stuart, A. L. Pickering, K. E. Ott, L. E. TI Simulations of the redistribution of formaldehyde, formic acid, and peroxides in the 10 July 1996 Stratospheric-Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone deep convection storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LIGHTNING-PRODUCED NOX; TRACE GAS-TRANSPORT; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; CHEMICAL RETENTION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CLOUD TRANSPORT; RIME ICE; MODEL; CHEMISTRY AB By using a three-dimensional convective cloud model to simulate the 10 July 1996, Stratospheric-Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone-Deep Convection experiment storm, we investigate the fate of formaldehyde (CH2O), formic acid (HCOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and methyl hydrogen peroxide (CH3OOH) in an isolated thunderstorm. CH2O, H2O2, and CH3OOH are important HOx radical and ozone (O-3) precursors in the upper troposphere. Thus, determining their source strength to the upper troposphere is important for estimating O-3 production. The model simulates O-3-NOx-CH4 chemistry (no nonmethane hydrocarbon chemistry) which is affected by the cloud microphysics and production of NOx by lightning. The retention of the soluble species within ice, snow, and hail during drop freezing results in less transport of the species to the upper troposphere than when the species is degassed during drop-freezing processes. Aqueous-phase chemistry is found to be inadequate in producing sufficient quantities of HCOOH so that HCOOH could serve as a reliable indicator of cloud-processed air. The production of nitrogen oxides by lightning has little to no effect on convective outflow mixing ratios of CH2O, H2O2, and CH3OOH within 100 km of the convective cores. Thus, it is unlikely that lightning affects concentrations of HOx precursors near active convection. Scavenging of CH2O and H2O2 significantly affects their concentrations in the convective outflow, although H2O2 mixing ratios were still similar to CH3OOH indicating that both peroxides can contribute equally to O-3 production downwind of convection. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Studies, Boulder, CO USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Tampa, FL USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Barth, MC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM barthm@ncar.ucar.edu RI Ott, Lesley/E-2250-2012; Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012; Kim, Si-Wan/I-3979-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Kim, Si-Wan/0000-0002-7889-189X; Stuart, Amy/0000-0003-1229-4934 NR 59 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 12 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D13 AR D13310 DI 10.1029/2006JD008046 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 190AN UT WOS:000248030200006 ER PT J AU McMillin, LM Zhao, J Raja, MKRV Gutman, SI Yoe, JG AF McMillin, Larry M. Zhao, Jiang Raja, M. K. Rama Varma Gutman, Seth I. Yoe, James G. TI Radiosonde humidity corrections and potential Atmospheric Infrared Sounder moisture accuracy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; PRECIPITABLE WATER; RADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS; CLOUDY ATMOSPHERES; GPS; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; TEMPERATURES; PERFORMANCE; TROPOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB Although there are a number of sources of radiosonde data for validation of observations from other atmospheric sensors, routine operational sondes remain the main source for a large volume of data. In this study radiosonde moisture profiles are renormalized using Global Positioning System (GPS) Integrated Precipitable Water (IPW) vapor. The GPS-adjusted radiosonde humidity profiles are then compared to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements. As a check, AIRS measurements are also compared with unadjusted radiosonde moisture profiles. It is shown that the GPS-adjusted values are in better agreement with the AIRS measurements. On the basis of this result, the GPS-adjusted radiosondes are used to assess the AIRS potential accuracy. This is valid because the errors in the AIRS measurements and the adjustments are independent. The GPS-based renormalization of radiosonde humidity measurements produced a significant improvement in the agreement between AIRS and Vaisala RS 57 H type radiosondes in the lower troposphere, where much of the atmospheric water vapor resides. The adjustment also resulted in improved agreement between AIRS and radiosonde IPW estimates. The results showed a day/night bias in the radiosonde values as compared to the GPS and the AIRS values, demonstrating the potential use of the technique for evaluating and correcting this bias. Established corrections for humidity errors also have been applied to some operational radiosonde observations, specifically the published temperature correction developed for the Vaisala RS80 H type radiosonde. This correction produced a much smaller effect than the GPS adjustment. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. IM Syst Grp Inc, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. NOAA, GPS Met Observing Syst Branch, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yoe, JG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM james.g.yoe@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 11 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D13 AR D13S90 DI 10.1029/2005JD006109 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 190AL UT WOS:000248030000001 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ AF Coakley, Kevin J. TI Optimal proton trapping strategy for a neutron lifetime experiment SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE lifetimes; nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries; properties of protons and neutrons; probability theory; stochastic; processes; statistics ID ION-TRAP AB In a neutron lifetime experiment conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, protons produced by neutron decay events are confined in a proton trap. In each run of the experiment, there is a trapping stage of duration tau. After the trapping stage, protons are purged from the trap. A proton detector provides incomplete information because it goes dead after detecting the first of any purged protons. Further, there is a dead time delta between the end of the trapping stage in one run and the beginning of the next trapping stage in the next run. Based on the fraction of runs where a proton is detected, I estimate the trapping rate lambda by the method of maximum likelihood. I show that the expected value of the maximum likelihood estimate is infinite. To obtain a maximum likelihood estimate with a finite expected value and a well-defined and finite variance, I restrict attention to a subsample of all realizations of the data. This subsample excludes an exceedingly rare realization that yields an infinite-valued estimate of lambda. I present asymptotically valid formulas for the bias, root-mean-square prediction error, and standard deviation of the maximum likelihood estimate of for this subsample. Based on nominal values of lambda and the dead time delta, I determine the optimal duration of the trapping stage tau by minimizing the root-mean-square prediction error of the estimate. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kevin.coakley@nist.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JUL 11 PY 2007 VL 577 IS 3 BP 702 EP 707 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.172 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 193TV UT WOS:000248298800029 ER PT J AU Ahtee, V Brown, SW Larason, TC Lykke, KR Ikonen, E Noorma, M AF Ahtee, Ville Brown, Steven W. Larason, Thomas C. Lykke, Keith R. Ikonen, Erkki Noorma, Mart TI Comparison of absolute spectral irradiance responsivity measurement techniques using wavelength-tunable lasers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FILTER RADIOMETERS; HIGH-ACCURACY; SCALE; NIST; TEMPERATURES; REALIZATION; REGION; NM AB Independent methods for measuring the absolute spectral irradiance responsivity of detectors have been compared between the calibration facilities at two national metrology institutes, the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Finland, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The emphasis is on the comparison of two different techniques for generating a uniform irradiance at a reference plane using wavelength-tunable lasers. At TKK's Laser Scanning Facility (LSF) the irradiance is generated by raster scanning a single collimated laser beam, while at the NIST facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations with Uniform Sources (SIRCUS), lasers are introduced into integrating spheres to generate a uniform irradiance at a reference plane. The laser-based irradiance responsivity results are compared to a traditional lamp-monochromator-based irradiance responsivity calibration obtained at the NIST Spectral Comparator Facility (SCF). A narrowband filter radiometer with a 24 nm bandwidth and an effective band-center wavelength of 801 nm was used as the artifact. The results of the comparison between the different facilities, reported for the first time in the near-infrared wavelength range, demonstrate agreement at the uncertainty level of less than 0.1%. This result has significant implications in radiation thermometry and in photometry as well as in radiometry. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Aalto Univ, Metrol Res Inst, FI-02015 Helsinki, Finland. MIKES, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ahtee, V (reprint author), Aalto Univ, Metrol Res Inst, POB 3000, FI-02015 Helsinki, Finland. EM ville.ahtee@tkk.fi RI Ikonen, Erkki/G-2261-2013 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUL 10 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 20 BP 4228 EP 4236 DI 10.1364/AO.46.004228 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 184TL UT WOS:000247665000006 PM 17579678 ER PT J AU Silver, RM Barnes, BM Attota, R Jun, J Stocker, M Marx, E Patrick, HJ AF Silver, Richard M. Barnes, Bryan M. Attota, Ravikiran Jun, Jay Stocker, Michael Marx, Egon Patrick, Heather J. TI Scatterfield microscopy for extending the limits of image-based optical metrology SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OVERLAY METROLOGY; SILICON AB We have developed a set of techniques, referred to as scatterfield microscopy, in which the illumination is engineered in combination with appropriately designed metrology targets to extend the limits of image-based optical metrology. Previously we reported results from samples with sub-50-nm-sized features having pitches larger than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion, which resulted in images having edge contrast and elements of conventional imaging. In this paper we extend these methods to targets composed of features much denser than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion. For these applications, a new approach is presented that uses a combination of zero-order optical response and edge-based imaging. The approach is, however, more general and a more comprehensive set of analyses using theoretical methods is presented. This analysis gives a direct measure of the ultimate size and density of features that can be measured with these optical. techniques. We present both experimental results and optical simulations using different electromagnetic scattering packages to evaluate the ultimate sensitivity and extensibility of these techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM silver@nist.gov NR 12 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUL 10 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 20 BP 4248 EP 4257 DI 10.1364/AO.46.004248 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 184TL UT WOS:000247665000008 PM 17579680 ER PT J AU Pietarila, A Socas-Navarro, H Bogdan, T AF Pietarila, A. Socas-Navarro, H. Bogdan, T. TI Spectropolarimetric observations of the Ca II lambda 8498 and lambda 8542 in the quiet sun SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE polarization; Sun : chromosphere; waves ID CELL-NETWORK DISTINCTIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; CHROMOSPHERIC OSCILLATIONS; SOLAR ATMOSPHERE; TRANSITION REGION; STOKES PROFILES; INVERSION; WAVES; LINES; MAGNETOCONVECTION AB The Ca II infrared triplet is one of the few magnetically sensitive chromospheric lines available for ground-based observations. We present spectropolarimetric observations of the 8498 and 8542 angstrom lines in a quiet Sun region near a decaying active region and compare the results with a simulation of the lines in a high plasma-beta regime. Cluster analysis of Stokes V profile pairs shows that the two lines, despite arguably being formed fairly close, often do not have similar shapes. In the network, the local magnetic topology is more important in determining the shapes of the Stokes V profiles than the phase of the wave, contrary to what our simulations show. We also find that Stokes V asymmetries are very common in the network, and the histograms of the observed amplitude and area asymmetries differ significantly from the simulation. Both the network and internetwork show oscillatory behavior in the Ca II lines. It is stronger in the network, where shocking waves, similar to those in the high-beta simulation, are seen and large self-reversals in the intensity profiles are common. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pietarila, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Pob 3000, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RI Pietarila, Anna/C-6382-2008 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUL 10 PY 2007 VL 663 IS 2 BP 1386 EP 1405 DI 10.1086/518714 PN 1 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 189PR UT WOS:000248001500060 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Allesina, S Riolo, RL Hunter, TS AF Peacor, Scott D. Allesina, Stefano Riolo, Rick L. Hunter, Tim S. TI A new computational system, DOVE (Digital Organisms in a Virtual Ecosystem), to study phenotypic plasticity and its effects in food webs SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE individual-based model; genetic algorithm; phenotyipic plasticity; food web; trait-mediated nonlethal; behavior; nonconsumptive ID MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS; COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; TRAIT; PREDATOR; COMMUNITY; MODEL AB Food webs are abstract models that represent who eats whom relationships in ecosystems. Classical food web representations do not typically include phenotypic plasticity, in which one species responds to changes in density of other species by modifying traits such as behavior and morphology. Such changes, which are presumably adaptive, will affect the magnitude of both direct and indirect effects on species fitness. Empirical evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity is likely to have large impacts on the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Whereas theoretical studies support this, there is much that we do not understand that may require new theoretical approaches. We have constructed a computational system, Digital Organisms in a Virtual Ecosystem (DOVE), to address this problem. Its features include an individual-based approach, in which a type of genetic algorithm is used to evolve animal behavior in a dynamic environment. Here we present an overview of the ecological problems motivating the creation of DOVE and its basic structure and operation. We also discuss the kinds of decisions and tradeoffs that were considered to make DOVE as simple as possible but still rich enough to allow us to address our fundamental questions. We then use DOVE to examine optimal foraging strategies of prey in the presence of fluctuating predator risk, and show that activity levels are highly dependent on competitor density in a manner that would be difficult or impossible to explore with traditional techniques. This, and other pilot studies of DOVE, suggests that it can be used to gain insight into the origin and consequences of phenotypic plasticity and other properties of ecological communities. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Peacor@msu.edu RI Allesina, Stefano/A-2255-2009 NR 77 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 10 PY 2007 VL 205 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.01.026 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 177IC UT WOS:000247145800002 ER PT J AU Chen, YS Peng, H Hussey, DS Jacobson, DL Tran, DT Abdel-Baset, T Biernacki, M AF Chen, Yong-Song Peng, Huei Hussey, Daniel S. Jacobson, David L. tran, Doanh T. Abdel-Baset, Tarek Biernacki, Mark TI Water distribution measurement for a PEMFC through neutron radiography SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE PEMFC; water visualization; water management; neutron radiography ID ELECTROLYTE FUEL-CELLS; 2-PHASE FLOW PHENOMENA; IMAGING TECHNIQUE; TRANSPORT; QUANTIFICATION; CATHODE; PEFC; PART AB Neutron radiography has been used for in situ and non-destructive visualization and measurement technique for liquid water in a working proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In an attempt to differentiate water distribution in the anode side from that in the cathode side, a specially designed cell was machined and used for the experiment. The major difference between our design and traditional flow field design is the fact the anode channels and cathode channels were shifted by a channel width, so that the anode and cathode channels do not overlap in the majority of the active areas. The neutron radiography experiments were performed at selected relative humidities, and stoichiometry values of cathode inlet. At each operating condition, the water distribution in anode/cathode gas diffusion layers (GDLs) was obtained. Image processing with four different spatial masks was applied to those images to differentiate liquid water in four different types of areas. Results indicate that the reactant gas relative humidity and stoichiometry significantly influence current density distribution and water distribution. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DaimlerChrysler Corp, Auburn Hills, MI 48326 USA. RP Peng, H (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, 1231 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM hpeng@umich.edu OI Chen, Yong-Song/0000-0002-6182-6418 NR 18 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD JUL 10 PY 2007 VL 170 IS 2 BP 376 EP 386 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.076 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 185BI UT WOS:000247685900017 ER PT J AU Hauet, T Mangin, S Montaigne, F Borchers, JA Henry, Y AF Hauet, T. Mangin, S. Montaigne, F. Borchers, J. A. Henry, Y. TI Tuning exchange-bias properties by thermal effects in a hard/soft bilayer SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB The effect of temperature on exchange-bias properties of an antiferromagnetically coupled hard/soft bilayer (Tb12Fe88/Gd40Fe60) is studied. In a similar manner to its cooling field dependence, a continuous transition from a negative to a positive exchange-bias field is observed with increasing temperature. The changes of magnetic configuration responsible for this effect are studied, combining both magnetization and polarized neutron reflectivity measurements. The temperature is found to enhance the exchange-bias training effect as a result of the relaxation of an interface domain wall. The present study demonstrates that both temperature and cooling field may be used to tune the exchange field. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nancy 1, CNRS, LPM, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, IPCMS, F-67034 Strasbourg, France. RP Hauet, T (reprint author), Univ Nancy 1, CNRS, LPM, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. EM hauet@lpm.u-nancy.fr RI Montaigne, Francois/A-1037-2010; Henry, Yves/M-3200-2015; OI Henry, Yves/0000-0002-6282-3809; Mangin, stephane/0000-0001-6046-0437 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 9 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 2 AR 022505 DI 10.1063/1.2753108 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 189VS UT WOS:000248017300051 ER PT J AU Zhang, Q Jimenez, JL Canagaratna, MR Allan, JD Coe, H Ulbrich, I Alfarra, MR Takami, A Middlebrook, AM Sun, YL Dzepina, K Dunlea, E Docherty, K DeCarlo, PF Salcedo, D Onasch, T Jayne, JT Miyoshi, T Shimono, A Hatakeyama, S Takegawa, N Kondo, Y Schneider, J Drewnick, F Borrmann, S Weimer, S Demerjian, K Williams, P Bower, K Bahreini, R Cottrell, L Griffin, RJ Rautiainen, J Sun, JY Zhang, YM Worsnop, DR AF Zhang, Q. Jimenez, J. L. Canagaratna, M. R. Allan, J. D. Coe, H. Ulbrich, I. Alfarra, M. R. Takami, A. Middlebrook, A. M. Sun, Y. L. Dzepina, K. Dunlea, E. Docherty, K. DeCarlo, P. F. Salcedo, D. Onasch, T. Jayne, J. T. Miyoshi, T. Shimono, A. Hatakeyama, S. Takegawa, N. Kondo, Y. Schneider, J. Drewnick, F. Borrmann, S. Weimer, S. Demerjian, K. Williams, P. Bower, K. Bahreini, R. Cottrell, L. Griffin, R. J. Rautiainen, J. Sun, J. Y. Zhang, Y. M. Worsnop, D. R. TI Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETER; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; HYDROCARBON-LIKE; URBAN SITE; QUANTIFICATION; PARTICLES; CAMPAIGN; SPECTRA; CARBON; SIZE AB [1] Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. HOA has been linked to primary combustion emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote sites, respectively. A case study analysis of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is much greater than the advected HOA, indicating that HOA oxidation is not an important source of OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation of SOA which may lead to significant biases in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties. C1 SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Dept Particle Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Chem React Sect, Div Atmospher Environm, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. Univ Kuopio, Dept Phys, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Univ Autonoma Estado Morelos, Ctr Invest Quim, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico. Sanyu Plant Serv Co Ltd, Kanagawa 2291132, Japan. China Meteorol Adm, Ctr Atmospher Watch & Serv, Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, Q (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, 251 Fuller Rd, Albany, NY 12203 USA. EM qz@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; jose.jimenez@colorado.edu RI Coe, Hugh/C-8733-2013; Dzepina, Katja/A-1372-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; Alfarra, M. Rami/K-2156-2012; Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Salcedo, Dara/B-7338-2008; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Schneider, Johannes/A-2674-2010; Borrmann, Stephan/E-3868-2010; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Hatakeyama, Shiro/D-2001-2010; Zhang, Qi/F-9653-2010; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Sun, Yele/F-1314-2010; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012 OI Alfarra, Rami/0000-0002-3925-3780; Coe, Hugh/0000-0002-3264-1713; Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; Salcedo, Dara/0000-0002-6923-111X; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Schneider, Johannes/0000-0001-7169-3973; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Hatakeyama, Shiro/0000-0002-9357-4091; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Sun, Yele/0000-0003-2354-0221; NR 33 TC 833 Z9 844 U1 26 U2 289 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 7 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 13 AR L13801 DI 10.1029/2007GL029979 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 187WS UT WOS:000247880400003 ER PT J AU Coskuner, O AF Coskuner, Orkid TI Preferred conformation of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-beta-mannose SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS; LIQUID WATER; DENSITY; SOLVATION; HYDRATION; SOLUTES; GLUCOSE AB The conformational preference of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-beta-mannose was studied in the gas phase and in aqueous solution by ab initio calculations, and by molecular dynamics (MD) and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations. MD simulations were performed with various water potential functions to study the impact of the chosen water potential on the predicted conformational preference of the glycosidic linkage of the carbohydrate in solution. This study shows that the trans (t) orientation of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-beta-mannose is preferred over its gauche clockwise (g+) orientation in solution. CPMD simulations clearly indicate that this preference is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding with surrounding water molecules, whereas no such information could be demonstrated by MD simulations. This study demonstrates the importance of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in studying the structural properties of carbohydrate-water interactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94025 USA. RP Coskuner, O (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Mail Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM orkid.coskuner@nist.gov RI Coskuner, Orkid/O-5376-2016 OI Coskuner, Orkid/0000-0002-0772-9350 NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 7 PY 2007 VL 127 IS 1 AR 015101 DI 10.1063/1.2747238 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 187AN UT WOS:000247819800038 PM 17627368 ER PT J AU Harms, CA Eckert, SA Kubis, SA Campbell, M Levenson, DH Crognale, MA AF Harms, C. A. Eckert, S. A. Kubis, S. A. Campbell, M. Levenson, D. H. Crognale, M. A. TI Field anaesthesia of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; VIRGIN-ISLANDS; GREEN TURTLES; ST-CROIX; VALUES; CARDIOPULMONARY; MEDETOMIDINE; TEMPERATURE; VENTILATION AB Ten nesting leatherback sea turtles on Trinidad were anaesthetised for electroretinogram (ERG) measurements, using ketamine and medetomidine, reversed with atipamezole. They weighed 242 to 324 kg and were given initial doses of 3 to 8 mg/kg ketamine and 30 to 80 mu g/kg medetomidine administered into an external jugular vein; six of the turtles received supplementary doses of 2.6 to 3.9 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0 to 39 mu g/kg medetomidine. The lower doses were used initially to ensure against overdosage and reduce the chances of residual effects after the turtles returned to the water, but successful ERGS called for step-wise dose increases to the required level of anaesthesia. Respiratory rate, heart rate, electrocardiogram, cloacal temperature, and venous blood gases were monitored, and blood was collected for plasma biochemistry. At the end of the ERG procedure, atipamezole was administered at 150 to 420 mu g/kg (five times the dose of medetomidine), half intramuscularly and half intravascularly. The turtles were monitored and prevented from re-entering the water until their behaviour was normal. No apparent mortalities or serious anaesthetic complications occurred. The observed within-season return nesting rate of the anaesthetised turtles was comparable with that of unanaesthetised turtles. C1 Univ N Carolina, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, WIDECAST, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ W Indies, Fac Med Sci, Sch Vet Med, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Harms, CA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RI Crognale, Michael/K-4462-2012 NR 40 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD JUL 7 PY 2007 VL 161 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 194JO UT WOS:000248340900012 PM 17617540 ER PT J AU Esenturk, O Evans, A Heilweil, EJ AF Esenturk, O. Evans, A. Heilweil, E. J. TI Terahertz spectroscopy of dicyanobenzenes: Anomalous absorption intensities and spectral calculations SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; 1,2-DICYANOBENZENE; RAMAN AB Terahertz absorption spectra of three isomeric structures of dicyanobenzene in chloroform solution and solid phase at 298 K are reported. These spectra exhibit enhanced absorption in low THz range compared to most organic systems because of strong coupling to phonon modes. Molecular vibrational spectral calculations show strong correlation with the experiment especially for solution spectra. All intramolecular modes were assigned and intermolecular modes identified. Out-of-plane intramolecular modes at low frequency exhibit similar to 75 cm(-1) blue shifts as the secondary CN group moves from the para to ortho position on the benzene ring, whereas almost no frequency shift occurs for low-frequency in-plane modes. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bureau Dr Mailstop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edwin.heilweil@nist.gov RI Esenturk, Okan/C-1187-2008; OI Esenturk, Okan/0000-0001-6539-4344 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 6 PY 2007 VL 442 IS 1-3 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.05.067 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 193BC UT WOS:000248247300013 ER PT J AU Weber, RJ Sullivan, AP Peltier, RE Russell, A Yan, B Zheng, M de Gouw, J Warneke, C Brock, C Holloway, JS Atlas, EL Edgerton, E AF Weber, Rodney J. Sullivan, Amy P. Peltier, Richard E. Russell, Armistead Yan, Bo Zheng, Mei de Gouw, Joost Warneke, Carsten Brock, Charles Holloway, John S. Atlas, Elliot L. Edgerton, Eric TI A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AMBIENT AEROSOL; EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERE; PARTICLES; EVOLUTION; OXIDATION; GASOLINE; ZURICH; RATIOS; C-14 AB [1] The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in an anthropogenic-influenced region in the southeastern United States is investigated by a comparison with urban plumes in the northeast. The analysis is based on measurements of fine-particle organic compounds soluble in water (WSOC) as a measure of secondary organic aerosol. Aircraft measurements over a large area of northern Georgia, including the Atlanta metropolitan region, and in plumes from New York City and surrounding urban regions in the northeast show that fine-particle WSOC are spatially correlated with vehicle emission tracers (e.g., CO), yet the measurements indicate that vehicles do not directly emit significant particulate WSOC. In addition to being correlated, WSOC concentrations were in similar proportions to anthropogenic tracers in both regions, despite biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were on average 10-100 times higher over northern Georgia. In contrast, radiocarbon analysis on WSOC extracted from integrated filters deployed in Atlanta suggests that roughly 70-80% of the carbon in summertime WSOC is modern. If both findings are valid, the combined results indicate that in northern Georgia, fine-particle WSOC was secondary and formed through a process that involves mainly modern biogenic VOCs but which is strongly linked to an anthropogenic component that may largely control the mass of SOA formed. Independent of the radiocarbon results, a strong association between SOA and anthropogenic sources has implications for control strategies in urban regions with large biogenic VOC emissions. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Atmospher Res & Anal Inc, Cary, NC 27513 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weber, RJ (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM rweber@eas.gatech.edu RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 39 TC 258 Z9 262 U1 13 U2 129 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D13 AR D13302 DI 10.1029/2007JD008408 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187XB UT WOS:000247881300007 ER PT J AU Pratt, FL Baker, PJ Blundell, SJ Lancaster, T Green, MA Kurmoo, M AF Pratt, F. L. Baker, P. J. Blundell, S. J. Lancaster, T. Green, M. A. Kurmoo, M. TI Chiral-like critical behavior in the antiferromagnet cobalt glycerolate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STACKED TRIANGULAR LATTICES; IMPLANTED POSITIVE MUONS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; UNIVERSALITY CLASS; XY ANTIFERROMAGNET; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; PHASE-TRANSITION; MONOGLYCEROLATE; RELAXATION; ROTATION AB Critical exponents closely matching those of the N=2 chiral universality class have been obtained for the layered magnetic system cobalt glycerolate using muon spin relaxation. This class was originally introduced to represent geometrically frustrated triangular stacked-layer XY magnets with chiral noncollinear spin structures. Since the present magnetic system is a canted XY system without geometrical frustration or chiral degeneracy, the results indicate that the order parameter for canting in this system plays a similar role to the chiral order parameter in the geometrically frustrated systems, strongly suggesting that both types of noncollinear system share the same universality class. C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, UMR 140, Chim Coordinat Organ Lab, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. RP Pratt, FL (reprint author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RI Baker, Peter/E-4216-2010 OI Baker, Peter/0000-0002-2306-2648 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 6 PY 2007 VL 99 IS 1 AR 017202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.017202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 187AO UT WOS:000247819900047 PM 17678186 ER PT J AU Hacker, CA Richter, CA Gergel-Hackett, N Richter, LJ AF Hacker, Christina A. Richter, Curt A. Gergel-Hackett, Nadine Richter, Lee J. TI Origin of differing reactivities of aliphatic chains on H-Si(111) and oxide surfaces with metal SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; VAPOR-DEPOSITED TI; SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; DEVICES; INTERFACE; CONTACT AB The interaction of deposited metals with monolayer films is critical to the understanding of, and ultimate utility of, the emerging arena of molecular electronics. We present the results of a thorough study of the interaction of vapor-deposited Au and Ag on alkane films attached to Si substrates. Two distinct categories of films are studied: C18 films formed from the hydrosilation reaction of octadecyl trichlorosilane with thin SiO2 layers and C18 films formed from the direct attachment of functionalized alkanes with hydrogen-terminated Si. Two direct attachment chemistries were studied: (Si)(3)-Si-O-C linkages of 1-octadecanol and octadecanal on H-terminated Si(111) and (Si)(3)-Si-C linkages of 1-octadecene on H-terminated Si(111). The reactivity of the films was studied with p-polarized backside reflection absorption spectroscopy (pb-RAIRS), sputter depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and device electrical tests. Independent of direct attachment chemistry, we report the remarkable observation that deposition of Au results in the displacement of the molecular film from the Si interface. In contrast, the directly attached molecular films are robust toward the deposition of Ag. For both metals, the C18 films formed by hydrosilation reactions on SiO2 remain at the interface. The results of monolayer stability with metal are linked to reactions between the metal and substrate. The displacement of the films by Au is attributed to Au insertion in the Si backbonds, in a reaction analogous to silicide formation. The results demonstrate that one must fully take into account the reactivity of the entire system, including substrates, molecular functional groups, and metal electrodes, when considering the robustness of molecules in metal junctions. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanalysis Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hacker, CA (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christina.hacker@nist.gov RI Gergel-Hackett, Nadine/B-9704-2009; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 40 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD JUL 5 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 26 BP 9384 EP 9392 DI 10.1021/jp072216u PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 183VC UT WOS:000247599300055 ER PT J AU Pipino, ACR Michalski, M AF Pipino, Andrew C. R. Michalski, Marcin TI Climbing the vibrational ladder to probe the OH stretch of HNO3 on silica SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; INTRAMOLECULAR ENERGY-TRANSFER; CAVITY RING; NITRIC-ACID; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR; EXCITED METHANOL; OVERTONE SPECTRA; THIN-FILMS AB The first and second OH-stretching overtones of HNO3 adsorbed on atomically smooth amorphous SiO2 have been probed by evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (EW-CRDS) using a broadband high-finesse total-internal-reflection-ring resonator. In contrast to the OH-stretching fundamental, the overtone spectra reveal relatively sharp features under conditions of extensive H-bonding. On the basis of a comparison with calculated vibrational frequencies, we find HNO3 exists predominantly as the HNO3-H2O complex on the surface under ambient conditions. Enabling unparalleled spectroscopic studies of monolayers, thin films, and nanoscale materials, the EW-CRDS technique yields polarized absolute absorption spectra for overtone and combination transitions at submonolayer coverage. The TIR-ring resonator in particular permits facile exploration of the visible and near-IR regions with a single optical configuration. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Phys Chem 1, D-5748 Garching, Germany. RP Pipino, ACR (reprint author), Tech Univ Eindhoven, Dept Appl Phys, Den Dolech 2, NL-5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands. EM A.C.R.Pipino@tue.nl NR 74 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD JUL 5 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 26 BP 9442 EP 9447 DI 10.1021/jp0690244 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 183VC UT WOS:000247599300062 ER PT J AU Williams, WJ Weingartner, TJ Hermann, AJ AF Williams, William J. Weingartner, Thomas J. Hermann, Albert J. TI Idealized three-dimensional modeling of seasonal variation in the Alaska Coastal Current SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GULF; FRESH-WATER; RIVER PLUME; FRONTS; WIND; TRANSPORT; SHELF; SEPARATION; STABILITY; CHANNEL AB [1] Seasonal variation of the buoyancy- and downwelling-wind-forced Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) and the fate of freshwater contained in it is considered using idealized analytical and numerical models of the ACC formed from a half-line source of buoyant inflow. The coastal current initially develops two-dimensionally but becomes three-dimensional from a balance between coastal influx of buoyancy and its downstream transport, which leads to a coastal current depth limit H-max = (2Qf/g')(1/2), where x is along-shelf distance, Q is the line source strength for unit length, f is the Coriolis frequency, and g' is the reduced gravity of the buoyant inflow. This limit is unchanged under downwelling wind stress and is reached on timescales of less than 1 month for the ACC. The coastal current width is roughly constant in x and increases in time at the same rate as the two-dimensional solution. Imposition of a downwelling wind stress tau results in an approximate balance among wind stress and along- and cross-shelf momentum advection so that the current width is reduced to Y-wind approximate to L-D (Qf/tau/rho(0))(1/2), where L-D is the Rossby radius of deformation, tau is the wind stress and rho(0) is a reference density. Waves/eddying motions eventually grow in the half-line source coastal current with wavelengths proportional to the coastal current width and with a downstream phase speed slower than the maximum current speed. These features cause an offshore flux of buoyant water, a broader coastal current, and further accumulation of buoyancy on the shelf. Increasing downwelling wind stress reduces the effects of the instabilities. Continual accumulation of buoyancy on the shelf occurs during all model runs but is nearly absent under maximum winter downwelling wind stress. It is suggested that freshwater accumulation on the shelf during spring, summer, and fall may be largely lost downstream during winter. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Williams, WJ (reprint author), Fisheries Oceans Canada Inst Ocean Sci, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM wjw@alum.mit.edu NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 4 PY 2007 VL 112 IS C7 AR C07001 DI 10.1029/2005JC003285 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 187XJ UT WOS:000247882200001 ER PT J AU Sorooshian, A Ng, NL Chan, AWH Feingold, G Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH AF Sorooshian, Armin Ng, Nga L. Chan, Arthur W. H. Feingold, Graham Flagan, Richard C. Seinfeld, John H. TI Particulate organic acids and overall water-soluble aerosol composition measurements from the 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; URBAN ATMOSPHERE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; ARCTIC ATMOSPHERE; POLAR SUNRISE AB [1] The Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter participated in the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) mission during August-September 2006. A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) coupled to ion chromatography was used to characterize the water-soluble ion composition of aerosol and cloud droplet residual particles (976 5-min PM1.0 samples in total). Sulfate and ammonium dominated the water-soluble mass (NH4+ + SO42- = 84 +/- 14%), while organic acids contributed 3.4 +/- 3.7%. The average NH4+:SO42- molar ratio was 1.77 +/- 0.85. Particulate concentrations of organic acids increased with decreasing carbon number from C-9 to C-2. Organic acids were most abundant above cloud, presumably as a result of aqueous phase chemistry in cloud droplets, followed by subsequent droplet evaporation above cloud tops; the main product of this chemistry was oxalic acid. The evolution of organic acids with increasing altitude in cloud provides evidence for the multistep nature of oxalic acid production; predictions from a cloud parcel model are consistent with the observed oxalate: glyoxylate ratio as a function of altitude in GoMACCS cumuli. Suppressed organic acid formation was observed in clouds with relatively acidic droplets, as determined by high particulate nitrate concentrations (presumably high HNO3 levels too) and lower liquid water content, as compared to other cloud fields probed. In the Houston Ship Channel region, an area with significant volatile organic compound emissions, oxalate, acetate, formate, benzoate, and pyruvate, in decreasing order, were the most abundant organic acids. Photo-oxidation of m-xylene in laboratory chamber experiments leads to a particulate organic acid product distribution consistent with the Ship Channel area observations. C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sorooshian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Chan, Arthur/I-2233-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Chan, Arthur/0000-0001-7392-4237; Sorooshian, Armin/0000-0002-2243-2264 NR 81 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 6 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 3 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D13 AR D13201 DI 10.1029/2007JD008537 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 187WY UT WOS:000247881000006 ER PT J AU Fox, DM Maupin, PH Harris, RH Gilman, JW Eldred, DV Katsoulis, D Trulove, PC De Long, HC AF Fox, Douglas M. Maupin, Paul H. Harris, Richard H., Jr. Gilman, Jeffrey W. Eldred, Donald V. Katsoulis, Dimi Trulove, Paul C. De Long, Hugh C. TI Use of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-imidazolium cation as an organic modifier for montmorillonite SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; POLY(NORBORNYL-POSS) COPOLYMERS; FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; THERMAL-DEGRADATION; POSS; POLYPROPYLENE; DISPERSION; INTERCALATION AB Recent studies on organically modified clays (OMCs) have reported enhanced thermal stabilities when using imidazolium-based surfactants over the typical ammonium-based surfactants. Other studies have shown that polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) also improve the thermal properties of composites containing these macromers. In an attempt to utilize the beneficial properties of both imidazolium surfactants and POSS macromers, a dual nanocomposite approach to prepare OMCs was used. In this study, the preparation of a new POSS-imidazolium surfactant and its use as an organic modifier for montmorillonite are reported. The purity, solubility, and thermal characteristics of the POSS-imidazolium chloride were evaluated. In addition, several OMCs were prepared by exchanging the Na+ with POSS imidazolium cations equivalent to 100%, 95%, 40%, 20%, and 5% of the cation exchange capacity of the clay. The subsequent OMCs were characterized using thermal analysis techniques (DSC, SDT, and TGA) as well as Si-29 NMR to determine the POSS content in the clay interlayer both before and after thermal oxidation degradation. Results indicate the following: (1) the solvent choice changes the efficiency of the ion-exchange reaction of the clay; (2) self-assembled crystalline POSS domains are present in the clay interlayer; (3) the d-spacing of the exchanged clay is large (3.6 nm), accommodating a bilayer structure of the POSS-imidazolium; and (4) the prepared POSS-imidazolium exchanged clays exhibit higher thermal stabilities than any previously prepared imidazolium or ammonium exchanged montmorillonite. C1 USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NIST, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Midland, MI 48686 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Directorate Chem & Life Sci, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Fox, DM (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Chem, 4400 Massachusetts Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. EM dfox@american.edu NR 39 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 3 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 14 BP 7707 EP 7714 DI 10.1021/la0636863 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 182EF UT WOS:000247487200048 PM 17555333 ER PT J AU Garno, JC Zangmeister, CD Batteas, JD AF Garno, Jayne C. Zangmeister, Christopher D. Batteas, James D. TI Directed electroless growth of metal nanostructures on patterned self-assembled monolayers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SCANNING PROBE LITHOGRAPHY; DIP-PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR JUNCTIONS; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; QUANTUM-WELLS; FABRICATION; COPPER; TEMPLATE AB The directed placement of Cu nanostructures on surfaces has been studied using a combination of scanning probe lithography and electroless metal deposition onto nanopatterned SAMs of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (16-MHA) on Au. In situ studies using nanoscale molecular gradients reveal how controlling the areal density of the 16-MHA molecules dictates the nucleation and growth of the metal nanostructures. The influence of controlling pattern line spacing and tip path on pattern feature fidelity is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Batteas, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM batteas@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 55 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 3 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 14 BP 7874 EP 7879 DI 10.1021/la070015b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 182EF UT WOS:000247487200070 PM 17536844 ER PT J AU Hodby, E Donley, EA Kitching, J AF Hodby, E. Donley, E. A. Kitching, J. TI Differential atomic magnetometry based on a diverging laser beam SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RUBIDIUM VAPOR MAGNETOMETER AB The authors demonstrate a novel atomic magnetometer that uses differential detection of the spatially diverging components of a light field to monitor the Larmor precession frequency of atoms in a thermal vapor. The design is implemented in compact form with a micromachined alkali vapor cell and a naturally divergent light field emitted by a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. Operating the magnetometer in differential mode cancels common-mode noise and improves the sensitivity by a factor of 26 over single-channel operation. They also suggest ways in which the current sensitivity of 28 pT/root Hz may be improved further without sacrificing size or simplicity. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hodby, E (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hodby@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 2 PY 2007 VL 91 IS 1 AR 011109 DI 10.1063/1.2753763 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 187AM UT WOS:000247819700009 ER PT J AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, Dale P. TI Internal curing of high-performance blended cement mortars SO ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE curing; high performance; mortars ID AUTOGENOUS DEFORMATION; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; SILICA FUME; CONCRETE; PASTE; SHRINKAGE; HYDRATION; WATER AB In the twenty-first century, most high-performance concretes, and many other ordinary concretes, are now based on blended cements that contain silica fume, slag, and/or fly ash additions. Because the. chemical shrinkage accompanying the pozzolanic and hydraulic reactions of these mineral admixtures is generally much greater than that accompanying conventional portland cement hydration, these blended cements may have an. increased demand for additional curing water. When such water cannot be supplied efficiently by external curing, internal curing becomes necessary, if the maintenance of saturated hydration conditions in the blended cement paste is desired. In this paper, the internal curing of three different high-performance blended cement mortars is evaluated with respect to measured autogenous deformation and compressive strength development. Internal curing is particularly beneficial for the mortars containing silica fume or slag blended cements. For the blended cement containing a Type F fly ash, less autogenous deformation is observed, due to the maintenance of a more open (percolated) pore structure containing larger pores, as supported by low temperature calorimetry measurements on, hydrated paste specimens. In addition to providing a substantial reduction in autogenous shrinkage at early ages, internal curing also provided a significant increase in long term (28 days and beyond) compressive strength in the three mortars investigated in this study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CONCRETE INST PI FARMINGTON HILLS PA 38800 COUNTRY CLUB DR, FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48331 USA SN 0889-325X J9 ACI MATER J JI ACI Mater. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 104 IS 4 BP 408 EP 414 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 195TX UT WOS:000248435900010 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZQ Zhang, RH Yang, S AF Zhang Zuqiang Zhang Renhe Yang, Song TI Roles of multi-scale disturbances over the tropical North Pacific in the turnabout of 1997-98 El Nino SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE intraseasonal oscillation; ENSO; Kelvin wave; western North Pacific ID SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES; SUMMER INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; EAST-ASIAN MONSOON; BOREAL SUMMER; 30-60-DAY OSCILLATIONS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; WAVE REFLECTION; PART II; ENSO AB The space-time features of major vorticity disturbances over the western North Pacific during the 1997-98 El Nino ranked as one of the strongest events on record was investigated in this study. We distinguished the different roles that these disturbances had on different timescales in causing the reversal or turnabout of the El Nino event. Remarkable differences in the various disturbances of synoptic, intraseasonal, and interannual. timescales were found in the time evolution, propagation, and in their contributions to the changes in near-equatorial zonal flow, which was crucial to the demise of the warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the central-eastern Pacific. It is hypothesized that the westward-traveling synoptic and intraseasonal oscillations in the western North Pacific might be considered as a self-provided negative feedback from the El Nino and played an additional role in its reversal in comparison with other interannual internal and external forcings. In this case, the off-equatorial synoptic and intraseaonal fluctuations served as a stochastic forcing for the tropical ocean and gave rise to the aperiodicity or irregularity of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. C1 China Metrol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Lab Climate Studies, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, China Metrol Adm, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zhang, ZQ (reprint author), China Metrol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Lab Climate Studies, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM zhangzq@cma.gov.cn RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 24 IS 4 BP 581 EP 590 DI 10.1007/s00376-007-0581-0 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191XE UT WOS:000248164500004 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Xu, B Welch, MJ Phinney, KW AF Tai, Susan S. -C. Xu, Bei Welch, Michael J. Phinney, Karen W. TI Development and evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of testosterone in human serum using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE testosterone; reference measurement procedure; electrospray ionization; isotope dilution; liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry LC/MS/MS; solid-phase extraction; liquid-liquid extraction ID ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; MEN; PROGESTERONE; THYROXINE; ADULT AB A candidate reference measurement procedure for total testosterone in human serum involving isotope dilution (ID) coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. The endogenous testosterone and its internal standard (testosterone-d(3)) were extracted from the serum matrix using a combination of solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction prior to reversed-phase LC/MS/MS. Accuracy of the measurements was evaluated by a recovery study using testosterone-spiked serum. The recovery of the added testosterone ranged from 100.0 to 100.3%. This method was applied to the determination of testosterone in frozen serum samples from three individual donors (one female and two males) with the testosterone concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 8.5 ng g(-1). Repeatability with within-set coefficients of variation (CVs) from 0.1 to 1.0% and intermediate precision with between-set CVs from 0.1 to 0.5% for both female and male serum materials were demonstrated. Excellent linearity was obtained for all linear regression lines. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 3 was 2 pg of testosterone in serum. Structural analogs as well as testosterone metabolites were tested and found to not interfere with the measurement of testosterone. This well-characterized LC/MS/MS method for serum testosterone, which demonstrates good accuracy and precision, and low susceptibility to interferences, qualifies as a reference measurement procedure that can be used to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods for testosterone can be compared and that will serve as a standard of higher order for measurement traceability. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Metrol, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.tai@nist.gov NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 388 IS 5-6 BP 1087 EP 1094 DI 10.1007/s00216-007-1355-3 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 189OP UT WOS:000247998700014 PM 17530229 ER PT J AU Lisak, D Hodges, JT AF Lisak, D. Hodges, J. T. TI High-resolution cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of blended H2O transitions SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; 1.39 MU-M; DIODE-LASER; SPECTRAL-LINES; WATER-VAPOR; MODE; AIR; SPECTROMETER; PARAMETERS; PROFILES AB tWe probed four closely spaced rovibrational water vapor absorption transitions near v(similar to) = 7100 cm(-1) using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Room-temperature spectra were acquired for pure water vapor in the Doppler limit and for mixtures containing approximate to 6.6 mu mol mol(-1) of water vapor in N-2 at total gas pressures ranging from 6.5 kPa to 53 kPa. By measuring Lamb dips for each transition, we demonstrated a resolution of 50 kHz and determined relative transition frequencies with an uncertainty < 0.4MHz over a 10 GHz range. Pressure-induced broadening, collisional narrowing coefficients of the component transitions and line areas were retrieved by fits of model line shapes to the measured spectra. Standard and advanced models were considered including those which incorporated the combined effects of collisional narrowing and speed-dependent line broadening and line shifting. By measuring water vapor concentration with a transfer standard hygrometer, we determined line intensities in terms of measured line areas with a combined relative uncertainty of 0.6%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Mikolaja Kopernica, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Lisak, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.hodges@nist.gov RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014 NR 37 TC 43 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 88 IS 2 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.1007/s00340-007-2691-x PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 190JK UT WOS:000248054900029 ER PT J AU Schultz, MK Borgman, MP Coleman, T Bakhlanov, S Marchenkov, N Line, BR AF Schultz, Michael K. Borgman, Mark P. Coleman, Tornika Bakhlanov, Sergel Marchenkov, Nikolal Line, Bruce R. TI An assessment of radionuclidic impurities of Po-210 produced via neutron irradiation of Bi-209 for use in targeted alpha-particle radiotherapy SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE radioimmunotherapy; alpha emitters; polonium-210; impurities; nuclear medicine ID EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; THERAPY; SAMPLES; CANCER AB Radionuclidic impurities of Po-210 prepared by neutron irradiation of Bi-209 via the (209B)i(n,gamma)Bi-210 reaction were investigated. Following irradiation and ingrowth, a pure Po-210 Solution was obtained by sublimation and dissolution. Results were obtained by liquid scintillation (LS) counting, isotope dilution alpha (alpha)-spectrometry, and high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry. No alpha-emitting (3-10 MeV) or gamma-emitting (30-3600 keV) impurities were detected, with calculated lower limits of detection for impurities of approximately 0.01% Po-210 activity. LS spectra revealed no identifiable beta-emitting impurity. LS sources prepared using Opti-Phase 'Hi Safe' III and Opti-Fluor LS cocktails were stable over a 4-day multi-cycle Counting period for Po-210 dissolved in 0.1% trifluoracetic acid (pH similar to 2, water fraction similar to 2%). The radioactivity concentration determined by LS counting was verified by isotope dilution alpha spectrometry. These results suggest that neutron irradiation of Bi-209 (followed by sublimation) can produce Po-210 in a highly pure form that is suitable for radiopharmaceutical preparations. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Nucl Med Standards Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Pharm, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Div Nucl Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Adv Nuclide Technol LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46260 USA. IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Russian Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. RP Schultz, MK (reprint author), Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, PET Imaging Ctr, 0911Z JPP,200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM michael-schultz@uiowa.edu NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 65 IS 7 BP 784 EP 792 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.03.005 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 179QG UT WOS:000247304300005 PM 17466524 ER PT J AU Hurst, WS Choquette, SJ Etz, ES AF Hurst, Wilbur S. Choquette, Steven J. Etz, Edgar S. TI Requirements for relative intensity correction of Raman spectra obtained by column-summing charge-coupled device data SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE charge-coupled device detectors; CCD detectors; intensity calibration; intensity correction; luminescence; Raman intensity calibration; Raman spectrometers; Raman spectroscopy; spectral irradiance ID INSTRUMENT RESPONSE FUNCTION; SPECTROMETERS; CALIBRATION; STANDARDS AB The relative intensity correction of Raman spectra requires the measurement of a source of known relative irradiance. Raman spectrometers that employ two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) array detectors may be operated in two distinct modes. One mode directly measures the counts in each CCD pixel, but more commonly for the collection of spectra, the counts in the CCD row pixels are summed for a given column. If distortions in the corrected spectral shapes are to be avoided, operation in the mode where rows are summed places restrictions on the spatial intensity profile of the source of known irradiance that is used for the relative intensity correction procedure and, in some cases, also on the spatial intensity profile of the measured Raman light. Numerical expressions are given from which these restrictions can be derived. Magnitudes of distortions that can arise when intensity-correcting spectra obtained with CCD data where rows in a column are summed are estimated by modeling different cases. Data are given showing the inherent pixel quantum efficiency variation that exists in CCDs. Spectra are given showing the effects of a local area of significant change in pixel quantum efficiency that was found to be present on one CCD detector. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hurst, WS (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wilbur.hurst@nist.gov NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 61 IS 7 BP 694 EP 700 DI 10.1366/000370207781393235 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 189HD UT WOS:000247979100004 PM 17697462 ER PT J AU Aran, A Lario, D Sanahuja, B Marsden, RG Dryer, M Fry, CD McKenna-Lawlor, SMP AF Aran, A. Lario, D. Sanahuja, B. Marsden, R. G. Dryer, M. Fry, C. D. McKenna-Lawlor, S. M. P. TI Modeling and forecasting solar energetic particle events at Mars: the event on 6 March 1989 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Sun : solar-terrestrial relations; Sun : particle emission; shock waves; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs) ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; 1600-KEV PROTONS; HIGH-ENERGIES; 1 AU; ACCELERATION; UPSTREAM; WAVES; VARIABILITY; ENVIRONMENT AB Context. Large solar energetic particle events are able to enhance the radiation intensity present in interplanetary space by several orders of magnitude. Therefore the study, modeling and prediction of these events is a key factor to understand our space environment and to protect manned space missions from hazardous radiation. Aims. We model an intense solar energetic particle event observed simultaneously on the 6 of March 1989 by the near-Earth orbiting spacecraft IMP-8 and by the Phobos-2 spacecraft in orbit around Mars ( located 72. to the East of the Earth and at 1.58 AU from the Sun). This particle event was associated with the second largest X-ray flare in solar cycle 22. The site of this long-duration X15/3B solar flare was N35E69 ( as seen from the Earth) and the onset of the 1 - 8 angstrom X-ray emission occurred at 1350 UT on 6 March 1989. A traveling interplanetary shock accompanied with < 15 MeV proton intensity enhancements was observed by IMP-8 at 1800 UT on 8 March and by Phobos-2 at 2015 UT on 9 March. This shock determines the particle intensities at both spacecraft. Methods. We use an MHD code to model the propagation of the associated shock to both spacecraft and a particle transport code to model the proton intensities measured by IMP-8 and Phobos-2. By assuming that energetic particles are continuously accelerated by the traveling shock, and that the injection rate of these particles, Q, into the interplanetary medium is related to the upstream-to-downstream velocity ratio, VR, at the point of the shock front that connects with the observer, we perform predictions of the solar energetic particle intensities observed at Mars from those measured at Earth. Results. We reproduce not only the arrival times of the shock at both spacecraft but also the measured jump discontinuity of solar wind speed, density and magnetic field. Also, we reproduce the 0.5 - 20 MeV proton intensities measured by both spacecraft. Functional dependences such as the Q( VR) relation deduced here allow us to predict the proton intensities measured at Phobos-2 for this event. Applications of this model for future predictions of solar energetic particle fluxes at Mars are discussed. C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron & Meteorol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. ICC, IEEC, Barcelona 08028, Spain. European Space Agcy, ESTEC, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2201 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. NAtl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NAtl Univ Ireland, Space Technol Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. RP Aran, A (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron & Meteorol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. EM aaran@am.ub.es RI Lario, David/D-9318-2016 OI Lario, David/0000-0002-3176-8704 NR 57 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 469 IS 3 BP 1123 EP 1134 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20077233 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 185WD UT WOS:000247740200034 ER PT J AU Bodewits, D Christian, DJ Torney, M Dryer, M Lisse, CM Dennerl, K Zurbuchen, TH Wolk, SJ Tielens, AGGM Hoekstra, R AF Bodewits, D. Christian, D. J. Torney, M. Dryer, M. Lisse, C. M. Dennerl, K. Zurbuchen, T. H. Wolk, S. J. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Hoekstra, R. TI Spectral analysis of the Chandra comet survey SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE surveys; atomic processes; Sun : solar wind; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); comets : general ID X-RAY-EMISSION; SELECTIVE ELECTRON-CAPTURE; PERTURBED STATIONARY STATES; CHARGE-EXCHANGE EMISSION; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION; SOLAR-WIND COMPOSITION; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; C/1999 S4; MCNAUGHT-HARTLEY; CROSS-SECTIONS AB Aims. We present results of the analysis of cometary X-ray spectra with an extended version of our charge exchange emission model (Bodewits et al. 2006). We have applied this model to the sample of 8 comets thus far observed with the Chandra X-ray observatory and acis spectrometer in the 300 - 1000 eV range. The surveyed comets are C/1999 S4 ( linear), C/1999 T1 (McNaught - Hartley), C/2000 WM1 ( linear), 153P/2002 (Ikeya-Zhang), 2P/2003 (Encke), C/2001 Q4 (neat), 9P/2005 (Tempel 1) and 73P/2006-B (Schwassmann - Wachmann 3) and the observations include a broad variety of comets, solar wind environments and observational conditions. Methods. The interaction model is based on state selective, velocity dependent charge exchange cross sections and is used to explore how cometary X-ray emission depend on cometary, observational and solar wind characteristics. It is further demonstrated that cometary X-ray spectra mainly reflect the state of the local solar wind. The current sample of Chandra observations was fit using the constrains of the charge exchange model, and relative solar wind abundances were derived from the X-ray spectra. Results. Our analysis showed that spectral differences can be ascribed to different solar wind states, as such identifying comets interacting with ( I) fast, cold wind, (II), slow, warm wind and (III) disturbed, fast, hot winds associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections. We furthermore predict the existence of a fourth spectral class, associated with the cool, fast high latitude wind. C1 Univ Groningen, KVI Atom Phys, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys & Astron, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Univ Strathclyde, Atom Beams & Plasma Grp, Glasgow G4 0NG, Lanark, Scotland. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Explorat Grp, Dept Space, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Bodewits, D (reprint author), Univ Groningen, KVI Atom Phys, Zernikelaan 25, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands. EM bodewits@kvi.nl; d.christian@qub.ac.uk; torney@phys.strath.ac.uk; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; carey.lisse@jhuapl.edu; kod@mpe.mpg.de; thomasz@umich.edu; swolk@head.cfa.harvard.edu; tielens@astro.rug.nl; hoekstra@kvi.nl RI Hoekstra, Ronnie/E-9279-2012; Lisse, Carey/B-7772-2016; OI Lisse, Carey/0000-0002-9548-1526; Wolk, Scott/0000-0002-0826-9261; Bodewits, Dennis/0000-0002-2668-7248; Christian, Damian/0000-0003-1746-3020 NR 74 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 469 IS 3 BP 1183 EP U114 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20077410 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 185WD UT WOS:000247740200041 ER PT J AU Becker, A Wotawa, G De Geer, LE Seibert, P Draxler, RR Sloan, C D'Amours, R Hort, M Glaab, H Heinrich, P Grillon, Y Shershakov, V Katayama, K Zhang, YT Stewart, P Hirtl, M Jean, M Chen, P AF Becker, Andreas Wotawa, Gerhard De Geer, Lars-Erik Seibert, Petra Draxler, Roland R. Sloan, Craig D'Amours, Real Hort, Matthew Glaab, Hubert Heinrich, Philippe Grillon, Yves Shershakov, Vyacheslav Katayama, Keiichi Zhang, Yuetang Stewart, Paul Hirtl, Marcus Jean, Michel Chen, Peter TI Global backtracking of anthropogenic radionuclides by means of a receptor oriented ensemble dispersion modelling system in support of Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE long-range Lagrangian dispersion models; multi-model backward ensemble dispersion modelfing; inversion model evaluation; global nuclear monitoring ID ETEX DATA; PART I; TRANSPORT; UNCERTAINTY; VALIDATION; FORECASTS; FLEXPART; ANATEX AB In this paper, we introduce a methodology for quality assessment of backtracking models. We present results illustrating the level of agreement between the backtracking models, and the accuracy of each model and the ensemble model in resolving the geo-temporal reference of a single point source. Both assessments are based on an ensemble of 12 different Lagrangian particle dispersion modelling (LPDM) systems utilized in receptor oriented (adjoint) mode during an international numerical experiment dedicated to source region estimation. As major result, we can confirm that the findings of Galmarini et al. [2004b. Ensemble prediction forecasting-Part 11: application and evaluation. Atmospheric Environment 38, 4619-4632] and Delle Monache and Stull [2003. An ensemble airquality forecast over Europe during an ozone episode. Atmospheric Environment 37, 3469-3474], regarding the superiority of the ensemble dispersion forecast over a single forecast, do also apply to LPDM when utilized for backtracking purposes, in particular if only vague a priori knowledge of the source time is available. This, however, is a likely situation in the context of the global nuclear monitoring performed by the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), where quick but reliable source location identification is required. We introduce a simple methodology as a template for a future electronic emergency response system in the field of dispersion modelling. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Vienna Int Data Ctr, Preparatory Commiss Comprehens Nucl Test Ban Trea, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci, Inst Meteorol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US Natl Data Ctr, HQ AF Tech Applicat Ctr, TMAR, Patrick AFB, FL 32925 USA. Canadian Meteorol Ctr, Environm Emergency Response Div, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Deutsch Wetterdienst, D-63067 Offenbach, Germany. CEA, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. Fed Emergency Response Ctr, FEERC Roshydromet, SPA Typhoon, Obninsk 249038, Kaluga, Russia. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. Natl Meteorol Ctr, China Meteorol Adm, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Natl Meteorol & Oceanog Ctr, Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic 3000, Australia. ZAMG, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. World Meteorol Org, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland. RP Becker, A (reprint author), Vienna Int Data Ctr, Preparatory Commiss Comprehens Nucl Test Ban Trea, POB 1200, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. EM andreas.becker@ctbto.org NR 42 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 41 IS 21 BP 4520 EP 4534 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.048 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 186WY UT WOS:000247810500014 ER PT J AU Gerber, LR Keller, AC DeMaster, DP AF Gerber, L. R. Keller, A. C. DeMaster, D. P. TI Ten thousand and increasing: Is the western Arctic population of bowhead whale endangered? SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE bowhead whale; endangered species; risk of extinction ID SPECIES ACT; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; CLASSIFICATION; PARAMETERS; ABUNDANCE; RECOVERY; CRITERIA; TREND AB Based on a series of 11 abundance estimates over 23 years, the western Arctic population of bowhead whale (WABW) has recovered substantially since it was listed under the US Endangered Species Act. We evaluate extinction risk for WABW to determine if this population should be considered for reclassification under the ESA. Given the uncertainty associated with distinguishing process error and observation error, we consider three scenarios reflecting different assumptions for process error. We applied the quantitative criteria for recovery and delisting using the approach proposed by [Gerber, L.R., DeMaster, D.P., 1999. An approach to endangered species act classification of North Pacific humpback whales. Conservation Biology, 13, 1203-1214] for large whales. To further examine the monitoring process and make recommendations for future data needs, we then re-ran the model using progressively smaller sub-samples of the census data. As longer time series of data were considered, the fraction of outcomes consistent with a "delisting" decision increased. For the 10 and 11-census year subsets, data unequivocally support a decision to delist this population for the 3 scenarios. Furthermore, the IUCN criteria for endangered and vulnerable are not met for this population of bowhead whale under any of our scenarios. Results from the population projections and application of the risk classification criteria are consistent with a determination that the risk of extinction for this population is insignificant in the foreseeable future. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gerber, LR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, POB 871501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM Leah.Gerber@asu.edu NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 137 IS 4 BP 577 EP 583 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.03.024 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 188KL UT WOS:000247918700010 ER PT J AU Luo, DW Pullela, SR Marquez, M Cheng, ZD AF Luo, Dawei Pullela, Srinivasa Rao Marquez, Manuel Cheng, Zhengdong TI Cell encapsules with tunable transport and mechanical properties SO BIOMICROFLUIDICS LA English DT Article ID LESS-THAN-100 MU-M; MICROENCAPSULATED ISLETS; AGAROSE-GEL; SIZE; MICE; MICROSPHERES; PANCREAS; CHITOSAN; THERAPY AB We utilized a microfluidic device with hydrodynamic flow focusing geometry to produce uniform agarose droplets in the range of 50 to 110 mu m. The transport property of the thermally gelled particles was tailored by layer-by-layer (LBL) polyelectrolytes coating on the surface and was measured via the release rates of Rhodamine B. The mechanical strength of the capsules was further enhanced by a coating of silica nano-particles in addition to polyelectrolyte coatings. We demonstrated that yeast cells can be successfully encapsulated into agarose capsules. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 [Luo, Dawei; Pullela, Srinivasa Rao; Cheng, Zhengdong] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Luo, Dawei] Philip Morris Inc, Grp Postgrad Program, INEST, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] USA, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. [Marquez, Manuel] Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Luo, DW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1932-1058 J9 BIOMICROFLUIDICS JI Biomicrofluidics PD JUL-SEP PY 2007 VL 1 IS 3 AR 034102 DI 10.1063/1.2757156 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biophysics; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 287FD UT WOS:000254901400002 PM 19693358 ER PT J AU Richmond, RH Rongo, T Golbuu, Y Victor, S Idechong, N Davis, G Kostka, W Neth, L Hamnett, M Wolanski, E AF Richmond, Robert H. Rongo, Teina Golbuu, Yimnang Victor, Steven Idechong, Noah Davis, Gerry Kostka, Willy Neth, Leinson Hamnett, Michael Wolanski, Eric TI Watersheds and coral reefs: Conservation science, policy, and implementation SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; watersheds; sedimentation; conservation; traditional knowledge ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MICRONESIA; SEDIMENTATION; ORGANISMS; ECOLOGY; HEALTH; IMPACT; ISLAND; BAY AB Coral reefs worldwide are being degraded by human-induced disturbances, resulting in ecological, economic, and cultural losses. Runoff and sedimentation are among the greatest threats to the coastal reefs surrounding high islands and adjacent to continental landmasses. Existing scientific data identify the key stressors, synergisms, and outcomes at the coral reef ecosystem, community, and population levels. These data demonstrate that marine protected areas alone may be insufficient for coral reef protection; integrated watershed management practices are also needed. Gaps in the effectiveness of environmental policy, legislation, and regulatory enforcement have resulted in the continued degradation of US and Australian reefs. Several Pacific islands, with intact resource stewardship and traditional leadership systems, have been able to apply research findings to coral reef management policies relatively quickly. Three case histories in Micronesia provide insight into how social sciences and biophysical data can be combined to manage human behaviors responsible for coral reef destruction. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. Palau Int Coral Reef Ctr, Koror 96940, Palau. Pacific Isl Reg Off, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Social Sci Res Inst, Res Corp, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Richmond, RH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM richmond@hawaii.edu RI Richmond, Robert/G-1385-2014 NR 32 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 32 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 57 IS 7 BP 598 EP 607 DI 10.1641/B570710 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 192KX UT WOS:000248201700009 ER PT J AU He, HJ Pires, R Zhu, TN Zhou, A Gaigalas, AK Zou, S Wang, LL AF He, Hua-Jun Pires, Rick Zhu, Tie-Nian Zhou, Anhong Gaigalas, Adolfas K. Zou, Sige Wang, Lili TI Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based method for detection of DNA binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; PROTEINS; ALPHA; PHOSPHORYLATION; KINETICS; REGIONS; ASSAY AB The DNA binding protein nuclear factor KB (NF-kappa B) and the cellular signaling pathways in which it participates are the central coordinators of many biological processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses, oxidative stress response, and aging. NF-kappa B also plays a key role in diseases, for example, cancer A simple, convenient, and high-throughput detection of NF-kappa B activation is therefore important for systematicall, studying signaling pathways and for screening therapeutic drug targets. We describe a method based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to directly measure the amount of activated NF-kappa B More specifically a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) probe was designed to contain a pair of FRET fluorophores at the saine end of the probe and an endonuclease binding site within the NF-kappa B consensus sequence. The activated NF-kappa B was detected by FRET following the restriction enzyme digestion. Using three different analyte materials - (i) purified recombinant NF-kappa B p50, (ii) nuclear extracts, and (iii) whole cell lysates-we demonstrated that this assay is as sensitive as the traditional, widely used electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), but much less labor intensive for measuring NF-kappa B DNA binding activities. In addition, this FRET-based assay can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening of NF-kappa B activation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Montgomery Coll, Germantown, MD USA. NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wang, LL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zous@grc.nia.nih-gov; lili.wang@nist.gov FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI NEW YORK PA 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JUL PY 2007 VL 43 IS 1 BP 93 EP 98 DI 10.2144/000112475 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 192MV UT WOS:000248207100020 PM 17695258 ER PT J AU Stephens, JS Cooper, JA Phelan, FR Dunkers, JP AF Stephens, J. S. Cooper, J. A. Phelan, F. R., Jr. Dunkers, J. P. TI Perfusion flow bioreactor for 3D in situ imaging: Investigating cell/biomaterials interactions SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE bioreactor; imaging; perfusion flow; tissue engineering ID TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS; MARROW STROMAL CELLS; OSTEOBLAST RESPONSE; MATRIX DEPOSITION; LIGHT-MICROSCOPY; LONG-TERM; BONE; CULTURE; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB The capability to image real tune cell/material interactions in a three-dimensional (3D) culture environment will aid in the advancement of tissue engineering. This paper describes a perfusion flow bioreactor designed to hold tissue engineering scaffolds and allow for in situ imaging using an upright microscope. The bioreactor can hold a scaffold of desirable thickness for implantation (>2 mm). Coupling 3D culture and perfusion flow leads to the creation of a more biomimetic environment. We examined the ability of the bioreactor to maintain cell viability outside of an incubator environment (temperature and pH stability), investigated the flow features of the system (flow induced shear stress), and determined the image quality in order to perform time-lapsed imaging of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture. In situ imaging was performed on 2D and 3D, culture samples and cell viability was measured under perfusion flow (2.5 mL/min, 0.016 Pa). The visualization of cell response to their environment, in real time, will help to further elucidate the influences of biomaterial surface features, scaffold architectures, and the influence of flow induced shear on cell response and growth of new tissue. (C) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 1000 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joy.dunkers@nist.gov NR 53 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 97 IS 4 BP 952 EP 961 DI 10.1002/bit.21252 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 177NC UT WOS:000247158800028 PM 17149772 ER PT J AU McDermid, KJ Stuercke, B Balazs, GH AF McDermid, Karla J. Stuercke, Brooke Balazs, George H. TI Nutritional composition of marine plants in the diet of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Hawaiian Islands SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SOMATIC GROWTH; SEAGRASSES; ECOLOGY; FLORIDA; ALGAE; CONSTITUENTS; VARIABILITY; SEAWEEDS; NUMBERS AB In the Hawaiian islands, seaweeds and seagrasses are eaten by green turtles, Chelonia mydas Linnaeus. Sixteen macroalgal species (7 Chlorophyta, 2 Phaeophyta, 7 Rhodophyta), two seagrass species, and multi-specific algal turf from turtle foraging areas on four different islands were analyzed for proximate (protein, lipid, carbohydrate), water, ash, energy, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral content. Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices and Hommersand, a prominent dietary item, and Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Kutzing, an infrequently consumed species, ranked highest in total protein content. Most species contained < 10% crude lipid. Soluble carbohydrates ranged from 3.2%-39.9% dry weight. Ash values ranged from 13.7%-81.4% dry weight. Energy content of P. capillacea was over 14 kJ g(-1) ash-free dry weight. All species tested contained measurable quantities of 11 minerals. Vitamin A (beta-carotene) was detected in all marine plants tested; most contained Niacin (B-3); and Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh had the highest amount of vitamin C (3 mg g(-1)). Samples contained measurable amounts of all essential amino acids, except for tryptophan. These data provide new information about Hawaiian green turtle feeding ecology and factors that may influence somatic growth rates. C1 Univ Hawaii Hilo, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP McDermid, KJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Hilo, Dept Marine Sci, 200 W Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM mcdermid@hawaii.edu NR 56 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 26 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 81 IS 1 BP 55 EP 71 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PO UT WOS:000248356500004 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Anderson, TW AF DeMartini, Edward E. Anderson, Todd W. TI Habitat associations and aggregation of recruit fishes on Hawaiian coral reefs SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 2 SPATIAL SCALES; VIRGIN-ISLANDS; DAMSELFISH; DENSITY; PREDATORS; PATTERNS; SURVIVAL; MICROHABITAT; BIODIVERSITY; CONSPECIFICS AB Associations with structural habitat complexity and the aggregation of individuals lessen the risk of predation, and both are commonly observed for recently settled fishes on coral reefs. On reefs fringing Hawaii Island, such recruits of many fishes, particularly two species of surgeonfishes, exhibited strong affinities for branching finger coral (Porites compressa Dana, 1846), the most structurally complex coral available in the relatively low-diversity assemblage of Hawaiian reef corals. Recruits of these species also aggregated with conspecific and heterospecific recruits as they associated with this coral. That recruits of reef fishes take refuge in the best available shelter, however, is not a novel observation. More noteworthy is the frequent co-occurrence of recruits with other recruits of the same and other species. Our observations suggest that small juvenile reef fishes aggregate near preferred coral habitat and perhaps also with one another independently of habitat per se, the latter a phenomenon that has been generally overlooked by researchers focusing on evidence for density-dependent negative interactions within juvenile reef fishes. Because interactions between habitat structure and aggregative behaviors have the potential to importantly modify the survivorship of recruits that may influence year-class strength, they merit further study. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM edward.demartini@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 14 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 81 IS 1 BP 139 EP 152 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 194PO UT WOS:000248356500010 ER PT J AU Dupigny-Giroux, LA Ross, TF Elms, JD Truesdell, R Doty, SR AF Dupigny-Giroux, Lesley-Ann Ross, Thomas F. Elms, Joe D. Truesdell, Raymond Doty, Stephen R. TI NOAA's Climate Database Modernization Program - Rescuing, archiving, and digitizing history SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Geog, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NCDC, NOAA, NESDIS, Asheville, NC USA. Doty Data Serv, Arden, NC USA. RP Dupigny-Giroux, LA (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Geog, 200 Old Mill Bldg,94 Univ Pl, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM ldupigny@uvm.edu NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 88 IS 7 BP 1015 EP 1017 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-7-1015 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197OQ UT WOS:000248565600009 ER PT J AU Barker, LJ AF Barker, Llyle J., III TI A new, potentially valuable severe storm signature identified SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, NWS Weather Serv, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Barker, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS Weather Serv, Lincoln, NE USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 88 IS 7 BP 1025 EP 1026 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197OQ UT WOS:000248565600014 ER PT J AU Kelleher, KE Droegemeier, KK Levit, JJ Sinclair, C Jahn, DE Hill, SD Mueller, L Qualley, G Crum, TD Smith, SD Del Greco, SA Lakshmivarahan, S Miller, L Ramamurthy, M Domenico, B Fulker, DW AF Kelleher, Kevin E. Droegemeier, Kelvin K. Levit, Jason J. Sinclair, Carl Jahn, David E. Hill, Scott D. Mueller, Lora Qualley, Grant Crum, Tim D. Smith, Steven D. Del Greco, Stephen A. Lakshmivarahan, S. Miller, Linda Ramamurthy, Mohan Domenico, Ben Fulker, David W. TI Project craft - A real-time delivery system for NEXRAD level II data via the Internet SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; TORNADIC THUNDERSTORMS; CLOUD ANALYSIS; FORT-WORTH; WSR-88D; PREDICTION; SUPPORT; IMPACT; 3DVAR; TEXAS AB The NOAA NWS announced at the annual meeting of the American Meteorological Society in February 2003 its intent to create an Internet-based pseudo-operational system for delivering Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) Level 11 data. In April 2004, the NWS deployed the Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) level 11 central collection functionality and set up a framework for distributing these data. The NWS action was the direct result of a successful joint government, university, and private sector development and test effort called the Collaborative Radar Acquisition Field Test (CRAFT) project. Project CRAFT was a multi-institutional effort among the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, the University of Washington, and the three NOAA organizations, National Severe Storms Laboratory, WSR-88D Radar Operations Center (ROC), and National Climatic Data Center. The principal goal of CRAFT was to demonstrate the real-time compression and Internet-based transmission of level 11 data from all WSR-88D with the vision of an affordable nationwide operational implementation. The initial test bed of six radars located in and around Oklahoma grew to include 64 WSR-88D nationwide before being adopted by the NWS for national implementation. A description of the technical aspects of the award-winning Project CRAFT is given, including data transmission, reliability, latency, compression, archival, data mining, and newly developed visualization and retrieval tools. In addition, challenges encountered in transferring this research project into operations are discussed, along with examples of uses of the data. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Climat Ctr, NOAA, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, WSR 88D Radar Operat Ctr, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kelleher, KE (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Kevin.Kelleher@noaa.gov RI Kelleher, Kevin/L-6520-2015 NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 88 IS 7 BP 1045 EP 1057 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-7-1045 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197OQ UT WOS:000248565600018 ER PT J AU Caudill, CC Daigle, WR Keefer, ML Boggs, CT Jepson, MA Burke, BJ Zabel, RW Bjornn, TC Peery, CA AF Caudill, Christopher C. Daigle, William R. Keefer, Matthew L. Boggs, Charles T. Jepson, Michael A. Burke, Brian J. Zabel, Richard W. Bjornn, Theodore C. Peery, Christopher A. TI Slow dam passage in adult Columbia River salmonids associated with unsuccessful migration: delayed negative effects of passage obstacles or condition-dependent mortality? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SUMMER CHINOOK SALMON; EN-ROUTE MORTALITY; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; UPSTREAM MIGRATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SNAKE RIVERS; ELECTROMYOGRAM TELEMETRY; ATLANTIC SALMON; STEELHEAD TROUT AB The relationships among behavior, environment, and migration success in anadromous fishes are poorly understood. We monitored migration behavior at eight Columbia and Snake river dams for 18 286 adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (sea-run Oncorhynchus mykiss) over 7 years using radiotelemetry. When statistically controlling for variation in flow, temperature, fisheries take, and other environmental variables, we observed that unsuccessful individuals - those not observed to reach spawning areas - had longer passage times at nearly all dams than fish that eventually reached tributaries. In many cases, times were also longer for unsuccessful adults passing through a multiple-dam reach. Four ecological mechanisms may have contributed to these patterns: (i) environmental factors not accounted for in the analyses; (ii) inefficient responses by some fish to passage conditions at dams that resulted in slowed passage, energetic depletion, and unsuccessful migration; (iii) ongoing selection for traits needed to pass obstructions; and (or) (iv) passage rate was not directly linked to migration success, but rather, both resulted from relatively poor phenotypic condition upon river entry in unsuccessful migrants. Overall, these results illustrate the need for a mechanistic understanding of the factors that influence migration success and the need for fitness-based criteria to assess the effects of dams on anadromous fishes. C1 Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Serv, NW Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Caudill, CC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM caudill@uidaho.edu RI Caudill, Christopher/M-7906-2014 NR 66 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 49 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 64 IS 7 BP 979 EP 995 DI 10.1139/F07-065 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 210AN UT WOS:000249429200004 ER PT J AU Chivers, SJ Baird, RW McSweeney, DJ Webster, DL Hedrick, NM Salinas, JC AF Chivers, Susan J. Baird, Robin W. McSweeney, Daniel J. Webster, Daniel L. Hedrick, Nicole M. Salinas, Juan Carlos TI Genetic variation and evidence for population structure in eastern North Pacific false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SPERM-WHALES; INTRASPECIFIC STRUCTURE; SYMPATRIC MORPHOTYPES; COALESCENT APPROACH; SPOTTED DOLPHINS; DIFFERENTIATION; CETACEANS; EVOLUTION AB False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)) are incidentally taken in the North Pacific pelagic long-line fishery, but little is known about their population structure to assess the impact of these takes. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data, we quantified genetic variation for the species and tested for genetic differentiation among geographic strata. Our data set of 124 samples included 115 skin-biopsy samples collected from false killer whales inhabiting the eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENP), and nine samples collected from animals sampled at sea or on the beach in the western North Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. Twenty-four (24). haplotypes were identified, and nucleotide diversity was low (pi = 0.37%) but comparable with that of closely related species. Phylogeographic concordance in the distribution of haplotypes was revealed and a demographically isolated population of false killer whales associated with the main Hawaiian islands was identified (Phi(ST) = 0.47, p < 0.0001). This result supports recognition of the existing management unit, which has geo-political boundaries corresponding to the USA's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Hawai'i. However, a small number of animals sampled within the EEZ but away from the near-shore island area, which is defined as <25 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km) from shore, had haplotypes that were the same or closely related to those found elsewhere in the ENP, which suggests that there may be a second management unit within the Hawaiian EEZ. Biologically meaningful boundaries for the population(s) cannot be identified until we better understand the distribution and ecology of false killer whales. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Cascdia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Wild Whale Res Fdn, Holualoa, HI 96725 USA. Bridger Consulting Grp, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Dept Biol Marina, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. RP Chivers, SJ (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM susan.chivers@noaa.gov NR 71 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 EI 1480-3283 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 85 IS 7 BP 783 EP 794 DI 10.1139/Z07-059 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 211MX UT WOS:000249529000004 ER PT J AU Kilbourne, KH Quinn, TM Guilderson, TP Webb, RS Taylor, FW AF Halimeda Kilbourne, K. Quinn, Terrence M. Guilderson, Thomas P. Webb, Robert S. Taylor, Frederick W. TI Decadal- to interannual-scale source water variations in the Caribbean Sea recorded by Puerto Rican coral radiocarbon SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID BRAZIL CURRENT RETROFLECTION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC-OCEAN; BOMB RADIOCARBON; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SURFACE CIRCULATION; BANDED CORALS; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC; CLIMATE; EDDIES AB Water that forms the Florida Current, and eventually the Gulf Stream, coalesces in the Caribbean from both subtropical and equatorial sources. The equatorial sources are made up of, in part, South Atlantic water moving northward and compensating for southward flow at depth related to meridional overturning circulation. Subtropical surface water contains relatively high amounts of radiocarbon ((14)C), whereas equatorial waters are influenced by the upwelling of low (14)C water and have relatively low concentrations of (14)C. We use a 250 year record of Delta(14)C in a coral from southwestern Puerto Rico along with previously published coral Delta(14)C records as tracers of subtropical and equatorial water mixing in the northern Caribbean. Data generated in this study and from other studies indicate that the influence of either of the two water masses can change considerably on interannual to interdecadal time scales. Variability due to ocean dynamics in this region is large relative to variability caused by atmospheric (14)C changes, thus masking the Suess effect at this site. A mixing model produced using coral Delta(14)C illustrates the time varying proportion of equatorial versus subtropical waters in the northern Caribbean between 1963 and 1983. The results of the model are consistent with linkages between multidecadal thermal variability in the North Atlantic and meridional overturning circulation. Ekman transport changes related to tradewind variability are proposed as a possible mechanism to explain the observed switches between relatively low and high Delta(14)C values in the coral radiocarbon records. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R PSDI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33707 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Kilbourne, KH (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, R PSDI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hali.kilbourne@noaa.gov RI Quinn, Terrence/A-5755-2008; Taylor, Frederick/A-2195-2009; Kilbourne, Kelly /D-6560-2012 OI Kilbourne, Kelly /0000-0001-7864-8438 NR 51 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 29 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1007/s00382-007-0224-2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168JL UT WOS:000246520800004 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF Stahle, DW AF Diaz, Henry F. Stahle, David W. TI Climate and cultural history in the Americas: An overview SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; MAYA CIVILIZATION; EL-NINO; UNITED-STATES; GREAT-PLAINS; TREE RINGS; COLLAPSE; DROUGHT; MEXICO; PRECIPITATION AB There is abundant historical evidence that climatic extremes in the past have led to significant and sometimes severe societal impacts. The severity of these impacts depends on the intensity and duration of the climatic event, social organization, and the prevailing socioeconomic conditions at the time of the climatic extreme. In this issue of Climatic Change we present the results from 12 studies, which document climatic extremes on different time scales and provide interesting evidence for direct and indirect social impacts of climatic changes in the Americas during the pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Geosci, Tree Ring Lab, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Henry.F.Diaz@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 2007 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1007/s10584-007-9237-4 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160UF UT WOS:000245967100001 ER PT J AU Graham, NE Hughes, MK Ammann, CM Cobb, KM Hoerling, MP Kennett, DJ Kennett, JP Rein, B Stott, L Wigand, PE Xu, TY AF Graham, Nicholas E. Hughes, Malcolm K. Ammann, Caspar M. Cobb, Kim M. Hoerling, Martin P. Kennett, Douglas J. Kennett, James P. Rein, Bert Stott, Lowell Wigand, Peter E. Xu, Taiyi TI Tropical Pacific - mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC CLIMATE; EL-NINO/SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; HOLOCENE EOLIAN ACTIVITY; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NEBRASKA SAND HILLS; QUELCCAYA ICE CAP; WARM PERIOD; FIRE HISTORY AB Terrestrial and marine late Holocene proxy records from the western and central US suggest that climate between approximately 500 and 1350 A.D. was marked by generally arid conditions with episodes of severe centennial-scale drought, elevated incidence of wild fire, cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) along the California coast, and dune mobilization in the western plains. This Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) was followed by wetter conditions and warming coastal SSTs during the transition into the "Little Ice Age" (LIA). Proxy records from the tropical Pacific Ocean show contemporaneous changes indicating cool central and eastern tropical Pacific SSTs during the MCA, with warmer than modern temperatures in the western equatorial Pacific. This pattern of mid-latitude and tropical climate conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that the dry MCA in the western US resulted (at least in part) from tropically forced changes in winter NH circulation patterns like those associated with modern La Nina episodes. We examine this hypothesis, and present other analyses showing that the imprint of MCA climate change appears in proxy records from widely distributed regions around the planet, and in many cases is consistent with a cool medieval tropical Pacific. One example, explored with numerical model results, is the suggestion of increased westerlies and warmer winter temperatures over northern Europe during medieval times. An analog technique for the combined use of proxy records and model results, Proxy Surrogate Reconstruction (PSR), is introduced. C1 Hydrol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Calif State Univ, Bakersfield, CA USA. RP Graham, NE (reprint author), Hydrol Res Ctr, 12780 High Bluff Dr,Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. EM ngraham@hrc-lab.org RI Hughes, Malcolm/F-3350-2014; Kennett, Douglas/I-7613-2015 OI Hughes, Malcolm/0000-0003-1062-3167; Kennett, Douglas/0000-0001-5133-9010 NR 151 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 45 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 EI 1573-1480 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 2007 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 241 EP 285 DI 10.1007/s10584-007-9239-2 PG 45 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160UF UT WOS:000245967100012 ER PT J AU Hyde, KJW O'Reilly, JE Oviatt, CA AF Hyde, Kimberly J. W. O'Reilly, John E. Oviatt, Candace A. TI Validation of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a in Massachusetts Bay SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ocean color remote sensing; phytoplankton; chlorophyll algorithm; SeaWiFS; coastal remote sensing; Massachusetts Bay ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT; OCEAN COLOR; COASTAL WATERS; PHYTOPLANKTON CHLOROPHYLL; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; PRODUCTION PATTERNS; ALGAL BIOMASS; BALTIC SEA; IN-SITU AB Massachusetts Bay, a semi-enclosed embayment (50 x 100 km) in the Northwest Atlantic, is the focus of a monitoring program designed to measure the effects of relocating the Boston Harbor sewage outfall to a site 15 km offshore in Massachusetts Bay. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) in situ monitoring program samples selected stations up to 17 times per year to observe seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and other water quality variables. We investigated the feasibility of augmenting the monitoring data with satellite ocean color data to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of quantitative phytoplankton measurements. In coastal regions such as Massachusetts Bay, ocean color remote sensing can be complicated by in-water constituents whose concentrations vary independently of phytoplankton and by inaccurate modeling of absorbing aerosols that tend to be concentrated near the coast. An evaluation of in situ and sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) measurements from 1998 to 2005 demonstrated that SeaWiFS overestimated chlorophyll a mainly due to atmospheric correction errors that were amplified by absorption from elevated concentrations of chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter. Negative water-leaving radiances in the 412 nm band, an obvious artifact of inadequate atmospheric correction, were recorded in approximately 60-80% of the cloud-free images along the coast, while the remaining portions of the Bay only experience negative radiances 35-55% of the time with a clear nearshore to offshore decrease in frequency. Seasonally, the greatest occurrences of negative 412 nm radiances were in November and December and the lowest were recorded during the summer months. Concentrations of suspended solids in Massachusetts Bay were low compared with other coastal regions and did not have a significant impact on SeaWiFS chlorophyll a measurements. A regional empirical algorithm was developed to correct the SeaWiFS data to agree with in situ observations. Monthly SeaWiFS composites illustrated the spatial extent of a bimodal seasonal pattern, including prominent spring and fall phytoplankton blooms; and the approximate 115 cloud-free scenes per year revealed interannual variations in the timing, magnitude and duration of phytoplankton blooms. Despite known artifacts of SeaWiFS in coastal regions, this study provided a viable chlorophyll a product in Massachusetts Bay that significantly increased the spatial and temporal synoptic coverage of phytoplankton biomass, which can be used to gain a comprehensive ecosystem-wide understanding of phytoplankton dynamics at event, seasonal and interannual timescales. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02886 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02886 USA. RP Hyde, KJW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02886 USA. EM kimberly.hyde@noaa.gov; jay.oreilly@noaa.gov; coviatt@gso.uri.edu NR 50 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1677 EP 1691 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2007.02.002 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 190QP UT WOS:000248074300004 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC AF Nelson, Bryant C. TI The expanding role of mass spectrometry in folate research SO CURRENT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE biological; clinical; folate; mass spectrometry; metabolism; nutrition ID ISOTOPE DILUTION ASSAYS; FOLIC-ACID ANALOGS; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL; IMPROVES ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION; LABELED LC/MS/MS METHOD; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; 5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLIC ACID AB Folate characterization has remained an important, yet complex problem dating from the initial discovery (ca. 193 1) by Lucy Wills that yeast contained an active component capable of curing macrocytic anemia in pregnant women. Since that time, qualitative and quantitative analysis of folates has been hindered by their inherent instability, multiplicity of forms and minute levels in nature. Folate deficiency is recognized as a serious health issue in many parts of the world, and most recently, folate deficiency has been associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. New, more powerful analytical approaches, such as those based on mass spectrometry (MS), are currently being applied to folate characterization. Fast atom bombardment (FAB), electron-impact (131), plasma desorption (PD) and secondary-ion MS techniques have been used for structural characterization of folates. Hyphenated techniques based on either liquid chromatography (LC/MS or LC/MS/MS) or gas chromatography (GC/MS), as well as matrix-assisted laser-desorption time-of-flight MS (MALDI-ToF MS) and accelerator MS (AMS) have been used for folate quantitation. A review of the past and current MS-based approaches to folate analysis in relation to structural, nutritional and clinical research is described in the present report. Recommendations for future MS-based applications are also presented. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bryant.nelson@nist.gov NR 135 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 11 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI SHARJAH PA EXECUTIVE STE Y-2, PO BOX 7917, SAIF ZONE, 1200 BR SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES SN 1573-4110 EI 1875-6727 J9 CURR ANAL CHEM JI Curr. Anal. Chem. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 3 IS 3 BP 219 EP 231 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 175KO UT WOS:000247012700004 ER PT J AU Tanaka, J Stansbury, JW Antonucci, JM Suzuki, K AF Tanaka, Jiro Stansbury, Jeffrey W. Antonucci, Joseph M. Suzuki, Kazuomi TI Surface treatment with N,N'-Dimethacryloylcystine for enhanced bonding of resin to dental alloys SO DENTAL MATERIALS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cystine; metal primer; bond strength ID METALS AB The aim of this study was to develop an effective primer to improve the adhesive property between all kinds of dental metal alloy and resin cement. To this end, we synthesized N,N'-dimethacryloyleystine (NDMCC) which had both disulfide functional group (to improve adhesion between precious metal alloy and resin) and carboxyl group (to improve adhesion between non-precious metal alloy and resin). With the presence of SuperBond C&B, the adhesion between precious, semi-precious, and non-precious dental metal alloys and resin cement was improved when compared to the untreated controls. However, the adhesive property between all types of dental metal alloy and resin cement was not improved with Panavia 21EX. In particular, reduced bond strength in the case of non-precious metal alloy was speculated to arise from the acid-base neutralization reaction between the carboxyl group of NDMCC and the amine present in the polymerization initiator system of Panavia 21EX. C1 Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Biomat, Okayama 7008525, Japan. Univ Colorado, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Restorat Dent, Aurora, CO 80045 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tanaka, J (reprint author), Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Biomat, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 7008525, Japan. EM jiro_t@md.okayama-u.ac.jp NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU JAPANESE SOC DENTAL MATERIALS DEVICES PI TOKYO PA C/O KOKU HOKEN KYOKAI, 1-43-9 KAMAGOME TS BDG, KOMAGONE, TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170-0003, JAPAN SN 0287-4547 J9 DENT MATER J JI Dent. Mater. J. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 26 IS 4 BP 514 EP 518 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 210UI UT WOS:000249480700008 PM 17886455 ER PT J AU Pollock, MM Beechie, TJ Jordan, CE AF Pollock, Michael M. Beechie, Timothy J. Jordan, Chris E. TI Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Wood in World Rivers CY AUG, 2006 CL Univ Stirling, Stirling, SCOTLAND HO Univ Stirling DE incision; aggradation; Castor canadensis; riparian; Oregon ID VEGETATION; SEDIMENTATION; TEMPERATURE; THRESHOLDS; WASHINGTON; MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE; DYNAMICS; WETLANDS AB Channel incision is a widespread phenomenon throughout the dry interior Columbia River basin and other semi-arid regions of the world, which degrades stream habitat by fundamentally altering natural ecological, geomorphological and hydrological processes. We examined the extent of localized aggradation behind beaver dams on an incised stream in the interior Columbia River basin to assess the potential for using beaver, Castor canadensis, dams to restore such channels, and the effect of the aggradation on riparian habitat. We estimated aggradation rates behind 13 beaver dams between 1 and 6 years old on Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River in eastern Oregon. Vertical aggradation rates are initially rapid, as high as 0.47 m yr(-1), as the entrenched channel fills, then level off to 0.075 m yr(-1) by year six, as the sediment begins accumulating on adjacent terraces. We found that a 0.5 m elevation contour above the stream channel approximately coincided with the extent of new riparian vegetation establishment. Therefore, we compared the area surrounding reaches upstream of beaver dams that were within 0.5 m elevation of the stream channel with adjacent reaches where no dams existed. We found that there was five times more area within 0.5 m elevation of the channel upstream of beaver dams, presumably because sediment accumulation had aggraded the channel. Our results suggest that restoration strategies that encourage the recolonization of streams by beaver can rapidly expand riparian habitat along incised streams. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Pollock, MM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Michael.Pollock@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 6 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 32 IS 8 BP 1174 EP 1185 DI 10.1002/esp.1553 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 195CL UT WOS:000248390000005 ER PT J AU Kennish, MJ Bricker, SB Dennison, WC Glibert, PM Livingston, RJ Moore, KA Noble, RT Paerl, HW Ramstack, JM Seitzinger, S Tomasko, DA Valiela, I AF Kennish, Michael J. Bricker, Suzanne B. Dennison, William C. Glibert, Patricia M. Livingston, Robert J. Moore, Kenneth A. Noble, Rachel T. Paerl, Hans W. Ramstack, Joy M. Seitzinger, Sybil Tomasko, David A. Valiela, Ivan TI Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary: Case study of a highly eutrophic coastal bay system SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Eutrophication and Pathogen Impacts in New Jersey Coastal Bay CY APR 07-08, 2004 CL Rutgers Univ, New Brunswick, NJ SP Barnegat Bay, Natl Estuary Program, Jacques Cousteau Natl Estuarine Res Reserve HO Rutgers Univ DE assessment; Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary; eutrophication; indicators; nutrient loading; remediation ID SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION; ZOSTERA-MARINA L; WATER-QUALITY; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NITROGEN LOADS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PAMLICO-SOUND; NEW-JERSEY; USA; PHYTOPLANKTON AB The Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary is classified here as a highly eutrophic estuary based on application of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment model. Because it is shallow, poorly flushed, and bordered by highly developed watershed areas, the estuary is particularly susceptible to the effects of nutrient loading. Most of this load (similar to 50%) is from surface water inflow, but substantial fractions also originate from atmospheric deposition (similar to 39%), and direct groundwater discharges (similar to 11%). No point source inputs of nutrients exist in the Barnegat Bay watershed. Since 1980, all treated wastewater from the Ocean County Utilities Authority's regional wastewater treatment system has been discharged 1.6 km offshore in the Atlantic Ocean. Eutrophy causes problems in this system, including excessive micro- and macroalgal growth, harmful algal blooms, altered benthic invertebrate communities, impacted harvestable fisheries, and loss of essential habitat (i.e., seagrass and shellfish beds). Similar problems are evident in other shallow lagoonal estuaries of the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions. To effectively address nutrient enrichment problems in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, it is important to determine the nutrient loading levels that produce observable impacts in the system. It is also vital to continually monitor and assess priority indicators of water quality change and estuarine health. In addition, the application of a new generation of innovative models using web-based tools (e.g., NLOAD) will enable researchers and decision-makers to more successfully manage nutrient loads from the watershed. Finally, the implementation of storm water retrofit projects should have beneficial effects on the system. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Florida State Univ, Ctr Aquat Res & Resource Management, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. PBS&J, Tampa, FL 33607 USA. RP Kennish, MJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM kennish@marine.rutgers.edu RI Dennison, William/D-7739-2012; glibert, patricia/G-1026-2013 OI glibert, patricia/0000-0001-5690-1674 NR 65 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 17 IS 5 SU S BP S3 EP S16 DI 10.1890/05-0800.1 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194HP UT WOS:000248335600002 ER PT J AU Shanks, AL Roegner, GC AF Shanks, Alan L. Roegner, G. Curtis TI Recruitment limitation in dungeness crab populations is driven by variation in atmospheric forcing SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE California Current; cancer magister; density dependence; Dungeness crab; megalopae; recruitment-limited; recruitment-regulated; spring transition ID WESTERN ROCK LOBSTER; CANCER-MAGISTER FISHERY; PANULIRUS-CYGNUS; SPRING TRANSITION; COASTAL OCEAN; TIME-SERIES; CALIFORNIA; ABUNDANCE; OREGON; DYNAMICS AB Ecologists have long debated the relative importance of biotic interactions vs. abiotic forces on the population dynamics of both marine and terrestrial organisms. Investigation of stock size in Dungeness crab (Cancer inagister) is a classic example of this debate. We first tested the hypothesis that adult population size was set by larval success. We found that during a five-year sampling period, adult crab population size from Oregon through central California, USA, as measured by the commercial catch, varied directly with the number of terminal-stage larvae (megalopae) returning to Coos Bay, Oregon, four years earlier; adult population size was largely determined (>90% of the variation) by success during the larval stage. We then tested whether biotic interactions or abiotic forces caused the variation in larval success. Most of the variation (>90%) in the number of returning megalopae is explained by the timing of the spring transition, a seasonal shift in atmospheric forcing that drives ocean currents along the west coast of the United States. Early spring transitions lead to larger numbers of returning Dungeness megalopae, while in four other crab taxa, species with very different life history characteristics, early-spring transitions lead to lower numbers of returning megalopae. During the past roughly 30 years, the size of the commercial catch of Dungeness crab is significantly and negatively correlated with the date of the spring transition throughout the California Current system. Long-term variation in the date of the spring transition may explain a major crash in the Dungeness crab fishery in central California, which began in the late 1950s. The data suggest that Dungeness crab population size is determined by variation in larval success and that a significant portion of this variation is due to the timing of the spring transition, a large-scale climatic forcer. C1 Univ Oregon, Oregon Inst Marine Biol, Charleston, OR 97420 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Point Adams Biol Field Stn, Hammond, OR 97121 USA. RP Shanks, AL (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Oregon Inst Marine Biol, POB 5389, Charleston, OR 97420 USA. EM ashanks@uoregon.edu NR 38 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUL PY 2007 VL 88 IS 7 BP 1726 EP 1737 DI 10.1890/06-1003.1 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 185SN UT WOS:000247730800013 PM 17645019 ER PT J AU Chung, KW Fulton, MH Scott, GI AF Chung, Katy W. Fulton, Michael H. Scott, Geoffrey I. TI Use of the juvenile clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, as a sensitive indicator of aqueous and sediment toxicity SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Mercenaria mercenaria; cadmium; fluoranthene; DDT; acute/chronic toxicity ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; MYSIDOPSIS-BAHIA; SOUTH-CAROLINA; FRESH-WATER; FLUORANTHENE; MARINE; METALS; MYSIDACEA; CRUSTACEA AB The hard clam is an economically important bivalve and is abundant along the East Coast of the US. The goal of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity of this test species as compared to that of other benthic and epibenthic organisms. Toxic effects of cadmium (inorganic metal), DDT (orpnochlorine pesticide), and fluoranthene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) exposure in sediments (10-day) and seawater (24-h) on juvenile (212-350-mu m) hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria were determined. The aqueous 24-h LC50 values were 0.42 mg/L cadmium (95% CL = 0.35-0.45 mg/L), 0.61 mg/L DDT (95% CL = 0.40-0.95 mg/L), and 0.65 mg/L fluoranthene (95% CL = 0.44-1.23 mg/L). Results of sediment toxicity tests indicated that the 10-day LC50 values were 1.66 mg/kg cadmium (95% CL = 1.21-2.28 rng/kg) 5.8 mg/kg DDT (95% CL = 4.8-8.3 mg/kg), and 1.75 mg/kg fluoranthene (95% CL = 1.38-2.09 mg/kg). Based on comparisons to toxicity data for other marine species, these findings suggest that the juvenile clam is one of the more sensitive species to a variety of contaminants and may be a valuable indicator for potential sediment toxicity. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Chung, KW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM katy.chung@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 67 IS 3 BP 333 EP 340 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.10.009 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 191TP UT WOS:000248155200003 PM 17239949 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Lindley, ST AF Moser, Mary L. Lindley, Steven T. TI Use of Washington estuaries by subadult and adult green sturgeon SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Acipenser medirostris; telemetry; Willapa Bay; movements; feeding; physiological refuge ID HABITAT USE; ATLANTIC STURGEON; SUWANNEE RIVER; WHITE STURGEON; GULF STURGEON; JUVENILE; FLORIDA; TEMPERATURE; RESOURCES; MOVEMENTS AB Green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, are the most marine-oriented of North American sturgeons. However, their estuarine/marine distribution and the seasonality of estuarine use are largely unknown. We used acoustic telemetry to document the timing of green sturgeon use of Washington estuaries. In the summers of 2003 and 2004, uniquely coded acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted in green sturgeon captured using commercial gillnets. All sturgeon tagged were greater than 1.2 m total length. They were caught, tagged, and released in both Willapa Bay (n = 49) and Columbia River (n = 11) estuaries. We deployed an array of four fixedsite acoustic receivers in Willapa Bay to detect the estuarine entry and exit of these and any of over 100 additional green sturgeon tagged in other systems during 2003 and 2004. Green sturestuarine water temperatures exceeded coastal water temperatures by at least 2'C. They exhibited rapid and extensive intra- and inter- estuary movements and green sturgeon from all known spawning populations were detected in Willapa Bay. We hypothesize that green sturgeon optimize their growth potential in summer by foraging in the relatively warm, saline waters of Willapa Bay and we caution that altering the quality of estuarine habitats could negatively affect this species throughout its range. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mary.moser@noaa.gov RI Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 79 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 253 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9028-1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 200IO UT WOS:000248757300006 ER PT J AU Adams, PB Grimes, C Hightower, JE Lindley, ST Moser, ML Parsley, MJ AF Adams, Peter B. Grimes, Churchill Hightower, Joseph E. Lindley, Steven T. Moser, Mary L. Parsley, Michael J. TI Population status of North American green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE green sturgeon; population status; Endangered Species Act; distinct population segment ID CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; PADDLEFISH; INVASION AB North American green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The two questions that need to be answered when considering an ESA listing are; (1) Is the entity a species under the ESA and if so (2) is the "species" in danger of extinction or likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range? Green sturgeon genetic analyses showed strong differentiation between northern and southern populations, and therefore, the species was divided into Northern and Southern Distinct Population Segments (DPSs). The Northern DPS includes populations in the Rogue, Klamath-Trinity, and Eel rivers, while the Southern DPS only includes a single population in the Sacramento River. The principal risk factors for green sturgeon include loss of spawning habitat, harvest, and entrainment. The Northern DPS is not considered to be in danger of extinction or likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. The loss of spawning habitat is not large enough to threaten this DPS, although the Eel River has been severely impacted by sedimentation due to poor land use practices and floods. The two main spawning populations in the Rogue and Klamath-Trinity rivers occupy separate basins reducing the potential for loss of the DPS through catastrophic events. Harvest has been substantially reduced and green sturgeon in this DPS do not face substantial entrainment loss. However there are significant concerns due to lack of information, flow and temperature issues, and habitat degradation. The Southern DPS is considered likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. Green sturgeon in this DPS are concentrated into one spawning area outside of their natural habitat in the Sacramento River, making them vulnerable to catastrophic extinction. Green sturgeon spawning areas have been lost from the area above Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River and Oroville Dam on the Feather River. Entrainment of individuals into water diversion projects is an additional source of risk, and the large decline in numbers of green sturgeon entrained since 1986 causes additional concern. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Santa Cruz, CA USA. N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Raleigh, NC USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Washington, DC USA. Columbia River Res Lab, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, USGS, Washington, DC USA. RP Adams, PB (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Santa Cruz, CA USA. EM Pete.Adams@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 79 IS 3-4 BP 339 EP 356 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9062-z PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 200IO UT WOS:000248757300013 ER PT J AU Thur, SM AF Thur, Steven M. TI Refining the use of habitat equivalency analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE habitat equivalency analysis; natural resource damage assessment; restoration ID RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS; RESTORATION; FUTURE AB When natural resources are injured or destroyed in violation of certain U.S. federal or state statutes, government agencies have the responsibility to ensure the public is compensated through ecological restoration for the loss of the natural resources and services they provide. Habitat equivalency analysis is a service-to-service approach to scaling restoration commonly used in natural resource damage assessments. Calculation of the present value of resource services lost due to injury and gained from compensatory restoration projects is complicated by assumptions concerning the within-time period crediting of losses and gains. Conventional beginning-of-period accounting leads to an underestimate of the loss due to injury and an overestimate of the gains from compensatory projects in cases with linear recovery projections. The resulting compensatory requirement is often insufficient to offset the true loss suffered by the public. Two algebraic equations are offered to correct for these estimation inaccuracies, and a numerical example is used to illustrate the magnitude of error for a typical, though hypothetical, injury scenario. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Thur, SM (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, 1305 E W Highway,SSMC 4,Room 10324, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM steven.thur@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 40 IS 1 BP 161 EP 170 DI 10.1007/s00267-006-0361-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180CR UT WOS:000247338100015 PM 17464527 ER PT J AU Myles, L Meyers, TP Robinson, L AF Myles, LaToya Meyers, Tilden P. Robinson, Larry TI Relaxed eddy accumulation measurements of ammonia, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and particulate sulfate dry deposition near Tampa, FL, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dry deposition velocity; relaxed eddy accumulation; annular denuder system; BRACE ID GRASS SURFACE; FOREST; PARAMETERIZATION; COEFFICIENT; VELOCITIES; RESISTANCE; AEROSOL AB The relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method was utilized to measure fluxes of key atmospheric species, specifically ammonia (NH(3)), nitric acid (HNO(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and particulate sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) to vegetation that is characteristic throughout the Tampa Bay Watershed. Three annular denuder systems (ADS), each consisting of two annular denuders and a filter pack in series, were deployed to accumulate gaseous constituents and fine-fraction particulates (D(p) < 2.5 mu m) in updraft and downdraft eddies, as well as in the mid-draft velocity range. Relaxed eddy accumulation samples, which were analyzed by ion chromatography, and continuous meteorological data were collected during the May 2002 Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) near Sydney, FL. For the chemical species of current interest, concentrations were 1.64 +/- 0.23 for NH(3), 2.06 +/- 0.24 for HNO(3), 3.49 +/- 0.50 for SO(2) and 4.64 +/- 0.31 mu g m(-3) for SO(4)(2-), and the deposition velocity (V(d)) estimates for NH(3), HNO(3), SO(2) and SO(4)(2-) were 1.27 +/- 3.65, 3.63 +/- 1.47, 0.45 +/- 0.98 and 0.42 +/- 1.00 cm s(-1), respectively. The results obtained confirm the expectation that the deposition of ammonia, nitric acid and particulate sulfate was controlled by aerodynamic and quasi-laminar layer resistances and that sulfur dioxide is relatively dependent upon stomatal conditions. C1 [Myles, LaToya; Meyers, Tilden P.] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. [Robinson, Larry] Florida A&M Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Myles, L (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM LaToya.Myles@noaa.gov RI Myles, LaToya/Q-2470-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD JUL-SEP PY 2007 VL 2 IS 3 AR 034004 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/2/3/034004 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 269MK UT WOS:000253652900004 ER PT J AU Sorooshian, A Lu, ML Brechtel, FJ Jonsson, H Feingold, G Flagan, RC Seinfeld, JH AF Sorooshian, Armin Lu, Miao-Ling Brechtel, Fred J. Jonsson, Haflidi Feingold, Graham Flagan, Richard C. Seinfeld, John H. TI On the source of organic acid aerosol layers above clouds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; PARTICULATE MATTER; OXALIC-ACID; SIMULATIONS; EFFICIENCY; EMISSIONS; OXIDATION; ELEMENTS AB During the July 2005 Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) and the August-September 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS),the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter probed aerosols and cumulus clouds in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of northern California and in southeastern Texas, respectively. An on-board particle-into-liquid sampler PILS) quantified inorganic and organic acid species with <= 5min time resolution. Ubiquitous organic aerosol layers above cloud with enhanced organic acid levels were observed in both locations. The data suggest that aqueousphase reactions to produce organic acids, mainly oxalic acid, followed by droplet evaporation is a source of elevated organic acid aerosol levels above cloud. Oxalic acid is observed to be produced more efficiently relative to sulfate as the cloud liquid water content increases, corresponding to larger and less acidic droplets. As derived from large eddy simulations of stratocumulus under the conditions of MASE, both Lagrangian trajectory analysis and diurnal cloudtop evolution provide evidence that a significant fraction of the aerosol mass concentration above cloud can be accounted for by evaporated droplet residual particles. Methanesulfonate data suggest that entrainment of free tropospheric aerosol can also be a source of organic acids above boundary layer clouds. C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA 94544 USA. Naval Postgrad Sch, Ctr Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft S, Marina Del Rey, CA 93933 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Seinfeld, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Sorooshian, Armin/0000-0002-2243-2264 NR 46 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 13 BP 4647 EP 4654 DI 10.1021/es0630442 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 186MJ UT WOS:000247782500034 PM 17695910 ER PT J AU Yu, S Bhave, PV Dennis, RL Mathur, R AF Yu, Shaocai Bhave, Prakash V. Dennis, Robin L. Mathur, Rohit TI Seasonal and regional variations of primary and secondary organic aerosols over the Continental United States: Semi-empirical estimates and model evaluation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY OC/EC RATIOS; EC TRACER METHOD; CARBON CONCENTRATIONS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; PARTICULATE MATTER; ELEMENTAL CARBON; PM2.5; SUPERSITE; MIXTURES; TRENDS AB Seasonal and regional variations of primary (OC(pri)) and secondary (OC(pri)) organic carbon aerosols across the continental United States for the year 2001 were examined by a semi-empirical technique using observed OC and elemental carbon (EC) data from 142 routine monitoring sites in mostly rural locations across the country, coupled with the primary OC/EC ratios, obtained from a chemical transport model (i.e., Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model). This application yields the first non-mechanistic estimates of the spatial and temporal variations in OC(pri) and OC(sec) over an entire year on a continental scale. There is significant seasonal and regional variability in the relative contributions of OC(pri) and OC(sec) to OC. Over the continental United States, the median OC(sec) concentrations are 0.13, 0.36, 0.63, 0.44, and 0.42,mu g C M(-3) in winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA), fall (SON), and annual, respectively, making 21, 44, 51, 42, and 43% contributions to OC, respectively. OC(pri) exceeds OC(sec) in all seasons except summer. Regional analysis shows that the southeastern region has the highest concentration of OC(pri) (annual median = 1.35 mu g C m(-3)), whereas the central region has the highest concentration of OC(sec) (annual median = 0.76 mu g C M(-3)). The mechanistic OC(sec) estimates from the CMAQ model were compared against the independently derived semi-empirical OC(sec) estimates. The results indicate that the mechanistic model reproduced the monthly medians of the semi-empirical OC(sec) estimates well over the northeast, southeast, midwest, and central regions in all months except the summer months (June, July, and August), during which the modeled regional monthly medians were consistently lower than the semi-empirical estimates. This indicates that the CMAQ. model is missing OC(sec) formation pathways that are important in the summer. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Astmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yu, S (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Astmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov; bhave.prakash@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013; Wang, Linden/M-6617-2014; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 OI Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X; NR 34 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 39 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 13 BP 4690 EP 4697 DI 10.1021/es061535g PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 186MJ UT WOS:000247782500039 PM 17695915 ER PT J AU Blanvillain, G Schwenter, JA Day, RD Point, D Christopher, SJ Roumillat, WA Owens, DW AF Blanvillain, Gaelle Schwenter, Jeffrey A. Day, Rusty D. Point, David Christopher, Steven J. Roumillat, William A. Owens, David W. TI Diamondback terrapins, Malaclemys terrapin, as a sentinel species for monitoring mercury pollution of estuarine systems in South Carolina and Georgia, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 13-17, 2005 CL Baltimore, MD SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE mercury; bioindicator species; reptiles; diamondback terrapin; estuaries ID CONTAMINATED SALT-MARSH; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WATER; METHYLMERCURY; SEDIMENTS; TURTLE; ENVIRONMENT; ECOSYSTEM; FEATHERS; RIVER AB Total mercury concentrations were measured in diamondback terrapin blood and scutes collected from four sites in South Carolina, USA, and at a superfund site in Brunswick, Georgia, USA. There was a strong correlation between mercury concentrations in the two terrapin body compartments (Kendall's tau = 0.79, p < 0.001). Mercury concentrations in terrapin scute and blood and in salt marsh periwinkles, Littoraria irrorata, were significantly higher in Brunswick (scute (x) over bar = 3810.2 ng/g, blood (x) over bar = 746.2 ng/g) than from all other sites (scute (x) over bar = 309.5 ng/g, blood (x) over bar = 43.2 ng/g, p < 0.001). Seasonal fluctuations of total mercury in the blood and scutes of terrapins collected in the Ashley River, South Carolina, were significantly lower in August than in April, June, or October in blood (p < 0.001); however, scute concentrations did not vary seasonally. Overall, we found higher concentrations of mercury in the scutes of females than males (n = 32, p < 0.05). Larger females may preferentially prey on larger food items, like large periwinkles, which had significantly higher mercury levels in their body tissues than smaller periwinkles (p < 0.001). Methylmercury levels in terrapin scutes were measured, revealing that 90% of the total mercury stored in this compartment was in the organic form. A methylmercury biomagnification factor of 173.5 was calculated from snails to terrapin scutes, and we found that mercury levels in scutes were representative of the mercury levels in other compartments of the ecosystem. These findings show that terrapin scutes are good predictors of mercury pollution and that this species could be used as a bioindicator for assessing mercury contamination of estuarine systems. C1 Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Blanvillain, G (reprint author), Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, 205 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM blanvillaing@cofc.edu OI Point, David/0000-0002-5218-7781 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 21 PU SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1441 EP 1450 DI 10.1897/06-532R.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 180PY UT WOS:000247379200014 PM 17665684 ER PT J AU Taylor, DL Nichols, RS Able, KW AF Taylor, David L. Nichols, Ryan S. Able, Kenneth W. TI Habitat selection and quality for multiple cohorts of young-of-the-year bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix): Comparisons between estuarine and ocean beaches in southern New Jersey SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bluefish; Pomatomus saltatrix; estuary; ocean beach; habitat; growth; cohort; otolith ID EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; NEW-YORK BIGHT; FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; SUMMER-SPAWNED BLUEFISH; JUVENILE BLUEFISH; OTOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ATLANTIC BIGHT; UNITED-STATES; GROWTH-RATES AB In this study, seasonal and annual variability in the use of estuarine and ocean beaches by young-of-the-year bluefish, Pomatonlus saltatrix, was evaluated by indices of abundance in coastal areas of southern New Jersey (1998-2000). Biological and physical factors measured at specific sites were correlated with bluefish abundance to determine the mechanisms underlying habitat selection. In addition, integrative and discrete indicators of bluefish growth were used to examine spatio-temporal dynamics in habitat quality and its effect on habitat selection by multiple cohorts of bluefish. Intra-annual recruitment to coastal areas of southern New Jersey was episodic, and resulted from the ingress of spring-spawned bluefish (hatch-date similar to April) to estuarine beaches in late May to early June, followed by the recruitment of summer-spawned fish (hatch-date similar to early July) to ocean beaches from July to October. Bluefish utilized estuarine and ocean beaches in a facultative manner that was responsive to dynamics in prey composition and temperature conditions. The recruitment and residency of bluefish in the estuary (19981999) and ocean beaches (1998), for example, was coincidental with the presence of the Atlantic silverside Menidia nienidia and bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, the principal prey species for bluefish occupying these respective habitat-types. Bluefish abundance in the estuary (2000) and ocean beaches (1999-2000) was also correlated with water temperature, with the greatest catches of juveniles coinciding with their optimal growth temperature (24 degrees C). Bluefish growth, estimated as the slope of age-length relationships and daily specific growth rates, equaled 1.27-2.63 mm fork length (FL) d- 1 and 3.8-8.7% body length increase d- 1, respectively. The growth of sagittal otoliths was also used as a proxy for changes in bluefish size during and shortly before their time of capture. Accordingly, otolith growth rates of summer-spawned bluefish were greater at ocean beaches relative to the estuary and were explained by the more suitable temperature conditions found at ocean beaches during the mid- to late summer. Notwithstanding the fast growth of oceanic summer-spawned bluefish, individuals spawned in the spring were still larger in absolute body size at the end of the summer growing season (similar to 240 and 50-200 mm FL for spring- and summer-spawned bluefish, respectively). The size discrepancy between spring- and summer-spawned bluefish at the onset of autumn migrations and during overwintering periods may account for the differential recruitment success of the respective cohorts. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Roger Williams Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Bristol, RI 02809 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Taylor, DL (reprint author), Roger Williams Univ, Dept Marine Biol, One Old Ferry Rd, Bristol, RI 02809 USA. EM dtaylor@rwu.edu NR 50 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 73 IS 3-4 BP 667 EP 679 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.03.007 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 179HX UT WOS:000247281500028 ER PT J AU Bugge, DA Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Allam, B AF Bugge, Deenie A. Hegaret, Helene Wikfors, Gary H. Allam, Bassem TI Oxidative burst in hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) haemocytes SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE quahog; flow cytometry; haemocyte; reactive oxygen species; ROS ID LUMINOL-DEPENDENT CHEMILUMINESCENCE; MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS HEMOCYTES; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA HEMOCYTES; FLOW-CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; NITRIC-OXIDE; RUDITAPES DECUSSATUS; DEFENSE-MECHANISMS; CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; MARINE BIVALVES; OYSTER AB Haemocytes of bivalve molluscs are known to be responsible for many immunological functions, including recognition, phagocytosis, and killing or elimination of invading microorgansisms, such as potentially infective bacteria and parasites. In many bivalves, killing of microorganisms engulfed by haemocytes is accomplished by a sudden release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the haemocytes; this response is referred to as an oxidative burst. Previous studies have failed to detect oxidative burst in haemocytes of the hard clam (northern quahog), Mercenaria mercenaria. In the present study, we applied a widely used chemical probe for ROS detection in haemocytes, dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA), to haemocytes from this clam species and used flow cytometry to quantify fluorescence in individual haemocytes. Oxidation of DCFH-DA to the fluorescent product, DCF, within unstimulated haemocytes indicated that ROS were clearly produced in these cells. Two activators of oxidative burst, zymosan and bacterial extracellular products, which have been applied successfully to haemocytes in other species, stimulated large increases in ROS production in hard clam haemocytes. Furthermore, two inhibitors of ROS production, W-13 and diphenylene iodinium (DPI), significantly suppressed ROS production by haemocytes. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, NMMA and L-NIO, did not suppress ROS production, indicating that the observed oxidation of DCFH-DA is not mediated by nitric oxide. These results show unequivocally that haemocyte oxidative burst is active in M. mercenaria and, therefore, is a likely mechanism in host response to pathogens and parasites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06430 USA. NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Allam, B (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM bassem.allam@stonybrook.edu RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 NR 34 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 23 IS 1 BP 188 EP 196 DI 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.006 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 170UT UT WOS:000246692100019 PM 17137792 ER PT J AU Sherman, K Duda, A AF Sherman, K. Duda, A. TI A global approach for recovery and sustainability of fisheries in large marine ecosystems SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID MANAGEMENT C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI USA. Int Waters Global Environm Facil, Washington, DC USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI USA. EM ksherman@mola.na.nmfs.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2007 VL 32 IS 7 BP 354 EP 357 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 204RB UT WOS:000249060600017 ER PT J AU Auth, TD Brocleur, RD Fisher, KM AF Auth, Toby D. Brocleur, Richard D. Fisher, Kathleen M. TI Diel variation in vertical distribution of an offshore ichthyoplankton community off the Oregon coast SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; NORTHERN ANCHOVY; FISH LARVAE; SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; NORTHCENTRAL GULF; FEEDING RHYTHM; MARINE FISHES; SEBASTES SPP. AB We examined the diel vertical distribution, concentration, and community structure of ichthyoplankton from a single station 69 km off the central Oregon coast in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The 74 depth-stratified samples yielded 1571 fish larvae from 20 taxa, representing 11 families, and 128 fish eggs from 11 taxa within nine families. Dominant larval taxa were Sebastes spp. (rockfishes), Stenobrachius leucopsarus (northern lampfish), Tarletonbeania crenularis (blue lanternfish), and Lyopsetta exilis (slender sole), and the dominant egg taxa were Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine), Icichthys lockingtoni (medusafish), and Chauliodus macouni (Pacific viperfish). Larval concentrations generally increased from the surface to 50 m, then decreased with depth. Larval concentrations were higher at night than during the day, and there was evidence of larval diel vertical migration. Depth stratum was the most important factor explaining variability in larval and egg concentrations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanograph Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Auth, TD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 MArine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM toby.auth@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 17 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 313 EP 326 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900001 ER PT J AU Benson, SR Forney, KA Harvey, JT Carretta, JV Dutton, PH AF Benson, Scott R. Forney, Karin A. Harvey, James T. Carretta, James V. Dutton, Peter H. TI Abundance, distribution, and habitat of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) off California, 1990-2003 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AERIAL SURVEYS; INTERNESTING MOVEMENT; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; MONTEREY BAY; OSCILLATION; COAST; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; WATERS; REGION AB Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are regularly seen off the U.S. West Coast, where they forage on jellyfish (Scyphomedusae) during summer and fall. Aerial line-transect surveys were conducted in neritic waters (< 92 m depth) off central and northern California during 1990-2003, providing the first foraging population estimates for Pacific leatherback turtles. Males and females of about 1.1 to 2.1 m length were observed. Estimated abundance was linked to the Northern Oscillation Index and ranged from 12 (coefficient of variation [CV]=0.75) in 1995 to 379 (CV=0.23) in 1990, averaging 178 (CV=0.15). Greatest densities were found off central California, where oceanographic retention areas or upwelling shadows created favorable habitat for leatherback turtle prey. Results from independent telemetry studies have linked leatherback turtles off the U.S. West Coast to one of the two largest remaining Pacific breeding populations, at Jamursba Medi, Indonesia. Nearshore waters off California thus represent an important foraging region for the critically endangered Pacific leatherback turtle. C1 Moss Landing Marine Labs, NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Protected Resources Div, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Resources Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Resources Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Benson, SR (reprint author), Moss Landing Marine Labs, NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Protected Resources Div, 7544 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM Scott.Benson@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 12 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 337 EP 347 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900003 ER PT J AU Bengtson, JL Phillips, AV Mathews, EA Simpkins, MA AF Bengtson, John L. Phillips, Alana V. Mathews, Elizabeth A. Simpkins, Michael A. TI Comparison of survey methods for estimating abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in glacial fjords SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ALASKA; TRENDS; GULF; BAY AB The importance of glacial ice habitats to harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska has become increasingly apparent. However, enumerating harbor seals hauled out on ice in glacial fjords has been difficult. At Johns Hopkins Inlet in Glacier Bay, Alaska, we compared a shore-based counting method to a large-format aerial photography method to estimate seal abundance. During each aerial survey, shore-based observers simultaneously counted seals from an observation post. Both survey methods incurred errors in double-counting and missing seals, especially when ice movements caused seals to drift between survey zones. Advantages of shore-based counts included the ability to obtain multiple counts for relatively little cost, distinguish pups from adults, and to distinguish mobile seals from shadows or glacial debris of similar size. Aerial photography provided a permanent record of each survey, allowing both a reconciliation of counts in overlapping zones and the documentation of the spatial distribution of seals and ice within the fjord. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska SE, Dept Nat Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Marine Mammal Commiss, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Bengtson, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM John.Bengtson@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 348 EP 355 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900004 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Uchiyama, JH Humphreys, RL Sampaga, JD Williams, HA AF DeMartini, Edward E. Uchiyama, James H. Humphreys, Robert L., Jr. Sampaga, Jeffrey D. Williams, Happy A. TI Age and growth of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught by the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; FIN-SPINES; WATERS; TAIWAN AB We verified the age and growth of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) by comparing ages determined from annuli in fin ray sections with daily growth increments in otoliths. Growth of swordfish of exploitable sizes is described on the basis of annuli present in cross sections of the second ray of the first anal fins of 1292 specimens (60-260 cm eye-to-fork length, EFL) caught in the region of the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery. The position of the initial fin ray annulus of swordfish was verified for the first time with the use of scanning electron micrographs of presumed daily growth increments present in the otoliths of juveniles. Fish growth through age 7 was validated by marginal increment analysis. Faster growth of females was confirmed, and the standard von Bertalanffy growth model was identified as the most parsimonious for describing growth in length for fish greater than 60 cm EFL. The observed growth of three fish, a year-old in size when first caught and then recaptured from 364 to 1490 days later, is consistent with modeled growth for fish of this size range. Our novel approach to verifying age and growth should increase confidence in conducting an age-structured stock assessment for swordfish in the North Pacific Ocean. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Ctr, 2570 Dole Str, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Edward.Demartini@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 356 EP 367 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900005 ER PT J AU Stark, JW AF Stark, James W. TI Geographic and seasonal variations in maturation and growth of female Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC; MORHUA; MATURITY; FECUNDITY AB This study investigates the temporal stability of length- and age-at-maturity estimates for female Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea. Females reached 50% maturity (A(50)) at 4.4 years in the Gulf of Alaska and at 4.9 years in the eastern Bering Sea. Total body length at 50% maturity (LT50) was significantly smaller (503 mm) in the Gulf of Alaska than in the eastern Bering Sea (580 mm). The estimated length- and age-at-maturity did not differ significantly between winter and spring in either the Gulf of Alaska (1999) or Bering Sea (2003) areas. The results of this study raised the spawning biomass estimate of female Alaskan Pacific cod from 298x10(3) t for 2005 to 499x10(3) t for 2006. The increased spawning biomass estimate resulted in an increased over-fishing limit for Pacific cod. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stark, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jim.stark@noaa.gov RI Stark, James/E-1868-2012 NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 396 EP 407 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900009 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP AF Garrison, Lance P. TI Interactions between marine mammals and pelagic longline fishing gear in the US Atlantic Ocean between 1992 and 2004 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC AB The U.S, East Coast pelagic longline fishery has a history of interactions with marine mammals, where animals are hooked and entangled in longline gear. Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.) and Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) are the primary species that interact with longline gear. Logistic regression was used to assess the environmental and gear characteristics that influence interaction rates. Pilot whale interactions were correlated with warm water temperatures, proximity to the shelf break, mainline lengths greater than 20 nautical miles, and damage to swordfish catch. Similarly, Risso's dolphin interactions were correlated with geographic location, proximity the shelf break, the length of the mainline, and bait type. The incidental bycatch of marine mammals is likely associated with depredation of the commercial catch and is increased by the overlap between marine mammal and target species habitats. Altering gear characteristics and fishery practices may mitigate incidental bycatch and reduce economic losses due to depredation. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Lance.Garrison@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 408 EP 417 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900010 ER PT J AU Kane, J Anderson, JL AF Kane, Joseph Anderson, Jacquelyn L. TI Effect of towing speed on retention of zooplankton in bongo nets SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; RATES C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Kane, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jkane@whsunl.wh.whoi.edu NR 13 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 105 IS 3 BP 440 EP 444 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 205JD UT WOS:000249108900014 ER PT J AU Boughton, DA Gibson, M Yedor, R Kelley, E AF Boughton, David A. Gibson, Michael Yedor, Robert Kelley, Elise TI Stream temperature and the potential growth and survival of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss in a southern California Creek SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics; climate change; in situ experiment; range limit; steelhead ID RAINBOW-TROUT; STEELHEAD TROUT; BROWN TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES; DEPENDENT INTERACTIONS; WATER TEMPERATURE; COASTAL STREAMS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; UNITED-STATES AB 1. We asked whether an increase in food supply in the field would increase the ability of fish populations to withstand climate warming, as predicted by certain bioenergetic models and aquarium experiments. 2. We subsidised the in situ food supply of wild juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a small stream near the species' southern limit. High-quality food (10% of fish biomass per day) was added to the drift in eight in-stream enclosures along a naturally-occurring thermal gradient. 3. The temperatures during the experiment were well below the upper thermal limit for the species (means of enclosures ranged from 15.1 to 16.5 degrees C). Food supplements had no discernible effect on survival, but raised mean (+/- SD) specific growth rate substantially, from 0.038 +/- 0.135 in controls to 2.28 +/- 0.51 in feeding treatments. Food supplements doubled the variation in growth among fish. 4. The mean and variance of water temperature were correlated across the enclosures, and were therefore transformed into principal component scores T(1) (which expressed the stream-wide correlation pattern) and T(2) (which expressed local departures from the pattern). Even though T(1) accounted for 96% of the variation in temperature mean and variance, it was not a significant predictor of fish growth. T(2) was a significant predictor of growth. The predicted time to double body mass in an enclosure with a large T(2) score (cool-variable) was half that in an enclosure with a low T(2) score (warm-stable). 5. Contrary to expectation, temperature effects were neutral, at least with respect to the main axis of variation among enclosures (cool-stable versus warm-variable). Along the orthogonal axis (cool-variable versus warm-stable), the effect was opposite from expectations, probably because of temperature variation. Subtle patterns of temperature heterogeneity in streams can be important to potential growth of O. mykiss. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. United Water Conservat Dist, Santa Paula, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Boughton, DA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM David.Boughton@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 52 IS 7 BP 1353 EP 1364 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01772.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 177AY UT WOS:000247127200014 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Bohnenstiehl, DR Cowen, JP Baker, ET Rubin, KH Haxel, JH Fowler, MJ AF Dziak, R. P. Bohnenstiehl, D. R. Cowen, J. P. Baker, E. T. Rubin, K. H. Haxel, J. H. Fowler, M. J. TI Rapid dike emplacement leads to eruptions and hydrothermal plume release during seafloor spreading events SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dike injection; earthquakes; hydroacoustics; ridge; Juan de Fuca ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; AXIAL VOLCANO; GORDA RIDGE; EPISODE AB The creation of ocean crust by rapid injection of magma at mid-ocean ridges can lead to eruptions of lava onto the seafloor and release of "event plumes," which are huge volumes of anomalously warm water enriched in reduced chemicals that rise up to 1 km above the seafloor. Here, we use seismic data to show that seafloor eruptions and the release of hydrothermal event plumes correspond to diking episodes with high injection velocities and rapid onset of magma emplacement within the rift zone. These attributes result from high excess magma pressure at the dike source, likely due to a new influx of melt from the mantle. These dynamic magmatic conditions can be detected remotely and may predict the likelihood of event plume release during future seafloor spreading events. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooerat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooerat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Rubin, Kenneth/B-3685-2008 OI Rubin, Kenneth/0000-0002-8554-1337 NR 20 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JUL PY 2007 VL 35 IS 7 BP 579 EP 582 DI 10.1130/G23476A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 188CI UT WOS:000247895900001 ER PT J AU Kane, J AF Kane, Joseph TI Zooplankton abundance trends on Georges Bank, 1977-2004 SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE advection; Centropages typicus; Georges Bank; Metridia lucens; salinity; Temora longicornis; trends; zooplankton ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; GULF-OF-MAINE; CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; SHELF; PATTERNS; CLIMATE AB Interannual trends in Georges Bank zooplankton abundance are described and related to variations in environmental variables for the period 1977-2004. Total zooplankton counts increased to above average levels in 1989 and stayed over or close to average through 2004. This analysis identified a group of taxa including Centropages typicus, Metridia lucens, and Temora longicornis that had similar interannual patterns of abundance. All these taxa increased sharply in the early 1990s and remained high through 2001. Some taxa declined sharply in 2002, others have continued elevated through 2004. Total zooplankton counts in the past two years were also boosted by a substantial increase in the abundance of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Evidence is presented that these changes may be related to variations in Scotian Shelf inflow, which freshened water on the Northeast US continental shelf, perhaps increasing both primary production and the influx of zooplankton into the region. There was a positive correlation between the biomass of pelagic predators and the abundance of several zooplankton taxa, suggesting that bottom-up processes and advective supply are the key factors that regulate the Georges Bank foodweb. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Kane, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM jkane@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 27 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 23 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 64 IS 5 BP 909 EP 919 DI 10.1093/icesjms/fsm066 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 189LX UT WOS:000247991500006 ER PT J AU Crow, WT Zhan, XW AF Crow, Wade T. Zhan, Xiwu TI Continental-scale evaluation of remotely sensed soil moisture products SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; moisture; rain; remote sensing ID PRECIPITATION AB A new data assimilation-based approach for the continental-scale evaluation of remotely sensed surface soil moisture retrievals is applied to four separate soil moisture products over the contiguous U.S. The approach is based on quantifying the ability of a given soil moisture product to correct for known rainfall errors when sequentially assimilated into a simple water balance model. Analysis results provide new insight into the continental-scale performance of surface soil moisture retrieval algorithms based on satellite passive microwave, scatterometer, and thermal remote sensing observations. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv Hydrol, Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Crow, WT (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv Hydrol, Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wade.crow@ars.usda.gov RI Zhan, Xiwu/F-5487-2010 NR 14 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X EI 1558-0571 J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 4 IS 3 BP 451 EP 455 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2007.896533 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 191QX UT WOS:000248147200025 ER PT J AU Gansen, EJ Rowe, MA Greene, MB Rosenberg, D Harvey, TE Su, MY Hadfield, RH Nam, SW Mirin, RP AF Gansen, Eric J. Rowe, Mary A. Greene, Marion B. Rosenberg, Danna Harvey, Todd E. Su, Mark Y. Hadfield, Robert H. Nam, Sae Woo Mirin, Richard P. TI Operational analysis of a quantum dot optically gated field-effect transistor as a single-photon detector SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE field-effect transistor (FET); quantum dots (QDs); quantum optics; single-photon detector (SPD) ID NOISE; PERFORMANCE; ELECTRON; STORAGE; LAYER AB We report on the operation of a novel single-photon detector, where a layer of self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) is used as an optically addressable floating gate in a GaAs/Al0.2Ga0.8As delta-doped field-effect transistor. Photogenerated holes charge the QDs, and subsequently, change the amount of current flowing through the channel by screening the internal gate field. The photoconductive gain associated with this process makes the structure extremely sensitive to light of the appropriate wavelength. We investigate the charge storage and resulting persistent photoconductivity by performing time-resolved measurements of the channel current and of the photoluminescence emitted from the QDs under laser illumination. In addition, we characterize the response of the detector, and investigate sources of photogenerated signals by using the Poisson statistics of laser light. The device exhibits time-gated, single-shot, single-photon sensitivity at a temperature of 4 K. It also exhibits a linear response, and detects photons absorbed in its dedicated absorption layer with an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of up to (68 +/- 18)%. Given the noise of the detection system, the device is shown to operate with an IQE of (53 11) % and dark counts of 0.003 counts per shot for a particular discriminator level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Modern Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gansen, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM gansen@boulder.nist.gov; mrowe@boulder.nist.gov; mgreene@boulder.nist.gov; rosenberg@lanl.gov; harvey@boulder.nist.gov; mark.su@oerlikon.com; r.h.hadfield@hw.ac.uk; nams@boulder.nist.gov; mirin@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 13 IS 4 BP 967 EP 977 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2007.902843 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 212KZ UT WOS:000249596500015 ER PT J AU Schettini, V Polyakov, SV Degiovanni, IP Brida, G Castelletto, S Migdall, AL AF Schettini, Valentina Polyakov, Sergey V. Degiovanni, Ivo P. Brida, Giorgio Castelletto, Stefania Migdall, Alan L. TI Implementing a multiplexed system of detectors for higher photon counting rates SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE fast fiber switch; InGaAs single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD); multiplexing; parametric down-conversion; photon counting ID SINGLE-PHOTON; SPECTROMETER; FIBER; PAIRS AB Photon counting applications are typically limited by detector deadtime to operate at count rates of a few megahertz, at best, and often at significantly lower levels. This limitation is becoming more critical with the advance of photon counting applications such as photon-based quantum information. We present a first experimental proof of principle, and review the theoretical foundation of a multiplexed detection scheme that allows photons to be counted at higher rates than is possible with individual detectors or simple detector trees. In addition to this deadtime improvement, we discuss the impact of this scheme on other relevant characteristics such as afterpulsing and dark count rates. C1 INRIM, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Schettini, V (reprint author), INRIM, I-10135 Turin, Italy. EM schettin@inrim.it; sergey.polyakov@nist.gov; degio@inrim.it; brida@inrim.it; castelle@inrim.it; migdall@nist.gov RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013; OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115; Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 13 IS 4 BP 978 EP 983 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2007.902846 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 212KZ UT WOS:000249596500016 ER PT J AU Reising, SC Marzano, FS Nioku, EG Westwater, ER AF Reising, Steven C. Marzano, Frank S. Nioku, Eni G. Westwater, Ed R. CA Ctr Excellence CETEMPS TI Foreword to the special issue on the 9th specialist meeting on microwave radiometry and remote sensing applications (MicroRad '06) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Elect Engn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. Univ Aquila, Ctr Excellence CETEMPS, I-67040 Laquila, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NOAA CU Ctr Environm Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Reising, SC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2007 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1903 EP 1906 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.900318 PN 1 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 186NC UT WOS:000247784400001 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, Tsan TI Postlaunch calibration of the NOAA-18 advanced microwave sounding unit-A SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE Advance Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) Measurements; amazon rainforest brightness temperature; instrument calibration; microwave radiometers; microwave remote sensing; satellite data ID AMSU-A; LAND AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-18 Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) was successfully launched with the fourth Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A onboard in May 2005. After launch, a systematic postlaunch calibration and validation of the instrument performance was conducted with on-orbit data. A brief report of the initial assessment of the instrument performance is presented in this paper. Scan-by-scan examination of the radiometric calibration counts is employed to confirm normal functioning of the instrument and to detect any anomalous events, such as lunar contamination in the space radiometric counts, which are accurately detected, flagged, and corrected using a physical model of lunar surface temperature and antenna patterns derived from on-orbit data. The long-term trends of the space and warm calibration counts, channel gains, and housekeeping temperature sensors are monitored. Temperature sensitivity (or the noise-equivalent AT) values for individual channels are also monitored since launch. The long-term temporal trends of the monthly averages and angular distributions of brightness temperature measurements from the NOAA-16 and -18 over the Amazon rain forest region are obtained and compared to demonstrate that the Amazon rain forest can be used as a hot reference calibration target. The establishment of a land calibration target is an important addition to the few tools available to date for calibration and validation of spaceborne microwave radiometers. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Tsan.Mo@noaa.gov RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2007 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1928 EP 1937 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.897451 PN 1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 186NC UT WOS:000247784400004 ER PT J AU Kleespies, TJ AF Kleespies, Thomas J. TI Relative information content of the advanced technology microwave sounder and the combination of the advanced microwave sounding unit and the microwave humidity sounder SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE electromagnetic propagation in absorbing media; geophysical inverse problems; information retrieval; Jacobian matrices; maximum likelihood estimation; microwave measurements; microwave radiometry; remote sensing; satellite applications AB This paper presents the results of a simple information content study between the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder (AMSU/MHS) and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). When a single field of view is considered for both instruments, the AMSU/MHS generally outperforms the ATMS for temperature and moisture information due to its better noise performance. However, when footprint matching is employed to use oversampled ATMS observations, the ATMS consistently shows improvement in temperature and moisture information over the AMSU/MHS. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kleespies, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Thomas.J.Kleespies@noaa.gov RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010 NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2007 VL 45 IS 7 BP 2224 EP 2227 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.898088 PN 2 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 186NE UT WOS:000247784600008 ER PT J AU Boukabara, SA Weng, FZ Liu, QH AF Boukabara, Sid-Ahmed Weng, Fuzhong Liu, Quanhua TI Passive microwave remote sensing of extreme weather events using NOAA-18 AMSUA and MHS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE atmospheric sounding; data assimilation; dropsonde; hurricane; microwave remote sensing; retrieval algorithm ID PRECIPITATION PROFILE RETRIEVAL; VARIATIONAL RETRIEVAL; HUMIDITY PROFILES; DATA ASSIMILATION; WATER-VAPOR; CLOUD MODEL; ALGORITHM; TEMPERATURE; SSM/I; SYSTEM AB The ability to provide temperature and water-vapor soundings under extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, could extend the coverage of space-based measurements to critical areas and provide information that could enhance outcomes of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and other stormtrack forecasting models, which, in turn, could have vital societal benefits. An NWP-independent 1D-VAR system has been developed to carry out the simultaneous restitutions of atmospheric constituents and surface parameters in all weather conditions. This consistent treatment of all components that have an impact on the measurements allows an optimal information-content extraction. This study focuses on the data from the NOAA-18 satellite (AMSUA and MHS sounders). The retrieval of the precipitating and nonprecipitating cloud parameters is done in a profile form, taking advantage of the natural correlations that do exist between the different parameters and across the vertical layers. Stability and the problem's ill-posed nature are the two classical issues facing this type of retrieval. The use of empirically orthogonal-function decomposition leads to a dramatic stabilization of the problem. The main goal of this inversion system is to be able to retrieve independently, with a high-enough accuracy and under all conditions, the temperature and water-vapor profiles, which are still the two main prognostic variables in numerical weather forecast models. Validation of these parameters in different conditions is undertaken in this paper by comparing the case-by-case retrievals with GPS-dropsondes data and NWP analyses in and around a hurricane. High temporal and spatial variabilities of the atmosphere are shown to present a challenge to any attempt to validate the microwave remote-sensing retrievals in meteorologically active areas. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, IM Syst Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Boukabara, SA (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, IM Syst Grp Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Sid.Boukabara@noaa.gov; Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov; Quanhua.Liu@noaa.gov RI Boukabara, Sid Ahmed/F-5577-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010; Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008 OI Boukabara, Sid Ahmed/0000-0002-1857-3806; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179; Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X NR 50 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2007 VL 45 IS 7 BP 2228 EP 2246 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2007.898263 PN 2 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 186NE UT WOS:000247784600009 ER PT J AU Mont, AD Kienzle, PA Watson, SM Borchers, JA Eckert, J Sparks, P Moyerman, S Carey, MJ AF Mont, A. D. Kienzle, P. A. Watson, S. M. Borchers, J. A. Eckert, J. Sparks, P. Moyerman, S. Carey, M. J. TI Determination of complex magnetic structures from polarized neutron reflectivity data by flexible modeling of depth-dependent vector magnetization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE depth-dependent magnetization; exchange springs; polarized neutron reflectometry; spiral domain wall AB In multilayer systems with exchange-coupled layers such as exchange-spring magnets, interfacial pinning can give rise to spiral domain walls and other complex magnetic structures that are sensitive to temperature, relative layer thicknesses, etc. Though these spin structures develop in subsurface layers, the depth-dependent magnetic profile can be fully characterized using polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR). In order to obtain the profile of the vector magnetization as well as the chemical composition, these data are typically analyzed using software in which the sample is described by a series of flat layers. This approach is cumbersome for continuously varying depth profiles, such as magnetic spirals, since the magnetic layers must be artificially subdivided to mimic the smooth changes in the vector magnetization. Thus, we have developed a flexible PNR fitting program in which users can specify a formula for the model (e.g., flat, power law, or piecewise polynomials). The program can easily be extended to handle simultaneous fitting of multiple data sets from measurements made with different techniques (such as PNR and X-rays) with constraints between the models. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Harvey Mudd Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose, CA 95135 USA. RP Kienzle, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.kienzle@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 43 IS 7 BP 3346 EP 3348 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2007.893870 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 184MF UT WOS:000247645100031 ER PT J AU Mateu, J Booth, JC Moeckly, BH AF Mateu, Jordi Booth, James C. Moeckly, Brian H. TI Wideband nonlinear response of high-temperature superconducting thin films from transmission-line measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE nonlinear response; superconductors; thru-reflect-line (TRL) calbration; transmission-line measurements; wideband nonlinear measurement system ID INTERMODULATION DISTORTION; DISTRIBUTED NONLINEARITIES; DEPENDENCE; SIMULATION; RESONATOR; FILTERS; DEVICES AB We report on a technique for extracting an accurate value of the nonlinear inductance Delta L(i) in superconducting transmission lines. This novel technique assesses the frequency dependence of the transmission line's nonlinear response. A wideband nonlinear measurement system was used to simultaneously measure the third-order spurious signals at 2f(1) - f(2), 2f(2) - f(1), 2f(1) + f(2), 2f(2) + f(1), 3f(1), and 3f(2) frequencies. Measurements for different values of the fundamental frequencies f(1) and f(2) allow us to study the spurious signal generation from 1 to 21 GHz. We demonstrate this technique by measuring several superconducting YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-infinity) coplanar waveguide transmission line geometries patterned in a single chip at 80 K. The results show a linear frequency dependence of the nonlinear response, indicating a dominant contribution of the nonlinear inductance over the nonlinear resistance omega Delta L(i) >> Delta R(i). The experimentally obtained nonlinear inductances are then used to determine device-independent measures of the linearity of the thin-film material in order to provide the foundation for modeling the nonlinear response of specific devices. C1 Univ Politecn Cataluna, Ctr Technol Telecomun Catalunya, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Superconductor Technol Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 USA. RP Mateu, J (reprint author), Univ Politecn Cataluna, Ctr Technol Telecomun Catalunya, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. EM jmateu@tsc.upc.edu; booth@boulder.nist.gov; bmoeckly@suptech.com OI Mateu, Jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 55 IS 7 BP 1425 EP 1430 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2007.900212 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 190MN UT WOS:000248063100002 ER PT J AU Gentile, C AF Gentile, Camillo TI Distributed sensor location through linear programming with triangle inequality constraints SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE simplex method; primal-dual method; quadratic programming; semidefinite programming AB The falling price and reduced size of sensors for monitoring spatially-sensitive environmental properties such as temperature, light, sound, and vibration have motivated research in location algorithms in recent years. To our knowledge, the algorithm which achieves the best performance refines erroneous measurements through an optimization program whose quadratic constraints force the sensors to be consistent with the geometry of the physical world. Since the program is non-convex, the authors relax the constraints to render it convex for which efficient solution methods exist. We propose solving a similar optimization program however by applying convex geometrical constraints directly, necessitating no relaxation of the constraints and in turn ensuring a solution still compliant with the physical world. We show through extensive experimentation that ours outperforms the competing algorithm across all network parameters. In addition, this paper formulates a distributed version of our algorithm which achieves the same globally optimal objective function as the centralized version, and reports the messaging overhead for its convergence. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gentile, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM camillo.gentile@nist.gov NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1536-1276 EI 1558-2248 J9 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 6 IS 7 BP 2572 EP 2581 DI 10.1109/TWC.2007.05907 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 189JA UT WOS:000247984000027 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA AF Heintz, Ron A. TI Chronic Exposure to Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natal Habitats Leads to Decreased Equilibrium Size, Growth, and Stability of Pink Salmon Populations SO INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; Population; Density dependence; Salmon; Toxicity AB The immediate and delayed effects of embryonic exposure to low levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been shown to reduce survival to maturity by 50% in exposed pink salmon populations. This suggests that chronically exposed populations could be extirpated over relatively few generations, but the effect of density dependence on extirpation rate is unknown. This study examines the interaction of PAH effects and randomly varying density dependence on a simulated population. The simulation derives from 70 years of observations made on a single pink salmon population and toxicity studies involving a hatchery population in the same watershed. Results from simulations involving exposure of 100% of the population to effects consistent with an aqueous PAH concentration of 18 nL/L indicate an 80% decrease in population productivity and an 11% probability of extinction after 35 generations. In contrast, population growth rate declined by only 5%. Further decreases in survival relative to that of observed PAH effects rapidly increase the probability of extinction. Data from these simulations demonstrate that, at low levels of exposure, density dependence can compensate for reduced population size and buffer the population against extinction. However, if equilibrium size is depressed sufficiently, random environmental variation overcomes the buffering effect of density dependence and extinction probability increases. These data demonstrate that extinction probability and population size are more sensitive measures of population effects than growth rate for wild populations regulated by density dependence. C1 [Heintz, Ron A.] NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ron.heintz@noaa.gov FU Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council [98476] FX This study was completed under funding provided by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (restoration study 98476). Thanks are extended to J. Pella, M. Sigler, and T. Quinn for their guidance in model development. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1551-3777 EI 1551-3793 J9 INTEGR ENVIRON ASSES JI Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 3 IS 3 BP 351 EP 363 DI 10.1002/ieam.5630030306 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA V43WZ UT WOS:000209712800007 PM 17695108 ER PT J AU Magerramov, MA Abdulagatov, AI Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Magerramov, Mikail A. Abdulagatov, Aziz I. Abdulagatov, Ilmutdin M. Azizov, Nazim D. TI Viscosity of tangerine and lemon juices as a function of temperature and concentration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arrhenius equation; capillary viscometer; density; lemon juice; tangerine juice; viscosity ID AQUEOUS-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ORANGE JUICE; APPLE JUICE; FLOW PROPERTIES; B-COEFFICIENTS; FRUIT JUICES; 30 MPA; 573 K; PRESSURES AB Viscosities of two fruit (lemon and tangerine) juices have been measured with a capillary flow technique. Measurements were made in the temperature range from 303 to 393 K. The range of concentration was between 15 and 40 degrees Brix for tangerine juice and between 17 and 45 degrees Brix for the lemon juice. The total uncertainty of viscosity and temperature measurements was estimated to be < 0.5% at low concentrations and up to 1.5% at high concentrations and 0.025 K, respectively. The effect of temperature and concentration on viscosity of tangerine and lemon juices was study. The measured values of the viscosity were used to calculate the temperature, (partial derivative ln eta/partial derivative T)(x), and concentration, (partial derivative ln eta/partial derivative x)(T), coefficients for each juice. The Arrhenius type correlation equations for viscosity were used to represent the temperature dependence of viscosity. The values of the Arrhenius equation parameters (flow activation energy, E-a, and eta(infinity)) were calculated for the measured viscosities of tangerine and lemon juices as a function of concentration. Different theoretical models for the viscosity of fruit juices were stringently tested with new accurate measurements on tangerine and lemon juices. The predictive capability of the various models was studied. The concentration and temperature dependence behavior of the viscosity of tangerine and lemon juices are discussed in light of the various theoretical models for viscosity of fruit juices. The applicability and predictive capability of the models used previously for aqueous solutions to represent the effect of temperature and concentration on viscosity of fruit juices was also studied. New model was developed to represent the combined effect of temperature and concentration on the viscosity of the juices. The average absolute deviation between measured and calculated values from this correlation equation for the viscosity was 0.8% and 2.1% for tangerine and lemon juices, respectively. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Econ Univ, Dept Food Technol, AZ-1001 Baku, Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, AZ-370601 Baku, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 80 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 42 IS 7 BP 804 EP 818 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01286.x PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 180WS UT WOS:000247398700005 ER PT J AU Thomas, JB Sharpless, KE Mitvalsky, S Roman, M Yen, J Satterfield, MB AF Thomas, Jeanice B. Sharpless, Katherine E. Mitvalsky, Staci Roman, Mark Yen, James Satterfield, Mary B. TI Determination of caffeine and caffeine-related metabolites in ephedra-containing standard reference materials using liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID DIETARY-SUPPLEMENTS; ALKALOIDS; STEREOISOMERS AB The concentrations of caffeine and caffeine-related compounds in 2 ephedra-containing reference materials have been determined by 3 independent methods with measurements performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and a collaborating laboratory. Results from the 3 methods were used for value assignment of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in these Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The methods used at NIST to determine the concentration levels of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in SRM 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form and SRM 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder used reversed-phase liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and tandem mass spectrometry. These reference materials are part of the first suite in a series of NIST SRMs that provide concentration values for multiple components in dietary supplements. These SRMs are primarily intended for method validation and for use as control materials to support the analysis of dietary supplements and similar materials. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. K Force, Tampa, FL 33605 USA. Tampa Bay Analyt Res Inc, Largo, FL 33777 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, State Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jbthomas@nist.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INT PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 N FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 90 IS 4 BP 934 EP 940 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 196YT UT WOS:000248520200013 PM 17760330 ER PT J AU Hogrefe, C Hao, W Civerolo, K Ku, JY Sistla, G Gaza, RS Sedefian, L Schere, K Gilliland, A Mathur, R AF Hogrefe, C. Hao, W. Civerolo, K. Ku, J.-Y. Sistla, G. Gaza, R. S. Sedefian, L. Schere, K. Gilliland, A. Mathur, R. TI Daily simulation of ozone and fine particulates over New York State: findings and challenges SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY MULTISCALE AIR; UNITED-STATES; FORECAST SYSTEM; ETA-MODEL; QUALITY; PERFORMANCE; BENCHMARK; URBAN AB This study investigates the potential utility of the application of a photochemical modeling system in providing simultaneous forecasts of ozone (O-3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over New York State. To this end, daily simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for three extended time periods during 2004 and 2005 have been performed, and predictions were compared with observations of ozone and total and speciated PM2.5. Model performance for 8-h daily maximum O-3 was found to be similar to other forecasting systems and to be better than that for the 24-h-averaged total PM2.5. Both pollutants exhibited no seasonal differences in model performance. CMAQ simulations successfully captured the urban-rural and seasonal differences evident in observed total and speciated PM2.5 concentrations. However, total PM2.5 mass was strongly overestimated in the New York City metropolitan area, and further analysis of speciated observations and model predictions showed that most of this overprediction stems from organic aerosols and crustal material. An analysis of hourly speciated data measured in Bronx County, New York, suggests that a combination of uncertainties in vertical mixing, magnitude, and temporal allocation of emissions and deposition processes are all possible contributors to this overprediction in the complex urban area. Categorical evaluation of CMAQ simulations in terms of exceeding two different threshold levels of the air quality index (AQI) again indicates better performance for ozone than PM2.5 and better performance for lower exceedance thresholds. In most regions of New York State, the routine air quality forecasts based on observed concentrations and expert judgment show slightly better agreement with the observed distributions of AQI categories than do CMAQ simulations. However, CMAQ shows skill similar to these routine forecasts in terms of capturing the AQI tendency, that is, in predicting changes in air quality conditions. Overall, the results presented in this study reveal that additional research and development is needed to improve CMAQ simulations of PM2.5 concentrations over New York State, especially for the New York City metropolitan area. On the other hand, because CMAQ simulations capture urban-rural concentration gradients and day-to-day fluctuations in observed air quality despite systematic overpredictions in some areas, it would be useful to develop tools that combine CMAQ's predictive capability in terms of spatial concentration gradients and AQI tendencies with real-time observations of ambient pollutant levels to generate forecasts with higher temporal and spatial resolutions ( e. g., county level) than those of techniques based exclusively on monitoring data. C1 SUNY Albany, Bur Air Qual Anal & Res, New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY 12233 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hogrefe, C (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Bur Air Qual Anal & Res, New York State Dept Environm Conservat, 625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233 USA. EM chogrefe@dec.state.ny.us OI Civerolo, Kevin/0000-0003-1536-2664 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 46 IS 7 BP 961 EP 979 DI 10.1175/JAM2520.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 198WB UT WOS:000248657100002 ER PT J AU Irwin, JS Petersen, WB Howard, SC AF Irwin, John S. Petersen, William B. Howard, Steven C. TI Probabilistic characterization of atmospheric transport and diffusion SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; PDF MICROMIXING MODEL; CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; PLUME DISPERSION; QUALITY; UNCERTAINTY; TURBULENCE; TRAJECTORIES; SIMULATION; FLOW AB The observed scatter of observations about air quality model predictions stems from a combination of naturally occurring stochastic variations that are impossible for any model to simulate explicitly and variations arising from limitations in knowledge and from imperfect input data. In this paper, historical tracer experiments of atmospheric dispersion were analyzed to develop algorithms to characterize the observed stochastic variability in the ground-level crosswind concentration profile. The algorithms were incorporated into a Lagrangian puff model ("INPUFF") so that the consequences of variability in the dispersion could be simulated using Monte Carlo methods. The variability in the plume trajectory was investigated in a preliminary sense by tracking the divergence in trajectories from releases adjacent to the actual release location. The variability in the near-centerline concentration values not described by the Gaussian crosswind profile was determined to be on the order of a factor of 2. The variability in the trajectory was determined as likely to be larger than the plume width, even with local wind observations for use in characterizing the transport. Two examples are provided to illustrate how estimates of variability 1) can provide useful information to inform decisions for emergency response and 2) can provide a basis for sound statistical designs for model performance assessments. C1 John S Irwin & Associates, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Irwin, JS (reprint author), 1900 Pony Run Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. EM jsirwinetal@nc.rr.com NR 35 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 46 IS 7 BP 980 EP 993 DI 10.1175/JAM2515.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 198WB UT WOS:000248657100003 ER PT J AU Gego, E Porter, PS Gilliland, A Rao, ST AF Gego, Edith Porter, P. Steven Gilliland, Alice Rao, S. Trivikrama TI Observation-based assessment of the impact of nitrogen oxides emissions reductions on ozone air quality over the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; TIME SCALES; TRENDS; VARIABILITY AB Ozone is produced by chemical interactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. At high concentrations, ground-level ozone has been shown to be harmful to human health and to the environment. It has been recognized that ozone is a regional-scale problem and that regionwide control strategies would be needed to improve ozone air quality in the eastern United States. To mitigate interstate transport of ozone and its precursors, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a regional rule in 1998 known as the "NOx State Implementation Plan (SIP) Call," requiring 21 states in the eastern United States to reduce their summertime NOx emissions by 30 May 2004. In this paper, the effectiveness of the new emission control measures mandated by the NOx SIP Call is assessed by quantifying the changes that occurred in the daily maximum 8-h ozone concentrations measured at nearly 50 locations, most of which are rural (33 sites of the Clean Air Status and Trend Network and 16 sites of the Air Quality System), over the eastern United States. Given the strong dependence of ozone formation and accumulation on meteorological conditions, the incidence of the latter is first mitigated, and meteorologically adjusted ozone concentrations are extracted using a multiple regression technique. By examining the differences between the cumulative distribution functions of the meteorologically adjusted ozone concentrations, it is shown that ozone concentrations in the eastern United States are now on average 13% less than those prior to the NOx SIP Call. Using back-trajectory analyses, it is also shown that emission controls on the electricity-generating units located in the Ohio River Valley have contributed toward the improvement of ozone air quality in downwind regions, especially east and northeast of the Ohio River Valley. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID USA. RP Rao, ST (reprint author), US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Dr,Room E-204D,MD E243-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rao.st@epa.gov NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 46 IS 7 BP 994 EP 1008 DI 10.1175/JAM2523.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 198WB UT WOS:000248657100004 ER PT J AU Root, B Knight, P Young, G Greybush, S Grumm, R Holmes, R Ross, J AF Root, Benjamin Knight, Paul Young, George Greybush, Steven Grumm, Richard Holmes, Ron Ross, Jeremy TI A fingerprinting technique for major weather events SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-WAVE; REANALYSIS; ANOMALIES AB Advances in numerical weather prediction have occurred on numerous fronts, from sophisticated physics packages in the latest mesoscale models to multimodel ensembles of medium-range predictions. Thus, the skill of numerical weather forecasts continues to increase. Statistical techniques have further increased the utility of these predictions. The availability of large atmospheric datasets and faster computers has made pattern recognition of major weather events a feasible means of statistically enhancing the value of numerical forecasts. This paper examines the utility of pattern recognition in assisting the prediction of severe and major weather in the Middle Atlantic region. An important innovation in this work is that the analog technique is applied to NWP forecast maps as a pattern-recognition tool rather than to analysis maps as a forecast tool. A technique is described that employs a new clustering algorithm to objectively identify the anomaly patterns or "fingerprints" associated with past events. The potential refinement and applicability of this method as an operational forecasting tool employed by comparing numerical weather prediction forecasts with fingerprints already identified for major weather events are also discussed. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Weather Serv, State Coll, PA USA. ZedX Inc, Bellefonte, PA USA. RP Knight, P (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM pgk2@psu.edu NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 46 IS 7 BP 1053 EP 1066 DI 10.1175/JAM2509.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 198WB UT WOS:000248657100008 ER PT J AU Bachmann, S Zrnic, D AF Bachmann, Svetlana Zrnic, Dusan TI Spectral density of polarimetric variables separating biological scatterers in the VAD display SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER-RADAR; INSECTS; BIRDS AB Echoes in clear air from two types of biological scatterers mixed within the resolution volumes over a large region, observed with S-band dual polarization radar, are presented. This case occurred in the evening of 7 September 2004, at the beginning of the fall migrating season of song birds (passerines). Polarimetric spectral analyses are used for distinguishing birds and insects in multimodal spectra. Spatial continuity of spectral peaks shows clear separation of insect (wind) speeds from bird speeds. Spectral densities of polarimetric variables exhibit vastly different values at speeds corresponding to insects than from those of birds, allowing the separation of the two scatterer types. Therefore, the statistics of the intrinsic polarimetric variables computed from spectral densities are unbiased and closer to the ensemble statistics of the echo type than the ones obtained with standard processing techniques. A novel display of the spectral densities versus azimuth, termed spectral velocity-azimuth display (SVAD), is constructed for easier viewing and interpretation of the velocity field. Analyses of the SVADs reveal the mean velocities and the directions of the two types of scatterers. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Bachmann, S (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Svetlana.Bachmann@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1186 EP 1198 DI 10.1175/JTECH2043.1 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197KE UT WOS:000248553100002 ER PT J AU Kollias, P Clothiaux, EE Miller, MA Luke, EP Johnson, KL Moran, KP Widener, KB Albrecht, BA AF Kollias, Pavlos Clothiaux, Eugene E. Miller, Mark A. Luke, Edward P. Johnson, Karen L. Moran, Kenneth P. Widener, Kevin B. Albrecht, Bruce A. TI The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program cloud profiling radars: Second-generation sampling strategies, processing, and cloud data products SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; VERTICAL AIR VELOCITIES; DOPPLER RADAR; OBJECTIVE DETERMINATION; COMPLEMENTARY CODE; SPECTRA; RAIN; MIE AB The U. S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates millimeter-wavelength cloud radars in several climatologically distinct regions. The digital signal processors for these radars were recently upgraded and allow for enhancements in the operational parameters running on them. Recent evaluations of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar signal processing performance relative to the range of cloud dynamical and microphysical conditions encountered at the ARM Program sites have indicated that improvements are necessary, including significant improvement in temporal resolution (i. e., less than 1 s for dwell and 2 s for dwell and processing), wider Nyquist velocities, operational dealiasing of the recorded spectra, removal of pulse compression while sampling the boundary layer, and continuous recording of Doppler spectra. A new set of millimeter- wavelength cloud radar operational modes that incorporate these enhancements is presented. A significant change in radar sampling is the introduction of an uneven mode sequence with 50% of the sampling time dedicated to the lower atmosphere, allowing for detailed characterization of boundary layer clouds. The changes in the operational modes have a substantial impact on the postprocessing algorithms that are used to extract cloud information from the radar data. New methods for postprocessing of recorded Doppler spectra are presented that result in more accurate identification of radar clutter (e. g., insects) and extraction of turbulence and microphysical information. Results of recent studies on the error characteristics of derived Doppler moments are included so that uncertainty estimates are now included with the moments. The microscale data product based on the increased temporal resolution of the millimeter- wavelength cloud radars is described. It contains the number of local maxima in each Doppler spectrum, the Doppler moments of the primary peak, uncertainty estimates for the Doppler moments of the primary peak, Doppler moment shape parameters (e. g., skewness and kurtosis), and clear- air clutter flags. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci Div, Upton, NY USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Phys Sci Div, Boulder, CO USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Miami Univ, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Kollias, P (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 805 Sherbrooke St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. EM pavlos.kollias@mcgill.ca NR 32 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1199 EP 1214 DI 10.1175/JTECH2033.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197KE UT WOS:000248553100003 ER PT J AU Martin, WJ Shapiro, A AF Martin, William J. Shapiro, Alan TI Discrimination of bird and insect radar echoes in clear air using high-resolution radars SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WIND PROFILER DATA; MIGRATING BIRDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DOPPLER RADAR; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; WSR-88D; CONTAMINATION; SCATTERING; WEATHER AB The source of clear-air reflectivity from operational and research meteorological radars has been a subject of much debate and study over the entire history of radar meteorology. Recent studies have suggested that bird migrations routinely contaminate wind profiles obtained at night, while historical studies have suggested insects as the main source of such nocturnal clear-air echoes. This study analyzes two cases of nocturnal clear-air return using data from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR88D) and X- and W-band research radars. The research radars have sufficient resolution to resolve the echo as point targets in some cases. By examining the radar cross section of the resolved point targets, and by determining the target density, it is found for both cases of nocturnal clear- air echoes that the targets are almost certainly insects. The analysis of the dependence of the echo strength on radar wavelength also supports this conclusion. C1 Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Natl Weather Ctr, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Martin, WJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Suite 2500,120 Davids L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM wjmartin@ou.edu RI Shapiro, Alan/G-6116-2011 NR 60 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1215 EP 1230 DI 10.1175/JTECH2038.1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197KE UT WOS:000248553100004 ER PT J AU Ryzhkov, AV Zrnic, DS AF Ryzhkov, Alexander V. Zrnic, Dusan S. TI Depolarization in ice crystals and its effect on radar polarimetric measurements SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORRELATION-COEFFICIENTS; COVARIANCE-MATRIX; PRECIPITATION; THUNDERSTORMS; PARTICLES AB Simultaneous transmission and reception of horizontally and vertically polarized waves is a preferable choice technique for dual-polarization weather radar. One of the consequences of such a choice is possible cross-coupling between orthogonally polarized waves. Cross-coupling depends on depolarizing properties of propagation media, and it is usually negligible in rain because the net mean canting angle of raindrops is close to zero. Snow crystals at the tops of thunderstorm clouds are often canted in the presence of strong electric fields and produce noticeable cross-coupling between radar signals at horizontal and vertical polarizations if both signals are transmitted and received simultaneously. As a result, peculiar-looking radial signatures of differential reflectivity ZDR and differential phase Phi(DP) are commonly observed in the crystal regions of thunderstorms. The paper presents examples of strong depolarization in oriented crystals from the data collected by the polarimetric prototype of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and a theoretical model that explains the results of measurements. It is shown that the sign and magnitude of the ZDR and Phi(DP) signatures strongly depend on the orientation of crystals and a system differential phase on transmission. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NOAA, OARNatl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Ryzhkov, AV (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, NSSL, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM Alexander.Ryzhkov@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1256 EP 1267 DI 10.1175/JTECH2034.1 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 197KE UT WOS:000248553100007 ER PT J AU Huang, CS Sazykin, S Chau, JL Maruyama, N Kelley, MC AF Huang, Chao-Song Sazykin, Stanislav Chau, Jorge L. Maruyama, Naomi Kelley, Michael C. TI Penetration electric fields: Efficiency and characteristic time scale SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Penetration Electric Fields and Their Effects in the Inner Magnetosphere and Ionosphere CY NOV 07-09, 2005 CL MIT Haystack Observ, Westford, MA HO MIT Haystack Observ DE interplanetary electric field; penetration electric field; equatorial ionosphere; penetration efficiency; shielding; magnetic storms ID MAGNETICALLY DISTURBED CONDITIONS; LOW-LATITUDE; MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION; IONOSPHERE; MODEL; PLASMA; STORM; PROPAGATION; SUBSTORMS; EQUATOR AB Penetration of the interplanetary electric field (IEF) to the middle- and low-latitude ionosphere has been investigated for nearly four decades. Most previous studies focused on the correlation between the interplanetary and ionospheric electric field perturbations. Very little attention has been paid to a quantitative relationship except for a recent case analysis by Kelley et al. [2003. Penetration of the solar wind electric field into the magnetosphere/ionosphere system. Geophysical Research Letters 30(4), 1158. doi:10.1029/2002GL016321]. In this paper, we present a statistical result of the efficiency of IEF penetration to the dayside equatorial ionosphere; the efficiency is defined as the ratio of the change of the equatorial ionospheric electric field to the change of the IEF. The Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar has made continuous operation with a coherent scatter mode since 2001, and the radar data of equatorial ionospheric electric fields are used in our statistics. On the basis of data statistics, we derive an empirical value of 9.6% for the efficiency of penetration. We apply this empirical formula to the observations and numerical simulations of storm-time penetration electric fields over a prolonged interval of southward interplanetary magnetic field. The prediction of the formula is in good agreement with case studies and with results from first-principle simulations of the coupled magneto sphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system. We conclude that the IEF can continuously penetrate to the low-latitude ionosphere without significant attenuation for many hours during the main phase of magnetic storms. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima 130207, Peru. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Huang, CS (reprint author), MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. EM cshuang@haystack.mit.edu RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013; Sazykin, Stanislav/C-3775-2008 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892; Sazykin, Stanislav/0000-0002-9401-4248 NR 40 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 69 IS 10-11 BP 1135 EP 1146 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.016 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202HR UT WOS:000248893100004 ER PT J AU Anghel, A Anderson, D Maruyama, N Chau, J Yumoto, K Bhattacharyya, A Alex, S AF Anghel, Adela Anderson, David Maruyama, Naomi Chau, Jorge Yumoto, Kivo Bhattacharyya, Archana Alex, S. TI Interplanetary electric fields and their relationship to low-latitude electric fields under disturbed conditions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Penetration Electric Fields and Their Effects in the Inner Magnetosphere and Ionosphere CY NOV 07-09, 2005 CL MIT Haystack Observ, Westford, MA HO MIT Haystack Observ DE low-latitude electric fields; interplanetary electric fields; neural networks ID MAGNETOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; MAGNETOMETER OBSERVATIONS; DRIFT VELOCITIES; EQUATORIAL; MODEL; REGION AB Recent studies have demonstrated that ground-based magnetometer observations can be used to infer realistic, daytime vertical E x B drift velocities in the Peruvian and Philippine longitude sectors. it has also been demonstrated that under certain conditions the time variability in the interplanetary electric field (IEF)-minutes to hours-is reflected in the daytime, prompt penetration of high-latitude electric fields to low latitudes. In this paper, we incorporate magnetometer-inferred E x B drift techniques to extend this study to include the Indian sector E x B drift velocities and to investigate the relationships between IEF conditions and daytime, low-latitude electric field observations under both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions. This paper addresses several basic questions related to the relationships between IEF conditions and low-latitude east-west electric fields. (1) When low-latitude electric fields exhibit quiet-time, Sq-type behavior, what are the IEF conditions? (2) Under disturbed conditions, what are the relationships between the IEF parameters and the low-latitude electric fields in the Peruvian, Philippine, and Indian longitude sectors? (3) If the three longitude sector electric field responses are similar under disturbed conditions, is the response consistent with the current ideas put forward at the Millstone Hill Workshop on promptly penetrating electric fields and over-shielding effects at low latitudes? We address the above questions by analyzing magnetometer-inferred E x B drift velocities between January 2001 and December 2004 when there exists more than 500 quiet days and more than 235 geomagnetically disturbed days, defined by daily Ap values greater than 20. It is suggested that the neural network approach that provides realistic E x B drift velocities based on magnetometer observations can be applied at any longitude where appropriately placed magnetometers exist. It is found that: (1) the average quiet, daytime upward E x B drift velocity vs. LT in the Indian sector is comparable to the average velocity vs. LT in the Peruvian sector and both are roughly 3-5 m/s less than the values in the Philippine sector; (2) under quiet conditions, the peak velocity occurs at 1100 LT in the Peruvian sector and at 1000 both the Philippine and Indian sectors; and (3) during disturbed conditions, it is observed that daytime, promptly penetrating electric fields occur, simultaneously, in the Philippine, Indian and Peruvian sectors, in response to fluctuating IEF conditions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Predict Natl Weather Serv, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Kyushu Univ, Space Environm Res Ctr, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Anghel, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Predict Natl Weather Serv, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Adela.Anghel@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 69 IS 10-11 BP 1147 EP 1159 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.018 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202HR UT WOS:000248893100005 ER PT J AU Nieolls, MJ Kelley, MC Chau, JL Veliz, O Anderson, D Anghel, A AF Nieolls, Michael J. Kelley, Michael C. Chau, Jorge L. Veliz, Oscar Anderson, David Anghel, Adela TI The spectral properties of low latitude daytime electric fields inferred from magnetometer observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Penetration Electric Fields and Their Effects in the Inner Magnetosphere and Ionosphere CY NOV 07-09, 2005 CL MIT Haystack Observ, Westford, MA HO MIT Haystack Observ DE ionosphere; electric fields; solar wind; magnetometers; magnetic storms ID VERTICAL PLASMA DRIFTS; DISTURBANCE DYNAMO; DIRECT PENETRATION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; POWER SPECTRA; REGION; STORM; IONOSPHERE; EQUATOR; MODEL AB Four years of magnetometer data from two locations in Peru, one at the equator and one off the equator, have been converted to electric fields and their frequency characteristics (fluctuation spectra) examined. In the frequency range from 0.1 to 30 cycles per hour, the average spectrum monotonically decreases. However, it deviates from a power law in the range 0.3-3 cycles per hour especially for high levels of activity. The integrated power above 0.15 cycles per hour is a strong function of K-p indicating that much of the fluctuations in the ionospheric equatorial field are of solar wind or magnetospheric origin. This result is in agreement with a previous power spectral study of low, middle, and high latitude fields using radars. The observed field strengths are lower than the ones observed in a previous study using balloon data at middle and high latitudes when the fields are projected to the equatorial plane. Simultaneous interplanetary electric field (IEF) data are compared to the equatorial field to determine how strong a relationship exists and to determine the amplitude and phase of their ratio as a function of frequency-an estimate of the average transfer function of the system. This function displays a bandpass-like form with a peak near 0.5 cycles per hour. This peak and evidence for a ringing of the time domain response suggests a weakly resonant system indicating some capacitance in addition to the inductance of the ring current and the resistance of the ionosphere. Case studies show that application of this function to IEF data yields good results and supports the notion that the response of the equatorial field to long-duration IEF polarities can last for many hours. Application of the function to test inputs such as pulses and triangle waves support this result. At high frequencies, we suggest that mapping of small-scale MHD turbulence is less effective than high frequency related transitions in the IEF. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima 130206, Peru. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nieolls, MJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, 303 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM mjn25@cornell.edu RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013; Nicolls, Michael/N-8680-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892; Nicolls, Michael/0000-0001-8267-6327 NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 69 IS 10-11 BP 1160 EP 1173 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.015 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202HR UT WOS:000248893100006 ER PT J AU Kelley, MC Nieolls, MJ Anderson, D Anghel, A Chau, JL Sekar, R Subbarao, KSV Bhattacharyya, A AF Kelley, M. C. Nieolls, M. J. Anderson, D. Anghel, A. Chau, J. L. Sekar, R. Subbarao, K. S. V. Bhattacharyya, A. TI Multi-longitude case studies comparing the interplanetary and equatorial ionospheric electric fields using an empirical model SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Penetration Electric Fields and Their Effects in the Inner Magnetosphere and Ionosphere CY NOV 07-09, 2005 CL MIT Haystack Observ, Westford, MA HO MIT Haystack Observ DE middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry; equatorial ionosphere; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; turbulence ID DRIFT VELOCITIES; F-REGION; MAGNETOMETER OBSERVATIONS; RADAR AB Electric fields have been determined at three longitudes corresponding to Peru, India, and the Philippines. We compare these fields to applying a frequency-dependent linear transfer function (TF) to the dawn-to-dusk component of the interplanetary electric field (IEF). The TF is based on four years of simultaneous observations of the IEF and equatorial data. The model gives good results for the prompt penetrating electric field (PPE) in the case of an oscillatory IEF with a period in the 1-2 h range, when the interplanetary magnetic field remains southward for a long period and, to a lesser extent, when the IEF can be described as a square wave. There is evidence that a disturbance dynamo (DD) effect contributes on the dayside, where it leads to suppression of the normal quiet time pattern. A very strong counter-electrojet was seen at two locations during a time of persistent B. south and was not predicted by the model or a linear scaling of the IEF. This suggests that suppression (and even reversal) of the E-region dynamo can occur in a large storm. Both the data and the model yielded a long-lived response to a sustained southward interplanetary magnetic field. Previously suggested B, effects on equatorial electric fields are confirmed by a sequence of three distinct spikes in the B, component of the IMF, one of which had no associated B-2 change and yet was reproduced by two independent ground magnetometer-based electric field determinations. The sometimes remarkable agreement of a linear relationship between the equatorial and interplanetary electric fields shown here and elsewhere remains somewhat mysterious for such an apparently complex system. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima 3, Peru. Phys Res Lab, Planetary Atmosphere & Aeron Div, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. Vikram Sarabhai Space Ctr, Space Phys Lab, Trivandrum 695022, Kerala, India. Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai 410218, India. RP Kelley, MC (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, 320 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM mikek@ece.cornell.edu RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013; Nicolls, Michael/N-8680-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892; Nicolls, Michael/0000-0001-8267-6327 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 69 IS 10-11 BP 1174 EP 1181 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.014 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202HR UT WOS:000248893100007 ER PT J AU Maruyama, N Sazykin, S Spiro, RW Anderson, D Anghel, A Wolf, RA Toffoletto, FR Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Richmond, AD Millward, GH AF Maruyama, Naomi Sazykin, Stanislav Spiro, Robert W. Anderson, David Anghel, Adela Wolf, Richard A. Toffoletto, Frank R. Fuller-Rowell, Timothy J. Codrescu, Miliall V. Richmond, Arthur D. Millward, George H. TI Modeling storm-time electrodynamics of the low-latitude ionosphere-thermo sphere system: Can long lasting disturbance electric fields be accounted for? SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Penetration Electric Fields and Their Effects in the Inner Magnetosphere and Ionosphere CY NOV 07-09, 2005 CL MIT Haystack Observ, Westford, MA HO MIT Haystack Observ DE magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling; ionospheric electrodynamics; low-latitude ionosphere; penetration electric fields; disturbance dynamo electric fields; numerical modeling ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; RICE CONVECTION MODEL; EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE; DEPENDENT MODEL; MAGNETIC STORM; MAGNETOSPHERE; PENETRATION; PLASMA; DYNAMO; REGION AB Storm-time ionospheric disturbance electric fields are studied for two large geomagnetic storms, March 31, 2001 and April 17-18, 2002, by comparing low-latitude observations of ionospheric plasma drifts with results from numerical simulations based on a combination of first-principles models. The simulation machinery combines the Rice convection model (RCM), used to calculate inner magnetospheric electric fields, and the coupled thermosphere ionosphere plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) model, driven, in part, by RCM-computed electric fields. Comparison of model results with measured or estimated low-latitude vertical drift velocities (zonal electric fields) shows that the coupled model is capable of reproducing measurements under a variety of conditions. In particular, our model results suggest, from theoretical grounds, a possibility of long-lasting penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to low latitudes during prolonged periods of enhanced convection associated with southward-directed interplanetary magnetic field, although the model probably overestimates the magnitude and duration of such penetration during extremely disturbed conditions. During periods of moderate disturbance, we found surprisingly good overall agreement between model predictions and data, with penetration electric fields accounting for early main phase changes and oscillations in low-latitude vertical drift, while the disturbance dynamo mechanism becomes increasingly important later in the modeled events. Discrepancies between the model results and the observations indicate some of the difficulties in validating these combined numerical models, and the limitations of the available experimental data. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cologne, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, D-5000 Cologne 41, Germany. Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, Natl Ctr Environment Predist Natl Weather Serv, Space Environm Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Atmospher Phys Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Maruyama, N (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, D-5000 Cologne 41, Germany. EM naomi.maruyama@noaa.gov; sazykin@rice.edu; richmond@ucar.edu; g.millward@ucl.ac.uk RI Sazykin, Stanislav/C-3775-2008; OI Sazykin, Stanislav/0000-0002-9401-4248; Richmond, Arthur/0000-0002-6708-1023 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 69 IS 10-11 BP 1182 EP 1199 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.020 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 202HR UT WOS:000248893100008 ER PT J AU Hermann, I Bhowmick, S Lawn, BR AF Hermann, Ilja Bhowmick, Sanjit Lawn, Brian R. TI Role of core support material in veneer failure of brittle layer structures SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cone cracks; alumina; zirconia; dental crowns; cyclic fatigue; slow crack growth; residual stress ID COMPETING FRACTURE MODES; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; MATERIALS SUBJECT; CERAMICS; DAMAGE; INTERLAYER; TRILAYERS; STRESSES; CONTACT; SPHERES AB A study is made of veneer failure by cracking in all-ceramic crown-like layer structures. Model trilayers consisting of a I mm thick external glass layer (veneer)joined to a 0.5 mm thick inner stiff and hard ceramic support layer (core) by epoxy bonding or by fusion are fabricated for testing. The resulting bilayers are then glued to a thick compliant polycarbonate slab to simulate a dentin base. The specimens are subjected to cyclic contact (occlusal) loading with spherical indenters in an aqueous environment. Video cameras are used to record the fracture evolution in the transparent glass layer in situ during testing. The dominant failure mode is cone cracking in the glass veneer by traditional outer (Hertzian) cone cracks at higher contact loads and by inner (hydraulically pumped) cone cracks at lower loads. Failure is deemed to occur when one of these cracks reaches the veneer/core interface. The advantages and disadvantages of the alumina and zirconia core materials are discussed in terms of mechanical properties-strength and toughness, as well as stiffness. Consideration is also given to the roles of interface strength and residual thermal expansion mismatch stresses in relation to the different joining methods. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Brian.lawn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1552-4973 EI 1552-4981 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 82B IS 1 BP 115 EP 121 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30712 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 184AD UT WOS:000247612600016 PM 17078086 ER PT J AU Quinn, TR Oreskovic, TL Landis, FA Washburn, NR AF Quinn, T. R. Oreskovic, T. L. Landis, F. A. Washburn, N. R. TI Material model measurements and predictions for a random pore poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffold SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium/41st Interntional ISA Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation Symposium CY APR 23-25, 2004 CL Ft Collins, CO SP Instrumentat Syst & Automat Soc DE tissue engineering; scaffold; PCL; mechanical properties; hyperbolic model ID ENGINEERED BONE-GRAFTS; CALVARIAL DEFECTS; IN-VIVO; TISSUE; ARCHITECTURES; POLYMERS; IMPLANTS; REPAIR AB We investigated material models for a polymeric scaffold used for bone. The material was made by co-extruding poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), a biodegradable polyester, and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The water soluble PEO was removed resulting in a porous scaffold. The stress-strain curve in compression was fit with a phenomenological model in hyperbolic form. This material model will be useful for designers for quasi-static analysis as it provides a simple form that can easily be used in finite element models. The ASTM D-621 standard recommends using a secant modulus based on 10% strain. The resulting modulus has a smaller scatter in its value compared with the coefficients of the hyperbolic model, and it is therefore easier to compare differences in material processing and ensure quality of the scaffold. A prediction of the small-strain elastic modulus was constructed from images of the microstructure. Each pixel of the micrographs was represented with a brick finite element and assigned the Young's modulus of bulk PCL or a value of 0 for a pore. A compressive strain was imposed on the model and the resulting stresses were calculated. The elastic constants of the scaffold were then computed with Hooke's law for a linear-elastic isotropic material. The model was able to predict the small-strain elastic modulus measured in the experiments to within one standard deviation. Thus, by knowing the microstructure of the scaffold, its bulk properties can be predicted from the material properties of the constituents. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Quinn, TR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM quinn@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 82B IS 1 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30722 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 184AD UT WOS:000247612600026 PM 17106897 ER PT J AU Bhowmick, S Melendez-Martinez, JJ Hermann, I Zhang, Y Lawn, BR AF Bhowmick, Sanjit Melendez-Martinez, Juan Jose Hermann, Ilja Zhang, Yu Lawn, Brian R. TI Role of indenter material and size in veneer failure of brittle layer structures SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cone cracks; dental crowns; cyclic fatigue; indenter size; indenter material ID COMPETING FRACTURE MODES; PUMPED CONE FRACTURE; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; HERTZIAN FRACTURE; MATERIALS SUBJECT; CERAMICS AB The roles of indenter material and size in the failure of brittle veneer layers in all-ceramic crown-like structures are studied. Glass veneer layers 1 mm thick bonded to alumina layers 0.5 mm thick on polycarbonate bases (representative of porcelain/ceramic-core/dentin) are subject to cyclic contact loading with spherical indenters in water (representative of occlusal biting environment). Two indenter materials-glass and tungsten carbide-and three indenter radii-1.6, 5.0, and 12.5 mm-are investigated in the tests. A video camera is used to follow the near-contact initiation and subsequent downward propagation of cone cracks through the veneer layer to the core interface, at which point the specimen is considered to have failed. Both indenter material and indenter radius have some effect on the critical loads to initiate cracks within the local Hertzian contact field, but the influence of modulus is weaker. The critical loads to take the veneer to failure are relatively insensitive to either of these indenter variables, since the bulk of the cone crack propagation takes place in the contact far field. Clinical implications of the results are considered, including the issue of single-cycle overload versus low-load cyclic fatigue and changes in fracture mode with loading conditions. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Melendez, Juan Jose/A-6524-2013 OI Melendez, Juan Jose/0000-0003-1036-6666 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1552-4973 EI 1552-4981 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 82B IS 1 BP 253 EP 259 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30728 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 184AD UT WOS:000247612600032 PM 17183566 ER PT J AU Do, CT Bentz, DP Stutzman, PE AF Do, Chi T. Bentz, Dale P. Stutzman, Paul E. TI Microstructure and thermal conductivity of hydrated calcium silicate board materials SO JOURNAL OF BUILDING PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE building technology; microstructure; porosity; radiation; thermal; conductivity AB The thermal conductivity of a porous material is controlled by the thermal conductivities of its components and their spatial arrangement within the composite structure, e.g., the material's microstructure. In this study, the relationships between thermal conductivity and microstructural parameters, such as porosity and pore size are examined for two calcium silicate boards of different densities. Thermal conductivities are measured from room temperature to 400 degrees C using a transient plane source technique, for both the as-received boards and for a corresponding set of boards that were first heated to and held at 1000 degrees C for at least 4 It. Microstructure is characterized by the measurement of the boards' bulk and powder densities and an assessment of pore size based on scanning electron microscopy. The experimentally measured thermal conductivities are then compared to those predicted by three previously presented theories for porous materials. A better agreement is observed between the experimental values and two of the three theories. Aging the boards at 1000 degrees C has a small but significant effect on thermal conductivity, decreasing the room temperature values but increasing the 400 degrees C ones. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.bentz@nist.gov NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1744-2591 J9 J BUILD PHYS JI J. Build Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 31 IS 1 BP 55 EP 67 DI 10.1177/1744259107079020 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA 194EG UT WOS:000248326500004 ER PT J AU Dong, Q Muzny, CD Kazakov, A Diky, V Magee, JW Widegren, JA Chirico, RD Marsh, KN Frenkel, M AF Dong, Qian Muzny, Chris D. Kazakov, Andrei Diky, Vladimir Magee, Joseph W. Widegren, Jason A. Chirico, Robert D. Marsh, Kenneth N. Frenkel, Michael TI ILThermo: A free-access web database for thermodynamic properties of ionic liquids SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Review AB The development, scope, and functionality of the Web-based ionic liquids database, ILThermo, are described. The database is available free to the public and aims to provide users worldwide with up to date information from publications of experimental thermophysical properties for ionic liquids, including numerical property values, measurement methods, sample purities, purification methods, and uncertainties. The database can be searched in terms of the ions constituting the ionic liquids, the ionic liquids themselves, and their properties and through literature citation information. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. EM chirico@boulder.nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 9 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 52 IS 4 BP 1151 EP 1159 DI 10.1021/je700171f PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 189CO UT WOS:000247966800001 ER PT J AU Tims, MC Batista, C AF Tims, Michael C. Batista, Charisma TI Effects of root isoquinoline alkaloids from Hydrastis canadensis on Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Hydrastis root tissue SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrastis; goldenseal; Fusarium; F. oxysporum; F. solani; F. commune; endophyte; isoquinoline alkaloid; rhizosphere; chemical ecology ID QUINIC ACID; BERBERINE AB Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) is a popular medicinal plant distributed widely in North America. The rhizome, rootlets, and root hairs produce medicinally active alkaloids. Berberine, one of the Hydrastis alkaloids, has shown antifungal activity. The influence of a combination of the major Hydrastis alkaloids on the plant rhizosphere fungal ecology has not been investigated. A bioassay was developed to study the effect of goldenseal isoquinoline alkaloids on three Fusarium isolates, including the two species isolated from Hydrastis rhizosphere. The findings suggest that the Hydrastis root extract influences macroconidia germination, but that only the combined alkaloids-berberine, canadine, and hydrastine-appear to synergistically stimulate production of the mycotoxin zearalenone in the Fusarium oxysporum isolate. The Hydrastis root rhizosphere effect provided a selective advantage to the Fusarium isolates closely associated with the root tissue in comparison with the Fusarium isolate that had never been exposed to Hydrastis. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, F Edward Hebert Sch Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Tims, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.tims@nist.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1449 EP 1455 DI 10.1007/s10886-007-9319-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 186NO UT WOS:000247785600015 PM 17549565 ER PT J AU Diky, V Muzny, CD Lemmon, EW Chirico, RD Frenkel, M AF Diky, Vladimir Muzny, Chris D. Lemmon, Eric W. Chirico, Robert D. Frenkel, Michael TI ThermoData Engine (TDE): Software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept. 2. Equations of state on demand and dynamic updates over the Web SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING LA English DT Article ID THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA; PERTURBED-CHAIN SAFT; TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS; DATA COMPILATIONS; POLAR FLUIDS; NONPOLAR; STORAGE AB ThermoData Engine (TDE) is the first full-scale software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept, as reported recently in this journal. The present paper describes two major software enhancements to TDE: (1) generation of equation of state (EOS) representations on demand and (2) establishment of a dynamically updated experimental data resource for use in the critical evaluation process. Four EOS formulations have been implemented in TDE for on-demand evaluation: the volume translated Peng-Robinson, modified Sanchez-Lacombe, PC-SAFT, and Span Wagner EOS. The equations are fully described with their general application. The class structure of the program is described with particular emphasis on special features required to implement an equation, such as an EOS, that represents multiple properties simultaneously. Full implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept requires that evaluations be based on an up-to-date "body of knowledge" or, in the case of TDE, an up-to-date collection of experimental results. A method to provide updates through the World Wide Web is described that meets the challenges of maintenance of data integrity with full traceability. Directions for future enhancements are outlined. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 35 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9596 J9 J CHEM INF MODEL JI J. Chem Inf. Model. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1713 EP 1725 DI 10.1021/ci700071t PG 13 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 192HQ UT WOS:000248192200042 PM 17518462 ER PT J AU Todorova, NA Schwarz, FP AF Todorova, Niya A. Schwarz, Frederick P. TI The role of water in the thermodynamics of drug binding to cyclodextrin SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE cyclodextrin; drug-binding; isothermal titration calorimetry; thermodynamics; water ID LIGAND-BINDING; ENTROPY; ENTHALPY; PROTEINS; DESIGN; ENERGY AB The thermodynamic parameters, Delta(B)G degrees, Delta H-B degrees, Delta S-B degrees, and Delta C-B(p), of the drugs flurbiprofen (FLP), nabumetone (NAB), and naproxen (NPX) binding to beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD) and to gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma CD) in 0.10 M sodium phosphate buffer were determined from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements over the temperature range from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The heat capacity changes for the binding reactions ranged from -(362 +/- 48) J center dot mol(-1) center dot K-1 for FLP and -(238 +/- 90) J center dot mol(-1) center dot K-1 for NAB binding in the beta CD cavity to 0 for FLP and -(25.1 +/- 9.2) J center dot mol(-1) center dot K-1 for NPX binding in the larger gamma CD cavity, implying that the structure of water is reorganized in the beta CD binding reactions but not reorganized in the gamma CD binding reactions. Comparison of the fluorescence enhancements of FLP and NAB upon transferring from the aqueous buffer to isopropanol with the maximum fluorescence enhancements observed for their beta CD binding reactions indicated that some localized water was retained in the FLP-beta CD complex and almost none in the NAB-beta CD complex. No fluorescence change occurs with drug binding in the larger gamma CD cavity, indicating the retention of the bulk water environment in the drug-gamma CD complex. Since the specific drug binding interactions are essentially the same for PCD and gamma CD, these differences in the retention of bulk water may account for the enthalpically driven nature of the beta CD binding reactions and the entropically driven nature of the gamma CD binding reactions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM fred@carb.nist.gov NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1038 EP 1048 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.12.019 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 196UU UT WOS:000248508500005 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Liebman, JF Rozzell, JD Vanderah, DJ Schantz, MM AF Tewari, Yadu B. Liebman, Joel F. Rozzell, J. David Vanderah, David J. Schantz, Michele M. TI A thermodynamic study of ketoreductase-catalyzed reactions 4. Reduction of 2-substituted cyclohexanones in n-hexane SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE acetone; equilibrium constants; n-Hexane; ketoreductase; 2-propanol; 2-substituted cyclohexanones; cis- and trans-2; substituted cyclohexanols; thermodynamics ID NONAQUEOUS SOLVENTS; ENZYMATIC RESOLUTION; ALCOHOLS; EQUILIBRIUM; ENZYMES; MEDIA AB The equilibrium constants K for the ketoreductase-catalyzed reduction reactions (2-substituted cyclohexanone + 2-propanol = cis-and trans-2-substituted cyclohexanol + acetone) have been measured in n-hexane as solvent. The 2-substituted cyclohexanones included in this study are: 2-methylcyclohexan one, 2-phenylcyclohexanone, and 2-benzylcyclohexanone. The equilibrium constants K for the reactions with 2-methylcyclohexanone were measured over the range T = 288.15 to 308.05 K. The thermodynamic quantities at T = 298.15 K are: K = (2.13 +/- 0.06); Delta(r)G(m)(o) = -(1.87 +/- 0.06) kJ center dot mol(-1); Delta H-r(m)o = -(6.56 +/- 2.68) kJ center dot mol(-1); and Delta S-r(m)o = -(15.7 +/- 9.2) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1) for the reaction involving cis-2-methylcyclohexanol, and K=(10.7 +/- 0.2); Delta(r)G(m)(o)=-(5.87 +/- 0.04) kJ center dot mol(-1); Delta H-r(m)o = -(2.54 +/- 1.8) kJ center dot mol(-1); and Delta S-r(m)o = (11.2 +/- 6.4) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1) for the reaction involving trans-2-methylcyclohexanol. The standard molar Gibbs free energy changes Delta(r)G(m)(o) for the reactions (trans-2-substituted cyclohexanol = cis-2-substituted cyclohexanol) in n-hexane have also been calculated and compared with the literature data that pertain to reactions in the gas phase and at higher temperatures. Experiments carried out with a chiral column demonstrated that the enzymatic reduction of 2-phenylcyclohexanone catalyzed by the ketoreductase used in this study is not stereo selective. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. BioCatalyt Inc, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Tewari, YB (reprint author), NIST, Biochem Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yadu.tewari@nist.gov; jliebman@umbc.edu; davidrozzell@biocatalytics.com; david.vanderah@nist.gov; michele.schantz@nist.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1090 EP 1097 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2006.12.007 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 196UU UT WOS:000248508500012 ER PT J AU Song, Q Vecchi, GA Rosati, AJ AF Song, Qian Vecchi, Gabriel A. Rosati, Anthony J. TI Indian Ocean variability in the GFDL coupled climate model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Climate Variability and Predictability Studies Workshop on Indian Ocean Climate CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP Int Pacific Res Ctr ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; DIPOLE MODE; ZONAL MODE; COADS OBSERVATIONS; CAUTIONARY NOTE AB The interannual variability of the Indian Ocean, with particular focus on the Indian Ocean dipole/ zonal mode ( IODZM), is investigated in a 250- yr simulation of the GFDL coupled global general circulation model ( CGCM). The CGCM successfully reproduces many fundamental characteristics of the climate system of the Indian Ocean. The character of the IODZM is explored, as are relationships between positive IODZM and El Nino events, through a composite analysis. The IODZM events in the CGCM grow through feedbacks between heat- content anomalies and SST- related atmospheric anomalies, particularly in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. The composite IODZM events that co- occur with El Nino have stronger anomalies and a sharper east - west SSTA contrast than those that occur without El Nino. IODZM events, whether or not they occur with El Nino, are preceded by distinctive Indo- Pacific warm pool anomaly patterns in boreal spring: in the central Indian Ocean easterly surface winds, and in the western equatorial Pacific an eastward shift of deep convection, westerly surface winds, and warm sea surface temperature. However, delayed onsets of the anomaly patterns ( e. g., boreal summer) are often not followed by IODZM events. The same anomaly patterns often precede El Nino, suggesting that the warm pool conditions favorable for both IODZM and El Nino are similar. Given that IODZM events can occur without El Nino, it is proposed that the observed IODZM - El Nino relation arises because the IODZM and El Nino are both large- scale phenomena in which variations of the Indo- Pacific warm pool deep convection plays a central role. Yet each phenomenon has its own dynamics and life cycle, allowing each to develop without the other. The CGCM integration also shows substantial decadal modulation of the occurrence of IODZM events, which is found to be not in phase with that of El Nino events. There is a weak, though significant, negative correlation between the two. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Song, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,201 Forestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM qian.song@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 70 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 13 BP 2895 EP 2916 DI 10.1175/JCLI4159.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 184NO UT WOS:000247648900004 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Harrison, MJ AF Vecchi, Gabriel A. Harrison, Matthew J. TI An observing system simulation experiment for the Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Climate Variability and Predictability Studies Workshop on Indian Ocean Climate CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP Int Pacific Res Ctr ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SUMMER MONSOON; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; MOORED ARRAY; BENGAL; BAY; RAINFALL; ENSO AB An integrated in situ Indian Ocean observing system (IndOOS) is simulated using a high- resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with daily mean forcing, including an estimate of subdaily oceanic variability derived from observations. The inclusion of subdaily noise is fundamental to the results; in the mixed layer it is parameterized as Gaussian noise with an rms of 0.1 degrees C; below the mixed layer a Gaussian interface displacement with an rms of 7 m is used. The focus of this assessment is on the ability of an IndOOS-comprising a 3 degrees x 3 degrees Argo profiling float array, a series of frequently repeated XBT lines, and an array of moored buoys-to observe the interannual and subseasonal variability of subsurface Indian Ocean temperature. The simulated IndOOS captures much of the OGCM interannual subsurface temperature variability. A fully deployed Argo array with 10-day sampling interval is able to capture a significant part of the Indian Ocean interannual temperature variability; a 5-day sampling interval degrades its ability to capture variability. The proposed moored buoy array and frequently repeated XBT lines provide complementary information in key regions, particularly the Java/ Sumatra and Somali upwelling and equatorial regions. Since the subdaily noise is of the same order as the subseasonal signal and since much of the variability is submonthly, a 5-day sampling interval does not drastically enhance the ability of Argo to capture the OGCM subseasonal variability. However, as sampling intervals are decreased, there is enhanced divergence of the Argo floats, diminished ability to quality control data, and a decreased lifetime of the floats; these factors argue against attempting to resolve subseasonal variability with Argo by shortening the sampling interval. A moored array is essential to capturing the subseasonal and near-equatorial variability in the model, and the proposed moored buoy locations span the region of strong subseasonal variability. On the whole, the proposed IndOOS significantly enhances the ability to capture both interannual and subseasonal variability in the Indian Ocean. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton Forrestal Campus,Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM gabriel.a.vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 66 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 13 BP 3300 EP 3319 DI 10.1175/JCLI4147.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 184NO UT WOS:000247648900024 ER PT J AU He, J Jin, R Chakoumakos, BC Gardner, JS Mandrus, D Tritt, TM AF He, J. Jin, R. Chakoumakos, B. C. Gardner, J. S. Mandrus, D. Tritt, Terry M. TI Crystal growth, structure, and stoichiometry of the superconducting pyrochlore Cd2Re2O7 SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE crystal structure; inclusion; stoichiometry; oxygen deficiency ID OXIDE CD2RE2O7 AB We report single-crystal growth of the superconducting pyrochlore Cd2Re2O7 using a vapor transport technique. Several parameters of the growth conditions, including hot-zone temperature and starting stoichiometry, were varied in order to control the formation of ReO2 inclusions, as confirmed by the electron microscopy, resistivity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Rietveld refinement of x-ray (neutron) powder diffraction was found to be consistent with a cubic structure Fd3m with lattice constant a = 10.2250 (10.2358) angstrom, and reduced coordinate of O1 = 0.3184 (0.3177) at 293 K (250 K). We also studied the oxygen stoichiometry by means of redox reactions, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and x-ray/neutron diffractions. Particularly, the neutron powder diffraction on the Cd-114-enriched specimens yielded an oxygen deficiency delta = 0.14 +/- 0.03 solely at the O2 site, which was consistent with the EMPA results. The EMPA indicated that the oxygen deficiency is homogeneous in the bulk and in a range of 0.01 +/- 0.18-0.23 +/- 0.19. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37966 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mat Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP He, J (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37966 USA. EM jianhe@clemson.edu RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; Chakoumakos, Bryan/A-5601-2016 OI Chakoumakos, Bryan/0000-0002-7870-6543 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 36 IS 7 BP 740 EP 745 DI 10.1007/s11664-007-0087-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 197RH UT WOS:000248573400009 ER PT J AU Hill, CR Kline, MC Mulero, JJ Lagace, RE Chang, CW Hennessy, LK Butler, JM AF Hill, Carolyn R. Kline, Margaret C. Mulero, Julio J. Lagace, Robert E. Chang, Chien-Wei Hennessy, Lori K. Butler, John M. TI Concordance study between the AmpFlSTR((R)) MiniFiler (TM) PCR amplification kit and conventional STR typing kits SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; DNA profiling; short tandem repeats; DNA typing; miniSTR; concordance; CSF1PO; FGA; D7S820; D13S317; D16S539; D18S51; D21S11; D2S1338; amelogenin; U. S. Caucasian; African American; Hispanic; Asian ID AMPLICONS; DNA AB The AmpFlSTR (R) MiniFiler (TM) polymerase chain reaction amplification kit developed by Applied Biosystems enables size reduction on eight of the larger STR loci amplified in the Identifiler (R) kit, which will aid recovery of information from highly degraded DNA samples. The MiniFiler(TM) Kit amplifies CSF1PO, FGA, D2S1338, D7S820, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11 as well as the sex-typing locus amelogenin. A total of 1308 samples were evaluated with both the MiniFiler(TM) and Identifiler (R) STR kits: 449 African American, 445 Caucasian, 207 Hispanic, and 207 Asian individuals. Full concordance between Identifiler and MiniFiler Kits was observed in 99.7% (10,437 out of 10,464) STR allele calls compared. The 27 differences seen are listed in Table 1 and encompass the loci D13S317 (n = 14) and D16S539 (n = 10) as well as D18S51 (n = 1), D7S820 (n = 1), and CSF1PO (n = 1). Genotyping discrepancies between the Identifiler and MiniFiler kits were confirmed by reamplification of the samples and further testing using the PowerPlex (R) 16 kit in many cases. DNA sequence analysis was also performed in order to understand the nature of the genetic variations causing the allele dropout or apparent repeat unit shift. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Appl Biosyst Inc, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 8 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 52 IS 4 BP 870 EP 873 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00491.x PG 4 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 178NO UT WOS:000247227600014 PM 17553078 ER PT J AU Burdett, LG Adams, JD McFee, WE AF Burdett, Leslie G. Adams, Jeffrey D. McFee, Wayne E. TI The use of geographic information systems as a forensic tool to investigate sources of marine mammal entanglement in fisheries SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; marine mammals; GIS; pattern matching; mortality; commercial fisheries ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; HABITAT AB Commercial fisheries represent a significant anthropogenic threat to marine mammal survival. Causes of marine mammal mortality are commonly determined by detailed necropsies of stranded carcasses. Gross evidence of entanglement in a fishery might include gear attached to the body, internal indications of asphyxiation and trauma, or gear markings on the epidermis. As gear is often fishery-specific, wound patterns on the epidermis that are created by entanglements in fishing gear may serve to identify possible sources of mortality. For this study, tools within the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcMap GIS software were used to create maps that outline impressions that fishing gear can leave on the epidermis of entangled marine mammals. These maps can subsequently be used to identify possible sources of fishery entanglement for the many marine mammals that wash ashore without gear attached to their carcass. Entanglement wound patterns can be visually compared with fishing gear characteristics; however, differences in scale and image quality can introduce subjectivity that might hinder source identification. The technique described herein provides an objective way to outline the unique characteristics of fishing gear and their associated wounds on entangled marine mammals. Additionally, spatial relationships are preserved as the maps are adjusted to varying scales. Whereas the initial protocol required time-consuming digitization of the outline and visual determination of the pattern interface, this new, semiautomated technique saves analyst effort and minimizes error. C1 NOAA, CCEHBR, NOS, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Burdett, LG (reprint author), 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM leslie.burdett@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 52 IS 4 BP 904 EP 908 DI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00466.x PG 5 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 178NO UT WOS:000247227600022 PM 17524051 ER PT J AU Ferguson, ML Prasad, K Boukari, H Sackett, DL Krueger, S Lafer, EM Nossal, R AF Ferguson, Matthew L. Prasad, Kondury Boukari, Hacene Sackett, Dan L. Krueger, Susan Lafer, Eileen M. Nossal, Ralph TI Small angle neutron scattering studies of clathrin triskelia in solution show evidence of molecular flexibility. SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 61st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-General-Physiologists CY SEP 05-09, 2007 CL Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA SP Soc Gene Physiol HO Marine Biol Lab C1 NIH, NICHHD, Lab Integrat & Med Biophys, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0022-1295 J9 J GEN PHYSIOL JI J. Gen. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 130 IS 1 MA 42 BP 18a EP 18a PG 1 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 182RB UT WOS:000247520600044 ER PT J AU Shull, RD AF Shull, Robert D. TI Nanocrystalline and nanocomposite magnetic materials and their applications SO JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; ferromagnet; magnetoresistance; magnetic refrigeration; domain imaging ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE; SPRING MAGNET; COERCIVITY; FERROMAGNETS AB Nanocrystalline materials can possess bulk properties quite different from those commonly associated with conventional large-grained materials. Nanocomposites, a subset of nanocrystalline materials, in addition have been found to possess magnetic properties which are similar to, but different from, the properties of the individual constituents. New magnetic phenomena, unusual property combinations, and both enhanced and diminished magnetic property values are just some of the changes observed in magnetic nanocomposites from conventional magnetic materials. Here I a description will be presented of some of the exciting new properties discovered in nanomaterials and the magnetic applications envisioned for them. C1 NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Shull@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOURNAL IRON STEEL RESEARCH EDITORIAL BOARD PI BEIJING PA NO. 76 XUEYUAN SOUTH-ROAD, BEIJING 100081, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-706X J9 J IRON STEEL RES INT JI J. Iron Steel Res. Int. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 14 IS 4 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S1006-706X(07)60061-2 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 207CC UT WOS:000249228200014 ER PT J AU Espejo, RJ Dyer, SD AF Espejo, R. Joseph Dyer, Shellee D. TI Transverse-stress fiber Bragg grating sensor with high spatial resolution and temperature stability SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs); fiber-optic sensors; layer peeling; low-coherence interferometry (LCI); transverse-strain sensors ID ALGORITHM AB We demonstrate a new method for measuring transverse stress with 10.2-mu m spatial resolution in a fiber Bragg grating sensor, without the use of polarization-maintaining fiber, by combining a four-state polarization analysis with a layer-peeling algorithm. Measurements of the externally induced birefringence agree well with predicted values. We also demonstrate that our measurement is insensitive to temperature changes and spatial gradients, making it ideal for nonisothermal applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Espejo, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM RJEspejo@gmail.com; sdyer@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 25 IS 7 BP 1777 EP 1785 DI 10.1109/JLT.2007.897718 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 189WX UT WOS:000248020400016 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Carey, LE Simon, CG AF Xu, Hockin H. K. Carey, Lisa E. Simon, Carl G., Jr. TI Premixed macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BONE-GRAFT SUBSTITUTES; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; IN-VIVO; REINFORCEMENT; CERAMICS; IMPLANTS; POROSITY AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form resorbable hydroxyapatite and is promising for orthopaedic applications. However, it requires on-site powder-liquid mixing during surgery, which prolongs surgical time and raises concerns of inhomogeneous mixing. The objective of this study was to develop a premixed CPC scaffold with macropores suitable for tissue ingrowth. To avoid the on-site powder-liquid mixing, the CPC paste was mixed in advance and did not set in storage; it set only after placement in a physiological solution. Using 30% and 40% mass fractions of mannitol porogen, the premixed CPC scaffold with fibers had flexural strength (mean +/- sd; n = 5) of (3.9 +/- 1.4) MPa and (1.8 +/- 0.8) MPa, respectively. The scaffold porosity reached (68.6 +/- 0.7)% and (74.7 +/- 1.2)%, respectively. Osteoblast cells colonized in the surface macropores of the scaffold and attached to the hydroxyapatite crystals. Cell viability values for the premixed CPC scaffold was not significantly different from that of a conventional non-premixed CPC known to be biocompatible (P > 0.1). In conclusion, using fast-dissolving porogen and slow-dissolving fibers, a premixed macroporous CPC scaffold was developed with strength approaching the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone, and non-cytotoxicity similar to a biocompatible non-premixed CPC. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE014190, DE14190, R01 DE014190-04, R29 DE012476, R29 DE012476-05, Y1-DE-1021] NR 29 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1345 EP 1353 DI 10.1007/s10856-007-0146-x PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 184PL UT WOS:000247653900010 PM 17277972 ER PT J AU Aguilar, A Garza, JC AF Aguilar, Andres Garza, John Carlos TI Patterns of historical balancing selection on the salmonid major histocompatibility complex class II beta gene SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE ancestral polymorphism; gene conversion; Oncorhynchus; recombination; Salmo; Salvelinus ID MHC CLASS-II; COASTAL CUTTHROAT TROUT; TRANSSPECIES POLYMORPHISM; ATLANTIC SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MICROSATELLITE LOCI AB Allelic variation in the major histocompatibility class (MHC) IIB gene of salmonids is analyzed for patterns indicative of natural selection acting at the molecular level. Sequence data for the second exon of this MHC gene were generated for 11 species in three salmonid genera: Oncorhynchus, Salmo, and Salvelinus. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences revealed: (1) monophyletic grouping of alleles from each genus, (2) transspecies evolution of alleles within Salmo and Salvelinus, and (3) differential patterns of transspecies evolution within the genus Oncorhynchus. Within Oncorhynchus, five of seven species had alleles that were species-specific or nearly so, while the remaining two, O. mykiss and O. clarkii, retained ancestral polymorphisms. The different patterns in Oncorhynchus and the other two genera could be due to historical demographic effects or functional differences in MHC molecules in the three genera, but the two hypotheses could not be distinguished with the current dataset. An analysis of recombination/ gene conversion identified numerous recombinant alleles, which is consistent with what has been found in other vertebrate taxa. However, these gene conversion events could not account for the species-specific allelic lineages observed in five of the Oncorhynchus species. Analyses of the relative rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions revealed the signature of selection on the class 1113 gene in all I I of the salmonid species for both the ABS and the non-ABS codons. Codon-based analyses of selection identified seven codons that have experienced selection in the majority of the species. More than half of these sites were mammalian ABS codons, but several were not, suggesting subtle functional differences in the mammalian and teleost fish MHC molecules. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA 95344 USA. RP Aguilar, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM aaguilar2@ucmerced.edu NR 53 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 65 IS 1 BP 34 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s00239-006-0222-8 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 200UW UT WOS:000248789300004 PM 17593422 ER PT J AU Melara, LA Kearsley, AJ Tapia, RA AF Melara, L. A. Kearsley, A. J. Tapia, R. A. TI Augmented lagrangian homotopy method for the regularization of total variation denoising problems SO JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE constrained optimization; Newton's method; regularization; homotopy method ID 2 EQUIVALENT SYSTEMS; NEWTONS METHOD; OPTIMIZATION; CONVERGENCE AB This paper presents a homotopy procedure which improves the solvability of mathematical programming problems arising from total variational methods for image denoising. The homotopy on the regularization parameter involves solving a sequence of equality-constrained optimization problems where the positive regularization parameter in each optimization problem is initially large and is reduced to zero. Newton's method is used to solve the optimization problems and numerical results are presented. C1 Colorado Coll, Dept Math, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Computat & Appl Math, Houston, TX USA. RP Melara, LA (reprint author), Colorado Coll, Dept Math, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA. EM lmelara@ColoradoCollege.edu NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-3239 J9 J OPTIMIZ THEORY APP JI J. Optim. Theory Appl. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 134 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1007/s10957-007-9189-x PG 11 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 192MT UT WOS:000248206900002 ER PT J AU Geist, J Shah, JJ Rao, MV Gaitan, M AF Geist, Jon Shah, Jayna J. Rao, Mulpuri V. Gaitan, Michael TI Microwave power absorption in low-reflectance, complex, lossy transmission lines SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absorption; microchannel; microfluidic device; microwave; transmission line AB Simple sets of equations have been derived to describe the absorption of microwave power in three-region, lossy transmission lines in terms of S-parameter reflection and transmission amplitudes. Each region was assumed to be homogeneous with discontinuities at the region boundaries. Different sets of equations were derived to describe different assumptions about the amplitudes of the reflection coefficients at the different boundaries. These equations, which are useful when interference effects due to multiple reflections are small, were used to analyze S-parameter measurements on a transmission line that had a microfluidic channel in its middle region. The channel was empty for one set of measurements and filled with water for a second set of measurements. Most of the reflection assumptions considered here produced similar results for the fraction of the applied microwave power that was absorbed by a water-filled microchannel. This shows that the absorbed power is relatively insensitive to the reflection details as long as energy is conserved in the analysis. Another important result of this work is that the difference between the power absorbed in a water-filled channel and the power absorbed in the same empty channel can be a poor predictor of the power absorbed in the water in the presence of competing absorption processes such as absorption by the transmission-line metal. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Geist, J (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.geist@nist.gov; jayna.shah@nist.gov; rmulpuri@gmu.edu; mgaitan@nist.gov OI Geist, Jon/0000-0001-7749-318X NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 112 IS 4 BP 177 EP 189 DI 10.6028/jres.112.015 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 229EQ UT WOS:000250786200001 PM 27110465 ER PT J AU Gaigalas, AK Hunt, FY Wang, L AF Gaigalas, A. K. Hunt, F. Y. Wang, L. TI Modeling of photochemical reactions in a focused laser beam SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flowing solution; frequency; domain; mathematical modeling; modulated; laser illumination; photodegradation; singular perturbation technique AB Fluorescent materials play a prominent role in the qualitative and quantitative measurement of scientific phenomena of importance in biotechnology and biomedical applications. Photodegradation of fluorophores is a process that determines the accuracy and sensitivity of such measurements. This is the motivation for developing methods for accurately measuring fluorophore photodegradation rates. Recently, illumination consisting of short pulses has been used to examine the decay of photochemical reaction products. However, the time resolved measurements are difficult to interpret since the photodegradation process usually involves multiple time scales. The frequency domain measurement technique discussed here looks at the frequency response of a fluorescent sample to a frequency modulated illuminating light. The photodegradation rate is obtained by interpreting the frequency domain measurements in terms of traditional impedance concepts. In the measurements described in this paper, a focused laser beam is used to illuminate a sample of slowly flowing fluorescent solution. The laser beam is assumed to have a Gaussian power distribution hence illumination is spatially non-uniform in the region of interest. The photochemical reaction rates depend on power, so they will also vary with the position in the beam. However in the case of photodegradation of fluorophores, the measurement of the resulting decrease in fluorescence is given in terms of the radiation emitted from the entire illuminated region. In this work we present a mathematical description of the time evolution of the fluorescence response integrated over a non-uniformly illuminated domain. As a result of our analysis, an experimentally accessible and tractable mathematical model Eq. (19) and Eq. (30) is obtained from a more fundamental description given by Eq. (4) and Eq. (5). The model is used to create a functional form for fitting experimental measurements from a lock-in amplifier. C1 NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaigalas, AK (reprint author), NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM agaigalas@nist.gov; fhunt@nist.gov; lili.wang@nist.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 112 IS 4 BP 191 EP 208 DI 10.6028/jres.112.016 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 229EQ UT WOS:000250786200002 PM 27110466 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS AF Bennett, Herbert S. TI Extracting electron densities in N-type GaAs from Raman spectra: Theory SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE complex dielectric response function; compound semiconductors; electron densities; line shape non-destructive and contactless measurements; Raman spectra ID SCATTERING; INP AB In this paper, we present the theory for calculating Raman line shapes as functions of the Fermi energy and finite temperatures in zinc blende, n- type GaAs for donor densities between 10(16) cm(-3) and 10(19) cm(-3). Compared to other theories, this theory is unique in two respects: 1) the many- body effects are treated self- consistently and 2) the theory is valid at room temperature for arbitrary values of the ratio R = (Q(2)/a), where Q is the magnitude of the normalized wave vector and a is the normalized frequency used in the Raman measurements. These calculations solve the charge neutrality equation self- consistently for a two- band model of GaAs at 300 K that includes the effects of high carrier concentrations and dopant densities on the perturbed densities of states used to calculate the Fermi energy as a function of temperature. The results are then applied to obtain the carrier concentrations from Fermi energies in the context of line shapes in Raman spectra due to the coupling between longitudinal optical phonons and plasmons. Raman measurements have been proposed as a non- destructive method for wafer acceptance tests of carrier density in semiconductor epilayers. The interpretation of Raman spectra to determine the majority electron density in ntype semiconductors requires an interdisciplinary effort involving experiments, theory, and computer- based simulations and visualizations of the theoretical calculations. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM herbert.bennett@nist.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 112 IS 4 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.6028/jres.112.017 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 229EQ UT WOS:000250786200003 PM 27110467 ER PT J AU Constantin, M Dasgupta, C Das Sarma, S Dougherty, DB Williams, ED AF Constantin, M. Dasgupta, C. Das Sarma, S. Dougherty, D. B. Williams, E. D. TI Persistence and survival in equilibrium step fluctuations SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT LA English DT Article DE persistence (theory); persistence (experiment); stepped surfaces (experiment) ID REACTION-DIFFUSION; SURFACE-DIFFUSION; KINETIC GROWTH; DYNAMICS; INTERFACES; EXPONENTS; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; STATISTICS; MOLECULES AB Results of analytic and numerical investigations of first-passage properties of equilibrium fluctuations of monatomic steps on a vicinal surface are reviewed. Both temporal and spatial persistence and survival probabilities, as well as the probability of persistent large deviations, are considered. Results of experiments in which dynamical scanning tunnelling microscopy is used to evaluate these first-passage properties for steps with different microscopic mechanisms of mass transport are also presented and interpreted in terms of theoretical predictions for appropriate models. Effects of discrete sampling,finite system size and finite observation time, which are important in understanding the results of experiments and simulations, are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Dept Phys, Ctr Condensed Matter Theory, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, MRSEC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Constantin, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM magda@uci.edu; cdgupta@physics.iisc.ernet.in; dassarma@physics.umd.edu; dougherty.daniel@gmail.com; edw@umd.edu RI Das Sarma, Sankar/B-2400-2009 OI Das Sarma, Sankar/0000-0002-0439-986X NR 72 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-5468 J9 J STAT MECH-THEORY E JI J. Stat. Mech.-Theory Exp. PD JUL PY 2007 AR P07011 DI 10.1088/1742-5468/2007/07/P07011 PG 29 WC Mechanics; Physics, Mathematical SC Mechanics; Physics GA 200UN UT WOS:000248788400014 ER PT J AU Shao, XF Stein, M Ching, J AF Shao, Xiaofeng Stein, Michael Ching, Jason TI Statistical comparisons of methods for interpolating the output of a numerical air quality model SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE air quality model; bilinear interpolation; CMAQ; nearest neighbor method; space-time variogram; spatial variogram; thin plate spline interpolation ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; RESOLUTION; LATTICE AB This paper compares Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) outputs at multiple resolutions by interpolating from coarse resolution to fine resolution and analyzing the interpolation difference. Spatial variograms provide a convenient way to investigate the spatial character of interpolation differences and, importantly, to distinguish between naive (nearest neighbor) interpolation and bilinear interpolation, which takes a weighted average of four neighboring cells. For example, when the higher resolution is three times the lower, the variogram of the difference between naive interpolation of the lower resolution output and the higher resolution output shows a depression at every third lag. This phenomenon is related to the blocky nature of naive interpolation and demonstrates the inferiority of naive interpolation to bilinear interpolation in a way that pixelwise comparisons cannot. Theoretical investigations show when one can expect to observe this periodic depression in the variogram of interpolation differences. Naive interpolation is in fact used widely in a number of settings; our results suggest that it should be routinely replaced by bilinear interpolation. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NOAA, Atmosphere Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shao, XF (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, 5734 S Univ Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM shao@galton.uchicago.edu; stein@galton.uchicago.edu; ching.jason@epa.gov NR 25 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 137 IS 7 BP 2277 EP 2293 DI 10.1016/j.jspi.2006.07.014 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 159AX UT WOS:000245838900018 ER PT J AU Rankin, S Barlow, J AF Rankin, Shannon Barlow, Jay TI Sounds recorded in the presence of Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris, near Hawai'i (L) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article AB During a combined visual and acoustic cetacean survey of the Hawaiian Islands in 2002, four midfrequency sounds were recorded in close proximity to a group of Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris. These sounds included one frequency-modulated whistle, and three frequency- and amplitude-modulated pulsed sounds, with energy between 6 and 16 kHz. Until recently, little was known of the acoustic behavior of beaked whales, and early descriptions of audible sounds made by beaked whales are incomplete [Caldwell and Caldwell, Cetology 4, 1-5 (1971); Lynn and Reiss, Marine Mammal Sci. 8(3), 229-305 (1992); T. C. Poulter, "Marine mammals," in Animal Communication; Techniques of Study and Results of Research, edited by T. A. Sebeok (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1968)]. Recent recordings of high-frequency clicks (>20 kHz, [Johnson et al., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B (Suppl.) 271, 5383-5386 (2004); Zimmer et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117(6), 3919-3927.]) were above the frequency response of our equipment, and therefore not detected. Sound production within the midfrequency range of sounds described here suggests that the hearing of M. densirostris is sensitive at frequencies used in some types of active sonars. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Rankin, S (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM shannon.rankin@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 122 IS 1 BP 42 EP 45 DI 10.1121/1.2743159 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 191WA UT WOS:000248161500003 PM 17614463 ER PT J AU Ostashev, VE Collier, SL Wilson, DK Aldridge, DF Symons, NP Marlin, D AF Ostashev, Vladimir E. Collier, Sandra L. Wilson, D. Keith Aldridge, David F. Symons, Neill P. Marlin, David TI Pade approximation in time-domain boundary conditions of porous surfaces SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUND-PROPAGATION; FINITE-DIFFERENCE; MEDIA; IMPEDANCE; WAVE; IMPLEMENTATION; SIMULATION; MODELS AB Formulation and implementation of time-domain boundary conditions (TDBCs) at the surface of a reactive porous material are made challenging by the slow decay, complexity, or noncausal nature of many commonly used models of porous materials. In this paper, approaches are described that improve computational efficiency and enforce causality. One approach involves approximating the known TDBC for the modified Zwikker-Kosten impedance model as a summation of decaying exponential functions. A second approach, which can be applied to any impedance model, involves replacing the characteristic admittance with its Pade approximation. Then, approximating fractional derivatives with decaying exponentials, a causal and recursive TDBC is formulated (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Geophys, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. USA Res Lab, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 USA. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 122 IS 1 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1121/1.2743153 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 191WA UT WOS:000248161500009 PM 17614469 ER PT J AU Handegard, NO AF Handegard, Nils Olav TI Observing individual fish behavior in fish aggregations: Tracking in dense fish aggregations using a split-beam echosounder SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ECHO-COUNTING MODEL; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SPEED IN-SITU; TARGET TRACKING; SWIMMING SPEED; EUPHAUSIA-PACIFICA; TRAWLING VESSEL; TILT ANGLE; SONAR; HYDROACOUSTICS AB Acoustic instruments are important tools for observing the behavior of aquatic organisms. This paper presents a simple but efficient method for improving the tracking of closely spaced targets using a split-beam echosounder. The traditional method has been a stepwise approach from the detection of echoes, rejection of apparently multiple targets and then tracking the remainder. This is inefficient because the split-beam angles are not included in the initial detection; rather they are only used in the rejection criteria before the subsequent tracking. A simple track-before-detection method is presented, where the phase angles, echo intensities, ranges, and times are used simultaneously, resulting in better detection and tracking of the individual fish. Two test data sets were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of this method at discriminating individual tracks from within dense fish aggregations. The first data set was collected by lowering a split-beam transducer into a herring layer. The second data set, also collected with a split-beam transducer, was from a caged aggregation of feeding herring larvae. Results indicate the potential of target tracking, using a split-beam echosounder, as a tool for understanding interindividual behavior. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Handegard, NO (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, POB 1870, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. EM nils.olav.handegard@imr.no RI Handegard, Nils Olav /I-3047-2012 OI Handegard, Nils Olav /0000-0002-9708-9042 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 122 IS 1 BP 177 EP 187 DI 10.1121/1.2739421 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 191WA UT WOS:000248161500017 PM 17614477 ER PT J AU Oswald, JN Rankin, S Barlow, J Lammers, MO AF Oswald, Julie N. Rankin, Shannon Barlow, Jay Lammers, Marc O. TI A tool for real-time acoustic species identification of delphinid whistles SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORKS; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; ABUNDANCE; PACIFIC; CALLS; CLASSIFICATION; VOCALIZATIONS; DOLPHINS; WHALES; MEXICO AB The ability to identify delphinid vocalizations to species in real-time would be an asset during shipboard surveys. An automated system, Real-time Odontocete Call Classification Algorithm (ROCCA), is being developed to allow real-time acoustic species identification in the field. This Matlab-based tool automatically extracts ten variables (beginning, end, minimum and maximum frequencies, duration, slope of the beginning and end sweep, number of inflection points, number of steps, and presence/absence of harmonics) from whistles selected from a real-time scrolling spectrograph (ISHMAEL). It uses classification and regression tree analysis (CART) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) to identify whistles to species. Schools are classified based on running tallies of individual whistle classifications. Overall, 46% of schools were correctly classified for seven species and one genus (Tursiops truncatus, Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, S. coeruleoalba, Steno bredanensis, Delphinus species, Pseudorca crassidens, and Globicephala macrorhynchus), with correct classification as high as 80% for some species. If classification success can be increased, this tool will provide a method for identifying schools that are difficult to approach and observe, will allow species distribution data to be collected when visual efforts are compromised, and will reduce the time necessary for post-cruise data analysis. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92038 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kailua, HI 96834 USA. RP Oswald, JN (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92038 USA. EM oswald.jn@gmail.com NR 37 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 6 U2 26 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 122 IS 1 BP 587 EP 595 DI 10.1121/1.2743157 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 191WA UT WOS:000248161500056 PM 17614515 ER PT J AU Chang, EKM Zurita-Gotor, P AF Chang, Edmund K. M. Zurita-Gotor, Pablo TI Simulating the seasonal cycle of the Northern hemisphere storm tracks using idealized nonlinear storm-track models SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MIDWINTER SUPPRESSION; MEAN FLOW; PACIFIC; DYNAMICS; GCM; CYCLOGENESIS; PROPAGATION; EDDIES; WAVES AB In this study, an idealized nonlinear model is used to investigate whether dry dynamical factors alone are sufficient for explaining the observed seasonal modulation of the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks during the cool season. By construction, the model does an excellent job simulating the seasonal evolution of the climatological stationary waves. Yet even under this realistic mean flow, the seasonal modulation in storm-track amplitude predicted by the model is deficient over both ocean basins. The model exhibits a stronger sensitivity to the mean flow baroclinicity than observed, producing too-large midwinter eddy amplitudes compared to fall and spring. This is the case not only over the Pacific, where the observed midwinter minimum is barely apparent in the model simulations, but also over the Atlantic, where the October/April eddy amplitudes are also too weak when the January amplitude is tuned to be about right. The nonlinear model generally produces stronger eddy amplitude with stronger baroclinicity, even in the presence of concomitant stronger deformation due to the enhanced stationary wave. The same was found to be the case in a simpler quasigeostrophic model, in which the eddy amplitude nearly always increases with baroclinicity, and deformation only limits the maximum eddy amplitude when the baroclinicity is unrealistically weak. Overall, these results suggest that it is unlikely that dry dynamical effects alone, such as deformation, can fully explain the observed Pacific midwinter minimum in eddy amplitude. It is argued that one should take into account the seasonal evolution of the impacts of diabatic heating on baroclinic wave development in order to fully explain the seasonal cycle of the storm tracks. A set of highly idealized experiments that attempts to represent some of the impacts of moist heating is presented in an appendix to suggest that deficiencies in the model-simulated seasonal cycle of both storm tracks may be corrected when these effects, together with observed seasonal changes in mean flow structure, are taken into account. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. GFDL, UCAR Visiting Scientist Program, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Chang, EKM (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM kmchang@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 29 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2309 EP 2331 DI 10.1175/JAS3957.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 194HN UT WOS:000248335400009 ER PT J AU Wroblewski, DE Cote, OR Hacker, JM Dobosy, RJ AF Wroblewski, Donald E. Cote, Owen R. Hacker, Jorg M. Dobosy, Ron J. TI Cliff-ramp patterns and Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stably stratified shear flow in the upper troposphere: Analysis of aircraft measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; PASSIVE SCALARS; TURBULENCE; EVOLUTION; TRANSITION; MOMENTUM AB Cliff-ramp patterns (CR) are a common feature of scalar turbulence, characterized by a sharp temperature increase (cliff) followed by a more gradual temperature decrease (ramp). Aircraft measurements obtained from NOAA best aircraft turbulence probes (BAT) were used to characterize and compare CR patterns observed under stably stratified conditions in the upper troposphere, a region for which there are few such studies. Experimental data were analyzed for three locations, one over Wales and two over southern Australia, the latter in correspondence with the Southern Hemisphere winter subtropical jet stream. Comparison of observed CR patterns with published direct numerical simulations (DNS) revealed that they were likely signatures of Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) billows, with the ramps associated with the well-mixed billows and the cliffs marking the highly stretched braids. Strong correlation between potential temperature and horizontal velocity supported the KH link, though expected correlations with vertical velocity were not observed. The temperature fronts associated with the cliffs were oriented in a direction approximately normal to the mean wind direction. Locally high values of temperature structure constant near these fronts were associated with steep temperature gradients across the fronts; this may be misleading in the context of electromagnetic propagation, suggesting a false positive indication of high levels of small-scale turbulence that would not correspond to scintillation effects. Billow aspect ratios, braid angles, and length scales were estimated from the data and comparisons with published DNS provided a means for assessing the stage of evolution of the KH billows and the initial Richardson number of the layer. C1 Boston Univ, Aerosp & Mech Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. AF Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. NOAA, ERL, ARL, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Wroblewski, DE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Aerosp & Mech Engn, 110 Cummington, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM dew11@bu.edu RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016 OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774 NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2521 EP 2539 DI 10.1175/JAS3956.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 194HN UT WOS:000248335400019 ER PT J AU Manabe, S Stouffer, RJ AF Manabe, Syukuro Stouffer, Ronald J. TI Role of ocean in global warming SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Review ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CLIMATE RESPONSE; WORLD OCEAN; INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY; TRANSIENT-RESPONSES; GRADUAL CHANGES; MODEL; CO2; INCREASE AB Based upon the results obtained from coupled ocean-atmosphere models of various complexities, this review explores the role of ocean in global warming. It shows that ocean can play a major role in delaying global warming and shaping its geographical distribution. It is very encouraging that many features of simulated change of the climate system have begun to agree with observation. However, it has been difficult to confirm the apparent agreement because the density and frequency of the observation are insufficient in many oceanic region of the world, in particular, in the Circumpolar Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere. It is therefore essential to intensify our effort to monitor not only at the surface but also in the subsurface layers of oceans. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Geophys Fluid Dynam La, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Manabe, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Sayre Hall,Forrestal Campus,POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM manabe@splash.plinceton.edu NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 85B BP 385 EP 403 DI 10.2151/jmsj.85B.385 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 211DR UT WOS:000249505000017 ER PT J AU Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Hsu, SM AF Sambasivan, Sharadha Fischer, Daniel A. Hsu, Stephen M. TI Effect of cross-linking ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene: Surface molecular orientation and wear characteristics SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 53rd International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY NOV 12-17, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc ID HIP REPLACEMENTS; SPECTRA AB Molecular orientation at the surface layer of cross-linked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been examined. Molecular orientation has been shown to affect the wear resistance and surface mechanical properties of UHMWPE under biomechanical loading conditions. This study utilizes a nondestructive synchrotron based soft x-ray technique; near edge x-ray absorption fine structure at the carbon K-edge to examine the degree of surface molecular orientation of UHMWPE subjected to various cross-linking/sterilization techniques as a function of stress and wear. UHMWPE samples prepared under gamma irradiation, ethylene-oxide (EtO) treatment, and electron beam irradiation were worn in a wear tester systematically. Results suggest that the cross-linking resists surface orientation when the samples were under tensile and biomechanical stresses. The molecular orientation in the C-C chains in the polymer showed a monotonic decrease with an increase in gamma irradiation dosage levels. EtO sterilized samples showed more C-C chain orientation than the electron beam irradiated samples, but lower than the 30 kGy gamma irradiated samples. Ordered C-C chains in UHMWPE samples have been associated with more crystallinity or large strain plastic deformation of the polymer. Higher levels of gamma irradiation appear to induce cross-linking of C-C chains and render a polymer with more amorphous phase which resists orientation after wear and imparts wear resistance to the polymer. (c) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sambasivan, S (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Bldg 535A, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM sharadha@bnl.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 25 IS 4 BP 932 EP 937 DI 10.1116/1.2723767 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 196OK UT WOS:000248491700046 ER PT J AU Simons, DS Downing, RG Lamaze, GP Lindstrom, RM Greenberg, RR Paul, RL Schiller, SB Guthrie, WF AF Simons, D. S. Downing, R. G. Lamaze, G. P. Lindstrom, R. M. Greenberg, R. R. Paul, R. L. Schiller, S. B. Guthrie, W. F. TI Development of certified reference materials of ion-implanted dopants in silicon for calibration of secondary ion mass spectrometers SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; BF2 IMPLANTS; ROUND-ROBIN; BORON; CERTIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS; PROFILES; STANDARD; MODEL; SIMS AB Certified reference materials have been developed for calibration of the concentrations of the most common dopants used in silicon semiconductor technology-boron, arsenic, and phosphorus. These materials consist of a single dopant species that is introduced into a silicon wafer by ion implantation. The certified dose (at./cm(2)) of the dopant species is used for calibration of dopant concentration measurements with secondary ion mass spectrometers. Certification measurements were carried out by nuclear analytical methods-neutron depth profiling for boron, instrumental neutron activation analysis for arsenic, and radiochemical neutron activation analysis for phosphorus. SRM 2137 contains a (10)B implant with a certified dose of (1.018 x 10(15)+/- 0.035 x 10(15)) at. /cm(2); SRM 2134 contains a (75)As implant with a certified dose of (7.330 x 10(14)+/- 0.028 x 10(14)) at. /cm(2); SRM 2133 contains a (31)P implant with a certified dose of (9.58 x 10(14) +/- 0. 16 x 10(14)) at. /cm(2). Several examples demonstrate the improved interlaboratory agreement that is achievable in the measurement of unknown dopant concentrations and implanted doses when these reference materials are used for calibration by each laboratory. (c) 2007 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simons, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.simons@nist.gov NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1365 EP 1375 DI 10.1116/1.2759937 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 206FU UT WOS:000249170100045 ER PT J AU Moles, A Heintz, RA AF Moles, A. Heintz, R. A. TI Parasites of forage fishes in the vicinity of steller sea lion (Eumetopias Jubatus) habitat in alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Aleutian islands; Corynosoma sp.; forage fish; parasites; Steller sea lions ID HELMINTH-PARASITES; DECIPIENS; PATHOLOGY; MAMMALS; DIET AB Fish serve as intermediate hosts for a number of larval parasites that have the potential of maturing in marine mammals such as Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). We examined the prevalence of parasites from 229 fish collected between March and July 2002 near two islands used by Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska and island habitats in the Aleutian Islands. Sea lion populations have remained steady in Southeast Alaska but have been declining over the last 30 yr in the Aleutian Islands. Even though the fish samples near the Southeast Alaska haul-outs were composed of numerous small species of fish and the Aleutian Islands catch was dominated by juveniles of commercially harvested species, the parasite fauna was similar at all locations. Eleven of the 20 parasite taxa identified were in their larval stage in the fish hosts, several of which have been described from mammalian final hosts. Four species of parasite were more prevalent in Southeast Alaska fish samples, and seven parasite species including several larval forms capable of infecting marine mammals, were more prevalent in fish from the Aleutian Islands. Nevertheless, parasites available to Steller sea lions from common fish prey are not likely to be a major factor in the decline of this marine mammal species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Moles, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Adam.Moles@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 43 IS 3 BP 366 EP 375 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 202RO UT WOS:000248921100005 PM 17699075 ER PT J AU Hall, JL AF Hall, J. L. TI Collaboration and style in laser physics-my interactions with and recollections of Herbert Walther SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 39; 25; +k; 39; 30; +w ID ATOMIC-BEAM; SODIUM ATOMS; TRAPPED ATOMS; LIGHT; FREQUENCY; VELOCITIES; RADIATION AB For several decades Optical Physics has been in a golden period of rapid and exponentiating growth, in both the laser techniques becoming available and the optical physics phenomena accessible for our study. In no small part the success of this global research effort is traceable to the positive and optimistic attitudes and interaction styles of our community's people themselves. The relationships between labs and their visitors have been ones of cooperation and collaboration, with huge mutual benefit, and acceleration of our field. As one of the principal European centers, the MPQ Garching lab carries Herbert Walter's genetic stamp of enthusiasm, insightful and successful hard work, and attention to the really key physics and technology issues of the time. But these characteristics have also made the time pass all too quickly. In these words I mention just one of the technical opportunities that could grow even now from technical ideas Herbert had demonstrated-but about 30 years before their time. Such a fast-tuning but precise and powerful laser could have a real application in producing even higher densities and numbers of cold atoms and molecules. C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hall, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 17 IS 7 BP 908 EP 911 DI 10.1134/S1054660X07070031 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 190KP UT WOS:000248058000003 ER PT J AU McClatchie, S Rogers, PJ McLeay, L AF McClatchie, Sam Rogers, Paul J. McLeay, Lachie TI Importance of scale to the relationship between abundance of sardine larvae, stability, and food SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID JAPANESE SARDINE; ECOLOGICAL DATA; TURBULENCE; SURVIVAL; MELANOSTICTUS; VARIABILITY; RECRUITMENT; WATERS; LAYERS; MODEL AB We used a spatially explicit regression model to relate sardine ( Sardinops sagax) larval abundance to water column stability, phytoplankton, and zooplankton off South Australia. The distribution of sardine larvae was significantly associated with stability ( p<0.05) and phytoplankton fluorescence or zooplankton displacement volume ( p<0.001) at broad scales. In contrast there was no relationship between sardine larvae, stability, phytoplankton, or zooplankton at medium or fine scales. The relationships are shown to be scale- dependent. Although the results generally support Lasker's ( 1978) " stable ocean'' hypothesis, mid- range rather than high stability appears to be favored, in accord with theoretical expectations at both large and small scales. C1 S Australian Aquat Sci Ctr, S Australian Res & Dev Inst, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia. RP McClatchie, S (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 52 IS 4 BP 1570 EP 1579 DI 10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1570 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 192QB UT WOS:000248215800024 ER PT J AU Harting, AL Baker, JD Johanos, TC AF Harting, Albert L. Baker, Jason D. Johanos, Thea C. TI Reproductive patterns of the Hawaiian monk seal SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Monachus schauinslandi; monk seal; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; reproduction; fecundity; reproductive senescence; population modeling; sensitivity analysis ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; FOSTERING BEHAVIOR; AGE; MORTALITY; POPULATIONS; MAMMALS AB We evaluated reproductive patterns of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) using a combination of fitted age-specific reproductive curves and analysis of reproductive patterns of individual females. We review the difficulties inherent in the acquisition and modeling of reproductive data with emphasis on the significance of reproductive senescence to populations with dissimilar age/sex compositions. Validation of the fitted reproductive parameters was accomplished by Monte Carlo sampling of parameter distributions to compare the expected number of pups with the observed production. Although the fitted reproductive functions appear to provide an acceptable fit to the raw reproductive data, we found that the fitted curves did a poor job of predicting the actual pup production in individual years because of high variability among years. To further verify, and elaborate on, the patterns in the pooled (multi-seal, and multi-year) rates, we examined attributes of the reproductive performance of individual seals. The attributes included age of primiparity, reproductive rates computed over several age ranges, and the relationship between reproductive performance and seal longevity. Analysis of individual seal patterns reinforced the conclusion that reproductive senescence is operative in monk seal populations. C1 Harting Biol Consulting, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Harting, AL (reprint author), Harting Biol Consulting, 8898 Sandy Creek Lane, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM harting@mcn.net NR 30 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 23 IS 3 BP 553 EP 573 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00136.x PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 178FF UT WOS:000247205900005 ER PT J AU Oleson, EM Calambokidis, J Barlow, J Hildebrand, JA AF Oleson, Erin M. Calambokidis, John Barlow, Jay Hildebrand, John A. TI Blue whale visual and acoustic encounter rates in the southern California bight SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blue whale; Balaenoptera musculus; visual survey; acoustic survey; encounter rate; feeding ground ID HUMPBACK WHALES; PACIFIC; ABUNDANCE; EASTERN; SEASONALITY; MODELS; SEA AB The relationship between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) visual and acoustic encounter rates was quantitatively evaluated using hourly counts of detected whales during shipboard surveys off southern California. Encounter rates were estimated using temporal, geographic, and weather variables within a generalized additive model framework. Visual encounters (2.06 animals/h, CV = 0.10) varied with subregion, Julian day, time of day, and year. Acoustic encounters of whales producing pulsed A and tonal B call sequences (song; 0.65 animals/h, CV = 0.06) varied by Julian day, survey mode (transit or stationary), and subregion, and encounters of whales producing downswept (D) calls (0.41 animals/h, CV = 0.09) varied by Julian day and the number of animals seen. Inclusion of Julian day in all models reflects the seasonal occurrence of blue whales off southern California; however, the seasonal peak in visual encounters and acoustic encounters of D calling whales (July-August) was offset from the peak in acoustic encounters of singing whales (August-September). The relationship between visual and acoustic encounter rates varied regionally, with significant differences in several northern regions. The number of whales heard D calling was positively related to the number of animals seen, whereas the number of singing whales was not related to visual encounter rate. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Oleson, EM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr 0205, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM eoleson@ucsd.edu NR 38 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 23 IS 3 BP 574 EP 597 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.02303.x PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 178FF UT WOS:000247205900006 ER PT J AU Clapham, P Van Waerebeek, K AF Clapham, Phil Van Waerebeek, Koen TI Bushmeat and bycatch: the sum of the parts SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MARKETS; WHALE AB In many developing countries, the killing of wild animals for commercial purposes (the bushmeat trade) is a significant factor in the reduction of biodiversity, and probably represents a major threat to the survival of many more populations than we know. This includes marine species such as cetaceans, sea turtles and sirenians ('marine bushmeat'), which are often neglected in the discussion of this issue. Estimating the impact of the bushmeat trade anywhere is problematic because even the most thorough visual surveys of meat markets cannot easily translate an observed quantity of butchered products into the number of animals killed. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Baker et al. provide a powerful new tool for such assessments: molecular identification of commercially available products from a depleted population of minke whales in South Korea is combined with genotyping and novel capture-recapture methods to estimate not only the number of individuals taken, but also the persistence of the resulting products in the marketplace. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Museo Delfines, Pucusana, Peru. RP Clapham, P (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM phillip.clapham@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2607 EP 2609 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03378.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 183GX UT WOS:000247561800001 PM 17594431 ER PT J AU Baker, CS Cooke, JG Lavery, S Dalebout, ML Ma, YU Funahashi, N Carraher, C Brownell, RL AF Baker, C. Scott Cooke, Justin G. Lavery, Shane Dalebout, Merel L. Ma, Yong-un Funahashi, Naoko Carraher, Colm Brownell, Robert L., Jr. TI Estimating the number of whales entering trade using DNA profiling and capture-recapture analysis of market products SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; fisheries bycatch; IUU exploitation; microsatellites; minke whales ID COMMERCIAL MARKETS; BUSHMEAT MARKETS; KOREAN MARKETS; PCR PRODUCTS; IDENTIFICATION; JAPAN; POPULATION; DOLPHIN; SOLD AB Surveys of commercial markets combined with molecular taxonomy (i.e. molecular monitoring) provide a means to detect products from illegal, unregulated and/or unreported (IUU) exploitation, including the sale of fisheries bycatch and wild meat (bushmeat). Capture-recapture analyses of market products using DNA profiling have the potential to estimate the total number of individuals entering the market. However, these analyses are not directly analogous to those of living individuals because a 'market individual' does not die suddenly but, instead, remains available for a time in decreasing quantities, rather like the exponential decay of a radioactive isotope. Here we use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and microsatellite genotypes to individually identify products from North Pacific minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata ssp.) purchased in 12 surveys of markets in the Republic of (South) Korea from 1999 to 2003. By applying a novel capture-recapture model with a decay rate parameter to the 205 unique DNA profiles found among 289 products, we estimated that the total number of whales entering trade across the five-year survey period was 827 (SE, 164; CV, 0.20) and that the average 'half-life' of products from an individual whale on the market was 1.82 months (SE, 0.24; CV, 0.13). Our estimate of whales in trade (reflecting the true numbers killed) was significantly greater than the officially reported bycatch of 458 whales for this period. This unregulated exploitation has serious implications for the survival of this genetically distinct coastal population. Although our capture-recapture model was developed for specific application to the Korean whale-meat markets, the exponential decay function could be modified to improve the estimates of trade in other wildmeat or fisheries markets or abundance of living populations by noninvasive genotyping. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Marine Mammal Inst, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Ctr Ecosyst Management Studies, D-79261 Gutach, Germany. Korean Federat Environm Movement, Seoul 110806, South Korea. Int Fund Anim Welfare, Tokyo 203, Japan. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Baker, CS (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM scott.baker@oregonstate.edu NR 46 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2617 EP 2626 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03317.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 183GX UT WOS:000247561800004 PM 17594434 ER PT J AU Morin, PA Aitken, NC Rubio-Cisneros, N Dizon, AE Mesnick, S AF Morin, Phillip A. Aitken, Nicola C. Rubio-Cisneros, Nadia Dizon, Andrew E. Mesnick, Sarah TI Characterization of 18 SNP markers for sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE single nucleotide polymorphism; SNP; sperm whale; Physeter macrocephalus; conservation; genetic ID MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; MITOCHONDRIAL; SEQUENCES; PCR AB We report the characterization of 18 new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for an endangered species, the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), developed using a targeted gene approach. SNP markers were derived from autosomal regions of the genome using primers originally characterized for genome mapping in other mammals. These SNP markers are the first to be designed for genotyping sperm whale populations and will provide a necessary addition to the genetic tools employed for understanding population structure on a global scale and for developing a conservation management strategy for this endangered species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Lab Conservat Genet, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM phillip.morin@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD JUL PY 2007 VL 7 IS 4 BP 626 EP 630 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01654.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 186DA UT WOS:000247758100023 ER PT J AU Ziegler, CL Buban, MS Rasmussen, EN AF Ziegler, Conrad L. Buban, Michael S. Rasmussen, Erik N. TI A lagrangian objective analysis technique for assimilating in situ observations with multiple-radar-derived airflow SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ANALYSIS SCHEME; AIRBORNE DOPPLER; COLD-FRONT; DRYLINE; INITIATION; IHOP-2002; IHOP; VARIABILITY; SYSTEM AB A new Lagrangian analysis technique is developed to assimilate in situ boundary layer measurements using multi-Doppler-derived wind fields, providing output fields of water vapor mixing ratio, potential temperature, and virtual potential temperature from which the lifting condensation level (LCL) and relative humidity (RH) fields are derived. The Lagrangian analysis employs a continuity principle to bidirectionally distribute observed values of conservative variables with the 3D, evolving boundary layer airflow, followed by temporal and spatial interpolation to an analysis grid. Cloud is inferred at any grid point whose height z > z(LCL) or equivalently where RH >= 100%. Lagrangian analysis of the cumulus field is placed in the context of gridded analyses of visible satellite imagery and photogrammetric cloud-base area analyses. Brief illustrative examples of boundary layer morphology derived with the Lagrangian analysis are presented based on data collected during the International H2O Project (IHOP): 1) a dryline on 22 May 2002; 2) a cold-frontal-dryline "triple point" intersection on 24 May 2002. The Lagrangian analysis preserves the sharp thermal gradients across the cold front and drylines and reveals the presence of undulations and plumes of water vapor mixing ratio and virtual potential temperature associated with deep penetrative updraft cells and convective roll circulations. Derived cloud fields are consistent with satellite-inferred cloud cover and cloud-base locations. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ziegler, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM conrad.ziegler@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2417 EP 2442 DI 10.1175/MWR3396.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600001 ER PT J AU Ziegler, CL Rasmussen, EN Buban, MS Richardson, YP Miller, LJ Rabin, RM AF Ziegler, Conrad L. Rasmussen, Erik N. Buban, Michael S. Richardson, Yvette P. Miller, L. Jay Rabin, Robert M. TI The "Triple point" on 24 may 2002 during IHOP. Part II: Ground-radar and in situ boundary layer analysis of cumulus development and convection initiation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE DOPPLER; SEVERE STORM; COLD-FRONT; DUAL-DOPPLER; DRYLINE; MESOSCALE; CONVERGENCE; LEVEL; ROLLS; SCALE AB Cumulus formation and convection initiation are examined near a cold front-dryline "triple point" intersection on 24 May 2002 during the International H2O Project (IHOP). A new Lagrangian objective analysis technique assimilates in situ measurements using time-dependent Doppler-derived 3D wind fields, providing output 3D fields of water vapor mixing ratio, virtual potential temperature, and lifted condensation level (LCL) and water-saturated (i.e., cloud) volumes on a subdomain of the radar analysis grid. The radar and Lagrangian analyses reveal the presence of along-wind (i.e., longitudinal) and cross-wind (i.e., transverse) roll circulations in the boundary layer (BL). A remarkable finding of the evolving radar analyses is the apparent persistence of both transverse rolls and individual updraft, vertical vorticity, and reflectivity cores for periods of up to 30 min or more while moving approximately with the local BL wind. Satellite cloud images and single-camera ground photogrammetry imply that clouds tend to develop either over or on the downwind edge of BL updrafts, with a tendency for clouds to elongate and dissipate in the downwind direction relative to cloud layer winds due to weakening updrafts and mixing with drier overlying air. The Lagrangian and radar wind analyses support a parcel continuity principle for cumulus formation, which requires that rising moist air parcels achieve their LCL before moving laterally out of the updraft. Cumuli form within penetrative updrafts in the elevated residual layer (ERL) overlying the moist BL east of the triple point, but remain capped by a convection inhibition (CIN)-bearing layer above the ERL. Dropsonde data suggest the existence of a convergence line about 80 km east of the triple point where deep lifting of BL moisture and locally reduced CIN together support convection initiation. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Ziegler, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, 120 David L Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM conrad.ziegler@noaa.gov RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074 NR 62 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2443 EP 2472 DI 10.1175/MWR3411.1 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600002 ER PT J AU Buban, MS Ziegler, CL Rasmussen, EN Richardson, YP AF Buban, Michael. S. Ziegler, Conrad L. Rasmussen, Erik N. Richardson, Yvette P. TI The dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP: Ground-radar and in situ data analyses of the dryline and boundary layer evolution SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE LOCAL STORMS; DOPPLER RADAR; CONVECTION INITIATION; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; FINESCALE STRUCTURE; OKLAHOMA DRYLINE; MOBILE MESONET; GUST FRONT; LIFE-CYCLE; VORTEX 95 AB On the afternoon and evening of 22 May 2002, high-resolution observations of the boundary layer (BL) and a dryline were obtained in the eastern Oklahoma and Texas panhandles during the International H2O Project. Using overdetermined multiple-Doppler radar syntheses in concert with a Lagrangian analysis of water vapor and temperature fields, the 3D kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the dryline and surrounding BL have been analyzed over a nearly 2-h period. The dryline is resolved as a strong (2-4 g kg(-1) km(-1)) gradient of water vapor mixing ratio that resides in a nearly north-south-oriented zone of convergence. Maintained through frontogenesis, the dryline is also located within a gradient of virtual potential temperature, which induces a persistent, solenoidally forced secondary circulation. Initially quasi-stationary, the dryline retrogrades to the west during early evening and displays complicated substructures including small wavelike perturbations that travel from south to north at nearly the speed of the mean BL flow. A second, minor dryline has similar characteristics to the first, but has weaker gradients and circulations. The BL adjacent to the dryline exhibits complicated structures, consisting of combinations of open cells, horizontal convective rolls, and transverse rolls. Strong convergence and vertical motion at the dryline act to lift moisture, and high-based cumulus clouds are observed in the analysis domain. Although the top of the analysis domain is below the lifted condensation level height, vertical extrapolation of the moisture fields generally agrees with cloud locations. Mesoscale vortices that move along the dryline induce a transient eastward dryline motion due to the eastward advection of dry air following misocyclone passage. Refractivity-based moisture and differential reflectivity analyses are used to help interpret the Lagrangian analyses. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Buban, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Forecast Res & Dev Div, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM michael.buban@noaa.gov RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074 NR 82 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2473 EP 2505 DI 10.1175/MWR3453.1 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600003 ER PT J AU Bruning, EC Rust, WD Schuur, TJ MacGorman, DR Krehbiel, PR Rison, W AF Bruning, Eric C. Rust, W. David Schuur, Terry J. MacGorman, Donald R. Krehbiel, Paul R. Rison, William TI Electrical and polarimetric radar observations of a multicell storm in TELEX SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RUNAWAY AIR-BREAKDOWN; THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION; HYDROMETEOR CLASSIFICATION; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; POLARIZATION EXPERIMENT; MULTIPARAMETER RADAR; FLORIDA THUNDERSTORM; RAINFALL ESTIMATION; CONVECTIVE STORMS; TERMINAL VELOCITY AB On 28-29 June 2004 a multicellular thunderstorm west of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was probed as part of the Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning Experiment field program. This study makes use of radar observations from the Norman, Oklahoma, polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler, three-dimensional lightning mapping data from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), and balloon-borne vector electric field meter (EFM) measurements. The storm had a low flash rate (30 flashes in 40 min). Four charge regions were inferred from a combination of LMA and EFM data. Lower positive charge near 4 km and midlevel negative charge from 4.5 to 6 km MSL (from 0 degrees to -6.5 degrees C) were generated in and adjacent to a vigorous updraft pulse. Further midlevel negative charge from 4.5 to 6 km MSL and upper positive charge from 6 to 8 km ( from -6.5 degrees to -19 degrees C) were generated later in quantity sufficient to initiate lightning as the updraft decayed. A negative screening layer was present near the storm top (8.5 km MSL, -25 degrees C). Initial lightning flashes were between lower positive and midlevel negative charge and started occurring shortly after a cell began lofting hydrometeors into the mixed phase region, where graupel was formed. A leader from the storm's first flash avoided a region where polarimetric radar suggested wet growth and the resultant absence of noninductive charging of those hydrometeors. Initiation locations of later flashes that propagated into the upper positive charge tracked the descending location of a polarimetric signature of graupel. As the storm decayed, electric fields greater than 160 kV m(-1) exceeded the minimum threshold for lightning initiation suggested by the hypothesized runaway breakdown process at 5.5 km MSL, but lightning did not occur. The small spatial extent (approximate to 100 m) of the large electric field may not have been sufficient to allow runaway breakdown to fully develop and initiate lightning. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Natl Weather Ctr, NOAA OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, NSSL FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Bruning, EC (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 120 David L Boren Dr, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM eric.bruning@noaa.gov OI MacGorman, Donald/0000-0002-2395-8196 NR 78 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2525 EP 2544 DI 10.1175/MWR3421.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600005 ER PT J AU Lewis, JM AF Lewis, John M. TI Use of a mixed-layer model to investigate problems in operational prediction of return flow SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ENTRAINMENT; CLOUD; SENSITIVITY; CONVECTION; EQUATIONS; EPISODE AB Inaccuracy in the numerical prediction of the moisture content of return-flow air over the Gulf of Mexico continues to plague operational forecasters. At the Environmental Modeling Center/National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the United States, the prediction errors have exhibited bias-typically too dry in the early 1990s and too moist from the mid-1990s to present. This research explores the possible sources of bias by using a Lagrangian formulation of the classic mixed-layer model. Justification for use of this low-order model rests on careful examination of the upper-air thermodynamic structure in a well-observed event during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment. The mixed-layer constraints are shown to be appropriate for the first phase of return flow, namely, the northerly-flow or outflow phase. The theme of the research is estimation of sensitivity-change in the model output (at termination of outflow) in response to inaccuracies or uncertainties in the elements of the control vector (the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the physical and empirical parameters). The first stage of research explores this sensitivity through a known analytic solution to a reduced form of the mixed-layer equations. Numerically calculated sensitivity (via Runge-Kutta integration of the equations) is compared to the exact values and found to be most credible. Further, because the first- and second-order terms in the solution about the base state can be found exactly for the analytic case, the degree of nonlinearity in the dynamical system can be determined. It is found that the system is "weakly nonlinear"; that is, solutions that result from perturbations to the control vector are well approximated by the first-order terms in the Taylor series expansion. This bodes well for the sensitivity analysis. The second stage of research examines sensitivity for the general case that includes moisture and imposed subsidence. Results indicate that uncertainties in the initial conditions are significant, yet they are secondary to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and physical/empirical parameters. The sea surface temperatures and associated parameters, the saturation mixing ratio at the sea surface and the turbulent transfer coefficient, exert the most influence on the moisture forecast. Uncertainty in the surface wind speed is also shown to be a major source of systematic error in the forecast. By assuming errors in the elements of the control vector that reflect observational error and uncertainties in the parameters, the bias error in the moisture forecast is estimated. These bias errors are significantly greater than random errors as explored through Monte Carlo experiments. Bias errors of 1-2 g kg(-1) in the moisture forecast are possible through a variety of systematic errors in the control vector. The sensitivity analysis also makes it clear that judiciously chosen incorrect specifications of the elements can offset each other and lead to a good moisture forecast. The paper ends with a discussion of research approaches that hold promise for improved operational forecasts of moisture in return-flow events. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 Davit L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM jlewis@dri.edu NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2610 EP 2628 DI 10.1175/MWR3430.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600009 ER PT J AU Ping, F Luo, ZX Li, XF AF Ping, Fan Luo, Zhexian Li, Xiaofan TI Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving Modeling study SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DEEP CONVECTIVE REGIME; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SQUALL-LINE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; TOGA COARE; ORGANIZATION; PARAMETERIZATION AB The microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states are investigated based on three two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations imposed by zero vertical velocity and time-invariant zonal wind and sea surface temperature. An experiment without ice microphysics ( ice microphysical and radiative effects; C00), another experiment without ice radiative effects (CI0), and the control experiment (CIR) are carried out. The model with cyclic lateral boundaries is integrated for 40 days to reach equilibrium states in all experiments. CI0 produces a colder and drier equilibrium state than CIR and C00 do through generating a larger IR cooling, a larger vapor condensation rate, and consuming a larger amount of water vapor. A larger surface rain rate occurs in CI0 than in CIR and C00. The ice radiative effects on thermodynamic equilibrium states are stronger than the ice microphysical effects so that the exclusion of ice microphysics yields a colder and drier equilibrium state in C00 than in CIR. The ice radiative effects and the ice microphysical effects on surface rainfall processes are largely offset, which leads to similar zonal-mean surface rain rates in C00 and CIR. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Dept Geog, Nanjing, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ping, F (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Lab Cloud Precipitat Phys & Severe Storms LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM pingf@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 39 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 135 IS 7 BP 2794 EP 2802 DI 10.1175/MWR3419.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 192BL UT WOS:000248175600021 ER PT J AU Pitman, RL Rojas-Bracho, L AF Pitman, Robert L. Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo TI How now, little cow? SO NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. CICESE, Natl Marine Mammal Program, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. RP Pitman, RL (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATURAL HISTORY MAGAZINE PI NEW YORK PA 36 WEST 25TH STREET, FIFTH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-0712 J9 NAT HIST JI Nat. Hist. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 116 IS 6 BP 28 EP 32 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178JC UT WOS:000247216000017 ER PT J AU Silva, TJ AF Silva, Thomas J. TI Spintronics - Field-free ringing of nanomagnets SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT News Item ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYER C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Silva, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM silva@boulder.nist.gov RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 3 IS 7 BP 447 EP 448 DI 10.1038/nphys649 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 192RF UT WOS:000248219100006 ER PT J AU Liu, PC Tsai, CH Chen, HS AF Liu, Paul C. Tsai, Chen-Han Chen, Hsuan S. TI On the growth of ocean waves SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ocean waves; ocean wave growth processes; time-frequency analysis ID SURFACE-WAVES; GENERATION; COASTAL; WIND AB The availability of 10 h of continuous, uninterrupted field measurements of wind waves recorded in the western Pacific and containing a complete wave growth episode, has provided a distinct opportunity for us to make a novel, unprecedented examination of detailed wave growth processes. We found that the significance of the size of data used in the measurement, which can only be addressed with continuous and uninterrupted measurements, reflected the ineptness of the conventional approach toward further detailed understanding of realistic wave growth processes, as the conventional 20 min data size essentially stamped out any dynamics with time scale below 20 min. While our conventional understanding and modeling were generally operative and useful, they left no real vestige on time localized mechanisms such as wave grouping or wave breaking processes all with time scales much less than 20 min. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Dept Marine Environm Informat, Chilung, Taiwan. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Chen, HS (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Hsuan.Chen@noaa.gov NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1472 EP 1480 DI 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2006.09.004 PG 9 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 183KF UT WOS:000247571000011 ER PT J AU Rankin, S Norris, TF Smultea, MA Oedekoven, C Zoidis, AM Silva, E Rivers, J AF Rankin, Shannon Norris, Tom F. Smultea, Mari A. Oedekoven, Cornelia Zoidis, Ann M. Silva, Ethan Rivers, Julie TI A visual sighting and acoustic detections of Minke whales, Balaenoptera acutoroshata (Cetacea : Balaenopteridae), in nearshore Hawaiian waters' SO PACIFIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacepede), have been considered a rare species in Hawaiian waters due to limited sightings during visual and aerial surveys. However, Our research suggests that they are more common than previously considered. In spring 2005, a combined visual-acoustic survey, of cetaceans in Hawaiian waters resulted in the sighting of a minke whale within 22 kin of Kaua'i. Minke whale vocalizations were also detected at several other locations near Kaua'i and O'ahu. These 2005 reports are the first from nearshore (<50 kin) Hawaiian waters despite years of previous shipboard and aerial surveys. The lack of historical sightings is likely due to misidentification or the inability to detect these animals during poor sighting conditions. We recommend that future cetacean surveys in Hawaiian waters include a passive acoustic component to increase the likelihood of detecting minke whales. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Cetos Res Org, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. Pelagikos, Oakland, CA 94606 USA. USN, Facil Engn Command, Honolulu, HI 96860 USA. RP Rankin, S (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Shannon.Rankin@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 0030-8870 J9 PAC SCI JI Pac. Sci. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 61 IS 3 BP 395 EP 398 DI 10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[395:AVSAAD]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 167AE UT WOS:000246422000007 ER PT J AU Chen, J Fan, J Li, Y Yang, SP AF Chen, J. Fan, J. Li, Y. Yang, S. P. TI Semiclassical theory of molecular nonsequential double ionization SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID STRONG LASER FIELDS; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTIONS; HARMONIC-GENERATION; DYNAMICS; HELIUM; SINGLE; IONS AB A semiclassical molecular nonsequential double ionization theory is developed based on the rescattering model. We show that, in the nonsequential double ionization of D-2, the kinetic energy of the returning electron changes from below to above the ionization threshold of the parent ion as the laser varies from short to long wavelength, resulting in the dominance of collisional ionization at shorter laser wavelength and field ionization at longer laser wavelength. We also calculate the double ionization time distribution of D-2 and the kinetic energy distribution of D+. The theoretical results are qualitatively consistent with experimental measurements. The nonsequential double to single ionization ratio of N-2(2+)/N-2(+) is also calculated and compared with available experimental results. C1 Inst Appl Phys & Computat Math, Beijing 100088, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Chem, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Kansas Ctr Adv Sci Comp, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Hebei Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shijiazhuang 050016, Peoples R China. RP Chen, J (reprint author), Inst Appl Phys & Computat Math, POB 8009 28, Beijing 100088, Peoples R China. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 013418 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.013418 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600136 ER PT J AU Danshita, I Tsuchiya, S AF Danshita, Ippei Tsuchiya, Shunji TI Comment on "Nonlinear band structure in Bose-Einstein condensates: Nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a Kronig-Penney potential" SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Letter AB In their recent paper [Phys. Rev. A 71, 033622 (2005)], Seaman studied Bloch states of the condensate wave function in a Kronig-Penney potential and calculated the band structure. They argued that the effective mass is always positive when a swallowtail energy loop is present in the band structure. In this Comment, we reexamine their argument by actually calculating the effective mass. It is found that there exists a region where the effective mass is negative even when a swallowtail is present. Based on this fact, we discuss the interpretation of swallowtails in terms of superfluidity. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Povo, Italy. BEC Ctr, INFM, CNR, I-38050 Povo, Italy. RP Danshita, I (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM danshita@nist.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 017601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.017601 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600220 ER PT J AU Dunn, JW Thomsen, JW Greene, CH Cruz, FC AF Dunn, Josh W. Thomsen, J. W. Greene, Chris H. Cruz, Flavio C. TI Coherent quantum engineering of free-space laser cooling SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; PHOTON RECOIL; OPTICAL MOLASSES; MULTILEVEL ATOMS AB Two distinct lasers are shown to permit controlled cooling of a three-level atomic system to a regime particularly useful for group-II atoms. Alkaline-earth-metal atoms are difficult to laser cool to the micro- or nanokelvin regime, but this technique exhibits encouraging potential to circumvent current roadblocks. Introduction of a sparse-matrix technique permits efficient solution of the master equation for the stationary density matrix, including the quantized atomic momentum. This overcomes long-standing inefficiencies of exact solution methods, and it sidesteps inaccuracies of frequently implemented semiclassical approximations. The realistic theoretical limiting temperatures are optimized over the full parameter space of detunings and intensities. A qualitative interpretation based on the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency reveals dynamical effects due to photon-atom dressing interactions that generate non-Lorentzian line shapes. Through coherent engineering of an asymmetric Fano-type profile, the temperature can be lowered down to the recoil limit range. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RP Dunn, JW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Greene, Chris/C-3821-2011; Cruz, Flavio/A-6346-2012; Thomsen, Jan W./M-9087-2016; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Greene, Chris/0000-0002-2096-6385; Cruz, Flavio/0000-0003-3995-7910; Thomsen, Jan W./0000-0003-3423-6989; NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 011401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.011401 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600006 ER PT J AU Lee, MD Kohler, T Julienne, PS AF Lee, Mark D. Koehler, Thorsten Julienne, Paul S. TI Excited Thomas-Efimov levels in ultracold gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RESONANTLY-INTERACTING PARTICLES; WEAKLY-BOUND STATES; TUNABLE INTERACTIONS; FESHBACH RESONANCES; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; ALKALI ATOMS; FORCE-RANGE; COLLISIONS; RECOMBINATION; SCATTERING AB Since the early days of quantum physics, the complex behavior of three interacting particles has been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. In a recent Letter to Nature, Kraemer [Nature (London) 440, 315 (2006)] report on experimental "evidence for Efimov quantum states" in an ultracold gas of cesium atoms. Such quantum states refer to an infinite series of energy levels of three identical Bose particles, accumulating at the threshold for dissociation as the scattering length of each pair is tuned to infinity. Whereas the existence of a single Efimov state has been predicted for three helium atoms, earlier experimental studies concluded that this elusive state had not been found. In this paper we show by an intuitive argument and full numerical calculations that the helium and cesium experiments actually provide evidence of the same, ground state of this trimer spectrum, which the helium experimentalists and pioneering theoretical studies had not associated with Efimov's effect. Unlike the helium trimer, the observed (133)Cs(3) resonance refers to a Borromean molecular state. We discuss how as yet unobserved, excited Efimov quantum states might be detected in ultracold gases of (85)Rb and of (133)Cs at magnetic field strengths in the vicinity of 0.08 T (800 G). C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, MD (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 78 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 012720 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.012720 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600108 ER PT J AU Reagan, BA Popmintchev, T Grisham, ME Gaudiosi, DM Berrill, M Cohen, O Walker, BC Murnane, MM Rocca, JJ Kapteyn, HC AF Reagan, B. A. Popmintchev, T. Grisham, M. E. Gaudiosi, D. M. Berrill, M. Cohen, O. Walker, B. C. Murnane, M. M. Rocca, J. J. Kapteyn, H. C. TI Enhanced high-order harmonic generation from Xe, Kr, and Ar in a capillary discharge SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; WAVE-GUIDES; LASER; CONVERSION; PLASMA; GASES; IONS AB We report the use of a preionized medium created by a capillary discharge to extend the cutoff photon energy in high-order harmonic generation. The observed enhancements result from a combination of reduced ionization energy loss and reduced ionization-induced defocusing of the driving laser. We observe harmonic emission from Xe up to a photon energy of 160 eV, and we extend this technique to other noble gases, observing photons with energies up to 170 eV from Kr and 275 eV from Ar. The discharge plasma also provides a means to spectrally tune the harmonics by tailoring the initial level of ionization of the medium. Our results are interpreted using a hydrodynamic-atomic physics model of the discharge plasma. This work demonstrates that capillary discharges are a versatile and general method for generating harmonics, in particular from ions. Finally, this approach should be scalable to efficiently generate coherent light at much shorter wavelengths, in combination with phase-matching techniques. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NSF, ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, NSF, ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Reagan, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NSF, ERC Extreme Ultraviolet Sci & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Walker, Barry/F-8532-2011; Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Berrill, Mark/0000-0002-4525-3939 NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 013816 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.013816 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600183 ER PT J AU Seaman, BT Carr, LD Holland, MJ AF Seaman, B. T. Carr, L. D. Holland, M. J. TI Reply to "Comment on 'Nonlinear band structure in Bose-Einstein condensates: Nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a Kronig-Penney potential' " SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Letter AB In response to Danshita and Tsuchiya's comment on our work on nonlinear band theory, we show that the size of the region of the swallowtail with a negative effective mass is inversely proportional to the interaction strength, i.e., for large interaction strengths, the region becomes negligibly small. We explain why the appearance of swallowtails is not related to superfluidity, but instead to a more universal nonlinear feature valid for both signs of the underlying atomic interactions: period doubling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Phys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Seaman, BT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 017602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.017602 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 196ML UT WOS:000248486600221 ER PT J AU He, C Torija, MA Wu, J Lynn, JW Zheng, H Mitchell, JF Leighton, C AF He, C. Torija, M. A. Wu, J. Lynn, J. W. Zheng, H. Mitchell, J. F. Leighton, C. TI Non-Griffiths-like clustered phase above the Curie temperature of the doped perovskite cobaltite La1-xSrxCoO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC POLARONS; SEPARATION; TRANSITION AB The existence of preformed clusters above the Curie temperature of the doped perovskite manganites is well established and, in many cases, conforms to the expectations for a Griffiths phase. We show here that the canonical perovskite cobaltite (La1-xSrxCoO3) also exhibits a clustered state above the Curie point in the ferromagnetic phase. The formation of magnetic clusters at a well-defined temperature (T-*) is revealed in the small-angle neutron scattering and dc susceptibility. Remarkably, the characteristics of this clustered state appear quite unlike those of a Griffiths phase; the deviation from Curie-Weiss behavior is opposite to expectations and is field independent, while T-* does not correspond to the undiluted Curie temperature. These results demonstrate that, although the Griffiths model may apply to many systems with quenched disorder, it is not universally applicable to randomly doped transition metal oxides. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Leighton, C (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM leighton@umn.edu NR 33 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 014401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014401 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 196MY UT WOS:000248487900058 ER PT J AU Lynn, JW Chen, Y Huang, Q Goh, SK Williams, GVM AF Lynn, J. W. Chen, Y. Huang, Q. Goh, S. K. Williams, G. V. M. TI Search for magnetic order in superconducting RuSr(2)Eu(1.2)Ce(0.8)Cu(2)O(10) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; GD; FERROMAGNETISM; HYDROGEN; HOMO6S8; OXYGEN; EU AB Neutron diffraction, polarized neutron transmission, and small angle neutron scattering have been used to investigate the crystal structure and nature of the magnetic order in a polycrystalline sample of RuSr(2)Eu(1.2)Ce(0.8)Cu(2)O(10). The sample was made with the Eu-153 (98.8%) isotope to reduce the high neutron absorption for the naturally occurring element. Full refinements of the crystal structure, space group I4/mmm, are reported. At low temperatures only a single magnetic peak is clearly observed in a relatively wide angular range. A sharp spin reorientation transition (SRT) is observed around 35 K, close to the superconducting transition temperature (T(c)similar to 40 K). Between the spin reorientation temperature and the Neel temperature of 59 K, additional magnetic reflections are observed. However, none of these can be simply indexed on the chemical unit cell, either as commensurate peaks or simple incommensurate magnetism, and the paucity of reflections at low T compels the conclusion that these magnetic Bragg peaks arise from an impurity phase. X-ray and neutron diffraction on the pressed pellet both show that the sample does not appear to contain substantial impurity phases, but it turns out that the magnetic impurity peaks exhibit strong preferred orientation with respect to the pellet orientation, while the primary phase does not. We have been unable to observe any magnetic order that can be identified with the ruthenate-cuprate system. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. MacDiarmid Inst Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, Ind Res Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RP Lynn, JW (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI williams, grant/0000-0001-9853-5203 NR 41 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 014519 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014519 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 196MY UT WOS:000248487900117 ER PT J AU Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN Ren, Y Chen, Y Mukovskii, YM Shulyatev, DA AF Lynn, J. W. Argyriou, D. N. Ren, Y. Chen, Y. Mukovskii, Y. M. Shulyatev, D. A. TI Order and dynamics of intrinsic nanoscale inhomogeneities in manganites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETORESISTIVE OXIDE LA0.7CA0.3MNO3; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; MAGNETIC ORDER; SPIN DYNAMICS; T-C; TRANSITION; PHASE; LA1.2SR1.8MN2O7; LA1-XCAXMNO3; TEMPERATURE AB Neutron elastic, inelastic, and high-energy x-ray scattering techniques are used to explore the nature of the polaron order and dynamics in the colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) system La0.7Ca0.3MnO3. Polaron correlations are known to develop within a narrow temperature regime as the Curie temperature is approached from low temperatures, with a nanoscale correlation length that is only weakly temperature dependent. The static nature of these short-range polaron correlations indicates the presence of a glasslike state, very similar to the observations for the bilayer manganite in the metallic-ferromagnetic doping region. In addition to this elastic component, inelastic scattering measurements reveal dynamic correlations with a comparable correlation length and with an energy distribution that is quasielastic. The elastic component disappears at a higher temperature T-*, above which the correlations are purely dynamic. These observations are identical to the polaron dynamics found in the bilayer manganite system in the CMR regime, demonstrating that they are a general phenomenon in the manganites. C1 NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Argonne Natl Lab, X ray Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Sci Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Moscow State Steel & Alloys Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia. RP Lynn, JW (reprint author), NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Svetlana, Ahmetzhanova/H-3797-2012; Shulyatev, Dmitry/M-7278-2014 OI Shulyatev, Dmitry/0000-0002-7642-0277 NR 49 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 014437 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014437 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 196MY UT WOS:000248487900094 ER PT J AU McQueen, T Huang, Q Lynn, JW Berger, RF Klimczuk, T Ueland, BG Schiffer, P Cava, RJ AF McQueen, T. Huang, Q. Lynn, J. W. Berger, R. F. Klimczuk, T. Ueland, B. G. Schiffer, P. Cava, R. J. TI Magnetic structure and properties of the S=5/2 triangular antiferromagnet alpha-NaFeO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SUCCESSIVE PHASE-TRANSITIONS; NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; CRYSTALS AB The magnetic properties of alpha-NaFeO2 are studied by neutron-diffraction and magnetization measurements. An ordered phase with spins aligned along the b(hex) axis exists at low temperatures (T < 4 K). At intermediate temperatures (4 K < T < 11 K), the system passes through an incommensurate ordered phase before transforming into a short-range-ordered state at higher temperatures that persists up to at least 50 K. Although the short-range ordering does not persist to room temperature according to neutron diffraction, the magnetic susceptibility does not follow the Curie-Weiss behavior, even up to 320 K. This rich magnetic behavior can be understood qualitatively as a competition between different magnetic exchange interactions that are similar in magnitude. The delicate balance between these interactions makes alpha-NaFeO2 a candidate for more detailed theoretical work to understand magnetic behavior in frustrated magnetic systems. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Gdansk Univ Technol, Fac Appl Phys & Math, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McQueen, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Ueland, Benjamin/B-2312-2008; Schiffer, Peter/F-3227-2011; Klimczuk, Tomasz/M-1716-2013; OI Ueland, Benjamin/0000-0001-9784-6595; Klimczuk, Tomasz/0000-0003-2602-5049; Schiffer, Peter/0000-0002-6430-6549 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 2 AR 024420 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.024420 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 196QD UT WOS:000248496200074 ER PT J AU Riggleman, RA Douglas, JF De Pablo, JJ AF Riggleman, Robert A. Douglas, Jack F. De Pablo, Juan J. TI Characterization of the potential energy landscape of an antiplasticized polymer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; DENSITY-OF-STATES; STRUCTURAL TRANSITIONS; COOPERATIVE MOTION; CORRELATED MOTION; BOSON PEAK; RELAXATION; DYNAMICS; HETEROGENEITIES; MODEL AB The nature of the individual transitions on the potential energy landscape (PEL) associated with particle motion are directly examined for model fragile glass-forming polymer melts, and the results are compared to those of an antiplasticized polymer system. In previous work, we established that the addition of antiplasticizer reduces the fragility of glass formation so that the antiplasticized material is a stronger glass former. In the present work, we find that the antiplasticizing molecules reduce the energy barriers for relaxation compared to the pure polymer, implying that the antiplasticized system has smaller barriers to overcome in order to explore its configuration space. We examine the cooperativity of segmental motion in these bulk fluids and find that more extensive stringlike collective motion enables the system to overcome larger potential energy barriers, in qualitative agreement with both the Stillinger-Weber and Adam-Gibbs views of glass formation. Notably, the stringlike collective motion identified by our PEL analysis corresponds to incremental displacements that occur within larger-scale stringlike particle displacement processes associated with PEL metabasin transitions that mediate structural relaxation. These "substrings" nonetheless seem to exhibit changes in relative size with antiplasticization similar to those observed in "superstrings" that arise at elevated temperatures. We also study the effects of confinement on the energy barriers in each system. Film confinement makes the energy barriers substantially smaller in the pure polymer, while it has little effect on the energy barriers in the antiplasticized system. This observation is qualitatively consistent with our previous studies of stringlike motion in these fluids at higher temperatures and with recent experimental measurements by Torkelson and co-workers. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Riggleman, RA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 52 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JUL PY 2007 VL 76 IS 1 AR 011504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.76.011504 PN 1 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 197IT UT WOS:000248548900052 PM 17677447 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN Newell, DB AF Mohr, Peter J. Taylor, Barry N. Newell, David B. TI The fundamental physical constants SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Article ID CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES C1 NIST, Ctr Data, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Data, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mohr@nist.gov; barry.taylor@nist.gov; david.newell@nist.gov NR 4 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD JUL PY 2007 VL 60 IS 7 BP 52 EP 55 DI 10.1063/1.2761803 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 187LB UT WOS:000247848100029 ER PT J AU Chin, J Forster, A Clerici, C Sung, L Oudina, M Rice, K AF Chin, Joannie Forster, Amanda Clerici, Cyril Sung, Lipiin Oudina, Mounira Rice, Kirk TI Temperature and humidity aging of poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibers: Chemical and physical characterization SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE body armor; poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO); attenuated total reflectance (ATR); infrared (IR) spectroscopy; fiber; yarn ID MOISTURE SORPTION MECHANISM; AROMATIC POLYAMIDE FIBERS; POLY(P-PHENYLENE TEREPHTHALAMIDE); MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; WATER-VAPOR; POLYBENZOXAZOLES; BENZOBISOXAZOLE; DEGRADATION; TEXTILES AB In recent years, poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers have become prominent in high strength applications such as body armor, ropes and cables, and recreational equipment. The objectives of this study were to expose woven PBO body armor panels to elevated temperature and moisture, and to analyze the chemical, morphological and mechanical changes in PBO yarns extracted from the panels. A 30% decrease in yarn tensile strength, which was correlated to changes in the infrared peak absorbance of key functional groups in the PBO structure, was observed during the 26 week elevated temperature/elevated moisture aging period. Substantial changes in chemical structure were observed via infrared spectroscopy, as well as changes in polymer morphology using microscopy and neutron scattering. When the panels were removed to an ultra-dry environment for storage for 47 weeks, no further decreases in tensile strength degradation were observed. In a follow-on study, fibers were sealed in argon-filled glass tubes and exposed to elevated temperature; less than a 4% decrease in tensile strength was observed after 30 weeks, demonstrating that moisture is a key factor in the degradation of these fibers. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Law Enforcement Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chin, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8615,Bldg 226,Room B340, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joannie.chin@nist.gov RI Rice, Kirk/E-5775-2011; OI Forster, Amanda/0000-0001-7397-4429 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 92 IS 7 BP 1234 EP 1246 DI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.030 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 193TW UT WOS:000248298900011 ER PT J AU Bui, SH Vorburger, TV AF Bui, Son H. Vorburger, Theodore V. TI Surface metrology algorithm testing system SO PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface; topography; textures; roughness; parameters; filtering; software; database; Internet; website AB This paper presents the development of a Web-based surface metrology algorithm testing system. The system includes surface analysis tools and a surface texture specimen database for parameter evaluation and algorithm verification. The system runs from a Website at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. Manufacturers, instrument makers, and researchers have access via the Internet to standard data sets and analysis tools located on a NIST server. The system serves to validate the accuracy of algorithms as well as the calculation of surface parameters in industry. The System can be accessed through http://syseng.nist.gov/VSC/jsp. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bui, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sbui@veeco.com RI Shaffer, Stephen/C-6170-2011 NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0141-6359 J9 PRECIS ENG JI Precis. Eng.-J. Int. Soc. Precis. Eng. Nanotechnol. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 31 IS 3 BP 218 EP 225 DI 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2007.01.002 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Manufacturing; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 179JL UT WOS:000247285700006 ER PT J AU Boyajian, TS Gies, DR Baines, EK Barai, P Grundstrom, ED McSwain, MV Parks, JR Riddle, RL Ryle, WT Wingert, DW AF Boyajian, T. S. Gies, D. R. Baines, E. K. Barai, P. Grundstrom, E. D. McSwain, M. V. Parks, J. R. Riddle, R. L. Ryle, W. T. Wingert, D. W. TI Radial velocities of six OB stars SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; YOUNG OPEN CLUSTERS; ASSOCIATION; LINES; FIELD AB We present new results from a radial velocity study of six bright OB stars with little or no prior measurements. One of these, HD 45314, may be a long-period binary, but the velocity variations of this Be star may be related to changes in its circumstellar disk. Significant velocity variations were also found for HD 60848 ( possibly related to nonradial pulsations) and HD 61827 ( related to wind variations). The other three targets, HD 46150, HD 54879, and HD 206183, are constant-velocity objects, but we note that HD 54879 has Ha emission that may originate from a binary companion. We illustrate the average red spectrum of each target. C1 Georgia State Univ, Ctr High Angular Resolut Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Boyajian, TS (reprint author), NOAA, Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Washington, DC USA. EM tabetha@chara.gsu.edu; gies@chara.gsu.edu; baines@chara.gsu.edu; pabar56@phy.ulaval.ca; erika@chara.gsu.edu; mcswain@astro.yale.edu; parksj@physics.emory.edu; riddle@astro.caltech.edu; ryle@chara.gsu.edu; wingert@chara.gsu.edu OI Grundstrom, Erika/0000-0002-5130-0260; Boyajian, Tabetha/0000-0001-9879-9313 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 119 IS 857 BP 742 EP 746 DI 10.1086/520707 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 197LX UT WOS:000248558200004 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Zhang, FQ AF Schultz, David M. Zhang, Fuqing TI Baroclinic development within zonally-varying flows SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fronts; cyclone life cycles; confluence; diffluence ID UPPER-LEVEL FRONTOGENESIS; PRIMITIVE EQUATION MODEL; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; LIFE-CYCLES; BAROTROPIC SHEAR; SURFACE DRAG; CYCLOGENESIS; WAVES; EVOLUTION; CYCLONES AB Previous idealized-modelling studies have shown the importance of across-jet barotropic shear to the resulting evolution of cyclones, anticyclones, surface-based fronts, and upper-level fronts. Meanwhile, many observational studies of cyclones have shown the importance of along-jet variations in the horizontal wind speed (i.e. confluence, and diffluence). This study investigates the importance of these along-jet (zonal, for zonally-oriented jets) variations in the horizontal wind speed to the resulting structures and evolutions of baroclinic waves, using idealized models of growing baroclinic waves. An idealized primitive-equation channel model is configured with growing baroclinic perturbations embedded within confluent and diffluent background flows. When the baroclinic perturbations are placed in background confluence, the lower-tropospheric frontal structure and evolution initially resemble the Shapiro-Keyser cyclone model, with a zonally-oriented cyclone, strong warm front, and bent-back warm front. Later, as the baroclinic wave is amplified in the stronger downstream baroclinicity, the warm sector of the cyclone narrows, becoming more reminiscent of the Norwegian cyclone model. The upper-level frontal structure develops with a southwest-northeast orientation, and becomes strongest at the base of the trough, where geostrophic cold advection is occurring. In contrast, when the baroclinic perturbations are placed in background diffluence, the lower-tropospheric frontal structure and evolution resemble the Norwegian cyclone model, with a meridionally-oriented cyclone, strong cold front, and occluded front. The upper-level frontal structure is initially oriented northwest-southeast on the western side of the trough, before becoming zonally oriented. Weak geostrophic temperature advection occurs along its length. These results are compared to those from previous observational and idealized-modelling studies. Copyright (C) 2007 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Atmospher Sci, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1,POB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM david.schultz@fmi.fi RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010; Zhang, Fuqing/E-6522-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975; Zhang, Fuqing/0000-0003-4860-9985 NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 133 IS 626 BP 1101 EP 1112 DI 10.1002/qj.87 PN A PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 204YE UT WOS:000249079100003 ER PT J AU Sholom, S Desrosiers, M Bouville, A Luckyanov, N Chumak, V Simon, SL AF Sholom, Sergey Desrosiers, Marc Bouville, Andre Luckyanov, Nicholas Chumak, Vadim Simon, Steven L. TI EPR tooth dosimetry of SNTS area inhabitants SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 2nd International Conference on Biodosimetry/7th International Symposium on Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry and Applications CY JUL 10-13, 2007 CL Bethesda, MD SP Uniformed Serv Univ ID NUCLEAR TEST-SITE; DOLON VILLAGE; FALLOUT; POPULATION; VICINITY AB The determination of external dose to teeth of inhabitants of settlements near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) was conducted using the EPR dosimetry technique to assess radiation doses associated with exposure to radioactive fallout from the test site. In this study, tooth doses have been reconstructed for 103 persons with all studied teeth having been formed before the first nuclear test in 1949. Doses above those received from natural background radiation, termed "accident doses", were found to lie in the range from zero to approximately 2 Gy, with one exception, a dose for one person from Semipalatinsk city was approximately 9 Gy. The variability of reconstructed doses within each of the settlements demonstrated heterogeneity of the deposited fallout as well as variations in lifestyle. The village mean external gamma doses for residents of nine settlements were in the range from a few tens of mGy to approximately 100 mGy. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NCI, Natl Inst Hlth, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sci Ctr Radiat Med, Kiev, Ukraine. RP Simon, SL (reprint author), NCI, Natl Inst Hlth, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, 6120 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM ssimon@mail.nih.gov RI Chumak, Vadim/N-6960-2015 OI Chumak, Vadim/0000-0001-6045-9356 FU NCI NIH HHS [CO5117, Y03 CO5117]; NIAID NIH HHS [Y02 AI005077] NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 42 IS 6-7 SI SI BP 1037 EP 1040 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.007 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 224AH UT WOS:000250416900011 PM 19590746 ER PT J AU Sholom, S O'Brien, M Bakhanova, E Chumak, V Desrosiers, M Bouville, A AF Sholom, S. O'Brien, M. Bakhanova, E. Chumak, V. Desrosiers, M. Bouville, A. TI X-ray and gamma-ray absorbed dose profiles in teeth: An EPR and modeling study SO RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 2nd International Conference on Biodosimetry/7th International Symposium on Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry and Applications CY JUL 10-13, 2007 CL Bethesda, MD SP Uniformed Serv Univ ID SPIN-RESONANCE DOSIMETRY; TOOTH ENAMEL; CONVERSION AB Dose profiles in teeth have been experimentally and theoretically studied for different energies and geometries of incident X- and gamma-rays. The experiments were conducted with teeth inside of an Alderson phantom using monodirectional radiation beams at selected energies; they revealed two effects: an apparent lack of dose attenuation between the buccal and the lingual sides of the teeth for energies higher than 120 keV and an attenuation between first and last tooth layers for low-energy beams in the range from 0.28 to 0.57. Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the experimental data and provided dose profiles for other energies and geometries. In particular, exposure in the rotational radiation field produces pronounced dose profiles only for energies lower than 60 keV. The usefulness of these data to estimate the average energy of accidental radiation field is discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sci Ctr Radiat Med, Kiev, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Sholom, S (reprint author), Sci Ctr Radiat Med, Melnikova St 53, Kiev, Ukraine. EM sholom@leed1.kiev.ua RI Chumak, Vadim/N-6960-2015 OI Chumak, Vadim/0000-0001-6045-9356 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1350-4487 J9 RADIAT MEAS JI Radiat. Meas. PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 42 IS 6-7 SI SI BP 1196 EP 1200 DI 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.037 PG 5 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 224AH UT WOS:000250416900038 ER PT J AU Bassim, ND Schenck, PK Otani, M Oguchi, H AF Bassim, N. D. Schenck, P. K. Otani, M. Oguchi, H. TI Model, prediction, and experimental verification of composition and thickness in continuous spread thin film combinatorial libraries grown by pulsed laser deposition SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID GATE DIELECTRICS AB Pulsed laser deposition was used to grow continuous spread thin film libraries of continuously varying composition as a function of position on a substrate. The thickness of each component that contributes to a library can be empirically modeled to a bimodal cosine power distribution. We deposited ternary continuous spread thin film libraries from Al2O3, HfO2, and Y2O3 targets, at two different background pressures of O-2: 1.3 and 13.3 Pa. Prior to library deposition, we deposited single component calibration films at both pressures in order to measure and fit the thickness distribution. Following the deposition and fitting of the single component films, we predict both the compositional coverage and the thickness of the libraries. Then, we map the thickness of the continuous spread libraries using spectroscopic reflectometry and measure the composition of the libraries as a function of position using mapping wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS). We then compare the compositional coverage of the libraries and observe that compositional coverage is enhanced in the case of 13.3 Pa library. Our models demonstrate linear correlation coefficients of 0.98 for 1.3 Pa and 0.98 for 13.3 Pa with the WDS. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bassim, ND (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Oguchi, Hiroyuki/R-5305-2016 NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072203 DI 10.1063/1.2755783 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300004 PM 17672734 ER PT J AU Berry, BC Stafford, CM Pandya, M Lucas, LA Karim, A Fasolka, MJ AF Berry, Brian C. Stafford, Christopher M. Pandya, Mayur Lucas, Leah A. Karim, Alamgir Fasolka, Michael J. TI Versatile platform for creating gradient combinatorial libraries via modulated light exposure SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID THIOL-VINYL MECHANISMS; SURFACE-ENERGY; POLYMER-FILMS; PATTERN-FORMATION; MATERIALS SCIENCE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; ELASTIC SOLIDS; PHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONS; ADHESION AB This article details the design, construction, and operation of flexible system that modulates light exposure for the purpose of fabricating continuous and discrete gradient combinatorial libraries. Designed for versatility, the device combines "off the shelf" components, modular accessories, and flexible computer control, so that it can be used for a variety of combinatorial research applications. Salient aspects and capabilities of the instrument are illustrated through two practical examples. The first case demonstrates how user defined exposure functions can be used to create continuous surface energy gradient libraries with a linear profile. The second example illustrates the creation of continuous and discrete libraries for mapping exposure-property functions in a photocurable polymer system. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fasolka, MJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mfasolka@nist.gov NR 47 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072202 DI 10.1063/1.2755729 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300003 PM 17672733 ER PT J AU Chastek, TQ Beers, KL Amis, EJ AF Chastek, Thomas Q. Beers, Kathryn L. Amis, Eric J. TI Miniaturized dynamic light scattering instrumentation for use in microfluidic applications SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FIBERS; SINGLE-MODE; SPECTROMETER; MULTIMODE AB Five designs for a miniaturized dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument are described that incorporate microfluidic flow of the sample volume and fiber optic probes directly embedded into the sample. These instruments were demonstrated to accurately determine the size of 10-100 nm particles dispersed in organic and aqueous solvents with most sample sizes less than 150 mu l. Small stir bars were incorporated directly into the instruments, and enabled blending of different solutions immediately prior to DLS measurements. Demonstration of the instruments' capabilities include high throughput measurements of the micelle to unimer transition for poly(styrene-b-isoprene) in mixed toluene/hexadecane solvent, obtained by systematically blending toluene-rich and hexadecane-rich polymer solutions. The critical solvent composition was quickly identified with less than 20 mg of polymer. Further capabilities include temperature control, demonstrated by identification of a critical micelle temperature of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide), as well as multiangle DLS measurements. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Kathryn.Beers@nist.gov NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072201 DI 10.1063/1.2755569 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300002 PM 17672732 ER PT J AU Long, CJ Hattrick-Simpers, J Murakami, M Srivastava, RC Takeuchi, I Karen, VL Li, X AF Long, C. J. Hattrick-Simpers, J. Murakami, M. Srivastava, R. C. Takeuchi, I. Karen, V. L. Li, X. TI Rapid structural mapping of ternary metallic alloy systems using the combinatorial approach and cluster analysis SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID THROUGHPUT POWDER DIFFRACTION; COMPOSITION-SPREAD APPROACH; SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOYS; INORGANIC MATERIALS AB We are developing a procedure for the quick identification of structural phases in thin film composition spread experiments which map large fractions of compositional phase diagrams of ternary metallic alloy systems. An in-house scanning x-ray microdiffractometer is used to obtain x-ray spectra from 273 different compositions on a single composition spread library. A cluster analysis software is then used to sort the spectra into groups in order to rapidly discover the distribution of phases on the ternary diagram. The most representative pattern of each group is then compared to a database of known structures to identify known phases. Using this method, the arduous analysis and classification of hundreds of spectra is reduced to a much shorter analysis of only a few spectra. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Supercond Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Long, CJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072217 DI 10.1063/1.2755487 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300018 PM 17672748 ER PT J AU Simon, CG Stephens, JS Dorsey, SM Becker, ML AF Simon, Carl G., Jr. Stephens, Jean S. Dorsey, Shauna M. Becker, Matthew L. TI Fabrication of combinatorial polymer scaffold libraries SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; CELL-INTERACTIONS; NATURAL BONE; GEL ASSAY; MATRIX; SURFACES; ADHESION; CULTURE AB We have designed a novel combinatorial research platform to help accelerate tissue engineering research. Combinatorial methods combine many samples into a single specimen to enable accelerated experimentation and discovery. The platform for fabricating combinatorial polymer scaffold libraries can be used to rapidly identify scaffold formulations that maximize tissue formation. Many approaches for screening cell-biomaterial interactions utilize a two-dimensional format such as a film or surface to present test substrates to cells. However, cells in vivo exist in a three-dimensional milieu of extracellular matrix and cells in vitro behave more naturally when cultured in a three-dimensional environment than when cultured on a two-dimensional surface. Thus, we have designed a method for fabricating combinatorial biomaterial libraries where the materials are presented to cells in the form of three-dimensional, porous, salt-leached, polymer scaffolds. Many scaffold variations and compositions can be screened in a single experiment so that optimal scaffold formulations for tissue formation can be rapidly identified. In summary, we have developed a platform technology for fabricating combinatorial polymer scaffold libraries that can be used to screen cell response to materials in a three-dimensional, scaffold format. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carl.simon@nist.gov NR 44 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072207 DI 10.1063/1.2755761 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300008 PM 17672738 ER PT J AU Stafford, CM Grunlan, JC AF Stafford, Christopher M. Grunlan, Jaime C. TI Preface to Special Topic: Instruments and methods for combinatorial science and high-throughput screening SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stafford, CM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Grunlan, Jaime/K-3242-2016 OI Grunlan, Jaime/0000-0001-5241-9741 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 78 IS 7 AR 072101 DI 10.1063/1.2754653 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 196MI UT WOS:000248486300001 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, Dale E. TI Mistakes encountered during automatic peak identification in low beam energy X-ray Microanalysis SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; peak identification; peak fitting; qualitative analysis; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis AB Automated peak identification in electron beam excited X-ray microanalysis with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is subject to occasional mistakes even on well-separated, high-intensity peaks arising from major constituents. The problem is exacerbated when analysis conditions are restricted to operation in the "low beam energy scanning electron microscopy" (i.e. "low voltage scanning electron microscopy" or LVSEM) regime where the incident beam energy is 5 keV or less. These low beam energy microanalysis conditions force the analyst to use low fluorescence yield L-shell and M-shell peaks rather than higher yield K-shell and L-shell peaks typically selected for elements of intermediate and high atomic number under conventional high beam energy ( > 10 keV) conditions. Misidentifications can arise in automated peak identification procedures when only a single energy channel is used to characterize an EDS peak. The effect of the EDS measurement process is to convolve the closely spaced L alpha-L beta and M alpha-M beta peaks into a single peak with a peak channel shift of 20 eV or more from the L alpha or M alpha value, which is typically sought in an X-ray database. An extensive list of problem situations encountered in low beam energy microanalysis is presented based upon observed peak identification mistakes as well as likely troublesome situations based upon proximity in peak energy. Robust automatic peak identification requires implementation of peak fitting that utilizes the full peak shape. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), NIST, MS 8370 217-B250,100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JUL-AUG PY 2007 VL 29 IS 4 BP 137 EP 151 DI 10.1002/sca.20009 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 199YZ UT WOS:000248732400001 PM 17676629 ER PT J AU Lasseigne, AN Olson, DO AF Lasseigne, Angelique N. Olson, David O. TI Determination of interstitial nitrogen content in austenitic stainless steel welds by thermoelectric power SO SOLDAGEM & INSPECAO LA English DT Article DE thermoelectric power; interstitial nitrogen; weldments ID POROSITY AB Nitrogen is utilized as an interstitial solid solution strengthener in austenitic stainless steels. With increasing use of high nitrogen steels it is necessary to precisely quantify the nitrogen content to attain beneficial mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. High nitrogen contents partition into interstitial nitrogen and transition metal nitrides in austenitic stainless steel alloy 1.4565 welds, thus affecting the resulting material properties. Through the application of solid state physics concepts, a non destructive surface contact probe utilizing thermoelectric power has been developed to conveniently assess and quantitatively map soluble nitrogen content in nitrogen strengthened austenitic stainless steel weldments. The thermoelectric power coefficient has been measured on plasma arc welds on nitrogen strengthened austenitic stainless steel Alloy 1.4565 THAT has been interstitially strengthened with nitrogen for enhancement in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. C1 [Lasseigne, Angelique N.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Olson, David O.] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Lasseigne, AN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. EM alasseig@mines.edu NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC BRASIL SOLDAGEM PI SAO PAULO PA RUA DR GUILHERME BANNITZ NO 126 CONJ ITAIM-BIBI, SAO PAULO, SP 532-060, BRAZIL SN 0104-9224 J9 SOLDAGEM INSP JI Soldagem Insp. PD JUL-SEP PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3 BP 210 EP 217 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 300XO UT WOS:000255859100007 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL AF Rukhin, Andrew L. TI Normal order statistics and sums of geometric random variables in treatment allocation problems SO STATISTICS & PROBABILITY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE antiranks; balanced randomization; multinomial trials; occupancy problem; probability generating function; spacings ID FREQUENCY; TRIALS; QUOTA AB The target fulfillment instants of two balanced randomization procedures for several treatments are studied tinder a general (non-uniform) allocation scheme. Their limiting distributions are shown to be related to the normal order statistics with different variances and to the sums of independent geometric random variables. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UMBC, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), UMBC, Dept Math & Stat, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7152 EI 1879-2103 J9 STAT PROBABIL LETT JI Stat. Probab. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2007 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1312 EP 1321 DI 10.1016/j.spl.2007.03.017 PG 10 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 187GK UT WOS:000247835400018 ER PT J AU Kiffney, PM Roni, P AF Kiffney, P. M. Roni, P. TI Relationships between productivity, physical habitat, and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate populations of forest streams: An information-theoretic approach SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; CUTTHROAT TROUT; RAINBOW-TROUT; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; ENERGY AVAILABILITY; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; RIPARIAN CANOPY; BROWN TROUT; FRESH-WATER AB Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are threatened by habitat degradation resulting in widespread population declines or extinction of invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. Millions of dollars are spent annually on efforts to restore the physical complexity of degraded habitats, such as adding wood to streams. The efficacy of these efforts may be limited, however, because basal productivity (availability of nutrients, algae, bacteria, and organic matter) and predation also constrain the abundance and diversity of stream biota. Using light input as a surrogate for basal productivity, we examined the relative importance of predation, productivity, and physical habitat in explaining the variation in invertebrate and vertebrate populations in small forest streams of coastal Oregon. Our results suggest that aquatic populations are limited by these factors individually and in combination as well as by their interactive effects. For example, invertebrate taxa richness was best predicted by basal productivity, and richness was positively correlated with light. Total vertebrate biomass was positively related to both basal productivity and physical habitat, and the top-ranked model included light input and velocity. The top-ranked model explaining variation in the biomass of the coastal giant salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus was a single-variable model that included the interaction of basal productivity with channel slope. Streams are dynamic environments, and species living within these ecosystems are probably affected by multiple, interacting factors. Our results support this notion and suggest that, in some cases, restoring physical habitat may have minimal effect on stream communities if productivity at lower trophic levels is also limiting. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kiffney, PM (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. EM peter.kiffney@noaa.gov NR 64 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 136 IS 4 BP 1088 EP 1103 DI 10.1577/T06-234.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 192LO UT WOS:000248203500020 ER PT J AU Simiu, E AF Simiu, E. TI Errors in GEV analysis of wind epoch maxima from Weibull parents SO WIND AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM emil.simiu@nist.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNO-PRESS PI DAEJEON PA PO BOX 33, YUSEONG, DAEJEON 305-600, SOUTH KOREA SN 1226-6116 J9 WIND STRUCT JI Wind Struct. PD JUL PY 2007 VL 10 IS 4 BP 399 EP 400 PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Mechanics GA 204YZ UT WOS:000249081200006 ER PT J AU Zhang, R AF Zhang, Rong TI Anticorrelated multidecadal variations between surface and subsurface tropical North Atlantic SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; PACIFIC; MODELS AB In this paper for the first time I show that the multidecadal variations of observed tropical North Atlantic ( TNA) sea surface temperature (SST) are strongly anticorrelated with those of the observed TNA subsurface ocean temperature, with long-term trends removed. I further show that the anticorrelated change between the TNA surface and subsurface temperature is a distinctive signature of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations, using water-hosing experiments with the GFDL state-of-art coupled climate model (CM2.1). External radiative forced simulations with the same model do not provide a significant relationship between the TNA surface and subsurface temperature variations. The observed detrended multidecadal TNA subsurface temperature anomaly may be taken as a proxy for the AMOC variability. Various mechanisms proposed for the multidecadal TNA SST variations, which are crucial for multidecadal variations of Atlantic hurricane activities, should take into account the observed anticorrelation between the TNA surface and subsurface temperature variations. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM rong.zhang@noaa.gov RI Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 23 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 30 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 12 AR L12713 DI 10.1029/2007GL030225 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 184ZW UT WOS:000247682100004 ER PT J AU Ray, EA Rosenlof, KH AF Ray, Eric A. Rosenlof, Karen H. TI Hydration of the upper troposphere by tropical cyclones SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; DEEP CONVECTION; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; PART I; SENSITIVITY; GREENHOUSE; SATELLITE; CLIMATE AB [1] Tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific ocean basins are found to have a significant impact on the amount of water vapor in the tropical and subtropical upper troposphere. Measurements from AIRS on Aqua and MLS on Aura are used to reveal details of the water vapor and temperature structure of the upper troposphere in the vicinity of tropical cyclones that have been unavailable from previous satellite observations. These measurements show that the most intense tropical cyclones ( categories 4 and 5) increase average water vapor mixing ratios between 300 and 150 hPa in a roughly 1500 km 2 area around the cyclones by 10 - 50% over their lifetimes. Category 3 and weaker tropical cyclones hydrate the upper troposphere on average roughly half as effectively as the most intense cyclones. The most intense cyclones also increase average water vapor in the upper troposphere by 2 - 10% in the entire ocean basin in which they occur. This amount of hydration of the tropical upper troposphere suggests that tropical cyclones play a role in the water vapor budget, and associated climate feedbacks, in a region much larger than the cyclone vicinity. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ray, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eric.ray@noaa.gov RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 30 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12311 DI 10.1029/2006JD008009 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 185AL UT WOS:000247683600002 ER PT J AU Tarasick, DW Moran, MD Thompson, AM Carey-Smith, T Rochon, Y Bouchet, VS Gong, W Makar, PA Stroud, C Menard, S Crevier, LP Cousineau, S Pudykiewicz, JA Kallaur, A Moffet, R Menard, R Robichaud, A Cooper, OR Oltmans, SJ Witte, JC Forbes, G Johnson, BJ Merrill, J Moody, JL Morris, G Newchurch, MJ Schmidlin, FJ Joseph, E AF Tarasick, D. W. Moran, M. D. Thompson, A. M. Carey-Smith, T. Rochon, Y. Bouchet, V. S. Gong, W. Makar, P. A. Stroud, C. Menard, S. Crevier, L.-P. Cousineau, S. Pudykiewicz, J. A. Kallaur, A. Moffet, R. Menard, R. Robichaud, A. Cooper, O. R. Oltmans, S. J. Witte, J. C. Forbes, G. Johnson, B. J. Merrill, J. Moody, J. L. Morris, G. Newchurch, M. J. Schmidlin, F. J. Joseph, E. TI Comparison of Canadian air quality forecast models with tropospheric ozone profile measurements above midlatitude North America during the IONS/ICARTT campaign: Evidence for stratospheric input SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC AEROSOL YIELDS; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; BACKGROUND OZONE; UNITED-STATES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; HIGH-LATITUDES; SURFACE AIR; TRANSPORT; BE-7; FLUX AB [1] During July and August, 2004, balloon-borne ozonesondes were released daily at 12 sites in the eastern USA and Canada, producing the largest single set of free tropospheric ozone measurements ever compiled for this region. At the same time, a number of air quality forecast models were run daily as part of a larger field experiment. In this paper, we compare these ozonesonde profiles with predicted ozone profiles from several versions of two of these forecast models, the Environment Canada CHRONOS and AURAMS models. We find that the models show considerable skill at predicting ozone in the planetary boundary layer and immediately above. Individual station biases are variable, but often small. Standard deviations of observation-forecast differences are large, however. Ozone variability in the models is somewhat higher than observed. Most strikingly, none of the model versions is able to reproduce the typical tropospheric ozone profile of increasing mixing ratio with altitude. Results from a sensitivity test suggest that the form of the ozone lateral boundary condition used by all model versions contributes significantly to the large ozone underpredictions in the middle and upper troposphere. The discrepancy could be reduced further by adding a downward flux of ozone from the model lid and by accounting for in situ production of ozone from lightning-generated NOx. C1 Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Air Qual Models Applicat Grp, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Environm Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Halifax, NS B3J 2R7, Canada. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22993 USA. Valparaiso Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Tarasick, DW (reprint author), Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM david.tarasick@ec.gc.ca RI Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 NR 70 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 30 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S22 DI 10.1029/2006JD007782 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 185AL UT WOS:000247683600001 ER PT J AU Maus, S Sazonova, T Hemant, K Fairhead, JD Ravat, D AF Maus, S. Sazonova, T. Hemant, K. Fairhead, J. D. Ravat, Dhananjay TI National Geophysical Data Center candidate for the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic field; crustal field; satellite geomagnetism; aeromagnetic survey; marine magnetic data; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : spatial variations : all harmonics and anomalies; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : satellite magnetics : main field, crustal field, external field; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : reference fields : regional, global ID LITHOSPHERIC FIELD; GLOBAL VECTOR AB [1] Marine and airborne magnetic anomaly data have been collected for more than half a century, providing global coverage of the Earth. Furthermore, the German CHAMP satellite is providing increasingly accurate information on large-scale magnetic anomalies. The World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map project is an international effort to integrate all available near-surface and satellite magnetic anomaly data into a global map database. Teams of researchers were invited to produce candidate maps using a common pool of data sets. Here we present the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) candidate. To produce a homogeneous map, the near-surface data were first line-leveled and then merged by Least Squares Collocation. Long wavelengths were found to agree surprisingly well with independent satellite information. This validates our final processing step of merging the short-wavelength part of the near-surface data with long-wavelength satellite magnetic anomalies. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Univ Leeds, GETECH, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Maus, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stefan.maus@noaa.gov OI Ravat, Dhananjay/0000-0003-1962-4422 NR 22 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD JUN 29 PY 2007 VL 8 AR Q06017 DI 10.1029/2007GC001643 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 184ZA UT WOS:000247679900002 ER PT J AU Kenzelmann, M Lawes, G Harris, AB Gasparovic, G Broholm, C Ramirez, AP Jorge, GA Jaime, M Park, S Huang, Q Shapiro, AY Demianets, LA AF Kenzelmann, M. Lawes, G. Harris, A. B. Gasparovic, G. Broholm, C. Ramirez, A. P. Jorge, G. A. Jaime, M. Park, S. Huang, Q. Shapiro, A. Ya. Demianets, L. A. TI Direct transition from a disordered to a multiferroic phase on a triangular lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION AB We report the first direct transition from a paramagnetic and paraelectric phase to an incommensurate multiferroic in the triangular lattice antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO4)(2). Ferroelectricity is observed only when the magnetic structure has chirality and breaks inversion symmetry. A Landau expansion of symmetry-allowed terms in the free energy demonstrates that chiral magnetic order can give rise to a pseudoelectric field, whose temperature dependence agrees with experiment. C1 ETH, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Bell Labs, Alcatel Lucent, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS E536, MPA NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Korea Atom Energy Res Inst, HANARO Ctr, Taejon, South Korea. Russian Acad Sci, AV Shubnikov Inst Crystallog, Moscow 117333, Russia. RP Kenzelmann, M (reprint author), ETH, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013; Jaime, Marcelo/F-3791-2015; Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Jaime, Marcelo/0000-0001-5360-5220; Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826 NR 18 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 10 U2 39 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 29 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 26 AR 267205 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.267205 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 184EY UT WOS:000247625100058 PM 17678126 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Yang, Z Cook, LP AF Wong-Ng, W. Yang, Z. Cook, L. P. TI Subsolidus phase relationships of the BaO-R2O3-CuOz (R=Tm and Yb) systems under carbonate-free conditions at po(2)=100 Pa, and T=750 degrees C and 810 degrees C SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE high-Tc superconductors; solid-state reactions; phase diagrams; X-ray diffraction ID CU-O SYSTEM; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; P(O2)=100 PA; ER; TAPES; HO; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; T=810-DEGREES-C; 950-DEGREES-C; CHEMISTRY AB For applications of phase equilibria to coated conductor processing, phase diagrams constructed under carbonate-free conditions should be employed. Using special apparatus and a procedure for preparing carbonate-free precursors based on BaO, phase diagrams of the BaO-Tm2O3-CuO2 and BaO-Yb2O3-CuO2 systems were determined at 100Pa (0.1% O-2 by volume, 750 degrees C and 810 degrees C). The BaO-Yb2O3-CuO2 system exhibits different features as compared to the Tm-analog. For example, the Yb-system does not contain the Ba4RCu3O8.5+z phase. The absence of this phase affects the tie-line relations in the BaO-rich region of the phase diagram of the Yb-system. Furthermore, while the diagrams with relatively large R (i.e., R = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er) do not contain a tie-line between BaCuO2+z and BaR2CuO5, this tie-line was found in the Yb-diagram, which has a much smaller R. In general, both the diagrams of the BaO-Tm2O3-CuOz and of the BaO-Yb2O3-CuOz systems prepared under carbonate-free conditions are different from those obtained using BaCO3-derived starting materials. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN 28 PY 2007 VL 437 IS 1-2 BP 58 EP 63 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.083 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 170CQ UT WOS:000246639900013 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, Marilyn E. Thompson, Warren E. TI Infrared spectra of ClCN+, ClNC+, and BrCN+ trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER EXCITATION SPECTRUM; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; CYANOGEN HALIDES; MATRIX-ISOLATION; VALENCE SHELL; ICN; CN; BAND; XCN AB When a mixture of ClCN or BrCN with a large excess of neon is codeposited at 4.3 K with a beam of neon atoms that have been excited in a microwave discharge, the infrared spectrum of the resulting solid includes prominent absorptions of the uncharged isocyanide, ClNC or BrNC, and of the corresponding cation, ClCN+ or BrCN+. The NC-stretching fundamentals of the isocyanides trapped in solid neon lie close to the positions for their previously reported argon-matrix counterparts. The CN-stretching absorptions of ClCN+ and BrCN+ and the CCl-stretching absorption of ClCN+ appear very close to the gas-phase band centers. Absorptions of two overtones and one combination band of ClCN+ are identified. Reversible photoisomerization of ClCN+ to ClNC+ occurs. The two stretching vibrational fundamentals and several infrared and near infrared absorptions associated with electronic transitions of ClNC+ are observed. Minor infrared peaks are attributed to the vibrational fundamental absorptions of the CX and CX+ species (X=Cl,Br). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 28 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 24 AR 244311 DI 10.1063/1.2746868 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 184FF UT WOS:000247625800029 PM 17614553 ER PT J AU Spackman, JR Weinstock, EM Anderson, JG Hurst, DF Jost, HJ Schauffler, SM AF Spackman, J. R. Weinstock, E. M. Anderson, J. G. Hurst, D. F. Jost, H.-J. Schauffler, S. M. TI Aircraft observations of rapid meridional transport from the tropical tropopause layer into the lowermost stratosphere: Implications for midlatitude ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; TOTAL HYDROGEN BUDGET; ROSSBY-WAVE BREAKING; NASA ER-2 AIRCRAFT; WATER-VAPOR; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; SEASONAL CYCLE; POLAR VORTEX; NITROUS-OXIDE; TRACE GASES AB [1] Meridional transport from the tropics redistributes ozone and water vapor at middle and high latitudes. In situ measurements of water vapor, CH4, and N2O, acquired aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft during January - March 2000 in a campaign to survey the Arctic vortex, are used to examine transport into the lowermost stratosphere in the context of middle- and high-latitude ozone declines observed over the last several decades. Analysis of tracer-tracer correlations of H2O + 2* CH4 and N2O indicates that rapid, poleward isentropic transport from the lower tropical stratosphere coupled with diabatic descent between the subtropical and polar jet streams delivers very young air to the high-latitude lowermost stratosphere during winter, while descent of older air from the vortex and subsequent transport to lower latitudes is very limited. From middle to late winter, mixing ratios of H2O + 2* CH4 decrease by about 1 ppmv immediately outside the vortex, consistent with rapid transport of the winter phase of the seasonal cycle in water vapor to high latitudes from the lower tropical stratosphere. No evidence of isentropic mixing from the upper tropical troposphere survives in the high-latitude lowermost stratosphere except below 350 K, where markedly higher water vapor mixing ratios indicate mixing from the extratropical troposphere. All of these transport processes pose dynamical and chemical consequences for ozone. Transport from the lower tropical stratosphere ( 1) exports ozone-poor air to midlatitudes and the subvortex region and ( 2) distributes elevated water vapor to high latitudes, potentially enhancing halogen-catalyzed ozone destruction through heterogeneous processing in the polar vortex. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Spackman, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway R-CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ryan.spackman@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 92 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12308 DI 10.1029/2006JD007618 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 185AG UT WOS:000247683100002 ER PT J AU Minter, CF Robertson, DS Spencer, PSJ Jacobson, AR Fuller-Rowell, TJ Araujo-Pradere, EA Moses, RW AF Minter, C. F. Robertson, D. S. Spencer, P. S. J. Jacobson, A. R. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Araujo-Pradere, E. A. Moses, R. W. TI A comparison of Magic and FORTE ionosphere measurements SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE; TOMOGRAPHY; SATELLITE; DENSITY AB [1] To date, no formal validation of the new ionosphere nowcast system, United States - Total Electron Content (US-TEC), at the Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colorado, has been published. This paper therefore lays part of the validation groundwork by comparing solutions from Magic, the analysis version of US-TEC, with total electron content (TEC) data from the Fast Onboard Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite. The Magic system uses ground-based GPS observations to reproduce a four-dimensional model of the electron density in the ionosphere. From this model, the TEC between any two points at any time can be obtained. The FORTE satellite, on the other hand, detects the arrival time versus frequency of a broadband signal from a transmitter at Los Alamos. The FORTE-observed group delay provides the TEC along the line of sight between the transmitter and the satellite. These FORTE line-of-sight observations can be compared with TEC values over the same lines of sight in the Magic model. A root-mean-square error (RMSE) calculation statistically compares 178 lines of sight. The RMSE indicates a statistical error of 2.87 total electron content units ( 1 TECU = 10(16) el/m(2)) between FORTE and Magic, using the current operational GPS station list in US-TEC. How much FORTE and Magic individually contribute to this error remains indeterminable, although the errors are expected to be unique to either system and uncorrelated. Individual contributions of each method to the RMSE are estimated by eliminating observations most affected by raypath bending in FORTE and by varying the number of stations in Magic. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Geodet Survey, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Minter, CF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cliff.minter@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUN 27 PY 2007 VL 42 IS 3 AR RS3026 DI 10.1029/2006RS003460 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 185EW UT WOS:000247695200002 ER PT J AU AchutaRao, KM Ishii, M Santer, BD Gleckler, PJ Taylor, KE Barnett, TP Pierce, DW Stouffer, RJ Wigley, TML AF AchutaRao, K. M. Ishii, M. Santer, B. D. Gleckler, P. J. Taylor, K. E. Barnett, T. P. Pierce, D. W. Stouffer, R. J. Wigley, T. M. L. TI Simulated and observed variability in ocean temperature and heat content SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE climate; models; observations; ocean heat content ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; WORLDS OCEANS; REANALYSES; ATMOSPHERE; IMPACT; MODEL AB Observations show both a pronounced increase in ocean heat content(OHC) over the second half of the 20th century and substantial OHC variability on interannual-to-decadal time scales. Although climate models are able to simulate overall changes in OHC, they are generally thought to underestimate the amplitude of OHC variability. Using simulations of 20th century climate performed with 13 numerical models, we demonstrate that the apparent discrepancy between modeled and observed variability is largely explained by accounting for changes in observational coverage and instrumentation and by including the effects of volcanic eruptions. Our work does not support the recent claim that the 0- to 700-m layer of the global ocean experienced a substantial OHC decrease over the 2003 to 2005 time period. We show that the 2003-2005 cooling is largely an artifact of a systematic change in the observing system, with the deployment of Argo floats reducing a warm bias in the original observing system. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP AchutaRao, KM (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM achutarao1@linl.gov RI Taylor, Karl/F-7290-2011; Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Gleckler, Peter/H-4762-2012 OI Taylor, Karl/0000-0002-6491-2135; Gleckler, Peter/0000-0003-2816-6224 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 12 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 26 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 26 BP 10768 EP 10773 DI 10.1073/pnas.0611375104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 184LC UT WOS:000247641900006 PM 17578928 ER PT J AU Chi, S Ye, F Dai, P Fernandez-Baca, JA Huang, Q Lynn, JW Plummer, EW Mathieu, R Kaneko, Y Tokura, Y AF Chi, Songxue Ye, F. Dai, Pengcheng Fernandez-Baca, J. A. Huang, Q. Lynn, J. W. Plummer, E. W. Mathieu, R. Kaneko, Y. Tokura, Y. TI Effect of antiferromagnetic spin correlations on lattice distortion and charge ordering in Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE CE-type AF order ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; DOPED MANGANITES; ORBITAL ORDER; LA0.5SR1.5MNO4; TRANSITIONS; LASR2MN2O7; PHASE AB We use neutron scattering to study the lattice and magnetic structure of the layered half-doped manganite Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4. On cooling from high temperature, the system first becomes charge-and orbital-ordered (CO/OO) near T-co = 300 K and then develops checkerboard-like antiferromagnetic (AF) order below T-N = 130 K. At temperatures above T-N but below T-co (T-N < T < T-co), the appearance of short-range AF spin correlations suppresses the CO/OO-induced orthorhombic strain, contrasting with other half-doped manganites, where AF order has no observable effect on the lattice distortion. These results suggest that a strong spin-lattice coupling and the competition between AF exchange and CO/OO ordering ultimately determines the low-temperature properties of the system. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Spin Struct Project, ERATO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Dai, P (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM daip@orni.gov; eplummer@utk.edu RI Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Tokura, Yoshinori/C-7352-2009; Kaneko, Yoshio/B-3274-2013; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/C-3984-2014; Chi, Songxue/A-6713-2013; Kaneko, Yoshio/D-3905-2017; OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/0000-0001-9080-5096; Chi, Songxue/0000-0002-3851-9153; Kaneko, Yoshio/0000-0001-5209-1379; Mathieu, Roland/0000-0002-5261-2047 NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 26 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 26 BP 10796 EP 10801 DI 10.1073/pnas.0704303104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 184LC UT WOS:000247641900011 PM 17578911 ER PT J AU Laakso, L Gronholm, T Kulmala, L Haapanala, S Hirsikko, A Lovejoy, ER Kazil, J Kurten, T Boy, M Nilsson, ED Sogachev, A Riipinen, I Stratmann, F Kulmala, M AF Laakso, Lauri Gronholm, Tiia Kulmala, Liisa Haapanala, Sami Hirsikko, Anne Lovejoy, Edward R. Kazil, Jan Kurten, Theo Boy, Michael Nilsson, E. Douglas Sogachev, Andrey Riipinen, Ilona Stratmann, Frank Kulmala, Markku TI Hot-air balloon as a platform for boundary layer profile measurements during particle formation SO BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NUCLEATION BURST EVOLUTION; BOREAL FOREST; AEROSOL FORMATION; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; FEASIBILITY; GROWTH; MODEL; CLUSTERS; MOBILITY; FLUXES AB In this study, we used a hot-air balloon as a platform for boundary layer particle and cluster measurements. We did altogether I I flights during the springs of 2005 and 2006. During the spring of 2006, we observed five new-particle formation days. During all days, newparticle formation took place in the mixed boundary layer. During one of the days, we observed particle formation in the free troposphere, separate from that of the mixed layer. The observations showed that the concentration of freshly-formed 1.5-2 nm negative ions was several times higher than the concentration of positive ions. We also clearly observed that nucleation during one of the days, 13 March 2006, was a combination of neutral and ion-induced nucleation. Durmg some of the days, particle growth stopped at around 3 mn, probably due to lack of condensable organic vapours. Simulations of boundary layer dynamics showed that particles are formed either throughout the mixed layer or in the lower part of it, not at the top of the layer. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. RP Laakso, L (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, POB 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Riipinen, Ilona/I-9379-2012; Kurten, Theo/G-2120-2012; Kazil, Jan/B-7652-2013; Boy, Michael/C-2920-2015; Kulmala, Markku/I-7671-2016; Kulmala, Liisa/Q-8185-2016; OI Gronholm, Tiia/0000-0002-7448-7144; Kurten, Theo/0000-0002-6416-4931; Kulmala, Liisa/0000-0003-1775-8240; Kazil, Jan/0000-0003-3271-2451; Boy, Michael/0000-0002-8107-4524; Kulmala, Markku/0000-0003-3464-7825; Sogachev, Andrey/0000-0001-6683-695X NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 7 PU FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INST PI HELSINKI PA P O BOX 140, FIN-00251 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 1239-6095 J9 BOREAL ENVIRON RES JI Boreal Environ. Res. PD JUN 25 PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3 BP 279 EP 294 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 188CA UT WOS:000247895000004 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM Cermelli, P Fried, E Gurtin, ME McFadden, GB AF Anderson, Daniel M. Cermelli, Paolo Fried, Eliot Gurtin, Morton E. McFadden, Geoffrey B. TI General dynamical sharp-interface conditions for phase transformations in viscous heat-conducting fluids SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD MODEL; MULTIPHASE THERMOMECHANICS; CONFIGURATIONAL FORCES; LIQUID-FILMS; SOLIDIFICATION; TRANSITIONS; CONVECTION; STABILITY; TRANSPORT; GROWTH AB We develop a complete set of equations governing the evolution of a sharp interface separating two fluid phases undergoing transformation. In addition to the conventional balances for mass, linear momentum and energy these equations include also a counterpart of the Gibbs-Thomson equation familiar from theories for crystal growth. This additional equation arises from a consideration of configurational forces within a thermodynamical framework. Although the notion of configurational forces is well-developed and understood for the description of materials, such as crystalline solids, that possess natural reference configurations, little has been done regarding their role in materials, such as viscous fluids, that do not possess preferred reference states. We therefore provide a comprehensive discussion of configurational forces, the balance of configurational momentum, and configurational thermodynamics that does not require a choice of reference configuration. The general evolution equations arising from our theory account for the thermodynamic structure of the bulk phases and the interface and for viscous and thermal dissipation in the bulk phases and for viscous dissipation on the interface. Because of the complexity of these equations, we provide a reduced system of equations based on simplified constitutive assumptions and approximations common in the literature on phase transformations. Using these reduced equations, we apply the theory to the radially symmetric problem for the condensation of a liquid drop into the vapour phase. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Univ Turin, Dipartimento Matemat, I-10123 Turin, Italy. Washington Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Math Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Math Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Cermelli, Paolo/C-7042-2011; OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Cermelli, Paolo/0000-0002-2181-8800 NR 56 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD JUN 25 PY 2007 VL 581 BP 323 EP 370 DI 10.1017/S0022112007005587 PG 48 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 181FJ UT WOS:000247422100014 ER PT J AU Liu, ZY Alexander, M AF Liu, Zhengyu Alexander, Mike TI Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES; ROSSBY-WAVE PROPAGATION AB We review teleconnections within the atmosphere and ocean, their dynamics and their role in coupled climate variability. We concentrate on teleconnections in the latitudinal direction, notably tropical-extratropical and interhemispheric interactions, and discuss the timescales of several teleconnection processes. The tropical impact on extratropical climate is accomplished mainly through the atmosphere. In particular, tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies impact extratropical climate variability through stationary atmospheric waves and their interactions with midlatitude storm tracks. Changes in the extratropics can also impact the tropical climate through upper ocean subtropical cells at decadal and longer timescales. On the global scale the tropics and subtropics interact through the atmospheric Hadley circulation and the oceanic subtropical cell. The thermohaline circulation can provide an effective oceanic teleconnection for interhemispheric climate interactions. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climate Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liu, ZY (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climate Res, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM zliu3facstaff.@wisc.edu RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 324 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 7 U2 54 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 EI 1944-9208 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD JUN 23 PY 2007 VL 45 IS 2 AR RG2005 DI 10.1029/2005RG000172 PG 34 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 182YM UT WOS:000247539900001 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, K Palacios, DM Calambokidis, J Saborio, MT Dalla Rosa, L Secchi, ER Steiger, GH Allen, JM Stone, GS AF Rasmussen, Kristin Palacios, Daniel M. Calambokidis, John Saborio, Marco T. Dalla Rosa, Luciano Secchi, Eduardo R. Steiger, Gretchen H. Allen, Judith M. Stone, Gregory S. TI Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Central America: insights from water temperature into the longest mammalian migration SO BIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE humpback whale; Megaptera novaeangliae; migration; Central America; Antarctica; sea-surface temperature ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; DESTINATIONS; RECORD AB We report on a wintering area off the Pacific coast of Central America for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrating from feeding areas off Antarctica. We document seven individuals, including a mother/calf pair, that made this migration (approx. 8300 kin), the longest movement undertaken by any mammal. Whales were observed as far north as 11 degrees N off Costa Rica, in an area also used by a boreal population during the opposite winter season, resulting in unique spatial overlap between Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations. The occurrence of such a northerly wintering area is coincident with the development of an equatorial tongue of cold water in the eastern South Pacific, a pattern that is repeated in the eastern South Atlantic. A survey of location and water temperature at the wintering areas worldwide indicates that they are found in warm waters (21.1-28.3 degrees C), irrespective of latitude. We contend that while availability of suitable reproductive habitat in the wintering areas is important at the fine scale, water temperature influences whale distribution at the basin scale. Calf development in warm water may lead to larger adult size and increased reproductive success, a strategy that supports the energy conservation hypothesis as a reason for migration. C1 Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Mammal Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Fundacao Univ Fed Rio Grande, Museum Oceanog Prog Eliezer C Rios, Brazilian Antarctic Program, BR-96200970 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Coll Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110 USA. RP Rasmussen, K (reprint author), Cascadia Res Collect, 218 1-2 W 4th Ave, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM krasmussen@mlml.calstate.edu RI Palacios, Daniel/B-9180-2008; Secchi, Eduardo/D-5038-2013; Dalla Rosa, Luciano/D-5660-2012 OI Palacios, Daniel/0000-0001-7069-7913; Secchi, Eduardo/0000-0001-9087-9909; Dalla Rosa, Luciano/0000-0002-1583-6471 NR 28 TC 84 Z9 106 U1 13 U2 73 PU ROYAL SOCIETY PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1744-9561 J9 BIOLOGY LETT JI Biol. Lett. PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 3 IS 3 BP 302 EP 305 DI 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0067 PG 4 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 173XH UT WOS:000246905300023 PM 17412669 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG AF Deng, L. Payne, M. G. TI Gain-assisted large and rapidly responding Kerr effect using a room-temperature active Raman gain medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; PROPAGATION; PHOTONS AB A four-level N scheme with a two-mode active Raman gain core is investigated for large and rapidly responding Kerr effect enhancement at room temperature. The new scheme is fundamentally different from the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT-)based ultraslow-wave Kerr effect enhancement scheme. It eliminates the requirement of group velocity matching and multispecies medium. It also eliminates significant probe field attenuation or distortion associated with weakly driven EIT-based schemes. We show that a probe field can acquire a large, frequency tunable, gain-assisted nonlinear phase shift and yet travel with gain-assisted superluminal propagation velocity. This raises the possibility of rapidly responding, frequency tunable nonlinear phase switching and phase gates for information science. C1 NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov NR 15 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 25 AR 253902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.253902 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 181XJ UT WOS:000247469400022 PM 17678025 ER PT J AU Sawyer, BC Lev, BL Hudson, ER Stuhl, BK Lara, M Bohn, JL Ye, J AF Sawyer, Brian C. Lev, Benjamin L. Hudson, Eric R. Stuhl, Benjamin K. Lara, Manuel Bohn, John L. Ye, Jun TI Magnetoelectrostatic trapping of ground state OH molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR-MOLECULES; BEAM AB We report magnetic confinement of neutral, ground state OH at a density of similar to 3x10(3) cm(-3) and temperature of similar to 30 mK. An adjustable electric field sufficiently large to polarize the OH is superimposed on the trap in various geometries, making an overall potential arising from both Zeeman and Stark effects. An effective molecular Hamiltonian is constructed, with Monte Carlo simulations accurately modeling the observed single-molecule dynamics in various trap configurations. Magnetic trapping of cold polar molecules under adjustable electric fields may enable study of low energy dipolar interactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sawyer, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sawyerbc@colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; OI Stuhl, Benjamin/0000-0003-0759-3323 NR 31 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 25 AR 253002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.253002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 181XJ UT WOS:000247469400017 PM 17678020 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JW Gavioso, RM May, EF Moldover, MR AF Schmidt, J. W. Gavioso, R. M. May, E. F. Moldover, M. R. TI Polarizability of helium and gas metrology SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; THERMOMETRY; RESONATORS AB Using a quasispherical, microwave cavity resonator, we measured the refractive index of helium to deduce its molar polarizability A(epsilon) in the limit of zero density. We obtained (A(epsilon,meas)-A(epsilon,theory))/A(epsilon)=(-1.8 +/- 9.1)x10(-6), where the standard uncertainty (9.1 ppm) is a factor of 3.3 smaller than that of the best previous measurement. If the theoretical value of A(epsilon) is accepted, these data determine a value for the Boltzmann constant that is only 1.8 +/- 9.1 ppm larger than the accepted value. Our techniques will enable a helium-based pressure standard and measurements of thermodynamic temperatures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Nazl Ric Metrol, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Univ Western Australia, Sch Oil & Gas Engn, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. RP Schmidt, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 20 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 25 AR 254504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.254504 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 181XJ UT WOS:000247469400027 PM 17678030 ER PT J AU Stephens, BB Gurney, KR Tans, PP Sweeney, C Peters, W Bruhwiler, L Ciais, P Ramonet, M Bousquet, P Nakazawa, T Aoki, S Machida, T Inoue, G Vinnichenko, N Lloyd, J Jordan, A Heimann, M Shibistova, O Langenfelds, RL Steele, LP Francey, RJ Denning, AS AF Stephens, Britton B. Gurney, Kevin R. Tans, Pieter P. Sweeney, Colm Peters, Wouter Bruhwiler, Lori Ciais, Philippe Ramonet, Michel Bousquet, Philippe Nakazawa, Takakiyo Aoki, Shuji Machida, Toshinobu Inoue, Gen Vinnichenko, Nikolay Lloyd, Jon Jordan, Armin Heimann, Martin Shibistova, Olga Langenfelds, Ray L. Steele, L. Paul Francey, Roger J. Denning, A. Scott TI Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO(2) SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; PLANT-GROWTH; TRANSPORT; SINK; SEQUESTRATION; INVERSIONS; EMISSIONS; DIOXIDE AB Measurements of midday vertical atmospheric CO(2) distributions reveal annual-mean vertical CO(2) gradients that are inconsistent with atmospheric models that estimate a large transfer of terrestrial carbon from tropical to northern latitudes. The three models that most closely reproduce the observed annual-mean vertical CO(2) gradients estimate weaker northern uptake of -1.5 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) and weaker tropical emission of +0.1 Pg C year(-1) compared with previous consensus estimates of -2.4 and +1.8 Pg C year(-1), respectively. This suggests that northern terrestrial uptake of industrial CO(2) emissions plays a smaller role than previously thought and that, after subtracting land-use emissions, tropical ecosystems may currently be strong sinks for CO(2). C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Tohoku Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. Cent Aerol Observ, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia. Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Stephens, BB (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephens@ucar.edu RI Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Lloyd, Jonathan/F-8893-2010; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Lloyd, Jonathan/0000-0002-5458-9960; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 32 TC 404 Z9 416 U1 7 U2 88 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5832 BP 1732 EP 1735 DI 10.1126/science.1137004 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 180XE UT WOS:000247400500043 PM 17588927 ER PT J AU Le Quere, C Rodenbeck, C Buitenhuis, ET Conway, TJ Langenfelds, R Gomez, A Labuschagne, C Ramonet, M Nakazawa, T Metzl, N Gillett, N Heimann, M AF Le Quere, Corinne Roedenbeck, Christian Buitenhuis, Erik T. Conway, Thomas J. Langenfelds, Ray Gomez, Antony Labuschagne, Casper Ramonet, Michel Nakazawa, Takakiyo Metzl, Nicolas Gillett, Nathan Heimann, Martin TI Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CYCLES AB Based on observed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and an inverse method, we estimate that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO2. We attribute this weakening to the observed increase in Southern Ocean winds resulting from human activities, which is projected to continue in the future. Consequences include a reduction of the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 in the short term (about 25 years) and possibly a higher level of stabilization of atmospheric CO2 on a multicentury time scale. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CSIRO, Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. S African Weather Serv, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa. LSCEAPSL, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Tohoku Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LOCEAN IPSL, Paris, France. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. RP Le Quere, C (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. EM c.lequere@uea.ac.uk RI Buitenhuis, Erik/A-7692-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016; Le Quere, Corinne/C-2631-2017 OI Buitenhuis, Erik/0000-0001-6274-5583; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113; Le Quere, Corinne/0000-0003-2319-0452 NR 23 TC 407 Z9 417 U1 23 U2 128 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 22 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5832 BP 1735 EP 1738 DI 10.1126/science.1136188 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 180XE UT WOS:000247400500044 PM 17510327 ER PT J AU Serra, YL Cronin, MF Kiladis, GN AF Serra, Yolande L. Cronin, Meghan F. Kiladis, George N. TI Sub-seasonal variance of surface meteorological parameters in buoy observations and reanalyses SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL PACIFIC; OCEAN; FLUXES; WAVES AB Tropical Atmosphere Ocean ( TAO)/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network ( TRITON) and Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate ( EPIC) moorings across the equatorial Pacific are used to evaluate the mean climate and sub-seasonal variance in surface meteorological variables in the NCEP/NCAR, NCEP/DOE, and ERA40 reanalyses. This study focuses on the June - November time period when tropical storms are most frequent in the region. For the mean fields, the reanalysis surface products compare better with the moorings than the 1000 hPa products. In contrast, the variance in the 1000 hPa ERA40 state variables is in best agreement with the mooring variance. As long as these disparities exist, air-sea interaction studies and our ability to drive ocean models with observed fluxes will be limited. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Serra, YL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, 1118 E 4th St,Box 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM serra@atmo.arizona.edu; meghan.f.cronin@noaa.gov; george.kiladis@noaa.gov RI Serra, Yolande/I-3457-2015 OI Serra, Yolande/0000-0003-3542-1158 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 21 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 12 AR L12708 DI 10.1029/2007GL029506 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 182VW UT WOS:000247533100002 ER PT J AU Riggleman, RA Douglas, JF de Pablo, JJ AF Riggleman, Robert A. Douglas, Jack F. de Pablo, Juan J. TI Tuning polymer melt fragility with antiplasticizer additives SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; BOSON PEAK; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; COOPERATIVE MOTION; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; GAS SORPTION; DYNAMICS; RELAXATION; TRANSITION; PHOSPHATE AB A polymer-diluent model exhibiting antiplasticization has been developed and characterized by molecular dynamics simulations. Antiplasticizer molecules are shown to decrease the glass transition temperature T(g) but to increase the elastic moduli of the polymeric material in the low-temperature glass state. Moreover, the addition of antiplasticizing particles renders the polymer melt a stronger glass-forming material as determined by changes in the characteristic temperatures of glass formation, the fragility parameter D from fits to the Vogel-Folcher-Tamman-Hesse equation, and through the observation of the temperature dependence of the size of cooperatively rearranging regions (strings) in each system. The length of the strings exhibits a weaker temperature dependence in the antiplasticized glass-forming system than in the more fragile pure polymer, consistent with the Adam-Gibbs model of glass formation. Unexpectedly, the strings become increasingly concentrated in the antiplasticizer particles upon cooling. Finally, we discuss several structural indicators of cooperative dynamics, and find that the dynamic propensity (local Debye-Waller factor < u(2)>(p)) does seem to provide a strong correlation with local molecular displacements at long times. The authors also consider maps of the propensity, and find that the antiplasticized system exhibits larger fluctuations over smaller length scales compared to the pure polymer. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Riggleman, RA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 52 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 31 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 21 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 23 AR 234903 DI 10.1063/1.2742382 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 181XG UT WOS:000247469100046 PM 17600442 ER PT J AU Bucciarelli, E Sunda, WG Belviso, S Sarthou, G AF Bucciarelli, Eva Sunda, William G. Belviso, Sauveur Sarthou, Geraldine TI Effect of the diel cycle on production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in batch cultures of Emiliania huxleyi SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diel cycle; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; DMSP; Emiliania huxleyi ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SURFACE WATERS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLOUD ALBEDO; DMSP; DIMETHYLSULFIDE; ALGAE; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; SULFUR AB Changes in intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), nitrogen, carbon, chlorophyll a (chl a), total cell volume and cell numbers were measured during day and night in axenic, exponentially growing batch cultures of the coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, cultured at 20 degrees C under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Cellular DMSP content in the cultures increased at a specific rate of 0.80 +/- 0.10 d(-1) (mean +/- SE) during the day and 0.53 +/- 0.12 d(-1) at night. By contrast, cellular carbon and chl a content of the culture and total cell volume increased only during the day (at specific rates of 1.30 +/- 0.08 d(-1), 1.54 +/- 0.12 d(-1) and 1.39 +/- 0.12 d(-1), respectively). Cellular nitrogen content of the culture showed a much higher specific rate of increase during the day (1.07 +/- 0.07 d(-1)) than at night (0.22 +/- 0.03 d(-1)). Because intracellular DMSP had a lower specific rate of synthesis during the day and a higher specific rate at night than specific production rates for the various cell biomass parameters (total cell volume, and cell carbon, nitrogen and chl a), ratios of DMSP to these parameters were highest at the end of the dark period and decreased during the day. The maximum intracellular DMSP concentrations at the beginning of the light period may provide some level of protection from oxidative stress with the daytime initiation of photosynthesis. Significant intracellular production of DMSP during the night contradicts current conventional wisdom, which assumes that no nighttime biosynthesis of DMSP occurs. Previous calculations based on this invalid assumption will need to be reassessed. C1 LEMAR, CNRS, UMR 6539, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzane, France. NOAA, NOS, CCFHR, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. CEA Saclay, CNRS, LSCE, UMR 1572, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Bucciarelli, E (reprint author), LEMAR, CNRS, UMR 6539, IUEM, Pl Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM eva.bucciarelli@univ-brest.fr NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD JUN 20 PY 2007 VL 48 IS 1 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.3354/ame048073 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 189VU UT WOS:000248017500008 ER PT J AU Sandnes, E Williams, ME Bertocci, U Vaudin, MD Stafford, GR AF Sandnes, E. Williams, M. E. Bertocci, U. Vaudin, M. D. Stafford, G. R. TI Electrodeposition of bismuth from nitric acid electrolyte SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE electrodeposition; bismuth; nucleation; texture; thin film ID QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; DEFINED PLATINUM SURFACES; X-RAY-SCATTERING; FORMIC-ACID; REVERSIBLE ELECTRODEPOSITION; LARGE MAGNETORESISTANCE; AU(111) ELECTRODES; CURRENT TRANSIENTS; MASS SENSITIVITY; LIQUID-MEDIA AB The electrodeposition of Bi from acidic nitrate solution was examined. Bismuth deposition was determined to be quasi-reversible on Au, with a current efficiency of 100%, based on integration of deposition and stripping voltammetric waves. No interference from nitrate reduction was found on Bi and Au, whereas nitrate reduction occurred on W and Cu electrodes. Analysis of current-time transients clearly shows nucleation on Au to be instantaneous. Field emission SEM revealed nodular deposits with moderate surface roughness. Nodule size varied from 1 to 5 mu m depending on deposition potential and deposit thickness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for all deposits were indexed to rhombohedral bismuth. The deposits showed fairly strong (012) crystallographic texture at high deposition overpotentials. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gery.stafford@nist.gov NR 44 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 36 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PD JUN 20 PY 2007 VL 52 IS 21 BP 6221 EP 6228 DI 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.002 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 186SZ UT WOS:000247799800004 ER PT J AU Weisz, E Li, J Li, JL Zhou, DK Huang, HL Goldberg, MD Yang, P AF Weisz, Elisabeth Li, Jun Li, Jinlong Zhou, Daniel K. Huang, Hung-Lung Goldberg, Mitchell D. Yang, Ping TI Cloudy sounding and cloud-top height retrieval from AIRS alone single field-of-view radiance measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODIS; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; PARAMETERS; PRODUCTS; SURFACE AB High-spectral resolution measurements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the EOS ( Earth Observing System) Aqua satellite provide unique information about atmospheric state, surface and cloud properties. This paper presents an AIRS alone single field-of-view (SFOV) retrieval algorithm to simultaneously retrieve temperature, humidity and ozone profiles under all weather conditions, as well as cloud-top pressure (CTP) under cloudy skies. For optically thick cloud conditions the above-cloud soundings are derived, whereas for clear skies and optically thin cloud conditions the profiles are retrieved from 0.005 hPa down to the earth's surface. Initial validation has been conducted by using the operational MODIS ( Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) product, ECMWF ( European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) analysis fields and radiosonde observations (RAOBs). These inter-comparisons clearly demonstrate the potential of this algorithm to process data from high-spectral infrared (IR) sounder instruments. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Meteorol & Climatol Div, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Weisz, E (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM elisabeth.weisz@ssec.wisc.edu RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 19 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 20 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 12 AR L12802 DI 10.1029/2007GL030219 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 182VV UT WOS:000247533000005 ER PT J AU Levy, D Briggman, KA AF Levy, Dustin Briggman, Kimberly A. TI Cholesterol/phospholipid interactions in hybrid bilayer membranes SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; MAIN PHASE-TRANSITION; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; WATER MULTILAMELLAR SYSTEMS; SUM-FREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; L-ALPHA-LECITHINS; LIPID-BILAYERS; SATURATED PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; COOPERATIVE UNIT AB The interactions between cholesterol and saturated phospholipids in hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs) were investigated using the interface-sensitive technique of vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). The unique sensitivity of VSFS to order/disorder transitions of the lipid acyl chains was used to determine the main gel to liquid crystal phase transition temperature, T(m), for HBMs of binary cholesterol/phospholipid mixtures on octadecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers. The phase transition temperature and the breadth of the transition were shown to increase with cholesterol content, and the phase boundaries observed in the cholesterol/phospholipid HBMs were comparable to the published phase diagrams of binary cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles. A thermodynamic assessment of the cooperative units of the HBM phase transitions revealed the presence of < 10 nm diameter domains that were independent of the cholesterol composition. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Briggman, KA (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kbriggma@nist.gov NR 73 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUN 19 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 13 BP 7155 EP 7161 DI 10.1021/la070204u PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 177HX UT WOS:000247145300041 PM 17523684 ER PT J AU Douglas, JF Efimenko, K Fischer, DA Phelan, FR Genzer, J AF Douglas, Jack F. Efimenko, Kirill Fischer, Daniel A. Phelan, Fredrick R. Genzer, Jan TI Propagating waves of self-assembly in organosilane monolayers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE fluctuation-induced interfacial broadening; frontal self-assembly; mean-field Fisher-Kolmogorov equation; reaction-diffusion fronts; self-assembled monolayers ID TRAVELING-WAVES; PULLED FRONTS; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; FLUCTUATIONS; INTERFACES; SURFACES; EQUATION; FILMS AB Wavefronts associated with reaction-diffusion and self-assembly processes are ubiquitous in the natural world. For example, propagating fronts arise in crystallization and diverse other thermodynamic ordering processes, in polymerization fronts involved in cell movement and division, as well as in the competitive social interactions and population dynamics of animals at much larger scales. Although it is often claimed that self-sustaining or autocatalytic front propagation is well described by mean-field "reaction-diffusion" or "phase field" ordering models, it has recently become appreciated from simulations and theoretical arguments that fluctuation effects in lower spatial dimensions can lead to appreciable deviations from the classical mean-field theory (MFT) of this type of front propagation. The present work explores these fluctuation effects in a real physical system. In particular, we consider a high-resolution near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) study of the spontaneous frontal self-assembly of organosilane (OS) molecules into self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface-energy gradients on oxidized silicon wafers. We find that these layers organize from the wafer edge as propagating wave fronts having well defined velocities. In accordance with two-dimensional simulations of this type of front propagation that take fluctuation effects into account, we find that the interfacial widths w(t) of these SAM self-assembly fronts exhibit a power-law broadening in time, w(t) approximate to t(beta), rather than the constant width predicted by MFT. Moreover, the observed exponent values accord rather well with previous simulation and theoretical estimates. These observations have significant implications for diverse types of ordering fronts that occur under confinement conditions in biological or materials-processing contexts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Douglas, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; jan_genzer@ncsu.edu NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 19 PY 2007 VL 104 IS 25 BP 10324 EP 10329 DI 10.1073/pnas.0703620104 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 182JD UT WOS:000247500000007 PM 17566108 ER PT J AU Fritz, HM Kongko, W Moore, A McAdoo, B Goff, J Harbitz, C Uslu, B Kalligeris, N Suteja, D Kalsum, K Titov, V Gusman, A Latief, H Santoso, E Sujoko, S Djulkarnaen, D Sunendar, H Synolakis, C AF Fritz, Hermann M. Kongko, Widjo Moore, Andrew McAdoo, Brian Goff, James Harbitz, Carl Uslu, Burak Kalligeris, Nikos Suteja, Debora Kalsum, Kenia Titov, Vasily Gusman, Aditya Latief, Hamzah Santoso, Eko Sujoko, Sungsang Djulkarnaen, Dodi Sunendar, Haris Synolakis, Costas TI Extreme runup from the 17 July 2006 Java tsunami SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EARTHQUAKES; WAVES AB The 17 July 2006 magnitude M-w 7.8 earthquake off the south coast of western Java, Indonesia, generated a tsunami that effected over 300 km of coastline and killed more than 600 people, with locally focused runup heights exceeding 20 m. This slow earthquake was hardly felt on Java, and wind waves breaking masked any preceding withdrawal of the water from the shoreline, making this tsunami difficult to detect before impact. An International Tsunami Survey Team was deployed within one week and the investigation covered more than 600 km of coastline. Measured tsunami heights and run-up distributions were uniform at 5 to 7 m along 200 km of coast; however there was a pronounced peak on the south coast of Nusa Kambangan, where the tsunami impact carved a sharp trimline in a forest at elevations up to 21 m and 1 km inland. Local flow depth exceeded 8 m along the elevated coastal plain between the beach and the hill slope. We infer that the focused tsunami and runup heights on the island suggest a possible local submarine slump or mass movement. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Savannah, GA 31407 USA. Agcy Assessment & Applicat Technol, Coastal Dynam Res Ctr, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Vassar Coll, Dept Geol & Geog, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. Norwegian Geotech Inst, N-0806 Oslo, Norway. Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Engn, Tsunami Res Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Tech Univ Crete, Dept Environm Engn, GR-73100 Chanea, Greece. Inst Technol Bandung, Ctr Coastal & Marine Dev, Dept Oceanog, Bandung 40132, Indonesia. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Agcy Assessment & Applicat Technol, Ctr Technol Land Resources & Disaster Mitigat, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia. RP Fritz, HM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 210 Technol Circle, Savannah, GA 31407 USA. EM fritz@gatech.edu; widjo@webmail.bppt.go.id; amoore5@kent.edu; brmcadoo@vassar.edu; j.goff@niwa.co.nz; carl.bonnevie.harbitz@ngi.no; vasily.titov@noaa.gov; santoso_ew@yahoo.com; costas@usc.edu RI Synolakis, Costas/B-3197-2008; Fritz, Hermann/H-5618-2013; OI Synolakis, Costas/0000-0003-0140-5379; Fritz, Hermann/0000-0002-6798-5401; Gusman, Aditya/0000-0001-6070-5895; Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 22 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 16 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 12 AR L12602 DI 10.1029/2007GL029404 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 180MN UT WOS:000247368900003 ER PT J AU Lin, JL AF Lin, Jia-Lin TI Interdecadal variability of ENSO in 21 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WAVELET ANALYSIS; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SIMULATION; TROPICS; PACIFIC; MODELS AB This study evaluates the interdecadal variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 21 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). 110 years of the Climate of the 20(th) Century (20C3M) simulations are analyzed using wavelet analysis. The results show that the state-of-the-art CGCMs display a wide range of skill in simulating the interdecadal variability of ENSO. The 21 models can be categorized into three groups. The first group ( 8 models) shows an oscillation with a constant period shorter than the observed ENSO period, and sometimes with a constant amplitude. The second group ( 5 models) does not produce many statistically significant peaks in the ENSO frequency band, but usually produces one or two prominent peaks ( episodes) at period longer than 6 years. The third group ( 8 models) displays significant interdecadal variability of ENSO in both amplitude and period. Among them, only the MPI model reproduces the observed eastward shift of the westerly anomalies in the low-frequency regime. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, ESRL, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, ESRL, CIRES, 325 Broadway,R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jialin.lin@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 16 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 12 AR L12702 DI 10.1029/2006GL028937 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 180MN UT WOS:000247368900001 ER PT J AU Brettell, TA Butler, JM Almirall, JR AF Brettell, T. A. Butler, J. M. Almirall, J. R. TI Forensic science SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; REAL-TIME PCR; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CONTROL REGION SEQUENCES; CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; RAY-FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY C1 Cedar Crest Muhlenberg Coll, Dept Chem & Phys Sci, Allentown, PA 18104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Int Forens Res Inst, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Brettell, TA (reprint author), Cedar Crest Muhlenberg Coll, Dept Chem & Phys Sci, 100 Coll Dr, Allentown, PA 18104 USA. RI Almirall, Jose/D-1280-2010 OI Almirall, Jose/0000-0002-5257-7499 NR 538 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 12 BP 4365 EP 4384 DI 10.1021/ac070871s PG 20 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 178JK UT WOS:000247216800006 PM 17506524 ER PT J AU Nyaga, SG Jaruga, P Lohani, A Dizdaroglu, M Evans, MK AF Nyaga, Simon G. Jaruga, Pawel Lohani, Althaf Dizdaroglu, Miral Evans, Michele K. TI Accumulation of oxidatively induced DNA damage in human breast cancer cell lines following treatment with hydrogen peroxide SO CELL CYCLE LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; 8,5 '-cyclo-2 '-deoxyadenosine; DNA repair; formamidopyrimidines; oxidative DNA damage; reactive oxygen species ID RADICAL-INDUCED FORMATION; BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; FEMALE BREAST; IN-VITRO; NUCLEOTIDE; PROTEIN; LESIONS AB Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Although the causes of this disease are largely unknown, inefficient repair of oxidatively induced DNA lesions has been thought to play a major role in the transformation of normal breast tissue to malignant breast tissue. Previous studies have revealed higher levels of 8-hydroxyguanine in malignant breast tissue compared to non-malignant breast tissue. Furthermore, some breast cancer cell lines have greatly reduced capacity to repair this lesion suggesting that oxidatively induced DNA lesions may be elevated in breast cancer cells. We used liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine, (5'S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine in MCF-7 and HCC1937 breast cancer cell lines before and after exposure to H2O2 followed by a DNA repair period. We show that H2O2-treated HCC1937 and MCF-7 cell lines accumulate significantly higher levels of these lesions than the untreated cells despite a 1 h repair period. In contrast, the four lesions did not accumulate to any significant level in H2O2-treated non-malignant cell lines, AG11134 and HCC1937BL. Furthermore, MCF-7 and HCC1937 cell lines were deficient in the excision repair of all the four lesions studied. These results suggest that oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair may be critical in the etiology of breast cancer. C1 Natl Inst Aging, NIH, Lab Cellular & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszce, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Evans, MK (reprint author), Natl Inst Aging, NIH, Lab Cellular & Mol Biol, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr,Mail Box 09, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. EM me42v@nih.gov RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU Intramural NIH HHS NR 49 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU LANDES BIOSCIENCE PI GEORGETOWN PA 810 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, GEORGETOWN, TX 78626 USA SN 1538-4101 J9 CELL CYCLE JI Cell Cycle PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 6 IS 12 BP 1472 EP 1478 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 205CN UT WOS:000249090900014 PM 17568196 ER PT J AU Song, Y Shao, M Liu, Y Lu, SH Kuster, W Goldan, P Xie, SD AF Song, Yu Shao, Min Liu, Ying Lu, Sihua Kuster, William Goldan, Paul Xie, Shaodong TI Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Beijing SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; CHEMICAL MASS-BALANCE; OH REACTIVITY; URBAN ATMOSPHERE; OZONE; EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE; CITY; PRODUCTS; CARBON AB The ambient air quality standard for ozone is frequently exceeded in Beijing in summer and autumn. Source apportionments of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are precursors of ground-level ozone formation, can be helpful to the further study of tropospheric ozone formation. In this study, ambient concentrations of VOCs were continuously measured with a time resolution of 30 min in August 2005 in Beijing. By using positive matrix factorization (PMF), eight sources for the selected VOC species were extracted. Gasoline-related emissions (the combination of gasoline exhaust and gas vapor), petrochemicals, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributed 52, 20, and 11%, respectively, to total ambient VOCs. VOC emissions from natural gas (5%), painting (5%), diesel vehicles (3%), and biogenic emissions (2%) were also identified. The gasoline-related, petrochemical, and biogenic sources were estimated to be the major contributors to ozone formation potentials in Beijing. C1 Peking Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. State Joint Key Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Chem Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shao, M (reprint author), Peking Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM mshao@pku.edu.cn RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; SHAO, Min/C-7351-2014; SONG, Yu/C-2287-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; SONG, Yu/0000-0002-2455-2999; NR 34 TC 108 Z9 130 U1 17 U2 147 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 12 BP 4348 EP 4353 DI 10.1021/es0625982 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 177YE UT WOS:000247187600023 PM 17626435 ER PT J AU Helfrich, SR McNamara, D Ramsay, BH Baldwin, T Kasheta, T AF Helfrich, Sean R. McNamara, Donna Ramsay, Bruce H. Baldwin, Thomas Kasheta, Tim TI Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 63rd Eastern Snow Conference CY JUN 07-09, 2006 CL Univ Delaware, Newark, DE HO Univ Delaware DE satellite remote sensing; environmental data; snow cover; ice cover; geographic information systems; climate ID NORTH-AMERICA; COVER; SIMULATION; MONSOON; FOREST; IMAGER; EXTENT AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) has undergone substantial changes since its inception in 1997. These changes include the data sources used to generate the product, methodology of product creation, and even changes in the output. Among the most notable of the past upgrades to the IMS are a 4-km resolution grid output, ingest of an automated snow detection algorithm, expansion to a global extent, and a static Digital Elevation Model for mapping based on elevation. Further developments to this dynamic system will continue as NOAA strives to improve snow parameterization for weather forecast modeling. Several future short-term enhancements will be evaluated for possible transition to operations before the Northern Hemisphere winter of 2006-2007. Current and historical data will be adopted to a geographic information systems (GIS) format before 2007, as well. Longer-term enhancements are also planned to account for new snow data sources, mapping methodologies and user requirements. These modifications are being made with care to preserve the integrity of the long-standing satellite-derived snow record that is vital to global change detection. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, OSDPD, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, CORP,Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Riverside Technol Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Helfrich, SR (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, OSDPD, Ctr Sci, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM sean.helfrich@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1576 EP 1586 DI 10.1002/hyp.6720 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 181LN UT WOS:000247438300006 ER PT J AU Kongoli, C Dean, CA Helfrich, SR Ferraro, RR AF Kongoli, Cezar Dean, Charles A. Helfrich, Sean R. Ferraro, Ralph R. TI Evaluating the potential of a blended passive microwave-interactive multi-sensor product for improved mapping of snow cover and estimations of snow water equivalent SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 63rd Eastern Snow Conference CY JUN 07-09, 2006 CL Univ Delaware, Newark, DE HO Univ Delaware DE snow cover; snow water equivalent; advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU); interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping unit (IMS) ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SATELLITE DATA; RIVER-BASIN; CLASSIFICATION; UNCERTAINTY; SYSTEM AB The retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) from remote sensing satellites continues to be a very challenging problem. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of a new SWE product derived from the blending of a passive microwave SWE product based on the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) with a multi-sensor snow cover extent product based on the Interactive Multi-sensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). The microwave measurements have the ability to penetrate the snow pack, and thus, the retrieval of SWE is best accomplished using the AMSU. On the other hand, the IMS maps snow cover more reliably due to the use of multiple satellite and ground observations. The evolution of global snow cover from the blended, the AMSU and the IMS products was examined during the 2006 snow season. Despite the overall good inter-product agreement, it was shown that the retrievals of snow cover extent in the blended product are improved when using IMS, with implications for improved microwave retrievals of SWE. In a separate investigation, the skill of the microwave SWE product was also examined for its ability to correctly estimate SWE globally and regionally. Qualitative evaluation of global SWE retrievals suggested dependence on land surface temperature: the lower the temperature, the higher the SWE retrieved. This temperature bias was attributed in part to temperature effects on those snow properties that impact microwave response. Therefore, algorithm modifications are needed with more dynamical adjustments to account for changing snow cover. Quantitative evaluation over Slovakia in central Europe, for a limited period in 2006, showed reasonably good performance for SWE less than 100 mm. Sensitivity to deeper snow decreased significantly. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, NEDIS, ORA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, OSDPD, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, CORP,Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kongoli, C (reprint author), NOAA, NEDIS, ORA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 711 WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM cezar.kongoli@noaa.gov RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1597 EP 1607 DI 10.1002/hyp.6722 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 181LN UT WOS:000247438300008 ER PT J AU Dye, JE Bateman, MG Christian, HJ Defer, E Grainger, CA Hall, WD Krider, EP Lewis, SA Mach, DM Merceret, FJ Willett, JC Willis, PT AF Dye, J. E. Bateman, M. G. Christian, H. J. Defer, E. Grainger, C. A. Hall, W. D. Krider, E. P. Lewis, S. A. Mach, D. M. Merceret, F. J. Willett, J. C. Willis, P. T. TI Electric fields, cloud microphysics, and reflectivity in anvils of Florida thunderstorms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC-ANALYSIS; NETWORK AB [1] A coordinated aircraft - radar project that investigated the electric fields, cloud microphysics, and radar reflectivity of thunderstorm anvils near Kennedy Space Center is described. Measurements from two cases illustrate the extensive nature of the microphysics and electric field observations. As the aircraft flew from the edges of anvils into the interior, electric fields very frequently increased abruptly from similar to 1 to > 10 kV m(1) even though the particle concentrations and radar reflectivity increased smoothly. The abrupt increase in field usually occurred when the aircraft entered regions with a reflectivity of 10 - 15 dBZ. We suggest that the abrupt increase in electric field was because the charge advection from the convective core did not occur across the entire breadth of the anvil and because the advection of charge was not constant in time. Also, some long-lived anvils showed enhancement of electric field and reflectivity far downwind of the convective core. Screening layers were not detected near the edges of the anvils. Comparisons of electric field magnitude with particle concentration or reflectivity for a combined data set that included all anvil measurements showed a threshold behavior. When the average reflectivity, such as in a 3-km cube, was less than approximately 5 dBZ, the electric field magnitude was < 3 kV m(1). Based on these findings, the Volume Averaged Height Integrated Radar Reflectivity (VAHIRR) is now being used by the NASA, the Air Force, the and Federal Aviation Administration in new Lightning Launch Commit Criteria as a diagnostic for high electric fields in anvils. C1 Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL USA. Observ Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ N Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. NOAA, Cooperat Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Dye, JE (reprint author), 3450 Mitchell Lane,FL3, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM dye@ucar.edu RI Willis, Paul/I-7034-2013 OI Willis, Paul/0000-0003-4506-9813 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D11 AR D11215 DI 10.1029/2006JD007550 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180MS UT WOS:000247369500001 ER PT J AU Soles, CL AF Soles, Christopher L. TI Special issue on fracture and relaxations in solid polymers SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Elect Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Elect Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 45 IS 12 BP 1389 EP 1389 DI 10.1002/polb.21227 PG 1 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 173TC UT WOS:000246894400001 ER PT J AU Lin, QH Cohen, SA Gignac, L Herbst, B Klaus, D Simonyi, E Hedrick, J Warlaumont, J Lee, HJ Wu, WL AF Lin, Qinghuang Cohen, Stephen A. Gignac, Lynne Herbst, Brian Klaus, David Simonyi, Eva Hedrick, Jeffrey Warlaumont, John Lee, Hae-Jeong Wu, Wen-Li TI Low dielectric constant nanocomposite thin films based on silica nanoparticle and organic thermosets SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fracture and Relaxations in Polymer Solids held at the 2005 American-Chemical-Society Meeting CY 2005 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Chem Soc DE low dielectric constant nanocomposite; thin film; mechanical property; electrical property; structure-property relationship ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; NYLON-6 CLAY HYBRID; FOCUSED ION-BEAM; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM; 6-CLAY HYBRID; SICOH FILMS; POLYMER; BEHAVIOR; ENCAPSULATION AB Low dielectric constant (low-k) nanocomposite thin films have been prepared by spin coating and thermal cure of solution mixtures of one of two organic low-k thermoset prepolymers and a silica nanoparticle with an average diameter of about 8 nm. The electrical, the mechanical, and the thermomechanical properties of these low-h nanocomposite thin films have been characterized with 4-point probe electrical measurements, nanoindentation measurements with an atomic force microscope, and specular X-ray reflectivity. Addition of the silica nanoparticle to the low-k organic thermosets enhances both the modulus and the hardness and reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion of the resultant nanocomposite thin films. The enhancements in the modulus of the nanocomposite thin films are less than those predicted by the Halpin-Tsai equations, presumably due to the relatively poor interfacial adhesion and/or the aggregation of the hydrophilic silica nanoparticles in the hydrophobic organic thermoset matrices. The addition of the silica nanoparticle to the low-k organic thermoset matrices increases the relative dielectric constant of the resultant nanocomposite thin films. The relative dielectric constant of the nanocomposite thin films has been found to agree fairly we 11 with an additive formula based on the Debye equation. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, QH (reprint author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. EM qhlin@us.ibm.com NR 50 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 6 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 45 IS 12 BP 1482 EP 1493 DI 10.1002/polb.21165 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 173TC UT WOS:000246894400011 ER PT J AU Helmerson, K Andersen, MF Ryu, C Clade, P Natarajan, V Vaziri, A Phillips, WD AF Helmerson, K. Andersen, M. F. Ryu, C. Clade, P. Natarajan, V. Vaziri, A. Phillips, W. D. TI Generating persistent currents states of atoms using orbital angular momentum of photons SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International IUPAP Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physica CY AUG 21-26, 2006 CL Santos, BRAZIL SP IUPAP ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; VORTICES; CREATION; LIGHT; GAS AB We describe the coherent transfer of the orbital angular momentum of a photon to an atom in quantized units of h, using a 2-photon stimulated Raman process with Laguerre-Gaussian beams to generate an atomic vortex state in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms. We show that the process is coherent by creating superpositions of different vortex states, where the relative phase between the states is determined by the relative phases of the optical fields. We use this technique to generate circular flow of a BEC confined in a toroidal shaped trap. We measure that the flow of atoms persists for up to 10 seconds, which we interpret as the first evidence of persistent currents in a superfluid Bose gas. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Dept Phys, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; Andersen, Mikkel/B-3806-2012 NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9474 J9 NUCL PHYS A JI Nucl. Phys. A PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 790 BP 705C EP 712C DI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.019 PG 8 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 193TM UT WOS:000248297600140 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Li, J Menzel, WP Schmit, TJ Ackerman, SA AF Li, Zhenglong Li, Jun Menzel, W. Paul Schmit, Timothy J. Ackerman, Steven A. TI Comparison between current and future environmental satellite imagers on cloud classification using MODIS SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE MODIS; cloud classification; cloud detection; ABI; VIIRS ID SURFACE; COVER; RETRIEVAL; GENERATION; RADIANCES; PRODUCTS; AVHRR AB Future Satellite Imagers are expected to improve current ones on environmental and meteorological applications. In this study, an automatic classification scheme using radiance measurements with a clustering method is applied in an attempt to compare the capability on cloud classification by different sensors: AVHRR/3, the current GOES-12 Imager, SEVIRI, VIIRS, and ABI. The MODIS cloud mask is used as the initial classification. The results are analyzed with the help of true color and RGB composite images as well as other information about surface and cloud types. Results indicate that the future sensors (ABI and VIIRS) provide much better overall cloud classification capabilities than their corresponding current sensors (the current GOES-12 Imager and AVHRR/3) from the two chosen demonstration cases. However, for a specific class, it is not always true that more spectral bands result in better classification. In order to optimally use the spectral information, it is necessary to determine which bands are more sensitive for a specific class. Spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of satellite sensors can significantly affect the classification. The 2.13 mu m band could be useful for thin low cloud detection and the 3.7 mu m band is useful for fresh snow detection. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NESDIA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Li, ZL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, CIMSS, SSEC, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Zhenglong.Li@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Li, Zhenglong/A-9375-2013; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015; Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627; Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 15 PY 2007 VL 108 IS 3 BP 311 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.023 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 172RE UT WOS:000246820800008 ER PT J AU Wu, H Zhou, W Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Yildirim, T AF Wu, H. Zhou, W. Udovic, T. J. Rush, J. J. Yildirim, T. TI Structure and vibrational spectra of calcium hydride and deuteride SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE calcium hydride; calcium deuteride; neutron powder diffraction; neutron vibrational spectrum; first principles calculation ID EARTH HYDRIDES; SCATTERING AB We have investigated the structure, energetics, and dynamics of calcium hydride (CaH2) and calcium deuteride (CaD2). The crystal structure of CaD2 (space group Pnma) was determined in detail using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data at both 9 and 298 K. The structure is in excellent agreement with the optimized structure derived from first-principles calculations. The phonon calculations based on the optimized structure reproduce well the phonon density of states of CaH2 (and CaD2) measured by neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS). The combined NPD and NVS results reveal the complete structural and dynamical details for CaH2 (CaD2). (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wu, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM huiwu@nist.gov RI Wu, Hui/C-6505-2008; Zhou, Wei/C-6504-2008; yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 OI Wu, Hui/0000-0003-0296-5204; Zhou, Wei/0000-0002-5461-3617; NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 436 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.042 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 166AQ UT WOS:000246349700011 ER PT J AU Nosonovsky, M AF Nosonovsky, Michael TI Model for solid-liquid and solid-solid friction of rough surfaces with adhesion hysteresis SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONTACT-ANGLE HYSTERESIS; SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES; ELASTIC SOLIDS; LENGTH SCALES; TOPOGRAPHY; MECHANISMS; WETTABILITY; REPELLENCY; POLYMER AB Mechanisms of energy dissipation during solid-solid and solid-liquid friction are discussed. A conservative van der Waals adhesion force, when combined with surface imperfectness, such as deformation, leads to adhesion hysteresis (AH). When an asperity slides upon a substrate, the substrate is subjected to a loading-unloading cycle, and energy is dissipated due to the AH. Another mechanism, which leads to energy dissipation, involves energy barriers between metastable states due to surface roughness. Both mechanisms are fundamental for sliding and result in both solid-liquid and solid-solid friction. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nosonovsky, M (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.nosonovsky@nist.gov RI Nosonovsky, Michael/B-2228-2012 NR 40 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 40 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 22 AR 224701 DI 10.1063/1.2739525 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 178VE UT WOS:000247247400039 PM 17581074 ER PT J AU Han, Y Weng, FZ Liu, QH van Delst, P AF Han, Yong Weng, Fuzhong Liu, Quanhua van Delst, Paul TI A fast radiative transfer model for SSMIS upper atmosphere sounding channels SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN; MESOSPHERE; TRANSMITTANCE; FREQUENCIES; ABSORPTION; RADIANCE; WAVES; LINES; FIELD AB [1] Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) on board the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program ( DMSP) F-16 satellite probes the atmospheric temperature from surface to 100 km. SSMIS channels 19 - 22 are significantly affected by Zeeman splitting, which is dependent on the Earth's magnetic field. Thus, in satellite data assimilation or retrieval systems, SSMIS brightness temperatures and their Jacobians ( or gradient with respect to temperature) must be computed with a fast radiative transfer (RT) scheme that takes into account the Zeeman-splitting effect. In this study, an averaged transmittance within the channel frequency passbands is parameterized and predicted with atmospheric temperature, geomagnetic field strength, and the angle between the geomagnetic field vector and the electromagnetic wave propagation direction. The coefficients of predictors are trained with a line-by-line (LBL) radiative transfer model that accurately computes the monochromatic transmittances at fine frequency steps within each passband. The new radiative transfer scheme is compared to the results from the line-by-line model for the dependent and independent data sets. It is shown that the differences between the two models are well below the instrument noise levels but the new scheme is much faster. It is also shown that the SSMIS measurements agree well with the simulations that are based on the atmospheric profiles from the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) on the Thermosphere-lonosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite and the COSPAR international reference atmosphere (CIRA) model. C1 Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. RP Han, Y (reprint author), Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, NOAA, NESDIS, WWB Room 703 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. EM yong.han@noaa.gov RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010; Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179; Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X NR 22 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D11 AR D11121 DI 10.1029/2006JD008208 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180MR UT WOS:000247369300004 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JD Cayan, DR AF Lundquist, Jessica D. Cayan, Daniel R. TI Surface temperature patterns in complex terrain: Daily variations and long-term change in the central Sierra Nevada, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; HIGH-ELEVATION SITES; FREE-AIR; CLIMATE; TRENDS; COLORADO; BASIN; METEOROLOGY; INVERSION; VALLEY AB [1] A realistic description of how temperatures vary with elevation is crucial for ecosystem studies and for models of basin-scale snowmelt and spring streamflow. This paper explores surface temperature variability using temperature data from an array of 37 sensors, called the Yosemite network, which traverses both slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Yosemite National Park, California. These data indicate that a simple lapse rate is often a poor description of the spatial temperature structure. Rather, the spatial pattern of temperature over the Yosemite network varies considerably with synoptic conditions. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were used to identify the dominant spatial temperature patterns and how they vary in time. Temporal variations of these surface temperature patterns were correlated with large-scale weather conditions, as described by National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data. Regression equations were used to downscale larger-scale weather parameters, such as Reanalysis winds and pressure, to the surface temperature structure over the Yosemite network. These relationships demonstrate that strong westerly winds are associated with relatively warmer temperatures on the east slope and cooler temperatures on the west slope of the Sierra, and weaker westerly winds are associated with the opposite pattern. Reanalysis data from 1948 to 2005 indicate weakening westerlies over this time period, a trend leading to relatively cooler temperatures on the east slope over decadal timescales. This trend also appears in long-term observations and demonstrates the need to consider topographic effects when examining long-term changes in mountain regions. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Lundquist, JD (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jdlund@u.washington.edu NR 30 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D11 AR D11124 DI 10.1029/2006JD007561 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180MR UT WOS:000247369300001 ER PT J AU Turnbull, JC Lehman, SJ Miller, JB Sparks, RJ Southon, JR Tans, PP AF Turnbull, Jocelyn C. Lehman, Scott J. Miller, John B. Sparks, Rodger J. Southon, John R. Tans, Pieter P. TI A new high precision (CO2)-C-14 time series for North American continental air SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; FOSSIL-FUEL; RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS; SAMPLING NETWORK; CO2; EUROPE; FLUXES; RATIO; BOX AB [1] We develop a high precision Delta(CO2)-C-14 measurement capability in 2-5 L samples of whole air for implementation within existing greenhouse gas flask sampling networks. The long-term repeatability of the measurement is 1.8% (1-sigma), as determined from repeated analyses of quality control standards and replicate extraction and measurement of authentic field samples. In a parallel effort, we have begun a Delta(CO2)-C-14 measurement series from NOAA/ESRL's ( formerly NOAA/CMDL) surface flask sampling site at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA (40.05 degrees N, 105.58 degrees W, 3475 masl) in order to monitor the isotopic composition of carbon dioxide in relatively clean air over the North American continent. Delta(CO2)-C-14 at Niwot Ridge decreased by 5.7 parts per thousand/ yr from 2004 to 2006, with a seasonal amplitude of 3-5 parts per thousand. A comparison with measurements from the free troposphere above New England, USA (41 degrees N, 72 degrees W) indicates that the Delta(CO2)-C-14 series at the two sites are statistically similar at timescales longer than a few days to weeks (i.e., those of synoptic scale variations in transport), suggesting that the Niwot Ridge measurements can be used as a proxy for North American free tropospheric air in future carbon cycle studies. C1 Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Rafter Radiocarbon Lab, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. NOAA, ESRL, Boulder, CO USA. RP Turnbull, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jocelyn.turnbull@colorado.edu OI Turnbull, Jocelyn/0000-0002-0306-9658 NR 35 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D11 AR D11310 DI 10.1029/2006JD008184 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180MR UT WOS:000247369300003 ER PT J AU Bergeron, DE Hudgens, JW AF Bergeron, Denis E. Hudgens, Jeffrey W. TI Ligand dissociation and core fission from diphosphine-protected gold clusters SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE; NANOPARTICLES; COMPLEXES; MOLECULES AB Highly monodisperse samples of diphosphine ligand (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane- or 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane)-protected gold nanoparticles form rapidly in a mixed methanol/chloroform solvent environment. Methanol soluble octagold, decagold, and undecagold monolayer protected clusters yield very stable ion currents when introduced into a mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization. In addition to neutral ligand loss pathways, collision-induced dissociation generates [AuL](+) and [Au3L](+) (L = diphosphine ligand) as particularly stable product ions from all clusters considered. Furthermore, deca- and undecagold clusters are found to be more resistant to collision induced dissociation, and more susceptible to partial ligand losses than octagold clusters. This suggests that for the deca- and undecagold species, Au-P and P-Ph (Ph = phenyl) bonds within the ligand-protected clusters are of comparable strength. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hudgens, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hudgens@nist.gov RI Bergeron, Denis/I-4332-2013 OI Bergeron, Denis/0000-0003-1150-7950 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 23 BP 8195 EP 8201 DI 10.1021/jp0712811 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 175SL UT WOS:000247034200012 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, Y AF Ralchenko, Yuri TI Density dependence of the forbidden lines in Ni-like tungsten SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY IONIZED TUNGSTEN; BEAM ION-TRAP; SPECTRA; PLASMAS AB The magnetic-octupole ( M3) and electric-quadrupole ( E2) transitions between the ground state 3d(10) S-1(0) and the lowest excited 3d(9)4s ( 5/2, 1/2) J = 3 and J = 2 states in the Ni-like tungsten are shown to exhibit a strong dependence on electron density Ne in the range of values typical for tokamak plasmas. Remarkably, the total intensity of these overlapping lines remains almost constant, which may explain the strong emission in the 7.93 angstrom line observed in tokamak experiments ( Neu R et al 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 5057). Utilization of the M3 and E2 line ratios for density diagnostics in high-spectral-resolution experiments is discussed as well. C1 NIST, Div Phys Atom, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ralchenko, Y (reprint author), NIST, Div Phys Atom, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yuri.ralchenko@nist.gov RI Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 13 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP F175 EP F180 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/40/11/F01 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 173CT UT WOS:000246851800012 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Spencer, PSJ Minter, CF AF Araujo-Pradere, E. A. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Spencer, P. S. J. Minter, C. F. TI Differential validation of the US-TEC model SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE; STORMS AB [1] This paper presents a validation and accuracy assessment of the total electron content (TEC) from US-TEC, a new product presented by the Space Environment Center over the contiguous United States (CONUS). US-TEC is a real-time operational implementation of the MAGIC code and provides TEC maps every 15 min and the line-of-sight electron content between any point within the CONUS and all GPS satellites in view. Validation of TEC is difficult since there are no absolute or true values of TEC. All methods of obtaining TEC, for instance, from GPS, ocean surface monitors (TOPEX), and lightning detectors ( FORTE), have challenges that limit their accuracy. GPS data have interfrequency biases; TOPEX also has biases, and data are collected only over the oceans; and FORTE can eliminate biases, but because of the lower operating frequency, the signals suffer greater bending on the rays. Because of the difficulty in obtaining an absolute unbiased TEC measurement, a "differential'' accuracy estimate has been performed. The method relies on the fact that uninterrupted GPS data along a particular receiver-satellite link with no cycle slips are very precise. The phase difference ( scaled to TEC units) from one epoch to the next can be determined with an accuracy of less than 0.01 TEC units. This fact can be utilized to estimate the uncertainty in the US-TEC vertical and slant path maps. By integrating through US-TEC inversion maps at two different times, the difference in the slant TEC can be compared with the direct phase difference in the original RINEX data file for nine receivers not used in the US-TEC calculations. The results of this study, for the period of April - September 2004, showed an average root mean square error of 2.4 TEC units, which is equivalent to less than 40 cm of signal delay at the GPS L1 frequency. The accuracy estimates from this "differential'' method are similar to the results from a companion paper utilizing an "absolute'' validation method by comparing with FORTE data. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway R SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eduardo.araujo@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUN 14 PY 2007 VL 42 IS 3 AR RS3016 DI 10.1029/2006RS003459 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 180NN UT WOS:000247371900002 ER PT J AU Li, QL Zhu, XX Xiong, HD Koo, SM Ioannou, DE Kopanski, JJ Suehle, JS Richter, CA AF Li, Qiliang Zhu, Xiaoxiao Xiong, Hao D. Koo, Sang-Mo Ioannou, D. E. Kopanski, Joseph J. Suehle, J. S. Richter, C. A. TI Silicon nanowire on oxide/nitride/oxide for memory application SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; TRANSISTORS; DEVICE AB We report the fabrication and characterization of Si nanowire memory devices with oxide/nitride/oxide stacked layers as the gate dielectrics and charge storage media. The devices were fabricated by using photolithography to pattern the metal contacts to the Si nanowires grown on pre-defined locations. A large memory window with high on/off-state current ratio due to the small radius and intrinsic doping of the Si nanowire is obtained. In addition, the simple reversible write/read/erase operations have been implemented with these memory devices. The dynamics of the nanowire/nitride charge exchange and its effect on the threshold voltage and memory retention have been investigated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Kwangwoon Univ, Dept Elect Mat Engn, Seoul 139701, South Korea. RP Li, QL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Qiliang.Li@nist.gov; Curt.Richter@nist.gov RI Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 NR 15 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JUN 13 PY 2007 VL 18 IS 23 AR 235204 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/18/23/235204 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 169KI UT WOS:000246590700004 ER PT J AU Thompson, LC Ladner, JE Codreanu, SG Harp, J Gilliland, GL Armstrong, RN AF Thompson, Lawrence C. Ladner, Jane E. Codreanu, Simona G. Harp, Joel Gilliland, Gary L. Armstrong, Richard N. TI 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase: A kappa class glutathione transferase from Pseudomonas putida SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; S-TRANSFERASES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ACTIVE-SITE; SUPERFAMILY; METABOLISM; SIMILARITY; DISULFIDE; MECHANISM AB The enzyme 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid (HCCA) isomerase catalyzes the glutathione (GSH)-dependent interconversion (K-eq = 1.5) of HCCA and trans-o-hydroxybenzylidene pyruvic acid (tHBPA) in the naphthalene catabolic pathway of Pseudomonas putida. The dimeric protein binds one molecule of GSH very tightly (K-d approximate to nM) and a second molecule of GSH with much lower affinity (K-d approximate to 2 to 11 mu M). The enzyme is unstable in the absence of GSH. The turnover number in the forward direction (47 s(-1) at 25 degrees C) greatly exceeds off rates for GSH (k(off) approximate to 10(-3) to 10(-2) s(-1) at 10 degrees C), suggesting that GSH acts as a tightly bound cofactor in the reaction. The crystal structure of the enzyme at 1.7 angstrom resolution reveals that the isomerase is closely related to class kappa GSH transferases. Diffraction quality crystals could only be obtained in the presence of GSH and HCCA/tHBPA. Clear electron density is seen for GSH. Electron density for the organic substrates is located near the GSH and is best modeled to include both HCCA and tHBPA at occupancies of 0.5 for each. Although there is no electron density connecting the sulfur of GSH to the organic substrates, the sulfur is located very close (2.78 angstrom) to C7 of HCCA. Taken together, the results suggest that the isomerization reaction involves a short-lived covalent adduct between the sulfur of GSH and C7 of the substrate. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Struct Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Armstrong, RN (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. EM r.armstrong@vanderbilt.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES00267, T32 ES07028]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM30910] NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUN 12 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 23 BP 6710 EP 6722 DI 10.1021/bi700356u PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 177GN UT WOS:000247141700004 PM 17508726 ER PT J AU Anderson, WG Gnanadesikan, A Hallberg, R Dunne, J Samuels, BL AF Anderson, W. G. Gnanadesikan, A. Hallberg, R. Dunne, J. Samuels, B. L. TI Impact of ocean color on the maintenance of the Pacific Cold Tongue SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SOLAR-RADIATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; PHYTOPLANKTON; CLIMATE; PENETRATION; SIMULATION AB The impact of the penetration length scale of shortwave radiation into the surface ocean is investigated with a fully coupled ocean, atmosphere, land and ice model. Oceanic shortwave radiation penetration is assumed to depend on the chlorophyll concentration. As chlorophyll concentrations increase the distribution of shortwave heating becomes shallower. This change in heat distribution impacts mixed-layer depth. This study shows that removing all chlorophyll from the ocean results in a system that tends strongly towards an El Nino state - suggesting that chlorophyll is implicated in maintenance of the Pacific cold tongue. The regions most responsible for this response are located off-equator and correspond to the oligotrophic gyres. Results from a suite of surface chlorophyll perturbation experiments suggest a potential positive feedback between chlorophyll concentration and a non-local coupled response in the fully coupled ocean-atmosphere system. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Anderson, WG (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM whit.anderson@noaa.gov RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489 NR 24 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 12 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 11 AR L11609 DI 10.1029/2007GL030100 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 180MJ UT WOS:000247368400006 ER PT J AU Kim, S Briber, RM Karim, A Jones, RL Kim, HC AF Kim, Sangcheol Briber, R. M. Karim, Alamgir Jones, Ronald L. Kim, Ho-Cheol TI Environment-controlled spin coating to rapidly orient microdomains in thin block copolymer films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID INTERFACIAL ENERGIES; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; SURFACE; NANOSTRUCTURES C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Kim, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012 OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942 NR 20 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 12 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 12 BP 4102 EP 4105 DI 10.1021/ma0625298 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 177FH UT WOS:000247138500002 ER PT J AU Goswami, M Kumar, SK Bhattacharya, A Douglas, JF AF Goswami, Monojoy Kumar, Sanat K. Bhattacharya, Aniket Douglas, Jack F. TI Computer simulations of lonomer self-assembly and dynamics SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ASSOCIATING POLYMER SYSTEMS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; IONOMER MEMBRANES; COATED ELECTRODES; ACID) IONOMERS; NAFION; TRANSPORT C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goswami, M (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI Goswami, Monojoy/G-7943-2012 OI Goswami, Monojoy/0000-0002-4473-4888 NR 55 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 12 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 12 BP 4113 EP 4118 DI 10.1021/ma070074w PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 177FH UT WOS:000247138500005 ER PT J AU Ryu, DY Wang, JY Lavery, KA Drockenmuller, E Satija, SK Hawker, CJ Russell, TP AF Ryu, Du Yeol Wang, Jia-Yu Lavery, Kristopher A. Drockenmuller, Eric Satija, Sushi K. Hawker, Craig J. Russell, Thomas P. TI Surface modification with cross-linked random copolymers: Minimum effective thickness SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE ORDER; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; THIN-FILMS; MICRODOMAIN PATTERNS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; ORIENTATION; EPITAXY; ARRAYS; NANOSTRUCTURES; LITHOGRAPHY AB Ultrathin films of benzocyclobutene (BCB)-functionalized random copolymer with styrene and methyl methacrylate, P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA), with thicknesses ranging from 0 to 10.5 nm, were thermally crosslinked on Si substrates. The penetration of deuterated PMMA (dPMMA) into the P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) films and the microdomain orientation of PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers on P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) coated substrates were investigated by neutron reflectivity (NR) and scanning force microscopy (SFM), respectively. NR measurements on bilayers of dPMMA on cross-linked P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) showed that the neutron scattering length density (SLD) at the substrate was equal to that of P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) if the P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) film was thicker than similar to 5.5 nm. With decreasing thickness of the P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) film, the SLD at the substrate increased, characteristic of an increasing penetration of the dPMMA. When thin films of PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymer having cylindrical microdomains are, placed on surfaces modified with cross-linked films of P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) thinner than similar to 5.5 nm, the cylindrical microdomains orient parallel to the surface, whereas for thicker films, the microdomains orient normal to the surface. Both of these results indicate that interfacial interactions are screened when the P(S-r-BCB-r-MMA) film is thicker than similar to 5.5 nm.. C1 Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Massachusetts, Polymer Sci & Engn Dept, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Reactor Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Ryu, DY (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem Engn, 134 Shinchon Dong, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM dyryu@yonsei.ac.kr; russell@mail.pse.edu RI Wang, Jiayu/A-5416-2010; Hawker, Craig/G-4971-2011; Ryu, Du Yeol/G-8278-2012 OI Wang, Jiayu/0000-0002-9743-933X; Hawker, Craig/0000-0001-9951-851X; NR 35 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 12 PY 2007 VL 40 IS 12 BP 4296 EP 4300 DI 10.1021/ma062939w PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 177FH UT WOS:000247138500030 ER PT J AU Imtiaz, A Baldwin, T Nembach, HT Wallis, TM Kabos, P AF Imtiaz, Atif Baldwin, Thomas Nembach, Hans T. Wallis, Thomas M. Kabos, Pavel TI Near-field microwave microscope measurements to characterize bulk material properties SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-LOCKING AB The authors discuss near-field scanning microwave microscope measurements of the complex permittivity for bulk dielectric (fused silica), semiconductor (silicon), and metal (copper). The authors use these measurements to test existing quasistatic theoretical approach to deembed the bulk material properties from the measured data. The known quasistatic models fit the measured data well with parameters for silicon (epsilon(s)=11.9, sigma(Si)=50 S/m) and fused silica (epsilon(s)=3.85, tan delta=1.0x10(-4)). However, for copper (with sigma(Cu)=5.67x10(7) S/m), apart from quasistatic coupling, an additional loss of 12 Omega is needed to fit the data. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Imtiaz, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM atif@boulder.nist.gov NR 23 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 11 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 24 AR 243105 DI 10.1063/1.2748307 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 179QR UT WOS:000247305400088 ER PT J AU Fan, J Migdall, A AF Fan, J. Migdall, A. TI Increased cross-correlation in cascaded fourwave mixing processes SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID PARAMETRIC-AMPLIFIERS DRIVEN; ZERO-DISPERSION FREQUENCY; PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER; 2 PUMP WAVES; MICROSTRUCTURE FIBER; HOLEY FIBER; GENERATION; PAIRS; AMPLIFICATION; CONVERSION AB We report the measurement of increased noise cross- correlation between stokes and anti- stokes beams created in cascaded four- wave mixing processes with dual pump wavelengths. This method may be useful in creating highly correlated twin beams for various applications including quantum information processing. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fan, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Jfan@nist.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JUN 11 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 12 BP 7146 EP 7151 DI 10.1364/OE.15.007146 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 194QU UT WOS:000248359700007 PM 19547033 ER PT J AU Xu, H Ma, L Mink, A Hershman, B Tang, X AF Xu, Hai Ma, Lijun Mink, Alan Hershman, Barry Tang, Xiao TI 1310-nm quantum key distribution system with up-conversion pump wavelength at 1550 nm SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOGRAPHY AB We show that the performance of a 1310- nm quantum key distribution ( QKD) system with up- conversion detectors pumped at 1550 nm is comparable with or better than that of current 1550- nm QKD systems with a pump at shorter wavelength. The nonlinearly- induced dark counts are reduced when the wavelength of the pump light is longer than that of the quantum signal. We have developed a 1550- nm pump up- conversion detector for a 1310- nm QKD system, and we experimentally study the polarization sensitivity, pump- signal format, and various influences on the dark count rate. Using this detector in a proof- of- principle experiment, we have achieved a secure key rate of 500 kbit/ s at 10 km and 9.1 kbit/ s at 50 km in a 625- MHz, B92, polarization- coding QKD system, and we expect that the system performance could be improved further. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM xiao.tang@nist.gov NR 17 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JUN 11 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 12 BP 7247 EP 7260 DI 10.1364/OE.15.007247 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 194QU UT WOS:000248359700021 PM 19547047 ER PT J AU Shi, W Wang, M AF Shi, Wei Wang, Menghua TI Observations of a Hurricane Katrina-induced phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Mexico SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN; TRANSPORT; ISABEL; WATER; BAY AB A combined dataset of ocean surface winds from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the sea surface temperature (SST) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer EOS (AMSR-E) on Aqua, and ocean color products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua are used to analyze physical, optical, and biological processes after Hurricane Katrina in the August of 2005. The atmospheric correction algorithm using shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands is employed for the MODIS ocean color data processing. A notable phytoplankton bloom centered at (24.4 degrees N, 84 degrees W) in the Gulf of Mexico is observed four days after Katrina's passing. There was no evidence of sediment re-suspension and transport from nearby locations into the bloom region. The phytoplankton bloom is attributed to the enhanced nutrient supply brought up by the wind-driven upwelling and vertical mixing, and is identified as the only source of observed changes in ocean optical and bio-optical properties. C1 NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Shi, W (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM menghua.wang@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 20 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 9 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 11 AR L11607 DI 10.1029/2007GL029724 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 177FZ UT WOS:000247140300004 ER PT J AU Mena-Carrasco, M Tang, Y Carmichael, GR Chai, T Thongbongchoo, N Campbell, JE Kulkarni, S Horowitz, L Vukovich, J Avery, M Brune, W Dibb, JE Emmons, L Flocke, F Sachse, GW Tan, D Shetter, R Talbot, RW Streets, DG Frost, G Blake, D AF Mena-Carrasco, Marcelo Tang, Youhua Carmichael, Gregory R. Chai, Tianfeng Thongbongchoo, Narisara Campbell, J. Elliott Kulkarni, Sarika Horowitz, Larry Vukovich, Jeffrey Avery, Melody Brune, William Dibb, Jack E. Emmons, Louisa Flocke, Frank Sachse, Glen W. Tan, David Shetter, Rick Talbot, Robert W. Streets, David G. Frost, Gregory Blake, Donald TI Improving regional ozone modeling through systematic evaluation of errors using the aircraft observations during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GAS-AEROSOL EQUILIBRIUM; TRACE-P; PARIS AREA; ART.; AIR; POLLUTION AB During the operational phase of the ICARTT field experiment in 2004, the regional air quality model STEM showed a strong positive surface bias and a negative upper troposphere bias (compared to observed DC-8 and WP-3 observations) with respect to ozone. After updating emissions from NEI 1999 to NEI 2001 (with a 2004 large point sources inventory update), and modifying boundary conditions, low-level model bias decreases from 11.21 to 1.45 ppbv for the NASA DC-8 observations and from 8.26 to -0.34 for the NOAA WP-3. Improvements in boundary conditions provided by global models decrease the upper troposphere negative ozone bias, while accounting for biomass burning emissions improved model performance for CO. The covariances of ozone bias were highly correlated to NOz, NOy, and HNO3 biases. Interpolation of bias information through kriging showed that decreasing emissions in SE United States would reduce regional ozone model bias and improve model correlation coefficients. The spatial distribution of forecast errors was analyzed using kriging, which identified distinct features, which when compared to errors in postanalysis simulations, helped document improvements. Changes in dry deposition to crops were shown to reduce substantially high bias in the forecasts in the Midwest, while updated emissions were shown to account for decreases in bias in the eastern United States. Observed and modeled ozone production efficiencies for the DC-8 were calculated and shown to be very similar (7.8) suggesting that recurring ozone bias is due to overestimation of NOx emissions. Sensitivity studies showed that ozone formation in the United States is most sensitive to NOx emissions, followed by VOCs and CO. PAN as a reservoir of NOx can contribute to a significant amount of surface ozone through thermal decomposition. C1 Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. King Mongkuts Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Fac Engn, Bangkok 10520, Thailand. Univ N Carolina, Inst Environm, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Mena-Carrasco, M (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Campbell, Elliott/B-8025-2008; Chai, Tianfeng/E-5577-2010; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Mena-Carrasco, Marcelo/B-8483-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Mena-Carrasco, Marcelo/L-9730-2016; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Chai, Tianfeng/0000-0003-3520-2641; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 9 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S19 DI 10.1029/2006JD007762 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177GM UT WOS:000247141600001 ER PT J AU Warner, J Comer, MM Barnet, CD McMillan, WW Wolf, W Maddy, E AF Warner, Juying Comer, M. McCourt Barnet, C. D. McMillan, W. W. Wolf, W. Maddy, E. TI A comparison of satellite tropospheric carbon monoxide measurements from AIRS and MOPITT during INTEX-A SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EMISSION SPECTROMETER; OCTOBER 1994; CO; OZONE; RETRIEVAL; POLLUTION; TES; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; INSTRUMENT; OBJECTIVES AB Satellite CO measurements from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were used in the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America (INTEX-A) by the flight planning team to monitor local emissions and the transport of polluted air masses. Because simultaneous measurements of tropospheric CO from both AIRS and MOPITT were used by different investigators during this experiment, a cross reference and comparison are necessary to understand these two data sets and their impacts to the scientific conclusions developed from them. The global CO mixing ratios at 500 mbar, as well as the CO total column amount, are compared between the two instruments for both direct comparison and the comparison using the same a priori profile for the period from 15 June to 14 August 2004. Also presented are the comparisons of the remotely sensed profiles by AIRS, MOPITT, and the in situ profiles collected by the DACOM. In summary, both sensors agree very well on the horizontal distributions of CO represented by the high correlation coefficients (0.7-0.98), and they agree on the CO concentrations to within an average of 10-15 ppbv. Over land, the CO variability is higher, and the correlations between the two data sets are relatively lower than over ocean; however, there is no evidence of a systematic bias. Over the oceans where the CO concentration is smaller in the lower atmosphere, AIRS-MOPITT show a positive bias of 15-20 ppbv and the details are presented. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Warner, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, 5523 Res Pk, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM juying@umbc.edu RI Maddy, Eric/G-3683-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011 OI Maddy, Eric/0000-0003-1151-339X; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833 NR 32 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 9 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S17 DI 10.1029/2006JD007925 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177GM UT WOS:000247141600003 ER PT J AU Wilson, TB Meyers, TP AF Wilson, T. B. Meyers, T. P. TI Determining vegetation indices from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; leaf area; vegetation indices; surface energy fluxes ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; FOREST BIOPHYSICAL STRUCTURE; SPECTRAL MIXTURE ANALYSIS; GROUND MEASUREMENTS; REFLECTANCE; MODIS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; INFORMATION; VALIDATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB The objective of this study was to quantify the seasonal variability of vegetation spectral indices to deduce leaf area index (LAI) for use in soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange models using near-real-time and archived flux tower radiation data. The 30-min data from 11 flux tower locations in 5 vegetation types (desert grassland, temperate grasslands, crops, deciduous forests, and pine forest) were collected across the United States. Vegetation indices were derived using solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measured above the vegetation canopy throughout the year. The normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) estimated using the 30-min data was then used to quantify the LAI of the vegetation types at the various sites. The exponential function between LAI and NDVI indicated a non-linear relationship with the maximum tower-derived NDVI/LAI about 0.82/4.5 for corn, 0.85/6 for soybean, 0.6/2-0.8/4 for grasslands, and 0.81/7 for forest. Each vegetation type and environment exhibited unique seasonal and annual signatures of NDVI/LAI. The NDVI/LAI from the flux towers compared well with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data derived at 1-km resolution and derived LAI showed excellent agreement with measurements in corn/soybean crops. These results encourage the use of real-time single point measurements of vegetation spectral indices in characterizing vegetation for routine plant-environment models. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Wilson, TB (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM tim.wilson@noaa.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Wilson, Timothy/C-9863-2016 OI Wilson, Timothy/0000-0003-1785-5323 NR 40 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN 8 PY 2007 VL 144 IS 3-4 BP 160 EP 179 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.04.001 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 179PU UT WOS:000247303000001 ER PT J AU Hladish, T Gopalan, V Liang, C Qiu, W Yang, P Stoltzfus, A AF Hladish, Thomas Gopalan, Vivek Liang, Chengzhi Qiu, Weigang Yang, Peter Stoltzfus, Arlin TI Bio :: NEXUS: a Perl API for the NEXUS format for comparative biological data SO BMC BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTION C1 Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoltzfus, A (reprint author), Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM tjhladish@mail.utexas.edu; gopalan@umbi.umd.edu; liang@cshl.edu; weigang@genectr.hunter.cuny.edu; pyang@alumni.rice.edu; arlin.stoltzfus@nist.gov RI Stoltzfus, Arlin/D-8551-2011; OI Stoltzfus, Arlin/0000-0002-0963-1357; Hladish, Thomas/0000-0003-1819-6235 FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12 RR003037, RR03037]; NLM NIH HHS [R01 LM007218, R01-LM07218] NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2105 J9 BMC BIOINFORMATICS JI BMC Bioinformatics PD JUN 8 PY 2007 VL 8 AR 191 DI 10.1186/1471-2105-8-191 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 186ZA UT WOS:000247815900001 PM 17559666 ER PT J AU Ladd, C AF Ladd, Carol TI Interannual variability of the Gulf of Alaska eddy field SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; HAIDA EDDIES; COASTAL ORIGIN; EASTERN GULF; ZOOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION; TRANSPORT; SATELLITE; TOPEX/POSEIDON; CIRCULATION; ALTIMETER AB [1] Regions of high eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), calculated from altimetry data, denote formation regions and translation pathways for eddies. High EKE is observed along the shelf break in winter and spring with lower values in summer and autumn. Three regions of high EKE are examined in detail. In the eastern GOA, particularly high EKE occurred in 1998. In the northwestern GOA, eddies were observed quasi-annually between 1999 and 2004, but were less frequent prior to that time (or in 2005 and 2006). Eddies northeast of Kodiak Island have been implicated in high offshelf chlorophyll concentrations observed from ocean color satellites. Correlations between EKE and chlorophyll concentration are significant there suggesting that EKE may be valuable for predicting phytoplankton blooms in this region. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ladd, C (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM carol.ladd@noaa.gov RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014 OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X NR 31 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 7 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 11 AR L11605 DI 10.1029/2007GL029478 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 177FW UT WOS:000247140000001 ER PT J AU Cappa, CD Smith, JD Messer, BM Cohen, RC Saykally, RJ AF Cappa, Christopher D. Smith, Jared D. Messer, Benjamin M. Cohen, Ronald C. Saykally, Richard J. TI Nature of the aqueous hydroxide ion probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-BOND NETWORK; LIQUID WATER; SOLVATION SHELL; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; HYDRATED PROTON; CLUSTERS; ENERGETICS; SPECTRA; OH; MECHANISM AB X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous 4 and 6 M potassium hydroxide solutions have been measured near the oxygen K edge. Upon addition of KOH to water, a new spectral feature (532.5 eV) emerges at energies well below the liquid water pre-edge feature (535 eV) and is attributed to OH(-) ions. In addition to spectral changes explicitly due to absorption by solvated OH(-) ions, calculated XA spectra indicate that first-solvation-shell water molecules exhibit an absorption spectrum that is unique from that of bulk liquid water. It is suggested that this spectral change results primarily from direct electronic perturbation of the unoccupied molecular orbitals of first-shell water molecules and only secondarily from geometric distortion of the local hydrogen bond network within the first hydration shell. Both the experimental and the calculated XA spectra indicate that the nature of the interaction between the OH(-) ion and the solvating water molecules is fundamentally different than the corresponding interactions of aqueous halide anions with respect to this direct orbital distortion. Analysis of the Mulliken charge populations suggests that the origin of this difference is a disparity in the charge asymmetry between the hydrogen atoms of the solvating water molecules. The charge asymmetry is induced both by electric field effects due to the presence of the anion and by charge transfer from the respective ions. The computational results also indicate that the OH(-) ion exists with a predominately "hyper-coordinated" solvation shell and that the OH(-) ion does not readily donate hydrogen bonds to the surrounding water molecules. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Saykally, RJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM saykally@cchem.berkeley.edu RI Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691 NR 49 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 7 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 22 BP 4776 EP 4785 DI 10.1021/jp070551c PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 172ZB UT WOS:000246842200008 PM 17439200 ER PT J AU Shen, VK Mountain, RD Errington, JR AF Shen, Vincent K. Mountain, Raymond D. Errington, Jeffrey R. TI Comparative study of the effect of tail corrections on surface tension determined by molecular simulation SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACE; LENNARD-JONES FLUID; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; LONG-RANGE CORRECTIONS; DISJOINING-PRESSURE ISOTHERMS; DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; LATTICE SUMS; INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; THIN-FILMS AB We report results from a comparative study of the influence of tail corrections on the surface tension of the Lennard-Jones fluid. We find that cutoff-independent surface tensions can be obtained by applying a set of tail corrections recently introduced by Janecek at each step of an interfacial Monte Carlo (MC) or molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The effect of tail corrections on an alternative methodology for calculating surface tension, the combination of finite-size scaling and grand-canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo (FSS/GC-TMMC), was also investigated. Using this indirect method, surface tensions were calculated with standard (bulk-fluid) tail corrections and lattice sums, the latter usually considered more accurate but computationally more intensive than the former. With standard tail corrections, we find that the surface tension decreases with increasing cutoff distance, reaching a limiting value corresponding to the maximum cutoff possible, namely half the simulation box length. In contrast, surface tension values obtained with the lattice summation were cutoff-independent. More importantly, these values were equivalent to those surface tension values obtained using standard tail corrections and a cutoff distance of half the box length. We also find that the surface tension values obtained here are in agreement with those found in the literature. Last, we find that surface tension values obtained by MD and FSS/GC-TMMC are in decent agreement so long as the appropriate tail correction schemes are used, and that the relative uncertainties in the surface tensions calculated by MD are generally an order of magnitude greater than those calculated by FSS/GC-TMMC. However, the time required by MD on a single central processing unit is less than that required by FSS/GC-TMMC. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Shen, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr MS 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vincent.shen@nist.gov; raymond.mountain@nist.gov; jerring@buffalo.edu RI Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011 OI Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271 NR 48 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUN 7 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 22 BP 6198 EP 6207 DI 10.1021/jp070374f PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 172ZC UT WOS:000246842300018 PM 17497915 ER PT J AU Nyberg, J Malmgren, BA Winter, A Jury, MR Kilbourne, KH Quinn, TM AF Nyberg, Johan Malmgren, Bjorn A. Winter, Amos Jury, Mark R. Kilbourne, K. Halimeda Quinn, Terrence M. TI Low Atlantic hurricane activity in the 1970s and 1980s compared to the past 270 years SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC; MAUNDER MINIMUM; CORAL SKELETONS; INTENSITY; FREQUENCY; SEA; LUMINESCENCE; VARIABILITY; CENTURIES; RAINFALL AB Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic Ocean has increased significantly since 1995 ( refs 1,2). This trend has been attributed to both anthropogenically induced climate change(3) and natural variability(1), but the primary cause remains uncertain. Changes in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the past can provide insights into the factors that influence hurricane activity, but reliable observations of hurricane activity in the North Atlantic only cover the past few decades(2). Here we construct a record of the frequency of major Atlantic hurricanes over the past 270 years using proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature ( the main controls on the formation of major hurricanes kin this region(1,3-5)) from corals and a marine sediment core. The record indicates that the average frequency of major hurricanes decreased gradually from the 1760s until the early 1990s, reaching anomalously low values during the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, the phase of enhanced hurricane activity since 1995 is not unusual compared to other periods of high hurricane activity in the record and thus appears to represent a recovery to normal hurricane activity, rather than a direct response to increasing sea surface temperature. Comparison of the record with a reconstruction of vertical wind shear indicates that variability in this parameter primarily controlled the frequency of major hurricanes in the Atlantic over the past 270 years, suggesting that changes in the magnitude of vertical wind shear will have a significant influence on future hurricane activity. C1 Geol Survey Sweden, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Earth Sci, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33707 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Phys Sci Div R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Nyberg, J (reprint author), Geol Survey Sweden, Box 670, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden. EM johan.nyberg@sgu.se RI Quinn, Terrence/A-5755-2008; Kilbourne, Kelly /D-6560-2012 OI Kilbourne, Kelly /0000-0001-7864-8438 NR 33 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 48 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 7 PY 2007 VL 447 IS 7145 BP 698 EP U11 DI 10.1038/nature05895 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 175RI UT WOS:000247030700040 PM 17554304 ER PT J AU Brown, JD Spencer, T Moeller, I AF Brown, James D. Spencer, Tom Moeller, Iris TI Modeling storm surge flooding of an urban area with particular reference to modeling uncertainties: A case study of Canvey Island, United Kingdom SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; DIFFUSION-WAVE TREATMENT; SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; 2D NUMERICAL-MODEL; INUNDATION; PREDICTIONS; SIMULATION; RESOLUTION; FLOW; INTEGRATION AB [1] A coupled storm surge and overland flow model is used to simulate extreme coastal flooding of Canvey Island, a dense urban area located at the mouth of the Thames Estuary, U. K. The flood model is based on a shock-capturing numerical scheme and resolves the terrain and buildings of the study area with high-resolution topographic data. Repeat simulation is used to propagate uncertainties in model inputs and parameters through to uncertainties in model outputs, and the main sources of uncertainties are described. The greatest uncertainties originate from the forcing inputs to the flood model, including coastal water levels and sea defense failures, rather than its internal boundaries, such as the model terrain and bottom friction. This is consistent with studies in rural and semideveloped floodplains and reflects a combination of high sensitivity to, and uncertainty in, the forcing inputs. However, other numerical and physical variables introduce significant uncertainties, of which many are specific to, or altered by, the urban floodplain. In particular, model predictions are sensitive to the spatial resolution (Delta s) of the numerical grid. This includes the effects of Delta s on boundary features ( walls, hedges, etc.), which are described in the bed friction coefficient, and on the representation of buildings, which are described in the model terrain. Finally, model predictions are integrated across multiple combinations of breach width and location to explore the "relative'' hazards (i.e., spatial and temporal variations in hazard) associated with the floodplain geography. C1 NOAA, Hydrol Ensemble Predict Grp, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge Coastal Res Unit, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. RP Brown, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Hydrol Ensemble Predict Grp, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM brown.science@gmail.com OI Moller, Iris/0000-0003-1971-2932 NR 78 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN 7 PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 AR W06402 DI 10.1029/2005WR004597 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 177HB UT WOS:000247143100001 ER PT J AU Livingston, J Schmid, B Redemann, J Russell, PB Ramirez, SA Eilers, J Gore, W Howard, S Pommier, J Fetzer, EJ Seemann, SW Borbas, E Wolfe, DE Thompson, AM AF Livingston, J. Schmid, B. Redemann, J. Russell, P. B. Ramirez, S. A. Eilers, J. Gore, W. Howard, S. Pommier, J. Fetzer, E. J. Seemann, S. W. Borbas, E. Wolfe, D. E. Thompson, A. M. TI Comparison of water vapor measurements by airborne Sun photometer and near-coincident in situ and satellite sensors during INTEX/ITCT SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS; LOWER TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-DEPTH SPECTRA; COLUMN CLOSURE; ACE-ASIA; CALIBRATION; RETRIEVALS; MODIS AB We have retrieved columnar water vapor (CWV) from measurements acquired by the 14-channel NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sun photometer (AATS-14) during 19 Jetstream 31 (J31) flights over the Gulf of Maine in summer 2004 in support of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX)/Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) experiments. In this paper we compare AATS-14 water vapor retrievals during aircraft vertical profiles with measurements by an onboard Vaisala HMP243 humidity sensor and by ship radiosondes and with water vapor profiles retrieved from AIRS measurements during eight Aqua overpasses. We also compare AATS CWV and MODIS infrared CWV retrievals during five Aqua and five Terra overpasses. For 35 J31 vertical profiles, mean (bias) and RMS AATS-minus-Vaisala layer-integrated water vapor (LWV) differences are -7.1% and 8.8%, respectively. For 22 aircraft profiles within 1 hour and 130 km of radiosonde soundings, AATS-minus-sonde bias and RMS LWV differences are -5.4% and 10.7%, respectively, and corresponding J31 Vaisala-minus-sonde differences are 2.3% and 8.4%, respectively. AIRS LWV retrievals within 80 km of J31 profiles yield lower bias and RMS differences compared to AATS or Vaisala retrievals than do AIRS retrievals within 150 km of the J31. In particular, for AIRS-minus-AATS LWV differences, the bias decreases from 8.8% to 5.8%, and the RMS difference decreases from 21.5% to 16.4%. Comparison of vertically resolved AIRS water vapor retrievals (LWVA) to AATS values in fixed pressure layers yields biases of -2% to +6% and RMS differences of similar to 20% below 700 hPa. Variability and magnitude of these differences increase significantly above 700 hPa. MODIS IR retrievals of CWV in 205 grid cells (5 x 5 km at nadir) are biased wet by 10.4% compared to AATS over-ocean near-surface retrievals. The MODIS-Aqua subset (79 grid cells) exhibits a wet bias of 5.1%, and the MODIS-Terra subset (126 grid cells) yields a wet bias of 13.2%. C1 SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. RP Livingston, J (reprint author), SRI Int, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM john.livingston@sri.com; beat.schmid@pub.gov; jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; philip.b.russell@nasa.gov; s.a.ramirez@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jeilers@mail.arc.nasa.gov; warren.j.gore@nasa.gov; howard@solat.arc.nasa.gov; jpommier@mail.arc.nasa.gov; eric.j.fetzer@jpl.nasa.gov; swetzel@ssec.wisc.edu; evab@ssec.wisc.edu; daniel.wolfe@noaa.gov; anne@met.psu.edu RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 51 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR 2004D12S16 DI 10.1029/2006JD007733 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177GK UT WOS:000247141400001 ER PT J AU Qiu, CJ Shao, AM Xu, Q Wei, L AF Qiu, Chongjian Shao, Aimei Xu, Qin Wei, Li TI Fitting model fields to observations by using singular value decomposition: An ensemble-based 4DVar approach SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL ERROR COVARIANCES; RANGE FORECAST ERRORS; KALMAN FILTER; DATA ASSIMILATION; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; PARAMETERIZED DISCONTINUITIES; STATISTICAL STRUCTURE; VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS; GENERALIZED ADJOINT; PHYSICAL PROCESSES AB An ensemble-based four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) method is proposed to fit the model field to 4-D observations in an increment form in the analysis step of data assimilation. The fitting is similar to that in the 4DVar but the analysis increment is expressed by a linear combination of the leading singular vectors extracted from an ensemble of 4-D perturbation solutions, so the fitting is computationally very efficient and does not require any adjoint integration. In the cost function used for the fitting, the background error covariance matrix is constructed implicitly by the perturbation solutions (through their representative singular vectors) similarly to that in the ensemble Kalman filter, but the perturbation solutions are not updated by the analysis into the next assimilation cycle, so the analysis is simpler and more efficient than that in the ensemble Kalman filter. The potential merits of the method are demonstrated by three sets of observing system simulation experiments performed with a shallow-water equation model. The method is shown to be robust even when the model is imperfect and the observations are incomplete. C1 Lanzhou Univ, Key Lab Arid Climat Changing & Reducing Disaster, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Qiu, CJ (reprint author), Lanzhou Univ, Key Lab Arid Climat Changing & Reducing Disaster, Coll Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM qin.xu@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 13 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 6 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D11 AR D11105 DI 10.1029/2006JD007994 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177GE UT WOS:000247140800004 ER PT J AU Zou, FL Furno, F Fox, T Schmalle, HW Berke, H Eckert, J Chowdhury, Z Burger, P AF Zou, Fenglou Furno, Franck Fox, Thomas Schmalle, Helmut W. Berke, Heinz Eckert, Juergen Chowdhury, Zema Burger, Peter TI trans-W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)(2)H: Revealing a highly polar w-h bond and h-mobility in liquid and solid state SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID QUADRUPOLE COUPLING-CONSTANTS; ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DEUTERON MAGNETIC RESONANCE; HYDRIDE TRANSFER-REACTIONS; TRANSITION-METAL HYDRIDES; H-2 NMR; ASYMMETRY PARAMETERS; IONIC HYDROGENATIONS; NUCLEOPHILIC-ATTACK; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB The isotopomeric complexes trans-W(Cmesityl)[(C(H,D)(3))(2)PCH2CH2P(C(H,D)(3))(2)](2)(H,D) 1-4 were prepared. 2 (W(C-mesityl)(dmpe)(2)D) was used to study the Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constant (DQCC) and the ionicity of the W-D bond (DQCC = 34.1 kHz; ionicity 85%). 1 (W(C-mesityl)(dmpe)(2)H) shows several dynamic exchange processes in solution, such as H-W/H-W, H-W/ortho-Me-mesityl, and H-W/H-2 exchanges observed by NMR in combination with deuterium labeling studies and double label crossover experiments. Except for the H-W/H-2, these reactions comprise elementary steps, which also appear along the isomerization pathway of 1 into (2,3,5-trimethylphenylcarbyne)(dmpe)(2)WH (5) at 60 degrees C. 5 was characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. In the solid state only an H-W/Me-p exchange process prevails appearing at higher temperatures, which was identified by NMR and by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. The latter also provided an activation barrier of 5 kcal/mol and a "jump width" for the moving H nucleus in agreement with the H-W center dot center dot center dot Me-p distance of the X-ray diffraction study of 1. C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Anorgan Chem, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE LC, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Berke, H (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Inst Anorgan Chem, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 62 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUN 6 PY 2007 VL 129 IS 22 BP 7195 EP 7205 DI 10.1021/ja069140k PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 172ZP UT WOS:000246843600046 PM 17497859 ER PT J AU Maranville, BB McMichael, RD Abraham, DW AF Maranville, Brian B. McMichael, Robert D. Abraham, David W. TI Variation of thin film edge magnetic properties with patterning process conditions in Ni80Fe20 stripes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ROUGHNESS; ELEMENTS; REVERSAL; FIELD AB The authors report the effect of etch depth on the magnetic properties of thin film edges in magnetic nanostructures. In transversely magnetized stripes of 20-nm-thick Ni80Fe20, they use ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure the edge saturation field and effective out-of-plane stiffness field of the trapped-spin-wave edge mode as a function of ion etch depth. With increasing etching depth, the edge surface angle changes from 47 degrees to 80 degrees, and the field required to saturate the edge magnetization perpendicular to the stripe axis nearly doubles. This trend is largely confirmed by micromagnetic modeling of the edge geometry. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Maranville, BB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bbm@nist.gov; rmcmichael@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 4 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 23 AR 232504 DI 10.1063/1.2746406 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 177HZ UT WOS:000247145500044 ER PT J AU Sahiner, MA Woicik, JC Gao, P McKeown, P Croft, MC Gartman, M Benapfla, B AF Sahiner, Mehmet Alper Woicik, Joseph C. Gao, Peng McKeown, Patrick Croft, Mark C. Gartman, Michael Benapfla, Brendan TI Pulsed laser deposition and characterization of Hf-based high-k dielectric thin films SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Synthesis, Processing and Characterization of Nanoscale Functional Oxide Films held at the EMRS 2006 Conference CY MAY 29-JUN 02, 2006 CL Nice, FRANCE SP EMRS DE hafnium dioxide; pulsed laser deposition; XAFS; high-k dielectric ID GATE DIELECTRICS; STABILITY AB The continuous downward scaling of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices has enabled the Si-based semiconductor industry to meet the technological requirements such as high performance and low power consumption. However, the ever-shrinking dimensions of the active device, metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistor (MOSFET), in the circuit create other physical challenges. The industry standard SiO2 for the gate region is reaching to its physical limits. New materials with higher dielectric constant are needed to replace the silicon dioxide in these gate regions. One of the candidates for this replacement is Hf-based oxides. In this project, we have used pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to synthesize Hf-based high-k dielectric films on Si single crystal substrates with varying deposition parameters and mixtures of HfO2 and ZrO2 then used X-ray absorption finestructure spectroscopy (XAFS) in order to probe the local structure around the Hf metal. The local structural information extracted through XAFS has been correlated with the deposition parameters such as the substrate temperature and the HfO2 to ZrO2 ratio in the mixtures. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Seton Hall Univ, Dept Phys, S Orange, NJ 07079 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Evans Analyt Grp, E Windsor, NJ 08520 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. RP Sahiner, MA (reprint author), Seton Hall Univ, Dept Phys, S Orange, NJ 07079 USA. EM sahineme@shu.edu NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD JUN 4 PY 2007 VL 515 IS 16 BP 6548 EP 6551 DI 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.11.171 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 175WP UT WOS:000247045000054 ER PT J AU Jackson, CM Esnouf, MP Winzor, DJ Duewer, DL AF Jackson, Craig M. Esnouf, M. Peter Winzor, Donald J. Duewer, David L. TI Defining and measuring biological activity: applying the principles of metrology SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article DE biological activity; activity definition; inherent activity AB A definition of biological activity is proposed that is superficially analogous to the equation relating the thermodynamic activity of a solute to its concentration via an activity coefficient. The biological activity of a molecular entity is defined as A=cf, where A is the activity, c the amount-of-substance concentration, and f is a parameter designated as "inherent activity." Units and dimensions are determined by the type of activity, catalytic (katal) or binding (mol(-1) L). The measurand is described by a chemical equation that identifies the entity for which an activity is being monitored. This definition of biological activity has the advantage of separating the chemical characterization of the entity in terms of structure and amount from the assessment of biological activity. Ideally, a homogeneous entity is used for the measurement of f. In instances where impure materials are used or the chemical equation defining the activity is unknown, the evaluated parameter should be designated as f' to denote its empirical nature. Any measurement of f or f' should be qualified with an appropriate estimate of measurement uncertainty. C1 Hemosaga Diagnost Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Univ Oxford, Radcliffe Infirm, Dept Clin Biochem, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. Univ Queensland, Dept Biochem, Sch Mol & Microbial Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jackson, CM (reprint author), Hemosaga Diagnost Corp, 5931 Seacrest View Rd, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM cjackso2@san.rr.com RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008; OI Jackson, Craig/0000-0001-9484-4420 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 12 IS 6 BP 283 EP 294 DI 10.1007/s00769-006-0254-1 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 177WP UT WOS:000247183500002 ER PT J AU Struble, EB Gittis, AG Bianchet, MA McMacken, R AF Struble, E. B. Gittis, A. G. Bianchet, M. A. McMacken, R. TI Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the origin-binding domain of the bacteriophage lambda O replication initiator SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND CRYSTALLIZATION COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID SPECIALIZED NUCLEOPROTEIN STRUCTURES; DNA-REPLICATION; ANOMALOUS-DISPERSION; PHASE DETERMINATION; PROTEIN AB The bacteriophage lambda O protein binds to the lambda replication origin (ori lambda) and serves as the primary replication initiator for the viral genome. The binding energy derived from the binding of O to ori lambda is thought to help drive DNA opening to facilitate initiation of DNA replication. Detailed understanding of this process is severely limited by the lack of high-resolution structures of O protein or of any lambdoid phage-encoded paralogs either with or without DNA. The production of crystals of the origin-binding domain of lambda O that diffract to 2.5 angstrom is reported. Anomalous dispersion methods will be used to solve this structure. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Struble, EB (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM evi.struble@nist.gov; rmcmacken@jhsph.edu RI Bianchet, Mario/K-2131-2015 OI Bianchet, Mario/0000-0001-9032-7549 NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1744-3091 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F JI Acta Crystallogr. F-Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 63 BP 542 EP 545 DI 10.1107/S1744309107022762 PN 6 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 190FX UT WOS:000248045100022 PM 17554183 ER PT J AU Richards, ND Antonucci, JM AF Richards, Nicola D. Antonucci, Joseph M. TI The effects of two monofunctional diluent monomers and two photoinitiator systems on the properties of UDMA-based composites SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID RESIN-COMPOSITES; DENTAL RESINS; CONVERSION; POLYMERIZATION; RESTORATIVES; CONTRACTION; STRENGTH; STRESS; WATER AB Purpose: To compare the effects of two types of monofunctional co-monomers and two types of photoinitiator systems on the properties of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) based dental restorative composites. Methods: The resin blends consisted of UDMA and a diluent co-monomer at a molar ratio of 9:1. The diluent comonomers were neo-decyl vinyl ester (Neo 10) or n-hexyl methacrylate (HMA). The photoinitiator system consisted of a bis-acyl phosphine oxide (BAPO) or camphorquinone plus ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (CQ/4E). Each initiator system was utilized at 1% or 2% by mass of the resin blend. These resin blends were mixed by hand with silanized zirconia glass (85.7% by mass) to make the various composites. Flexural strength (FS) specimens, made from these pastes by visible light photopolymerization, were tested to failure after 24 hours water storage. Mercury dilatometry was used to evaluate the shrinkage, and the degree of double bond conversion was evaluated using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). The first hypothesis tested was that use of Neo 10 in a UDMA composite would not have an effect on properties compared to the methacrylate HMA. The second hypothesis tested was that the BAPO initiator would not have an effect on the properties of a UDMA-based composite compared to the CQ/4E initiator. Results: The hypotheses were tested at alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20. The major finding was that the lower level (1% by mass) of BAPO resulted in lower FS, lower conversion and lower shrinkage (rejecting the hypothesis that there was no difference due to initiator used) than composites formulated with the higher level of this initiator or either level of the CQ/4E initiator system, regardless of the comonomer used. The effects of two comonomers used were not differentiated in this study with respect to the properties examined (accepting the hypothesis that there was no difference due to diluent monomer). C1 Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Antonucci, JM (reprint author), NIST, Stop 8545,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.antonucci@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE016298, Y1-DE-1021-02] NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU MOSHER & LINDER, INC PI WESTON PA 318 INDIAN TRACE SUITE 500, WESTON, FL 33326 USA SN 0894-8275 J9 AM J DENT JI Am. J. Dent. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 20 IS 3 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 179OE UT WOS:000247298500003 PM 17672254 ER PT J AU Long, S Davis, WC Day, R Christopher, S Mann, J Kelly, R AF Long, Stephen Davis, W. Clay Day, Rusty Christopher, Steven Mann, Jacqueline Kelly, Robert TI Improved certified values for total mercury and speciated mercury in NIST standard reference materials using isotope dilution ICP-MS SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hollings Marine Lab, NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston, SC USA. RP Long, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Stop 8391,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM selong@nist.gov NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JUN-JUL PY 2007 VL 39 IS 13 SU N BP 26 EP 27 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 239UU UT WOS:000251544400007 ER PT J AU Culbertson, MJ Williams, JTB Cheng, WWL Stults, DA Wiebracht, ER Kasianowicz, JJ Burden, DL AF Culbertson, Michael J. Williams, Joshua T. B. Cheng, Wayland W. L. Stults, Dee Ann Wiebracht, Emily R. Kasianowicz, John J. Burden, Daniel L. TI Numerical fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for the analysis of molecular dynamics under nonstandard conditions SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-MOLECULE; MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES; STRONG ADSORPTION; DIFFUSION; PROBE; MICROSCOPY; SIMULATION; ARTIFACTS; MEMBRANE; OPTICS AB The suitability of mathematical models used to extract kinetic information from correlated data constitutes a significant issue in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Standard FCS equations are derived from a simple Gaussian approximation of the optical detection volume, but some investigations have suggested this traditional practice can lead to inaccurate and misleading conclusions under many experimental circumstances, particularly those encountered in one-photon confocal measurements. Furthermore, analytical models cannot be derived for all measurement scenarios. We describe a novel numerical approach to FCS that circumvents conventional analytical models, enabling meaningful analyses even under extraordinarily unusual measurement conditions. Numerical fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (NFCS) involves quantitatively matching experimental correlation curves with synthetic curves generated via diffusion simulation or direct calculation based on an experimentally determined 3D map of the detection volume. Model parameters are adjusted iteratively to minimize the residual differences between synthetic and experimental correlation curves. In order to reduce analysis time, we distribute calculations across a network of processors. As an example of this new approach, we demonstrate that synthetic autocorrelation curves correspond well with experimental data and that NFCS diffusion measurements of Rhodamine B remain constant, regardless of the distortion present in a confocal detection volume. C1 Wheaton Coll, Dept Chem, Wheaton, IL 60187 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, EEEL Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burden, DL (reprint author), Wheaton Coll, Dept Chem, Wheaton, IL 60187 USA. EM daniel.l.burden@wheaton.edu OI Culbertson, Michael/0000-0001-6883-9767 NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 79 IS 11 BP 4031 EP 4039 DI 10.1021/ac062013m PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 172ZA UT WOS:000246842100007 PM 17447726 ER PT J AU Cameron, MF Siniff, DB Proffitt, KM Garrott, RA AF Cameron, Michael F. Siniff, Donald B. Proffitt, Kelly M. Garrott, Robert A. TI Site fidelity of Weddell seals: the effects of sex and age SO ANTARCTIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Scar International Biology Symposium CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Curitiba, BRAZIL DE inbreeding; Leptonychotes weddellii; McMurdo Sound; natal site; philopatry; polygynous ID LEPTONYCHOTES-WEDDELLI; MCMURDO-SOUND; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; NORTH-RONA; FUR SEALS; ANTARCTICA; PHILOPATRY; MAMMALS; BIRDS AB Site fidelity is believed to be an important life history strategy for Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), that return to traditional breeding colonies each spring. We examined four hypotheses concerning their fidelity to these colonies: 1) fidelity is stronger to natal sites (natal fidelity) than to other sites, 2) females exhibit greater site fidelity than males, 3) site fidelity for both sexes increases with age, 4) site fidelity in adult females is related to their reproductive status and their total number of offspring. Analysis of a long-term tagging database from McMurdo Sound did not support hypotheses 1 and 2. Although animals did express fidelity to specific sites over their lifetime (chi(2) tests, P < 0.05), fidelity to natal colonies was lower than to other sites (chi(2) test, P < 0.05). There were no differences in site fidelity between males and females (chi(2) tests, P > 0.05). Hypothesis 3 was supported. Since the probability of a returning seal occupying the same colony as the previous year increased with age among both sexes to about age 12. Finally, in support of hypothesis 4, females with a higher degree of site fidelity were more likely to both have a higher reproductive rate and return to a site where they have previously given birth. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Cameron, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Michael.Cameron@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 15 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0954-1020 J9 ANTARCT SCI JI Antarct. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 19 IS 2 BP 149 EP 155 DI 10.1017/S0954102007000223 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 178BT UT WOS:000247196900003 ER PT J AU Colle, R Laureano-Perez, L Outola, I AF Colle, R. Laureano-Perez, Lizbeth Outola, Iisa TI A note on the half-life of Po-209 SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE half-life; polonium-209; radioactivity ID SPECTROMETRY AB The widely adopted value of (102 +/- 5) a for the Po-209 half-life, which is based on a single determination reported in 1956, appears to be in error by a large factor. Decay data from two separate primary standardizations of a 209Po solution standard, conducted approximately 12 years apart, are inconsistent with the adopted value and its assigned uncertainty. An estimated half-life, larger than the adopted value by about 25%, is more consistent with the standardization data. A longer half-life is also supported by measurements on a recently standardized Pb-210 solution standard. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Colle, R (reprint author), NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rcolle@nist.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 65 IS 6 BP 728 EP 730 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.10.007 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 168QS UT WOS:000246539700016 PM 17127072 ER PT J AU Stafford, KM Moore, SE Spillane, M Wiggins, S AF Stafford, K. M. Moore, S. E. Spillane, M. Wiggins, S. TI Gray whale calls recorded near barrow, Alaska, throughout the winter of 2003-04 SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE gray whale; Eschrichtius robustus; acoustics; Barrow ID PATTERNS; HABITAT; SEA AB Since the mid-1990s, gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) have been reported with increasing frequency near Barrow, Alaska, during summer and autumn months. In collaboration with a broad-scale oceanographic study, three autonomous acoustic recorders were moored northeast of Barrow in October 2003 to provide capability for year-round detection of calls. Two recorders were recovered in September 2004, one from the continental slope (water depth = 316 m) and one from near the base of the slope (water depth = 1258 m). The shallow instrument recorded for roughly 3 months (87 days), and the deeper instrument for roughly 7.3 months (222 days). Gray whale calls were recorded on both instruments throughout their periods of operation. The calling rate at the shallower instrument was higher than at the deeper recorder, but surprisingly, the deeper instrument detected calls throughout the 2003-04 winter, though the calling rate diminished as winter progressed. Low-frequency N1/S1 pulses, the most common of the calls produced by gray whales, were recorded from deployment through December 2003 on the shallower of the two instruments and from deployment through May 2004 on the deeper instrument. Because this is the first-ever winter-long acoustic study, we cannot be certain that gray whales have not overwintered in the Beaufort Sea in the past. However, a combination of increasing population size and habitat alteration associated with sea ice reduction and warming in the Alaskan Arctic may be responsible for the extra-seasonal gray whale occurrence near Barrow. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, NOAA, AFSC, Seattle, WA 98015 USA. Lakeside Sch, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Stafford, KM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM Stafford@apl.washington.edu; sue.moore@noaa.gov; spillan3@u.washington.edu; swiggins@ucsd.edu NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD JUN PY 2007 VL 60 IS 2 BP 167 EP 172 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 184RP UT WOS:000247659800006 ER PT J AU Stevens, G de Foy, B West, JJ Levy, JI AF Stevens, Gretchen de Foy, Benjamin West, J. Jason Levy, Jonathan I. TI Developing intake fraction estimates with limited data: Comparison of methods in Mexico City SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE intake fraction; Mexico City; exposure assessment; risk assessment; particulate matter; mobile source ID MATTER INTAKE FRACTIONS; METROPOLITAN-AREA; AIR-POLLUTION; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; URBAN AREAS; AEROSOLS; QUANTIFICATION; POLLUTANTS; INVENTORY; DIESEL AB In order to estimate the health benefits of reducing mobile source emissions, analysts typically use detailed atmospheric models to estimate the change in population exposure that results from a given change in emissions. However, this may not be feasible in settings where data are limited or policy decisions are needed in the short term. Intake fraction (iF), defined as the fraction of emissions of a pollutant or its precursor that is inhaled by the population, is a metric that can be used to compare exposure assessment methods in a health benefits analysis context. To clarify the utility of rapid-assessment methods, we calculate particulate matter iFs for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using five methods, some more resource intensive than others. First, we create two simple box models to describe dispersion of primary fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the Mexico City basin. Second, we extrapolate iFs for primary PM(2.5), ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate from US values using a regression model. Third, we calculate iFs by assuming a linear relationship between emissions and population-weighted concentrations of primary PM(2.5), ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate (a particle composition method). Finally, we estimate PM iFs from detailed atmospheric dispersion and chemistry models run for only a short period of time. Intake fractions vary by up to a factor of five, from 23 to 120 per million for primary PM(2.5). Estimates of 60, 7, and 0.7 per million for primary PM, secondary ammonium sulfate, and secondary ammonium nitrate, respectively, represent credible central estimates, with an approximate factor of two uncertainty surrounding each estimate. Our results emphasize that multiple rapid-assessment methods can provide meaningful estimates of iFs in resource-limited environments, and that formal uncertainty analysis, with special attention to model biases and uncertainty, would be important for health benefits analyses. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Univ, Inst Global Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Molina Ctr Energy & Environm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Stevens, G (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Inst Global Hlth, 104 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM gstevens@hsph.harvard.edu; foy@eas.slu.edu; jwest@Princeton.edu; jilevy@hsph.harvard.edu RI Levy, Jonathan/A-9102-2008; Levy, Jon/B-4542-2011; Wang, Linden/M-6617-2014; de Foy, Benjamin/A-9902-2010; West, Jason/J-2322-2015 OI Levy, Jon/0000-0002-1116-4006; de Foy, Benjamin/0000-0003-4150-9922; West, Jason/0000-0001-5652-4987 NR 38 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 17 BP 3672 EP 3683 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.051 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 169NX UT WOS:000246600000014 ER PT J AU Etyemezian, V Nikolich, G Ahonen, S Pitchford, M Sweeney, M Purcell, R Gillies, J Kuhns, H AF Etyemezian, V. Nikolich, G. Ahonen, S. Pitchford, M. Sweeney, M. Purcell, R. Gillies, J. Kuhns, H. TI The Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL): A new method to measure PM10 potential for windblown dust properties and emissions SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE windblown dust; eolian processes; emissions inventory; fugitive dust; wind tunnel ID PARTICULATE MATTER; TUNNEL; SURFACE; AERODYNAMICS; INSTRUMENTS; VELOCITIES; PARTICLES; SENSOR; AIR AB A new device-the Portable In Situ Wind ERosion Lab (PI-SWERL)-for measuring the potential for wind erosion and dust emission from soil surfaces is described. The device uses an annular ring (inner diameter = 39 cm, outer diameter = 51 cm) that rotates 6 cm above the soil test surface. Dust and sand are mobilized by the shear created by the rotating ring. Dust concentrations within the chamber that encloses the annular ring are measured by light scattering, used as a surrogate for particulate matter mass concentrations. While the PI-SWERL does not realistically simulate natural wind erosion processes that are often driven by saltation, measurements with the device provide a robust index of wind erosion/dust emission potential. Compared to traditional field wind tunnels used for the same purpose, the PI-SWERL offers significant economy in size, portability, and ease of use. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Las Vegas, NV USA. Univ S Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA. Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV USA. RP Etyemezian, V (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM vic@dri.edu RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 18 BP 3789 EP 3796 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.018 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 170IJ UT WOS:000246656300006 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Choi, Y Zeng, T Davis, D Buhr, M Huey, LG Neff, W AF Wang, Yuhang Choi, Yunsoo Zeng, Tao Davis, Douglas Buhr, Martin Huey, L. Gregory Neff, William TI Assessing the photochemical impact of snow NOx emissions over Antarctica during ANTCI 2003 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; photochemistry and transport; snow emissions; nitrogen flux; ANTCI ID SOUTH-POLE; ISCAT 2000; PEROXYNITRIC ACID; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GREENLAND; CHEMISTRY; MODEL; OH; CIRCULATION AB Surface and aircraft measurements show large amounts of reactive nitrogen over the Antarctic plateau during the ANTCI 2003 experiment. We make use of 1-D and 3-D chemical transport model simulations to analyze these measurements and assess the photochemical impact of snow NOx emissions. Boundary layer heights measured by SODAR at the South Pole were simulated reasonably well by the polar version of MM5 after a modification of ETA turbulence scheme. The average of model-derived snow NOx emissions (3.2-4.2 x 10(8) molec cm(-2) s(-1)) at the South Pole is similar to the measured flux of 3.9 x 10(8) molec cm(-2) s(-1) during ISCAT 2000. Daytime snow NO, emission is parameterized as a function of temperature and wind speed. Surface measurements of NOx HNO3 and HNO4, and balloon measurements of NO at the South Pole are reasonably simulated by 1-D and 3-D models. Compared to Twin Otter measurements of NO over plateau regions, 3-D model simulated NO concentrations are at the low end of the observations, suggesting either that the parameterization based on surface measurements at the South Pole underestimates emissions at higher-elevation plateau regions or that the limited aircraft database may not be totally representative for the season of the year sampled. However, the spatial variability of near-surface NO measured by the aircraft is captured by the model to a large extent, indicating that snow NOx emissions are through a common mechanism. An average emission flux of 0.25 kgN km(-2) month(-1) is calculated for December 2003 over the plateau (elevation above 2.5 km). About 50% of reactive nitrogen is lost by deposition and the other 50% by transport. The 3-D model results indicate a shallow but highly photochemically active oxidizing "canopy" enshrouding the entire Antarctic plateau due to snow NOx emissions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Air Qual Design, Golden, CO 80403 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wang, YH (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM ywang@eas.gatech.edu RI Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014; Neff, William/E-2725-2010 OI Neff, William/0000-0003-4047-7076 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 19 BP 3944 EP 3958 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.056 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177PM UT WOS:000247165000001 ER PT J AU Gabriel, MC Williamson, DG Brooks, S AF Gabriel, Mark C. Williamson, Derek G. Brooks, Steve TI Atmospheric speciation of mercury in two contrasting Southeastern US airsheds (vol 39, pg 4947, 2005) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Williamson, DG (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 870205, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM dwilliamson@coe.eng.ua.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 19 BP 4161 EP 4161 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.056 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177PM UT WOS:000247165000019 ER PT J AU Gunter, RL AF Gunter, R. L. TI Assessment of boundary layer variations in the Tampa Bay Area during the Bay Region Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE boundary layer; vertical profile; temperature AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), using the NOAA Twin Otter aircraft, made meteorological and chemical measurements during 21 flights in May 2002 in and around the Tampa Bay, Florida area as part of the Bay Region Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE). One or more vertical profiles were flown during each flight both over land and over the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL; now part of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)) deployed three surface-based 915-MHz radar wind profilers equipped with radio acoustic sounding systems (RASS) at Ruskin, Sydney, and St. Petersburg. The National Weather Service Office in Tampa (NWS/TBW) released rawinsondes twice daily from the Ruskin site. The measurements of temperature, dew point, potential temperature, ozone, and condensation nuclei acquired during the aircraft profiles are analyzed, and in combination with the profiler and sounding data, are used to determine the structure of the boundary layer over the Tampa Bay region and the temporal and spatial changes that occurred in that structure during representative flights. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Gunter, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM Laureen.Gunter@noaa.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4165 EP 4176 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.062 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000002 ER PT J AU Luke, WT Arnold, JR Gunter, RL Watson, TB Wellman, DL Dasgupta, PK Li, JZ Riemer, D Tate, P AF Luke, Winston T. Arnold, Jeffrey R. Gunter, R. Laureen Watson, Thomas B. Wellman, Dennis L. Dasgupta, Purnendu K. Li, Jianzhong Riemer, Daniel Tate, Paul TI The NOAA Twin Otter and its role in BRACE: Platform description SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE trace gas measurement; aircraft; oxides of nitrogen; ozone; aerosols; air quality ID HYDROCARBON INTERCOMPARISON EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; LUMINOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHOTOLYSIS SYSTEM; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; NO2 MEASUREMENTS; DETECTOR; HYDROPEROXIDE AB This paper describes in detail the platform and equipment used to make airborne measurements as part of the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE). A De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter, operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Aircraft Operations Center, was used to measure chemical and meteorological parameters during the BRACE field intensive in May, 2002. The Twin Otter flew more than 90 h on 24 missions during BRACE, measuring a suite of positional (latitude, longitude, altitude, azimuth, roll, pitch, velocity), meteorological (temperatures, pressure, 2D wind fields, dew point, UV radiation) and chemical/physical (O-3, CO, SO2, CO2, NO, NO2, NO gamma, HNO3, CN, HCHO, H2O2, PAN, NMHCs, aerosol ionic composition.. aerosol size) parameters. This manuscript describes the chemical and meteorological measurement systems, calibration procedures, and instrument performance specifications. Companion papers in this special issue present an overview and summary of results from the aircraft flights. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, USEPA,ORD, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm Res & Technol Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MAC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Publ Hlth, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Luke, WT (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3,Room 3316,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Winston.Luke@noaa.gov RI Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4177 EP 4189 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.055 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000003 ER PT J AU Luke, WT Arnold, JR Watson, TB Dasgupta, PK Li, JZ Kronmiller, K Hartsell, BE Tamanini, T Lopez, C King, C AF Luke, Winston T. Arnold, Jeffrey R. Watson, Thomas B. Dasgupta, Purnendu K. Li, Jianzhong Kronmiller, Keith Hartsell, Benjamin E. Tamanini, Thomas Lopez, Clemente King, Clark TI The NOAA Twin Otter and its role in BRACE: A comparison of aircraft and surface trace gas measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE oxides of nitrogen; ozone; air quality; atmospheric chemistry; aircraft; meteorology ID MODEL AB A DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter, operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was deployed in Tampa, FL to measure aerosols and primary and secondary trace gases in support of the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE). The Twin Otter repeatedly overflew the surface chemistry monitoring super site near Sydney, FL to assess the comparability of surface and airborne datasets and the spatial representativeness of the surface measurements. Prior to comparing the chemical data - sets, we evaluated the comparability of the standards used to calibrate surface and airborne detectors, as well as the uniformity of wind fields aloft and at the surface. Under easterly flow, when the dearth of significant upwind emission sources promoted chemical homogeneity at Sydney, trace gas concentrations at the surface and aloft were generally well correlated; R 2 ranged from 0.4396 for H2O2 to 0.9738 for O-3, and was typically better than 0.70 for NO, NO2, NOY, HNO3, HCHO, and SO2. Mean ratios of aircraft-to-surface concentrations during 10 overflights of Sydney were as follows: 1.002 +/- 0.265 (NO), 0.948 +/- 0.183 (NO2), 1.010 +/- 0.214 (NOY), 0.941 +/- 0.263 (HCHO), and 0.952 +/- 0.046 (O-3). Poorer agreement and larger variability in measured ratios were noted for SO2 (1.764 +/- 0.559), HNO3 (1.291 +/- 0.391), and H2O2 (1.200 +/- 0.657). Under easterly flow, surface measurements at Sydney were representative of conditions over horizontal scales as large as 50 km and agreed well with airborne values throughout the depth of the turbulently mixed boundary layer at mid-day. Westerly flow advected the Tampa urban plume over the site; under these conditions, as well its during transitional periods associated with the development of the land-sea breeze, surface conditions were representative of smaller spatial scales. Finally, we estimate possible errors in future measurement-model comparisons likely to arise from fine scale (or subgrid; < 2 km) variability of trace gas concentrations. Large subgrid variations in concentration fields were observed downwind of large emission point sources, and persisted across multiple model grid cells (distances > 4 km) in coherent plumes. Variability at the edges of the well-mixed urban plume, and at the interface of the land-sea breeze circulation, was significantly smaller. This suggests that even a failure of modeled wind fields to resolve the sea breeze return can induce moderate, but not overwhelming, errors in simulated concentration fields and dependent chemical processes. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, USEPA ORD, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm Res & Technol Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Atmospher Res & Anal Inc, Plano, TX 75074 USA. Environm Protect Commiss Hillsborough Cty, Tampa, FL 33619 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Luke, WT (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3,R, 3316,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM winston.luke@noaa.gov RI Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4190 EP 4209 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.060 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000004 ER PT J AU Arnold, JR Hartsell, BE Luke, WT Ullah, SMR Dasgupta, PK Huey, LG Tate, P AF Arnold, J. R. Hartsell, Benjamin E. Luke, Winston T. Ullah, S. M. Rahmat Dasgupta, Purnendu K. Huey, L. Greg Tate, Paul TI Field test of four methods for gas-phase ambient nitric acid SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE instrument intercomparison; NOy denuder difference; parallel plate diffusion scrubber; chemical ionization mass spectrometry; nitrogen dioxide interference ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETER; SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; SPECIAL SECTION; HNO3; ENVIRONMENTS; TROPOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; DENUDER; SYSTEM; OZONE AB Three semi-continuous methods for detecting nitric acid (HNO3) were tested against the annular denuder + filter pack (ADS) integrated collection technique at the Tampa Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) Sydney research station similar to 20 km downwind of the Tampa, Florida, urban core. The semi-continuous instruments included: two slightly differing implementations of the NOY - NOY* (total oxides of nitrogen minus that total denuded of HNO3) denuder difference technique, one from the NOAA Air Resources Lab (ARL), and one from Atmospheric Research and Analysis, Inc. (ARA); the.parallel plate wet diffusion scrubber + online ion chromatography technique from Texas Tech University (TTU); and the chemical ionization mass spectrometer from the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT). Twelve hour ADS samples were collected by the University of South Florida (USF). Results for 10 min samples computed from the various higher sampling frequencies of each semi-continuous instrument showed good agreement (R-2 > 0.7) for afternoon periods of the highest production and accumulation of HNO3. Further, agreement was within 30% for these instruments even at HNO3 concentrations < 0.30 ppb. The USF ADS results were biased low, however, by 44%, on average, compared to the corporate 12 h aggregated means from the semi-continuous methods, and by > 60% for the nighttime samples; ADS results were below the corporate mean maximum HNO3 concentration by > 30% as well. The four instruments using semi-continuous methods, by contrast, were all within 10% of each other's 12 h mean mixing ratios. While only ARA employed a formal minimum detection limit at 0.050ppb, error analysis with the other techniques established that at the same level of precision, TTU's effective limit was approximately the same as ARA's and that ARL's limit was 0.030 ppb; analysis for GIT showed no apparent effective limit at the levels of HNO3 encountered in this field study. The importance of sample inlet height for HNO3 measurements was indirectly shown through comparison to previous field work at this site when sample inlet heights ranged from 1.5-10m and produced systematic discrepancies in HNO3 concentrations correlated with height of more than a factor of 2. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, NOAA,Off Res & Dev, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Atmospher Res & Anal Inc, Plano, TX USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Hlth Sci, Tampa, FL USA. RP Arnold, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, NOAA,Off Res & Dev, 1200 6th Ave,9th FL,OEA-095, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM arnold.jeff@epa.gov RI Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4210 EP 4226 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.058 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000005 ER PT J AU Arnold, JR Luke, WT AF Arnold, J. R. Luke, Winston T. TI Nitric acid and the origin and size segregation of aerosol nitrate aloft during BRACE 2002 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sea salt; chloride depletion; nitrate limitation; aerosol constituents; coastal ecosystems ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; SEA-SALT; HETEROGENEOUS REACTIVITY; DUST SAMPLES; BAY ESTUARY AB As part of the BRACE 2002 May field intensive, the NOAA Twin Otter flew 21 missions terrestrial, marine, and mixed terrestrial and marine sites in the greater Tampa, Florida, airshed including over Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Aerosols were collected with filter packs and their inorganic fractions analyzed post hoc with ion chromatography. Anion mass dominated both the fine- (particle diameters <= 2.5 mu m) and coarse-mode (particle diameters 10.0-2.5 mu m) inorganic fractions SO42- in the fine fraction, 3.7 mu m(-3) on average and Cl- and NO3- in the coarse fraction, 0.6 mu g m(-3) on average and 1.4 mu g m(-3) on average, respectively. Ammonium ion dominated the inorganic fine-mode cation mass, averaging 1.2 mu g m(-3), presumably in association with SO42-. Coarse-mode cation mass was dominated by Na+, but the concentrations of Ca2+ and K+ together often equaled or exceeded the Na+ mass which was, on average, 0.6 mu g m(-3). Nitrate appeared predominantly in the coarse rather than the fine fraction, as expected, and the fine fraction never contributed > 15% of the total NO3 concentration. Nitric acid dominated the NO3- contribution from both aerosol size fractions and constituted at least 45% of the total NO3 in all samples. Coarse-mode Cl- depletion, and hence NO3- replacement, reached 100% within the first 4 h of plume travel from the urban core in some samples, although it was most often less than 100% and slightly below the expected 1:1 ratio with coarse-mode NO3- concentration: the slope of the regression line of NO3- concentration to Cl- depletion was 0.9 in the coarse fraction. In addition, terrestrial samples were markedly lower in Cl- depletion, and thus in substituted NO3- than were marine and mixed samples: 15-25% depletion in terrestrial samples vs. 50-65% in marine samples with the sameair mass age. Thus, we conclude that NO3- and its progenitor compound HNO3 were present in the Tampa airshed in insufficient amounts to titrate fully the slightly alkaline coarse-mode particles there, and to replace completely the Cl- from the coarse-mode NaCl. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Arnold, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, 1200 6th Ave,9th FL,OEA-095, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM arnold.jeff@epa.gov RI Luke, Winston/D-1594-2016 OI Luke, Winston/0000-0002-1993-2241 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4227 EP 4241 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.059 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000006 ER PT J AU Kenty, KL Poor, ND Kronmiller, KG McClenny, W King, C Atkeson, T Campbell, SW AF Kenty, Kerstin L. Poor, Noreen D. Kronmiller, Keith G. McClenny, William King, Clark Atkeson, Thomas Campbell, Scott W. TI Application of CALINE4 to roadside NO/NO2 transformations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE NOx; emissions; roadway; CALINE4 ID PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE; OZONE; NO2; EMISSIONS; MODEL AB The CALINE4 roadway dispersion model has been applied to concentrations of NOx and NO2 measured near Gandy Boulevard in Tampa, FL (USA) during May 2002. A NO, emission factor of 0.86gr mi(-1) was estimated by treating NO+NO2 (NOx) as a conserved species and minimizing the differences between measured and calculated NO, concentrations. This emission factor was then used to calculate NO2 concentrations using the NO/NO2 transformation reactions built into CALINE4. A comparison of measured and calculated NO2 concentrations indicates that for ambient 03 concentrations less than 40 ppb the model under-predicts the chemical transformation of NO. The enhanced transformation of NO may be due to reactions of NO with oxidants such as peroxy radicals that are present either in the atmosphere or in vehicle exhaust. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Publ Hlth, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. RP Campbell, SW (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Chem Engn, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM campbell@eng.usf.edu NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 20 BP 4270 EP 4280 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.066 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180JB UT WOS:000247358000009 ER PT J AU Cheung, JK Shen, VK Errington, JR Truskett, TM AF Cheung, Jason K. Shen, Vincent K. Errington, Jeffrey R. Truskett, Thomas M. TI Coarse-grained strategy for modeling protein stability in concentrated solutions. III: Directional protein interactions SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MATRIX MONTE-CARLO; GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN; CRYSTAL NUCLEATION; HEAT DENATURATION; RIBONUCLEASE-A; AGGREGATION; DISEASE; DOMAIN AB We extend our coarse-grained modeling strategy described in parts I and II of this investigation to account for nonuniform spatial distributions of hydrophobic residues on the solvent-exposed surfaces of native proteins. Within this framework, we explore how patchy surfaces can influence the solvent-mediated protein-protein interactions, and the unfolding and self-assembly behaviors of proteins in solution. In particular, we compare the equilibrium unfolding and self-assembly trends for three model proteins that share the same overall sequence hydrophobicity, but exhibit folded configurations with different solvent-exposed native-state surface morphologies. Our model provides new insights into how directional interactions can affect native-state protein stability in solution. We find that strongly-directional attractions between native molecules with patchy surfaces can help stabilize the folded conformation through the formation of self-assembled clusters. In contrast, native proteins with more uniform surfaces are destabilized by protein-protein attractions involving the denatured state. Finally, we discuss how the simulation results provide insights into the experimental solution behaviors of several proteins that display directional interactions in their native states. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Theoret Chem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Truskett, TM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM truskett@che.utexas.edu RI Truskett, Thomas/D-4624-2009; Errington, Jeffrey/E-8644-2011; Truskett, Thomas/C-4996-2014 OI Truskett, Thomas/0000-0002-6607-6468; Errington, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0365-0271; NR 61 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 14 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 92 IS 12 BP 4316 EP 4324 DI 10.1529/biophysj.106.099058 PG 9 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 172NT UT WOS:000246811700023 PM 17400697 ER PT J AU Porter, JN Stevens, D Roe, K Kono, S Kress, D Lau, E AF Porter, John N. Stevens, Duane Roe, Kevin Kono, Sheldon Kress, David Lau, Eric TI Wind environment in the Lee of Kauai Island, Hawaii during trade wind conditions: weather setting for the Helios Mishap SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; Helios aircraft; island wake; marine boundary layer; trade winds; wind turbulence ID WAKE; RAINFALL AB On 26 June 2003 (approximately 1030 local time) the Helios ultralight aircraft broke apart off the west coast of Kauai Island, Hawaii as it was climbing out of the Kauai wind shadow. Following the aircraft mishap, a study was carried out to understand the conditions on the day of the crash and to better characterize the wind in the lee of Kauai. As part of this effort, both aircraft measurements and numerical modelling studies were carried out. Measurements and models showed the trade wind flow was enhanced around the island creating a region of wind shear surrounding the leeside calm zone. This wind shear region was found to be vertically oriented along the south side but tilted northward with height along the northern side of the calm zone. Several other factors on the day of the crash were investigated including water vapour gradients, diurnal Island heating, and gravity waves but their possible influences on the crash could not be confirmed. While the numerical model captured the general features of the Kauai leeside winds, the orientation of the calm zone was north of the observed one. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Maui High Performance Comp Ctr, Kihea, HI USA. Statech Int, Honolulu, HI USA. Isl Air, Honolulu, HI USA. Natl Weather Serv, Eureka, CA USA. RP Porter, JN (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM johnport@hawaii.edu NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 123 IS 3 BP 463 EP 480 DI 10.1007/s10546-007-9155-z PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 171WD UT WOS:000246765200006 ER PT J AU Arguez, A Waple, AM Sanchez-Lugo, AM AF Arguez, A. Waple, A. M. Sanchez-Lugo, A. M. TI State of the climate in 2006 - Executive summary SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Arguez, A (reprint author), NOAA, NCDC, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Anthony.Arguez@noaa.gov RI Box, Jason/H-5770-2013 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 88 IS 6 BP 929 EP 932 DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-6-929 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 189AT UT WOS:000247961400022 ER PT J AU Ward, EJ Hilborn, R Towell, RG Gerber, L AF Ward, Eric J. Hilborn, Ray Towell, Rod G. Gerber, Leah TI A state-space mixture approach for estimating catastrophic events in time series data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BAYESIAN STOCK ASSESSMENT; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; OBSERVATION ERROR; LARGE MAMMALS; MODELS; CONSERVATION; FRAMEWORK AB Catastrophic events are considered a major contributor to extinction threats, yet are rarely explicitly estimated in population models. We extend the basic state-space population dynamics model to include a mixture distribution for the process error. The mixture distribution consists of a "normal" component, representing regular process error variability, and a "catastrophic" component, representing rare events that negatively affect the population. Direct estimation of parameters is rarely possible using a single time series; however, estimation is possible when time series are combined in hierarchical models. We apply the catastrophic state-space model to simulated time series of abundance from simple, nonlinear population dynamics models. Applications of the model to these simulated time series indicate that population parameters (such as the carrying capacity or growth rate) and observation and process errors are estimated robustly when appropriate time series are available. Our simulations indicate that the power to detect a catastrophe is also a function of the strength of catastrophes and the magnitude of observation and process errors. To illustrate one potential application of this model, we apply the state-space catastrophic model to four west coast populations of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Ward, EJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM eric.ward@noaa.gov RI Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013 NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 899 EP 910 DI 10.1139/F07-060 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 197RD UT WOS:000248572900006 ER PT J AU Mueter, FJ Boldt, JL Megrey, BA Peterman, RM AF Mueter, Franz J. Boldt, Jennifer L. Megrey, Bernard A. Peterman, Randall M. TI Recruitment and survival of Northeast Pacific Ocean fish stocks: temporal trends, covariation, and regime shifts SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; EASTERN BERING-SEA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY; SPATIAL COVARIATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; CHINOOK SALMON; BRISTOL BAY; PINK SALMON; RATES AB Two measures of productivity for fish stocks (recruitment and stock-recruit residuals) within two large marine ecosystems (Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea - Aleutian Islands) showed significant positive covariation within several groups of species and significant negative covariation between certain others. For example, stock-recruit residuals of gadids (Gadidae) in the Bering Sea were inversely related to those of shelf flatfishes (Pleuronectidae), suggesting that environmental forcing affects these groups in opposite ways. Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and groundfish stocks each showed strong patterns of covariation within these taxonomic groups and within ecosystems, and both salmon and groundfish stocks showed positive covariation between the two ecosystems. However, we found little evidence of covariation between salmon and herring stocks or between these stocks and demersal stocks. Recruitment and stock-recruit residuals in individual stocks did not show a consistent response to known climatic regime shifts. However, combined indices of productivity across stocks showed decadal-scale variability (regime-like patterns), suggesting that both pelagic productivity (mostly salmon) and demersal productivity increased in response to the well-documented 1976-1977 climatic regime shift, whereas the 1988-1989 regime shift produced inconsistent or short-lived responses. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Mueter, FJ (reprint author), 697 Fordham Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM fmueter@alaska.net NR 44 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 20 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 911 EP 927 DI 10.1139/F07-069 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 197RD UT WOS:000248572900007 ER PT J AU Marasco, RJ Goodman, D Grimes, CB Lawson, PW Punt, AE Quinn, TJ AF Marasco, Richard J. Goodman, Daniel Grimes, Churchill B. Lawson, Peter W. Punt, Andre E. Quinn, Terrance J., II TI Ecosystem-based fisheries management: some practical suggestions SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COHO ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; POPULATION; PACIFIC; ALASKA; SEA; CLIMATE; MODELS; SALMON; SUSTAINABILITY; PREDATION AB Globally, there is increased scientific and public interest in the concept of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). This trend is fueled by a widespread perception that large-scale fishing operations are powerful forces altering the structure and function of marine ecosystems. It is acknowledged that management needs to better account for variations in ocean productivity, stock structure, and changing social values. Many countries are contemplating how to improve ocean fishery management. In the United States, fishery management bodies are experiencing pressure to undertake the daunting task of moving from their current single-species management plans to EBFM. Impediments include lack of a clear definition of EBFM, what it entails, or how to proceed. In this paper, characteristics of fishery management that are unique to EBFM are identified. The transition to EBFM needs to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. A course of action is outlined that can be used to guide this transition. Modeling approaches and metrics useful for planning, implementing, and evaluating EBFM are discussed, with particular emphasis on management strategy evaluation. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Ecol & Fisheries Management Div, Woodinville, WA 98077 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Environm Stat Grp, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM richmarasco@hotmail.com OI Punt, Andre/0000-0001-8489-2488 NR 73 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 31 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 928 EP 939 DI 10.1139/F07-062 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 197RD UT WOS:000248572900008 ER PT J AU Huang, BH Hu, ZZ Jha, B AF Huang, Bohua Hu, Zhen-Zhen Jha, Bhaskar TI Evolution of model systematic errors in the Tropical Atlantic Basin from coupled climate hindcasts SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; FORECAST SYSTEM; ANNUAL CYCLE; EL-NINO; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; CLOUDS; REANALYSIS; PACIFIC; STRATOCUMULUS AB Significant systematic errors in the tropical Atlantic Ocean are common in state-of-the-art coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. In this study, a set of ensemble hindcasts from the NCEP coupled forecast system (CFS) is used to examine the initial growth of the coupled model bias. These CFS hindcasts are 9-month integrations starting from perturbed real-time oceanic and atmospheric analyses for 1981-2003. The large number of integrations from a variety of initial states covering all months provides a good opportunity to examine how the model systematic errors grow. The monthly climatologies of ensemble hindcasts from various initial months are compared with both observed and analyzed oceanic and atmospheric datasets. Our analyses show that two error patterns are dominant in the hindcasts. One is the warming of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. This error grows faster in boreal summer and fall and peaks in November-December at round 2 degrees C in the open ocean. It is caused by an excessive model surface shortwave radiative flux in this region, especially from boreal summer to fall. The excessive radiative forcing is in turn caused by the CFS inability to reproduce the observed amount of low cloud cover in the southeastern ocean and its seasonal increase. According to a comparison between the seasonal climatologies from the CFS hindcasts and a long-term simulation of the atmospheric model forced with observed SST, the CFS low cloud and radiation errors are inherent to its atmospheric component. On the other hand, the SST error in CFS is a major cause of the model's southward bias of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in boreal winter and spring. An analysis of the SST errors of the 6-month ensemble hindcasts by seven coupled models in the Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction project shows that this SST error pattern is common in coupled climate hindcasts. The second error pattern is an excessive deepening of the model thermocline depth to the north of the equator from the western coast toward the central ocean. This error grows fastest in boreal summer. It is forced by an overly strong local anticyclonic surface wind stress curl and is in turn related to the weakened northeast trade winds in summer and fall. The thermocline error in the northwest delays the annual shoaling of the equatorial thermocline in the Gulf of Guinea remotely through the equatorial waveguide. C1 Inst Global Environm & Soc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmospher Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. George Mason Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Climate Dynam, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, RSIS, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Huang, BH (reprint author), Inst Global Environm & Soc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmospher Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM huangb@cola.iges.org RI Hu, Zeng-Zhen/B-4373-2011 OI Hu, Zeng-Zhen/0000-0002-8485-3400 NR 39 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 28 IS 7-8 BP 661 EP 682 DI 10.1007/s00382-006-0223-8 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 162NQ UT WOS:000246095000001 ER PT J AU Kilpatrick, EL Kilpatrick, LE Bunk, DM AF Kilpatrick, E. L. Kilpatrick, L. E. Bunk, D. M. TI Development of in vitro model of metal-catalyzed oxidation of human serum albumin SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 59th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-Clinical-Chemistry CY JUL 15-19, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Assoc Clin Chem C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Charleston, SC USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 53 IS 6 SU S MA A-34 BP A11 EP A11 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 172ZJ UT WOS:000246843000035 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Volkovitsky, A Hung, HK AF Levine, Zachary H. Volkovitsky, Alex Hung, Howard K. TI Alignment of fiducial marks in a tomographic tilt series with an unknown rotation axis SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY; CELLS; 3D AB Alignment for tomography using a transmission electron microscopy frequently uses colloidal gold particles as ficlucial reference marks. Typically, there is an implicit assumption that the tilt axis of the tomographic series is orthogonal to the beam direction. However, this may not be true, either intentionally, if a tilt-rotate stage is used, or unintentionally, because of mechanical errors in the rotation stage or the sample fixture. Here, we provide a computer code which takes as input a set of two-dimensional (2D) observations of fiducial reference marks at various tilt angles and the values of those tilt angles. It produces as output a three-dimensional model of the observations, 2D shifts for each view, and the tilt axis direction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zlevine@nist.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 176 IS 11-12 BP 694 EP 700 DI 10.1016/j.cpc.2007.01.008 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 181BP UT WOS:000247412100008 ER PT J AU Dartigues, C Ghodous, P Gruninger, M Pallez, D Sriram, R AF Dartigues, Christel Ghodous, Parisa Gruninger, Michael Pallez, Denis Sriram, Ram TI CAD/CAPP integration using feature ontology SO CONCURRENT ENGINEERING-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE CAD; CAPP; interoperability; ontologies; design; process planning; knowledge interchange format ID DESIGN; SYSTEM; RECOGNITION; ENVIRONMENT; STEP AB In a collaborative computer-supported engineering environment, the interoperation of various applications will need a representation that goes beyond the current geometry-based representation, which is inadequate for capturing semantic information. The primary purpose of this study is to discuss a semantically based information exchange protocol that will facilitate seamless interoperability among current and next generation computer-aided design systems (CAD) and between CAD and other systems that use product data. An ontological approach is described to integrating computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided process planning (CAPP). Two commercial software applications are used to demonstrate the approach. This involves the development of a shared ontology and domain specific ontologies in the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) language. Domain specific ontologies - which are feature-based - are developed after a detailed analysis of the CAD and the CAPP software. Mapping between the domain ontologies and the shared ontology is achieved by several mapping rules. The approach is validated by using a variety of parts. C1 I3S UNSA CNRS, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France. Univ Lyon 1, LIRIS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dartigues, C (reprint author), I3S UNSA CNRS, 2000 Route Lucioles,Algorithmes Bat Euclide B,BP, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France. EM dartigue@unice.fr NR 41 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 15 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1063-293X EI 1531-2003 J9 CONCURRENT ENG-RES A JI Concurrent Eng.-Res. Appl. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 15 IS 2 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1177/1063293X07079312 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 180XV UT WOS:000247402200011 ER PT J AU Kenyon, J Godwin, S Montgomery, A Brainard, R AF Kenyon, J. Godwin, S. Montgomery, A. Brainard, R. TI Rare sighting of Acropora cytherea in the main Hawaiian Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material ID REPRODUCTION; ARCHIPELAGO; ATOLL C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Kenyon, J (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM Jean.Kenyon@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUN PY 2007 VL 26 IS 2 BP 309 EP 309 DI 10.1007/s00338-007-0198-x PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 179RF UT WOS:000247307100012 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Schiesari, L Werner, EE AF Peacor, Scott D. Schiesari, Luis Werner, Earl E. TI Mechanisms of nonlethal predator effect on cohort size variation: Ecological and evolutionary implications SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anuran; cohort; growth autocorrelation; growth rate; heritability; induction; nonconsumptive effect; nonlethal effect; phenotypic plasticity; predator; selection; size variation ID INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; PREY GROWTH; NICHE WIDTH; WOOD FROG; POPULATIONS; BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; LARVAE; MODEL; RISK AB Understanding the factors responsible for generating size variation in cohorts of organisms is important for predicting their population and evolutionary dynamics. We group these factors into two broad classes: those due to scaling relationships between growth and size (size-dependent factors), and those due to individual trait differences other than size (size-independent factors; e. g., morphology, behavior, etc.). We develop a framework predicting that the nonlethal presence of predators can have a strong effect on size variation, the magnitude and sign of which depend on the relative influence of both factors. We present experimental results showing that size-independent factors can strongly contribute to size variation in anuran larvae, and that the presence of a larval dragonfly predator reduced expression of these size-independent factors. Further, a review of a number of experiments shows that the effect of this predator on relative size variation of a cohort ranged from negative at low growth rates to positive at high growth rates. At high growth rates, effects of size-dependent factors predominate, and predator presence causes an increase in the scaling of growth rate with size (larger individuals respond less strongly to predator presence than small individuals). Thus predator presence led to an increase in size variation. In contrast, at low growth rates, size-independent factors were relatively more important, and predator presence reduced expression of these size-independent factors. Consequently, predator presence led to a decrease in size variation. Our results therefore indicate a further mechanism whereby nonlethal predator effects can be manifest on prey species performance. These results have strong implications for both ecological and evolutionary processes. Theoretical studies indicate that changes in cohort size variation can have profound effects on population dynamics and stability, and therefore the mere presence of a predator could have important ecological consequences. Further, changes in cohort size variation can have important evolutionary implications through changes in trait heritability. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, BR-03828080 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM peacor@msu.edu RI Schiesari, Luis/E-8624-2012 OI Schiesari, Luis/0000-0003-0814-591X NR 50 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2007 VL 88 IS 6 BP 1536 EP 1547 DI 10.1890/06-1066 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 178ED UT WOS:000247203100020 PM 17601145 ER PT J AU Valentine, KH Harms, CA Cadenas, MB Birkenheuer, AJ Marr, HS Braun-McNeill, J Maggi, RG Breitschwerdt, EB AF Valentine, K. Hope Harms, Craig A. Cadenas, Maria B. Birkenheuer, Adam J. Marr, Henry S. Braun-McNeill, Joanne Maggi, Ricardo G. Breitschwerdt, Edward B. TI Bartonelia DNA in loggerhead sea turtles SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID HENSELAE; INFECTIONS; CELLS C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC USA. RP Breitschwerdt, EB (reprint author), Dept Clin Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM ed_breitschwerdt@ncsu.edu NR 10 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUN PY 2007 VL 13 IS 6 BP 949 EP 950 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 173US UT WOS:000246898600032 PM 17582905 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Mcclellan, DB Wiener, JW Stoffle, B AF Miller, M. W. Mcclellan, D. B. Wiener, J. W. Stoffle, B. TI Apparent rapid fisheries escalation at a remote Caribbean island SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID REEFS C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. FoProBiM, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Margaret.w.miller@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 2 BP 92 EP 94 DI 10.1017/S0376892907003852 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 204PS UT WOS:000249057100003 ER PT J AU Fong, TT Mansfield, LS Wilson, DL Schwab, DJ Molloy, SL Rose, JB AF Fong, Theng-Theng Mansfield, Linda S. Wilson, David L. Schwab, David J. Molloy, Stephanie L. Rose, Joan B. TI Massive microbiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak in Lake Erie, South Bass Island, Ohio SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Arcobacter; groundwater; microbiological contamination; outbreak; viruses; waterborne ID CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DRINKING-WATER; ARCOBACTER; IDENTIFICATION; ADENOVIRUSES; HELICOBACTER; ENUMERATION; VIRUSES; GIARDIA AB BACKGROUND: A groundwater-associated outbreak affected approximately 1,450 residents and visitors of South Bass island, Ohio, between July and September 2004. OBJECTIVES: To examine the microbiological quality of groundwater wells located on South Bass Island, we sampled 16 wells that provide potable water to public water systems 15-21 September 2004. METHODS: We tested groundwater wells for fecal indicators, enteric viruses and bacteria, and protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia). The hydrodynamics of Lake Erie were examined to explore the possible surface water-groundwater interactions. RESULTS: All wells were positive for both total coliform and Escherichia coli. Seven wells tested positive for enterococci and Arcobacter (an emerging bacterial pathogen), and F'-specific coliphage was present in four wells. Three wells were positive for all three bacterial indicators, coliphages, and Arcobacter adenovirus DNA was recovered from two of these wells. We found a cluster of the most contaminated wells at the southeast side of the island. CONCLUSIONS: Massive groundwater contamination on the island was likely caused by transport of microbiological contaminants from wastewater treatment facilities and septic tanks to the lake and the subsurface, after extreme precipitation events in May-July 2-004. This likely raised thewater table, saturated the subsurface, and along with very strong Lake Erie currents on 24 July, forced a surge in water levels and rapid surface water-groundwater interchange throughout the island. Landsat images showed massive influx of organic material and turbidity surrounding the island before the peak of ibe outbreak. These combinations of factors and information can be used to examine vulnerabilities in other coastal systems. Both wastewater and drinking water issues are now being addressed by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency and the Ohio Depar-tment of Health. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Rose, JB (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 15 Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM rosejo@msu.edu RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577 NR 46 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 6 U2 33 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 115 IS 6 BP 856 EP 864 DI 10.1289/ehp.9430 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 179HK UT WOS:000247280200029 PM 17589591 ER PT J AU Davis, ME Talukdar, RK Notte, G Ellison, GB Burkholder, JB AF Davis, Maxine E. Talukdar, Ranajit K. Notte, Gregory Ellison, G. Barney Burkholder, James B. TI Rate coefficients for the OH plus pinonaldehyde (C10H16O2) reaction between 297 and 374 K SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; INITIATED ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; ALPHA-PINENE; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; NO3 RADICALS; PRODUCTS; MONOTERPENES; MECHANISM; KINETICS; ACID AB The rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with pinonaldehyde (C10H16O2, 3-acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-cyclobutyl-ethanal), a product of the atmospheric oxidation of alpha-pinene, was measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH at temperatures between 297 and 374 K at 55 and 96 Torr (He). Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to monitor OH in the presence of pinonaldehyde following its production by 248 nm pulsed laser photolysis of H2O2. The reaction exhibits a negative temperature dependence with an Arrhenius expression of k(1)(T) = (4.5 +/- 1.3) x 10(-12) exp((600 +/- 100)/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(1)(297 K) = (3.46 +/- 0.4) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). There was no observed dependence of the rate coefficient on pressure. Our results are compared with previous relative rate determinations of k(1) near 297 K and the discrepancies are discussed. The state of knowledge for the atmospheric processing of pinonaldehyde is reviewed, and its role as a marker for alpha-pinene (monoterpene) chemistry in the atmosphere is discussed. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM James.B.Burkholder@noaa.gov RI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/G-4530-2013; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/0000-0001-6017-8431; NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 41 IS 11 BP 3959 EP 3965 DI 10.1021/es070048d PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 172ZM UT WOS:000246843300023 PM 17612175 ER PT J AU Roling, JA Bain, LJ Gardea-Torresdey, J Key, PB Baldwin, WS AF Roling, Jonathan A. Bain, Lisa J. Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge Key, Peter B. Baldwin, William S. TI Using mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) arrays to monitor the effectiveness of remediation at a superfund site in Charleston, South Carolina, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fundulus; chromium; microarray; superfund; remediation ID ALTERS GENE-EXPRESSION; TRIVALENT CHROMIUM; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; STRESS-RESPONSE; TIDAL CREEK; INDUCTION; MICROARRAYS; ESTUARIES; METALS AB We previously developed a cDNA array for mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), an estuarine minnow, that is targeted for identifying differentially expressed genes from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals, including chromium. A chromium-contaminated Superfund site at Shipyard Creek in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, is undergoing remediation, providing us a unique opportunity to study the utility of arrays for monitoring the effectiveness of site remediation. Mummichogs were captured in Shipyard Creek in Charleston prior to remediation (2000) and after remediation began (2003 and 2005). Simultaneously, mummichogs were collected from a reference site at the Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in Georgetown, South Carolina, USA. The hepatic gene expression pattern of fish captured at Shipyard Creek in 2000 showed wide differences from the fish captured at NERR in 2000. Interestingly, as remediation progressed the gene expression pattern of mummichogs captured at Shipyard Creek became increasingly similar to those captured at NERR. The arrays acted as multidimensional biomarkers as the number of differentially expressed genes dropped from 22 in 2000 to four in 2003, and the magnitude of differential expression dropped from 3.2-fold in 2000 to no gene demonstrating a difference over 1.5-fold in 2003. Furthermore, the arrays indicated changes in the bioavailability of chromium caused by hydraulic dredging in the summer of 2005. This research is, to our knowledge, the first report using arrays as biomarkers for a weight-of-evidence hazard assessment and demonstrates that arrays can be used as multidimensional biomarkers to monitor site mitigation because the gene expression profile is associated with chromium bioavailability and body burden. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Biol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Baldwin, WS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Biol Sci, 500 W Univ Ave, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. EM wbaldwin@utep.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12 RR008124-149004, 5G12RR08124, G12 RR008124]; NIGMS NIH HHS [S06 GM008012, S06 GM008012-330036] NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1205 EP 1213 DI 10.1897/06-421R.1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 169GQ UT WOS:000246581100017 PM 17571687 ER PT J AU Schuler, LJ Landrum, PF Lydy, MJ AF Schuler, Lance J. Landrum, Peter F. Lydy, Michael J. TI Response spectrum of pentachlorobenzene and fluoranthene for Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic invertebrates; fluoranthehe; pentachlorobenzene; sublethal body residue ID SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED PYRENE; FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES; LETHAL BODY RESIDUES; LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; TOXICITY; BIOCONCENTRATION; FISH; BIOTRANSFORMATION; TOXICOKINETICS; REPRODUCTION AB The whole-body residues of pentachlorobenzene (PCBz) and fluoranthene (FLU) in Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans were determined for a variety of chronic sublethal effects. The endpoints evaluated for H. azteca included 28-d growth and survival and 42-d growth, survival, and reproduction. Adverse effects to C. tentans also were determined at multiple endpoints including 10-d growth, cumulative pupation and emergence, and reproduction. The lowest-observed-effect residue (LOER) based on whole-body residues associated with growth was consistent between compounds and species tested with concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 0.33 mu mol/g. For H. azteca, the most sensitive endpoints were growth at 0.23 mu mol/g and reproduction at 0.11 mu mol/g for PCBz and FLU, respectively. For C. tentans, the most sensitive endpoints were emergence, development and reproduction at 0.02 mu mol/g, and development and reproduction at 0.15 mu mol/g for PCBz and FLU, respectively. Compared to residues associated with acute lethality, the most sensitive sublethal endpoints were approximately 4 and 60 times lower for PCBz and FLU, respectively. The relative consistency of the sublethal endpoints suggests that body residues can be a valuable tool to evaluate bioaccumulation data as part of a risk assessment to predict adverse effects to biota. C1 So Illinois Univ, Fisheries & Illinois Aquaculture Ctr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lydy, MJ (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Fisheries & Illinois Aquaculture Ctr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM mlydy@siu.edu NR 33 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY-SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1248 EP 1257 DI 10.1897/06-535R.1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 169GQ UT WOS:000246581100022 PM 17571692 ER PT J AU Morgan, AB Bundy, M AF Morgan, Alexander B. Bundy, Matthew TI Cone calorimeter analysis of UL-94 V-rated plastics SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE flame retardant polymers; cone calorimeter; material flammability ID FLAME RETARDANCY; HEAT RELEASE; FIRES; NANOCOMPOSITES; FLAMMABILITY; PERFORMANCE; EMISSIONS; TESTS; SETS AB Cone calorimeter analysis was conducted on 18 thermoplastics with different UL-94 vertical burn test (V) ratings. Ratings varied from V-0 to no rating (NR), and the types of thermoplastics included were polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), PC/ABS blends, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Our analysis of the cone calorimeter data found that there were correlations between UL-94 V rating and some cone calorimeter measurements (peak heat release rate (HRR) average and HRR at 60s) and no relationship for other measurements (time to ignition and total heat release). However, no precise correlation was found due to significant differences in flame retardant mechanism and polymer fuel energy values. In this paper, we seek to explain further why a broad quantitative relationship between UL-94V and cone calorimeter remains elusive, and also to show how the cone calorimeter can be used to understand why a material passes or fails a particular UL-94V rating. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Nonmet Mat Div, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morgan, AB (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Nonmet Mat Div, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. EM alexander.morgan@udri.udayton.edu RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 36 TC 103 Z9 111 U1 6 U2 42 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JUN-JUL PY 2007 VL 31 IS 4 BP 257 EP 283 DI 10.1002/fam.937 PG 27 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 178VI UT WOS:000247247800003 ER PT J AU Dew, CB Austring, RG AF Dew, C. Braxton Austring, Roberta G. TI Alaska red king crab: A relatively intractable target in a multispecies trawl survey of the eastern Bering Sea SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Paralithodes camtschaticus; Chionoecetes opilio; snow crab; Chionoecetes bairdi; tanner crab; spatial patchiness; stock assessment; overfished stocks; North Pacific ID PARALITHODES-CAMTSCHATICUS; FISHERIES; BAY AB The success with which Alaska's groundfish stocks have been managed is not matched by management of its crab stocks, several of which have been declared overfished. It is unlikely that all species will be sampled equally well in a generic, multispecies trawl survey with a uniform distribution of sampling effort. We evaluated the relative sampling tractability of six species targeted by the eastern Bering Sea stock assessment survey conducted annually by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service to see if there were differences that might explain the dichotomy in management success observed for groundfish and crabs. Using relative niche breadth, Green's Index of spatial patchiness, heterogeneity of variance and abundance-estimate precision, we analyzed 22 years of survey data to conclude that three major crab species, red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi), were less tractable than three major fish species, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and yellowfin sole (Pleuronectes asper). In particular, our analysis established red king crab as the species for which abundance-estimate precision, niche breadth and sampling efficiency were lowest, patchiness was highest and heterogeneity of variance was the most severe. As a consequence, Bering Sea multispecies sampling is not likely to achieve the same degree of abundance-estimation success for red king crab as it might for other crab or fish species. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dew, CB (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM braxton.dew@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 85 IS 1-2 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2007.02.001 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 166XM UT WOS:000246414200019 ER PT J AU Parsons, TJ Huel, R Davoren, J Katzmarzyk, C Milos, A Selmanovic, A Smajlovic, L Coble, MD Rizvic, A AF Parsons, Thomas J. Huel, Rene Davoren, Jon Katzmarzyk, Cheryl Milos, Ana Selmanovic, Arijana Smajlovic, Lejla Coble, Michael D. Rizvic, Adnan TI Application of novel "mini-amplicon" STR multiplexes to high volume casework on degraded skeletal remains SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DNA in Forensics 2006 CY SEP 28-30, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA DE Human identification; Mass graves; DNA typing; Mini-STR ID DNA AB The International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) conducts high throughput STR profiling on degraded skeletal remains, primarily recovered from mass graves relating to conflicts from 1992 to 1999 in the former Yugoslavia. To date, over 11,000 individuals have been identified through comparison of bone profiles to a large database of profiles from family members of the missing. To increase success rates in STR recovery, three short amplicon STR multiplexes (a 7-plex, a 6-plex, and a 5-plex) have been devised and implemented. These target loci from large commercial multiplexes, with an average decrease in amplicon size of 144 bp. The ICMP "miniplexes" have proven to provide substantially greater recovery of DNA data from a certain subset of difficult samples. However, the circumstances under which miniplexes provide additional data are restricted, and their advantages do not outweigh those of large commercial multiplexes for a majority of cases. The miniplexes, however, also have a very powerful use in DNA testing to support large scale reassociation of commingled, partial skeletons recovered from secondary mass graves. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Parsons, Thomas J.; Huel, Rene; Davoren, Jon; Katzmarzyk, Cheryl; Milos, Ana; Selmanovic, Arijana; Smajlovic, Lejla; Rizvic, Adnan] Int Commiss Missing Persons, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia & Herceg. [Coble, Michael D.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parsons, TJ (reprint author), Int Commiss Missing Persons, 45A Alipasina, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia & Herceg. EM thomas.parsons@ic-mp.org RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 7 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 1872-4973 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT-GEN JI Forensic Sci. Int.-Genet. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 2 SI SI BP 175 EP 179 DI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.02.003 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA 380XT UT WOS:000261500100019 PM 19083751 ER PT J AU Vallone, PM Jakupciak, JP Coble, MD AF Vallone, P. M. Jakupciak, J. P. Coble, M. D. TI Forensic application of the affymetrix human mitochondrial resequencing array SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DNA in Forensics 2006 CY SEP 28-30, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA DE Mitochondrial; Microarray; Sequencing; NIST ID GENOME; SEQUENCE; DNA AB In the field of forensic DNA testing, sequencing regions of the mitochondrial genome is performed when insufficient genomic DNA is present for traditional autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) testing. Sequencing coding region polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome can be useful for resolving individuals who have the identical HV1 and HV2 control region sequence. Various methods and strategies have been established to interrogate coding region polymorphisms. These range from SNP assays probing sites most likely to differentiate individuals based on their HV1/HV2 sequence to the use of mass spectrometry to pyrosequencing. Here we evaluate the potential of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mitochondrial Resequencing Array (version 2.0) for forensic applications. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Vallone, P. M.; Jakupciak, J. P.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Coble, M. D.] Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Vallone, PM (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,M-S 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.vallone@nist.gov RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 6 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 1872-4973 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT-GEN JI Forensic Sci. Int.-Genet. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 2 SI SI BP 196 EP 198 DI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.01.016 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA 380XT UT WOS:000261500100023 PM 19083755 ER PT J AU Decker, AE Kline, MC Vallone, PM Butler, JM AF Decker, A. E. Kline, M. C. Vallone, P. M. Butler, J. M. TI The impact of additional Y-STR loci on resolving common haplotypes and closely related individuals SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DNA in Forensics 2006 CY SEP 28-30, 2006 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA DE Short tandem repeat; STR; Y-chromosome; Y-STR; DYS449; DYS570; DYS576; DYS534; NIST ID VALIDATION; MULTIPLEX AB Commercial Y-STR kits have permitted laboratories to go beyond the original nine minimal haplotype loci (MHL) and to discover the advantage of additional Y-STR loci in resolving common haplotypes. In an effort to examine the impact of Y-STR markers beyond the 17 loci now available in commercial kit form, new Y-STR loci are being investigated on a common set of samples representative of the major U.S. population groups. Additional Y-STRs can also increase the power of discrimination between closely related male individuals, which is important not only in forensics but also in the paternity and genetic genealogy communities. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Decker, A. E.; Kline, M. C.; Vallone, P. M.; Butler, J. M.] NIST, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Decker, AE (reprint author), NIST, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr,M-S 9311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM amy.decker@nist.gov NR 7 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 1872-4973 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT-GEN JI Forensic Sci. Int.-Genet. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 2 SI SI BP 215 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.01.012 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA 380XT UT WOS:000261500100029 PM 19083761 ER PT J AU Kapiluto, Y Yakir, D Tans, P Berkowitz, B AF Kapiluto, Yaacov Yakir, Dan Tans, Pieter Berkowitz, Brian TI Experimental and numerical studies of the O-18 exchange between CO2 and water in the atmosphere-soil invasion flux SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE RATIO; TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION; MODELING DIFFUSION; GAS DIFFUSIVITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DRY SOILS; DEUTERIUM; HYDROGEN; CYCLE AB The O-18/O-16 ratio of CO2 is a potentially powerful tracer of carbon dioxide fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere, which is influenced by complex interactions involving both biotic and abiotic soil processes. We use a simplified experimental approach and numerical simulations to examine in isolation the O-18 exchange between CO2 and soil water associated with the abiotic invasion of atmospheric CO2 into soil. This allowed us to verify, in particular, whether the O-18 of the retro-diffusion flux of CO2 from the soil reflects O-18 equilibration with water at the soil surface, or at some depth. Sterile soil samples with known water isotopic composition were placed in a closed box attached to a specially designed flow chamber and the changes in delta O-18 of CO2 between the chamber inlet and outlet, due only to invasion effects, were determined. Numerical simulations constrained by the laboratory gas exchange measurements indicated that between the two commonly used diffusion models [Penman, H.L. (1940). Gas and vapor movements in soil, l: the diffusion of vapors through porous solids. Int. J. Agric. Sci. 30, 437-462; Moldrup, P., Olesen, T., Yamaguchi, T., Schjonning, P., Rolston, D.E. (1999). Modeling diffusion and reaction in soils, IX, the Backingham-Burdine-Campbell equation for gas diffusivity in undisturbed soil. Soil Sci. 164, 542-551], only the former provided good agreement with the measurements over a wide range of soil water contents. Based on the model calculations constrained by experimental data, and on comparison of characteristic diffusion/reaction times, we conclude that the depth required for full CO2-water O-18 equilibration ranges between 2 and 8.5 cm. The depth depends, in order of importance, on (1) soil moisture content; (2) temperature, which dominates the rate of hydration isotopic exchange; (3) CO2 residence time, which is determined by the time of replacement of the column air above the soil; and (4) soil structure, including porosity, tortuosity and grain size, with the later probably influencing the water surface area exposed to CO2 exchange. Using field data from a semi-arid forest site in Israel, numerical simulations indicated that the 180 full equilibrium depth varied at this site between 4 cm (January) and 8 cm (November), being sensitive mostly to temperature and soil water content. Deepening of the equilibration depth as the soil dries should limit the effects of O-18 evaporative enrichment at the surface on the isotopic composition of the soil-atmosphere CO2 flux. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Energy Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yakir, D (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Energy Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. EM dan.yakir@weizmann.ac.il RI BERKOWITZ, BRIAN/K-1497-2012; Yakir, Dan/K-1500-2012 OI BERKOWITZ, BRIAN/0000-0003-3078-1859; NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 71 IS 11 BP 2657 EP 2671 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.016 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 176LR UT WOS:000247087100001 ER PT J AU Palmroth, M Partamies, N Polvi, J Pulkkinen, TI McComas, DJ Barnes, RJ Stauning, P Smith, CW Singer, HJ Vainio, R AF Palmroth, M. Partamies, N. Polvi, J. Pulkkinen, T. I. McComas, D. J. Barnes, R. J. Stauning, P. Smith, C. W. Singer, H. J. Vainio, R. TI Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency for solar wind pressure impulses SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC PRESSURE; FIELD AB We investigate the solar wind - magnetosphere coupling efficiency in response to solar wind dynamic pressure impulses. We carry out a superposed epoch analysis of 236 pressure impulses from the years 1998 2002 detected by the ACE/SWEPAM instrument. For the coupling efficiency, we use four definitions based on: the polar cap potential from SuperDARN radars, the northern polar cap index (PCN), the available magnetospheric potential, and the interplanetary electric field (IEF). All definitions show consistent results: the coupling efficiency depends on the internal structure of the impulse. The coupling efficiency increases ( decreases) for events mimicking slow ( fast) MHD shocks. The coupling energy estimated from the IMAGE magnetometer chain is larger for the "fast-type'' events and stronger drivers. Hence, our results indicate that the magnetosphere uses the energy from the weaker driver more geoeffectively, while the energy associated with stronger drivers is partly transmitted through the system. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Palmroth, M (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, PL 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM minna.palmroth@fmi.fi RI Vainio, Rami/A-5590-2009; Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Partamies, Noora/G-3408-2014 OI Vainio, Rami/0000-0002-3298-2067; Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Partamies, Noora/0000-0003-2536-9341 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 11 AR L11101 DI 10.1029/2006GL029059 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 174KC UT WOS:000246939800001 ER PT J AU Bontes, BM Verschoor, AM Pires, LMD van Donk, E Ibelings, BW AF Bontes, Babette M. Verschoor, Antonie M. Dionisio Pires, L. Miguel van Donk, Ellen Ibelings, Bas W. TI Functional response of Anodonta anatina feeding on a green alga and four strains of cyanobacteria, differing in shape, size and toxicity SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Shallow Lakes CY JUN 05-09, 2005 CL Dalfsen, NETHERLANDS DE bivalves; cyanobacteria; functional response; grazing; pseudofaeces; Unionidae ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; SAGINAW BAY; LAKE HURON; ZOOPLANKTON; FOOD AB We studied the functional response of the freshwater unionid bivalve Anodonta anatina, feeding on five phytoplankton strains differing in food quality: the small green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, a toxic and a non-toxic strain of the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii and a toxic and a non-toxic strain of the coccoid cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. On S. obliquus, A. anatina had a type II functional response with a maximum mass-specific ingestion rate (IRmax) of 5.24 mg C g DW-1 h(-1) and a maximum mass-specific clearance rate (CRmax) of 492 (+/- 38) ml g DW-1 h(-1), the highest values for all the phytoplankton strains that were investigated. On toxic and non-toxic P. agardhii filaments, A. anatina also had a type II functional response, but IRmax and CRmax were considerably lower (IRmax 1.90 and 1.56 mg C g DW-1 h(-1); CRmax 387 (+/- 97) and 429 (+/- 71) ml g DW-1 h(-1), respectively) than on S. obliquus. Toxicity of P. agardhii had no effect on the filtration rate of the mussels. On the non-toxic M. aeruginosa (small coccoid cells), we also observed a type II functional response, although a type I functional response fitted almost as good to these data. For the colonial and toxic M. aeruginosa, a type I functional response fitted best to the data: IR increased linearly with food concentration and CR remained constant. CRmax and IRmax values for the (colonial) toxic M. aeruginosa (383 (+/- 40) ml g DW-1 h(-1); 3.7 mg C g DW-1 h(-1)) demonstrated that A. anatina filtered and ingested this cyanobacterium as good as the other cyanobacterial strains. However, on the non-toxic M. aeruginosa we observed the lowest CRmax of all phytoplankters (246 (+/- 23) ml g DW-1 h(-1), whereas IRmax was similar to that on toxic M. aeruginosa. The high maximum ingestion rates on S. obliquus and M. aeruginosa indicate a short handling time of these phytoplankton species. The high clearance rates on S. obliquus, toxic M. aeruginosa and P. agardhii reflect a high effort of the mussels to filter these particles out of the water column at low concentrations. The low clearance rates on non-toxic M. aeruginosa may be explained by the small size and coccoid form of this cyanobacterium, which may have impaired A. anatina to efficiently capture the cells. Although A. anatina had relatively high maximum clearance rates on non-toxic and toxic P. agardhii, this cyanobacterium does not seem to be a good food source, because of the observed high rates of pseudofaeces production and hence low ingestion rates. C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, Dept Food Web Studies, Maarssen, Netherlands. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bontes, BM (reprint author), NIOZ, POB 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. EM bontes@nioz.nl RI van Donk, Ellen/B-7272-2008; Verschoor, Anthony/D-8446-2011; Ibelings, Bas/B-4237-2011 OI van Donk, Ellen/0000-0003-3279-4936; Ibelings, Bas/0000-0002-7213-7407 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN PY 2007 VL 584 BP 191 EP 204 DI 10.1007/s10750-007-0580-2 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 169HO UT WOS:000246583500019 ER PT J AU Dietlein, C Luukanen, A Popovic, Z Grossman, E AF Dietlein, Charles Luukanen, Arttu Popovic, Zoya Grossman, Erich TI A W-band polarization converter and isolator SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE millimeter wave devices; millimeter wave imaging; polarization ID MEANDER-LINE POLARIZER; CIRCULAR POLARIZATION; ROTATION; DESIGN; LAYER AB A 95-GHz printed low-loss linear-to-circular polarizer is designed as a component of an active direct-detection millimeter-wave imaging system. The periodic printed grid structure presents different reactances to the TE and TM polarizations, resulting in equal amplitude and phase quadrature upon transmission through four parallel grids. The polarizer is measured in both a Gaussian beam system and a plane wave system, and demonstrates an axial ratio of 0.23 dB, polarization isolation of 38 dB, and transmission loss of 0.3 dB for normal incidence. The quarter-wave plate is characterized up to +/- 35 degrees off the optical axis, and exhibits an axial ratio better than 1 dB up to +/- 17 degrees off the optical axis. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dietlein, C (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM dietlein@colorado.edu; arttu.luukanen@vtt.fi; grossman@boulder.nist.gov NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 55 IS 6 BP 1804 EP 1809 DI 10.1109/TAP.2007.898595 PN 2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 178MB UT WOS:000247223700017 ER PT J AU Strauch, FW Dutta, SK Paik, H Palomaki, TA Mitra, K Cooper, BK Lewis, RM Anderson, JR Dragt, AJ Lobb, CJ Wellstood, FC AF Strauch, Frederick W. Dutta, S. K. Paik, Hanhee Palomaki, T. A. Mitra, K. Cooper, B. K. Lewis, R. M. Anderson, J. R. Dragt, A. J. Lobb, C. J. Wellstood, F. C. TI Strong-field effects in the Rabi oscillations of the superconducting phase qubit SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH CHANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE Josephson junction; multiphoton; qubit; Rabi oscillation ID STATE AB Rabi oscillations have been observed in many superconducting devices, and represent prototypical logic operations for quantum bits (qubits) in a quantum computer. We use a three-level multiphoton analysis to understand the behavior of the superconducting phase qubit (current-biased Josephson junction) at high microwave drive power. Analytical and numerical results for the ac Stark shift, single-photon Rabi frequency, and two-photon Rabi frequency are compared to measurements made on a de SQUID phase qubit with Nb/AIO(x)/Nb tunnel junctions. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Supercond Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Quantum Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Strauch, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frederick.strauch@nist.gov; sudeep@wam.umd.edu RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898247 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200007 ER PT J AU Osborn, KD Strong, JA Sirois, AJ Simmonds, RW AF Osborn, K. D. Strong, J. A. Sirois, A. J. Simmonds, R. W. TI Frequency-tunable Josephson junction resonator for quantum computing SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH AB We have fabricated and measured a high-Q Josephson junction resonator with a tunable resonance frequency. A dc magnetic flux allows the resonance frequency to be changed by over 10%. Weak coupling to the environment allows a quality factor of similar to 7000 when on average less than one photon is stored in the resonator. At large photon numbers, the nonlinearity of the Josephson junction creates two stable oscillation states. This resonator can be used as a tool for investigating the quality of Josephson junctions in qubits below the single photon limit, and can be used as a microwave qubit readout at high photon numbers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Osborn, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM osborn@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 166 EP 168 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898544 PN 1 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200021 ER PT J AU Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP Burroughs, CJ Bergren, NE Chong, Y AF Dresselhaus, P. D. Benz, S. P. Burroughs, C. J. Bergren, N. E. Chong, Y. TI Design of SNS Josephson Arrays for high voltage applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE Josephson voltage standard; microwave devices; SNS junctions ID JUNCTION ARRAYS; STANDARDS AB The voltage from a single, microwave-biased Josephson junction is a small quantity; thus useful voltages are generated only through series arrays of many thousands of junctions. Arrays of superconductor-normal metal-superconductor junctions have been fabricated and tested with as many as 16,500 junctions per array. The arrays are optimized for the highest voltage operation with the largest operating margins for the current bias. Measurements show that these arrays, driven with 20 GHz microwaves, generate a dc voltage greater than 680 mV per array with a de bias margin over I mA. To increase the microwave uniformity across the array, the transmission line impedance has been tapered. By use of this technique, ac Josephson voltages over 110 rnV(rms) per array have been generated, also with over 1 mA dc bias margin. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon, South Korea. RP Dresselhaus, PD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paul.dresselhaus@nist.gov NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 173 EP 176 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898724 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200023 ER PT J AU Lehnert, KW Irwin, KD Castellanos-Beltran, MA Mates, JAB Vale, LR AF Lehnert, K. W. Irwin, K. D. Castellanos-Beltran, M. A. Mates, J. A. B. Vale, L. R. TI Evaluation of a microwave SQUID multiplexer prototype SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH CHANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE frequency division multiplexing; phase noise; SQUIDs; superconducting resonators ID INTERFERENCE DEVICE MULTIPLEXER; TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; PARTICLE-DETECTION; ARRAYS AB As large arrays of ultrasensitive cryogenic detectors of radiant energy are developed, multiplexing schemes are required to manage system complexity. Any such scheme must also meet stringent sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range and power dissipation specifications. We describe preliminary tests of a microwave frequency-division multiplexed readout of SQUID amplifiers. From these initial tests we estimated the number of SQUIDs that can be multiplexed with this scheme and the sensitivity and bandwidth of each SQUID amplifier. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lehnert, KW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM konrad.lehnert@jila.colorado.edu RI Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009 OI Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 705 EP 709 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898118 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200148 ER PT J AU Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ Bergren, NF AF Benz, S. P. Dresselhaus, P. D. Burroughs, C. J. Bergren, N. F. TI Precision measurements using a 300 mV Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE AC measurements; AC voltage standard; digital-to-analog converter; Josephson arrays; Josephson devices ID VOLTAGE STANDARDS; JUNCTION ARRAYS; AC VOLTAGE AB We have developed a Josephson digital-to-analog converter, otherwise know as a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer, with 300 mV peak output voltage. This is the first system of its kind with demonstrated quantum accuracy. We show precision synthesized waveforms from dc to 100 kHz with measured distortion and harmonic content below -115 dBc (dB below the carrier or fundamental). The heart of the system is a superconducting microwave integrated circuit with two Josephson junction arrays biased in parallel for the microwave drive and connected in series to double the voltage for the audio frequency output waveforms. New superconducting integrated circuits with twice as many stacked junctions and improved microwave circuits have allowed us to more than double the output voltage of our recent system. We also demonstrate that quantum-based synthesized arbitrary waveforms (not just sine waves) can be used for precision measurements of a high-performance commercial analog-to-digital converter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Benz, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 864 EP 869 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898138 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200187 ER PT J AU Booth, JC Andersen, BM Hirschfeld, PJ AF Booth, James C. Andersen, Brian M. Hirschfeld, P. J. TI Disorder effects on the intrinsic nonlinear current density in YBa2Cu3O7-delta SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE high temperature superconductor; nonlinear current density; nonlinear microwave response ID MICROWAVE RESPONSE; YBCO FILMS; SUPERCONDUCTORS; INTERMODULATION; DEPENDENCE; DEVICES; WAVE AB We present harmonic generation measurements of the intrinsic nonlinear current density j(2) of, YBa2Cu3OO7-8 (YBCO) films at temperatures close the T-c. Experiments on a range of different quality samples allow us to extract the dependence of j(2) on the penetration depth of the superconductor. In order to model these results, we calculate the intrinsic nonlinear current response of d(x)(-y)(2)(2)-wave superconductors in the Meissner regime in the presence of nonmagnetic impurities within the self-consistent T-matrix approximation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Booth, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM booth@boulder.nist.gov; bma@phys.ufl.edu; pjh@phys.ufl.edu RI Hirschfeld, Peter /A-6402-2010; Andersen, Brian /M-4671-2014 OI Andersen, Brian /0000-0002-9786-7553 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 906 EP 909 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.897192 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200197 ER PT J AU Mateu, J Booth, JC Moeckly, BH AF Mateu, Jordi Booth, James C. Moeckly, Brian H. TI Nonlinear response of combined superconductor/ferroelectric devices: First experimental step SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE ferroelectrics; nonlinear response; superconductors; wideband nonlinear measurement system ID SUPERCONDUCTORS AB Superconducting thin films are known to possess a nonlinear response at microwave frequencies. These nonlinear effects can be described quantitatively by a nonlinear inductance, and for high-Tc superconductors, are believed to be an intrinsic consequence of d-wave superconductivity. Similar nonlinear effects can be observed in ferroelectric materials, such as SrTiO3 We experimentally explore the interaction between nonlinear effects of different character arising from these two different origins. We consider a number of different device configurations, and measure the generation of harmonic and intermodulation products as function of temperature, in order to assess how these two different types of nonlinear response would interact in devices fabricated from both types of nonlinear materials. We use these measurements to assess whether nonlinear effects in high-Tc superconductor devices may be mitigated by some form of active cancellation. Effects of the ferroelectric losses are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Superconducting Technol Inc, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Mateu, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI mateu, jordi/H-7285-2015 OI mateu, jordi/0000-0001-9833-9966 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 942 EP 945 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.898262 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WE UT WOS:000248442200206 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Goodrich, LF AF Cheggour, Najib Ekin, Jack W. Goodrich, Loren F. TI Critical-current measurements on an ITER Nb3Sn strand: Effect of axial tensile strain SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE axial strain; critical current; ITER; niobium-tin; pinning force; stress-free cooling; superconductor magnet ID PINNING FORCE DENSITY; HIGH MAGNETIC-FIELDS; SCALING LAWS; CONDUCTORS; SUPERCONDUCTORS; WIRES; STRESS AB The dependence of transport critical current (I-c) on axial tensile strain epsilon was measured for a developmental Nb3Sn multifilamentary strand as a function of magnetic field B between 12 T and 16 T, at the temperature of 4 K. This conductor was from the first stage of strand pre-production for the central solenoid of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. Straight samples were measured with a stress-free-cooling strain apparatus. The compressive pre-strain epsilon(max) and the irreversible strain limit epsilon(irr) were 0.19% and 0.8%, respectively; and the ultimate strain where the wire physically broke was about 0.95%. The pinning force F-p(= I-c x B) was proportional to (B-c2*)(s)b(p)(1 - b)(q), where b = B/B-c2* is the reduced magnetic field, and the scaling constants had values p = 0.58, q = 1.86, and s = 0.7. The strain dependence of the effective upper critical field B-c2* (the field at which F-p extrapolates to zero) was well described within the measured strain range by B-c2 max* [1 - a\epsilon - epsilon(max)\(u)], where B-c2* max is the maximum value of B-c2* as a function of strain, u = 1.7, and a was about 1230 for the compressive strains and 1670 for the tensile strains. Ekin's strain scaling law was applied to calculate the strain sensitivity of I-c at various intrinsic strains between - 0.5% and 0.5%, and magnetic fields from 12 T to 16 T. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cheggour@boulder.nist.gov RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 1366 EP 1369 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.897819 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WI UT WOS:000248442600082 ER PT J AU Goodrich, LF Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Stauffer, TC AF Goodrich, L. F. Cheggour, N. Ekin, J. W. Stauffer, T. C. TI Critical-current measurements on ITER Nb3Sn strands: Effect of temperature SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE critical-current density; ITER; niobium-tin; superconducting wires; variable temperature ID HIGH MAGNETIC-FIELDS; HYSTERESIS AB Transport critical-current (I-c) measurements were made on commercial multifilamentary Nb3Sn strands at temperatures (T) from 4 to 17 K and magnetic fields (H) from 0 to 14 T. Samples investigated were taken from the stage 1 pre-production strand for the central solenoid of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. Specimens were mounted on a three-turn Ti-6Al-4V (percent by mass) mandrel, which was a shorter version of the standard ITER critical-current mandrel. The measurements covered the range of critical currents from less than 0.1 A to over 700 A. To verify the accuracy of the variable-temperature measurements, we compared critical-current values obtained on a specimen that was immersed in liquid helium at 5 K to those measured on the same specimen in flowing helium gas at the same temperature. This comparison indicated that specimen temperature was controlled to within 60 mK during the measurements. The critical-current data presented include electric-field versus temperature (E-T) characteristics, I-c (T) at constant H, and extrapolated effective upper critical field as a function of temperature. These data are part of what is needed for the ITER strand characterization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Goodrich, LF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM goodrich@boulder.nist.gov RI yang, ting/B-5224-2012; Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 1398 EP 1401 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.897225 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WI UT WOS:000248442600090 ER PT J AU Goodrich, LF Splett, JD AF Goodrich, L. F. Splett, J. D. TI Current ripple effect on n-value SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE critical current measurement; current ripple; niobium compound; superconducting wires AB We systematically studied the effect of current ripple on the determination of n-value, which is the index of the shape of the electric field-current (E - I) curve. Commercial Nb3Sn wires were measured with controlled amounts of ac ripple. Substitution-box, superconductor simulator circuits were also measured. A battery-powered current supply was used to provide the dc with ripple currents. The ripple frequencies were 60, 120, and 360 Hz, to represent common electrical power harmonics in high-current power supplies. A previous study focused on the effect of ripple on the determination of dc critical current (I-c); the current study focuses on how ripple changes the n-value and shows that ripple has a larger effect on n-value than on I-c. We examined models and measurements on simulators to reproduce and explain the effects observed in measurements on superconductors. Current ripple and spikes may be sources of differences in n-values measured at different laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Goodrich, LF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM goodrich@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 2603 EP 2606 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.899592 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WL UT WOS:000248442900018 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Thieme, CLH Xie, YY AF Cheggour, Najib Ekin, Jack W. Thieme, Cees L. H. Xie, Yi-Yuan TI Effect of fatigue under transverse compressive stress on slit Y-Ba-Cu-O coated conductors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Applied Superconductivity Conference 2006 CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Amer Superconductor Corp, Univ Wiscosin-Madison, Appl Superconduct Ctr, Florida State Univ, Field Lab, Appl Superconduct Conf Inc, AYI WAH ChANG, Boeing Co, CCAS, Coalit Commercial Applicat Superconductors, Cryogen Ltd, Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Metallurgy, Device Mat Grp, GE Global Res Ctr, Electromagnet & Superconduct Lab, IEEE Coucil Superconduct, Univ Cambridge, IRC Superconduct, Oxford Instruments, Superconductor Sci & Technol, Inst Phys Publ, SuperPower Inc, Univ Houston, TcSUH DE coated conductors; crack propagation; critical current density; fatigue cycling; IBAD; RABiTS; slitting; stress; transverse compression; Y-Ba-Cu-O ID TAPES; NI AB The slitting of wide Y-Ba-Cu-O coated-conductor tapes to a width desirable for applications allows for considerable reduction in conductor manufacturing cost. Localized damage induced at the slit edges may be tolerated provided that mechanical cracks formed in the ceramic layers do not propagate deeper inside the conductor due to mechanical forces and thermal cycling to which the strand will be subjected in actual applications. In order to evaluate the effect of slitting, we used fatigue cycling under transverse compressive stress. These tests simulate conditions in applications such as rotating machinery and industrial magnets. Conductors measured had a rolling-assisted biaxially textured Ni-W substrate (RABiTS), or a Hastelloy-C substrate with an ion-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) buffer template. Samples were fabricated with or without a Cu protection layer, added either before or after slitting. For all these geometries, the critical current exhibited no significant degradation during fatigue testing up to 150 MPa transverse compressive stress and 20,000 cycles. Nevertheless, these results do not imply that slitting is not deleterious to the conductor performance under other experimental conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Amer Superconductor Corp, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cheggour@boulder.nist.gov RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 2 BP 3063 EP 3066 DI 10.1109/TASC.2007.897918 PN 3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 195WL UT WOS:000248442900132 ER PT J AU Gong, L Liu, CL Zha, XF AF Gong, Liang Liu, Cheng-Liang Zha, Xuan F. TI Model-based real-time dynamic power factor measurement in AC resistance spot welding with an embedded ANN SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE dynamic power factor; feedforward neural networks (NNs); miniature Rogowski loop; silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR); voltage transformers; welding AB Today, real-time measurement of dynamic power factor in resistance spot welding (RSW) is of increasing importance. On the basis of the welding transformer circuit model, a new method is proposed to measure the peak angle of the welding current and then calculate the dynamic power factor in each half-wave. The tailored sensing and computing system ensures that the measuring method possesses a real-time computational capacity with satisfying accuracy. Since the power factor cannot be represented via an explicit function with respect to measurable parameters, the traditional method(s) has to approximate the power factor angle with a constant phase lag angle and fails to detect its dynamic characteristics. An offline-trained embedded artificial neural network (ANN) successfully realizes the realtime implicit function calculation or estimation. A digital-signal-processor-based RSW monitoring system is developed to perform ANN computation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is applicable for measuring the dynamic power factor in single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier circuits. C1 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mech, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gong, L (reprint author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Inst Mech, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. EM gongliang_mi@sjtu.edu.cn; chlliu@sjtu.edu.cn; zha@cme.nist.gov NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0278-0046 J9 IEEE T IND ELECTRON JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 54 IS 3 BP 1442 EP 1448 DI 10.1109/TIE.2007.892607 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 178EC UT WOS:000247203000018 ER PT J AU Jargon, JA Splett, JD Vecchia, DF DeGroot, DC AF Jargon, Jeffrey A. Splett, Jolene D. Vecchia, Dominic F. DeGroot, Donald C. TI An empirical model for the warm-up drift of a commercial harmonic phase standard SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Methods for Uncertainty Estimation CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Sardegna, ITALY SP IEEE DE drift; empirical; harmonic; model; phase; standard; warm-up AB We develop an empirical model for the warm-up drift in a harmonic phase standard used to calibrate the phase distortion of a nonlinear vector network analyzer. The model enables us to estimate the time at which the standard reaches stability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jargon, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jargon@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 56 IS 3 BP 931 EP 937 DI 10.1109/TIM.2007.894886 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 169KJ UT WOS:000246590800033 ER PT J AU Borchers, JA AF Borchers, Julee A. TI Tenth Joint MMM-Intermag Conference 2007 - Conference chair's foreword SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Borchers, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2082 EP 2082 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2007.896523 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 171AB UT WOS:000246706200001 ER PT J AU Dennis, CL Cheng, G Baler, KA Maranville, BB Walker, ARH Shull, RD AF Dennis, C. L. Cheng, G. Baler, K. A. Maranville, B. B. Walker, A. R. Hight Shull, R. D. TI The influence of temperature on the magnetic behavior of colloidal cobalt nanoparticles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 07-11, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, IEEE, Magnet Soc DE cobalt; magnetic anisotropy; magnetic nanoparticles; spin rotation AB Applications of magnetic nanoparticles, including hyperthermia for cancer treatments, require knowledge of how the colloidal environment affects the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles.. Here, 10 mn diameter cobalt nanoparticles synthesized by thermodecomposition in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) are used to study the effect of the colloidal environment on the magnetic behavior of such materials. The magnetic properties are investigated by magnetization (M) versus temperature (T) measurements and vector magnetometry performed on the samples under zero-field-cooled conditions. Of particular interest in the M versus T data is a continuous rise in the magnetization observed around the DCB melting point during sample heating and a discontinuous drop around the DCB supercooling point during sample cooling. Vector magnetometer measurements quantify the portion of the sample that does not respond to the applied field. The magnitude of this unreversed component doubles with decreasing temperature as the temperature cools through the supercooling point in DCB. There is also an increase in the uniaxial anisotropy of the sample from 61.1(7) X 10(-7) J to 104.2(9) X 10(-7) J as the liquid-to-solid transition is traversed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dennis, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cindi.dennis@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2448 EP 2450 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2007.893865 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 171AB UT WOS:000246706200121 ER PT J AU Donahue, MJ McMichael, RD AF Donahue, M. J. McMichael, R. D. TI Micromagnetics on curved geometries using rectangular cells: Error correction and analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 07-11, 2007 CL Balitmore, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, IEEE, Magnet Soc DE edge corrections; magnetic edge properties; micromagnetic modeling ID SIMULATIONS AB This paper presents an edge field correction for micromagnetic computations of arbitrarily shaped objects on rectangular grids. The correction is compatible with fast Fourier transform techniques and involves factors that are precomputed using the standard self-magnetostatic algorithms applied on a local, refined mesh. To evaluate this correction, we introduce a quantitative measure that is based on calculating an edge mode resonance for different orientations of an edge with respect to the rectangular mesh. Applied to a 350-mn Permalloy square, we find up to a 50% frequency shift for the uncorrected approach, but less than a 5% shift using the proposed method. We also study vortex expulsion in a 220-mn Permalloy square, and again find that the proposed correction significantly reduces the dependence of the expulsion field on the orientation angle of the sample square with the mesh. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Donahue, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.donahue@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 10 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2878 EP 2880 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2007.892865 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 171AB UT WOS:000246706200262 ER PT J AU Kirby, BJ Fitzsimmons, MR Borchers, JA Ge, Z Liu, X Furdyna, JK AF Kirby, B. J. Fitzsimmons, M. R. Borchers, J. A. Ge, Z. Liu, X. Furdyna, J. K. TI Pinned spin depth profile of an oxidized-Mn/Ga1-xMnxAs exchange bias bilayer - The effects of overannealing SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 07-11, 2007 CL Balitmore, MD SP Amer Inst Phys, IEEE, Magnet Soc DE exchange bias; magnetic semiconductors; neutron scattering ID ANISOTROPY; GA1-XMNXAS; (GA,MN)AS AB Mn/Ga1-infinity Mn infinity As bilayers can exhibit large exchange bias if annealed for an optimal period of time to transform the Mn cap into antiferromagnetic MnO. Annealing for too long tends to drastically increase the number of spins that become pinned along the direction of a cooling field, but it also results in samples that exhibit little or no exchange bias. To investigate why the increase in pinned spins does not enhance the exchange coupling, we used polarized neutron reflectometry to examine the magnetic depth profile of a typical overannealed Mn/Ga1-xMnxAs bilayer. We observe a large magnetization with a pinnable component distributed throughout the cap. This shows that overannealing results in a cap that is not entirely antiferromagnetic, and that the additional pinned spins do not originate from uncompensated moments directly at the antiferromagnet/ferromagnet interface-explaining why they do not contribute to the exchange bias coupling. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE Lujan Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Kirby, BJ (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE Lujan Ctr, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM brian.kirby@nist.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 6 BP 3016 EP 3018 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2007.892333 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 171AB UT WOS:000246706200308 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, Herz Lawn, Brian R. TI Edge chipping of brittle materials: effect of side-wall inclination and loading angle SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Sch Mech Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 145 IS 4 BP 327 EP 328 DI 10.1007/s10704-007-9133-y PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 233RR UT WOS:000251108500007 ER PT J AU Leachman, JW Jacobsen, RT Penoncello, SG Huber, ML AF Leachman, J. W. Jacobsen, R. T. Penoncello, S. G. Huber, M. L. TI Current status of transport properties of hydrogen SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE hydrogen; model; normal hydrogen; parahydrogen; thermal conductivity; transport properties; viscosity ID 25 DEGREES C; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; HEAT-CONDUCTION; BINARY-MIXTURES; INTERNAL-FRICTION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; LIQUID-HYDROGEN; ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION; GASEOUS-HYDROGEN; 0-DEGREES C AB This article contains a survey of experimental data for the thermal conductivity and viscosity of hydrogen, which are needed for many applications in system analysis and design. It includes an analysis of the current standard models for thermal conductivity and viscosity of normal hydrogen and parahydrogen, which are based on measurement and correlation work done before the mid1980s. Properties calculated with these models are analyzed and compared to all available experimental data for normal hydrogen and parahydrogen. Finally, recommendations for future work, including new experimental measurements to enable the development of improved transport property formulations for hydrogen, are provided. C1 Univ Idaho, Ctr Appl Thermodynamic Studies, Moscow, ID USA. Idaho State Univ, Coll Engn, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Leachman, JW (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Ctr Appl Thermodynamic Studies, Moscow, ID USA. EM jleachman@vandals.uidaho.edu; jacorich@isu.edu RI Leachman, Jacob/J-8798-2013 OI Leachman, Jacob/0000-0001-5437-8816 NR 113 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 28 IS 3 BP 773 EP 795 DI 10.1007/s10765-007-0229-4 PG 23 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 211DB UT WOS:000249503400003 ER PT J AU Ferraris, CF Geiker, M Martys, NS Muzzatti, N AF Ferraris, Chiara F. Geiker, Mette Martys, Nicos S. Muzzatti, Nicholas TI Parallel-plate rheometer calibration using oil and computer simulation SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHEOLOGY; CEMENT AB Fluid flow patterns in traditional rotational rheometers are generally well known and rheological parameters such as viscosity can be easily calculated from experimental data of single phase fluids and analytical solutions of the patterns. However, when the fluid is a suspension, where some of the particles are as large as 2 mm in diameter, these rheometers need to be modified. The distance between the shearing planes needs to be increased, which necessitates additional physical confinement of the fluid. This causes the flow pattern to be not analytically soluble leading to an inability to correctly compute the viscosity. This paper presents a modified parallel plate rheometer, and proposes means of calibration using standard oils and numerical simulation of the flow. A lattice Boltzmann method was used to simulate the flow in the modified rheometer, thus using an accurate numerical solution in place of the intractable analytical solution. The simulations reproduced experimental results by taking into account the actual rheometer geometry. The numerical simulations showed that small changes in the rheometer design can have a significant impact on how the rheological data should be extracted from the experimental results. C1 [Ferraris, Chiara F.; Martys, Nicos S.; Muzzatti, Nicholas] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Geiker, Mette] Tech Univ Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Ferraris, CF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM clarissa@nist.gov NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 11 PU JAPAN CONCRETE INST PI CHIYODA-KU PA SOGO HANZOMON BLDG 12F, NO 7, KOJIMACHI 1-CHOME, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO 102-0083, JAPAN SN 1346-8014 EI 1347-3913 J9 J ADV CONCR TECHNOL JI J. Adv. Concr. Technol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 5 IS 3 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.3151/jact.5.363 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 294KC UT WOS:000255403900008 ER PT J AU Meseck, SL Smith, BC Wikfors, GH Alix, JH Kapareiko, D AF Meseck, Shannon L. Smith, Barry C. Wikfors, Gary H. Alix, Jennifer H. Kapareiko, Diane TI Nutrient interactions between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton under different carbon dioxide regimes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tetraselmis chui; nitrate uptake; phosphate uptake; pH Effects ID INORGANIC NUTRIENTS; MARINE-BACTERIA; PH; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; CULTURES AB Light, nutrients, temperature, pH, and salinity are important factors in controlling the growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Supply of key nutrients to these communities can result in mutualistic or competitive relationships between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton. In this study, we investigated growth and uptake of nutrients by the marine prasinophyte flagellate Tetraselmis chui (strain PLY429) in the presence and absence of a community of bacterioplankton at two pH levels. Growth of PLY429 and total nutrient uptake were calculated for each treatment. The addition of bacterioplankton resulted in lower growth rates of PLY429, but the removal of ammonium was greater in those cultures with bacterioplankton present. The division rate of PLY429 was affected by pH; however, pH changes did not result in different uptake rates of nitrate, ammonium, or phosphate by the mixed algal and bacterial assemblage. These findings suggest that bacterioplankton and phytoplankton were competing for ammonium and that a lower pH resulted in more rapid algal growth. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Meseck, SL (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Shannon.Meseck@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8971 J9 J APPL PHYCOL JI J. Appl. Phycol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 19 IS 3 BP 229 EP 237 DI 10.1007/s10811-006-9128-5 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 166UW UT WOS:000246407100005 ER PT J AU Robins, LH Bertness, KA Barker, JM Sanford, NA Schlager, JB AF Robins, Lawrence H. Bertness, Kris A. Barker, Joy M. Sanford, Norman A. Schlager, John B. TI Optical and structural study of GaN nanowires grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy. I. Near-band-edge luminescence and strain effects SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PHASE-EPITAXY; BULK-LIKE GAN; GALLIUM NITRIDE; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; TEMPLATE; HETEROSTRUCTURES; CRYSTALLINE; REFLECTANCE; PARAMETERS; PRESSURE AB GaN nanowires with diameters of 50-250 nm, grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy, were characterized by photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy at temperatures from 3 to 297 K, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) at approximate to 297 K. The lattice parameters of the nanowires, determined by HRXRD, are in good agreement with recent measurements of freestanding quasisubstrates; the relative variation of the lattice parameters between the nanowires and quasisubstrates is <= 2x10(-4). Both as-grown samples, which contained nanowires oriented normal to the substrate as well as a rough, faceted matrix layer, and dispersions of the nanowires onto other substrates, were examined by PL and CL. The (DXA)-X-0 line at 3.472 eV, ascribed to excitons bound to shallow donors, was observed in low-temperature PL and CL; free-exciton lines (X-A at approximate to 3.479 eV, X-B at approximate to 3.484 eV) were observed in PL at temperatures between 20 and 80 K. The linewidth of the (DXA)-X-0 peak was larger in PL spectra of the nanowires than in quasisubstrates. The broadening of the (DXA)-X-0 peak in PL of the nanowires is tentatively ascribed to inhomogeneous stress/strain. In addition, the (DXA)-X-0 peak was significantly broader in CL than in PL spectra of the same nanowire samples. The further large broadening of the CL peak (as compared to PL) is tentatively ascribed to Stark effect broadening, induced by the electric fields of trapped charges that are created in the CL excitation process. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Robins, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lawrence.robins@nist.gov NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 11 AR 113505 DI 10.1063/1.2736264 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 179QW UT WOS:000247306000032 ER PT J AU Robins, LH Bertness, KA Barker, JM Sanford, NA Schlager, JB AF Robins, Lawrence H. Bertness, Kris A. Barker, Joy M. Sanford, Norman A. Schlager, John B. TI Optical and structural study of GaN nanowires grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy. II. Sub-band-gap luminescence and electron irradiation effects SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; NANOCOLUMNS; NANORODS; DEFECTS; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; CRYSTALLINE; NANOTUBES; BULK AB GaN nanowires with diameters of 50-250 nm, grown by catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy, were characterized by photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy at temperatures from 3 to 297 K. Both as-grown samples and dispersions of the nanowires onto other substrates were examined. The properties of the near-band-edge PL and CL spectra were discussed in Part I of this study by [Robins [L. H. Robins, K. A. Bertness, J. M. Barker, N. A. Sanford, and J. B. Schlager, J. Appl. Phys. 101,113505 (2007)]. Spectral features below the band gap, and the effect of extended electron irradiation on the CL, are discussed in Part II. The observed sub-band-gap PL and CL peaks are identified as phonon replicas of the free-exciton transitions, or excitons bound to structural defects or surface states. The defect-related peaks in the nanowires are correlated with luminescence lines previously reported in GaN films, denoted the Y lines [M. A. Reshchikov and H. Morkoc, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 061301 (2005)]. The CL was partially quenched by electron beam irradiation for an extended time; the quenching was stronger for the free and shallow-donor-bound exciton peaks than for the defect-related peaks. The quenching appeared to saturate at high irradiation dose (with final intensity approximate to 30% of initial intensity) and was reversible on thermal cycling to room temperature. The electron irradiation-induced quenching of the CL is ascribed to charge injection and trapping phenomena. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Robins, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lawrence.robins@nist.gov NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 101 IS 11 AR 113506 DI 10.1063/1.2736266 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 179QW UT WOS:000247306000033 ER PT J AU Eckman, RM Dobosy, RJ Auble, DL Strong, TW Crawford, TL AF Eckman, Richard M. Dobosy, Ronald J. Auble, David L. Strong, Thomas W. Crawford, Timothy L. TI A pressure-sphere anemometer for measuring turbulence and fluxes in hurricanes SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; GUST FACTORS; WIND SPEEDS; AIR-MOTION; HEAT-FLUX; MODEL; AIRCRAFT; PROBE; COEFFICIENTS AB Turbulence and air-surface exchange are important factors throughout the life cycle of a tropical cyclone. Conventional turbulence instruments are not designed to function in the extreme environment encountered in such storms. A new instrument called the Extreme Turbulence (ET) probe has been developed specifically for measuring turbulence on a fixed tower in hurricane conditions. Although the probe is designed for surface deployment, it is based on the same pressure-sphere technology used for aircraft gust probes. The ET probe is designed around a 43-cm-diameter sphere with 30 pressure ports distributed over its surface. A major obstacle during development was finding a method to prevent water from fouling the pressure ports. Two approaches were investigated: a passive approach using gravity drainage and an active approach using an air pump to flush water from the ports. The probes were tested in both dry and wet conditions by mounting them on a vehicle side by side with more conventional instruments. In dry conditions, test data from the ET probes were in good agreement. with the conventional instruments. In rain, probes using the passive rain defense performed about as well as in dry conditions, with the exception of some water intrusion into the temperature sensors. The active rain defense has received only limited attention so far, mainly because of the success and simplicity of the passive defense. C1 NOAA, ARL, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID USA. RP Eckman, RM (reprint author), NOAA, ARL, Field Res Div, 1750 Foote Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. EM Richard.Eckman@noaa.gov RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016; Eckman, Richard/D-1476-2016 OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774; NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 6 BP 994 EP 1007 DI 10.1175/JTECH2025.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 179CG UT WOS:000247266300005 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Toole, JM Larson, NG AF Johnson, Gregory C. Toole, John M. Larson, Nordeen G. TI Sensor corrections for sea-bird SBE-41CP and SBE-41 CTDs SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Sensor response corrections for two models of Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) instruments (the SBE-41CP and SBE-41) designed for low-energy profiling applications were estimated and applied to oceanographic data. Three SBE-41CP CTDs mounted on prototype ice-tethered profilers deployed in the Arctic Ocean sampled diffusive thermohaline staircases and telemetered data to shore at their full 1-Hz resolution. Estimations of and corrections for finite thermistor time response, time shifts between when a parcel of water was sampled by the thermistor and when it was sampled by the conductivity cell, and the errors in salinity induced by the thermal inertia of the conductivity cell are developed with these data. In addition, thousands of profiles from Argo profiling floats equipped with SBE-41 CTDs were screened to select examples where thermally well-mixed surface layers overlaid strong thermoclines for which standard processing often yields spuriously fresh salinity estimates. Hundreds of profiles so identified are used to estimate and correct for the conductivity cell thermal mass error in SBE-41 CTDs. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Sea Bird Elect Inc, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 8 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1117 EP 1130 DI 10.1175/JTECH2016.1 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 179CG UT WOS:000247266300014 ER PT J AU Ito, Y Qi, L Powell, J Sharpnack, F Metger, H Host, J Cao, XL Dong, YM Huo, LS Zhu, XP Li, T AF Ito, Yoichiro Qi, Lin Powell, Jimmie Sharpnack, Frank Metger, Howard Host, James Cao, Xue-Li Dong, Yin-Mao Huo, Liang-Sheng Zhu, Xiao-Ping Li, Ting TI Mixer-settler counter-current chromatography with a barricaded spiral disk assembly with glass beads SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Countercurrent Chromatography CY AUG 08-11, 2006 CL NIH, Bethesda, MD HO NIH DE mixer-settler counter-current chromatography; barricaded spiral disk; assembly; coil planet centrifuge; purification of biopolymers AB A novel spiral disk is designed by placing barricades at 6 mm intervals in the middle of the spiral channel to divide the channel into multiple sections. Glass beads are placed in every other section so that the planetary motion produces repetitive mixing and settling of polymer phase systems. Performance of this mixer-settler spiral disk assembly was examined for separation of lysozyme and myoglobin with a polymer phase system. The best results were obtained with a spiral disk equipped with barricades with openings ranging from 1.2 to 0.4 mm on each side at a high revolution speed up to 1200 rpm. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NHLBI, Ctr Biochem & Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, OPS, CDER, Off New Drug Qual Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. NIH, Machine Instrumentat Design & Fabricat, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Shady Grove, MD 20982 USA. Beijing Technol & Business Univ, Coll Chem & Environm Engn, Beijing Key Lab Plant Resource Res, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. RP Ito, Y (reprint author), NHLBI, Ctr Biochem & Biophys, NIH, Bldg 50,Room 3334,50 S Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM itoy2@mail.nih.gov NR 7 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 1151 IS 1-2 BP 108 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.078 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 175YH UT WOS:000247049400017 PM 17316660 ER PT J AU Newman, M AF Newman, Matthew TI Interannual to decadal predictability of tropical and North Pacific sea surface temperatures SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INTERDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EL-NINO; REGIME SHIFTS; SST ANOMALIES; PART I; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; BACKGROUND-NOISE; STOCHASTIC-MODEL AB A multivariate empirical model is used to show that predictability of the dominant patterns of tropical and North Pacific oceanic variability, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), is mostly limited to little more than a year, despite the presence of spectral peaks on decadal time scales. The model used is a linear inverse model (LIM) derived from the observed simultaneous and 1-yr lag correlation statistics of July-June-averaged SST from the Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST) dataset for the years 1900-2002. The model accurately reproduces the power spectra of the data, including interannual and interdecadal spectral peaks that are significant relative to univariate red noise. Eigenanalysis of the linear dynamical operator yields propagating eigenmodes that correspond to these peaks but have very short decay times and, thus, limited predictability. Longer-term predictability does exist, however, due to two stationary eigenmodes that are more weakly damped. These eigenmodes do not strongly correspond to the canonical ENSO and PDO patterns. Instead, one is similar to the 1900-2002 trend and might represent anthropogenic effects, while the second represents multidecadal fluctuations of a pattern that potentially represents natural decadal variability; however, neither attribution can be made unambiguously with the analysis presented in this paper. Predictability of these two stationary eigenmodes is significantly enhanced by tropical-North Pacific coupling. Neither stationary eigenmode is well captured in the control run of any coupled GCM in the CMIP-3 project of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), perhaps because in all of the GCMs tropical SST decadal variability is too weak and North Pacific SSTs are too independent of the Tropics. A key implication of this analysis is that the PDO may represent not a single physical mode but rather the sum of several phenomena, each of which represents a different red noise with its own autocorrelation time scale and spatial pattern. The sum of these red noises can give rise to apparent PDO "regime shifts" and seeming characteristics of a long memory process. Such shifts are not predictable beyond the time scale of the most rapidly decorrelating noise, less than two years, although the expected duration of regimes may be determined from the relative amplitudes of different eigenmodes. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Div Phys Sci,Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Newman, M (reprint author), NOAA, Div Phys Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM matt.newman@noaa.gov RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312 NR 94 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 5 U2 27 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2333 EP 2356 DI 10.1175/JCLI4165.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177NH UT WOS:000247159300001 ER PT J AU Song, Q Vecchi, GA Rosati, AJ AF Song, Qian Vecchi, Gabriel A. Rosati, Anthony J. TI The role of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Indo-Pacific climate variability in the GFDL Coupled Climate Model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; DATA ASSIMILATION ANALYSIS; 1997-98 EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PART II; ZONAL MODE; ENSO; ATMOSPHERE; TERMINATION; DYNAMICS AB The impacts of the Indonesian Throughtlow (ITF) on the tropical Indo Pacific climate, particularly on the character of interannual variability, are explored using a coupled general circulation model (CGCM). A pair of CGCM experiments-a control experiment with an open ITF and a perturbation experiment in which the ITF is artificially closed-is integrated for 200 model years, with the 1990 values of trace gases. The closure of the ITF results in changes to the mean oceanic and atmospheric conditions throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific domain as follows: surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific (Indian) Ocean warm (cool), the near-equatorial Pacific (Indian) thermocline flattens (shoals), Indo-Pacific warm-pool precipitation shifts eastward, and there are relaxed trade winds over the tropical Pacific and anomalous surface easterlies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The character of the oceanic changes is similar to that described by ocean-only model experiments, though the amplitude of many features in the tropical Indo-Pacific is amplified in the CGCM experiments. In addition to the mean-state changes, the character of tropical Indo-Pacific interannual variability is substantially modified. Interannual variability in the equatorial Pacific and the eastern tropical Indian Ocean is substantially intensified by the closure of the ITF. In addition to becoming more energetic, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits a shorter time scale of variability and becomes more skewed toward its warm phase (stronger and more frequent warm events). The structure of warm ENSO events changes; the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), precipitation, and surface westerly winds are shifted to the east and the meridional extent of surface westerly anomalies is larger. In the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, the interannual SST variability off the coast of Java-Sumatra is noticeably amplified by the occurrence of much stronger cooling events. Closing the ITF shoals the eastern tropical Indian Ocean thermocline, which results in stronger cooling events through enhanced atmosphere-thermocline coupled feedbacks. Changes to the interannual variability caused by the ITF closure rectify into mean-state changes in tropical Indo-Pacific conditions. The modified Indo-Pacific interannual variability projects onto the mean-state differences between the ITF open and closed scenarios, rectifying into mean-state differences. These results suggest that CGCMs need to reasonably simulate the ITF in order to successfully represent not just the mean climate, but its variations as well. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Song, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308,201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Qian.Song@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 66 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2434 EP 2451 DI 10.1175/JCLI4133.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177NH UT WOS:000247159300006 ER PT J AU de Szoeke, SP Xie, SP Miyama, T Richards, KJ Small, RJO AF de Szoeke, Simon P. Xie, Shang-Ping Miyama, Toru Richards, Kelvin J. Small, R. Justin O. TI What maintains the SST front north of the eastern Pacific equatorial cold tongue?* SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; TROPICAL INSTABILITY WAVES; HEAT-BUDGET; LONG WAVES; PART I; OCEAN; MODEL; CIRCULATION; CLIMATE AB A coupled ocean-atmosphere regional model suggests a mechanism for formation of a sharp sea surface temperature (SST) front north of the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean in boreal summer and fall. Meridional convergence of Ekman transport at 5 degrees N is forced by eastward turning of the southeasterly cross-equatorial wind, but the SST front forms considerably south of the maximum Ekman convergence. Geostrophic equatorward flow at 3 degrees N in the lower half of the isothermally mixed layer enhances mixed layer convergence. Cold water is upwelled on or south of the equator and is advected poleward by mean mixed layer flow and by eddies. The mixed layer current convergence in the north confines the cold advection, so the SST front stays close to the equator. Warm advection from the north and cold advection from the south strengthen the front. In the Southern Hemisphere, a continuous southwestward current advects cold water far from the upwelling core. The cold tongue is warmed by the net surface flux, which is dominated by solar radiation. Evaporation and net surface cooling are at a maximum just north of the SST front where relatively coot dry air is advected northward over warm SST. The surface heat flux is decomposed into a response to SST alone, and an atmospheric feedback. The atmospheric feedback enhances cooling on the north side of the front by 178 W m(-2), about half of which is due to enhanced evaporation from cold dry advection, while the other half is due to cloud radiative forcing. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP de Szoeke, SP (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, PSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. EM Simon.deSzoeke@noaa.gov RI Miyama, Toru/A-3824-2009; Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009 OI Miyama, Toru/0000-0002-6400-0312; Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2500 EP 2514 DI 10.1175/JCLI4173.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 177NH UT WOS:000247159300010 ER PT J AU Moon, KW Kattner, UR Handwerker, CA AF Moon, Kil-Won Kattner, Ursula R. Handwerker, Carol A. TI The effect of Bi contamination on the solidification behavior of Sn-Pb solders SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cooling curves; pasty range; Bi contamination; Pb-free solders; Sn-Pb solders ID ALLOYS AB This paper presents experimental results and theoretical calculations that evaluate the effects of Bi contamination on the solidification behavior of Sn-Pb alloys. The pasty (mushy) range, the type of solidification path, and the microstructure of the solidified alloys are described. The experimental results are obtained from thermal analysis and metallography, and the solidification calculations are performed using the lever rule and Scheil assumptions. The experimental results show that the solidification behavior of the contaminated solder at cooling rates of 5 degrees C/min and 23 degrees C/min is closer to the predictions of the lever rule calculations than those of the Scheil calculations. Although the freezing range of Bi-contaminated Sn-Pb solders is increased, formation of a ternary eutectic reaction at 95 degrees C is not observed for contamination levels below the Bi mass fraction of 6%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Moon, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ursula.kattner@nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 36 IS 6 BP 676 EP 681 DI 10.1007/s11664-007-0117-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 178BP UT WOS:000247196500009 ER PT J AU Hanrahan, G Garza, C Garcia, E Miller, K AF Hanrahan, G. Garza, C. Garcia, E. Miller, K. TI Experimental Design and Response Surface Modeling: A Method Development Application for the Determination of Reduced Inorganic Species in Environmental Samples SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE Box-Behnken design; fractional factorial design; optimization; reduced inorganic species; response surface modeling AB To confirm the significance of reduced inorganic species in nature, it is important to develop sensitive and selective analytical techniques to detect these species in complex environmental matrices. As a model application, we report on the successful use of fractional factorial and Box-Behnken designs in factor screening, optimization and validation of an on-line flow-injection method for the determination of phosphite [P(+III)] in aqueous samples. Fractional factorial results indicated that the combined KI, KIO(3) and ammonium molybdate flow rates, reaction temperature and KIO(3) concentration were the most important single effects. The main interactive effects were between flow rate and reaction temperature, and between sample volume and reaction temperature. The Box-Behnken design further optimized the response with results confirming the significant single effects of flow rate and temperature as well as the interactive effects between flow rate and reaction temperature. Overall, the model from the Box-Behnken design predicted critical values as: flow rate = 0.40 mL.min(-1), reaction temperature = 47 degrees C, sample volume = 85 mu L, KI reagent concentration = 1.06 g.L(-1) and KIO(3) reagent concentration = 0.29 g.L(-1).P(+III) determinations in spiked ultra-pure water were performed using the predicted optimized values from the Box-Behnken design and compared favorably with experimental results. In addition, the potential use of such methodology in the development of sensitive laboratory and field-based methods for the detection of a suite of reduced inorganic species in complex matrices was discussed. C1 [Hanrahan, G.; Garcia, E.; Miller, K.] Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. [Hanrahan, G.] Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Ctr Environm Anal, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. [Garza, C.] NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Hanrahan, G (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. EM ghanrah@calstatela.edu FU National Science Foundation CEA-CREST [HRD 9805529]; National Institutes of Health [1P20 MD001824-01] FX The authors greatly acknowledge the support from the National Science Foundation CEA-CREST program (#HRD 9805529). G.H.. also acknowledges partial support from the National Institutes of Health (1P20 MD001824-01). We also acknowledge Dr. Tina Salmassi, Dr. Crist Khachikian, Dr. Krishna Foster, Dr. Lin Ke, Roman Barco and Deepa Paul for their collaborative efforts in the initial method development studies. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT SOC ENVIRON INFORM SCI PI REGINA PA 4246 ALBERT ST, REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN S4S 3R9, CANADA SN 1726-2135 J9 J ENVIRON INFORM JI J. Environ. Inform. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 9 IS 2 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.3808/jei.200700088 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V12TN UT WOS:000207621600001 ER PT J AU Methratta, ET Link, JS AF Methratta, E. T. Link, J. S. TI Ontogenetic variation in habitat associations for four flatfish species in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental gradient; fisheries; life history; north-west Atlantic; spatial distribution ID PLAICE HIPPOGLOSSOIDES-PLATESSOIDES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF ECOSYSTEM; WINTER FLOUNDER MOVEMENTS; DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; COD GADUS-MORHUA; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; SHALLOW-WATER; PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; SOUTHERN GULF AB Multivariate ordination techniques were used to examine how size classes of four flatfish species, American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides, winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea and fourspot flounder Paralichthys oblongus, are related to bottom depth, bottom temperature, substratum grain size and temporal factors using a 35 year time series from autumn and spring in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Depth had the most explanatory value during both seasons in most cases, with fish size generally increasing with depth. One exception was yellowtail flounder in the spring for which a temporal factor explained the most variance, reflecting an increase in size over the time series due to changes in fishing pressure. Temperature was secondarily important for yellowtail flounder in the autumn and for fourspot flounder in both seasons. Substratum type was secondarily important for winter and yellowtail flounders in the spring with smaller fish associated with larger substratum types. Seasonal associations with depth, temperature and substratum are related to seasonal spawning migrations, thermal preferences and other ecological factors. Journal compilation (C) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. RP Methratta, ET (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM methratt@sas.upenn.edu NR 83 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 70 IS 6 BP 1669 EP 1688 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01428.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 171UX UT WOS:000246762000003 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Pothoven, SA Foley, AJ Lang, GA AF Nalepa, Thomas F. Fanslow, David L. Pothoven, Steven A. Foley, Andrew J., III Lang, Gregory A. TI Long-term trends in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in lake huron over the past four decades SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE zoobenthos; Georgian bay; north channel; diporeia; density changes ID MUSSELS DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GREAT-LAKES; INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; ZEBRA MUSSEL; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA; MICHIGAN; INVASION; ONTARIO; BAY AB Surveys of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were conducted in the main basin of Lake Huron in 2000 and 2003, and in Georgian Bay and North Channel in 2002. Results were compared to surveys conducted in the 1960s and early 1970s. Although data of earlier surveys were inconsistent, our best estimates suggest that total density of the four major benthic taxa (Diporeia spp., Oligochaeta, Sphaeriidae, and Chironomidae) in the main basin declined dramatically between the early 1970s and 2000. Populations of all major taxa continued to decline between 2000 and 2003, particularly Diporeia and Sphaeriidae. Diporeia was rare or absent in the southern end of the lake and in some nearshore areas in 2000, and by 2003 was not found at depths < 50 in except in the ftir northeastern end of the lake. Densities of the major taxa in Georgian Bay and North Channel in 2002 were not differentfrom densities in 1973 despite differences in survey methods. A limited study, in southern Georgian Bay, however, found that densities of both Diporeia and Sphaeriidae declined to Zero at most sites between 2000 and 2004. The population of Dreissena polymorpha was stable in all lake areas, but Dreissena bugensis increased, particularly at the 31-50 in depth interval in the main basin. Since there were no extensive surveys in Lake Huron in the period between nutrient abatement (late 1970s) and the establishment of Dreissena (early 1990s), it is difficult to determine relative roles of these events on observed declines. However, since phosphorus loads have been stable since the early 1980s, declines between 2000 and 2003 can likely be attributed to Dreissena. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Thomas.Nalepa@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 47 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 34 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 33 IS 2 BP 421 EP 436 DI 10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[421:LTIBMP]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 192IY UT WOS:000248196000012 ER PT J AU Block, P Rajagopalan, B AF Block, Paul Rajagopalan, Balaji TI Interannual variability and ensemble forecast of upper Blue Nile basin Kiremt season precipitation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SOIL-MOISTURE; TIME-SERIES; RAINFALL; CLIMATE; ETHIOPIA; MONSOON; AFRICA; RIVER AB Ethiopian agriculture and Nile River flows are heavily dependent upon the Kiremt season (June-September) precipitation in the upper Blue Nile basin, as a means of rain-fed irrigation and streamflow contribution, respectively. Climate diagnostics suggest that the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon is a main driver of interannual variability of seasonal precipitation in the basin. One-season (March-May) lead predictors of the seasonal precipitation are identified from the large-scale ocean-atmosphere-land system, including sea level pressures, sea surface temperatures, geopotential height, air temperature, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index. A nonparametric approach based on local polynomial regression is proposed for generating ensemble forecasts. The method is data driven, easy to implement, and provides a flexible framework able to capture any arbitrary features (linear or nonlinear) present in the data, as compared to traditional linear regression. The best subset of predictors, as determined by the generalized cross-validation (GCV) criteria, is selected from the suite of potential large-scale predictors. A simple technique for disaggregating the seasonal precipitation forecasts into monthly forecasts is also provided. Cross-validated forecasts indicate significant skill in comparison to climatological forecasts, as currently utilized by the Ethiopian National Meteorological Services Agency. This ensemble forecasting framework can serve as a useful tool for water resources planning and management within the basin. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Block, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM paul.block@colorado.edu RI Rajagopalan, Balaji/A-5383-2013 OI Rajagopalan, Balaji/0000-0002-6883-7240 NR 52 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 8 IS 3 BP 327 EP 343 DI 10.1175/JHM580.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 184CU UT WOS:000247619500004 ER PT J AU Lee, MI Schubert, SD Suarez, MJ Held, IM Lau, NC Ploshay, JJ Kumar, A Kim, HK Schemm, JKE AF Lee, Myong-In Schubert, Siegfried D. Suarez, Max J. Held, Isaac M. Lau, Ngar-Cheung Ploshay, Jeffrey J. Kumar, Arun Kim, Hyun-Kyung Schemm, Jae-Kyung E. TI An analysis of the warm-season diurnal cycle over the continental united states and northern Mexico in general circulation models SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GREAT-PLAINS; SEMIDIURNAL VARIATIONS; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; SOIL-MOISTURE AB The diurnal cycle of warm-season rainfall over the continental United States and northern Mexico is analyzed in three global atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) from NCEP, GFDL, and the NASA Global Modeling Assimilation Office (GMAO). The results for each model are based on an ensemble of five summer simulations forced with climatological sea surface temperatures. Although the overall patterns of time-mean (summer) rainfall and low-level winds are reasonably well simulated, all three models exhibit substantial regional deficiencies that appear to be related to problems with the diurnal cycle. Especially prominent are the discrepancies in the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent Great Plains, including the failure to adequately capture the observed nocturnal peak. Moreover, the observed late afternoon-early evening eastward propagation of convection from the mountains into the Great Plains is not adequately simulated, contributing to the deficiencies in the diurnal cycle in the Great Plains. In the southeast United States, the models show a general tendency to rain in the early afternoon-several hours earlier than observed. Over the North American monsoon region in the southwest United States and northern Mexico, the phase of the broad-scale diurnal convection appears to be reasonably well simulated, though the coarse resolution of the runs precludes the simulation of key regional phenomena. All three models employ deep convection schemes that assume fundamentally the same buoyancy closure based on simplified versions of the Arakawa-Schubert scheme. Nevertheless, substantial differences between the models in the diurnal cycle of convection highlight the important differences in their implementations and interactions with the boundary layer scheme. An analysis of local diurnal variations of convective available potential energy (CAPE) shows an overall tendency for an afternoon peak-a feature well simulated by the models. The simulated diurnal cycle of rainfall is in phase with the local CAPE variation over the southeast United States and the Rocky Mountains where the local surface boundary forcing is important in regulating the diurnal cycle of convection. On the other hand, the simulated diurnal cycle of rainfall tends to be too strongly tied to CAPE over the Great Plains, where the observed precipitation and CAPE are out of phase, implying that free atmospheric large-scale forcing plays a more important role than surface heat fluxes in initiating or inhibiting convection. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Lee, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 610-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM milee@gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov OI Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 68 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 8 IS 3 BP 344 EP 366 DI 10.1175/JHM581.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 184CU UT WOS:000247619500005 ER PT J AU Xie, PP Yatagai, A Chen, MY Hayasaka, T Fukushima, Y Liu, CM Yang, S AF Xie, Pingping Yatagai, Akiyo Chen, Mingyue Hayasaka, Tadahiro Fukushima, Yoshihiro Liu, Changming Yang, Song TI A Gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation over East Asia SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL LAND PRECIPITATION; RAINFALL ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS; SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; TROPICAL RAINFALL; SURFACE CLIMATE; UNITED-STATES; VARIABILITY; DATASET; CLIMATOLOGIES; 20TH-CENTURY AB A new gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation has been constructed on a 0.5 degrees latitude-longitude grid over East Asia (5 degrees-60 degrees N, 65 degrees-155 degrees E) for a 26-yr period from 1978 to 2003 using gauge observations at over 2200 stations collected from several individual sources. First, analyzed fields of daily climatology are computed by interpolating station climatology defined as the summation of the first six harmonics of the 365-calendar-day time series of the mean daily values averaged over a 20-yr period from 1978 to 1997. These fields of daily climatology are then adjusted by the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) monthly precipitation climatology to correct the bias caused by orographic effects. Gridded fields of the ratio of daily precipitation to the daily climatology are created by interpolating the corresponding station values using the optimal interpolation method. Analyses of total daily precipitation are finally calculated by multiplying the daily climatology by the daily ratio. C1 NOAA Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Res Inst Human & Nat, Kyoto, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Xie, PP (reprint author), NOAA Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Pingping.Xie@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 NR 75 TC 276 Z9 335 U1 8 U2 54 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 8 IS 3 BP 607 EP 626 DI 10.1175/JHM583.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 184CU UT WOS:000247619500021 ER PT J AU Krajewski, PE Friedman, PA Stoudt, MR Miles, MP AF Krajewski, Paul E. Friedman, Peter A. Stoudt, Mark R. Miles, Michael P. TI Innovations in metal forming SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ford Res & Innovat Ctr, Dearborn, MI USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM paul.e.krajewski@gm.com; pfriedma@ford.com; Mark.stoudt@nist.gov; mmiles@byu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1059-9495 J9 J MATER ENG PERFORM JI J. Mater. Eng. Perform. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 16 IS 3 BP 265 EP 265 DI 10.1007/s11665-007-9055-x PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 175ZG UT WOS:000247051900001 ER PT J AU Pitchure, DJ Ricker, RE AF Pitchure, D. J. Ricker, R. E. TI The recovery of elastic properties at 35 degrees C in TRIP 700 steel following deformation SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Materials Science and Technology CY 2006 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc, Assoc Iron & Steel Technol, ASM Int, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE anelastic; dynamic modulus analysis; elastic modulus; forming; modulus recovery; springback; TRIP steel ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION AB The influence of plastic deformation on the elastic properties that determine the magnitude of springback following forming was investigated using dynamic modulus analysis. For this study, the elastic modulus of TRIP 700 steel was measured continuously at 35 degrees C and a loading frequency of 1.0 Hz for 1000 min following deformation by cold rolling to varying levels up to 27%. The elastic modulus increased at an exponentially decaying rate during these experiments and with a magnitude that increased with pre-strain. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that deformation creates microstructural defects that contribute compliance when the stress state changes and that these defects are removed by annealing at this low temperature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ricker, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.pitchure@nist.gov RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011 OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1059-9495 J9 J MATER ENG PERFORM JI J. Mater. Eng. Perform. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 16 IS 3 BP 349 EP 353 DI 10.1007/s11665-007-9061-z PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 175ZG UT WOS:000247051900013 ER PT J AU Zurbuchen, MA Tian, W Pan, XQ Fong, D Streiffer, SK Hawley, ME Lettieri, J Jia, Y Asayama, G Fulk, SJ Comstock, DJ Knapp, S Carim, AH Schlom, DG AF Zurbuchen, M. A. Tian, W. Pan, X. Q. Fong, D. Streiffer, S. K. Hawley, M. E. Lettieri, J. Jia, Y. Asayama, G. Fulk, S. J. Comstock, D. J. Knapp, S. Carim, A. H. Schlom, D. G. TI Morphology, structure, and nucleation of out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) in epitaxial films of layered oxides SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SRBI2TA2O9 THIN-FILMS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SRTIO3 SINGLE-CRYSTAL; LONG-RANGE ORDER; FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES; BISMUTH TITANATE; DEFECT STRUCTURE; SR2RUO4 FILMS AB Out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) are translation boundary defects characterized by a misregistry of a fraction of a unit cell dimension in neighboring regions of a crystal. Although rarely observed in the bulk, they are common in epitaxial films of complex crystals due to the physical constraint of the underlying substrate and a low degree of structural rearrangement during growth. OPBs can strongly affect properties, but no extensive studies of them are available. The morphology, structure, and nucleation mechanisms of OPBs in epitaxial films of layered complex oxides are presented with a review of published studies and new work. Morphological trends in two families of layered oxide phases are described. The atomic structure at OPBs is presented. OPBs may be introduced into a film during growth via the primary mechanisms that occur at film nucleation (steric, nucleation layer, a-b misfit, and inclined-c misfit) or after growth via the secondary nucleation mechanism (crystallographic shear in response to loss of a volatile component). Mechanism descriptions are accompanied by experimental examples. Alternative methods to the direct imaging of OPBs are also presented. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. RP Zurbuchen, MA (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark_z@mac.com RI Streiffer, Stephen/A-1756-2009; Zurbuchen, Mark/H-1664-2012; Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013 OI Zurbuchen, Mark/0000-0002-8947-6309; Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113 NR 140 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 15 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1439 EP 1471 DI 10.1557/JMR.2007.0198 PG 33 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 175ZX UT WOS:000247053600003 ER PT J AU Ma, L Levine, LE AF Ma, L. Levine, L. E. TI Effect of the spherical indenter tip assumption on nanoindentation SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DISLOCATION NUCLEATION; INCIPIENT PLASTICITY; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; SINGLE-CRYSTALS AB One of the interests and challenges of nanoindentation is determining the shear stress at the onset of plastic yielding, which corresponds to dislocation nucleation. To extract this stress information from experimental load-displacement data, a spherical tip shape is usually assumed. However, it is well known that indenter tips have irregular shapes, especially at the small-length scales that are important for small loads. This will significantly affect the stress distribution under the indentation surfaces. In this work, an indenter tip shape is measured by atomic force microscopy. The measured indenter shape is input into a finite element analysis model for indentation simulations on < 111 >-oriented single-crystal Al samples in the elastic regime. The resulting stresses, indentation force, and contact area are analyzed and compared to results from a fitted spherical indenter. The deviation of the assumed spherical indenter tip from the real measured indenter tip is studied. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Chem Phys, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM li.ma@nist.gov NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1656 EP 1661 DI 10.1557/JMR.2007.0205 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 175ZX UT WOS:000247053600027 ER PT J AU Ohashi, N Hougen, JT AF Ohashi, Nobukimi Hougen, Jon T. TI Reanalysis of the microwave absorption spectrum of dimethyl methylphosphonate and its internal rotation problem SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy (PRAHA 2006) CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2006 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC DE dimethylinethylphosphonate; false minimum; group-theoretical; tunneling Hamiltonian; internal rotation; least-squares fit; microwave spectrum; torsional barriers AB The Fourier transform microwave spectrum of dimethyl methylphosphonate studied by us previously is reanalyzed here to obtain more physically reasonable parameters describing the various Coriolis-like couplings between overall rotation and internal rotation of the two methoxy methyl tops. In particular, we use exactly the same frequencies and spectral assignments as in our previous study, but the least squares fit is started from a rather different set of initial molecular parameters and is carried out with a slightly smaller set of adjustable parameters. The standard deviation of the fit is not significantly changed, but convergence to a rather different minimum in parameter space is obtained. This new minimum does not change the three rotational constants significantly, but values for the 12 Coriolis coupling constants are dramatically rearranged, so that parameters arising from coupling between the two internal rotation motions are greatly reduced in magnitude. These new Coriolis constants bring the derived direction cosines for the methoxy methyl groups in the principal axis system into much better agreement with ab initio predictions. We have used our new parameters to derive internal rotation barrier heights for the two methyl groups of 280 and 188 cm(-1). (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan. RP Hougen, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.hougen@nist.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 243 IS 2 BP 162 EP 167 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.010 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 197UV UT WOS:000248582900009 ER PT J AU Wiederhorn, SM Lopez-Cepero, JM Wallace, J Guin, JP Fett, T AF Wiederhorn, Sheldon M. Lopez-Cepero, Jose M. Wallace, Jay Guin, Jean-Pierre Fett, Theo TI Roughness of glass surfaces formed by sub-critical crack growth SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE mechanical properties; crack growth; fracture; microscopy; atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy ID LIME-SILICATE GLASS; FRACTURE SURFACE; STATIC FATIGUE; MIRROR AB This paper presents a study on the roughness of glass fracture surfaces formed as a consequence of sub-critical crack growth. Double-cantilever-beam specimens were used in these studies to form fracture surfaces with areas under well-defined crack velocities and stress intensity factors. Roughness depends on crack velocity: the slower the velocity, the rougher the surface. Ranging from approximately 1 x 10(-10) m/s to approximately 10 m/s, the velocities were typical of those responsible for the formation of fracture mirrors in glass. Roughness measurements were made using atomic force microscopy on two glass compositions: silica glass and soda lime silica glass. For silica glass, the RMS roughness, R-q, decreased from about 0.5 nm at a velocity of 1 x 10(-10) m/s to about 0.35 nm at a velocity of 10 m/s. For soda lime silica glass, the roughness decreased from about 2 nm to about 0.7 nm in a highly non-linear fashion over the same velocity range. We attributed the roughness and the change in roughness to microscopic stresses associated with nanometer scale compositional and structural variations within the glass microstructure. A theory developed to explain these results is in agreement with the data collected in the current paper. The RMS roughness of glass also depends on the area used to measure the roughness. As noted in other studies, fracture surfaces in glass exhibit a self-affine behavior. Over the velocities studied, the roughness exponent, zeta, was approximately 0.3 for silica glass and varied from 0.18 to 0.28 for soda lime silica glass. The area used for these measurements ranged from (0.5 mu m)(2) to (5.0 mu m)(2). These values of the roughness exponent are consistent with values obtained when the scale of the measurement tool exceeds a critical size, as reported earlier in the literature. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Rennes, France. Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sheldon.wiederhorn@nist.gov RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 353 IS 16-17 BP 1582 EP 1591 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.01.029 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 168TX UT WOS:000246548000014 ER PT J AU Brunelle, SA Hazard, ES Sotka, EE Van Dolah, FM AF Brunelle, Stephanie A. Hazard, E. Starr Sotka, Erik E. Van Dolah, Frances M. TI Characterization of a dinoflagellate cryptochrome blue-light receptor with a possible role in circadian control of the cell cycle SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blue-light photoreceptor; cell cycle; circadian rhythm; cryptochrome; dinoflagellate; K. brevis ID RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; KARENIA-BREVIS; REPAIR DNA; PHOTORECEPTORS; PROTEIN; CLOCK; PHASE; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSLOCATION; EXPRESSION AB Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup is a dinoflagellate responsible for red tides in the Gulf of Mexico. The signaling pathways regulating its cell cycle are of interest because they are the key to the formation of toxic blooms that cause mass marine animal die-offs and human illness. Karenia brevis displays phased cell division, in which cells enter S phase at precise times relative to the onset of light. Here, we demonstrate that a circadian rhythm underlies this behavior and that light quality affects the rate of cell-cycle progression: in blue light, K. brevis entered the S phase early relative to its behavior in white light of similar intensity, whereas in red light, K. brevis was not affected. A data base of 25,000 K. brevis expressed sequence tags (ESTs) revealed several sequences with similarity to cryptochrome blue-light receptors, but none related to known red-light receptors. We characterized the K. brevis cryptochrome (Kb CRY) and modeled its three-dimensional protein structure. Phylogenetic analysis of the photolyase/CRY gene family showed that Kb CRY is a member of the cryptochrome DASH (CRY DASH) clade. Western blotting with an antibody designed to bind a conserved peptide within Kb CRY identified a single band at similar to 55 kDa. Immunolocalization showed that Kb CRY, like CRY DASH in Arabidopsis, is localized to the chloroplast. This is the first blue-light receptor to be characterized in a dinoflagellate. As the Kb CRY appears to be the only blue-light receptor expressed, it is a likely candidate for circadian entrainment of the cell cycle. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. Coll Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Van Dolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. EM fran.vandolah@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 3 BP 509 EP 518 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00339.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 170TB UT WOS:000246686100010 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, Karl K. TI Experimental vibrational zero-point energies: Diatomic molecules SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE molecular energetics; uncertainty; vibrational spectroscopy; zero-point energy ID INFRARED-EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; DIODE-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; MILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTROSCOPY; COMBINED-ISOTOPOMER ANALYSIS; BORN-OPPENHEIMER BREAKDOWN; ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS; GROUND-STATE; BAND SYSTEM; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE AB Vibrational zero-point energies (ZPEs), as determined from published spectroscopic constants, are derived for 85 diatomic molecules. Standard uncertainties are also provided, including estimated contributions from bias as well as the statistical uncertainties propagated from those reported in the spectroscopy literature. This compilation will be helpful for validating theoretical procedures for predicting ZPEs, which is a necessary step in the ab initio prediction of molecular energetics. (C) 2007 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 90 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 4 U2 47 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2007 VL 36 IS 2 BP 389 EP 397 DI 10.1063/1.2436891 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 172ZH UT WOS:000246842800001 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, JE AF Sansonetti, J. E. TI Spectroscopic data for neutral francium (Fr I) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE francium; energy levels; atomic spectra; wavelengths; wave numbers; wavelength tables; hyperfine structure ID ISOTOPE SHIFTS; RYDBERG LEVELS; 2-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY; HYPERFINE STRUCTURES; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; TRANSITION; NUCLEAR; ATOMS; SPINS AB Energy levels and hyperfine structure constants have been compiled for the sixteen longest lived isotopes of francium (Z=87). For most isotopes with atomic weights in the range 199 <= A <= 232 the only measurements made are for the 7s S-2(1/2) and 7p P-2(1/2,3/2)degrees levels. Additional energy-level data are available for Fr-210, Fr-212, and Fr-221. Wavelengths with classifications and transition probabilities are tabulated for Fr-212. In addition, the ionization energy is included for isotopes for which a sufficient number of levels have been measured, Fr-212 and Fr-221. (C) 2007 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jean.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2007 VL 36 IS 2 BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1063/1.2419251 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 172ZH UT WOS:000246842800005 ER PT J AU Shirai, T Reader, J Kramida, AE Sugar, J AF Shirai, T. Reader, J. Kramida, A. E. Sugar, J. TI Spectral data for gallium: GaI through Ga XXXI SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE compilation; critically evaluated data; energy levels; observed spectral lines; emission spectra; Ga; gallium ions; ground states; ionization potentials; multiply charged ions; transition probabilities ID I ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; EXPERIMENTAL LEVEL VALUES; COPPER-LIKE GALLIUM; HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOMS; HIGHLY IONIZED CU; SODIUM-LIKE IONS; ENERGY-LEVELS; NEUTRAL GALLIUM; GROUND-STATE; NEON-LIKE AB The energy levels and spectral lines of gallium atom in all stages of ionization have been compiled. Experimental data on spectral lines and energy levels exist for spectra Ga I through Ga VII, Ga XIII through Ga XXVI, and Ga XXX. For Li-like Ga XXIX through H-like Ga XXXI, theoretical data on energy levels and line wavelengths are compiled. For Ga I, Ga II, and Ga III we include radiative probabilities of electric-dipole transitions where available. For Ga XV through Ga XX, Ga XXIII through Ga XXVI, and Ga XXX, radiative probabilities of magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole transitions are included. The ground state configuration and term and a value of ionization energy are included for each ion. (C) 2007 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Naka Fus Res Estab, Naka, Ibaraki 3110193, Japan. RP Kramida, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alexander.Kramida@nist.gov OI Kramida, Alexander/0000-0002-0788-8087 NR 87 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2007 VL 36 IS 2 BP 509 EP 615 DI 10.1063/1.2207144 PG 107 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 172ZH UT WOS:000246842800006 ER PT J AU Kessler, WS Gourdeau, L AF Kessler, William S. Gourdeau, Lionel TI The annual cycle of circulation of the southwest subtropical pacific, analyzed in an ocean GCM SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EAST AUSTRALIAN CURRENT; NORTH EQUATORIAL CURRENT; WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION; GREAT BARRIER-REEF; LONG ROSSBY WAVES; TROPICAL PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; UNDERCURRENT; SEA; TRANSPORTS AB An ocean GCM, interpreted in light of linear models and sparse observations, is used to diagnose the dynamics of the annual cycle of circulation in the western boundary current system of the southwest Pacific Ocean. The simple structure of annual wind stress curl over the South Pacific produces a large region of uniformly phased, stationary thermocline depth anomalies such that the western subtropical gyre spins up and down during the year, directing flow anomalies alternately toward and away from the boundary at its northern end, near 10 degrees S. The response of the western boundary currents is to redistribute these anomalies northward toward the equator and southward to the subtropical gyre, a redistribution that is determined principally by linear Rossby processes, not boundary dynamics. When the subtropical gyre and South Equatorial Current (SEC) are strong (in the second half of the year), the result is both increased equator-ward transport of the New Guinea Coastal Current and poleward transport anomalies along the entire Australian coast. Because of this opposite phasing of boundary current anomalies across 10 degrees S, annual migration of the bifurcation point of the total SEC, near 18 degrees S in the mean, has no significance regarding variability of transport from subtropics to equator. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Rech Dev, Noumea, New Caledonia. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM william.s.kessler@noaa.gov NR 67 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1610 EP 1627 DI 10.1175/JPO3046.1 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 183GB UT WOS:000247559600012 ER PT J AU Lee, N Hartschuh, RD Mehtani, D Kisliuk, A Maguire, JF Green, M Foster, MD Sokolov, AP AF Lee, N. Hartschuh, R. D. Mehtani, D. Kisliuk, A. Maguire, J. F. Green, M. Foster, M. D. Sokolov, A. P. TI High contrast scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy of silicon SO JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS); scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy (SNRS); apertureless near-field spectroscopy; silicon; depolarization ID FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; SIDE-ILLUMINATION OPTICS; CRYSTAL ORIENTATION; METALLIZED TIP; SCATTERING; PROBE; MOLECULES; RESOLUTION; MICROPROBE; NANOSCALE AB We have demonstrated that scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy (SNRS), generally known as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with side illumination optics can be effectively used for analysis of siliconbased structures at the nanoscale. Even though the side illumination optics has disadvantages such as difficulties in optical alignment and shadowing by the tip, it has the critical advantage that it may be used for the analysis of nontransparent samples. A key criterion for making SNRS effective for imaging Si samples is the optimization of the contrast between near-field and far-field (background) Raman signals. This has been achieved by optimizing the beam polarization, resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in the contrast. We estimate the lateral resolution of our Raman images to be similar to 20 nm. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. MLBP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sokolov, AP (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM alexei@uakron.edu NR 34 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0377-0486 J9 J RAMAN SPECTROSC JI J. Raman Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 38 IS 6 BP 789 EP 796 DI 10.1002/jrs.1698 PG 8 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 180ZH UT WOS:000247406000021 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Pemberton, JE AF Zangmeister, Christopher D. Pemberton, Jeanne E. TI Phase transition between two anhydrous modifications of NaHSO4 mediated by heat and water SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpha-NaHSO4; beta-NaHSO4; phase transition; Raman spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry ID CESIUM HYDROGEN SULFATE; CSHSO4; RAMAN; SPECTROSCOPY; RBH2PO4; CRYSTAL; SPECTRA AB The phase transition between the two anhydrous modifications of NaHSO4 (alpha and beta) was studied using Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. These measurements indicate that beta-NaHSO4 is a metastable phase and readily undergoes phase transition to thermodynamically stable alpha-NaHSO4 with an exothermic enthalpy change of 3.5 kJ/mol. Both thermal (temperatures > 434 K) and chemical (exposure to H2O) pathways were identified for this transition. The transition is irreversible, and alpha-NaHSO4 is an intermediate phase between beta-NaHSO4 and NaHSO4. H2O. The possible mechanism of the phase transition is discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pembertn@u.arizona.edu NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 180 IS 6 BP 1826 EP 1831 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.03.028 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 191AL UT WOS:000248102100004 ER PT J AU Bazaev, AR Abdulagatov, IM Bazaev, EA Abdurashidova, AA Ramazanova, AE AF Bazaev, A. R. Abdulagatov, I. M. Bazaev, E. A. Abdurashidova, A. A. Ramazanova, A. E. TI PVT measurements for pure methanol in the near-critical and supercritical regions SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE critical point; coexistence curve; equation of state; methanol; saturated density; vapor-pressure ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; EQUATION-OF-STATE; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; N-HEXANE; VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES; AQUEOUS MIXTURES; BINARY-SYSTEMS; NORMAL-BUTANOL AB PVT properties of pure methanol were measured in the near-critical and supercritical regions. Measurements were made with a constant-volume piezorneter immersed in a precision air thermostat. The maximum uncertainty of the density measurements was estimated to be 0.15%. The uncertainties of the temperature and pressure measurements were, respectively, 15 mK and 0.05%. Measurements were performed at seven near and at pressures from 1.4 to 40 Wa. The range of temperature was 423-653 K. Using the two-phase critical isochores between 113 and 370 k-m(-3) PVT data, the values of vapor-pressure and saturated liquid and vapor density were determined by means the analytical extrapolating technique in the temperature range from 423 to 5 12.7 K. The measured one-phase PVT data and saturated property data (Ts, PS p', p"s) for pure methanol were s s compared with the values calculated from fundamental lUPAC and crossover equations of state and with precise experimental PVT data reported by other authors. From the saturated liquid and vapor density and vapor-pressure data in the critical region the values of the critical parameters (Tc = 512.75 +/- 0.1 K, Pc = 8.120 +/- 0.02 MPa, and pc = 271.6 +/- 3 kg m(-3)) were extracted. For three isochores (113.5, 252.4, and 368.2 kg m-3) the measurements were performed in both cooling and heating regimes to estimate the effect of thermal decomposition (chemical reaction) on the PVT properties of methanol. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 66 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 2 BP 217 EP 226 DI 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.09.012 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 167RK UT WOS:000246468600005 ER PT J AU Dabrowski, C Mills, K Quirolgico, S AF Dabrowski, C. Mills, K. Quirolgico, S. TI Understanding failure response in service discovery systems SO JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE distributed systems; robustness; service discovery AB Service discovery systems enable distributed components to find each other without prior arrangement, to express capabilities and needs, to aggregate into useful compositions, and to detect and adapt to changes. First-generation discovery systems can be categorized based on one of three underlying architectures and on choice of behaviors for discovery, monitoring, and recovery. This paper reports a series of investigations into the robustness of designs that underlie selected service discovery systems. The paper presents a set of experimental methods for analysis of robustness in discovery systems under increasing failure intensity. These methods yield quantitative measures for effectiveness, responsiveness, and efficiency. Using these methods, we characterize robustness of alternate service discovery architectures and discuss benefits and costs of various system configurations. Overall, we find that first-generation service discovery systems can be robust under difficult failure environments. This work contributes to better understanding of failure behavior in existing discovery systems, allowing potential users to configure deployments to obtain the best achievable robustness at the least available cost. The work also contributes to design improvements for next-generation service discovery systems. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dabrowski, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8970, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cdabrowski@nist.gov NR 44 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0164-1212 EI 1873-1228 J9 J SYST SOFTWARE JI J. Syst. Softw. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 80 IS 6 BP 896 EP 917 DI 10.1016/j.jss.2006.11.017 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 178OI UT WOS:000247229600008 ER PT J AU Lawn, B Bhowmick, S Bush, MB Qasim, T Rekow, ED Zhang, Y AF Lawn, Brian Bhowmick, Sanjit Bush, Mark B. Qasim, Tarek Rekow, E. Dianne Zhang, Yu TI Failure modes in ceramic-based layer structures: A basis for materials design of dental crowns SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BRITTLE MATERIALS SUBJECT; COMPETING FRACTURE MODES; PUMPED CONE FRACTURE; LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS; CLINICAL-EVALUATION; BIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONS; TRANSVERSE FRACTURE; ADHESIVE INTERLAYER; DAMAGE ACCUMULATION; BILAYER STRUCTURES AB A research program on failure modes induced by spherical indenters in brittle layer structures bonded to polymeric substrates, in simulation of occlusal function in all-ceramic dental crowns, is surveyed. Tests are made on model flat and curved layers bonded onto a dentin-like polymer base, in bilayer (ceramic/polymer) and trilayer (ceramic/ceramic/polymer) configurations. All-transparent systems using glass as a porcelain-like outer or veneer layer and sapphire as a stiff and strong core support layer enable in situ observation of the entire evolution of fracture modes in the brittle layers, from initiation through to failure. With the fracture modes identified, tests are readily extended to systems with opaque polycrystalline dental core ceramics, notably alumina and zirconia. A variety of principal failure modes is identified: outer and inner cone cracks developing in the near-contact region at the top surface; radial cracks developing at the bottom surface along the loading axis; margin cracks from the edges of dome-like structures. All of these modes are exacerbated in cyclic loading by time-cumulative slow crack growth, but inner cones are subject to especially severe mechanical fatigue from hydraulic pumping of water into the crack fissures. Conditions under which each mode may be expected to dominate, particularly in relation to geometrical variables (layer thickness, contact radius) and relative material properties, are outlined. Clinical issues such as crown geometry, overload versus fatigue failure, role of residual stresses in fabrication, etc. are addressed. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Mech Engn, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. NYU, Coll Dent, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, B (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov NR 66 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 7 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1671 EP 1683 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01585.x PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 177CT UT WOS:000247131900001 ER PT J AU Hall, JE Holzer, DM Beechie, TJ AF Hall, Jason E. Holzer, Damon M. Beechie, Timothy J. TI Predicting river floodplain and lateral channel migration for salmon habitat conservation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE floodplains; fluvial processes; lateral channel migration; geomorphology; geospatial analysis; rivers/streams ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST WATERSHEDS; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; LAND-USE; RESTORATION; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; WASHINGTON; USA; CONNECTIVITY; PERSPECTIVE AB In this article, we describe a method for predicting floodplain locations and potential lateral channel migration across 82,900 km (491 km(2) by bankfull area) of streams in the Columbia River basin. Predictions are based on channel confinement, channel slope, bankfull width, and bankfull depth derived from digital elevation and precipitation data. Half of the 367 km 2 ( 47,900 km by length) of low-gradient channels (<= 4% channel slope) were classified as floodplain channels with a high likelihood of lateral channel migration (182 km(2), 50%). Classification agreement between modeled and field-measured floodplain confinement was 85% (kappa = 0.46, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of unconfined channels as confined (55% omission error). Classification agreement between predicted channel migration and lateral migration determined from aerial photographs was 76% (kappa = 0.53, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of laterally migrating channels as non-migrating (35% omission error). On average, more salmon populations were associated with laterally migrating channels and floodplains than with confined or nonmigrating channels. These data are useful for many river basin planning applications, including identification of land use impacts to floodplain habitats and locations with restoration potential for listed salmonids or other species of concern. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Hall, JE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM jason.hall@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 43 IS 3 BP 786 EP 797 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00063.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 171UK UT WOS:000246760700019 ER PT J AU Xu, Q AF Xu, Qin TI Modal and nonmodal symmetric perturbations. Part I: Completeness of normal modes and constructions of nonmodal solutions SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GEOSTROPHIC BAROCLINIC STABILITY; INERTIAL INSTABILITY; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; ENERGETICS; MESOSCALE; WAVES; DIFFUSIVITY; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB It is shown that the classic normal modes for symmetric perturbations in a layer of vertically sheared basic flow can be classified into three types: paired growing and decaying modes, paired slowly propagating modes, and paired fast propagating modes. In the limit of vanishing growth rate (or frequency), the paired growing and decaying (or slowly propagating) modes degenerate into paired stationary and linearly growing modes. Degeneracies occur only on a discrete set (which is infinite but has zero measure) in the wavenumber space when the Richardson number is smaller than one. A nonmodal solution is not affected by the degenerate modes unless the solution is horizontally periodic and contains wavenumbers at which the degeneracy occurs. The classic modes and degenerate modes form a complete set in the sense that they contain all the wavenumbers and thus can construct any admissible nonmodal solutions. The mode structures are analyzed by considering the slopes of their slantwise circulations relative to the absolute-momentum surface and isentropic surface of the basic state in the vertical cross section perpendicular to the circulation bands. The cross-band streamfunction component modes are shown to be orthogonal between different pairs (measured by the subspace inner product associated with the cross-band kinetic energy). The full-component modes, however, are nonorthogonal (measured by the full-space inner product associated with the total perturbation energy), and two paired modes have exactly opposite polarization relationships between the cross-band motion and its driving inertial-buoyancy force (associated with the along-band velocity and buoyancy perturbations). These properties have important implications for the nonmodal growths examined in Part II. In association with the complete set of normal modes, a complete set of adjoint modes is derived along with the biorthogonal relationships between the normal modes and adjoint modes. By using the biorthogonality, nonmodal solutions can be conveniently constructed from the normal modes for the initial value problem. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Syst Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Syst Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM qin.xu@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1745 EP 1763 DI 10.1175/JAS3910.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181JR UT WOS:000247433500001 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Lei, T Gao, ST AF Xu, Qin Lei, Ting Gao, Shouting TI Modal and nonmodal symmetric perturbations. Part II: Nonmodal growths measured by total perturbation energy SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE; INSTABILITY; RAINBANDS; WAVES AB Maximum nonmodal growths of total perturbation energy are computed for symmetric perturbations constructed from the normal modes presented in Part I. The results show that the maximum nonmodal growths are larger than the energy growth produced by any single normal mode for a give optimization time, and this is simply because the normal modes are nonorthogonal (measured by the inner product associated with the total perturbation energy norm). It is shown that the maximum nonmodal growths are produced mainly by paired modes, and this can be explained by the fact that the streamfunction component modes are partially orthogonal between different pairs and parallel within each pair in the streamfunction subspace. When the optimization time is very short (compared with the inverse Coriolis parameter), the nonmodal growth is produced mainly by the paired fastest propagating modes. When the optimization time is not short, the maximum nonmodal growth is produced almost solely by the paired slowest propagating modes and the growth can be very large for a wide range of optimization time if the parameter point is near the boundary and outside the unstable region. If the parameter point is near the boundary but inside the unstable region, the paired slowest propagating modes can contribute significantly to the energy growth before the fastest growing mode becomes the dominant component. The maximum nonmodal growths produced by paired modes are derived analytically. The analytical solutions compare well with the numerical results obtained in the truncated normal mode space. The analytical solutions reveal the basic mechanisms for four types of maximum nonmodal energy growths: the PP1 and PP2 nonmodal growths produced by paired propagating modes and the GD1 and GD2 nonmodal growths produced by paired growing and decaying modes. The PP1 growth is characterized by the increase of the cross-band kinetic energy that excessively offsets the decrease of the along-band kinetic and buoyancy energy. The situation is opposite for the PP2 growth. The GD1 (or GD2) growth is characterized by the reduction of the initial cross-band kinetic energy (or initial along-band kinetic and buoyancy energy) due to the inclusion of the decaying mode. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM qin.xu@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1764 EP 1781 DI 10.1175/JAS3973.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181JR UT WOS:000247433500002 ER PT J AU Rogers, RF Black, ML Chen, SS Black, RA AF Rogers, Robert F. Black, Michael L. Chen, Shuyi S. Black, Robert A. TI An evaluation of microphysics fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones. Part I: Comparisons with observations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OUTER HURRICANE RAINBANDS; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; INNER CORE STRUCTURE; RADAR REFLECTIVITY; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; VERTICAL MOTIONS; CLOUD MODEL AB This study presents a framework for comparing hydrometeor and vertical velocity fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones with observations of these fields from a variety of platforms. The framework is based on the Yuter and Houze constant frequency by altitude diagram (CFAD) technique, along with a new hurricane partitioning technique, to compare the statistics of vertical motion and reflectivity fields and hydrometeor concentrations from two datasets: one consisting of airborne radar retrievals and microphysical probe measurements collected from tropical cyclone aircraft flights over many years, and another consisting of cloud-scale (1.67-km grid length) tropical cyclone simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Such comparisons of the microphysics fields can identify biases in the simulations that may lead to an identification of deficiencies in the modeling system, such as the formulation of various physical parameterization schemes used in the model. Improvements in these schemes may potentially lead to better forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity and rainfall. In Part I of this study, the evaluation framework is demonstrated by comparing the radar retrievals and probe measurements to MM5 simulations of Hurricanes Bonnie (1998) and Floyd (1999). Comparisons of the statistics from the two datasets show that the model reproduces many of the gross features seen in the observations, though notable differences are evident. The general distribution of vertical motion is similar between the observations and simulations, with the strongest up- and downdrafts making up a small percentage of the overall population in both datasets, but the magnitudes of vertical motion are weaker in the simulations. The model-derived reflectivities are much higher than observed, and correlations between vertical motion and hydrometeor concentration and reflectivity show a much stronger relationship in the model than what is observed. Possible errors in the data processing are discussed as potential sources of differences between the observed and simulated datasets in Part I. In Part II, attention will be focused on using the evaluation framework to investigate the role that different model configurations (i.e., different resolutions and physical parameterizations) play in producing different microphysics fields in the simulation of Hurricane Bonnie. The microphysical and planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes, as well as higher horizontal and vertical resolutions, will be tested in the simulation to identify the extent to which changes in these schemes are reflected in improvements of the statistical comparisons with the observations. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Rogers, RF (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM robert.rogers@noaa.gov RI Rogers, Robert/I-4428-2013; Black, Robert/C-9617-2009; Black, Michael/C-3250-2014 OI Black, Robert/0000-0001-6938-125X; Black, Michael/0000-0001-9528-2888 NR 53 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1811 EP 1834 DI 10.1175/JAS3932.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181JR UT WOS:000247433500005 ER PT J AU Cram, TA Persing, J Montgomery, MT Braun, SA AF Cram, Thomas A. Persing, John Montgomery, Michael T. Braun, Scott A. TI A lagrangian trajectory view on transport and mixing processes between the eye, eyewall, and environment using a high-resolution simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998) SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; PART I; MAXIMUM INTENSITY; VORTICES; FLOW; BUOYANCY; THERMODYNAMICS AB The transport and mixing characteristics of a large sample of air parcels within a mature and vertically sheared hurricane vortex are examined. Data from a high-resolution (2-km horizontal grid spacing) numerical simulation of real-case Hurricane Bonnie (1998) are used to calculate Lagrangian trajectories of air parcels in various subdomains of the hurricane (namely, the eye, eyewall, and near environment) to study the degree of interaction (transport and mixing) between these subdomains. It is found that 1) there is transport and mixing from the low-level eye to the eyewall that carries air possessing relatively high values of equivalent potential temperature (theta(e)), which can enhance the efficiency of the hurricane heat engine; 2) a portion of the low-level inflow of the hurricane bypasses the eyewall to enter the eye, and this air both replaces the mass of the low-level eye and lingers for a sufficient time (order 1 h) to acquire enhanced entropy characteristics through interaction with the ocean beneath the eye; 3) air in the mid- to upper-level eye is exchanged with the eyewall such that more than half the air of the eye is exchanged in 5 h in this case of a sheared hurricane; and 4) that one-fifth of the mass in the eyewall at a height of 5 km has an origin in the mid- to upper-level environment where theta(e) is much less than in the eyewall, which ventilates the ensemble average eyewall theta(e) by about 1 K. Implications of these findings for the problem of hurricane intensity forecasting are briefly discussed. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Montgomery, MT (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM mtmontgo@nps.edu NR 63 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1835 EP 1856 DI 10.1175/JAS3921.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181JR UT WOS:000247433500006 ER PT J AU Garner, ST Frierson, DMW Held, IM Pauluis, O Vallis, GK AF Garner, S. T. Frierson, D. M. W. Held, I. M. Pauluis, O. Vallis, G. K. TI Resolving convection in a global hypohydrostatic model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AQUAPLANET MOIST GCM; SIMULATIONS; STABILITY AB Convection cannot be explicitly resolved in general circulation models given their typical grid size of 50 km or larger. However, by multiplying the vertical acceleration in the equation of motion by a constant larger than unity, the horizontal scale of convection can be increased at will, without necessarily affecting the larger-scale flow. The resulting hypohydrostatic system has been recognized for some time as a way to improve numerical stability on grids that cannot well resolve nonhydrostatic gravity waves. More recent studies have explored its potential for better representing convection in relatively coarse models. The recent studies have tested the rescaling idea in the context of regional models. Here the authors present global aquaplanet simulations with a low-resolution, nonhydrostatic model free of convective parameterization, and describe the effect on the global climate of very large rescaling of the vertical acceleration. As the convection expands to resolved scales, a deepening of the troposphere, a weakening of the Hadley cell, and a moistening of the lower troposphere is found, compared to solutions in which the moist convection is essentially hydrostatic. The growth rate of convective instability is reduced and the convective life cycle is lengthened relative to synoptic phenomena. This problematic side effect is noted in earlier studies and examined further here. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Garner, ST (reprint author), POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM steve.garner@noaa.gov RI Frierson, Dargan/F-1763-2010 OI Frierson, Dargan/0000-0001-8952-5644 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2061 EP 2075 DI 10.1175/JAS3929.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181JR UT WOS:000247433500018 ER PT J AU Nisar, J Awan, IA Ahmad, T Naz, G AF Nisar, J. Awan, I. A. Ahmad, T. Naz, G. TI Analysis of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons resulting from Pakistani coals by pyrolysis-gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN LA English DT Article ID MINERAL MATTER; BITUMINOUS COAL; RAPID PYROLYSIS; FLASH PYROLYSIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GASIFICATION; HYDROPYROLYSIS; REACTIVITY; YIELDS; KINETICS AB A gas chromatography-flame ionization detection procedure was developed for the analysis of individual hydrocarbon in a gaseous mixture resulting from the pyrolysis of a coal sample from Makerwal coalfields in Pakistan. The observed hydrocarbons were methane, ethene, ethane, propane, l-butene, n-butane, l-pentene, n-pentane, benzene, toluene and xylene. Total hydrocarbons yield is found to be characteristic of each sample indicating the structural and compositional variation. Such data may be useful for developing commercial coal conversion processes. C1 Univ Peshawar, Natl Ctr Excellence Phys Chem, Peshawar, Pakistan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nisar, J (reprint author), Univ Peshawar, Natl Ctr Excellence Phys Chem, Peshawar, Pakistan. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHEM SOC PAKISTAN PI KARACHI PA HEJ RES INST CHEM UNIV KARACHI, 75270 KARACHI, PAKISTAN SN 0253-5106 J9 J CHEM SOC PAKISTAN JI J. Chem. Soc. Pak. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 29 IS 3 BP 247 EP 250 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 219XC UT WOS:000250120500012 ER PT J AU Watabe, S Nikuni, T Nygaard, N Williams, JE Clark, CW AF Watabe, Shobei Nikuni, Tetsuro Nygaard, Nicolai Williams, James E. Clark, Charles W. TI Adiabatic phase diagram of an ultracold atomic fermi gas with a Feshbach resonance SO JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE degenerate Fermi gas; Feshbach resonance; BCS-BEC crossover; adiabatic sweep; conversion efficiency ID MOLECULES AB We determine the adiabatic phase diagram of a resonantly-coupled system of Fermi atoms and Bose molecules confined in a harmonic trap by using the local density approximation. The adiabatic phase diagram shows the fermionic condensate fraction composed of condensed molecules and Cooper paired atoms. The key idea of our work is conservation of entropy through the adiabatic process, extending the study of Williams et al. [New J. Phys. 6 (2004) 123] for an ideal gas mixture to include the resonant interaction in a mean-field theory. We also calculate the molecular conversion efficiency as a function of initial temperature. Our work helps to understand recent experiments on the BCS-BEC crossover, in terms of the initial temperature measured before a sweep of the magnetic field. C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Grad Sch Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, Lundbeck Fdn Theoret Ctr Quantum Syst Res, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Watabe, S (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Grad Sch Sci, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009; Watabe, Shohei/E-8271-2013 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA YUSHIMA URBAN BUILDING 5F, 2-31-22 YUSHIMA, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0034, JAPAN SN 0031-9015 J9 J PHYS SOC JPN JI J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 76 IS 6 AR 064003 DI 10.1143/JPSJ.76.064003 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 181NI UT WOS:000247443000016 ER PT J AU Wallace, E AF Wallace, Evan TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF WEB SEMANTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ewallace@nist.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-8268 J9 J WEB SEMANT JI J. Web Semant. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 5 IS 2 BP 106 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.websem.207.01.001 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 176AF UT WOS:000247054400005 ER PT J AU Wang, ZH Kim, MC Marquez, M Thorsen, T AF Wang, Zhanhui Kim, Min-Cheol Marquez, Manuel Thorsen, Todd TI High-density microfluidic arrays for cell cytotoxicity analysis SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID HIGH-THROUGHPUT; SOFT LITHOGRAPHY; TISSUE-CULTURE; MICROFABRICATION; EXPRESSION; RETENTION; DEVICE; CHIP; CHEMOTAXIS; MICROWELLS AB In this paper, we report on the development of a multilayer elastomeric microfluidic array platform for the high-throughput cell cytotoxicity screening of mammalian cell lines. Microfluidic channels in the platform for cell seeding are orthogonal to channels for toxin exposure, and within each channel intersection is a circular chamber with cell-trapping sieves. Integrated, pneumatically-actuated elastomeric valves within the device isolate the microchannel array within the device into parallel rows and columns for cell seeding and toxin exposure. As a demonstration of the multiplexing capability of the platform, a microfluidic array containing 576 chambers was used to screen three cell types (BALB/3T3, HeLa, and bovine endothelial cells) against a panel of five toxins (digitonin, saponin, CoCl2, NiCl2, acrolein). Evaluation of on-chip cell morphology and viability was carried out using fluorescence microscopy, with outcomes comparable to microtiter plate cytotoxicity assays. Using this scalable platform, cell seeding and toxin exposure can be carried out within a single microfluidic device in a multiplexed format, enabling high-density parallel cytotoxicity screening while minimizing reagent consumption. C1 MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Philip Morris Inc, INEST Grp Postgrad Program, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Nanosci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Harrington Dept Bioengn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Ctr, Richmond, VA 23234 USA. RP Thorsen, T (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mech Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM thorsen@mit.edu NR 41 TC 134 Z9 142 U1 4 U2 50 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0197 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PD JUN PY 2007 VL 7 IS 6 BP 740 EP 745 DI 10.1039/b618734j PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 183IL UT WOS:000247566400022 PM 17538716 ER PT J AU Amand, AS Dyble, J Aubel, M Chapman, A Eilers, J AF Amand, Ann St. Dyble, Juli Aubel, Mark Chapman, Andrew Eilers, Joseph TI Efficacy of molecular DNA methods for confirming species identifications on morphologically variable populations of toxin-producing Anabaena (Nostocales) SO LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Symposium of the North-American-Lake-Management-Society CY NOV, 2005 CL Madison, WI SP N Amer Lake Management Soc DE akinete; Anabaena; anatoxin-a; Aphanizomenon; cpcBA-IGS; DNA; ITS1; microcystin; nifH ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; GENERA ANABAENA; CYANOBACTERIA; DIVERSITY; CLASSIFICATION; APHANIZOMENON; POLYMORPHISMS; MICROCYSTINS; MICROARRAY; PHYLOGENY AB Algal samples were analyzed from 3 lakes, Crane Prairie Reservoir and Odell Lake in Oregon and an Anonymous North East System, using both standard taxonomic criteria for identification and DNA sequencing techniques. Two toxin-producing Anabaena populations, one with consistent akinete structure and another with variable akinete structure, were investigated. Samples were characterized based on several genetic markers (nifH, cpcBA-IGS, ITS1), toxins (anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and microcystin) and morphological variation. Taxonomy within the Nostacales is based on vegetative and terminal cell structure, filament type and aggregation, and position and structure of heterocysts and akinetes. Many taxonomists rely heavily on akinete structure for microscopic identification. Identification from material preserved with Lugol's solution is challenging due to the breakup of colonies, cell distortion, and masking of pigment color. Based on morphological variation, the Crane Prairie and Odell populations were identified as A. flos-aquae, A. circinalis, or A. lemmermannii, and toxin analysis detected the presence of microcystin. These populations were most similar to A. lemmermannii (cpcBA-IGS) or Anabaena sp. (ITS1) by DNA sequence analysis. The Anonymous North East System population was identified as A. flos-aquae, A. circinalis or A. spiroides based on morphological variation, and both microcystin and anatoxin-a were detected in these samples. Sequences most similar to A. cylindrica (nifH), A. planktonica (cpcBA-IGS), A. spiroides or Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (ITS1) were identified in the Anonymous North East System samples, but there were no definitive matches. Although molecular methods can be useful tools for confirming identification based on field material, their ability to resolve issues of taxonomic identification are dependent on the comprehensiveness of the sequence database. Taxonomic keys based on cell morphology and identification based on current DNA sequence databases are subject to similar levels of variation and uncertainty. C1 [Amand, Ann St.] PhycoTech Inc, St Joseph, MI USA. [Dyble, Juli] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Aubel, Mark; Chapman, Andrew] GreenWater Labs, Palatka, FL USA. [Eilers, Joseph] MaxDepth Aquat Inc, Bend, OR USA. RP Amand, AS (reprint author), PhycoTech Inc, 620 Broad St,Suite 100, St Joseph, MI USA. EM astamand@phycotech.com NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 4 PU NORTH AMER LAKE MANAGEMENT SOC PI MADISON PA PO BOX 5443, MADISON, WI 53705-5443 USA SN 1040-2381 J9 LAKE RESERV MANAGE JI Lake Reserv. Manag. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 193 EP 202 PG 10 WC Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 333ON UT WOS:000258161900009 ER PT J AU Gleason, ACR Lirman, D Williams, D Gracias, NR Gintert, BE Madjidi, H Reid, RP Boynton, GC Negahdaripour, S Miller, M Kramer, P AF Gleason, Arthur C. R. Lirman, Diego Williams, Dana Gracias, Nuno R. Gintert, Brooke E. Madjidi, Hossein Reid, R. Pamela Boynton, G. Chris Negahdaripour, Shahriar Miller, Margaret Kramer, Philip TI Documenting hurricane impacts on coral reefs using two-dimensional video-mosaic technology SO MARINE ECOLOGY-AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE LA English DT Article DE Acropora palmata; Florida; hurricane damage; reef framework damage; video-mosaics AB Four hurricanes impacted the reefs of Florida in 2005. In this study, we evaluate the combined impacts of hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma on a population of Acropora palmata using a newly developed video-mosaic method'ology that provides a high-resolution, spatially accurate landscape view of the reef benthos. Storm damage to A. palmata was surprisingly limited; only 2 out of 19 colonies were removed from the study plot at Molasses Reef. The net tissue losses for those colonies that remained were only 10% and mean diameter of colonies decreased slightly from 88.4 to 79.6 cm. In contrast, the damage to the reef framework was more severe, and a large section (6 m in diameter) was dislodged, overturned, and transported to the bottom of the reef spur. The data presented here show that two-dimensional video-mosaic technology is well-suited to assess the impacts of physical disturbance on coral reefs and can be used to complement existing survey methodologies. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Nature Conservancy, Summerland Key, FL USA. RP Gleason, ACR (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM agleason@rsmas.miami.edu OI Williams, Dana/0000-0002-9660-5359; Gracias, Nuno/0000-0002-4675-9595 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0173-9565 J9 MAR ECOL-EVOL PERSP JI Mar. Ecol.-Evol. Persp. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 28 IS 2 BP 254 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00140.x PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 179TO UT WOS:000247313200002 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE Lindeberg, M Harris, PM Rice, SD AF Thomas, Robert E. Lindeberg, Mandy Harris, Patricia M. Rice, Stanley D. TI Induction of DNA strand breaks in the mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and clam (Protothaca staminea) following chronic field exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Exxon Valdez spill SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Exxon valdez oil spill; passive samplers; comet; DNA damage ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; DIGESTIVE GLAND-CELLS; OIL-SPILL; COMET ASSAY; CRUDE-OIL; DAMAGE; ALASKA; SEDIMENTS; ECOSYSTEM; RECOVERY AB In 2002, 13 years after the Exxon Valdez spill, mussels and clams were examined for lingering oil exposure and damage. Known oil patches were sampled at four locations, and compared to nearby reference areas (same bay), and were also compared to "hot reference" sites to verify the methods used (Cordova harbor and fresh diesel spill at Port Chalmers). Passive samplers deployed for a month at the sites, along with tissue samples, confirmed that the oiled sites were oiled (fingerprinting back to Exxon Valdez oil) and that reference sites were clean. The highest PAH loads were detected in sub-surface interstitial waters at oiled sites. Exposure at the surface was generally low level, and probably intermittent. DNA damage was assessed in blood cells using sensitive comet analyses. DNA strand breakage was detected in both mussels and clams, with the highest level of damage detected at "hot reference" sites of Cordova harbor and Port Chalmers. Bioavailability and DNA damage at the oiled sties was low, indicating there has been substantial progress in recovery from the spill 13 years before, yet low level bioavailability and damage were still detectable. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. RP Rice, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Jeep.Rice@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 54 IS 6 BP 726 EP 732 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.009 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185UT UT WOS:000247736600020 PM 17328928 ER PT J AU LaGier, MJ Jack, WFB Goodwin, KD AF LaGier, Michael J. Fell, Jack W. Goodwin, Kelly D. TI Electrochemical detection of harmful algae and other microbial contaminants in coastal waters using hand-held biosensors SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE electrochemical biosensor; karenia brevis; pathogen detection; recreational water quality; source tracking ID FLORIDA RED TIDE; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FECAL POLLUTION; RAPID DETECTION; MULTIPLEX PCR; HYBRIDIZATION ASSAY; KARENIA-BREVIS AB Standard methods to identify microbial contaminants in the environment are slow, laborious, and can require specialized expertise. This study investigated electrochemical detection of microbial contaminants using commercially available, hand-held instruments. Electrochemical assays were developed for a red tide dinoflagellate (Karenia brevis), fecal-indicating bacteria (Enterococcus spp), markers indicative of human sources of fecal pollution (human cluster Bacteroides and the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium), bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli 015:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus), and a viral pathogen (adenovirus). For K. brevis, two assay formats (Rapid PCR-Detect and Hybrid PCR-Detect) were tested and both provided detection limits of 10 genome equivalents for DNA isolated from K brevis culture and amplified by PCR. Sensitivity with coastal water samples was sufficient to detect K brevis that was "present" (<= 1000 cells/l) without yielding false positive results and the electrochemical signal was significantly different than for samples containing cells at "medium" concentrations (100,000 to < 10(6) cells/l). Detection of K brevis RNA was also shown. Multi-target capability was demonstrated with an 8-plex assay for bacterial and viral targets using isolated DNA, natural beach water spiked with human feces, and water and sediments collected from New Orleans, Louisiana following Hurricane Katrina. Furthermore, direct detection of dinoflagellate and bacterial DNA was achieved using lysed cells rather than extracted nucleic acids, allowing streamlining of the process. The methods presented can be used to rapidly (3-5 h) screen environmental water samples for the presence of microbial contaminants and have the potential to be integrated into semi-automated detection platforms. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP LaGier, MJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM mlagier@att.net RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P50 ES12736, ES 05705, P50 ES012736] NR 58 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 54 IS 6 BP 757 EP 770 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.017 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185UT UT WOS:000247736600023 PM 17328925 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Butler, WM DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Meigooni, AS Melhus, CS Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF AF Rivard, Mark J. Butler, Wayne M. DeWerd, Larry A. Huq, M. Saiful Ibbott, Geoffrey S. Meigooni, Ali S. Melhus, Christopher S. Mitch, Michael G. Nath, Ravinder Williamson, Jeffrey F. TI Supplement to the 2004 update of the AAPM task group no. 43 report SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE brachytherapy; dosimetry protocol; TG-43 ID I-125 BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCE; GROUP NO.-43 REPORT; ABANDON GEOMETRY FACTORS; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; PHYSICISTS-IN-MEDICINE; RADIAL DOSE FUNCTION; MED. PHYS. 31; INTERSTITIAL-BRACHYTHERAPY; DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS; LOW-ENERGY AB Since publication of the 2004 update to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group No. 43 Report (TG-43U1), several new low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources have become available. Many of these sources have satisfied the AAPM prerequisites for routine clinical use as of January 10, 2005, and are posted on the Joint AAPM/RPC Brachytherapy Seed Registry. Consequently, the AAPM has prepared this supplement to the 2004 AAPM TG-43 update. This paper presents the AAPM-approved consensus datasets for these sources, and includes the following I-125 sources: Amersham model 6733, Draximage model LS-1, Implant Sciences model 3500, IBt model 1251L, IsoAid model IAI-125A, Mentor model SL-125/ SH-125, and SourceTech Medical model STM1251. The Best Medical model 2335 Pd-103 source is also included. While the methodology used to determine these data sets is identical to that published in the AAPM TG-43U1 report, additional information and discussion are presented here on some questions that arose since the publication of the TG-43U1 report. Specifically, details of interpolation and extrapolation methods are described further, new methodologies are recommended, and example calculations are provided. Despite these changes, additions, and clarifications, the overall methodology, the procedures for developing consensus data sets, and the dose calculation formalism largely remain the same as in the TG-43U1 report. Thus, the AAPM recommends that the consensus data sets and resultant source-specific dose-rate distributions included in this supplement be adopted by all end users for clinical treatment planning of low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources. Adoption of these recommendations may result in changes to patient dose calculations, and these changes should be carefully evaluated and reviewed with the radiation oncologist prior to implementation of the current protocol. (c) 2007 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Wheeling Hosp, Schiffler Canc Ctr, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Accredited Dosimetry & Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Dept Radiat Oncol, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA. MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Med, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Rivard, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM mrivard@tufts-nemc.org OI Melhus, Christopher/0000-0002-2017-1988 NR 56 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2187 EP 2205 DI 10.1118/1.2736790 PG 19 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479600035 PM 17654921 ER PT J AU Mitch, M Seltzer, S AF Mitch, M. Seltzer, S. TI Model-specific uncertainties in air-kerma strength measurements of low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 22-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2337 EP 2337 DI 10.1118/1.2760372 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479600088 ER PT J AU Tosh, R Chen-Mayer, H AF Tosh, R. Chen-Mayer, H. TI A theoretical study of boussinesq convection in a water phantom SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 22-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2412 EP 2413 DI 10.1118/1.2760701 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479600412 ER PT J AU Chen-Mayer, H Tosh, R Malyarenko, E AF Chen-Mayer, H. Tosh, R. Malyarenko, E. TI Experimental observations of convection in an ultrasound thermometer for measuring absorbed dose to water SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 22-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Luna Innovat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2453 EP 2453 DI 10.1118/1.2760886 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479600584 ER PT J AU Bambynek, M Soares, C AF Bambynek, M. Soares, C. TI Intercomparison of primary standards at PTB and NIST for the realization of the unit of absorbed dose to water for beta particle brachytherapy sources SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 22-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2463 EP 2463 DI 10.1118/1.2760928 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479600626 ER PT J AU Malyarenko, E Heyman, J Chen-Mayer, H Tosh, R AF Malyarenko, E. Heyman, J. Chen-Mayer, H. Tosh, R. TI High-resolution digital ultrasonic thermometers SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 22-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Luna Innovat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 34 IS 6 BP 2597 EP 2597 DI 10.1118/1.2761543 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 182BH UT WOS:000247479601153 ER PT J AU Hendricks, JH Miiller, AP AF Hendricks, J. H. Miiller, A. P. TI Development of a new high-stability transfer standard based on resonant silicon gauges for the range 100 Pa to 130 kPa SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE; MANOMETERS AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a new transfer standard capable of absolute-mode and differential-mode operation in the range 100 Pa to 130 kPa. This newly built transfer standard relies on resonant silicon gauges (RSGs) of the same type used to provide superior long-term calibration stability in NIST piloted international key comparisons CCM. P-K4 and CCM. P-K5, which covered absolute and differential pressure standards pressures up to 1 kPa (Miiller et al 2002 Metrologia 39 Tech. Suppl. 07001 and 07002). The new transfer standard package differs from the previous packages in that it fully covers the atmospheric pressure range (100 Pa to 130 kPa). This was made possible by the addition of a pair of 130 kPa RSGs to complement a pair of 10 kPa RSGs. The RSG transfer standard package has demonstrated good short-term zero stability and pressure resolution, and has demonstrated long-term instability of only a few ppm at 130 kPa, increasing to 0.01% at 100 Pa. The long-term instability is nominally commensurate with that associated with piston gauge standards, which are limited to pressures of nominally 10 kPa and higher. The main advantage of the new package is that it operates easily at lower pressures than piston gauges while still covering the atmospheric pressure range 100 Pa to 130 kPa. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hendricks, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jay.hendricks@nist.gov NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2007 VL 44 IS 3 BP 171 EP 176 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/44/3/002 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 176RQ UT WOS:000247103000006 ER PT J AU Quintanilla, JA Chen, JT Reidy, RF Allen, AJ AF Quintanilla, John A. Chen, Jordan T. Reidy, Richard F. Allen, Andrew J. TI Versatility and robustness of Gaussian random fields for modelling random media SO MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th World Congress on Computational Mechanics CY JUL 20-21, 2006 CL Los Angeles, CA ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; AEROGELS; CONDUCTIVITY; MORPHOLOGY; SCATTERING; COMPOSITE; SOLIDS AB One of the authors (JAQ) has recently introduced a method of modelling random materials using excursion sets of Gaussian random fields. This method uses convex quadratic programming to find the optimal admissible field autocorrelation function, providing both theoretical and computational advantages over other techniques such as simulated annealing. In this paper, we discuss the application of this algorithm to model various aerogel systems given small-angle neutron scattering data. We also present new results concerning the robustness of this method. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Math, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ N Texas, Texas Acad Math & Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Mat Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Quintanilla, JA (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Math, POB 311430, Denton, TX 76203 USA. EM jquintanilla@unt.edu; theevenprime2@yahoo.com; reidy@unt.edu; andrew.allen@nist.gov NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0965-0393 J9 MODEL SIMUL MATER SC JI Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 15 IS 4 SI SI BP S337 EP S351 DI 10.1088/0965-0393/15/4/S02 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 176RT UT WOS:000247103300003 ER PT J AU Hoelzel, AR Hey, J Dahlheim, ME Nicholson, C Burkanov, V Black, N AF Hoelzel, A. Rus Hey, Jody Dahlheim, Marilyn E. Nicholson, Colin Burkanov, Vladimir Black, Nancy TI Evolution of population structure in a highly social top predator, the killer whale SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE evolution; population genetics; marine mammal; social behavior ID MICROSATELLITE ALLELE FREQUENCIES; EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC; ORCINUS-ORCA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; MUTATION-RATES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; DIFFERENTIATION; DISPERSAL; SIZE; SPECIALIZATION AB Intraspecific resource partitioning. and social affiliations both have the potential to structure populations, though it is rarely possible to directly assess the impact of these mechanisms on genetic diversity and population divergence. Here, we address this for killer whales (Orcinus orca), which specialize on prey species and hunting strategy and have longterm social affiliations involving both males and females. We used genetic markers to assess the structure and demographic history of regional populations and test the hypothesis that known foraging specializations and matrifocal sociality contributed significantly to the evolution of population structure. We find genetic structure in sympatry between populations of foraging specialists (ecotypes) and evidence for isolation by distance within an ecotype. Fitting of an isolation with migration model suggested ongoing, low-level migration between regional populations (within and between ecotypes) and small effective sizes for extant local populations. The founding of local populations by matrifocal social groups was indicated by the pattern of fixed mtDNA haplotypes in regional populations. Simulations indicate that this occurred within the last 20,000 years (after the last glacial maximum). Our data indicate a key role for social and foraging behavior in the evolution of genetic structure among conspecific populations of the killer whale. C1 Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3HP, England. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Monterey Bay Cetacean Project, Pacific Grove, CA USA. RP Hoelzel, AR (reprint author), Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3HP, England. EM a.r.hoeizel@dur.ac.uk RI Hey, Jody/D-1257-2009 NR 53 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 7 U2 110 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1407 EP 1415 DI 10.1093/molbev/msm063 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 178FX UT WOS:000247207700014 PM 17400573 ER PT J AU Araki, H Waples, RS Blouin, MS AF Araki, Hitoshi Waples, Robin S. Blouin, Michael S. TI A potential bias in the temporal method for estimating N-e in admixed populations under natural selection SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE effective population size; hatchery program; migration; natural selection; steelhead; temporal method ID LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; ALLELE FREQUENCY; GENETIC COMPENSATION; STEELHEAD TROUT; EFFECTIVE SIZE; LOCI; CONSERVATION; POLYMORPHISM; PROGRAMS; HATCHERY AB Indirect genetic methods are frequently used to estimate the effective population size (N-e) or effective number of breeders (N-b) in natural populations. Although assumptions behind these methods are often violated, there have been few attempts to evaluate how accurate these estimates really are in practice. Here we investigate the influence of natural selection following a population admixture on the temporal method for estimating N-e. Our analytical and simulation results suggest that N-e is often underestimated in this method when subpopulations differ substantially in allele frequencies and in reproductive success. The underestimation is exacerbated when true N-e and the fraction of the low-fitness group are large. As an empirical example, we compared N-b estimated in natural populations of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using the temporal method (N-b[temp]) with estimates based on direct demographic methods (N-b[demo]) and the linkage disequilibrium method (N-b[LD]). While N-b[LD] was generally in close agreement with N-b[demo], N-b[temp] was much lower in sample sets that were dominated by nonlocal hatchery fish with low reproductive success, as predicted by the analytical results. This bias in the temporal method, which arises when genes associated with a particular group of parents are selected against in the offspring sample, has not been widely appreciated before. Such situations may be particularly common when artificial propagation or translocations are used for conservation. The linkage disequilibrium method, which requires data from only one sample, is robust to this type of bias, although it can be affected by other factors. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Araki, H (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM arakih@science.oregonstate.edu RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2261 EP 2271 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03307.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 177TR UT WOS:000247175900006 PM 17561889 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Knox, JA AF Schultz, David M. Knox, John A. TI Banded convection caused by frontogenesis in a conditionally, symmetrically, and inertially unstable environment SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID US CYCLONES; INSTABILITY; STABILITY; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATIONS; MODEL AB Several east-west-oriented bands of clouds and light rain formed on 20 July 2005 over eastern Montana and the Dakotas. The cloud bands were spaced about 150 km apart, and the most intense band was about 20 km wide and 300 km long, featuring areas of maximum radar reflectivity factor of about 50 dBZ. The cloud bands formed poleward of an area of lower-tropospheric frontogenesis, where air of modest convective available potential energy was being lifted. During initiation and maintenance of the bands, mesoscale regions of dry symmetric and inertial instability were present in the region of the bands, suggesting a possible mechanism for the banding. Interpretation of the extant instabilities in the region of the bands was sensitive to the methodology to assess the instability. The release of these instabilities produced circulations with enough vertical motion to lift parcels to their lifting condensation level, resulting in the observed cloud bands. A high-resolution, numerical weather prediction model demonstrated that forecasting these types of events in such real-time models is possible, although the timing, evolution, and spacing of the bands were not faithfully reproduced. This case is compared to two previous cases in the literature where banded convection was associated with a combination of conditional, symmetric, and inertial instability. C1 NOAA, NSSL, FRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Georgia, Fac Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, FRDD, Suite 4356,120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 33 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 135 IS 6 BP 2095 EP 2110 DI 10.1175/MWR3400.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183FZ UT WOS:000247559400004 ER PT J AU Jacob, SD Koblinsky, CJ AF Jacob, S. Daniel Koblinsky, Chester J. TI Effects of precipitation on the upper-ocean response to a hurricane SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MIXED-LAYER RESPONSE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITIES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; CLOSURE-MODEL; TURBULENCE; MOMENTUM; RAINFALL; HEAT AB The effect of precipitation on the upper-ocean response during a tropical cyclone passage is investigated using a numerical model in this paper. For realistic wind forcing and empirical rain rates based on satellite climatology, numerical simulations are performed with and without precipitation forcing to delineate the effects of freshwater forcing on the upper-ocean heat and salt budgets. Additionally, the performance of five mixing parameterizations is also examined for the two forcing conditions to understand the sensitivity of simulated ocean response. Overall, results from 15 numerical experiments are analyzed to quantify the precipitation effects on the oceanic mixed layer and the upper ocean. Simulated fields for the same mixing scheme with and without precipitation indicate a decrease in the upper-ocean cooling of about 0.2-0.5 degrees C. This is mainly due to reduced mixing of colder water from below induced by the increased stability of the added freshwater. The cooler rainwater contributes a maximum of approximately 10% to the total surface heat loss from the ocean. The rate of freshening due to precipitation exceeds the rate of mixing of the more saline water from below, leading to a change in sign of the mixed layer salinity response. As seen in earlier studies, large uncertainty exists in the simulated upper-ocean response due to the choice of mixing parameterization. Although the nature of simulated response remains similar for all the mixing schemes, the magnitude of freshening and cooling varies by as much as 0.5 psu and 1 degrees C between the schemes to the right of the storm track. While changes in the mixed layer and in the top 100 m of heat and salt budgets are strongly influenced by the choice of mixing scheme, integrated budgets in the top 200 m are seen to be affected more by advection and surface fluxes. However, since the estimated surface fluxes depend upon the simulated sea surface temperature, the choice of mixing scheme is crucial for realistic coupled predictive models. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Jacob, SD (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, 5523 Res Pk Dr,Suite 320, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM jacob@umbc.edu NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 135 IS 6 BP 2207 EP 2225 DI 10.1175/MWR3366.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183FZ UT WOS:000247559400010 ER PT J AU Wilks, DS Hamill, TM AF Wilks, Daniel S. Hamill, Thomas M. TI Comparison of ensemble-MOS methods using GFS reforecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; PREDICTION SYSTEM; SINGULAR VECTORS; PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; DRESSING KERNEL; UMOS SYSTEM; WEATHER; ECMWF AB Three recently proposed and promising methods for postprocessing ensemble forecasts based on their historical error characteristics (i.e., ensemble-model output statistics methods) are compared using a multidecadal reforecast dataset. Logistic regressions and nonhomogeneous Gaussian regressions are generally preferred for daily temperature, and for medium-range (6-10 and 8-14 day) temperature and precipitation forecasts. However, the better sharpness of medium-range ensemble-dressing forecasts sometimes yields the best Brier scores even though their calibration is somewhat worse. Using the long (15 or 25 yr) training samples that are available with these reforecasts improves the accuracy and skill of these probabilistic forecasts to levels that are approximately equivalent to gains of 1 day of lead time, relative to using short (1 or 2 yr) training samples. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Wilks, DS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM dsw5@cornell.edu NR 46 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 135 IS 6 BP 2379 EP 2390 DI 10.1175/MWR3402.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183FZ UT WOS:000247559400020 ER PT J AU Wurman, J Richardson, Y Alexander, C Weygandt, S Zhang, PF AF Wurman, Joshua Richardson, Yvette Alexander, Curtis Weygandt, Stephen Zhang, Peng Fei TI Dual-Doppler analysis of winds and vorticity budget terms near a tornado SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; PART I; SINGLE-DOPPLER; SOUTH-DAKOTA; 1998 SPENCER; VORTEX 95; STORM; EVOLUTION; MOBILE AB Three-dimensional dual-Doppler observations with unprecedented finescale spatial and temporal resolution are used to characterize the vector wind field and vorticity generation terms in and near a weak, short-lived tornado. The beam widths of the two Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radars, at the range of the tornado, are 250 m with gate lengths of 75 m, resulting in a resolution of less than 10(7) m(3). One of the DOWs collected data during the 240 s prior to the formation of the tornado, enabling examination of the genesis process. A single set of volumetric scans suitable for dual-Doppler analyses were completed by both DOWs, permitting the calculation of vertical and horizontal vorticity, divergence, and stretching and tilting terms in the vorticity budget of the large but weak tornado and its surroundings, but no local tendency terms. Analyses of the dual-Doppler vector wind fields document, for the first time in a supercellular tornado, revealed several structures expected to be associated with tornadoes, including the tilting of horizontal vorticity into the vertical near the tornado, and stretching of vertical vorticity in the region of the tornado. The analyses are compared to conceptual and computer models of tornadic storms, confirming the existence of various phenomena and processes, although some model predictions, particularly those concerning the distribution of horizontal vorticity, could not be verified through these analyses. The observed magnitudes of stretching of vertical vorticity and tilting of horizontal vorticity are consistent with those necessary for generating the observed vorticity near the tornado. C1 Ctr Severe Weather Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Wurman, J (reprint author), Ctr Severe Weather Res, 1945 Vassar Circle, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwurman@cswr.org RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013; Alexander, Curtis/G-4439-2015; Weygandt, Stephen/E-7497-2015 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074; Alexander, Curtis/0000-0001-7888-609X; NR 54 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 135 IS 6 BP 2392 EP 2405 DI 10.1175/MWR3404.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183FZ UT WOS:000247559400021 ER PT J AU Kumar, TSVV Sanjay, J Basu, BK Mitra, AK Rao, DVB Sharma, OP Pal, PK Krishnamurti, TN AF Kumar, T. S. V. Vijaya Sanjay, J. Basu, B. K. Mitra, A. K. Rao, D. V. Bhaskar Sharma, O. P. Pal, P. K. Krishnamurti, T. N. TI Experimental superensemble forecasts of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE tropical cyclones; superensemble; numerical models ID HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; MULTIMODEL SUPERENSEMBLE; WEATHER PREDICTION; PHYSICAL INITIALIZATION; INTENSITY FORECASTS; SEASONAL CLIMATE; PART I; SIMULATION; CIRCULATION AB This study entails the implementation of an experimental real time forecast capability for tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal basin of North Indian Ocean. This work is being built on the experience gained from a number of recent studies using the concept of superensemble developed at the Florida State University (FSU). Real time hurricane forecasts are one of the major components of superensemble modeling at FSU. The superensemble approach of training followed by real time forecasts produces the best forecasts for tracks and intensity (up to 5 days) of Atlantic hurricanes and Pacific typhoons. Improvements in track forecasts of about 25-35% compared to current operational forecast models has been noted over the Atlantic Ocean basin. The intensity forecasts for hurricanes are only marginally better than the best models. In this paper, we address tropical cyclone forecasts over the Bay of Bengal for the years 1996-2000. The main result from this study is that the position and intensity errors for tropical cyclone forecasts over the Bay of Bengal from the multimodel superensemble are generally less than those of all of the participating models during 1- to 3-day forecasts. Some of the major tropical cyclones, such as the November 1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone and October 1999 Orissa super cyclone were well handled by this superensemble approach. A conclusion from this study is that the proposed approach may be a viable way to construct improved forecasts of Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone positions and intensity. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Andhra Univ, Dept Meteorol & Oceanog, Visakhapatnam, India. Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi, India. ISRO, SAC, Meteorol & Oceanog Grp, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. RP Kumar, TSVV (reprint author), SAIC, EPC, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vijay.tallapragada@noaa.gov RI Tallapragada, Vijaya Kumar/A-2421-2008 NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD JUN PY 2007 VL 41 IS 3 BP 471 EP 485 DI 10.1007/s11069-006-9055-4 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 169NJ UT WOS:000246598600009 ER PT J AU Takesue, H Nam, SW Zhang, Q Hadfield, RH Honjo, T Tamaki, K Yamamoto, Y AF Takesue, Hiroki Nam, Sae Woo Zhang, Qiang Hadfield, Robert H. Honjo, Toshimori Tamaki, Kiyoshi Yamamoto, Yoshihisa TI Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors SO NATURE PHOTONICS LA English DT Article ID SECURE COMMUNICATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; FIBER AB We report the first quantum key distribution (QKD) experiment to enable the creation of secure keys over 42 dB channel loss and 200 km of optical fibre. We used the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol, implemented with a 10-GHz clock frequency and superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD) based on NbN nanowires. The SSPD offers a very low dark count rate (a few Hz) and small timing jitter (60 ps, full width at half maximum, FWHM). These characteristics allowed us to achieve a 12.1 bit s(-1) secure key rate over 200 km of fibre, which is the longest terrestrial QKD over a fibre link yet demonstrated. Moreover, this is the first 10-GHz clock QKD system to enable secure key generation. The keys generated in our experiment are secure against both general collective attacks on individual photons and a specific collective attack on multiphotons, known as a sequential unambiguous state discrimination (USD) attack. C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Informat, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1018430, Japan. RP Takesue, H (reprint author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. EM htakesue@will.brl.ntt.co.jp RI 张, 强/B-1292-2012; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa/A-2811-2012; Takesue, Hiroki/J-4514-2012; Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 39 TC 402 Z9 418 U1 10 U2 86 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1749-4885 J9 NAT PHOTONICS JI Nat. Photonics PD JUN PY 2007 VL 1 IS 6 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1038/nphoton.2007.75 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 180EG UT WOS:000247344500012 ER PT J AU Sisti, M AF Sisti, M. CA MARE collaboration TI MARE: Re-187 beta spectrum analysis with bolometric techniques SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Neutrino Oscillation Workshop (NOW 2006) CY SEP 09-15, 2006 CL Otranto, ITALY SP INFN, Dept Phys, MUR, Univ Bari & Lecce, European Network Theoret Astroparticle Phys AB A large worldwide collaboration is growing around the project of Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment (MARE) for a direct calorimetric measurement of the neutrino mass with a sensitivity of about 0.2 eV. Many groups are joining their experiences and technical expertises in a common effort towards this challenging experiment which will use the most recent and advanced developments of the thermal detection technique. The expected impact of MARE as a complement of the KATRIN experiment will also be discussed. C1 Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Univ Genoa, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Genoa, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Heidelberg, Kirkhhof Inst Phys, Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Milano Bicocca, INFN Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. IRST, ITC, I-38050 Trento, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Padua, Italy. PTB, Berlin, Germany. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFN Roma 1, Rome, Italy. SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sisti, M (reprint author), Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Milano Bicocca, Via Celoria 16, Milan, Italy. RI Sisti, Monica/B-7550-2013 OI Sisti, Monica/0000-0003-2517-1909 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5632 J9 NUCL PHYS B-PROC SUP JI Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 168 BP 48 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.02.004 PG 3 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 182WY UT WOS:000247535900011 ER PT J AU Oey, LY Ezer, T Hu, CM Muller-Karger, FE AF Oey, Lie-Yauw Ezer, Tal Hu, Chuanmin Muller-Karger, Frank E. TI Baroclinic tidal flows and inundation processes in Cook Inlet, Alaska: numerical modeling and satellite observations SO OCEAN DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE numerical model; tides; inundation; Satellite data; MODIS; Alaska ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SHALLOW-WATER FLOW; LOOP CURRENT; SIMULATION; CIRCULATION; SEA; SENSITIVITY; EQUATIONS; SCHEME AB A wetting and drying (WAD) algorithm is implemented in a baroclinic three-dimensional ocean circulation model of Cook Inlet, Alaska, where large tidal ranges (approximate to 10 m) regularly expose extensive mudflats. The model includes tides and wind- and buoyancy-induced flows. In the upper Inlet, the model successfully simulates large amplification of tides and propagation of fast (3 similar to 4 m s(-1)) tidal bores over shallow mudflats. The simulated return flows during ebb expose large areas (similar to 100 km(2)) of the mudflats. Medium-resolution (250- and 500-m) images obtained from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites were used to verify the model results by identifying the location, extent, and temporal changes of the exposed mudflat regions. The results demonstrate the value of operational, medium-resolution remote sensing data in evaluating the WAD model. Sensitivity tests show that WAD produces approximately 20% larger tidal amplitude and 10% slower phase than the corresponding experiment without WAD. In the deep channel of the central Inlet, the confluence of saline water of the lower Inlet with brackish water from rivers and melting ice from land around the upper Inlet produces a salinity front. At the simulated front, strong vertical circulation cells and surface convergence and currents develop, especially during the flood. The characteristics resemble those of "rip tides" often observed in this region. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ S Florida, Ctr Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. EM ezer@splash.princeton.edu RI hu, chuanmin/J-5021-2012; OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 NR 45 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1616-7341 EI 1616-7228 J9 OCEAN DYNAM JI Ocean Dyn. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 57 IS 3 BP 205 EP 221 DI 10.1007/s10236-007-0103-8 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 184QM UT WOS:000247656800005 ER PT J AU D'Errico, M Parlanti, E Teson, M Degan, P Lemma, T Calcagnile, A Iavarone, I Jaruga, P Ropolo, M Pedrini, AM Orioli, D Frosina, G Zambruno, G Dizdaroglu, M Stefanini, M Dogliotti, E AF D'Errico, M. Parlanti, E. Teson, M. Degan, P. Lemma, T. Calcagnile, A. Iavarone, I. Jaruga, P. Ropolo, M. Pedrini, A. M. Orioli, D. Frosina, G. Zambruno, G. Dizdaroglu, M. Stefanini, M. Dogliotti, E. TI The role of CSA in the response to oxidative DNA damage in human cells SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE cockayne syndrome; DNA repair; keratinocytes; oxidative DNA damage ID GROUP-B PROTEIN; COCKAYNE-SYNDROME; EXCISION-REPAIR; GENE-PRODUCT; TRANSCRIPTION; LESIONS; DEFICIENT; PATHWAY AB Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by severe growth, mental retardation and pronounced cachexia. CS is most frequently due to mutations in either of two genes, CSB and CSA. Evidence for a role of CSB protein in the repair of oxidative DNA damage has been provided recently. Here, we show that CSA is also involved in the response to oxidative stress. CS-A human primary. fibroblasts and keratinocytes showed hypersensitivity to potassium bromate, a specific inducer of oxidative damage. This was associated with inefficient repair of oxidatively induced DNA lesions, namely 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) and (5 ' S)-8,5 '-cyclo 2 '-deoxyadenosine. Expression of the wild-type CSA in the CS-A cell line CS3BE significantly decreased the steady-state level of 8-OH-Gua and increased its repair rate following oxidant treatment. CS-A cell extracts showed normal 8-OH-Gua cleavage activity in an in vitro assay, whereas CS-B cell extracts were con. firmed to be defective. Our data provide the. first in vivo evidence that CSA protein contributes to prevent accumulation of various oxidized DNA bases and underline specific functions of CSB not shared with CSA. These. findings support the hypothesis that defective repair of oxidative DNA damage is involved in the clinical features of CS patients. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Dept Environm & Primary Prevent, Consiglio Nazl Ricerche, I-00161 Rome, Italy. IRCCS, Ist Dermopat Immacolata, Lab Mol & Cell Biol, Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Ric Canc, Dept Translat Oncol, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Genet Mol, Pavia, Italy. RP Dogliotti, E (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Dept Environm & Primary Prevent, Consiglio Nazl Ricerche, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. EM dogliott@iss.it RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015; OI ORIOLI, DONATA/0000-0002-3830-3408 NR 30 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD JUN PY 2007 VL 26 IS 30 BP 4336 EP 4343 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1210232 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 184CZ UT WOS:000247620000002 PM 17297471 ER PT J AU Hansen, JA Penland, C AF Hansen, James A. Penland, Cecile TI On stochastic parameter estimation using data assimilation SO PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Data Assimilation for Geophysical Systems Program CY 2005 CL Stat & Appl Math Sci Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC HO Stat & Appl Math Sci Inst DE data assimilation; parameter estimation; stochastic differential equations; central limit theorem ID DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; KALMAN FILTER; MODELS; ERROR AB Data assimilation-based parameter estimation can be used to deterministically tune forecast models. This work demonstrates that it can also be used to provide parameter distributions for use by stochastic parameterization schemes. While parameter estimation is (theoretically) straightforward to perform, it is not clear how one should physically interpret the parameter values obtained. Structural model inadequacy implies that one should not search for a deterministic "best" set of parameter values, but rather allow the parameter values to change as a function of state; different parameter values will be needed to compensate for the state-dependent variations of realistic model inadequacy. Over time, a distribution of parameter values will be generated and this distribution can be sampled during forecasts. The current work addresses the ability of ensemble-based parameter estimation techniques utilizing a deterministic model to estimate the moments of stochastic parameters. It is shown that when the system of interest is stochastic the expected variability of a stochastic parameter is biased when a deterministic model is employed for parameter estimation. However, this bias is ameliorated through application of the Central Limit Theorem, and good estimates of both the first and second moments of the stochastic parameter can be obtained. It is also shown that the biased variability information can be utilized to construct a hybrid stochastic/deterministic integration scheme that is able to accurately approximate the evolution of the true stochastic system. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, ESRL, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hansen, JA (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM Jim.Hansen@nrlmry.navy.mil; Cecile.Penland@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD JUN PY 2007 VL 230 IS 1-2 BP 88 EP 98 DI 10.1016/j.physd.2006.11.006 PG 11 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 183QQ UT WOS:000247587700009 ER PT J AU Toth, Z Pena, M AF Toth, Zoltan Pena, Malaquias TI Data assimilation and numerical forecasting with imperfect models: The mapping paradigm SO PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Data Assimilation for Geophysical Systems Program CY 2005 CL Stat & Appl Math Sci Inst, Research Triangle Pk, NC HO Stat & Appl Math Sci Inst DE model drift; asymptotic model error; initializing imperfect models; numerical forecasting ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; BIAS; PREDICTIONS; MOISTURE AB Errors in numerical forecasts arise due to errors in the initial conditions and the discrepancies between the model and nature (and may amplify due to chaos). In a quest to reduce forecast errors, initial conditions for forecast integrations are traditionally chosen to be as close to nature as possible. When such an initial condition (analysis) is used to initialize an imperfect model that is systematically different from nature, the model will drift from a state on or near the attractor of nature to a state near the model's attractor. Such a drift will induce forecast errors. To reduce drift-induced errors, a mapping paradigm is proposed where a link (i.e., mapping vector) is established between states of nature and corresponding states on (or near) the model attractor. Observations from near the attractor of nature are moved with the mapping vector to the vicinity of the model attractor. Data assimilation is performed with the mapped observations and the mapped initial conditions are then used to initialize model forecasts to be used in the next assimilation cycle. For practical applications, the mapped initial conditions as well as the forecasts are "remapped" back to be close to nature using the mapping vector with an opposite sign. The mapping paradigm is demonstrated in a setting where a simple Lorenz model is used to generate "nature" and a modified version is used as an imperfect model. The mapping vector is first estimated as the difference between the climate mean of nature and the model. Model related errors in the Lorenz system with the mapping algorithm are reduced by 67%, leading to improvements in the quality of both the numerical forecasts made with the imperfect model and the analyses produced with the forecasts. Considering that the mapping vector may be a function of phase space location or no long-term climatology for nature or the model may be available, an adaptive approach that can be used with a relatively small amount of data was also introduced and successfully tested. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Toth, Z (reprint author), NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Zoltan.Toth@noaa.gov RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD JUN PY 2007 VL 230 IS 1-2 BP 146 EP 158 DI 10.1016/j.physd.2006.08.016 PG 13 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 183QQ UT WOS:000247587700013 ER PT J AU Wu, SY Li, WH Yang, CC Lynn, JW Liu, RS AF Wu, S. Y. Li, W.-H. Yang, C. C. Lynn, J. W. Liu, R. S. TI Magnetic ordering of Mn and Ru in (La-0.52 Ba-0.48)(Mn0.51Ru0.49)O-3 SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES; PHASE-DIAGRAM; PEROVSKITES; MAGNETORESISTANCE; SR; BA; FERROMAGNETISM; METALLICITY; MANGANITES; MOSSBAUER AB Neutron diffraction, dc magnetization, and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed to study the magnetic properties of perovskite (La0.52Ba0.48) (Mn0.51Ru0.49)O-3. The compound crystallizes into a cubic Pm(3) over bar m symmetry with a lattice constant of a = 3.9661(4) angstrom at room temperature. Two anomalies, at around 160 and 60 K, can clearly be seen in the ac susceptibility results, with the peak positions for both anomalies shifting to a higher temperature as a dc magnetic field is applied. Neutron magnetic diffraction measurements show that the anomalies that occur at high and low temperatures are associated with the ferromagnetic ordering of the Mn and the Ru spins, respectively. The ordering temperatures for the Mn and Ru spins were found to be T-C (Mn) approximate to 195 K and T-C(Ru) approximate to 80 K, with a saturated moment of (mu(z-Mn)) = 2.21(5)mu(B). for the Mn spins and (mu(z-Ru)) = 1.00(5)mu(B) for the Ru spins. (C) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. C1 Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Phys, Hualien 97401, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP Wu, SY (reprint author), Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Phys, Hualien 97401, Taiwan. EM sywu@mail.ndhu.edu.tw RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0370-1972 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B JI Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Phys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 244 IS 6 BP 2233 EP 2241 DI 10.1002/pssb.200642028 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 179ZB UT WOS:000247328200061 ER PT J AU Amini, JM Munger, CT Gould, H AF Amini, Jason M. Munger, Charles T., Jr. Gould, Harvey TI Electron electric-dipole-moment experiment using electric-field quantized slow cesium atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID UPPER LIMIT; SPLIT SUPERSYMMETRY; ENHANCEMENT FACTOR; THALLIUM FLUORIDE; VIOLATION; SEARCH; STATE; ASYMMETRY; PHYSICS; LINE AB A proof-of-principle electron electric-dipole-moment (e-EDM) experiment using slow cesium atoms, nulled magnetic fields, and electric-field quantization has been performed. With the ambient magnetic fields seen by the atoms reduced to less than 200 pT, an electric field of 6 MV/m lifts the degeneracy between states of unequal vertical bar m(F)vertical bar and, along with the low (approximate to 3 m/s) velocity, suppresses the systematic effect from the motional magnetic field. The low velocity and small residual magnetic field have made it possible to induce transitions between states and to perform state preparation, analysis, and detection in regions free of applied static magnetic and electric fields. This experiment demonstrates techniques that may be used to improve the e-EDM limit by two orders of magnitude, but it is not in itself a sensitive e-EDM search, mostly due to limitations of the laser system. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Amini, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS 847-00,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM JAmini@PhysicsJazz.info; Charles@SLAC.stanford.edu; HAGould@lbl.gov NR 50 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 063416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063416 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 184EQ UT WOS:000247624300131 ER PT J AU Obrecht, JM Wild, RJ Cornell, EA AF Obrecht, J. M. Wild, R. J. Cornell, E. A. TI Measuring electric fields from surface contaminants with neutral atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-GRADIOMETER; CONSTANT AB In this paper we demonstrate a technique of utilizing magnetically trapped neutral Rb-87 atoms to measure the magnitude and direction of stray electric fields emanating from surface contaminants. We apply an alternating external electric field that adds to (or subtracts from) the stray field in such a way as to resonantly drive the trapped atoms into a mechanical dipole oscillation. The growth rate of the oscillation's amplitude provides information about the magnitude and sign of the stray field gradient. Using this measurement technique, we are able to reconstruct the vector electric field produced by surface contaminants. In addition, we can accurately measure the electric fields generated from adsorbed atoms purposely placed onto the surface and account for their systematic effects, which can plague a precision surface-force measurement. We show that baking the substrate can reduce the electric fields emanating from adsorbate and that the mechanism for reduction is likely surface diffusion, not desorption. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Obrecht, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM john.obrecht@colorado.edu RI Wild, Robert/I-1963-2013 OI Wild, Robert/0000-0002-4800-5172 NR 14 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 062903 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.062903 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 184EQ UT WOS:000247624300108 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Burnett, K Satija, II Clark, CW AF Rey, Ana Maria Burnett, Keith Satija, Indubala I. Clark, Charles W. TI Entanglement and the Mott transition in a rotating bosonic ring lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TONKS-GIRARDEAU GAS; OPTICAL LATTICE; SUPERFLUID; PHASES; ATOMS AB We use second- and fourth-order correlation functions accessible in time-of-flight images to investigate the effects of rotation on one-dimensional ultracold bosons confined to a ring lattice. There exists a critical rotation frequency at which the ground state of a weakly interacting and integer-filled atomic gas is fragmented into a macroscopic superposition of two states with different circulation. The formation of such a quantum superposition ("cat") state is accompanied by the opening of a gap in the spectrum, and by a sudden rearrangement of the momentum distribution which lowers the threshold of the Mott insulator transition. We show that both the entangled character of the ground state and the enhancement of quantum correlations can be detected in the density-density correlations of the expanding cloud. Our studies demonstrate the usefulness of these correlations for identifying physics in cold atomic systems. C1 Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Inst Theoret Atom Mol & Opt Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM arey@cfa.harvard.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 33 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 063616 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063616 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 184EQ UT WOS:000247624300159 ER PT J AU Stickney, JA Anderson, DZ Zozulya, AA AF Stickney, James A. Anderson, Dana Z. Zozulya, Alex A. TI Increasing the coherence time of Bose-Einstein-condensate interferometers with optical control of dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID WAVE INTERFEROMETRY; DEPENDENT TRAPS; CHIP; GAS AB Atom interferometers using Bose-Einstein condensate that is confined in a waveguide and manipulated by optical pulses have been limited by their short coherence times. We present a theoretical model that offers a physically simple explanation for the loss of contrast and propose the method for increasing the fringe contrast by recombining the atoms at a different time. A simple, quantitatively accurate, analytical expression for the optimized recombination time is presented and used to place limits on the physical parameters for which the contrast may be recovered. C1 Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stickney, JA (reprint author), Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, 100 Inst Rd, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 063603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063603 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 184EQ UT WOS:000247624300146 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Stone, MB Kenzelmann, M Batista, CD Reich, DH Broholm, C AF Chen, Y. Stone, M. B. Kenzelmann, M. Batista, C. D. Reich, D. H. Broholm, C. TI Phase diagram and spin Hamiltonian of weakly-coupled anisotropic S=1/2 chains in CuCl2 center dot 2((CD3)(2)SO) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FIELD-INDUCED GAP; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ANTIFERROMAGNETIC CHAINS; COPPER BENZOATE; SUSCEPTIBILITIES; FERROMAGNETISM; DYNAMICS AB Field-dependent specific heat and neutron scattering measurements were used to explore the antiferromagnetic S=1/2 chain compound CuCl2 center dot 2((CD3)(2)SO). At zero field the system acquires magnetic long-range order below T-N=0.93 K with an ordered moment of 0.44 mu(B). An external field along the b axis strengthens the zero-field magnetic order, while fields along the a and c axes lead to a collapse of the exchange stabilized order at mu H-0(c)=6 T and mu H-0(c)=4 T (extrapolated to zero temperature) and the formation of an energy gap in the excitation spectrum. We relate the field-induced gap to the presence of a staggered g-tensor and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, which lead to effective staggered fields for magnetic fields applied along the a and c axes. Competition between anisotropy, interchain interactions, and staggered fields leads to a succession of three phases as a function of field applied along the c axis. For fields greater than mu H-0(c), we find a magnetic structure that reflects the symmetry of the staggered fields. The critical exponent, beta, of the temperature driven phase transitions are indistinguishable from those of the three-dimensional Heisenberg magnet, while measurements for transitions driven by quantum fluctuations produce larger values of beta. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. ETH, Solid State Phys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008; Batista, Cristian/J-8008-2016 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826; NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 21 AR 214409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.214409 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 184EU UT WOS:000247624700061 ER PT J AU Diaz, JG Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M AF Diaz, J. G. Bryant, Garnett W. Jaskolski, W. Zielinski, M. TI Theory of InP nanocrystals under pressure SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TIGHT-BINDING APPROACH; BAND-GAP TRANSITION; BOND-ORBITAL MODEL; QUANTUM DOTS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; SURFACE; SEMICONDUCTORS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AB An empirical tight-binding theory which includes the effects of lattice relaxation is employed to investigate the optoelectronic properties of InP nanocrystals under external hydrostatic pressure. For bulk InP, our model accurately describes the evolution of the lowest conduction-band edges with pressure and predicts the Gamma(1c)-X-1c crossover at the same lattice contraction as measured in experiment. For small InP nanocrystals, the lattice-relaxed tight-binding model is compared with a tight-binding model which assumes a scaled bulklike arrangement for the atoms in the nanocrystal. Atomistic bond-length-scaling models predict that a direct-to-indirect band gap (the Gamma(1c)-X-1c crossing) produces the redshift observed experimentally in nanocrystals at high pressure. However, the scaling models are not able to describe quantitatively the band-gap evolution with pressure. When lattice relaxation effects are included, the band-gap dependence on pressure agrees quantitatively with the experimental results. The agreement in the band-gap variation with pressure is due to the stronger mixture between Gamma(1c) and L-1c minima and the more localized character of hole states. Moreover, in the lattice-relaxed model, the experimental redshift results as a transition of the lowest states from bound states localized inside the dot to surfacelike states on the dot exterior, rather than as the direct-to-indirect band gap crossover. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UMK, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Diaz, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM garnett.bryant@nist.gov RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014; Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876; Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504 NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 24 AR 245433 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.245433 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 184EX UT WOS:000247625000132 ER PT J AU Pomeroy, JM Perrella, AC Grube, H Gillaspy, JD AF Pomeroy, J. M. Perrella, A. C. Grube, H. Gillaspy, J. D. TI Gold nanostructures created by highly charged ions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; SLOW; INSULATORS; EMISSION; SINGLE; IMPACT; AFM AB Nanometer-sized structures produced by individual highly charged ion (HCI) impacts are now reported on a high-conductivity surface, and examined by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Highly charged ions, e.g., Bi81+, represent an exotic form of terrestrial matter with neutralization energies that can exceed 375 keV per ion, and velocities in excess of 1000 km/s from only moderate electrostatic potentials (15 kV). In the experiment presented here, a single-crystal Au(111) sample was irradiated with Xe25+ and Xe44+, which are vastly different in their neutralization energies. They have moderate velocities (slow compared to Bohr velocity) to maximize the likelihood of observing features and similar nuclear stopping powers. STM analysis indicates that the neutralization energy is less significant in forming features on gold than reported in low-free-electron-density systems. These results support the hypothesis that gold's high free-electron density enables efficient dissipation of the HCI's potential energy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pomeroy, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 24 AR 241409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.241409 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 184EX UT WOS:000247625000025 ER PT J AU Stiles, MD Saslow, WM Donahue, MJ Zangwill, A AF Stiles, M. D. Saslow, W. M. Donahue, M. J. Zangwill, A. TI Adiabatic domain wall motion and Landau-Lifshitz damping SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-POLARIZED CURRENT; IRREVERSIBLE MAGNETIZATION; EQUATION; FERROMAGNETS; NANOWIRES; CURRENTS AB Recent theory and measurements of the velocity of current-driven domain walls in magnetic nanowires have reopened the unresolved question of whether Landau-Lifshitz damping or Gilbert damping provides the more natural description of dissipative magnetization dynamics. In this paper, we argue that (as in the past) experiment cannot distinguish the two, but that Landau-Lifshitz damping, nevertheless, provides the most physically sensible interpretation of the equation of motion. From this perspective, (i) adiabatic spin-transfer torque dominates the dynamics with small corrections from nonadiabatic effects, (ii) the damping always decreases the magnetic free energy, and (iii) microscopic calculations of damping become consistent with general statistical and thermodynamic considerations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Stiles, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 52 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 6 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 21 AR 214423 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.214423 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 184EU UT WOS:000247624700075 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, V. K. TI Theory of nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering from Fe-57 in a single-walled carbon nanotube SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article AB A computationally efficient phonon Green's-function method is described for calculation of frequency spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes containing point defects. The method is generally applicable to defects in other nanostructures. The phonon Green's function is used to calculate line shapes of one-phonon lines in the nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering from Fe-57 embedded in a single-walled carbon nanotube. The line shapes are anisotropic and have some unusual features that can provide insight into the physical processes in nanomaterials at atomistic scales and can be used to characterize them. In particular, it may be possible to use the line shapes in certain directions to determine the chirality of a nanotube. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tewary@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 23 AR 235425 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.235425 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 184EW UT WOS:000247624900130 ER PT J AU Becker, CA Hoyt, JJ Buta, D Asta, M AF Becker, C. A. Hoyt, J. J. Buta, D. Asta, M. TI Crystal-melt interface stresses: Atomistic simulation calculations for a Lennard-Jones binary alloy, Stillinger-Weber Si, and embedded atom method Ni SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-STRESS; THIN-FILMS; FREE-ENERGY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; INTRINSIC STRESSES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SILICON; MODEL; RECONSTRUCTION; EQUILIBRIUM AB Molecular-dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations have been used to compute the crystal-melt interface stress (f) in a model Lennard-Jones (LJ) binary alloy system, as well as for elemental Si and Ni modeled by many-body Stillinger-Weber and embedded-atom-method (EAM) potentials, respectively. For the LJ alloys the interface stress in the (100) orientation was found to be negative and the f vs composition behavior exhibits a slight negative deviation from linearity. For Stillinger-Weber Si, a positive interface stress was found for both (100) and (111) interfaces: f(100)=(380 +/- 30) mJ/m(2) and f(111)=(300 +/- 10) mJ/m(2). The Si (100) and (111) interface stresses are roughly 80 and 65% of the value of the interfacial free energy (gamma), respectively. In EAM Ni we obtained f(100)=(22 +/- 74) mJ/m(2), which is an order of magnitude lower than gamma. A qualitative explanation for the trends in f is discussed. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Becker, CA (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 61 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 061610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.061610 PN 1 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 184EN UT WOS:000247624000075 PM 17677276 ER PT J AU Nagao, M Seto, H Yamada, NL AF Nagao, Michihiro Seto, Hideki Yamada, Norifumi L. TI Interaction between droplets in a ternary microemulsion evaluated by the relative form factor method SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-SCATTERING; 3-COMPONENT MICROEMULSION; OIL MICROEMULSIONS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; PROTEIN SOLUTIONS; PHASE-TRANSITION; CRITICAL REGION; DENSE DROPLET; MEAN-FIELD AB This paper describes the concentration dependence of the interaction between water droplets coated by a surfactant monolayer using the contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering technique. In the first part, we explain the idea of how to extract a relatively model free structure factor from the scattering data, which is called the relative form factor method. In the second part, the experimental results for the shape of the droplets (form factor) are described. In the third part the relatively model free structure factor is shown, and finally the concentration dependence of the interaction potential between droplets is discussed. The result indicates the validity of the relative form factor method, and the importance of the estimation of the model free structure factor to discuss the nature of structure formation in microemulsion systems. C1 Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Inst Mat Struct Sci, High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. RP Nagao, M (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. EM mnagao@indiana.edu OI Seto, Hideki/0000-0002-1658-3576 NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JUN PY 2007 VL 75 IS 6 AR 061401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.061401 PN 1 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 184EN UT WOS:000247624000056 PM 17677257 ER PT J AU Naaman, O Aumentado, J AF Naaman, O. Aumentado, J. TI Narrow-band microwave radiation from a biased single-Cooper-pair transistor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON TRANSISTOR; QUANTUM; READOUT AB We show that a single-Cooper-pair transistor (SCPT) electrometer emits narrow-band microwave radiation when biased in its subgap region. Photoexcitation of quasiparticle tunneling in a nearby SCPT is used to spectroscopically detect this radiation in a configuration that closely mimics a qubit-electrometer integrated circuit. We identify emission lines due to Josephson radiation and radiative transport processes in the electrometer and argue that a dissipative superconducting electrometer can severely disrupt the system it attempts to measure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Aumentado, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jose.aumentado@boulder.nist.gov RI Aumentado, Jose/C-2231-2009 OI Aumentado, Jose/0000-0001-5581-1466 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 22 AR 227001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.227001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 173ZD UT WOS:000246910100052 PM 17677871 ER PT J AU Rosenband, T Schmidt, PO Hume, DB Itano, WM Fortier, TM Stalnaker, JE Kim, K Diddams, SA Koelemeij, JCJ Bergquist, JC Wineland, DJ AF Rosenband, T. Schmidt, P. O. Hume, D. B. Itano, W. M. Fortier, T. M. Stalnaker, J. E. Kim, K. Diddams, S. A. Koelemeij, J. C. J. Bergquist, J. C. Wineland, D. J. TI Observation of the S-1(0)->(3)P0 clock transition in Al-27(+) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER FREQUENCY STANDARD; ION; SPECTROSCOPY; MOMENTS; NOISE AB We report, for the first time, laser spectroscopy of the S-1(0)-> P-3(0) clock transition in Al-27(+). A single aluminum ion and a single beryllium ion are simultaneously confined in a linear Paul trap, coupled by their mutual Coulomb repulsion. This coupling allows the beryllium ion to sympathetically cool the aluminum ion and also enables transfer of the aluminum's electronic state to the beryllium's hyperfine state, which can be measured with high fidelity. These techniques are applied to measure the clock transition frequency nu=1 121 015 393 207 851(6) Hz. They are also used to measure the lifetime of the metastable clock state tau=20.6 +/- 1.4 s, the ground state S-1(0) g factor g(S)=-0.000 792 48(14), and the excited state P-3(0) g factor g(P)=-0.001 976 86(21), in units of the Bohr magneton. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Rosenband, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM trosen@boulder.nist.gov RI Schmidt, Piet/F-6384-2011; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 OI Schmidt, Piet/0000-0003-0773-5889; NR 28 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 22 AR 220801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.220801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 173ZD UT WOS:000246910100011 PM 17677830 ER PT J AU Bruno, JF Selig, ER Casey, KS Page, CA Willis, BL Harvell, CD Sweatman, H Melendy, AM AF Bruno, John F. Selig, Elizabeth R. Casey, Kenneth S. Page, Cathie A. Willis, Bette L. Harvell, C. Drew Sweatman, Hugh Melendy, Amy M. TI Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks SO PLOS BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLACK-BAND-DISEASE; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; MASS MORTALITY; CARIBBEAN REEF; LONG-TERM; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS AB Very little is known about how environmental changes such as increasing temperature affect disease dynamics in the ocean, especially at large spatial scales. We asked whether the frequency of warm temperature anomalies is positively related to the frequency of coral disease across 1,500 km of Australia's Great Barrier Reef. We used a new high-resolution satellite dataset of ocean temperature and 6 y of coral disease and coral cover data from annual surveys of 48 reefs to answer this question. We found a highly significant relationship between the frequencies of warm temperature anomalies and of white syndrome, an emergent disease, or potentially, a group of diseases, of Pacific reef- building corals. The effect of temperature was highly dependent on coral cover because white syndrome outbreaks followed warm years, but only on high (> 50%) cover reefs, suggesting an important role of host density as a threshold for outbreaks. Our results indicate that the frequency of temperature anomalies, which is predicted to increase in most tropical oceans, can increase the susceptibility of corals to disease, leading to outbreaks where corals are abundant. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Cornell Univ, Sect Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Bruno, JF (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM jbruno@unc.edu RI Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013 OI Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117 NR 93 TC 325 Z9 333 U1 24 U2 152 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1544-9173 J9 PLOS BIOL JI PLoS. Biol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1220 EP 1227 AR e124 DI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050124 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 177SQ UT WOS:000247173200007 PM 17488183 ER PT J AU Allcock, AL Strugnell, JM Prodohl, P Piatkowski, U Vecchione, M AF Allcock, A. L. Strugnell, J. M. Prodohl, P. Piatkowski, U. Vecchione, M. TI A new species of Pareledone (Cephalopoda : Octopodidae) from Antarctic Peninsula Waters SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE systematics; Pareledone felix; Octopodidae; molecular phylogeny; Antarctic Peninsula ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; PRIMERS; GENUS AB During recent cruises aboard RV Polarstern in the Antarctic Peninsula region, a new species of benthic octopodid was discovered whose generic affinities based on morphological characteristics were uncertain. Molecular sequence analysis of six mitochondrial and nuclear genes allows this species to be placed with confidence within the genus Pareledone. The species is described herein and morphological diagnostic characters are provided for its identification. C1 GEOMAR, IFM, Lebniz Inst Meereswissenschaften, FB Marine Onkol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol Sci, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland. British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS Natl Syst Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Piatkowski, U (reprint author), GEOMAR, IFM, Lebniz Inst Meereswissenschaften, FB Marine Onkol, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. EM upiatkowski@ifm-geomar.de RI Strugnell, Jan/C-5522-2008; Strugnell, Jan/B-1698-2010; Piatkowski, Uwe/G-4161-2011; Allcock, Louise/A-7359-2012; Strugnell, Jan/P-9921-2016 OI Piatkowski, Uwe/0000-0003-1558-5817; Allcock, Louise/0000-0002-4806-0040; NR 25 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 30 IS 7 BP 883 EP 893 DI 10.1007/s00300-006-0248-9 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 166PO UT WOS:000246391400008 ER PT J AU Jach, T Ritchie, N Ullom, J Beall, JA AF Jach, Terrence Ritchie, Nicholas Ullom, Joel Beall, James A. TI Quantitative analysis with the transition edge sensor microcalorimeter X-ray detector SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2007 CL Colorado Springs, CO DE X-ray detector; microcalorimeter; quantitative analysis; transition-edge sensor; spectroscopy ID MICROANALYSIS; RESOLUTION; PROZA96 AB We report on the use of a microcalorimeter X-ray detector with a transition edge sensor in an electron probe to perform quantitative analysis. We analyzed two bulk samples of multielement glasses that have been previously characterized by chemical methods for use as standard reference materials. The spectra were analyzed against standards using three different correction schemes. In one of the standards, the reference line was easily resolved despite its proximity within 45 eV of another line. With the exception of direct measurements of oxygen (a particularly challenging element), the results are in agreement with the certified characterization to better than 1% absolute or 8% relative. This demonstrates the potential of microcalorimeter detectors as replacements for. conventional energy dispersive detectors in applications requiring high energy resolution. (c),2007 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jach, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 138 EP 141 DI 10.1154/1.2737466 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 181CQ UT WOS:000247414900010 ER PT J AU Sieber, JR Mackey, EA Marlow, AF Paul, R Martin, R AF Sieber, John R. Mackey, Elizabeth A. Marlow, Anthony F. Paul, Rick Martin, Ryan TI Validation of an alkali reaction, borate fusion, X-ray fluorescence method for silicon metal SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2007 CL Colorado Springs, CO DE borate fusion; silicon metal; alkaline digestion; X-ray fluorescence ID ACTIVATION-ANALYSIS; CERTIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS AB The value assignment of candidate Standard Reference Material (SRM (R)) 57b Silicon Metal provided an opportunity to develop an alkali reaction procedure as a precursor to borate fusion for the preparation of test specimens from the metal powder for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Suggested for this purpose by Blanchette in a 2002 Advances in X-ray Analysis article [ 45, 415-420 (2002)], the alkali reaction uses LiOH center dot H2O to. convert Si to Li2SiO3. Lithium silicate is fused with lithium borate flux without damage to platinum-ware. Once specimens are fused and cast as beads, calibration standards are prepared to closely match the compositions of the specimens, allowing a linear calibration for each analyte. The XRF method yields results that are directly traceable to the mole through NIST SRM spectrometric solutions. The method was validated in two ways. First, the reaction was used on older SRMs for Si metal: SRM 57 and SRM 57a. Second, XRF results for candidate SRM 57b were compared to results obtained using prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). Bias tests show the XRF results are accurate for the elements Al, S, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zr. Levels of S, Ca, Cr, and Cu in candidate SRM 57b are near the limits of quantification of the borate fusion method. Iron results may be subject to a low bias. Phosphorus is not quantitatively retained during the alkali reaction and borate fusion. These elements, plus B, which cannot be determined after borate fusion, are listed in manufacturing specifications for Si metal. (c) 2007 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. GLobe Met Inc, Beverly, OH 45715 USA. RP Sieber, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 2 BP 146 EP 151 DI 10.1154/1.2737464 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 181CQ UT WOS:000247414900012 ER PT J AU Gultepe, I Tardif, R Michaelides, SC Cermak, J Bott, A Bendix, J Muller, MD Pagowski, M Hansen, B Ellrod, G Jacobs, W Toth, G Cober, SG AF Gultepe, I. Tardif, R. Michaelides, S. C. Cermak, J. Bott, A. Bendix, J. Mueller, M. D. Pagowski, M. Hansen, B. Ellrod, G. Jacobs, W. Toth, G. Cober, S. G. TI Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE fog review; fog observations; fog modeling; fog remote sensing; fog forecasting ID LIQUID WATER-CONTENT; RESOLUTION RADIOMETER AVHRR; LOW STRATUS DETECTION; YAMADA LEVEL-3 MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER MODEL; RADIATION-FOG; UNITED-STATES; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; CALIFORNIA COAST AB The scientific community that includes meteorologists, physical scientists, engineers, medical doctors, biologists, and environmentalists has shown interest in a better understanding of fog for years because of its effects on, directly or indirectly, the daily life of human beings. The total economic losses associated with the impact of the presence of fog on aviation, marine and land transportation can be comparable to those of tornadoes or, in some cases, winter storms and hurricanes. The number of articles including the word "fog'' in Journals of American Meteorological Society alone was found to be about 4700, indicating that there is substantial interest in this subject. In spite of this extensive body of work, our ability to accurately forecast/nowcast fog remains limited due to our incomplete understanding of the fog processes over various time and space scales. Fog processes involve droplet microphysics, aerosol chemistry, radiation, turbulence, large/small-scale dynamics, and surface conditions (e.g., partaining to the presence of ice, snow, liquid, plants, and various types of soil). This review paper summarizes past achievements related to the understanding of fog formation, development and decay, and in this respect, the analysis of observations and the development of forecasting models and remote sensing methods are discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives for fog-related research are highlighted. C1 Environm Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Sect, Toronto, ON, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Meteorol Serv, CY-6650 Larnaka Airport, CY, Cyprus. Univ Marburg, Dept Geog, LCRS, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Univ Basel, Inst Meteorol Climatol & Remote Sensing, Basel, Switzerland. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, NESDIS Retired, Granby, CT 06035 USA. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bildungs & Tagungszentrum, D-63225 Langen, Germany. Environm Canada, Hydrol & Arct Lab, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Gultepe, I (reprint author), Environm Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Sect, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM ismail.gultepe@ec.gc.ca; tardif@ucar.edu; silas@ucy.ac.cy; cermak@lcrs.de; a.bott@uni-bonn.de; bendix@lcrs.de; mathias.mueller@unibas.ch; Mariusz.Pagowski@noaa.gov; gary.ellrod@gmail.com; wilfried.jacobs@dwd.de; garrym.toth@ec.gc.ca; Stewart.cober@ec.gc.ca RI Cermak, Jan/B-7844-2009; Michaelides, Silas/D-5547-2011; Bott, Andreas/G-1701-2012; Tardif, Robert/D-3842-2013; pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013 OI Cermak, Jan/0000-0002-4240-595X; Michaelides, Silas/0000-0002-3853-5065; Tardif, Robert/0000-0003-1313-0878; pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529 NR 232 TC 153 Z9 181 U1 7 U2 70 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 164 IS 6-7 BP 1121 EP 1159 DI 10.1007/s00024-007-0211-x PG 39 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 195AL UT WOS:000248384800003 ER PT J AU Ellrod, GP Gultepe, I AF Ellrod, Gary P. Gultepe, Ismail TI Inferring low cloud base heights at night for aviation using satellite infrared and surface temperature data SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE fog forecasting; satellite applications; aviation operations ID FOG; IMAGERY AB A nighttime image product that depicts areas of the lowest cloud base heights has been developed by combining brightness temperature data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager InfraRed (IR) bands centered at 3.9 mu m and 10.7 mu m, with hourly shelter temperatures from surface observing sites and offshore marine buoys. A dependent data sample showed a good correlation between the surface temperature minus IR cloud top temperature differences versus measured cloud base heights. Histogram analysis indicated that a temperature difference of less than 4-C related to a > 50% frequency of ceilings below 1000 ft above ground level, the threshold for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Using this result as a model, an experimental Low Cloud Base image product was developed that highlights regions of likely IFR ceilings. Validation of the Low Cloud Base product for two separate periods resulted in Probabilities of Detection of 67% and 72% and False Alarm Rates of 6% and 11%, respectively. Some regional variation observed could be related to the relative frequency of multi-layered overcast conditions. The biggest factor leading to underdetection of IFR ceilings by the GOES Low Cloud Base product is the presence of overlying clouds, including thin cirrus contamination. The GOES Low Cloud Base product shows potential for use as guidance for aviation meteorologists over both continental and marine areas. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Retired, Granby, CT 06035 USA. Environm Canada, Meteorol Res Div, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Sect, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Ellrod, GP (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS Retired, POB 240, Granby, CT 06035 USA. EM gary.ellrod@gmail.com; ismail.gultepe@ec.gc.ca NR 11 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 164 IS 6-7 BP 1193 EP 1205 DI 10.1007/s00024-007-0214-7 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 195AL UT WOS:000248384800006 ER PT J AU Ying, ZC Reitsma, MG Gates, RS AF Ying, Z. Charles Reitsma, Mark G. Gates, Richard S. TI Direct measurement of cantilever spring constants and correction for cantilever irregularities using an instrumented indenter SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; MICROFABRICATED ARRAY; CALIBRATION; NANOINDENTATION; STIFFNESS; TRIBOLOGY; PROBES; BEAMS AB A method is presented that allows direct measurement of a wide range of spring constants of cantilevers using an indentation instrument with an integrated optical microscope. An uncertainty of less than 10% can be achieved for spring constants from 0.1 to 10(2) N/m. The technique makes it possible to measure the spring constant at any desired location on a cantilever of any shape, particularly at the tip location of an atomic force microscopy cantilever. The article also demonstrates a technique to detect and correct apparent length anomalies of cantilevers by analyzing spring constants at multiple positions. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NanoLane LLC, Boyds, MD 20841 USA. RP Ying, ZC (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, Div Mat Res, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. EM cying@nsf.gov NR 37 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 78 IS 6 AR 063708 DI 10.1063/1.2747095 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 184FJ UT WOS:000247626200020 PM 17614617 ER PT J AU Murawski, S Methot, R Tromble, G AF Murawski, Steven Methot, Richard Tromble, Galen TI Biodiversity loss in the ocean: How bad is it? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Sci Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Domest Fisheries Div, Off Sustainable Fisheries, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Murawski, S (reprint author), NOAA, Sci Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5829 BP 1281 EP 1281 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 173PS UT WOS:000246885600019 PM 17540882 ER PT J AU Heuer, AH Ernst, F Kahn, H Avishai, A Michal, GM Pitchure, DJ Ricker, RE AF Heuer, A. H. Ernst, F. Kahn, H. Avishai, A. Michal, G. M. Pitchure, D. J. Ricker, R. E. TI Interstitial defects in 316L austenitic stainless steel containing "colossal" carbon concentrations: An internal friction study SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE carburization; internal friction; point defect clusters; stainless steel; strengthening mechanisms ID SOLID SOLUTION; SUPERSATURATION; TEMPERATURE; RELAXATION; METALS; PEAKS AB Carburization of 316L austenitic stainless steel under paraequilibrium conditions results in extremely hard (similar to 1100 HV) single-phase cases containing surface carbon concentrations of similar to 15 mol.% and very high residual compressive stresses (>= 2 GPa). Carburization produced an anelastic relaxation peak at 543 K (1.0 Hz), due to a carbon-containing defect with a highly anisotropic strain field. Interstitial solid-solution strengthening theories can explain the approximate three-fold increase in hardness, using reasonable parameters for the strain ellipsoids of these defects. (c) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Heuer, AH (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM heuer@case.edu RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011; Ernst, Frank/J-4016-2013; OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908; Avishai, Amir/0000-0002-6919-8516 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 56 IS 12 BP 1067 EP 1070 DI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.02.035 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 169PY UT WOS:000246605300016 ER PT J AU Linsky, JL AF Linsky, J. L. TI D/H and nearby interstellar cloud structures SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE ISM : deuterium; abundances; structure; ultraviolet : ISM ID LOCAL BUBBLE; ANISOTROPY; ABUNDANCE; EVOLUTION; VELOCITY; GAS AB Analysis of UV spectra obtained with the HST, FUSE and other satellites provides a new understanding of the deuterium abundance in the local region of the galactic disk. The wide range of gas-phase D/H measurements obtained outside of the Local Bubble can now be explained as due to different amounts of deuterium depletion on carbonaceous grains. The total D/H ratio including deuterium in the gas and dust phases is at least 23 parts per million of hydrogen, which is providing a challenge to models of galactic chemical evolution. Analysis of HST and ground-based spectra of many lines of sight to stars within the Local Bubble have identified interstellar velocity components that are consistent with more than 15 velocity vectors. We have identified the structures of 15 nearby warm interstellar clouds on the basis of these velocity vectors and common temperatures and depletions. We estimate the distances and masses of these clouds and compare their locations with cold interstellar clouds. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Linsky, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 367 EP 375 DI 10.1007/s11214-007-9160-z PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 213GA UT WOS:000249653200037 ER PT J AU Woofter, RT Ramsdell, JS AF Woofter, Ricky T. Ramsdell, John S. TI Distribution of Brevetoxin to Lipoproteins in human plasma SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE brevetoxin; lipoprotein; plasma ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; BLOOD COLLECTION CARDS; PTYCHODISCUS-BREVIS; GYMNODINIUM; ELIMINATION; EXPOSURE; BINDING; RATS; ALBUMIN; PBTX-3 AB To better understand the distribution of brevetoxins in lipoproteins, including their role in tissue delivery and toxin elimination in humans, we examined the interaction of brevetoxin congener PbTx-3 with human lipoproteins. In a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) and microtiter equilibrium dialysis, brevetoxin bound linearly to purified human high density, low density, and very low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, and VLDL). Both methods demonstrated higher binding capacity per weight for HDL over the other lipoproteins; approximately 50% higher with SPA and 100% higher with equilibrium dialysis. The preferential binding of brevetoxin to HDL particles is consistent with the higher surface to volume ratio of. these particles and the association of the toxin with the surface phospholipid/cholesterol domain of the lipoprotein particle. Lipoprotein components were next separated from a well-characterized human plasma sample to determine the mass distribution of brevetoxin within plasma. Equilibrium dialysis of the fractionated and recombined lipoproteins and plasma proteins determined that brevetoxin distributed predominately (>80%) to lipoproteins associating with each lipoprotein class. These results provide useful information to consider human susceptibility differences, such as those based on dyslipidemia, to the transport and elimination of polyether toxins. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUN 1 PY 2007 VL 49 IS 7 BP 1010 EP 1018 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.011 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 174LN UT WOS:000246943700013 PM 17395229 ER PT J AU Gultepe, I Pagowski, M Reid, J AF Gultepe, I. Pagowski, M. Reid, J. TI A satellite-based fog detection scheme using screen air temperature SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS; RADIATION-FOG; FORECAST MODEL; CLOUD DROPLET; AVHRR IMAGERY; UMOS SYSTEM; PART I; PARAMETERIZATION; VALIDATION; PREDICTION AB A warm fog detection (air temperature > -5 degrees C) algorithm using a combination of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) observations and screen temperature data based on an operational numerical model has been developed. This algorithm was tested on a large number of daytime cases during the spring and summer of 2004. Results from the scheme were compared with surface observations from four manned Canadian weather stations in Ontario, including Ottawa, Windsor, Sudbury, and Toronto. Initially, when all cases were included, fog detection (hit rate) by the satellite scheme ranged between 0.26 and 0.32. It is suggested that mid- or high-level clouds within the satellite imagery during the observed foggy periods affected the scheme's performance in detecting surface-level fog for the majority of the cases. When cases with mid- and high-level clouds were removed using model-based screen temperatures, the hit rate ranged between 0.55 and 1.0. With an average false alarm rate of 0.10, the inclusion of model-based sounding values can be seen to improve results from the satellite-based algorithms by an average of 0.42. Average differences between the screen temperature and the surface-observed air temperature were found to be up to 2 degrees C and this can likely account for some discrepancies in detecting fog. Finally, averaging GOES and model data to scales representing single data-point observations likely resulted in some of the failure of the fog algorithm. C1 Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Sect, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Stn, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. RP Gultepe, I (reprint author), Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Cloud Phys & Severe Weather Res Sect, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM ismail.gultepe@ec.gc.ca RI pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013 OI pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529 NR 33 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 444 EP 456 DI 10.1175/WAF1011.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300004 ER PT J AU Marzban, C Leyton, S Colman, B AF Marzban, Caren Leyton, Stephen Colman, Brad TI Ceiling and visibility forecasts via neural networks SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TERM PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; VERIFICATION; DENSITY; MODEL AB Statistical postprocessing of numerical model output can improve forecast quality, especially when model output is combined with surface observations. In this article, the development of nonlinear postprocessors for the prediction of ceiling and visibility is discussed. The forecast period is approximately 2001-05, involving data from hourly surface observations, and from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. The statistical model for mapping these data to ceiling and visibility is a neural network. A total of 39 such neural networks are developed for each of 39 terminal aerodrome forecast stations in the northwest United States. These postprocessors are compared with a number of alternatives, including logistic regression, and model output statistics (MOS) derived from the Aviation Model/Global Forecast System. It is found that the performance of the neural networks is generally superior to logistic regression and MOS. Depending on the comparison, different measures of performance are examined, including the Heidke skill statistic, cross-entropy, relative operating characteristic curves, discrimination plots, and attributes diagrams. The extent of the improvement brought about by the neural network depends on the measure of performance, and the specific station. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Seattle, WA USA. RP Marzban, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Box 354322, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM marzban@caps.ou.edu NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 466 EP 479 DI 10.1175/WAF994.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300006 ER PT J AU Jankov, I Gallus, WA Segal, M Koch, SE AF Jankov, Isidora Gallus, William A., Jr. Segal, Moti Koch, Steven E. TI Influence of initial conditions on the WRF-ARW model QPF response to physical parameterization changes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; SEASON MCS RAINFALL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FORECASTS; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; SYSTEM; IMPLEMENTATION; TESTS; MM5 AB To assist in optimizing a mixed-physics ensemble for warm season mesoscale convective system rainfall forecasting, the impact of various physical schemes as well as their interactions on rainfall when different initializations were used has been investigated. For this purpose, high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations of eight International H2O Project events were performed. For each case, three different treatments of convection, three different microphysical schemes, and two different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes were used. All cases were initialized with both Local Analyses and Prediction System (LAPS) "hot" start analyses and 40- km Eta Model analyses. To evaluate the impacts of the variation of two different physical schemes and their interaction on the simulated rainfall under the two different initial conditions, the factor separation method was used. The sensitivity to the use of various physical schemes and their interactions was found to be dependent on the initialization dataset. Runs initialized with Eta analyses appeared to be influenced by the use of the Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme in that model's assimilation system, which tended to reduce the WRF's sensitivity to changes in the microphysical scheme compared with that present when LAPS analyses were used for initialization. In addition, differences in initialized thermodynamics resulted in changes in sensitivity to PBL and convective schemes. With both initialization datasets, the greatest sensitivity to the simulated rain rate was due to changes in the convective scheme. However, for rain volume, substantial sensitivity was present due to changes in both the physical parameterizations and the initial datasets. C1 NOAA, ESRL, GSD7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. RP Jankov, I (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, GSD7, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM isidora.jankov@noaa.gov RI jankov, isidora/D-2830-2015 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 501 EP 519 DI 10.1175/WAF998.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300008 ER PT J AU Morss, RE Ralph, FM AF Morss, Rebecca E. Ralph, F. Martin TI Use of information by national weather service forecasters and emergency managers during CALJET and PACJET-2001 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DECISION-MAKING; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; MESOSCALE; CALIFORNIA; EDUCATION; PACIFIC; PROGRAM; PROJECT; DESIGN; MODELS AB Winter storms making landfall in western North America can generate heavy precipitation and other significant weather, leading to floods, landslides, and other hazards that cause significant damage and loss of life. To help alleviate these negative impacts, the California Land-falling Jets (CALJET) and Pacific Land-falling Jets (PACJET) experiments took extra meteorological observations in the coastal region to investigate key research questions and aid operational West Coast 0-48-h weather forecasting. This article presents results from a study of how information provided by CALJET and PACJET was used by National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters and forecast users. The primary study methodology was analysis of qualitative data collected from observations of forecasters and from interviews with NWS personnel, CALJET-PACJET researchers, and forecast users. The article begins by documenting and discussing the many types of information that NWS forecasters combine to generate forecasts. Within this context, the article describes how forecasters used CALJET-PACJET observations to fill in key observational gaps. It then discusses researcher-forecaster interactions and examines how weather forecast information is used in emergency management decision making. The results elucidate the important role that forecasters play in integrating meteorological information and translating forecasts for users. More generally, the article illustrates how CALJET and PACJET benefited forecasts and society in real time, and it can inform future efforts to improve human-generated weather forecasts and future studies of the use and value of meteorological information. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, MMM, ISSE, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Morss, RE (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, MMM, ISSE, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM morss@ucar.edu NR 65 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 539 EP 555 DI 10.1175/WAF1001.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300010 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Brooks, HE Weiss, SJ Corfidi, SF AF Coniglio, Michael C. Brooks, Harold E. Weiss, Steven J. Corfidi, Stephen F. TI Forecasting the maintenance of quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SQUALL LINES; LEADING PRECIPITATION; DENSITY CURRENTS; SHEAR; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; MODES AB The problem of forecasting the maintenance of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is investigated through an examination of observed proximity soundings. Furthermore, environmental variables that are statistically different between mature and weakening MCSs are input into a logistic regression procedure to develop probabilistic guidance on MCS maintenance, focusing on warm-season quasi-linear systems that persist for several hours. Between the mature and weakening MCSs, shear vector magnitudes over very deep layers are the best discriminators among hundreds of kinematic and thermodynamic variables. An analysis of the shear profiles reveals that the shear component perpendicular to MCS motion ( usually parallel to the leading line) accounts for much of this difference in low levels and the shear component parallel to MCS motion accounts for much of this difference in mid-to upper levels. The lapse rates over a significant portion of the convective cloud layer, the convective available potential energy, and the deep-layer mean wind speed are also very good discriminators and collectively provide a high level of discrimination between the mature and dissipation soundings as revealed by linear discriminant analysis. Probabilistic equations developed from these variables used with short-term numerical model output show utility in forecasting the transition of an MCS with a solid line of 50 + dBZ echoes to a more disorganized system with unsteady changes in structure and propagation. This study shows that empirical forecast tools based on environmental relationships still have the potential to provide forecasters with improved information on the qualitative characteristics of MCS structure and longevity. This is especially important since the current and near-term value added by explicit numerical forecasts of convection is still uncertain. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, Storm Predic Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), Natl Weather Ctr, NSSL, FRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM michael.coniglio@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 556 EP 570 DI 10.1175/WAF1006.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300011 ER PT J AU Anderson, CJ Wikle, CK Zhou, Q Royle, JA AF Anderson, Christopher J. Wikle, Christopher K. Zhou, Qin Royle, J. Andrew TI Population influences on tornado reports in the United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY; CLIMATOLOGY; MODEL AB The number of tornadoes reported in the United States is believed to be less than the actual incidence of tornadoes, especially prior to the 1990s, because tornadoes may be undetectable by human witnesses in sparsely populated areas and areas in which obstructions limit the line of sight. A hierarchical Bayesian model is used to simultaneously correct for population-based sampling bias and estimate tornado density using historical tornado report data. The expected result is that F2-F5 compared with F0-F1 tornado reports would vary less with population density. The results agree with this hypothesis for the following population centers: Atlanta, Georgia; Champaign, Illinois; and Des Moines, Iowa. However, the results indicated just the opposite in Oklahoma. It is hypothesized that the result is explained by the misclassification of tornadoes that were worthy of F2-F5 rating but were classified as F0-F1 tornadoes, thereby artificially decreasing the number of F2-F5 and increasing the number of F0-F1 reports in rural Oklahoma. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD USA. RP Anderson, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, ESRL, R-GSD7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM christopher.j.anderson@noaa.gov OI Royle, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3135-2167 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 571 EP 579 DI 10.1175/WAF997.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300012 ER PT J AU Lu, CG Yuan, HL Schwartz, BE Benjamin, SG AF Lu, Chungu Yuan, Huiling Schwartz, Barry E. Benjamin, Stanley G. TI Short-range numerical weather prediction using time-lagged ensembles SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID FORECASTS; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; VERIFICATION; SYSTEM; RUC AB A time-lagged ensemble forecast system is developed using a set of hourly initialized Rapid Update Cycle model deterministic forecasts. Both the ensemble-mean and probabilistic forecasts from this time-lagged ensemble system present a promising improvement in the very short-range weather forecasting of 1-3 h, which may be useful for aviation weather prediction and nowcasting applications. Two approaches have been studied to combine deterministic forecasts with different initialization cycles as the ensemble members. The first method uses a set of equally weighted time-lagged forecasts and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean. The second method adopts a multilinear regression approach to select a set of weights for different time-lagged forecasts. It is shown that although both methods improve short-range forecasts, the unequally weighted method provides the best results for all forecast variables at all levels. The time-lagged ensembles also provide a sample of statistics, which can be used to construct probabilistic forecasts. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lu, CG (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chungu.lu@noaa.gov RI Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015; Yuan, Huiling/G-9795-2013 OI Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236; NR 22 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 580 EP 595 DI 10.1175/WAF999.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300013 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Smith, T Stumpf, G Hondl, K AF Lakshmanan, Valliappa Smith, Travis Stumpf, Gregory Hondl, Kurt TI The Warning Decision Support System-Integrated Information SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; IDENTIFICATION; REFLECTIVITY; VELOCITY AB The Warning Decision Support System-Integrated Information (WDSS-II) is the second generation of a system of tools for the analysis, diagnosis, and visualization of remotely sensed weather data. WDSS-II provides a number of automated algorithms that operate on data from multiple radars to provide information with a greater temporal resolution and better spatial coverage than their currently operational counterparts. The individual automated algorithms that have been developed using the WDSS-II infrastructure together yield a forecasting and analysis system providing real-time products useful in severe weather nowcasting. The purposes of the individual algorithms and their relationships to each other are described, as is the method of dissemination of the created products. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73072 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM lakshman@ou.edu NR 28 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 596 EP 612 DI 10.1175/WAF1009.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300014 ER PT J AU Roebber, PJ Butt, MR Reinke, SJ Grafenauer, TJ AF Roebber, Paul J. Butt, Melissa R. Reinke, Sarah J. Grafenauer, Thomas J. TI Real-time forecasting of snowfall using a neural network SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID DENSITY AB A set of 53 snowfall reports was collected in real time from the 2004/05 and 2005/06 cold seasons (November-March). Three snowfall-amount forecast methods were tested: neural network, surface-temperature-based lookup table, and climatological snow ratio. Standard verification methods (mean, median, bias, and root-mean-square error) and a new method that places the forecasts in the context of municipal snow removal, and introduces the concept of forecast credibility, are used. Results suggest that the neural network method performs best for individual events, owing in part to the inverse relationship between melted liquid equivalent and snow ratio; hence, the ongoing difficulty of producing accurate forecasts of melted equivalent precipitation (a problem in all seasons) is compensated for rather than amplified when converting to snowfall amounts. This analysis should be extended to a larger selection of reports, which is anticipated in conjunction with efforts currently ongoing at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Grand Forks, ND USA. RP Roebber, PJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, 3200 N Cramer Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. EM roebber@uwm.edu NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 22 IS 3 BP 676 EP 684 DI 10.1175/WAF1000.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182WI UT WOS:000247534300020 ER PT J AU Darcis, PP McColskey, JD McCowan, CN Siewert, TA AF Darcis, Ph P. McColskey, J. D. McCowan, C. N. Siewert, T. A. TI A look at the development of a new damage mechanics method for assessing the intrinsic fracture properties of welded pipeline steel SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Darcis, PP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM siewert@boulder.nist.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD JUN PY 2007 VL 86 IS 6 BP 48 EP 50 PG 3 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 172VU UT WOS:000246833400009 ER PT J AU Nye, JA Davis, DD Miller, TJ AF Nye, Janet A. Davis, Dawn D. Miller, Thomas J. TI The effect of maternal exposure to contaminated sediment on the growth and condition of larval Fundulus heteroclitus SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish early life history; maternal effects; contaminants; PAH; RNA : DNA ratios; egg volume; growth ID ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; CHESAPEAKE BAY; EARLY-LIFE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; ELIZABETH RIVER; FATHEAD MINNOWS; MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; COPPER TOLERANCE AB We employed a factorial laboratory experiment to determine the single and combined effect of maternal and larval exposure to contaminated sediment from Elizabeth River, Virginia, a site contaminated with high concentrations of multiple pollutants. Females were exposed to either reference or contaminated sediment and the larvae from both groups of mothers were in turn transferred to either reference or contaminated sediment. We found a strong maternal influence on yolk area, length and RNA:DNA ratio at hatch. Further, the maternal exposure significantly influenced growth rate and RNA:DNA ratios of larvae 14 days after hatch and was a more important factor in determining these endpoints than larval exposure. We found that after 14 days larvae were larger and had higher survivorship when the maternal and larval exposures were the same. There also was no statistical difference with respect to growth and condition between larvae that had hatched from exposed mothers and remained in contaminated water and larvae that had hatched from reference mothers and were placed in either reference or contaminated sediment. However, larvae that hatched from exposed mothers and then were switched to reference sediment had significantly lower growth, lower RNA:DNA ratios, and were smaller despite being large at hatch size, indicating that there are fitness trade-offs in exchange for apparent resistance to contaminants which are provided by the mother. Maternal effects add complexity to ecotoxicological research and should be incorporated into studies to predict population level responses more realistically. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Sandy Hook Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Nye, JA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM nye@cbl.umces.edu; Dawn.Davis@noaa.gov; miller@cbl.umces.edu RI Miller, Thomas/C-2129-2008 OI Miller, Thomas/0000-0001-8427-1614 NR 65 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY 31 PY 2007 VL 82 IS 4 BP 242 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.02.011 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 169MG UT WOS:000246595700003 PM 17433459 ER PT J AU Lema, SC Schultz, IR Scholz, NL Incardona, JP Swanson, P AF Lema, Sean C. Schultz, Irvin R. Scholz, Nathaniel L. Incardona, John P. Swanson, Penny TI Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2 ',4,4 '-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PBDE; brominated flame retardants; development; persistent organic pollutants; fire retardants; brain; zebrafish ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NEONATAL BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; CARP CYPRINUS-CARPIO; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOR; DEVELOPING ZEBRAFISH; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; THYROID-HORMONE AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 mu g/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96 h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20 h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Lema, SC (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM sean.lema@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 84 TC 119 Z9 131 U1 3 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY 31 PY 2007 VL 82 IS 4 BP 296 EP 307 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 169MG UT WOS:000246595700008 PM 17412433 ER PT J AU Pu, RL Li, ZQ Gong, P Csiszar, I Fraser, R Hao, WM Kondragunta, S Weng, FZ AF Pu, Ruiliang Li, Zhanqing Gong, Peng Csiszar, Ivan Fraser, Robert Hao, Wei-Min Kondragunta, Shobha Weng, Fuzhong TI Development and analysis of a 12-year daily 1-km forest fire dataset across North America from NOAA/AVHRR data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT EastFIRE Conference 2005 CY MAY 11-13, 2005 CL George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA HO George Mason Univ DE forest fires; burned area mapping; NOAA/AVHRR data; North America ID CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST; AFRICAN SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; TROPICAL SAVANNA; UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE; MODIS; VALIDATION; AUSTRALIA; EMISSIONS AB Fires in boreal and temperate forests play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. While forest fires in North America (NA) have been surveyed extensively by U.S. and Canadian forest services, most fire records are limited to seasonal statistics without information on temporal evolution and spatial expansion. Such dynamic information is crucial for modeling fire emissions. Using the daily Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data archived from 1989 to 2000, an extensive and consistent fire product was developed across the entire NA forest regions on a daily basis at 1-km resolution. The product was generated following data calibration, geo-referencing, and the application of an active fire detection algorithm and a burned area mapping algorithm. The spatial-temporal variation of forest fire in NA is analyzed in terms of (1) annual and monthly patterns of fire occurrences in different eco-domains, (2) the influence of topographic factors (elevation zones, aspect classes, and slope classes), and (3) major forest types and eco-regions in NA. It was found that 1) among the 12 years analyzed, 1989 and 1995 were the most severe fire years in NA; 2) the majority of burning occurred during June-July and in low elevation zones (<500 m) with gentle slopes (<10 degrees), except in the dry eco-domain where more fires occurred in higher elevation zones (>2000 m); 3) most fires occurred in the polar ecodomain, sub-arctic eco-division, and in the taiga ( boreal forests), forest-tundras and open woodlands eco-provinces in the boreal forests of Canada. The tendency for multiple bums to occur increases with elevation and slope until about 2500 m elevation and 24 degrees slope, and decreases therefore. In comparison with ground observations, the omission and commission errors are on the order of 20%. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. IRSA, State Key Lab Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Assessment & Monitoring Forest & Environm Res, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. USDA Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM zlj@atmos.umd.edu RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X; Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 55 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 2007 VL 108 IS 2 SI SI BP 198 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.027 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 168QO UT WOS:000246539300010 ER PT J AU Pushin, DA Cory, DG Arif, M Jacobson, DL Huber, MG AF Pushin, D. A. Cory, D. G. Arif, M. Jacobson, D. L. Huber, M. G. TI Reciprocal space approaches to neutron imaging SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-CONTRAST TOMOGRAPHY; INTERFEROMETRY; TOPOGRAPHY; DETECTORS AB Here the authors introduce a Fourier based method for phase contrast neutron imaging, report its experimental implementation, and show results for a one-dimensional test phantom. This approach makes use of neutron interferometry to achieve both phase contrast and to spatially code the phase of the neutron with a linear phase grating. The spatial information is recovered from the coherent interference of this phase grating and a spatial phase distribution due to the sample. By moving neutron imaging from real to reciprocal space they avoid the need for position sensitive detectors and improve the potential image resolution. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Pushin, DA (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM dcory@mit.edu OI Pushin, Dmitry/0000-0002-4594-3403; , Michael/0000-0002-3795-8445 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 28 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 22 AR 224104 DI 10.1063/1.2737390 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 173ZB UT WOS:000246909900100 ER PT J AU Ryan, P Wermeille, D Kim, JW Woicik, JC Hellberg, CS Li, H AF Ryan, P. Wermeille, D. Kim, J. W. Woicik, J. C. Hellberg, C. S. Li, H. TI Domain ordering of strained 5 ML SrTiO3 films on Si(001) SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; SURFACES; SILICON AB High resolution x-ray diffraction data indicate ordered square shaped coherent domains, similar to 1200 angstrom in length, coexisting with longer, similar to 9500 angstrom correlated regions in highly strained 5 ML SrTiO3 films grown on Si(001). These long range film structures are due to the Si substrate terraces defined by the surface step morphology. The silicon surface "step pattern" is comprised of an "intrinsic" terrace length from strain relaxation and a longer "extrinsic" interstep distance due to the surface miscut. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, MU CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Motorola Labs, Embedded Syst Res, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. RP Ryan, P (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, MU CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM pryan@mu.aps.anl.gov RI Hellberg, C. Stephen/E-5391-2010 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 28 PY 2007 VL 90 IS 22 AR 221908 DI 10.1063/1.2744478 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 173ZB UT WOS:000246909900025 ER PT J AU Chan, TS Liu, RS Yang, CC Li, WH Lien, YH Huang, CY Lynn, JW Chen, JM Sheu, HS AF Chan, T. S. Liu, R. S. Yang, C. C. Li, W.-H. Lien, Y. H. Huang, C. Y. Lynn, Jeff W. Chen, J. M. Sheu, H.-S. TI Influence of oxygen defects on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the (Tb1-xNax)MnO3-y (0 <= x <= 0.3) system SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; PEROVSKITES; POLARIZATION; SODIUM; TB; HO AB The crystallographic and magnetic behaviors of (Tb1-xNax)MnO3-y (0 <= x <= 0.3) have been studied by neutron powder diffraction (NPD), synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Although Na+ ions have larger ionic radii than Tb3+ ions, analysis of NPD data reveals a decrease in cell volume upon Na-doping, which can be explained solely by the occurrence of oxygen deficiencies and not by the size effect. The Raman spectrum represents the variation in bond length and bond angle, which originates from the balance of ions, asymmetric structure, and defects in the system. Na-doping causes an oxygen deficiency, and consequently, a peak shift is seen in the Raman spectrum because of the structural adjustment resulting from the doping. The observed effective moments decrease with increasing x because of the replacement of Tb3+ ions by Na+ ions. The well-defined peak at similar to 45 K (labeled T-Mn) of the x = 0.3 sample is associated with Mn spin ordering, while the magnetic responses associated with T-Mn are not clearly present in the x = 0.15 and x = 0 samples. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Ctr Nanostorage Res, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Acad Sinica, Inst Phys, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 320, Taiwan. Chinese Culture Univ, Inst Mat Mfg, Taipei 111, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Inst Optoelect Sci & Technol, Taipei 106, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RP Liu, RS (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM rsliu@ntu.edu.tw RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD MAY 28 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4575 EP 4582 DI 10.1021/ic070190f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 169GU UT WOS:000246581500030 PM 17472373 ER PT J AU Brown, MD Law, BM Satija, S Hamilton, WA Watkins, E Cho, JHJ Majewski, J AF Brown, M. D. Law, B. M. Satija, S. Hamilton, W. A. Watkins, E. Cho, J-H. J. Majewski, J. TI Comparison of critical adsorption scaling functions obtained from neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BINARY-LIQUID MIXTURE; ORDER-PARAMETER PROFILE; VAPOR INTERFACE; EXTRAORDINARY TRANSITION; POLYMER-SOLUTION; CONSOLUTE POINT; SURFACE; WALL; REFLECTIVITY; SUBSTRATE AB Carpenter [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5655 (1999); 61, 532 (2000)] managed to explain ellipsometric critical adsorption data collected from the liquid-vapor interface of four different critical binary liquid mixtures near their demixing critical temperature using a single model. This was the first time a single universal function had been found which could quantitatively describe the surface critical behavior of many different mixtures. There have also been various attempts to investigate this surface critical behavior using neutron and x-ray reflectometries. Results have been mixed and have often been at variance with Carpenter In this paper, the authors show that neutron reflectometry data collected from a crystalline quartz-critical mixture interface, specifically deuterated water plus 3-methylpyridine, can be quantitatively explained using the model of Carpenter derived from ellipsometric data. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Brown, MD (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Law, Bruce/I-3605-2013 OI Law, Bruce/0000-0002-3877-8497 NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 28 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 20 AR 204704 DI 10.1063/1.2736383 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 173SB UT WOS:000246891700043 PM 17552786 ER PT J AU Menyuk, CR Wahlstrand, JK Willits, J Smith, RP Schibli, TR Cundiff, ST AF Menyuk, Curtis R. Wahlstrand, Jared K. Willits, John Smith, Ryan P. Schibli, Thomas R. Cundiff, Steven T. TI Pulse dynamics in mode-locked lasers: relaxation oscillations and frequency pulling SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-FIBER TRANSMISSION; TI-SAPPHIRE LASERS; TIMING JITTER; PHASE-CONTROL; NOISE; DISPERSION; SOLITONS; SYSTEMS; SCALE; COMBS AB A theoretical description of the pulse dynamics in a mode-locked laser including gain dynamics is developed. Relaxation oscillations and frequency pulling are predicted that influence the pulse parameters. Experimental observations of the response of a mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser to an abrupt change in the pump power confirm that the predicted behavior occurs. These results provide a framework for understanding the effects of noise on the spectrum of the laser. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Comp Sci & Elect Engn Dept, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Menyuk, CR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Comp Sci & Elect Engn Dept, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM menyuk@umbc.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAY 28 PY 2007 VL 15 IS 11 BP 6677 EP 6689 DI 10.1364/OE.15.006677 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 178SL UT WOS:000247240300018 PM 19546978 ER PT J AU Maus, S Luhr, H Rother, M Hemant, K Balasis, G Ritter, P Stolle, C AF Maus, Stefan Luehr, Hermann Rother, Martin Hemant, Kumar Balasis, George Ritter, Patricia Stolle, Claudia TI Fifth-generation lithospheric magnetic field model from CHAMP satellite measurements SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic field; crustal field; satellite geomagnetism; main field; crustal field; external field; all harmonics and anomalies; regional; global AB [1] Six years of low-orbit CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements have provided an exceptionally high-quality data resource for lithospheric magnetic field modeling and interpretation. Here we describe the fifth-generation satellite-only magnetic field model MF5. The model extends to spherical harmonic degree 100. As a result of careful data selection, extensive corrections, filtering, and line leveling, the model has low noise levels, even if evaluated at the Earth's surface. The model is particularly suited for inferring large-scale structure and composition of the lithosphere. It is also meant to serve as the long-wavelength part of continental- and global-scale marine and aeromagnetic anomaly maps. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Natl Observ Athens, GR-15236 Athens, Greece. RP Maus, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stefan.maus@noaa.gov RI Ritter, Patricia/D-7411-2013; Balasis, Georgios/G-8680-2012; OI Ritter, Patricia/0000-0002-0926-1771; Balasis, Georgios/0000-0001-7342-0557; Maus, Stefan/0000-0002-9604-3878 NR 17 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD MAY 26 PY 2007 VL 8 AR Q05013 DI 10.1029/2006GC001521 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 173AI UT WOS:000246845500001 ER PT J AU Chai, TF Carmichael, GR Tang, YH Sandu, A Hardesty, M Pilewskie, P Whitlow, S Browell, EV Avery, MA Nedelec, P Merrill, JT Thompson, AM Williams, E AF Chai, Tianfeng Carmichael, Gregory R. Tang, Youhua Sandu, Adrian Hardesty, Michael Pilewskie, Peter Whitlow, Sallie Browell, Edward V. Avery, Melody A. Nedelec, Philippe Merrill, John T. Thompson, Anne M. Williams, Eric TI Four-dimensional data assimilation experiments with International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ozone measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ADJOINT SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; VARIATIONAL STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; BOUND-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION; CHEMISTRY DATA ASSIMILATION; CHEMICAL KINETIC SYSTEMS; MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; RECURSIVE FILTERS; NUMERICAL ASPECTS; TRACE-P; PART I AB [ 1] Ozone measurements by various platforms during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) operations in the summer of 2004 are assimilated into the STEM regional chemical transport model (CTM). Under the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) framework, the model forecast ( background) error covariance matrix is constructed using both the so-called NMC ( National Meteorological Center, now National Centers for Environmental Prediction) method and the observational (Hollingworth-Lonnberg) method. The inversion of the covariance matrix is implemented using truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) approach. The TSVD approach is numerically stable even with severely ill conditioned vertical correlation covariance matrix and large horizontal correlation distances. Ozone observations by different platforms ( aircraft, surface, and ozonesondes) are first assimilated separately. The impacts of the various measurements are evaluated on their ability to improve the predictions, defined as the information content of the observations under the current framework. In the end, all observations are assimilated into the CTM. The final analysis matches well with observations from all platforms. Assessed with all the observations throughout the boundary layer and midtroposphere, the model bias is reduced from 11.3 ppbv for the base case to - 1.5 ppbv. A reduction of 10.3 ppbv in root mean square error is also seen. In addition, the potential of improving air quality forecasts by chemical data assimilation is demonstrated. The effect of assimilating ozone observations on model predictions of other species is also shown. C1 Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. CNRS, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Chem Studies, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chai, TF (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, 429 IATL, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA. EM tchai@cgrer.uiowa.edu RI Chai, Tianfeng/E-5577-2010; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Chai, Tianfeng/0000-0003-3520-2641; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; NR 41 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 26 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S15 DI 10.1029/2006JD007763 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AZ UT WOS:000246847200001 ER PT J AU Miller, CE Crisp, D DeCola, PL Olsen, SC Randerson, JT Michalak, AM Alkhaled, A Rayner, P Jacob, DJ Suntharalingam, P Jones, DBA Denning, AS Nicholls, ME Doney, SC Pawson, S Boesch, H Connor, BJ Fung, IY O'Brien, D Salawitch, RJ Sander, SP Sen, B Tans, P Toon, GC Wennberg, PO Wofsy, SC Yung, YL Law, RM AF Miller, C. E. Crisp, D. DeCola, P. L. Olsen, S. C. Randerson, J. T. Michalak, A. M. Alkhaled, A. Rayner, P. Jacob, D. J. Suntharalingam, P. Jones, D. B. A. Denning, A. S. Nicholls, M. E. Doney, S. C. Pawson, S. Boesch, H. Connor, B. J. Fung, I. Y. O'Brien, D. Salawitch, R. J. Sander, S. P. Sen, B. Tans, P. Toon, G. C. Wennberg, P. O. Wofsy, S. C. Yung, Y. L. Law, R. M. TI Precision requirements for space-based X-CO2 data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; EMPIRICAL AGE SPECTRA; REFLECTED SUNLIGHT; 3-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION; GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; NORTH PACIFIC AB [1] Precision requirements are determined for space-based column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (X-CO2) data. These requirements result from an assessment of spatial and temporal gradients in X-CO2, the relationship between X-CO2 precision and surface CO2 flux uncertainties inferred from inversions of the X-CO2 data, and the effects of X-CO2 biases on the fidelity of CO2 flux inversions. Observational system simulation experiments and synthesis inversion modeling demonstrate that the Orbiting Carbon Observatory mission design and sampling strategy provide the means to achieve these X-CO2 data precision requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm IPSL, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Omakau, New Zealand. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Atmospher Sci Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. RP Miller, CE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM charles.e.miller@jpl.nasa.gov RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Law, Rachel/A-1969-2012; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Law, Rachel/0000-0002-7346-0927; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X NR 58 TC 167 Z9 169 U1 2 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 26 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10314 DI 10.1029/2006JD007659 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AV UT WOS:000246846800004 ER PT J AU Miller, JB Gatti, LV d'Amelio, MTS Crotwell, AM Dlugokencky, EJ Bakwin, P Artaxo, P Tans, PP AF Miller, John B. Gatti, Luciana V. d'Amelio, Monica T. S. Crotwell, Andrew M. Dlugokencky, Edward J. Bakwin, Peter Artaxo, Paulo Tans, Pieter P. TI Airborne measurements indicate large methane emissions from the eastern Amazon basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; CARBON-CYCLE; PLANTS; VARIABILITY; C-13/C-12; WETLANDS; MODEL; CO2 AB [1] Recent results from laboratory, field and remote sensing measurements suggest the presence of large methane emissions from the Amazon basin. Here we present regionally integrative, direct trace gas observations from two sites that confirm the presence of large fluxes of methane in eastern Amazonia. Air samples collected on aircraft near Santarem (2.9 degrees S, 55.0 degrees W) and Manaus (2.6 degrees S, 60.0 degrees W) in eastern and central Amazonia show large enhancements of CH(4) that are not seen at the NOAA/ESRL background sites in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. From the surface to about four km, enhancements averaging 34 ppb and up to 200 ppb occur throughout the year and we calculate emissions averaging 27 mg CH(4)/m(2)/day from upwind sources. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. IPEN, Div Quim Ambiental, Lab Quim Atmosfer, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05315970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Miller, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM john.b.miller@noaa.gov RI Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; Gatti, Luciana/J-8569-2012 OI Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; NR 23 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 25 PY 2007 VL 34 IS 10 AR L10809 DI 10.1029/2006GL029213 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 173AM UT WOS:000246845900001 ER PT J AU Roy, LM Jaruga, P Wood, TG McCullough, AK Dizdaroglu, M Lloyd, RS AF Roy, Laura M. Jaruga, Pawel Wood, Thomas G. McCullough, Amanda K. Dizdaroglu, Miral Lloyd, R. Stephen TI Human polymorphic variants of the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR; OXIDATIVELY DAMAGED DNA; HUMAN-POPULATION; FREE-RADICALS; PROTEIN; CANCER; GENES; DISEASE; RISK; 2,6-DIAMINO-4-HYDROXY-5-FORMAMIDOPYRIMIDINE AB In mammalian cells, the repair of DNA bases that have been damaged by reactive oxygen species is primarily initiated by a series of DNA glycosylases that include OGG1, NTH1, NEIL1, and NEIL2. To explore the functional significance of NEIL1, we recently reported that neil1 knock-out and heterozygotic mice develop the majority of symptoms of metabolic syndrome (Vartanian,V., Lowell, B., Minko, I. G., Wood, T. G., Ceci, J. D., George, S., Ballinger, S. W., Corless, C. L., McCullough, A. K., and Lloyd, R. S. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103, 1864 1869). To determine whether this phenotype could be causally related to human disease susceptibility, we have characterized four polymorphic variants of human NEIL1. Although three of the variants (S82C, G83D, and D252N) retained near wild type levels of nicking activity on abasic (AP) site-containing DNA, G83D did not catalyze the wild type beta,delta-elimination reaction but primarily yielded the beta-elimination product. The AP nicking activity of the C136R variant was significantly reduced. Glycosylase nicking activities were measured on both thymine glycol-containing oligonucleotides and gamma-irradiated genomic DNA using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two of the polymorphic variants (S82C and D252N) showed near wild type enzyme specificity and kinetics, whereas G83D was devoid of glycosylase activity. Although insufficient quantities of C136R could be obtained to carry out gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry analyses, this variant was also devoid of the ability to incise thymine glycol-containing oligonucleotide, suggesting that it may also be glycosylase-deficient. Extrapolation of these data suggests that individuals who are heterozygous for these inactive variant neil1 alleles may be at increased risk for metabolic syndrome. C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Portland, OR 97239 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Coll Med, Dept Clin Biochem, PL-85092 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lloyd, RS (reprint author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, Dept Mol & Med Genet, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA. EM lloydst@ohsu.edu RI Wood, Thomas/B-6172-2012; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK075974]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06676] NR 31 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 25 PY 2007 VL 282 IS 21 BP 15790 EP 15798 DI 10.1074/jbc.M610626200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 169JX UT WOS:000246589600054 PM 17389588 ER PT J AU Seager, R Ting, MF Held, I Kushnir, Y Lu, J Vecchi, G Huang, HP Harnik, N Leetmaa, A Lau, NC Li, CH Velez, J Naik, N AF Seager, Richard Ting, Mingfang Held, Isaac Kushnir, Yochanan Lu, Jian Vecchi, Gabriel Huang, Huei-Ping Harnik, Nili Leetmaa, Ants Lau, Ngar-Cheung Li, Cuihua Velez, Jennifer Naik, Naomi TI Model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern North America SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STORM TRACKS; DROUGHT; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; CYCLE AB How anthropogenic climate change will affect hydroclimate in the arid regions of southwestern North America has implications for the allocation of water resources and the course of regional development. Here we show that there is a broad consensus among climate models that this region will dry in the 21st century and that the transition to a more arid climate should already be under way. If these models are correct, the levels of aridity of the recent multiyear drought or the Dust Bowl and the 1950s droughts will become the new climatology of the American Southwest within a time frame of years to decades. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Seager, R (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM seager@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Kushnir, Yochanan/B-4472-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; NR 21 TC 1009 Z9 1019 U1 43 U2 305 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 25 PY 2007 VL 316 IS 5828 BP 1181 EP 1184 DI 10.1126/science.1139601 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 171GQ UT WOS:000246724300040 PM 17412920 ER PT J AU Gao, X Ray, R Xiao, Y Barker, PE Ray, P AF Gao, Xiugong Ray, Radharaman Xiao, Yan Barker, Peter E. Ray, Prabhati TI Inhibition of sulfur mustard-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation by the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin in human respiratory epithelial cells SO BMC CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; IN-VIVO; CYTOKINE; KERATINOCYTES; INTERLEUKIN-6; MACROPHAGES; MODULATION; EXPRESSION; VITRO; ASSAY AB Background: Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent chemical vesicant warfare agent that remains a significant military and civilian threat. Inhalation of SM gas causes airway inflammation and injury. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the effectiveness of macrolide antibiotics in treating chronic airway inflammatory diseases. In this study, the anti-cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of a representative macrolide antibiotic, roxithromycin, were tested in vitro using SM-exposed normal human small airway epithelial (SAE) cells and bronchial/tracheal epithelial (BTE) cells. Cell viability, expression of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined, since these proinflammatory cytokines/mediators are import indicators of tissue inflammatory responses. We suggest that the influence of roxithromycin on SM-induced inflammatory reaction could play an important therapeutic role in the cytotoxicity exerted by this toxicant. Results: MTS assay and Calcein AM/ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) fluorescence staining showed that roxithromycin decreased SM cytotoxicity in both SAE and BTE cells. Also, roxithromycin inhibited the SM-stimulated overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF at both the protein level and the mRNA level, as measured by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or real-time RT-PCR. In addition, roxithromycin inhibited the SM-induced overexpression of iNOS, as revealed by immunocytochemical analysis using quantum dots as the fluorophore. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that roxithromycin has inhibitory effects on the cytotoxicity and inflammation provoked by SM in human respiratory epithelial cells. The decreased cytotoxicity in roxithromycin-treated cells likely depends on the ability of the macrolide to down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and/or mediators. The results obtained in this study suggest that macrolide antibiotics may serve as potential vesicant respiratory therapeutics through mechanisms independent of their antibacterial activity. C1 Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Biol, Div Expt Therapeut, Mol Biol Sect, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Chem Def, Cell & Mol Biol Branch, Div Res, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Measurements Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ray, P (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Biol, Div Expt Therapeut, Mol Biol Sect, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM xiugong.gao@na.amedd.army.mil; radharaman.ray@us.army.mil; yan.xiao@nist.gov; peter.barker@nist.gov; prabhati.ray@us.army.mil NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2121 J9 BMC CELL BIOL JI BMC Cell Biol. PD MAY 24 PY 2007 VL 8 AR 17 DI 10.1186/1471-2121-8-17 PG 9 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 177HY UT WOS:000247145400001 PM 17524151 ER PT J AU Pittman, SJ Christensen, JD Caldow, C Menza, C Monaco, ME AF Pittman, S. J. Christensen, J. D. Caldow, C. Menza, C. Monaco, M. E. TI Predictive mapping of fish species richness across shallow-water seascapes in the Caribbean SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE bathymetric complexity; coral reef ecosystems; Caribbean; fish species richness; predictive modelling; seascape structure ID CORAL-REEF; CONSERVATION PRIORITIES; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; MARINE RESERVES; NEURAL-NETWORKS; COMMUNITIES; ENVIRONMENT; HABITATS; LANDSCAPE; DIVERSITY AB Effective management of coral reef ecosystems requires accurate, quantitative and spatially explicit information on patterns of species richness at spatial scales relevant to the management process. We combined empirical modelling techniques, remotely sensed data, field observations and GIS to develop a novel multi-scale approach for predicting fish species richness across a compositionally and topographically complex mosaic of marine habitat types in the U.S. Caribbean. First, the performance of three different modelling techniques (multiple linear regression, neural networks and regression trees) was compared using data from southwestern Puerto Rico and evaluated using multiple measures of predictive accuracy. Second, the best performing model was selected. Third, the generality of the best performing model was assessed through application to two geographically distinct coral reef ecosystems in the neighbouring U.S. Virgin Islands. Overall, regression trees outperformed multiple linear regression and neural networks. The best performing regression tree model of fish species richness (high, medium, low classes) in southwestern Puerto Rico exhibited an overall map accuracy of 75%; 83.4% when only high and low species richness areas were evaluated. In agreement with well recognised ecological relationships, areas of high fish species richness were predicted for the most bathymetrically complex areas with high mean rugosity and high bathymetric variance quantified at two different spatial extents (<= 0.01km(2)). Water depth and the amount of seagrasses and hard-bottom habitat in the seascape were of secondary importance. This model also provided good predictions in two geographically distinct regions indicating a high level of generality in the habitat variables selected. Results indicated that accurate predictions of fish species richness could be achieved in future studies using remotely sensed measures of topographic complexity alone. This integration of empirical modelling techniques with spatial technologies provides an important new tool in support of ecosystem-based management for coral reef ecosystems. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NCCOS, CCMA, Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pittman, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, NCCOS, CCMA, Biogeog Team, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM simon.pittman@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 24 PY 2007 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.017 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171OX UT WOS:000246746400002 ER PT J AU Burkholder, JB Baynard, T Ravishankara, AR Lovejoy, ER AF Burkholder, James B. Baynard, Tahllee Ravishankara, A. R. Lovejoy, Edward R. TI Particle nucleation following the O-3 and OH initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene between 278 and 320 K SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; VAPOR-PRESSURES; ALPHA-PINENE/O-3 REACTION; PHOTOOXIDATION PRODUCTS; PARTICULATE PRODUCTS; ACCRETION REACTIONS; TERPENE OZONOLYSIS; PHASE REACTIONS AB [1] Measurements of particle nucleation following the gas phase oxidation of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene are reported. Particle nucleation following ozonolysis and O-3 plus OH initiated monoterpene oxidation was measured in a 70-L Teflon bag reactor over the temperature range 278 to 320 K. Particle concentration temporal profiles were measured for a range of initial monoterpene and ozone concentrations using ultrafine condensation particle counters. Profiles were interpreted using a coupled gas phase chemistry and kinetic multicomponent nucleation model to determine the molar yield of the nucleating species in the ozonolysis experiments to be 1 x 10(-5) and 0.009, for alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, respectively. OH initiated oxidation was found to increase the nucleator yield for alpha-pinene, approximately a factor of three, but not for beta-pinene. The molar yield of condensable reaction products ( vapor pressure < 20 ppt at 296 K) was determined to be 0.06 for both alpha- pinene and beta-pinene and was independent of the oxidation source. Particle growth, which is determined by the condensable reaction products, was nearly temperature independent. Atmospheric box model calculations of nucleation and particle growth for alpha- pinene and beta-pinene oxidation under typical tropospheric conditions are presented and showed that ( 1) nucleation can be significant under favorable conditions, ( 2) nucleation is dominated by OH initiated oxidation, and ( 3) the partitioning of the condensable monoterpene oxidation products made a significant contribution to the growth of atmospheric aerosol and was capable of explaining the observed particle growth rates commonly observed in remote forests. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM james.b.burkholder@noaa.gov RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 63 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 24 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10216 DI 10.1029/2006JD007783 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AS UT WOS:000246846500005 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Mathur, R Schere, K Kang, DW Pleim, J Otte, TL AF Yu, Shaocai Mathur, Rohit Schere, Kenneth Kang, Daiwen Pleim, Jonathan Otte, Tanya L. TI A detailed evaluation of the Eta-CMAQ forecast model performance for O-3, its related precursors, and meteorological parameters during the 2004 ICARTT study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; ENGLAND AIR-QUALITY; OZONE PRODUCTION; DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION; BACKGROUND OZONE; SYSTEM; POLLUTION; NOX AB [1] The Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model's forecast performance for ozone (O-3), its precursors, and meteorological parameters has been assessed over the eastern United States with the observations obtained by aircraft, ship, ozonesonde, and lidar and two surface networks (AIRNOW and AIRMAP) during the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study. The results at the AIRNOW sites show that the model was able to reproduce the day-to-day variations of observed daily maximum 8-hour O-3 and captured the majority (73%) of observed daily maximum 8-hour O-3 within a factor of 1.5 with normalized mean bias of 22%. The model in general reproduced O-3 vertical distributions on most of the days at low altitudes, but consistent overestimations above similar to 6 km are evident because of a combination of effects related to the specifications of lateral boundary conditions from the Global Forecast System (GFS) as well as the model's coarse vertical resolution in the upper free troposphere. The model captured the vertical variation patterns of the observed values for other parameters (HNO3, SO2, NO2, HCHO, and NOy- sum (NOy- sum = NO + NO2 + HNO3 + PAN)) with some exceptions, depending on the studied areas and air mass characteristics. The consistent underestimation of CO by similar to 30% from surface to high altitudes is partly attributed to the inadequate representation of the transport of pollution associated with Alaska forest fires from outside the domain. The model exhibited good performance for marine or continental clear airflows from the east/north/northwest/south and southwest flows influenced only by Boston city plumes but overestimation for southeast flows influenced by the long-range transport of urban plumes from both New York City and Boston. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Yu, SC (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017; OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082; Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 34 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 24 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D12 AR D12S14 DI 10.1029/2006JD007715 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AW UT WOS:000246846900001 ER PT J AU Kim, B Beebe, JM Olivier, C Rigaut, S Touchard, D Kushmerick, JG Zhu, XY Frisbie, CD AF Kim, BongSoo Beebe, Jeremy M. Olivier, Celine Rigaut, Stephane Touchard, Daniel Kushmerick, James G. Zhu, X.-Y. Frisbie, C. Daniel TI Temperature and length dependence of charge transport in redox-active molecular wires incorporating ruthenium(II) bis(sigma-arylacetylide) complexes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CHEMICAL-STABILITY; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; METAL JUNCTIONS; TRANSISTORS; RESISTANCE; BRIDGES; GOLD AB We report the electrical transport behavior of a series of redox-active conjugated molecular wires as a function of temperature and molecular length. The wires consist of covalently coupled ruthenium(II) bis(sigma-arylacetylide) complexes (Ru1-Ru3) and range in length from 2.4 to 4.9 nm. The molecules are unique in that they contain multiple metal-redox centers that are well-coupled by conjugated ligands. The molecules were self-assembled and their films were extensively characterized using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. We probed their electrical properties using conducting probe atomic force microscopy and crossed-wire junctions. At room temperature, we found a very weak dependence of the wire resistance with molecular length, consistent with a high degree of electronic communication along the molecular backbone. In low-temperature (5 K) experiments, Coulomb blockade-like behavior was observed in junctions incorporating Ru3; direct tunneling appears to be the dominant transport mechanism in Ru1 and Ru2 junctions. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France. RP Rigaut, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM stephane.rigaut@univ-rennes1.fr; frisbie@cems.umn.edu RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Frisbie, C Daniel/F-3995-2011 NR 39 TC 118 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1932-7447 J9 J PHYS CHEM C JI J. Phys. Chem. C PD MAY 24 PY 2007 VL 111 IS 20 BP 7521 EP 7526 DI 10.1021/jp068824b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 169CH UT WOS:000246569800039 ER PT J AU Sweeney, C Gloor, E Jacobson, AR Key, RM McKinley, G Sarmiento, JL Wanninkhof, R AF Sweeney, Colm Gloor, Emanuel Jacobson, Andrew R. Key, Robert M. McKinley, Galen Sarmiento, Jorge L. Wanninkhof, Rik TI Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb C-14 measurements SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; WIND-SPEED; OCEAN; RADIOCARBON; MODELS; BUDGET; ALKALINITY; SINK AB [1] The (CO2)-C-14 released into the stratosphere during bomb testing in the early 1960s provides a global constraint on air-sea gas exchange of soluble atmospheric gases like CO2. Using the most complete database of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon, (DIC)-C-14, available to date and a suite of ocean general circulation models in an inverse mode we recalculate the ocean inventory of bomb-produced (DIC)-C-14 in the global ocean and confirm that there is a 25% decrease from previous estimates using older DI14C data sets. Additionally, we find a 33% lower globally averaged gas transfer velocity for CO2 compared to previous estimates (Wanninkhof, 1992) using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 1954-2000 where the global mean winds are 6.9 m s(-1). Unlike some earlier ocean radiocarbon studies, the implied gas transfer velocity finally closes the gap between small-scale deliberate tracer studies and global-scale estimates. Additionally, the total inventory of bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean is now in agreement with global budgets based on radiocarbon measurements made in the stratosphere and troposphere. Using the implied relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocity k(s) = 0.27 [u(10)(2)] (Sc/660)(-0.5) and standard partial pressure difference climatology of CO2 we obtain an net air-sea flux estimate of 1.3 +/- 0.5 PgCyr(-1) for 1995. After accounting for the carbon transferred from rivers to the deep ocean, our estimate of oceanic uptake (1.8 +/- 0.5 PgCyr(-1)) compares well with estimates based on ocean inventories, ocean transport inversions using ocean concentration data, and model simulations. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Leeds, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Sweeney, C (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM colm.sweeney@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 231 Z9 239 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAY 23 PY 2007 VL 21 IS 2 AR GB2015 DI 10.1029/2006GB002784 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AP UT WOS:000246846200002 ER PT J AU Wang, W Rood, MJ Carrico, CM Covert, DS Quinn, PK Bates, TS AF Wang, Wei Rood, Mark J. Carrico, Christian M. Covert, David S. Quinn, Patricia K. Bates, Timothy S. TI Aerosol optical properties along the northeast coast of North America during the New England Air Quality Study - Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2004 campaign and the influence of aerosol composition SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENT ACE 1; HUMIDITY CONTROLLED NEPHELOMETRY; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE AEROSOLS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; AMBIENT AEROSOL AB [1] Optical and hygroscopic properties of submicrometer diameter aerosol particles were measured on board the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown as part of the NEAQS-ITCT field campaign. The campaign occurred along the northeast coast of North America during the summer of 2004. A scanning relative humidity ( RH) nephelometry system (humidograph) measured total light scattering and backscattering coefficients (sigma(sp) and sigma(bsp), respectively) at three wavelengths (lambda s) and RH = 26% and while RH was scanned between 40% and 85%. These measurements were combined with aerosol light absorption and composition measurements to describe sigma(sp), sigma(bsp), single scattering albedo (omega), angstrom ngstrom exponent ((a) over circle), and hemispheric backscatter fraction (b) at a low reference RH of 26 +/- 4% and the aerosol's hygroscopic properties based on its optical response up to 85% RH. Humidogram curve structure was dominated by hygroscopic growth without hysteresis (76% frequency). Dependence of the aerosol's sigma(sp) values with changes in RH, f(sigma sp)(RH, 26), was observed to decrease with increasing mass fraction of particulate organic matter (POM, F-O). Statistical analyses indicated that increasing F-O resulted in a less hygroscopic aerosol, while increasing molar equivalence ratio (ER) resulted in lower hysteresis factors based on the aerosols' optical responses at a 0.95 confidence level. omega showed little RH dependence while (a) over circle and b decreased with increasing RH values. Values for (a) over circle(lambda(1), lambda(2)), b, and f(sigma sp)(82, 26) increased with increasing l values. Sensitivities of top of the atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing to changes in omega, b, and sigma(sp) with RH were also estimated. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rood, MJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM mrood@uiuc.edu RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 74 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 23 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S23 DI 10.1029/2006JD007579 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AR UT WOS:000246846400001 ER PT J AU Wang, WG Davis, KJ Cook, BD Yi, CX Butler, MP Ricciuto, DM Bakwin, PS AF Wang, Weiguo Davis, Kenneth J. Cook, Bruce D. Yi, Chuixiang Butler, Martha P. Ricciuto, Daniel M. Bakwin, Peter S. TI Estimating daytime CO2 fluxes over a mixed forest from tall tower mixing ratio measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; STAND AGE; SOIL RESPIRATION; EDDY COVARIANCE; PERUVIAN AMAZON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BOREAL FOREST; WATER-VAPOR AB [1] Difficulties in estimating terrestrial ecosystem CO2 fluxes on regional scales have significantly limited our understanding of the global carbon cycle. This paper presents an effort to estimate daytime CO2 fluxes over a forested region on the scale of 50 km in northern Wisconsin, USA, using the tall-tower-based mixed layer (ML) budget method. Budget calculations were conducted for 2 years under fair-weather conditions as a case study. With long-term measurements of CO2 mixing ratio at a 447-m-tall tower, daytime regional CO2 fluxes were estimated on the seasonal scale, longer than in earlier studies. The flux derived from the budget method was intermediate among those derived from the eddy-covariance (EC) method at three towers in the region and overall closest to that derived from EC measurements at 396 m of the tall tower. The dormant season average daytime-integrated regional CO2 flux was about 0.35 +/- 0.18 gC m(-2). During the growing season, the monthly averaged daytime-integrated regional CO2 flux varied from -1.58 +/- 0.19 to -4.15 +/- 0.32 gC m(-2), suggesting that the region was a net sink of CO2 in the daytime. We also discussed the effects on theses estimates of neglecting horizontal advection, selecting for fair-weather conditions, and using single-location measurements. Daytime regional CO2 flux estimates from the ML budget method were comparable to those from three aggregation experiments. Differences in results from the different methods, however, suggest that more constraints are needed to estimate regional fluxes with more confidence. Despite uncertainties, our analyses indicate that it is feasible to estimate daytime regional CO2 fluxes on long timescales using tall tower measurements. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wang, WG (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM wang@met.psu.edu RI Wang, Weiguo/B-4948-2009; Cook, Bruce/M-4828-2013; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Ricciuto, Daniel/I-3659-2016 OI Cook, Bruce/0000-0002-8528-000X; Ricciuto, Daniel/0000-0002-3668-3021 NR 63 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 23 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10308 DI 10.1029/2006JD007770 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AR UT WOS:000246846400003 ER PT J AU Sokolov, AP Novikov, VN Ding, Y AF Sokolov, A. P. Novikov, V. N. Ding, Y. TI Why many polymers are so fragile SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Workshop on Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Supercooled Fluids, Glasses and Amorphous Materials CY SEP 17-22, 2006 CL Pisa, ITALY SP Univ Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SEGMENTAL RELAXATION; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; DYNAMIC FRAGILITY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; POISSONS RATIO; MELTS; POLYSTYRENE; SCATTERING AB Many polymers exhibit extremely high fragility and deviate from most of the trends known for non-polymeric glass-forming systems. The analysis of literature data presented here demonstrates that chain rigidity might be the main reason for this peculiar behaviour. Based on this analysis a simple scenario is proposed: (i) oligomers (short polymeric chains) follow trends characteristic for non-polymeric systems; (ii) increase in molecular weight (MW) does not affect structural relaxation significantly in the case of flexible chains; (iii) however, it slows down structural relaxation in rigid chains tremendously. As a result, a strong increase of T-g with MW is observed for rigid polymers. This rise in T-g leads to extremely high 'apparent' fragility and failure of usual correlations between the fragility and other parameters in rigid polymers. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Automat & Electrometry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sokolov, AP (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 19 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAY 23 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 20 AR 205116 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/19/20/205116 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 169BM UT WOS:000246567700017 ER PT J AU Stark, H Lerner, BM Schmitt, R Jakoubek, R Williams, EJ Ryerson, TB Sueper, DT Parrish, DD Fehsenfeld, FC AF Stark, H. Lerner, B. M. Schmitt, R. Jakoubek, R. Williams, E. J. Ryerson, T. B. Sueper, D. T. Parrish, D. D. Fehsenfeld, F. C. TI Atmospheric in situ measurement of nitrate radical (NO3) and other photolysis rates using spectroradiometry and filter radiometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ACTINIC FLUX SPECTRORADIOMETRY; VISIBLE ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; QUANTUM YIELDS; DAYTIME NO3; CHEMISTRY; FREQUENCIES; N2O5; METHYLGLYOXAL; TROPOSPHERE; SYSTEM AB [1] We describe field measurements of nitrate radical photolysis rates, j(NO3), conducted during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study in the summer of 2004 in the northeastern United States on board the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown (RHB) and the NOAA aircraft WP-3. The photolysis rates of 17 other atmospherically important compounds were also measured. Direct measurements of spectral actinic fluxes using spectroradiometers were conducted on board the WP-3, which were then converted into photolysis rates. On board RHB, we used filter radiometers that specifically measured j(NO3) and were calibrated before and after the campaign by the spectroradiometers. NO3 photolysis rates ranged from below the detection limit of 10(-5) s(-1) at twilight to peak values of 0.5 s(-1) over clouds at midday. The measurement uncertainties were 9% for the spectroradiometers and 14% for the filter radiometers. A field intercomparison between ship and aircraft instruments showed general agreement, indicating that aircraft data can be used to calculate the ship nadir radiation from the ocean surface. The measurements were used to evaluate the importance of photolysis of nitrate radicals in the troposphere. One result was that because of its spatial correlation with NO, NO3 daytime loss is dominated by reaction with NO in the free troposphere and the marine boundary layer. The tropospheric branching ratio between the two NO3 photolysis channels producing NO and NO2, was found to be ( 10.8 +/- 1.2)% for NO in the lower troposphere. C1 NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Metcon Inc, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stark, H (reprint author), NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM harald.stark@noaa.gov RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 22 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S04 DI 10.1029/2006JD007578 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173AQ UT WOS:000246846300002 ER PT J AU Gannon, JL Li, X Heynderickx, D AF Gannon, J. L. Li, X. Heynderickx, D. TI Pitch angle distribution analysis of radiation belt electrons based on combined release and radiation effects satellite medium electrons A data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PLASMASPHERIC HISS; MAGNETOSPHERE; ENERGIZATION; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT AB [1] Using data from the Medium Electrons A instrument on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), a survey of pitch angle distributions (PADs) of energetic electrons is performed. The distributions are classified into three categories: 90 degrees-peaked, flattop, and butterfly. The categorizations are examined as a function of L-shell and orbit number and at electron energies of 153, 510, and 976 keV. The 90 degrees-peaked distributions dominate at the lowest energy channel, and butterfly distributions are more prevalent at higher L values. The PADs on the dayside are predominately 90 degrees-peaked distributions, while butterfly distributions become more common on the nightside at higher L-shells. Fitting the PADs to a sin(n) alpha form, where alpha is the local pitch angle, a profile of the parameter n versus L-shell is produced for local times corresponding to postnoon and midnight sectors for the 510-keV channel. We then compare the 510-keV data during times of moderate disturbance to the less disturbed case and the average case, and show an increase in butterfly distributions, which occurs at L > 6 for the nightside case and 3.5 < L < 5.5 for the dayside case. Comparing the profiles for n > 1 before and after the great storm on 24 March 1991, we find that there are significant differences before and after this event, the latter orbits being during a time of higher observed geomagnetic activity. Considering only those PADs with a calculated n > 1, the variation of the 90 degrees-peaked distributions versus L-shell and orbit shows increased steepness at lower L-shell. For the lowest energy channel, the low L-shell variation of the steepness of the distributions visually correlates with the average 2-day minimum plasmapause location calculated from a model based on the D-st index over the same time period. For the 510-keV electrons, a correlation can be seen with the development of flattop distributions inside of the calculated minimum plasmapause location. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. RP Gannon, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, W-NP9,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jennifer.gannon@noaa.gov; xinlin.li@lasp.colorado.edu; d.heynderickx@oma.be NR 24 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 22 PY 2007 VL 112 IS A5 AR A05212 DI 10.1029/2005JA011565 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 173CA UT WOS:000246849900001 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, RA Maslar, JE Opdahl, A Tarlov, MJ AF Zangmeister, Rebecca A. Maslar, James E. Opdahl, Aric Tarlov, Michael J. TI Adsorption behavior of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes on self-assembled monolayer surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID GOLD SURFACES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; PURIFICATION; SEPARATION; TEMPLATES; FEATURES; HYBRIDS; RAMAN AB We have examined the adsorption of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWNTs) on hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and charged surfaces of alkylthiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. Our goal is to understand how DNA-SWNTs interact with surfaces of varying chemical functionality. These samples were characterized using reflection absorption FTIR (RAIRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. We have found that DNA-SWNTs preferentially adsorb to positively charged amine-terminated SAMs and to bare gold surfaces versus hydrophobic methyl-terminated or negatively charged carboxylic acid-terminated SAMs. Examination of the adsorption on gold of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) of the same sequence used to wrap the SWNTs suggests that the DNA wrapping plays a role in the adsorption behavior of DNA-SWNTs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zangmeister, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Rebecca.Zangmeister@nist.gov RI Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAY 22 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 11 BP 6252 EP 6256 DI 10.1021/la063109e PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 167MV UT WOS:000246456700057 PM 17455960 ER PT J AU Jahn, A Vreeland, WN DeVoe, DL Locascio, LE Gaitan, M AF Jahn, Andreas Vreeland, Wyatt N. DeVoe, Don L. Locascio, Laurie E. Gaitan, Michael TI Microfluidic directed formation of liposomes of controlled size SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID REVERSE-PHASE EVAPORATION; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DRUG-RESISTANCE; CONTRAST AGENTS; CANCER-THERAPY; VESICLES; DELIVERY; ENCAPSULATION; SONICATION; ADJUVANTS AB A new method to tailor liposome size and size distribution in a microfluidic format is presented. Liposomes are spherical structures formed from lipid bilayers that are from tens of nanometers to several micrometers in diameter. Liposome size and size distribution are tailored for a particular application and are inherently important for in vivo applications such as drug delivery and transfection across nuclear membranes in gene therapy. Traditional laboratory methods for liposome preparation require postprocessing steps, such as sonication or membrane extrusion, to yield formulations of appropriate size. Here we describe a method to engineer liposomes of a particular size and size distribution by changing the flow conditions in a microfluidic channel, obviating the need for postprocessing. A stream of lipids dissolved in alcohol is hydrodynamically focused between two sheathed aqueous streams in a microfluidic channel. The laminar flow in the microchannel enables controlled diffusive mixing at the two liquid interfaces where the lipids self-assemble into vesicles. The liposomes formed by this self-assembly process are characterized using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation combined with quasi-elastic light scattering and multiangle laser-light scattering. We observe that the vesicle size and size distribution are tunable over a mean diameter from 50 to 150 nm by adjusting the ratio of the alcohol-to-aqueous volumetric flow rate. We also observe that liposome formation depends more strongly on the focused alcohol stream width and its diffusive mixing with the aqueous stream than on the sheer forces at the solvent-buffer interface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vreeland, WN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wyatt.vreeland@nist.gov RI DeVoe, Don/A-2891-2011 OI DeVoe, Don/0000-0002-7740-9993 NR 36 TC 130 Z9 133 U1 11 U2 86 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAY 22 PY 2007 VL 23 IS 11 BP 6289 EP 6293 DI 10.1021/la070051a PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 167MV UT WOS:000246456700063 PM 17451256 ER PT J AU Ding, YF Ro, HW Douglas, JF Jones, RL Hine, DR Karim, A Soles, CL AF Ding, Yifu Ro, Hyun Wook Douglas, Jack F. Jones, Ronald L. Hine, Daniel R. Karim, Alamgir Soles, Christopher L. TI Polymer viscoelasticity and residual stress effects on nanoimprint lithography SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; CORRUGATION GRATINGS; IMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY; SURFACE-TENSION; ELASTIC-MODULI; FILMS; FLOW; TEMPERATURE; FABRICATION AB The decay kinetics of polystyrene (PS) gratings are monitored by tracking the intensity of the first-order laser diffraction peak as a function of annealing time. For low-molecular-mass PS (24 kg mol(-1), blue circles), an exponential response suggests that the pattern decay is a surface-tension driven viscous flow. In high-molecular-mass PS (1007 kg mol(-1), green circles) a complicated response includes a rapid elastic recovery, a power-law creep, and a viscouslike flow (see figure). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 32 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 30 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD MAY 21 PY 2007 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1377 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200601998 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 175CN UT WOS:000246990300014 ER PT J AU Sciortino, F Bianchi, E Douglas, JF Tartaglia, P AF Sciortino, Francesco Bianchi, Emanuela Douglas, Jack F. Tartaglia, Piero TI Self-assembly of patchy particles into polymer chains: A parameter-free comparison between Wertheim theory and Monte Carlo simulation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIRECTIONAL ATTRACTIVE FORCES; ASSOCIATING FLUIDS; EQUILIBRIUM POLYMERIZATION; LIVING POLYMERS; LATTICE MODEL; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PERTURBATION-THEORY; COLLOIDAL CLUSTERS; PHASE-SEPARATION; HARD-SPHERES AB The authors numerically study a simple fluid composed of particles having a hard-core repulsion, complemented by two short-ranged attractive (sticky) spots at the particle poles, which provides a simple model for equilibrium polymerization of linear chains. The simplicity of the model allows for a close comparison, with no fitting parameters, between simulations and theoretical predictions based on the Wertheim perturbation theory. This comparison offers a unique framework for the analytic prediction of the properties of self-assembling particle systems in terms of molecular parameters and liquid state correlation functions. The Wertheim theory has not been previously subjected to stringent tests against simulation data for ordering across the polymerization transition. The authors numerically determine many of the thermodynamic properties governing this basic form of self-assembly (energy per particle, order parameter or average fraction of particles in the associated state, average chain length, chain length distribution, average end-to-end distance of the chains, and the static structure factor) and find that predictions of the Wertheim theory accord remarkably well with the simulation results. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, SOFT, CNR, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, SMC, CNR, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sciortino, F (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RI Tartaglia, Piero/F-2194-2011; Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Bianchi, Emanuela/E-8288-2013 OI Bianchi, Emanuela/0000-0002-3282-1087 NR 68 TC 123 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 46 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 21 PY 2007 VL 126 IS 19 AR 194903 DI 10.1063/1.2730797 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 170EZ UT WOS:000246646600056 PM 17523836 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Allen, DW Gibson, CE Litorja, M Saunders, RD Brown, SW Eppeldauer, GP Lykke, KR AF Yoon, Howard W. Allen, David W. Gibson, Charles E. Litorja, Maritoni Saunders, Robert D. Brown, Steven W. Eppeldauer, George P. Lykke, Keith R. TI Thermodynamic-temperature determinations of the Ag and Au freezing temperatures using a detector-based radiation thermometer SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETRIC DETERMINATION; NOISE THERMOMETRY; RANGE; GOLD; POINTS AB The development of a radiation thermometer calibrated for spectral radiance responsivity using cryogenic, electrical-substitution radiometry to determine the thermodynamic temperatures of the Ag- and Au-freezing temperatures is described. The absolute spectral radiance responsivity of the radiation thermometer is measured in the NIST Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) facility with a total uncertainty of 0.15% (k = 2) and is traceable to the electrical watt, and thus the thermodynamic temperature of any blackbody can be determined by using Planck radiation law and the measured optical power. The thermodynamic temperatures of the Ag- and Au-freezing temperatures are determined to be 1234.956 K (+/- 0.110 K) (k = 2) and 1337.344 K (+/- 0.129 K) (k = 2) differing from the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) assignments by 26 mK and 14 mK, respectively, within the stated uncertainties. The temperatures were systematically corrected for the size-of-source effect, the nonlinearity of the preamplifier and the emissivity of the blackbody. The ultimate goal of these thermodynamic temperature measurements is to disseminate temperature scales with lower uncertainties than those of the ITS-90. These results indicate that direct disseminations of thermodynamic temperature scales are possible. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hyoon@nist.gov NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 15 BP 2870 EP 2880 DI 10.1364/AO.46.002870 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 167FB UT WOS:000246435600009 PM 17514232 ER PT J AU Barnes, JE Sharma, NCP Kaplan, TB AF Barnes, John E. Sharma, N. C. Parikh Kaplan, Trevor B. TI Atmospheric aerosol profiling with a bistatic imaging lidar system SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID TOOL AB Atmospheric aerosols have been profiled using a simple, imaging, bistatic lidar system. A vertical laser beam is imaged onto a charge-coupled-device camera from the ground to the zenith with a wide-angle lens (CLidar). The altitudes are derived geometrically from the position of the camera and laser with submeter resolution near the ground. The system requires no overlap correction needed in monostatic lidar systems and needs a much smaller dynamic range. Nighttime measurements of both molecular and aerosol scattering were made at Mauna Loa Observatory. The CLidar aerosol total scatter compares very well with a nephelometer measuring at 10 m above the ground. The results build on earlier work that compared purely molecular scattered light to theory, and detail instrument improvements. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Mauna Loa Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, New Britain, CT 06050 USA. RP Barnes, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Mauna Loa Observ, 1437 Kilauea Ave, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM John.E.Barnes@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2007 VL 46 IS 15 BP 2922 EP 2929 DI 10.1364/AO.46.002922 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 167FB UT WOS:000246435600016 PM 17514239 ER PT J AU Chand, TRK Badarinath, KVS Murthy, MSR Rajshekhar, G Elvidge, CD Tuttle, BT AF Chand, T. R. Kiran Badarinath, K. V. S. Murthy, M. S. R. Rajshekhar, G. Elvidge, C. D. Tuttle, B. T. TI Active forest fire monitoring in ttaranchal state, India using multi-temporal DMSP-OLS and MODIS data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION; EMISSIONS AB This paper gives an account of day-night active forest fire monitoring conducted over the sub-tropical and moist temperate forests of the Uttaranchal State, India, during 2005 using the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program - Operational Line Scan system (DMSP-OLS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sat-ellite data. The state experienced heavy fire episodes during May-June 2005 and daily datasets of DMSP-OLS (night-time) and selected cloud-free MODIS (daytime) datasets were used in mapping active fire locations. DMSP-OLS collects data in visible (0.5 to 0.9 mu m) and thermal (10.5 to 12.5 mu m) bands and detects dim sources of lighting on the earth's surface, including fires. The enhanced fire algorithm for active fire detection (version 4) was used in deriving fire products from MODIS datasets. Fire locations derived from DMSP-OLS and MODIS data were validated with limited ground data from forest department and media reports. Results of the study indicated that the state experienced heavy fire episodes, most of them occurring during night-time rather than daytime. Validation of satellite-derived fires with ground data showed a high degree of spatial correlation. C1 Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Forestry & Ecol Div, Dept Space Govt India, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Badarinath, KVS (reprint author), Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Forestry & Ecol Div, Dept Space Govt India, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. EM badrinath_kvs@nrsa.gov.in RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY 20 PY 2007 VL 28 IS 10 BP 2123 EP 2132 DI 10.1080/01431160600810609 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 180OY UT WOS:000247376600006 ER PT J AU Li, J Zhang, P Schmit, TJ Schmetz, J Menzel, WP AF Li, J. Zhang, P. Schmit, T. J. Schmetz, J. Menzel, W. P. TI Quantitative monitoring of a Saharan dust event with SEVIRI on Meteosat-8 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE; RETRIEVAL; TURBIDITY; OUTBREAKS; AEROSOLS; WATER AB An algorithm has been developed to quantitatively retrieve dust properties (identification, optical thickness, particle radius, and dust density) from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard Meteosat-8, the first of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). Two SEVIRI thermal infrared (IR) window channels (10.8 mu m and 12 mu m) were used to monitor the dust event of 3 March 2004 over the Sahara in northern Africa. The identification and evolution of dust are well depicted by SEVIRI data with high spatial resolution (approximately 3 km) and high temporal resolution (15 minutes). This demonstrates the capability of a geostationary advanced imager to monitor dust events over land, their migration and the corresponding air quality. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NSMC, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Madison, WI USA. European Org Exploitat Meteorol Satellites, EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany. RP Li, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Jun.Li@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 20 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY 20 PY 2007 VL 28 IS 10 BP 2181 EP 2186 DI 10.1080/01431160600975337 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 180OY UT WOS:000247376600009 ER PT J AU Duck, TJ Firanski, BJ Millet, DB Goldstein, AH Allan, J Holzinger, R Worsnop, DR White, AB Stohl, A Dickinson, CS van Donkelaar, A AF Duck, Thomas J. Firanski, Bernard J. Millet, Dylan B. Goldstein, Allen H. Allan, James Holzinger, Rupert Worsnop, Douglas R. White, Allen B. Stohl, Andreas Dickinson, Cameron S. van Donkelaar, Aaron TI Transport of forest fire emissions from Alaska and the Yukon Territory to Nova Scotia during summer 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; BIOMASS-BURNING EMISSIONS; DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART; NORTH-ATLANTIC; WATER-VAPOR; METEOROLOGY; ACETONITRILE; VALIDATION; ATMOSPHERE; PARTICLES AB [1] Emissions from forest fires in Alaska and the Yukon Territory were observed at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia (43.7 degrees N, 66.1 degrees W), between 11 and 13 July 2004. Smoke aerosols were first detected in the free troposphere by a Raman lidar and extended up to 8 km altitude. The plume was not evident at the surface until the second day, when increases in CO, acetonitrile (CH3CN), benzene, and aerosol mass concentrations were observed by in situ instrumentation. Enhancement ratios for each species relative to CO agreed with the range of values from other measurements of the same plume. The surface aerosols had an elevated black carbon fraction relative to both CO and organic matter, and the ratio of black to organic carbon was higher than what is typically observed in fresh smoke. The emissions were tracked back to Alaska and the Yukon Territory using aerosol optical depth measurements from the Aqua MODIS satellite instrument, and the transport was reconstructed using the GEOS-Chem and FLEXPART atmospheric models. The analysis suggests that aerosols were injected into the atmosphere in proportion to CO and that aerosol removal processes were weak during the 7 to 9 day transit time in the free troposphere. Transport of the tracers to the ground was strongly connected to synoptic-scale features in the surface meteorology. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Univ Colorado, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. RP Duck, TJ (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. EM tom.duck@dal.ca RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Millet, Dylan/G-5832-2012; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; NR 44 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 19 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10S44 DI 10.1029/2006JD007716 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XW UT WOS:000246839100006 ER PT J AU Diallo, SO Pearce, JV Azuah, RT Kirichek, O Taylor, JW Glyde, HR AF Diallo, S. O. Pearce, J. V. Azuah, R. T. Kirichek, O. Taylor, J. W. Glyde, H. R. TI Bose-Einstein condensation in solid He-4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION; KINETIC-ENERGY; LIQUID-HE-4; SUPERFLUID; STATE; CRYSTALS; HELIUM AB We present neutron scattering measurements of the atomic momentum distribution n(k) in solid helium under a pressure p=41 bar (molar volume V-m=20.01 +/- 0.02 cm(3)/mol) and at temperatures between 80 and 500 mK. The aim is to determine whether there is Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) below the critical temperature, T-c=200 mK, where a superfluid density has been observed. Assuming BEC appears as a macroscopic occupation of the k=0 state below T-c, we find a condensate fraction of n(0)=(-0.10 +/- 1.20)% at T=80 mK and n(0)=(0.08 +/- 0.78)% at T=120 mK, consistent with zero. The shape of n(k) also does not change on crossing T-c within measurement precision. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Spallat Neutron Source, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Diallo, SO (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Kirichek, Oleg/C-2660-2013; Diallo, Souleymane/B-3111-2016 OI Diallo, Souleymane/0000-0002-3369-8391 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 18 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 20 AR 205301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.205301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 169WY UT WOS:000246624000033 PM 17677706 ER PT J AU Gaebler, JP Stewart, JT Bohn, JL Jin, DS AF Gaebler, J. P. Stewart, J. T. Bohn, J. L. Jin, D. S. TI p-wave Feshbach molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONDENSATION; ATOMS AB We have produced and detected molecules using a p-wave Feshbach resonance between K-40 atoms. We have measured the binding energy and lifetime for these molecules and we find that the binding energy scales approximately linearly with the magnetic field near the resonance. The lifetime of bound p-wave molecules is measured to be 1.0 +/- 0.1 ms and 2.3 +/- 0.2 ms for the m(l)=+/- 1 and m(l)=0 angular momentum projections, respectively. At magnetic fields above the resonance, we detect quasibound molecules whose lifetime is set by the tunneling rate through the centrifugal barrier. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gaebler, JP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gaeblerj@jila.colorado.edu NR 21 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 18 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 20 AR 200403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.200403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 169WY UT WOS:000246624000003 PM 17677676 ER PT J AU Gerrits, T Krivosik, P Schneider, ML Patton, CE Silva, TJ AF Gerrits, Thomas Krivosik, Pavol Schneider, Michael L. Patton, Carl E. Silva, T. J. TI Direct detection of nonlinear ferromagnetic resonance in thin films by the magneto-optical Kerr effect SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION DYNAMICS; SPIN; GENERATION; PERMALLOY; GARNET AB The longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect is used to obtain a calibrated measure of the dynamic magnetization response over the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) profile for in-plane magnetized Permalloy films excited with high power in-plane transverse microwave fields at 1.25 to 3.75 GHz and in-plane precession angles up to about 20 degrees. The data provide a profound demonstration of the Suhl threshold effect for parametric spin wave generation for angles above about 14 degrees, the magnetization precession lock-up just above threshold, and the complicated response over the full FMR profile at very high powers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Bratislava 81219, Slovakia. RP Gerrits, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 18 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 20 AR 207602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.207602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 169WY UT WOS:000246624000067 PM 17677740 ER PT J AU Sebby-Strabley, J Brown, BL Anderlini, M Lee, PJ Phillips, WD Porto, JV Johnson, PR AF Sebby-Strabley, J. Brown, B. L. Anderlini, M. Lee, P. J. Phillips, W. D. Porto, J. V. Johnson, P. R. TI Preparing and probing atomic number states with an atom interferometer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We describe the controlled loading and measurement of number-squeezed states and Poisson states of atoms in individual sites of a double well optical lattice. These states are input to an atom interferometer that is realized by symmetrically splitting individual lattice sites into double wells, allowing atoms in individual sites to evolve independently. The two paths then interfere, creating a matter-wave double-slit diffraction pattern. The time evolution of the double-slit diffraction pattern is used to measure the number statistics of the input state. The flexibility of our double well lattice provides a means to detect the presence of empty lattice sites, an important and so far unmeasured factor in determining the purity of a Mott state. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Phys Program, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Sebby-Strabley, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM trey@nist.gov RI Lee, Patricia/B-6146-2012; OI Brown, Benjamin/0000-0002-4873-6362 NR 14 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 18 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 20 AR 200405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.200405 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 169WY UT WOS:000246624000005 PM 17677678 ER PT J AU Yu, LH Zangmeister, CD Kushmerick, JG AF Yu, Lam H. Zangmeister, Christopher D. Kushmerick, James G. TI Origin of discrepancies in inelastic electron tunneling spectra of molecular junctions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT JUNCTIONS; CHARGE-TRANSPORT; SPECTROSCOPY; MULTILAYER AB We report inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) of multilayer molecular junctions with and without incorporated metal nanoparticles. The incorporation of metal nanoparticles into our devices leads to enhanced IET intensity and a modified line shape for some vibrational modes. The enhancement and line-shape modification are both the result of a low lying hybrid metal nanoparticle-molecule electronic level. These observations explain the apparent discrepancy between earlier IETS measurements of alkane thiolate junctions by Kushmerick et al. [Nano Lett. 4, 639 (2004)] and Wang et al. [Nano Lett. 4, 643 (2004)]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.kushmerick@nist.gov RI Kushmerick, James/C-2882-2008; Yu, Lam/F-9025-2012 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 18 PY 2007 VL 98 IS 20 AR 206803 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.206803 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 169WY UT WOS:000246624000054 PM 17677727 ER PT J AU Liang, JY Yang, S Li, CH Li, X AF Liang, Jianyin Yang, Song Li, Cunhui Li, Xia TI Long-term changes in the South China Sea summer monsoon revealed by station observations of the Xisha Islands SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; TIBETAN PLATEAU; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; TROPICAL WESTERN; ASIAN MONSOON; EAST-ASIA; ONSET; CIRCULATION AB [1] The authors depict the long-term changes in the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon using observational data of the Xisha Islands. The SCS monsoon is an important component of the Asian monsoon system, and its long-term changes have seldom been explored because of the unavailability of reliable data. The daily Xisha station observations provide an important source of information for understanding the changes in the monsoon. The intensity of the SCS summer monsoon measured by kinetic energy decreased significantly from 1958 - 1977 to 1978 - 2004. This change in monsoon was mainly caused by the weakening of the meridional component of lower tropospheric winds, and the weakening in the mean flow was signaled by decreased frequency of strong southerlies ( 6 m s(-1) and above) of the daily winds. The weakening of the monsoon was also associated with increases in sea surface temperature and surface and lower tropospheric air temperatures over SCS, which occurred more frequently when daily surface temperature reaches 29 degrees C and higher. The long-term warming of the lower troposphere was accompanied by cooling at the upper troposphere, destabilizing the local atmosphere. However, from 1958 - 1977 to 1978 - 2004, the long-term change in Xisha precipitation tended to decrease; furthermore, in fact, the station precipitation became less variable. Thus besides local air-sea interaction, large-scale atmospheric forcing also plays an important role in causing the long-term change of the Xisha precipitation. Indeed, the warming of Xisha was linked to large-scale warming in the tropics including SCS and was associated with smaller thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the surrounding oceans, which weakened monsoon circulation. C1 China Meteorol Adm, Inst Trop & Marine Meteorol, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, Peoples R China. NOAA WS NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Liang, JY (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Inst Trop & Marine Meteorol, 6 Fujian Rd, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM song.yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 NR 68 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10104 DI 10.1029/2006JD007922 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XU UT WOS:000246838900005 ER PT J AU Luo, LF Wood, EF Pan, M AF Luo, Lifeng Wood, Eric F. Pan, Ming TI Bayesian merging of multiple climate model forecasts for seasonal hydrological predictions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MULTIMODEL SUPERENSEMBLE FORECASTS; ENSEMBLE FORECASTS; DECISION-MAKING; GCM ENSEMBLES; PRECIPITATION; COMBINATION; PREDICTABILITY; SYSTEM; TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC AB [1] This study uses a Bayesian approach to merge ensemble seasonal climate forecasts generated by multiple climate models for better probabilistic and deterministic forecasting. Within the Bayesian framework, the climatological distribution of the variable of interest serves as the prior, and the likelihood function is developed with a weighted linear regression between the climate model hindcasts and the corresponding observations. The resulting posterior distribution is the merged forecast, which represents our best estimate of the variable, including its mean and variance, given the current model forecast and knowledge about the model's performance. The handling of multimodel climate forecasts and nonnormal distributed variables, such as precipitation, are two important extensions toward the application of the Bayesian merging approach for seasonal hydrological predictions. Two examples are presented as follows: seasonal forecast of sea surface temperature over equatorial Pacific and precipitation forecast over the Ohio River basin. Cross validation of these forecasts shows smaller root mean square error and smaller ranked probability score for the merged forecast as compared with raw forecasts from climate models and the climatological forecast, indicating an improvement in both deterministic and probabilistic forecast skills. Therefore there is great potential to apply this method to seasonal hydrological forecasting. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Luo, LF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM lluo@princeton.edu RI Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pan, Ming/B-6841-2011 OI Pan, Ming/0000-0003-3350-8719 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 6 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10102 DI 10.1029/2006JD007655 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XU UT WOS:000246838900003 ER PT J AU Pour-Biazar, A McNider, RT Roselle, SJ Suggs, R Jedlovec, G Byun, DW Kim, S Lin, CJ Ho, TC Haines, S Dornblaser, B Cameron, R AF Pour-Biazar, Arastoo McNider, Richard T. Roselle, Shawn J. Suggs, Ron Jedlovec, Gary Byun, Daewon W. Kim, Soontae Lin, C. J. Ho, Thomas C. Haines, Stephanie Dornblaser, Bright Cameron, Robert TI Correcting photolysis rates on the basis of satellite observed clouds SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODEL; SOLAR-RADIATION; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; ATMOSPHERE; AEROSOLS; ABSORPTION; PROFILES; SURFACE; URBAN AB [1] Clouds can significantly affect photochemical activities in the boundary layer by altering radiation intensity, and therefore their correct specification in the air quality models is of outmost importance. In this study we introduce a technique for using the satellite observed clouds to correct photolysis rates in photochemical models. This technique was implemented in EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) and was tested over a 10 day period in August 2000 that coincided with the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). The simulations were performed at 4 and 12 km grid size domains over Texas, extending east to Mississippi, for the period of 24 to 31 August 2000. The results clearly indicate that inaccurate cloud prediction in the model can significantly alter the predicted atmospheric chemical composition within the boundary layer and exaggerate or underpredict ozone concentration. Cloud impact is acute and more pronounced over the emission source regions and can lead to large errors in the model predictions of ozone and its by-products. At some locations the errors in ozone concentration reached as high as 60 ppb which was mostly corrected by the use of our technique. Clouds also increased the lifetime of ozone precursors leading to their transport out of the source regions and causing further ozone production down-wind. Longer lifetime for nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and its transport over regions high in biogenic hydrocarbon emissions ( in the eastern part of the domain) led to increased ozone production that was missing in the control simulation. Over Houston-Galveston Bay area, the presence of clouds altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere and reduced the net surface removal of reactive nitrogen compounds. Use of satellite observed clouds significantly improved model predictions in areas impacted by clouds. Errors arising from an inconsistency in the cloud fields can impact the performance of photochemical models used for case studies as well as for air quality forecasting. Air quality forecast models often use the model results from the previous forecast ( or some adjusted form of it) for the initialization of the new forecast. Therefore such errors can propagate into the future forecasts, and the use of observed clouds in the preparation of initial concentrations for air quality forecasting could be beneficial. C1 Univ Alabama, Earth Syst Sci Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Houston, Inst Multidimens Air Qual Studies, Houston, TX 77004 USA. Gulf Mexico OCS Reg, Minerals Management Serv, New Orleans, LA 70123 USA. Texas Commiss Environm Qual, Austin, TX 78711 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pour-Biazar, A (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Earth Syst Sci Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM biazar@nsstc.uah.edu RI Lin, Che-Jen/K-1808-2013 OI Lin, Che-Jen/0000-0001-5990-3093 NR 29 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 17 PY 2007 VL 112 IS D10 AR D10302 DI 10.1029/2006JD007422 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 172XU UT WOS:000246838900002 ER EF