FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU McCabe, DC Rajakumar, B Marshall, P Smith, IWM Ravishankara, AR AF McCabe, D. C. Rajakumar, B. Marshall, P. Smith, I. W. M. Ravishankara, A. R. TI The relaxation of OH (v=1) and OD (v=1) by H2O and D2O at temperatures from 251 to 390 K SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CO REACTANT COMPLEX; VIBRATIONAL-ENERGY TRANSFER; TRANSITION-STATE; WATER MOLECULE; ATOMIC OXYGEN; GAS-PHASE; UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; BASIS-SETS; AB-INITIO AB We report rate coefficients for the relaxation of OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) by H2O and D2O as a function of temperature between 251 and 390 K. All four rate coefficients exhibit a negative dependence on temperature. In Arrhenius form, the rate coefficients for relaxation (in units of 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)) can be expressed as: for OH(v = 1) + H2O between 263 and 390 K: k = (2.4 +/- 0.9) exp((460 +/- 115)/T); for OH(v = 1) + D2O between 256 and 371 K:k = (0.49 +/- 0.16) exp((610 +/- 90)/T); for OD(v = 1) + H2O between 251 and 371 K:k = (0.92 +/- 0.16) exp((485 +/- 48)/T); for OD(v = 1) + D2O between 253 and 366 K:k = (2.57 +/- 0.09) exp((342 +/- 10)/T). Rate coefficients at (297 +/- 1 K) are also reported for the relaxation of OH(v = 2) by D2O and the relaxation of OD(v = 2) by H2O and D2O. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism involving the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes in which intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution can occur at rates competitive with re-dissociation to the initial collision partners in their original vibrational states. New ab initio calculations on the H2O-HO system have been performed which, inter alia, yield vibrational frequencies for all four complexes: H2O-HO, D2O-HO, H2O-DO and D2O-DO. These data are then employed, adapting a formalism due to Troe (J. Troe, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 4758), in order to estimate the rates of intramolecular energy transfer from the OH (OD) vibration to other modes in the complexes in order to explain the measured relaxation rates-assuming that relaxation proceeds via the hydrogen-bonded complexes. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Chem, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ N Texas, Ctr Adv Sci Comp & Modeling, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. RP McCabe, DC (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dmcc@caltech.edu; rajakumar@iitm.ac.in; marshall@unt.edu; i.w.m.smith@bham.ac.uk; ravi@al.noaa.gov RI B, Rajakumar/H-3479-2011; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 EI 1463-9084 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 39 BP 4563 EP 4574 DI 10.1039/b609330b PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 091BB UT WOS:000240999600008 PM 17047754 ER PT J AU Bergeron, DE Musgrave, A Wright, TG AF Bergeron, Denis E. Musgrave, Adam Wright, Timothy G. TI (2+1) REMPI spectroscopy of the NO-CO, NO-N-2, and NO-{N-2, Ar} van der Waals complexes in the region of the 4s and 3d Rydberg states SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CENTER-DOT-NO; LEVEL AB-INITIO; SPECTRUM; KR; (A)OVER-TILDE; SURFACES; CATION AB We have collected (2 + 1) Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) spectra of van der Waals complexes in which a NO molecule is attached to either CO, N-2, or both N-2 and Ar. The energy region probed corresponds to electronic transitions of uncomplexed NO(X-2 Pi) to the 4s and 3d Rydberg states, and we discuss the observed spectra in light of the expected perturbations to these electronic levels induced by complexation. We employ a model in which the van der Waals partners are assumed to reside within the Rydberg orbital, and discuss the importance of core penetration in the description of the electronic structure. By performing calculations on NO+ interacting with both N-2 and Ar, we identify the global minimum as being a non-planar structure. Further, the N-2 and Ar are found to interact with the NO+ largely independently, and we find some evidence for this from the REMPI spectrum of NO-{N-2, Ar}. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Wright, TG (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Tim.Wright@nottingham.ac.uk RI Bergeron, Denis/I-4332-2013 OI Bergeron, Denis/0000-0003-1150-7950 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 41 BP 4758 EP 4765 DI 10.1039/b610460f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 095BZ UT WOS:000241284500005 PM 17043719 ER PT J AU Hemraj-Benny, T Banerjee, S Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Eres, G Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Lowndes, DH Misewich, JA Wong, SS AF Hemraj-Benny, Tirandai Banerjee, Sarbajit Sambasivan, Sharadha Fischer, Daniel A. Eres, Gyula Puretzky, Alexander A. Geohegan, David B. Lowndes, Douglas H. Misewich, James A. Wong, Stanislaus S. TI Imperfect surface order and functionalization in vertical carbon nanotube arrays probed by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; GROWTH; ORIENTATION; CHEMISTRY; ALIGNMENT; POLYMER AB Probing surface order as well as the degree of structural modi. cation in carbon nanotube systems is of fundamental importance for incorporation of these materials into practical functional devices. The current study pertains to the analysis of the surface order of vertically-aligned single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays of varying length and composition by means of near-edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). Both NEXAFS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies concluded that the nanotubes in these samples were oriented vertically to the plane of the surface. However, NEXAFS polarization analysis provided a more quantitative and nuanced description of the surface structure, indicative of far less localized surface order, an observation partially attributed to misalignment and bending of the tubes. Moreover, it was demonstrated by NEXAFS that the surface order of the arrays was imperfect and relatively independent of the height of the nanotube arrays. In addition, we have shown that NEXAFS can be used to correlate the extent of chemical functionalization and oxygenation with disruption of the electronic and physical structure of nanotubes embedded in array motifs. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wong, SS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sswong@notes.cc RI Eres, Gyula/C-4656-2017; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013 OI Eres, Gyula/0000-0003-2690-5214; Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 43 BP 5038 EP 5044 DI 10.1039/b606596c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 103LD UT WOS:000241885800007 PM 17091154 ER PT J AU Gea-Banacloche, J Rey, AM Pupillo, G Williams, CJ Clark, CW AF Gea-Banacloche, J Rey, AM Pupillo, G Williams, CJ Clark, CW TI Mean-field treatment of the damping of the oscillations of a one-dimensional Bose gas in an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID WAVES; ATOMS AB We present a theoretical treatment of the surprisingly large damping observed recently in one-dimensional Bose-Einstein atomic condensates in optical lattices. We show that time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) calculations can describe qualitatively the main features of the damping observed over a range of lattice depths. We also derive a formula of the fluctuation-dissipation type for the damping, based on a picture in which the coherent motion of the condensate atoms is disrupted as they try to flow through the random local potential created by the irregular motion of noncondensate atoms. When parameters for the characteristic strength and correlation times of the fluctuations, obtained from the HFB calculations, are substituted in the damping formula, we find very good agreement with the experimentally observed damping, as long as the lattice is shallow enough for the fraction of atoms in the Mott insulator phase to be negligible. We also include, for completeness, the results of other calculations based on the Gutzwiller ansatz, which appear to work better for the deeper lattices. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Inst Theoret Atom & Mol Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Austrian Acad Sci, IQOQI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM jgeabana@uark.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Gea-Banacloche, Julio/J-7546-2013 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Gea-Banacloche, Julio/0000-0001-9482-9060 NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 013605 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013605 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900131 ER PT J AU Glancy, S Knill, E AF Glancy, S Knill, E TI Error analysis for encoding a qubit in an oscillator SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; LINEAR OPTICS AB In Phys. Rev. A 64, 012310 (2001), Gottesman, Kitaev, and Preskill described a method to encode a qubit in the continuous Hilbert space of an oscillator's position and momentum variables. This encoding provides a natural error-correction scheme that can correct errors due to small shifts of the position or momentum wave functions (i.e., use of the displacement operator). We present bounds on the size of correctable shift errors when both qubit and ancilla states may contain errors. We then use these bounds to constrain the quality of input qubit and ancilla states. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Comp Sci Div, Informat Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Comp Sci Div, Informat Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM sglancy@boulder.nist.gov; knill@boulder.nist.gov NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012325 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012325 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900054 ER PT J AU Lisak, D Hodges, JT Ciurylo, R AF Lisak, D Hodges, JT Ciurylo, R TI Comparison of semiclassical line-shape models to rovibrational H2O spectra measured by frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-Q BRANCH; DEPENDENT COLLISIONAL WIDTH; TUNABLE DIODE-LASER; WATER-VAPOR; MU-M; BROADENING PARAMETERS; CHANGING COLLISIONS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM; LINESHAPE MODELS; KINETIC-EQUATION AB A single-mode cavity ring-down spectrometer, which incorporates a stabilized and tuneable comb of resonant frequencies and a continuous-wave external-cavity diode probe laser, was used to study rovibrational absorption line shapes within the 2 nu(1)+nu(3) and 3 nu(3) vibrational bands of water vapor. This spectrometer, which has a noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 2x10(-9) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2) and frequency resolution of 50 kHz, enables high-precision measurements of line-shape effects and pressure shifting of relatively weak absorption transitions. We investigated the room-temperature pressure dependence over the range from 0.5 Pa to 50 kPa of two H-2 O-16 transitions perturbed by He, N-2, and SF6. Foreign-gas broadening and pressure-shift coefficients were determined for a relatively strong transition at 10 687.36 cm(-1), and for a weaker transition at 10 834.34 cm(-1) the self- and N-2-broadening and pressure-shift parameters were measured. In the low-pressure limit the room-temperature Doppler width was measured within 0.2% of its expected value. Doppler-free saturation effects were also observed with linewidths below 2 MHz. The data were compared to semiclassical line-shape models that considered the influence of Dicke narrowing as well as the speed dependence of pressure broadening and pressure shifting. Taking both of these effects into account gave the best agreement with our observations and allowed us to model the observed asymmetries of experimental profiles. Hard- and soft-collision as well as billiard-ball collision models were considered. These results allowed us to quantify systematic errors in line intensity and in pressure broadening associated with oversimplified models of line shape. C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Inst Fizki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP NIST, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Lisak, Daniel/E-1470-2014; Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014 NR 86 TC 71 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012507 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012507 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900081 ER PT J AU Ma, ZY Burnett, K d'Arcy, MB Gardiner, SA AF Ma, ZY Burnett, K d'Arcy, MB Gardiner, SA TI Quantum random walks using quantum accelerator modes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DELTA-KICKED ROTOR; ATOM-OPTICS; DYNAMICAL LOCALIZATION; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTIONS; DECOHERENCE; BOUNDARIES; CHAOS; SYSTEM AB We discuss the use of high-order quantum accelerator modes to achieve an atom optical realization of a biased quantum random walk. We first discuss how one can create coexistent quantum accelerator modes, and hence how momentum transfer that depends on the atoms' internal state can be achieved. When combined with microwave driving of the transition between the states, a different type of atomic beam splitter results. This permits the realization of a biased quantum random walk through quantum accelerator modes. C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Kings Coll London, Dept War Studies, London WC2R 2LS, England. RI Gardiner, Simon/B-2060-2013 OI Gardiner, Simon/0000-0001-5939-4612 NR 47 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 013401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013401 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900114 ER PT J AU Pupillo, G Williams, CJ Prokof'ev, NV AF Pupillo, G Williams, CJ Prokof'ev, NV TI Effects of finite temperature on the Mott-insulator state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICE; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; QUANTUM; INITIALIZATION; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; REGISTER; GAS AB We investigate the effects of finite temperature on ultracold Bose atoms confined in an optical lattice plus a parabolic potential in the Mott-insulator state. In particular, we analyze the temperature dependence of the density distribution of atomic pairs in the lattice, by means of exact Monte Carlo simulations. We introduce a simple model that quantitatively accounts for the computed pair density distributions at low enough temperatures. We suggest that the temperature dependence of the atomic pair statistics may be used to estimate the system's temperature at energies of the order of the atoms' interaction energy. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Kurchatov Inst, Russian Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; PROKOFIEV, NIKOLAY/F-6865-2010 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 013408 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013408 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900121 ER PT J AU Tawara, H Takacs, E Suta, T Makonyi, K Ratliff, LP Gillaspy, JD AF Tawara, H Takacs, E Suta, T Makonyi, K Ratliff, LP Gillaspy, JD TI K x rays produced in collisions of bare ions with atoms: Contribution of multiple-electron transfer in Kr36+, Ar18+, and Ne10++Ar collisions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; CAPTURE COLLISIONS; LOW-ENERGY; EMISSION; EXCHANGE; TARGETS; COMETS; HE AB K x rays have been observed in low energy collisions of bare Kr, Ar, and Ne ions with a neutral gas target. Although largely neglected previously, we have found that multiple-electron transfer processes play a significant role in shaping the x-ray spectra. The observed ratios of normal-satellite to hyper-satellite line intensities are found to be roughly independent of the ion species and much larger than those estimated from previously reported electron transfer cross sections, suggesting that there may be a strong correlation between two electrons during the electron transfer or during the subsequent cascades. It is suggested that exact knowledge of the initial and final principal and angular momentum quantum numbers (n,l) in electron transfer are the most essential missing ingredients for understanding the entire x-ray emission process in astrophysical, laboratory, and technological plasmas. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Debrecen Univ, Dept Expt Phys, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary. RP Tawara, H (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012704 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012704 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900092 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, MR Silva, TJ Crawford, TM AF Fitzsimmons, MR Silva, TJ Crawford, TM TI Surface oxidation of Permalloy thin films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MULTILAYERS; TRANSVERSE; FE AB The chemical and magnetic structures of oxides on the surface of Permalloy Ni81Fe19 films were investigated as functions of annealing time with x-ray and polarized neutron reflectometry. For annealing times of less than one hour, the oxide consisted of a 1.5-nm-thick layer of NiO on an Fe oxide layer that was in contact with Permalloy. The Fe oxide thickness increases with annealing time with a parabolic rate constant of 10(-18) cm(2) s(-1) (for an annealing temperature of 373 K). The growth of the oxide layer is limited by the rate at which oxygen appears below the NiO layer. No portion of the oxide region was found to be ferromagnetically ordered for films annealed less than one hour. The growth of the Fe oxide region is well correlated with the measured increase of the second-order magnetic susceptibility for similarly prepared samples. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fitzsimmons, MR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 014420 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.014420 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZC UT WOS:000235009000084 ER PT J AU Garlea, VO Nagler, SE Zarestky, JL Stassis, C Vaknin, D Kogerler, P McMorrow, DF Niedermayer, C Tennant, DA Lake, B Qiu, Y Exler, M Schnack, J Luban, M AF Garlea, VO Nagler, SE Zarestky, JL Stassis, C Vaknin, D Kogerler, P McMorrow, DF Niedermayer, C Tennant, DA Lake, B Qiu, Y Exler, M Schnack, J Luban, M TI Probing spin frustration in high-symmetry magnetic nanomolecules by inelastic neutron scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULES; CLUSTERS; MO72FE30 AB Low temperature inelastic neutron scattering studies have been performed to characterize the low energy magnetic excitation spectrum of the magnetic nanomolecule {Mo(72)Fe(30)}. This unique highly symmetric cluster features spin frustration and is one of the largest discrete magnetic molecules studied to date by inelastic neutron scattering. The 30 s=5/2 Fe(III) ions, embedded in a spherical polyoxomolybdate molecule, occupy the vertices of an icosidodecahedron and are coupled via nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions. The overall energy scale of the excitation and the gross features of the temperature dependence of the observed neutron scattering are explained by a quantum model of the frustrated spin cluster. However, no satisfactory theoretical explanation is yet available for the observed magnetic field dependence. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London, England. ETH, Neutron Scattering Lab, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Osnabruck, Fachbereich Phys, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. RP Garlea, VO (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM garleao@ornl.gov RI Schnack, Jurgen/A-4079-2008; McMorrow, Desmond/C-2655-2008; Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Niedermayer, Christof/K-4436-2014; Kogerler, Paul/H-5866-2013; Tennant, David/Q-2497-2015; Garlea, Vasile/A-4994-2016; Vaknin, David/B-3302-2009 OI Lake, Bella/0000-0003-0034-0964; Schnack, Jurgen/0000-0003-0702-2723; McMorrow, Desmond/0000-0002-4947-7788; Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Kogerler, Paul/0000-0001-7831-3953; Tennant, David/0000-0002-9575-3368; Garlea, Vasile/0000-0002-5322-7271; Vaknin, David/0000-0002-0899-9248 NR 18 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 024414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.024414 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZF UT WOS:000235009300064 ER PT J AU Woicik, JC Li, H Zschack, P Karapetrova, E Ryan, P Ashman, CR Hellberg, CS AF Woicik, JC Li, H Zschack, P Karapetrova, E Ryan, P Ashman, CR Hellberg, CS TI Anomalous lattice expansion of coherently strained SrTiO3 thin films grown on Si(001) by kinetically controlled sequential deposition SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; STRONTIUM-TITANATE; ULTRATHIN FILMS; FERROELECTRICITY; SILICON; INTERFACE; OXIDES AB X-ray diffraction has been used to study the epitaxy and lattice expansion of SrTiO3 thin films grown coherently on Si(001) by kinetically controlled sequential deposition. The coherent growth of SrTiO3 on Si produces films with greater in-plane compressive strain than previously attained, -1.66%. The measured expansion of the out-of-plane lattice constant exceeds the prediction of the bulk elastic constants of SrTiO3 by nearly 100%. This expansion agrees with recent theoretical predictions and experimental findings of room-temperature ferroelectricity in SrTiO3 films under epitaxial mismatch strain. Our first principles density functional calculations determine an energetically favorable interfacial-defect and surface-charge structure that allows the ferroelectric polarization in these ultrathin films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Motorola Labs, Embedded Syst & Phys Sci Lab, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. Univ Illinois, Argonne Natl Lab, APS UNICAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Woicik, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hellberg, C. Stephen/E-5391-2010 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 024112 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.024112 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZF UT WOS:000235009300029 ER PT S AU Intriligator, DS Sun, W Detman, T Dryer, M Fry, CDG Deehr, C Intriligator, J AF Intriligator, Devrie S. Sun, Wei Detman, Thomas Dryer, Murray Fry, Craig D. Ghee Deehr, Charles Intriligator, James BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Solar variability effects in the outer heliosphere and heliosheath SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE solar variability effects; interplanetary propagation effects; outer heliosphere; heliosheath AB We compare 3D results from the 3D HAFv2 forecasting kinematic model, the 3D MHD HHMS model, and in-situ observations. These comparisons provide insights on the 3D effects of interplanetary shocks. There is good agreement between results from our 3D models and spacecraft data. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 continue to observe the effects of solar - induced shocks. C1 [Intriligator, Devrie S.; Intriligator, James] Carmel Res Ctr, POB 1732, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. [Sun, Wei; Deehr, Charles] Univ Alaska, Geophys Inst, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Detman, Thomas; Dryer, Murray; Fry, Craig D. Ghee] Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. [Detman, Thomas; Dryer, Murray] NOAA Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Intriligator, James] Univ Wales, Bangor LL572AS, Gwynedd, Wales. RP Intriligator, DS (reprint author), Carmel Res Ctr, POB 1732, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. FU Carmel Research Center; University Partnering for Operational Support ( U P O S ); NASA 's Livi ng With a Star(LWS) Targeted Research and Development Program FX The work by DSI and JI was supported by Carmel Research Center . The work by TD , MD , CDF , WS , and CSD was supported by t he DoD pr oject , University Partnering for Operational Support ( U P O S ) , and by NASA s Li vi ng With a Star(LWS) Target ed Research and Development Program . NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 64 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200010 ER PT S AU Bryant, GW Romero, I de Abajo, FJG Aizpurua, J AF Bryant, Garnett W. Romero, Isabel de Abajo, F. Javier Garcia Aizpurua, Javier BE Stockman, MI TI Simulating electromagnetic response in coupled metallic nanoparticles for nanoscale optical microscopy and spectroscopy: nanorod-end effects - art. no. 632313 SO Plasmonics: Metallic Nanostructures and their Optical Properties IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Plasmonics - Metallic Nanostructures and their Optical Properties IV CY AUG 13-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE surface plasmons; metallic nanoparticles; nanorods; nanowires; surface enhanced spectroscopy; SERS ID ELECTRON-ENERGY-LOSS; PLASMON; DIELECTRICS AB Collective oscillations of valence electrons in metallic materials determine their optical response. The energy and strength of these surface oscillations are a function of the shape, size and coupling of the nanoparticles. With the use of a boundary element method (BEM), we solve Maxwell's equations to calculate light scattering and surface modes in nanorods that are commonly used as hosts and/or samples in different field-enhanced scanning-probe microscopies and spectroscopies. We calculate the near-field and far-field response of nanorods and show that different geometrical terminations of the rods give different optical response in the far field for short rod lengths. For longer lengths, the response of rods with different terminations becomes more similar. The near field features of the ends become most evident close to the rod structural features that define the end capping. We identify four regimes for the separation between nanorod pairs that provide different coupling between nanorods. We also show that the size dependence of the nanorod response is characterized by a rod radius that gives a minimum wavelength for the dipolar response. For thicker and thinner rods, the response redshifts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Garcia de Abajo, Javier/A-6095-2009; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014 OI Garcia de Abajo, Javier/0000-0002-4970-4565; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6402-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6323 BP 32313 EP 32313 AR 632313 DI 10.1117/12.680701 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BFI24 UT WOS:000241981600018 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM AF Hamill, Thomas M. BE Palmer, T Hagedorn, R TI Ensemble-based atmospheric data assimilation SO PREDICTABILITY OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; KALMAN FILTER TECHNIQUE; 4-DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; SEQUENTIAL DATA ASSIMILATION; FORECAST ERROR COVARIANCES; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; MEDIUM-RANGE ENSEMBLES; STATE ESTIMATION; OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION; POTENTIAL USEFULNESS C1 NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NR 102 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-84882-4 PY 2006 BP 124 EP 156 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.007 D2 10.2277/ 0521848822 PG 33 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXR27 UT WOS:000296789200007 ER PT J AU Toth, Z Talagrand, O Zhu, YJ AF Toth, Zoltan Talagrand, Olivier Zhu, Yuejian BE Palmer, T Hagedorn, R TI The attributes of forecast systems: a general framework for the evaluation and calibration of weather forecasts SO PREDICTABILITY OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; PREDICTION SYSTEMS; ENSEMBLE; RELIABILITY C1 [Toth, Zoltan] NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Washington, DC 20233 USA. [Talagrand, Olivier] Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. RP Toth, Z (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-84882-4 PY 2006 BP 584 EP 595 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.023 D2 10.2277/ 0521848822 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXR27 UT WOS:000296789200023 ER PT S AU Koren, V Moreda, F Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, Z AF Koren, Victor Moreda, Fekadu Reed, Seann Smith, Michael Zhang, Ziya BE Sivapalan, M Wagener, T Uhlenbrook, S Zehe, E Lakshmi, V Liang, X Tachiawa, Y Kumar, P TI Evaluation of a grid-based distributed hydrological model over a large area SO Predictions in Ungauged Basins: Promise and Progress SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Predictions in Ungauged Basins CY APR, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP IAHS DE distributed model; prediction; runoff; soil moisture; space-time averaging ID WEATHER; SYSTEM AB In this paper we present an on-going effort to utilize available soil moisture data. This study evaluates the performance of a distributed hydrological model using runoff and soil moisture over 75 basins with watershed areas varying from 20 km(2) to 15 000 km(2). These basins are selected in a region where unique soil moisture data of the Oklahoma Mesonet are available. While simulated runoff is compared to measured streamflow at a basin outlet, simulated soil moisture is compared to basin average soil moisture derived from Oklahoma Mesonet observations. Our results show that the modified Sacramento model driven by a priori parameters performs reasonably well and allows explicit estimation of soil moisture at desired layers. Annual, monthly, and 10-day runoff volumes are found in good agreement with observed data for a range of spatial scales. Simulated and observed soil moisture of the 0-25 cm layer agrees well with a slight (9%) negative bias. However, 25-75 cm layer soil moisture shows a significant (26%) negative bias for most watersheds located in a dry region with P/PE < 0.8. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Koren, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-48-0 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2006 VL 303 BP 47 EP 56 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BGN19 UT WOS:000248570500008 ER PT S AU Koren, V AF Koren, Victor BE Sivapalan, M Wagener, T Uhlenbrook, S Zehe, E Lakshmi, V Liang, X Tachiawa, Y Kumar, P TI Parameterization of frozen ground effects: sensitivity to soil properties SO Predictions in Ungauged Basins: Promise and Progress SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Predictions in Ungauged Basins CY APR, 2005 CL Foz do Iguaco, BRAZIL SP IAHS DE floods; frozen ground; prediction; soil temperature and moisture; USA AB Heat and moisture transfer processes in the aeration zone play an important role in the runoff generation mechanism in regions where seasonal soil freezing/thawing occurs. Seasonally frozen soil can significantly influence the amount of runoff generated during winter and spring. This study presents an analysis of a physically-based parameterization of the frozen ground effects derived from Kozeny's theory that accounts for changes in both volumetric liquid water and solid particles-water contact surface. An analytical solution is formulated for the Sacramento soil moisture accounting model linked with a basic heat transfer model. Tests at selected sites and river basins show that simulated soil moisture, temperature, and runoff agree well with measured data. Simulation results at river basin outlets suggest that a non-frozen version consistently underestimates spring floods and overestimates the following summer floods if the frozen ground effect is significant. It is impossible to remove these biases without introducing frozen ground physics. Solid particles-water contact surface change is the dominant factor in the runoff mechanism affected by frozen ground; however, its effect decreases significantly for the coarser soils. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Koren, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 978-1-901502-48-0 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2006 VL 303 BP 125 EP 133 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BGN19 UT WOS:000248570500017 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL Bebu, I AF Rukhin, AL Bebu, I TI Stochastic model for the number of atoms in a magneto-optical trap SO PROBABILITY IN THE ENGINEERING AND INFORMATIONAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB In this article a Markov chain for the distribution of single atoms is suggested and studied. We explore a recursive model for the number of atoms present in a magneto-optical trap under a feedback regime with a Poisson-distributed load. Formulas for the stationary distribution of this process are derived. They can be used to adjust the loading rate of atoms to maximize the proportion of time that a single atom spends in the trap. The (approximate) optimal regime for the Poisson loading and loss processes is found. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Rukhin, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM rukhin@math.umbc.edu NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0269-9648 J9 PROBAB ENG INFORM SC JI Probab. Eng. Inform. Sci. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 2 BP 351 EP 361 PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 036UR UT WOS:000237101900009 ER PT B AU Libes, D Morse, E Scholtz, J AF Libes, Don Morse, Emile Scholtz, Jean BE Cheng, AMK TI A study on search engine use by intelligence analysts SO Proceedings of the 10th IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications CY NOV 13-15, 2006 CL Dallas, TX SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev DE data mining; intelligence analysts; search engines AB This work reports on search engine use by intelligence analysts. Intelligence analysts share a degree of common training and understanding while having widely differing backgrounds. This includes their approach to software tool use - analysts show signs of a common understanding while also displaying uniquely personal differences in their investigative approaches. We present some of these observations from studying their use of an open-source search engine. We also report on our experiences with experimental software which analyzes interaction logs to track paths of analyst investigation. Such path tracking was previously done manually by the analysts themselves. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Libes, D (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PRESS ANAHEIM PI ANAHEIM PA PO BOX 5124, ANAHEIM, CA 92814-5124 USA BN 978-0-88986-642-3 PY 2006 BP 159 EP 165 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFQ23 UT WOS:000243744900026 ER PT S AU Huang, WM Bennett, HS Costa, J Cottrell, P Immorlica, AA Mueller, JE Racanelli, M Shichijo, H Weitzel, CE Zhao, B AF Huang, W. Margaret Bennett, Herbert S. Costa, Julio Cottrell, Peter Immorlica, Anthony A., Jr. Mueller, Jan-Erik Racanelli, Marco Shichijo, Hisashi Weitzel, Charles E. Zhao, Bin GP IEEE TI RF analog and mixed signal technologies for communication ICs - An ITRS perspective SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 BIPOLAR/BICMOS CIRCUITS AND TECHNOLOGY MEETING SE IEEE Bipolar BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2006 CL Maastricht, NETHERLANDS SP IEEE, IBM, PHILIPS, RFMD, Delft Univ Technol, ON Semicond, ST Microelect, Legerity, Texas Instruments, NXP, Delft Inst Microelect & Submicron Technol, Natl Semicond, Freescale Semicond ID DEVICE AB The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) Radio Frequency and Analog/Mixed-Signal (RF and AMS) Wireless Technology Working Group (TWG) addresses device technologies for wireless communications covering both silicon and III-V compound semiconductors. In this paper, we discuss the roadmap and the figures of merit (FoM) used to characterize both active and passive devices critical for typical radio front end designs. We review the trends, challenges and potential solutions and address the intersection of silicon and III-V compound semiconductors. C1 [Huang, W. Margaret; Weitzel, Charles E.] Freescale Semicond Inc, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. [Bennett, Herbert S.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Costa, Julio] RF Micro Devices, Greensboro, NC 27409 USA. [Cottrell, Peter] IBM Corp, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. [Immorlica, Anthony A., Jr.] BAE Syst, Nashua, NH 03064 USA. [Mueller, Jan-Erik] Infineon Technol, Munich, Germany. [Racanelli, Marco] Jazz Semicond, Newport Beach, CA 92660 USA. [Shichijo, Hisashi] Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX 75266 USA. [Zhao, Bin] Skyworks Solut, Irvine, CA 92617 USA. RP Huang, WM (reprint author), Freescale Semicond Inc, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1088-9299 BN 978-1-4244-0458-2 J9 IEEE BIPOL BICMOS PY 2006 BP 65 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFQ34 UT WOS:000243773400015 ER PT S AU Bostelman, R Russo, P Albus, J Hong, T Madhavan, R AF Bostelman, R. Russo, P. Albus, J. Hong, T. Madhavan, R. GP IEEE TI Applications of a 3D range camera towards healthcare mobility aids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING, SENSING AND CONTROL SE IEEE International Conference on Networking Sensing and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY APR 23-25, 2006 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NlST) has recently studied a new 3D range camera for use on mobile robots. These robots have potential applications in manufacturing, healthcare and perhaps several other service related areas beyond the scope of this paper. In manufacturing, the 3D range camera shows promise for standard size obstacle detection possibly augmenting existing safety systems on automated guided vehicles. We studied the use of this new 3D range imaging camera for advancing safety standards for automated guided vehicles. In healthcare, these cameras show promise for guiding the blind and assisting the disabled who are wheelchair dependent. Further development beyond standards efforts allowed NIST to combine the 3D camera with stereo audio feedback to help the blind or visually impaired to stereophonically hear where a clear path is from room to room as objects were detected with the camera. This paper describes the 3D range camera and the control algorithm that combines the camera with stereo audio to help guide people around objects, including the detection of low hanging objects typically undetected by a white cane. C1 [Bostelman, R.; Albus, J.; Hong, T.; Madhavan, R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Russo, P.] Univ Maryland, NIST, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM roger.bostelman@nist.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1810-7869 BN 1-4244-0065-1 J9 IEEE INT C NETW SENS PY 2006 BP 416 EP 421 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BER46 UT WOS:000239057000075 ER PT B AU Ascarrunz, H Walls, FL Hati, A Nelson, C Howe, DA AF Ascarrunz, Huascar Walls, Fred L. Hati, Archita Nelson, Craig Howe, David A. GP IEEE TI A regenerative frequency comb SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB We describe a regenerative frequency comb generator (RCG) used to synthesize a signal coherent with the input signal with a fractional multiplication of m/n, where the frequency of n is proportional to 1/tau, where tau is the loop delay, and in is a positive integer less than n. We describe the RCG and compare its performance with traditional regenerative dividers, digital dividers and multipliers. Preliminary data for a divide by ten whose residual noise we measured at 100 MHz suggest superior performance to low noise digital dividers, with a SSB noise of -145 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz and 1/f characteristic. While we have not attained the broadband performance of the regenerative dividers and conjugate regenerative dividers studied in the past, we have attained -162 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset and expect to be able to improve the overall noise further by applying techniques investigated in the aforementioned devices. C1 [Ascarrunz, Huascar] Liminal Syst Inc, Lafayette, LA USA. [Hati, Archita; Nelson, Craig; Howe, David A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Walls, Fred L.] Total Frequency Inc, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ascarrunz, H (reprint author), Liminal Syst Inc, Lafayette, LA USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 60 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700009 ER PT B AU Oates, CW Hoyt, CW Le Coq, Y Barber, ZW Fortier, TM Stalnaker, JE Diddams, SA Hollberg, L AF Oates, C. W. Hoyt, C. W. Le Coq, Y. Barber, Z. W. Fortier, T. M. Stalnaker, J. E. Diddams, S. A. Hollberg, L. GP IEEE TI Stability measurements of the Ca and Yb optical frequency standards SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID SAPPHIRE LASER; LINEWIDTHS; CLOCK AB We describe two types of optical atomic clocks. The first is based on freely expanding calcium atoms and is optimized for experimental simplicity and high stability. The second is based on Yb atoms confined to an optical lattice that is designed to yield minimal shifts for the clock transition at 578 nm. Measurements of the effective beatnote between the clocks via a femtosecond-laser frequency comb show a fractional frequency instability of < 5 x 10(-16) @ 100 s averaging time. C1 [Oates, C. W.; Hoyt, C. W.; Le Coq, Y.; Barber, Z. W.; Fortier, T. M.; Stalnaker, J. E.; Diddams, S. A.; Hollberg, L.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Oates, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oates@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 74 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700012 ER PT B AU Foreman, SM Boyd, MA Ludlow, AD Zelevinsky, T Blatt, S Ido, T Ye, J AF Foreman, S. M. Boyd, M. A. Ludlow, A. D. Zelevinsky, T. Blatt, S. Ido, T. Ye, J. GP IEEE TI High spectral resolution and accuracy studies for a Sr optical lattice clock SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID LASER AB We report recent progress on an optical lattice clock based on the S-1(0)-P-3(0) transition of Sr-87. Improvement of the spectral resolution allows measurement of the magnetically-induced frequency shift with an uncertainty below 10(-15). The high line quality factor is expected to yield complete evaluation of systematic effects at that same level in the near future. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Foreman, S. M.; Boyd, M. A.; Ludlow, A. D.; Zelevinsky, T.; Blatt, S.; Ido, T.; Ye, J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Foreman, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM foreman@jila.colorado.edu RI Blatt, Sebastian/F-8986-2012 OI Blatt, Sebastian/0000-0003-2466-9967 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 145 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700024 ER PT B AU Hati, A Nelson, CW Howe, DA AF Hati, A. Nelson, C. W. Howe, D. A. GP IEEE TI Low phase noise amplifier and oscillator using feed-forward technique at 10 GHz SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID PM NOISE; AM; FEEDBACK AB We discuss the performance of a feed-forward amplifier (FTA) at 10 GHz. The feed-forward method is primarily used to suppress intermodulation distortion in amplifiers to suppressup-converted near-DC noise. The main amplifier in this configuration is a low-noise array of eight amplifiers in parallel and having a phase noise of -165 dBc/Hz at f = 10 kHz. By implementing a feed forward scheme, we are able to suppress this noise, as well as close-to-carrier noise, by at least another 10 dB. This improved performance surpasses that of other present low-noise microwave amplifiers. We discuss this exceptional performance in the context of trade-offs with other amplifier properties and specifications. We also construct a 10 GHz oscillator using an air-dielectric resonator and the FTA as the loop amplifier. The phase modulated (PM) noise of this particular oscillator is either less than or comparable to the PM noise of several classes of commercial oscillators. Additionally, the AM noise performance is superior to existing oscillators. C1 [Hati, A.; Nelson, C. W.; Howe, D. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hati, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 228 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700042 ER PT B AU Heavner, TP Shirley, JH Levi, F Yu, D Jefferts, SR AF Heavner, T. P. Shirley, J. H. Levi, F. Yu, D. Jefferts, S. R. GP IEEE TI Frequency biases in pulsed atomic fountain frequency standards due to spurious components in the microwave spectrum SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB A mechanism by which spurs in the microwave spectrum may cause biases in pulsed atomic fountain frequency standards was identified in [1]. Here we present models for the cases of phase modulating (PM) and amplitude modulating (AM) spurs in the spectrum. In the case of a PM spur, the bias is first-order in the spur amplitude. Under common experimental conditions, this effect may be much larger than the second-order bias presented in [2]. We present measurements made using NIST-F1 whereby PM spurs of known amplitude were added onto the microwave signal used to interrogate the cesium (Cs) clock transition. The measured biases are compared to the predictions of the model. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of evaluating the frequency bias in fountain frequency standards using traditional techniques such as operating at elevated microwave powers. C1 [Heavner, T. P.; Shirley, J. H.; Jefferts, S. R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Levi, F.] Ist Nazl Ric Metrol INRIM, Turin, Italy. [Yu, D.] Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci KRISS, Div Phys Metrol, Daejeon, Peoples R China. RP Heavner, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 273 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700051 ER PT B AU Brannon, A Jankovic, M Breitbarth, J Popovic, Z Gerginov, V Shah, V Knappe, S Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Brannon, A. Jankovic, M. Breitbarth, J. Popovic, Z. Gerginov, V. Shah, V. Knappe, S. Hollberg, L. Kitching, J. GP IEEE TI A local oscillator for chip-scale atomic clocks at NIST SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB We describe the first local oscillator (LO) that demonstrates viability in terms of performance, size, and power, for chip-scale atomic clocks (CSAC) and has been integrated with the physics package at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, CO. This voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) achieves the lowest combined size, DC power consumption, phase noise, and thermal frequency drift among those previously reported, while achieving a tuning range large enough to compensate for part tolerances but small enough to permit precision locking to an atomic resonance. We discuss the design of the LO and the integration with the NIST physics package. C1 [Brannon, A.; Jankovic, M.; Breitbarth, J.; Popovic, Z.] Univ Colorado, Elect Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gerginov, V.; Shah, V.; Knappe, S.; Hollberg, L.; Kitching, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brannon, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Elect Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alan.brannon@colorado.edu FU Microsystems Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); DARPA [NBCH1020008]; National Science Foundation; NIST FX This work was supported by the Microsystems Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the contributions from the University of Colorado were funded by DARPA grant NBCH1020008. The first author was supported by fellowships from the National Science Foundation and NIST. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 443 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700083 ER PT B AU Stalnaker, JE Diddams, SA Kim, K Hollberg, L Donley, EA Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Levi, F Parker, TE Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Jensen, MJ Lorini, L Oskay, WH Fortier, TM AF Stalnaker, J. E. Diddams, S. A. Kim, K. Hollberg, L. Donley, E. A. Heavner, T. P. Jefferts, S. R. Levi, F. Parker, T. E. Bergquist, J. C. Itano, W. M. Jensen, M. J. Lorini, L. Oskay, W. H. Fortier, T. M. GP IEEE TI Absolute optical frequency measurements with a fractional frequency uncertainty at 1 X 10(-15) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; RECENT IMPROVEMENTS; ACCURACY; NIST-F1; GENERATION; STABILITY; LEVEL; NOISE; ION AB We report the technical details specific to our recent measurements of the optical frequency of the mercury single-ion frequency standard in terms of the SI second as realized by the NIST-F1 cesium fountain clock. In these measurements the total fractional uncertainty is approximate to 10(-15), limited by the statistical measurement uncertainty. In this paper we will address the techniques employed for the optical-to-microwave comparison itself, which had an estimated fractional uncertainty of similar to 3 x 10(-16), limited by the stability of the electronics used for the comparison. C1 [Stalnaker, J. E.; Diddams, S. A.; Kim, K.; Hollberg, L.; Donley, E. A.; Heavner, T. P.; Jefferts, S. R.; Levi, F.; Parker, T. E.; Bergquist, J. C.; Itano, W. M.; Jensen, M. J.; Lorini, L.; Oskay, W. H.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div MS 847, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Fortier, T. M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys P23, MS H803, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Stalnaker, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div MS 847, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 FU NIST; NASA; LANL FX The authors thank T. Rosenband, D. Hume, D. Wineland,and J. Torgerson for their contributions to this work. This work is a contribution of NIST and is not subject to U.S. Copyright. Funding for this work was provided by NIST, NASA, and LANL. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 462 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700087 ER PT B AU Lowe, JP Allen, KC AF Lowe, John P. Allen, Ken C. GP IEEE TI Increasing the modulation depth of the WWVB time code to improve the performance of radio controlled clocks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology radio station WWVB has officially changed its broadcast format. As of January 1, 2006 the WWVB broadcast signal has increased the depth of the time code modulation from 10 dB to 17 dB. The increase in modulation depth has been implemented to improve the performance of commercial radio controlled clocks in areas of low signal strength. The increase in modulation depth effectively appears to a matched-filter receiver as if the transmitted power has increased by 2.0 dB, thus extending the coverage area over which WWVB controlled clocks will work properly. This is demonstrated by an amplitude shift keyed (ASK) analysis. The results given by this analysis do not depend on the noise level or the bit error rate (BER). C1 [Lowe, John P.] NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Allen, Ken C.] NTIA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lowe, JP (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lowe@boulder.nist.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 615 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700115 ER PT B AU Shah, V Schwindt, PDD Gerginov, V Knappe, S Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Shah, V. Schwindt, P. D. D. Gerginov, V. Knappe, S. Hollberg, L. Kitching, J. GP IEEE TI Active light shift stabilization in modulated CPT clocks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID POPULATION; VAPOR AB We demonstrate a simple technique to significantly improve the long-term frequency stability in atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). In this technique, a servo is used to control the local oscillator power level in such a way that the optical spectrum generates no net light shift. This ensures that the clock frequency is always given by the atomic resonance frequency that is not perturbed by the incident light fields. C1 [Shah, V.; Schwindt, P. D. D.; Gerginov, V.; Knappe, S.; Hollberg, L.; Kitching, J.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shah, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM vshah@boulder.nist.gov FU Microsystems Technology Office of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) FX This work was supported by the Microsystems Technology Office of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). This work is a contribution of NIST, an agency of the U.S. government, and is not subject to copyright. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 699 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700130 ER PT B AU Hati, A Howe, DA Nelson, CW AF Hati, A. Howe, D. A. Nelson, C. W. GP IEEE TI Comparison of am noise in commercial amplifiers and oscillators at X-band SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB In this paper we discuss the importance of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise. AM noise is often neglected and considered as a minor problem. However, AM noise can become very important in high performance systems that require ultra-low phase-modulated (PM) noise and where the designer is struggling with AM-PM conversion. Few discussions are available on the AM noise of different microwave components. In this paper we report the AM noise of different commercial amplifiers and oscillators at 10 GHz. To adequately characterize the AM noise of high performance amplifiers, we design and investigate an air-dielectric cavity resonator oscillator with outstanding AM noise performance. We also present the AM noise of different AM detectors at 10 GHz. C1 [Hati, A.; Howe, D. A.; Nelson, C. W.] Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hati, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 740 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700138 ER PT B AU Ashby, N Howe, DA AF Ashby, N. Howe, D. A. GP IEEE TI Relativity and timing in X-ray pulsar navigation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB XNAV is a technology demonstration involving many organizations that will use photons from X-ray pulsars for navigation and spacecraft attitude determination. This paper summarizes relativistic effects in the context of XNAV. It also characterizes the primary task in the time domain of realizing an on-board master clock that time-tags detected X-ray photons with sufficient accuracy to permit meaningful navigation solutions. XNAV must first estimate the periods of uncatalogued X-ray pulsars to determine suitable candidate pulsars for navigation. This task will use an efficient search algorithm to determine the pulsar period from a sensor aimed at the pulsar. As a part of this search and catalogue task, an accumulator that integrates photon counts will compute average counts per sampling time interval, in time bins that are small compared to the pulsar's period. This operation is dubbed the pulsar profiler function. It is intended to build a reference or standard profile of a chosen pulsar for later use. The search and catalogue need to be sufficient for navigation based on times-of-arrival of pulsar signals in real time vs. the on-board reference clock. Operationally, the timing module locates in time the highest peak (or other defined phase center) in the group velocity of received, periodic plane-wave pulses from catalogued pulsars. The goal is to permit navigation accuracy approaching 100 m. This will be accomplished by cross-correlation of catalogued profiles to incoming profiles based on X-ray sensor data collected in real time. C1 [Ashby, N.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Howe, D. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ashby, N (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. FU Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency FX Contribution of the U. S. government and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Article is not subject to copyright. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 767 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700142 ER PT B AU Hackman, C Levine, J AF Hackman, Christine Levine, Judah GP IEEE TI Towards sub-10(-16) transcontinental GPS carrier-phase frequency transfer: a simulation study SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID TIME AB A simulation study is performed using GIPSY software in order to determine the impact of site-based and satellite-based systematic errors on the accuracy of between-site GPS carrier-phase frequency comparisons. The data are analyzed using both the precise point positioning (ppp) and network methods: in the former, the time differences between the satellite clocks and system time are fixed to predetermined values. In the latter, the time differences of both the satellite clocks and the receiver clocks are estimated relative to some reference clock (usually a ground-based receiver clock). We also analyze data both with and without the added constraint of double-difference ambiguity fixing. We find that between-site frequency comparisons are largely unaffected by site-based and satellite-based systematic errors when 100% of the double-difference ambiguities are fixed. We also rind that in the ppp method, although fixing ambiguities removes between-site frequency errors, it can cause errors in the values of the individual receiver clocks relative to system time. Finally, we find that when a network solution is performed and ambiguities are not fixed, an error made at site A may adversely affect frequency comparisons between sites B and C. C1 [Hackman, Christine] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO USA. [Levine, Judah] Univ Colorado, Time & Frequncy Div, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hackman, C (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO USA. EM chackman@jila.colorado.edu NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 779 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700144 ER PT B AU Howe, DA McGee-Taylor, J Tassett, T AF Howe, D. A. McGee-Taylor, J. Tassett, T. GP IEEE TI TheoH bias-removal method SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID TERM FREQUENCY STABILITY AB A version of Theol variance, called TheoBR variance (BR for "bias-removed" relative to the Allan variance), is constructed. This relative bias correction is applied over a range of the longest recommended Allan tau values for a given data run. TheoH deviation ('H' to indicate a hybrid combination of TheoBR and Allan deviations) is the Allan deviation in short term and switches to the TheoBR deviation in long term. In the presence of non-integer-power-law and mixed noise types, the approach is as effective and less cumbersome than past approaches, and requires little, if any, a ptiori knowledge or human judgment of data being analyzed. The substantially gained properties of Theo1 at large tau, to 50 % beyond the longest possible tau using the Allan deviation alone, can be obtained without Allan bias. Long-term frequency stability can be obtained in essentially one-third less time. For example, a two-month stability can be obtained with three months of data, rather than the four months of data that are usually required for such a point. C1 [Howe, D. A.; McGee-Taylor, J.; Tassett, T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 788 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700145 ER PT B AU Song, EY Lee, K AF Song, Eugene Y. Lee, Kang GP IEEE TI An Implementation of the Proposed IEEE 1451.0 and 1451.5 Standards SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE SENSORS APPLICATIONS SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium CY FEB 07-09, 2006 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE 802.11; IEEE 1451.0; IEEE 1451.5; interoperability; NCAP; sensor interface; sensor standard; smart transducer; system of networks; object-oriented application framework; TEDS; UML wireless sensor AB This paper describes an implementation of the proposed IEEE 1451.0 and 1451.5 standards. The implemented system was developed based on the object-oriented framework of the IEEE. 1451 standards using Unified Modeling Language (ML) tools and Java programming language. The system consists of two wireless nodes, a sensor node and a network node, which communicate with each other using the IEEE P1451.0 and P1451.5 interfaces through the 802.11 wireless communications modules. Three examples of implementing the IEEE P1451.0 and P1451.5 interfaces are discussed in this paper. The first example focuses on wireless node announcement and discovery using the publisher-subscriber model. The second example focuses on request-response of sensor data "sing the client-server model. The third example focuses on request-response of sensor Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS) data using the client-server model. The work described provides a set of guidelines and a sound foundation for implementing wireless monitoring applications based on the IEEE P1451.0 and P1451.5 standards. C1 [Song, Eugene Y.; Lee, Kang] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, EY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ysong@nist.gov; kang.lee@nist.gov NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9580-0 PY 2006 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1109/SAS.2006.1634240 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFW20 UT WOS:000245039200013 ER PT B AU Stepanenko, A Lee, K Kochan, R Kochan, V Sachenko, A AF Stepanenko, A. Lee, K. Kochan, R. Kochan, V. Sachenko, A. GP IEEE TI Development of a Minimal IEEE 1451.1 Model for microcontroller implementation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE SENSORS APPLICATIONS SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium CY FEB 07-09, 2006 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE IEEE 1451 standard; Minimal IEEE 1451 Model; model driven development; UML; 8051 platform. AB The IEEE 1451.1 standard was studied and analyzed for resources needed for a minimal implementation of the standard As a result, a Minimal IEEE 1451.1 Model optimized for the 8051 series of microcontrollers is proposed In addition, a Minimal IEEE 1451.1 Model implementation in a distributed intelligent sensor network built with remotely reprogrammable Network Capable Application Processors (NCAPs) is presented. C1 [Stepanenko, A.; Kochan, R.; Kochan, V.; Sachenko, A.] TSEU, Fac Comp Informat Technol, 3 Peremoga Sq, UA-46004 Ternopol, Ukraine. [Lee, K.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stepanenko, A (reprint author), TSEU, Fac Comp Informat Technol, 3 Peremoga Sq, UA-46004 Ternopol, Ukraine. EM andrews@tanet.edu.te.ua; kang.lee@nist.gov; rk@tanet.edu.te.ua; vk@tanet.edu.te.ua; as@tanet.edu.te.ua FU U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation; [UE2-2534-TE-03] FX The work presented in this paper is performed under the project number UE2-2534-TE-03, "Investigation of the Intelligent Properties of Re-Configurable Network Capable Application Processor in Adaptive Distributed Instrumentation and Control Systems", supported by the U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation. The authors also thank I-Logix Inc. for making available the academic licenses of its Rhapsody product to conduct the 8051 porting of the IEEE 1451.1 neutral model. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9580-0 PY 2006 BP 88 EP 93 DI 10.1109/SAS.2006.1634243 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFW20 UT WOS:000245039200016 ER PT S AU Duong, TH Hefner, AR Berning, DW AF Duong, Tam H. Hefner, Allen R. Berning, David W. GP IEEE TI Automated parameter extraction software for high-voltage, high-frequency SiC power MOSFETs SO Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics SE ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS IN POWER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics CY JUL 16-19, 2006 CL Rensselaer Polytechn Inst, Troy, NY SP IEEE Power Elect Soc, Powersim Inc, ASTEC Power HO Rensselaer Polytechn Inst AB Previously developed IGBT Model Parameter extrACtion Tools (IMPACT) are extended to include the material parameters and device structures of SiC power devices. These software tools extract the data necessary to establish a library of SiC power device component models and provide a method for quantitatively comparing different device types and establishing performance metrics for device development In this paper, the SiC-IMPACT parameter extraction sequence is demonstrated using several 10 kV SiC power MOSFET device design types and the results are compared with results for 2-kV SiC Power MOSFETs and for commercial Silicon power MOSFETs with voltage blocking capabilities of 55 V, 400 V, and 1 kV.* C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duong, TH (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1093-5142 BN 978-0-7803-9724-8 J9 ANN WORKSH COMP POW PY 2006 BP 205 EP 211 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFZ39 UT WOS:000245606400033 ER PT S AU Ortiz-Rodriguez, JM Hefner, AR Berning, D Hood, C Olcum, S AF Ortiz-Rodriguez, J. M. Hefner, A. R., Jr. Berning, D. Hood, C. Olcum, S. GP IEEE TI Computer-controlled characterization of high-voltage, high-frequency SiC devices SO Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics SE ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS IN POWER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics CY JUL 16-19, 2006 CL Rensselaer Polytechn Inst, Troy, NY SP IEEE Power Elect Soc, Powersim Inc, ASTEC Power HO Rensselaer Polytechn Inst AB LA software-based high-voltage curve tracer application for SiC device characterization is presented. This flexible application interface is developed to define testing parameters needed to control the hardware of a custom-made 25 kV-capable SiC characterization test bed. Data acquisition is controlled for optimum resolution, and I-V characterization is computed by means of a user-defined time interval based on the shape of the applied power pulses. Both voltage and current waveforms are displayed for each data point captured to allow the user to observe transient effects. Additionally, the software allows archiving some or all of these transient waveforms. Acquired results are shown to demonstrate functionality and flexibility of the new system. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, TR-06800 Bilkent, Turkey. RP Ortiz-Rodriguez, JM (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Olcum, Selim/I-8523-2012 OI Olcum, Selim/0000-0002-6417-1007 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1093-5142 BN 978-0-7803-9724-8 J9 ANN WORKSH COMP POW PY 2006 BP 300 EP 305 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFZ39 UT WOS:000245606400050 ER PT B AU Jain, S McLean, CR AF Jain, Sanjay McLean, Charles R. GP IEEE TI A concept prototype for integrated gaming and simulation for incident management SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. An architecture for the purpose was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the High Level Architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are identified. C1 [Jain, Sanjay] George Washington Univ, Sch Business, Funger Hall,2201 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [McLean, Charles R.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jain, S (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Sch Business, Funger Hall,2201 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 493 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323121 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261201006 ER PT B AU Shih, HH Brennan, R Cisternelli, M AF Shih, H. H. Brennan, R. Cisternelli, M. GP ASME TI GPS-Tracked buoy for water level measurements SO Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2006) CY JUN 04-09, 2006 CL Hamburg, GERMANY SP ASME, Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engn Div, ASME, Int Petr Technol Inst ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM AB With the advancement of differential, kinematic GPS techniques, water level measurements with the accuracy of centimeter- or decimeter-level is possible when buoys are placed close to a coastal base station or at distances of thousands of kilometers from shore, respectively. Applications of these techniques to observe tides and waves and to detect tsunamis have been demonstrated. This paper will first briefly review existing water level measurement methods, the needs for coastal and open ocean water level measurements, previous GPS buoy experiments, and GPS measurement uncertainties and precision positioning techniques. These will then be followed by a brief description of the application of GPS buoys in hydrographic surveying and the development of a real-time water level reporting GPS buoy to support US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) nautical charting mission. The present measurement system consists of a portable spherical buoy and a shore base station. Utilizing Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) differential GPS technique, accurate water level data were collected and reported in real-time at six- minute intervals in complying with NOS water level measurement standards. The buoy's motion sensors provide automated corrections for wave-induced buoy motions. Several field tests conducted near NOAA water level stations have shown that the root-mean-square (rms) of differences between the two measurement systems is on the order of 2 cm. The buoy also provides surface wave information. The portability and the accuracy of the system offer possibilities for other applications in coastal waters. Future enhancements include satellite data telemetry and monitoring, option for post processing, and solar power supplementation. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Shih, HH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4747-3 PY 2006 BP 257 EP 264 PG 8 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Petroleum; Engineering, Mechanical; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BGP27 UT WOS:000249368000032 ER PT B AU Liu, PC MacHutchon, KR AF Liu, Paul C. MacHutchon, Keith R. GP ASME TI Are there different kinds of rogue waves? SO Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2006) CY JUN 04-09, 2006 CL Hamburg, GERMANY SP ASME, Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engn Div, ASME, Int Petr Technol Inst AB Inasmuch as there is as yet still no universally accepted definition for rogue waves in the ocean, we think there might just be more than one kind of rogue waves to contend with. While the conventional approach has generally designated waves with Hmax/Hs greater than 2.2 as possible rogue waves, based on Rayleigh distribution considerations, there is conspicuously no provision as to how high the ratio of Hmax/Hs can be. In our analysis of wave measurements made from a gas-drilling platform in South Indian Ocean, offshore from Mossel Bay, South Africa, we found a number of cases that indicated Hmax/Hs could be valued in the range between 4 and 10. If this were to be the case then these records could be considered to be "uncommon" rogue waves, whereas a record of Hmax/Hs in the range between 2 and 4 could be considered to comprise "typical" rogue waves. On the other hand the spikes in the Hmax data could have been caused by equipment malfunction or some other phenomenon. Clearly the question of whether or not there are different kinds of rogue waves can not be readily answered by theoretical considerations alone and there is a crucial need for long-term wave time series measurements for studying rogue waves. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Liu, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4748-0 PY 2006 BP 865 EP 870 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Petroleum; Engineering, Mechanical; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BGP28 UT WOS:000249368100099 ER PT B AU Domanski, PA Hermes, CJL AF Domanski, Piotr A. Hermes, Christian J. L. GP sarek TI An improved two-phase pressure drop correlation for 180 degrees return bends SO Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Conference on Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Vols I and II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Asian Conference on Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (ACRA 2006) CY MAY 21-23, 2006 CL Gyeongju, SOUTH KOREA SP Soc Air Conditioning & Refrigerating Engineers Korea, Korea Gas Corp, LG Elect, Samsung Elec, Finetec Century Corp, Shinsung Engn Corp, Korean Federat Sci & Technol Soc, Korea Res Fdn, Korea Tourism Org, Korean Soc Mech Engineers, Korean Soc Automot Engineers, Korea Refrigerat & Air Conditioning Ind Assoc, Int Inst Refrigerat, Korea Comm IIR, Korean Soc Indoor Environm, Korea Air Cleaning Assoc ID FLOW AB A new correlation for two-phase flow pressure drop in 180 return bends is proposed based on a total of 241 experimental data points for R-22 and R-410A. The data span smooth tubes with inner diameters (D) from 3.25 mm to 11.63 mm bend radii (R) from 6.35 mm to 37.25 mm and curvature ratios (2R/D) from 2.32 to 8.15. The correlation predicts all data with a mean deviation of 15.7 %, and 75 % of the data fall within ? 25 % error bands. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Domanski, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8631, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AIR-CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATING ENGINEERS KOREA-SAREK PI SEOUL PA *902, KSTC BLDG., 635-4 YEOGSAM-DONG, GANGNAM-GU, SEOUL, 135-703, SOUTH KOREA PY 2006 BP 255 EP 258 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BFW68 UT WOS:000245126000054 ER PT B AU Davis, MW Ellis, MW Dougherty, BP Fanney, AH AF Davis, Mark W. Ellis, Michael W. Dougherty, Brian P. Fanney, A. Hunter GP ASME TI Partial validation of a proposed rating methodology for residential fuel cell systems SO Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology CY JUN 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nanotechnol Inst, Univ Calif Irvine, Natl Fuel Cell Res Ctr HO Univ Calif Irvine AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in conjunction with Virginia Tech, has developed a rating methodology for residential-scale stationary fuel cell systems. The methodology predicts the cumulative electrical production, thermal energy delivery, and fuel consumption on an annual basis. The annual performance is estimated by representing the entire year of climate and load data into representative winter, spring/fall, and summer days for six different U.S. climatic zones. It prescribes a minimal number of steady state and simulated use tests, which provide the necessary performance data for the calculation procedure that predicts the annual performance. The procedure accounts for the changes in performance resulting from changes in ambient temperature, electrical load, and, if the unit provides thermal as well as electrical power, thermal load. The rating methodology addresses four different types of fuel cell systems: grid-independent electrical load following, grid-connected constant power, grid-connected thermal load following, and grid-connected water heating. This paper will describe a partial validation of the rating methodology for a grid-connected thermal load following fuel cell system. The rating methodology was validated using measured data from tests that subjected the fuel cell system to domestic hot water and space heating thermal loads for each of the three representative days. The simplification of a full year's load and climate data into three representative days was then validated by comparing the rating methodology predictions with the prediction of each hour over the full year in each of the six cities. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4247-8 PY 2006 BP 925 EP 933 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BGQ93 UT WOS:000249884000106 ER PT B AU Phillips, PJ Flynn, PJ Scruggs, T Bowyer, KW Worek, W AF Phillips, P. Jonathon Flynn, Patrick J. Scruggs, Todd Bowyer, Kevin W. Worek, William GP IEEE Comp Soc TI Preliminary face recognition grand challenge results SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATIC FACE AND GESTURE RECOGNITION - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition CY APR 10-12, 2006 CL British Mach Vis Assoc, Southampton, ENGLAND SP IEEE Comp Soc TC PAMI, IEEE HO British Mach Vis Assoc AB The goal of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) is to improve the performance of face recognition algorithms by an order of magnitude over the best results in Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) 2002. The FRGC is designed to achieve this performance goal by presenting to researchers a six-experiment challenge problem along with a data corpus of 50,000 images. The data consists of 3D scans and high resolution still imagery taken under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. This paper presents preliminary results of the FRGC for all six experiments. The preliminary results indicate that significant progress has been made towards achieving the stated goals. C1 [Phillips, P. Jonathon] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Flynn, Patrick/J-3388-2013; OI Flynn, Patrick/0000-0002-5446-114X; Bowyer, Kevin/0000-0002-7562-4390 NR 6 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2503-2 PY 2006 BP 15 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BEE91 UT WOS:000237018500003 ER PT J AU Enfield, DB Lee, SK Wang, CZ AF Enfield, David B. Lee, Sang-Ki Wang, Chunzai TI How are large Western Hemisphere warm pools formed? SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE Western Hemisphere warm pool; El Nino; Tropical Atlantic; atmospheric bridge; North Atlantic Oscillation ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL ATLANTIC VARIABILITY; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ENSO TELECONNECTION; NORTHEAST BRAZIL; SST VARIABILITY AB During the boreal summer the Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) stretches from the eastern North Pacific to the tropical North Atlantic and is a key feature of the climate of the Americas and Africa. In the summers following nine El Nino events during 1950-2000, there have been five instances of extraordinarily large warm pools averaging about twice the climatological annual size. These large warm pools have induced a strengthened divergent circulation aloft and have been associated with rainfall anomalies throughout the western hemisphere tropics and subtropics and with more frequent hurricanes. However, following four other El Nino events large warm pools did not develop, such that the mere existence of El Nino during the boreal winter does not provide the basis for predicting an anomalously large warm pool the following summer. In this paper, we find consistency with the hypothesis that large warm pools result from an anomalous divergent circulation forced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific, the so-called atmospheric bridge. We also find significant explanations for why large warm pools do not always develop. If the El Nino event ends early in the eastern Pacific, the Pacific warm anomaly lacks the persistence needed to force the atmospheric bridge and the Atlantic portion of the warm pool remains normal. If SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific do not last much beyond February of the following year, then the eastern North Pacific portion of the warm pool remains normal. The overall strength of the Pacific El Nino does not appear to be a critical factor. We also find that when conditions favor a developing atmospheric bridge and the winter atmosphere over the North Atlantic conforms to a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern (as in 1957-58 and 1968-69), the forcing is reinforced and the warm pool is stronger. On the other hand, if a positive NAO pattern develops the warm pool may remain normal even if other circumstances favor the atmospheric bridge, as in 1991-92. Finally, we could find little evidence that interactions internal to the tropical Atlantic are likely to mitigate for or against the formation of the largest warm pools, although they may affect smaller warm pool fluctuations or the warm pool persistence. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Enfield, DB (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM David.Enfield@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009; Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308; Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 55 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 70 IS 2-4 BP 346 EP 365 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.07.006 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 093LO UT WOS:000241170000015 ER PT J AU Fiedler, PC Lavin, MF AF Fiedler, Paul C. Lavin, Miguel F. TI Introduction: A review of eastern tropical Pacific oceanography SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CIRCULATION; OCEAN C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. CICESE, Dept Phys Oceanog, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. RP Fiedler, PC (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. EM Paul.Fiedler@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 94 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.006 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200002 ER PT J AU Fiedler, PC Talley, LD AF Fiedler, PC Talley, LD TI Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE hydrography; water masses; thermocline; oxygen minimum layer; mixed layer depth; tropical oceanography; eastern tropical Pacific; Costa Rica Dome ID SHALLOW SALINITY MINIMA; SUBTROPICAL MODE WATER; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NORTH-PACIFIC; SUBSURFACE COUNTERCURRENTS; MIXED-LAYER; INTERMEDIATE WATER; SURFACE-LAYER; WORLD OCEAN; CIRCULATION AB Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean waters lie at the eastern end of a basin-wide equatorial current system, between two large subtropical gyres and at the terminus of two eastern boundary currents. Descriptions and interpretations of surface, pycnocline, intermediate and deep waters in the region are reviewed. Spatial and temporal patterns are discussed using (1) maps of surface temperature, salinity, and nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite), and thermocline and mixed layer parameters, and (2) meridional and zonal sections of temperature, salinity, potential density, oxygen, and nutrients. These patterns were derived from World Ocean Database observations by an ocean interpolation algorithm: loess-weighted observations were projected onto quadratic functions of spatial coordinates while simultaneously fitting annual and semiannual harmonics and the Southern Oscillation Index to account for interannual variability. Contrasts between the equatorial cold tongue and the eastern Pacific warm pool are evident in all the hydrographic parameters. Annual cycles and ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) variability are of similar amplitude in the eastern tropical Pacific, however, there are important regional differences in relative variability at these time scales. Unique characteristics of the eastern tropical Pacific are discussed: the strong and shallow pycnocline, the pronounced oxygen minimum layer, and the Costa Rica Dome. This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Fiedler, PC (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Paul.Fiedler@noaa.gov NR 97 TC 267 Z9 280 U1 5 U2 65 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 143 EP 180 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.008 PG 38 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200004 ER PT J AU Kessler, WS AF Kessler, WS TI The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE equatorial circulation; upwelling; wind-driven currents; planetary waves; tropical oceanography; seasonal variations ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; COSTA-RICA DOME; LAYER HEAT-BALANCE; 1991-1993 EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; ANNUAL CYCLE; MIXED-LAYER; INSTABILITY WAVES; WEST-COAST AB During the 1950s and 1960s, an extensive field study and interpretive effort was made by researchers, primarily at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to sample and understand the physical oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. That work was inspired by the valuable fisheries of the region, the recent discovery of the equatorial undercurrent, and the growing realization of the importance of the El Nino phenomenon. Here we review what was learned in that effort, and integrate those findings with work published since then as well as additional diagnoses based on modern data sets. Unlike the central Pacific, where the winds are nearly zonal and the ocean properties and circulation are nearly independent of longitude, the eastern tropical Pacific is distinguished by wind forcing that is strongly influenced by the topography of the American continent. Its circulation is characterized by short zonal scales, permanent eddies and significant off-equatorial upwelling. Notably, the Costa Rica Dome and a thermocline bowl to its northwest are due to winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera, which imprint their signatures on the ocean through linear Sverdrup dynamics. Strong annual modulation of the gap winds and the meridional oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone generates a Rossby wave, superimposed on the direct forcing, that results in a southwestward-propagating annual thermocline signal accounting for major features of observed thermocline depth variations, including that of the Costa Rica Dome, the Tehuantepec bowl, and the ridge-trough system of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). Interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and altimetric sea surface height signals suggests that the strengthening of the NECC observed in the central Pacific during El Nino events continues all the way to the coast, warming SST (by zonal advection) in a wider meridional band than the equatorially trapped thermocline anomalies, and pumping equatorial water poleward along the coast. The South Equatorial Current originates as a combination of equatorial upwelling, mixing and advection from the NECC. and Peru coastal upwelling, but its sources and their variability remain unresolved. Similarly, while much of the Equatorial Undercurrent flows southeast into the Peru Undercurrent and supplies the coastal upwelling, a quantitative assessment is lacking. We are still unable to put together the eastern interconnections among the long zonal currents of the central Pacific. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM william.s.kessler@noaa.gov NR 163 TC 299 Z9 311 U1 8 U2 88 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 181 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.009 PG 37 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200005 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ Fiedler, PC AF Wang, Chunzai Fiedler, Paul C. TI ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific: A review SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; 1997-98 EL-NINO; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CELLS; HEAT-CONTENT VARIABILITY; OCEAN RECHARGE PARADIGM; HEMISPHERE WARM POOL; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; WESTERN PACIFIC AB El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) encompasses variability in both the eastern and western tropical Pacific. During the warm phase of ENSO, the eastern tropical Pacific is characterized by equatorial positive sea surface temperature (SST) and negative sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, while the western tropical Pacific is marked by off-equatorial negative SST and positive SLP anomalies. Corresponding to this distribution are equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the central Pacific and equatorial easterly wind anomalies in the far western Pacific. Occurrence of ENSO has been explained as either a self-sustained, naturally oscillatory mode of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system or a stable mode triggered by stochastic forcing. Whatever the case, ENSO involves the positive ocean-atmosphere feedback hypothesized by Bjerknes. After an El Nino reaches its mature phase, negative feedbacks are required to terminate growth of the mature El Nino anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific. Four requisite negative feedbacks have been proposed: reflected Kelvin waves at the ocean western boundary, a discharge process due to Sverdrup transport, western Pacific wind-forced Kelvin waves, and anomalous zonal advections. These negative feedbacks may work together for terminating El Nino, with their relative importance being time-dependent. ENSO variability is most pronounced along the equator and the coast of Ecuador and Peru. However, the eastern tropical Pacific also includes a warm pool north of the equator where important variability occurs. Seasonally, ocean advection seems to play an important role for SST variations of the eastern Pacific warm pool. Interannual variability in the eastern Pacific warm pool may be largely due to a direct oceanic connection with the ENSO variability at the equator. Variations in temperature, stratification, insolation, and productivity associated with ENSO have implications for phytoplankton productivity and for fish, birds, and other organisms in the region. Long-term changes in ENSO variability may be occurring and are briefly discussed. This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Chunzai.Wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308 NR 147 TC 109 Z9 114 U1 7 U2 71 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 239 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.004 PG 28 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200007 ER PT J AU Mestas-Nunez, AM Miller, AJ AF Mestas-Nunez, Alberto M. Miller, Arthur J. TI Interdecadal variability and climate change in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE climatic changes; ocean-atmosphere system; air-sea interaction; ocean circulation; interdecadal variability; regime shifts ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODELS; LOW-FREQUENCY MODES; NORTH PACIFIC; DECADAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; REGIME SHIFTS; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; SALMON PRODUCTION AB In this paper, we review interdecadal climatic variability in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This variability dominates the climatic fluctuations in the North Pacific on scales between ENSO and the centennial trend and is commonly referred to as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation or PDO. We include a historical overview and a summary of observational work that describes the surface, tropospheric and subsurface signatures of this variability. Descriptions of interdecadal variability are incomplete at best, mostly due to limitations in the observational record. We emphasize that the well-known "ENSO-like" sea surface temperature (SST) pattern describing the PDO may not be an accurate representation. In the eastern tropical Pacific, the SST maxima are displaced north and south of the equator with larger amplitudes in the northern branch near the coast of North America, which has significant implications for the troposphere-driven circulations. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the PDO. We review these mechanisms and models, which capture our present level of understanding of the problem. We conclude by reporting there is little evidence of both multidecadal variability and the centennial trend in the eastern tropical Pacific. This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Mestas-Nunez, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Alberto.Mestas@noaa.gov RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012 OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668 NR 124 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 267 EP 284 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.011 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200008 ER PT J AU Ballance, LT Pitman, RL Fiedler, PC AF Ballance, Lisa T. Pitman, Robert L. Fiedler, Paul C. TI Oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE marine birds; seabirds; marine mammals; cetaceans; habitat selection; thermocline; El Nino; La Nina; eastern tropical Pacific; Costa Rica Dome; Equatorial Front; countercurrent thermocline ridge ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL WATERS; DOLPHIN HABITATS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; COUNTING SEABIRDS; CALIFORNIA WATERS; INDIAN-OCEAN AB This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific, the oceanic region centered on the eastern Pacific warm pool, but also including the equatorial cold tongue and equatorial current system, and summarizes what is known about oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans there. The eastern tropical Pacific supports on the order of 50 species of seabirds and 30 species of cetaceans as regular residents; these include four endemic species, the world's largest populations for several others, three endemic sub-species, and a multi-species community that is relatively unique to this ecosystem. Three of the meso-scale physical features of the region are particularly significant to seabirds and cetaceans: the Costa Rica Dome for blue whales and short-beaked common dolphins, the Equatorial Front for planktivorous seabirds, and the countercurrent thermocline ridge for flocking seabirds that associate with mixed-species schools of spotted and spinner dolphins and yellowfin tuna. A few qualitative studies of meso- to macro-scale distribution patterns have indicated that some seabirds and cetaceans have species-specific preferences for surface currents. More common are associations with distinct water masses; these relationships have been quantified for a number of species using several different analytical methods. The mechanisms underlying tropical species-habitat relationships are not well understood, in contrast to a number of higher-latitude systems. This may be due to the fact that physical variables have been used as proxies for prey abundance and distribution in species-habitat research in the eastern tropical Pacific. Though seasonal and interannual patterns tend to be complex, species-habitat relationships appear to remain relatively stable over time, and distribution patterns co-vary with patterns of preferred habitat for a number of species. The interactions between seasonal and interannual variation in oceanographic conditions with seasonal patterns in the biology of seabirds and cetaceans may account for some of the complexity in species-habitat relationship patterns. Little work has been done to investigate effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycles on cetaceans, and results of the few studies focusing on oceanic seabirds are complex and not easy to interpret. Although much has been made of the detrimental effects of El Nino events on apex predators, more research is needed to understand the magnitude, and even direction, of these effects on seabirds and cetaceans in space and time. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Ecosyst Studies Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Ballance, LT (reprint author), NOAA, Ecosyst Studies Program, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Lisa.Ballance@noaa.gov NR 134 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 360 EP 390 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.013 PG 31 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200011 ER PT J AU Lavin, MF Fiedler, PC Amador, JA Ballance, LT Farber-Lorda, J Mestas-Nunez, AM AF Lavin, M. F. Fiedler, P. C. Amador, J. A. Ballance, L. T. Farber-Lorda, J. Mestas-Nunez, A. M. TI A review of eastern tropical Pacific oceanography: Summary SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE eastern tropical Pacific; review; physical and biological patterns ID 1997 EL-NINO; WATER MASSES; ENSO CYCLE; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; EDDIES AB The collection of articles in this volume reviewing eastern tropical Pacific oceanography is briefly summarized, and updated references are given. The region is an unusual biological environment as a consequence of physical characteristics and patterns of forcing-including a strong and shallow thermocline, the ITCZ and coastal wind jets, equatorial upwelling, the Costa Rica Dome, eastern boundary and equatorial current systems, low iron input, inadequate ventilation of subthermocline waters, and dominance of ENSO-scale temporal variability. Remaining unanswered questions are presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CICESE, Div Oceanol, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Costa Rica, CIGEFI, San Jose, Costa Rica. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Lavin, MF (reprint author), CICESE, Div Oceanol, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. EM mlavin@cicese.mx RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012 OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 69 IS 2-4 BP 391 EP 398 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.005 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 060FG UT WOS:000238787200012 ER PT J AU Emmett, RL Krutzikowsky, GK Bentley, P AF Emmett, RL Krutzikowsky, GK Bentley, P TI Abundance and distribution of pelagic piscivorous fishes in the Columbia River plume during spring/early summer 1998-2003: Relationship to oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, and juvenile salmonids SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE california current; Columbia river plume; predators; pacific hake; forage fish; Salmonids ID HAKE MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; COHO SALMON; WEST-COAST; MIGRATION PATTERNS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; MARINE SURVIVAL; CLIMATE REGIME; OCEAN AB From 1998 to 2003, we observed large fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of four pelagic predatory (piscivorous) fishes off northern Oregon and southern Washington, USA. Fluctuations in predatory fish species composition and abundance were strongly linked to the date of the spring transition and to ocean temperatures. Predatory fishes, forage fishes, and juvenile salmonids had distinct spatial distributions, with predators distributed primarily offshore and forage fish and salmonids onshore, but this varied depending on ocean conditions. We suggest that predatory and forage fish distributions respond to ocean temperatures, predator/prey interactions, and possibly turbidity. A shift in ocean conditions in 1999 decreased overall predator fish abundance in the Columbia River plume, particularly for Pacific hake. Marine survival of juvenile salmon started to increase in 1999, and forage fish densities increased in 2000, lagging by one year. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pt Adams Biol Field Stn, Hammond, OR 97121 USA. RP Emmett, RL (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Robert.Emmett@noaa.gov; Greg.Krutzikowsky@noaa.gov; Paul.Bentley@noaa.gov NR 74 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.08.001 PG 26 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 005JC UT WOS:000234817400001 ER PT J AU Field, JC Francis, RC Aydin, K AF Field, JC Francis, RC Aydin, K TI Top-down modeling and bottom-up dynamics: Linking a fisheries-based ecosystem model with climate SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE California Current; trophic interactions; ecosystem model; ecosystem management; climate variability ID CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS; SHRIMP PANDALUS-JORDANI; SINGLE-SPECIES MODELS; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; PACIFIC HAKE; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM AB In this paper we present results from dynamic simulations of the Northern California Current ecosystem, based on historical estimates of fishing mortality, relative fishing effort, and climate forcing. Climate can affect ecosystem productivity and dynamics both from the bottom-up (through short- and long-term variability in primary and secondary production) as well as from the top-down (through variability in the abundance and spatial distribution of key predators). We have explored how the simplistic application of climate forcing through both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms improves the fit of the model dynamics to observed population trends and reported catches for exploited components of the ecosystem. We find that using climate as either a bottom-up or a top-down forcing mechanism results in substantial improvements in model performance, such that much of the variability observed in single species models and dynamics can be replicated in a multi-species approach. Using multiple climate variables (both bottom-up and top-down) simultaneously did not provide significant improvement over a model with only one forcing. In general, results suggest that there do not appear to be strong trophic interactions among many of the longer-lived, slower-growing rockfish, roundfish and flatfish in this ecosystem, although strong interactions were observed in shrimp, salmon and small flatfish populations where high turnover and predation rates have been coupled with substantial changes in many predator populations over the last 40 years. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Sw Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Field, JC (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Sw Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM John.Field@noaa.gov NR 108 TC 94 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 68 IS 2-4 BP 238 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.010 PG 33 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 040DQ UT WOS:000237359600008 ER PT J AU DeMaster, DP Trites, AW Clapham, P Mizroch, S Wade, P Small, RJ Hoef, JV AF DeMaster, DP Trites, AW Clapham, P Mizroch, S Wade, P Small, RJ Hoef, JV TI The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: Testing with existing data SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE Steller sea lion; northern fur seal; harbor seal; population declines; killer whale; predator-prey ID STELLER SEA LIONS; NUTRITIONAL STRESS HYPOTHESIS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; POPULATION DECLINE; ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; WESTERN ALASKA; HARBOR SEALS; GULF; ABUNDANCE; NUMBER AB Springer et al. [Springer, A.M., Estes, J.A., van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D.F., Danner, E.M., Forney, K.A., Pfister, B., 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: all ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (21), 12,223-12,228] hypothesized that great whales were an important prey resource for killer whales, and that the removal of fin and sperm whales by commercial whaling in the region of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) in the late 1960s and 1970s led to cascading trophic interactions that caused the sequential decline of populations of harbor seal, northern fur seal, Steller sea lion and northern sea otter. This hypothesis, referred to as the Sequential Megafaunal Collapse (SMC), has stirred considerable interest because of its implication for ecosystem-based management. The SMC has the following assumptions: (1) fin whales and sperm whales were important as prey species in the Bering Sea; (2) the biomass of all large whale species (i.e., North Pacific right, fin, humpback, gray, sperm, minke and bowhead whales) was in decline in the Bering Sea in the 1960s and early 1970s; and (3) pinniped declines in the 1970s and 1980s were sequential. We concluded that the available data are not consistent with the first two assumptions of the SMC. Statistical tests of the timing of the declines do not Support the assumption that pinniped declines were sequential. We propose two alternative hypotheses for the declines that are more consistent with the available data. While it is plausible, from energetic arguments, for predation by killer whales to have been an important factor in the declines of one or more of the three populations of pinnipeds and the sea otter Population in the BSAI region over the last 30 years, we hypothesize that the declines in pinniped populations in the BSAI can best be understood by invoking a multiple factor hypothesis that includes both bottom-up forcing (as indicated by evidence of nutritional stress in the western Steller sea lion population) and top-down forcing (e.g., predation by killer whales, mortality incidental to commercial fishing, directed harvests). Our second hypothesis is a modification of the top-down forcing mechanism (i.e., killer whale predation on one or more of the pinniped populations and the sea otter population is mediated via the recovery of the eastern North Pacific population of the gray whale). We remain skeptical about the proposed link between commercial whaling on fin and sperm whales, which ended in the mid-1960s, and the observed decline of populations of northern fur seal, harbor seal, and Steller sea lion some 15 years later. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Marine Mammal Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP DeMaster, DP (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Douglas.DeMaster@noaa.gov RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 51 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 45 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2006 VL 68 IS 2-4 BP 329 EP 342 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.007 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 040DQ UT WOS:000237359600012 ER PT S AU Tang, X Ma, LJ Mink, A Nakassis, A Xu, H Hershman, B Bienfang, J Su, D Boisvert, RF Clark, C Williams, C AF Tang, Xiao Ma, Lijun Mink, Alan Nakassis, Anastase Xu, Hai Hershman, Barry Bienfang, Joshua Su, David Boisvert, Ronald F. Clark, Charles Williams, Carl BE Meyers, RE Shih, Y Deacon, KS TI Demonstration of an active quantum key distribution network - art. no. 630506 SO Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE quantum cryptography; quantum key distribution; quantum communications network; optical switches ID CRYPTOGRAPHY AB We previously demonstrated a high speed, point to point, quantum key distribution (QKD) system with polarization coding over a fiber link, in which the resulting cryptographic keys were used for one-time pad encryption of real time video signals. In this work, we extend the technology to a three-node active QKD network - one Alice and two Bobs. A QKD network allows multiple users to generate and share secure quantum keys. In comparison with a passive QKD network, nodes in an active network can actively select a destination as a communication partner and therefore, its sifted-key rate can remain at a speed almost as high as that in the point-to-point QKD. We demonstrate our three-node QKD network in the context of a QKD secured real-time video surveillance system. In principle, the technologies for the three-node network are extendable to multi-node networks easily. In this paper, we report our experiments, including the techniques for timing alignment and polarization recovery during switching, and discuss the network architecture and its expandability to multi-node networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010; OI Boisvert, Ronald/0000-0002-4445-1044 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6384-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6305 BP 30506 EP 30506 AR 630506 DI 10.1117/12.679589 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFI05 UT WOS:000241946900004 ER PT S AU Ma, LJ Xu, H Tang, X AF Ma, Lijun Xu, Hai Tang, Xiao BE Meyers, RE Shih, Y Deacon, KS TI Polarization recovery and auto-compensation in quantum key distribution network - art. no. 630513 SO Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging IV CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Quantum Key Distribution; polarization recovery; polarization auto-compensation ID CRYPTOGRAPHY; SYSTEM AB A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network can allow multi-user communication via secure key. Moreover, by actively switching communication nodes, one can achieve high key transmission rate for the selected nodes. However, the polarization properties of different fiber path are different and these properties also randomly drift over time. Therefore, polarization recovery after the switching and auto-compensation during key transmission are critical for the QKD network. In this work, we use programmable polarization controllers to implement polarization recovery and auto-compensation in the QKD network. We will also discuss its time limitation and future improvement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, LJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6384-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6305 BP 30513 EP 30513 AR 630513 DI 10.1117/12.679575 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFI05 UT WOS:000241946900028 ER PT S AU Nakassis, T Bienfang, JC Johnson, P Mink, A Rogers, D Tang, X Williams, CJ AF Nakassis, Tassos Bienfang, J. C. Johnson, P. Mink, A. Rogers, D. Tang, X. Williams, C. J. BE Donkor, EJ Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Has Quantum cryptography been proven secure? - art. no. 62440I SO Quantum Information and Computation IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation IV CY APR 17-19, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE quantum cryptography; reconciliation; privacy amplification; BB84; renyi entropy ID PRIVACY AMPLIFICATION AB Quantum cryptography asserts that shared secrets can be established over public channels in such a way that the total information of an eavesdropper can be made arbitrarily small with probability arbitrarily close to 1. As we will show below, the current state of affairs, especially as it pertains to engineering issues, leaves something to be desired. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakassis, T (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6300-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6244 BP I2440 EP I2440 AR 62440I DI 10.1117/12.665086 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA BES07 UT WOS:000239229500014 ER PT S AU Mink, A Tang, X Ma, LJ Nakassis, T Hershman, B Bienfang, JC Su, D Boisvert, R Clark, CW Williams, CJ AF Mink, Alan Tang, Xiao Ma, LiJun Nakassis, Tassos Hershman, Barry Bienfang, Joshua C. Su, David Boisvert, Ron Clark, Charles W. Williams, Carl J. BE Donkor, EJ Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI High speed quantum key distribution system supports one-time pad encryption of real-time video - art. no. 62440M SO Quantum Information and Computation IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation IV CY APR 17-19, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE quantum key distribution; BB84/B92 protocol; reconciliation; privacy amplification; quantum networks ID CRYPTOGRAPHY AB NIST has developed a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) test bed incorporating both free-space and fiber systems. These systems demonstrate a major increase in the attainable rate of QKD systems: over two orders of magnitude faster than other systems. NIST's approach to high-speed QKD is based on a synchronous model with hardware support. Practical one-time pad encryption requires high key generation rates since one bit of key is needed for each bit of data to be encrypted. A one-time pad encrypted surveillance video application was developed and serves as a demonstration of the speed, robustness and sustainability of the NIST QKD systems. We discuss our infrastructure, both hardware and software, its operation and performance along with our migration to quantum networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mink, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010; OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Boisvert, Ronald/0000-0002-4445-1044 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6300-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6244 BP M2440 EP M2440 AR 62440M DI 10.1117/12.664114 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA BES07 UT WOS:000239229500018 ER PT S AU Tang, X Ma, LJ Mink, A Nakassis, A Xu, H Hershman, B Bienfang, J Su, D Boisvert, RF Clark, C Williams, C AF Tang, Xiao Ma, Lijun Mink, Alan Nakassis, Anastase Xu, Hai Hershman, Barry Bienfang, Joshua Su, David Boisvert, Ronald F. Clark, Charles Williams, Carl BE Donkor, EJ Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Quantum key distribution system operating at sifted-key rate over 4 Mbit/s(1) - art. no. 62440P SO Quantum Information and Computation IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation IV CY APR 17-19, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE quantum key distribution; polarization auto-compensation; automatic timing alignment; BB84 protocol ID NONORTHOGONAL STATES; CRYPTOGRAPHY; LIMITS AB A complete fiber-based polarization encoding quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on the BB84 protocol has been developed at National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The system can be operated at a sifted key rate of more than 4 Mbit/s over optical fiber of length I kin and mean photon number 0.1. The quantum channel uses 85 0 nm photons from attenuated high speed VCSELs and the classical channel uses 1550 nm light from normal commercial coarse wavelength division multiplexing devices. Sifted-key rates and quantum error rates at different transmission rates are measured as a function of distance (fiber length). A polarization auto-compensation module has been developed and utilized to recover the polarization state and to compensate for temporal drift. An automatic timing alignment device has also been developed to quickly handle the initial configuration of quantum channels so that detection events fall into the correct timing window. These automated functions make the system more practical for integration into existing optical local area networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010; OI Boisvert, Ronald/0000-0002-4445-1044 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6300-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6244 BP P2440 EP P2440 AR 62440P DI 10.1117/12.664455 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA BES07 UT WOS:000239229500021 ER PT J AU Lee, JL Lee, WC MacDonald, AE AF Lee, JL Lee, WC MacDonald, AE TI Estimating vertical velocity and radial flow from Doppler radar observations of tropical cyclones SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE divergent wind; eye-wall updraughts; kinematic method; mesoscale vorticity method; rotational wind; wind decomposition ID CONVECTIVE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; MATURE HURRICANES; WIND MAXIMA; CHI-PROBLEM; INNER CORE; MESOSCALE; VORTEX; INITIALIZATION; DIVERGENCE AB The mesoscale vorticity method (MVM) is used in conjunction with the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) to derive the inner-core vertical velocity from Doppler radar observations of tropical cyclone (TC) Danny (1997). MVM derives the vertical velocity from vorticity variations in space and in time based on the mesoscale vorticity equation. The use of MVM and GBVTD allows us to derive good correlations among the eye-wall maximum wind, bow-shaped updraught and echo east of the eye-wall in Danny. Furthermore, we demonstrate the dynamically consistent radial flow can be derived from the vertical velocity obtained from MVM using the wind decomposition technique that solves the Poisson equations over a limited-area domain. With the wind decomposition, we combine the rotational wind which is obtained from Doppler radar wind observations and the divergent wind which is inferred dynamically from the rotational wind to form the balanced horizontal wind in TC inner cores, where rotational wind dominates the divergent wind. In this study, we show a realistic horizontal and vertical structure of the vertical velocity and the induced radial flow in Danny's inner core. In the horizontal, the main eye-wall updraught draws in significant surrounding air, converging at the strongest echo where the maximum updraught is located. In the vertical, the main updraught tilts vertically outwards, corresponding very well with the outward-tilting eye-wall. The maximum updraught is located at the inner edge of the eye-wall clouds, while downward motions are found at the outer edge. This study demonstrates that the mesoscale vorticity method can use high-temporal-resolution data observed by Doppler radars to derive realistic vertical velocity and the radial flow of TCs. The vorticity temporal variations crucial to the accuracy of the vorticity method have to be derived from a high-temporal-frequency observing system such as state-of-the-art Doppler radars. C1 NOAA Res, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Lee, JL (reprint author), NOAA Res, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Syst Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Jin.Lee@noaa.gov RI Lee, JIN-LUEN/G-5364-2015 NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 132 IS 614 BP 125 EP 145 DI 10.1256/qj.04.77 PN A PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 017TV UT WOS:000235717100007 ER PT J AU Desrosiers, M Wadley, S AF Desrosiers, Marc Wadley, Samara TI Time dependence of the radiation-induced EPR signal in sucrose SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID DOSIMETRY SYSTEM; SUGAR AB Sucrose and common household sugars (e.g. cane) have been studied as dosemeters for a wide variety of applications. However, previous studies of the post-irradiation time dependence of irradiated sugar did not include an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) reference material. This work employs synthetic ruby as an EPR reference material to remove significant spectrometer/environmental influences on the measured time-dependent changes in the EPR spectral amplitude of irradiated sucrose. As such, these more accurate measurements should replace the previously published data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Desrosiers, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marcd@nist.gov NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2006 VL 118 IS 4 BP 479 EP 481 DI 10.1093/rpd/nci377 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 072EQ UT WOS:000239656300016 PM 16373471 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Mahoney, C Wight, S Lareau, R AF Gillen, G Mahoney, C Wight, S Lareau, R TI Characterization of high explosive particles using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY AB The use of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for the detection and spatially resolved analysis of individual high explosive particles is described. A C. carbon cluster primary ion beam was used in a commercial SIMS instrument to analyze samples of high explosives dispersed as particles on silicon substrates. In comparison with monatomic primary ion bombardment, the carbon cluster primary ion beam was found to greatly enhance characteristic secondary ion signals from the explosive compounds while causing minimal beam-induced degradation. The resistance of these compounds to degradation under ion bombardment allows explosive particles to be analyzed under high primary ion dose bombardment (dynamic SIMS) conditions, facilitating the rapid acquisition of spatially resolved molecular information. The use of cluster SIMS combined with computer control of the sample stage position allows for the automated identification and counting of explosive particle distributions on silicon surfaces. This will be useful for characterizing the efficiency of transfer of particulates in trace explosive detection portal collectors and/or swipes utilized for ion mobility spectrometry applications. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mialstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM greg.gillen@nist.gov NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1949 EP 1953 DI 10.1002/rcm.2531 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 053VE UT WOS:000238333000021 PM 16718673 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Brand, WA Gehre, M Groning, M Meijer, HAJ Toman, B Verkouteren, RM AF Coplen, Tyler B. Brand, Willi A. Gehre, Matthias Groning, Manfred Meijer, Harro A. J. Toman, Blaza Verkouteren, R. Michael TI After two decades a second anchor for the VPDB delta C-13 scale SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ORGANIC REFERENCE MATERIALS C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Labor Stabile Isotope, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. IAEA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Univ Groningen, CIO, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov RI Meijer, Harro/A-5787-2012; Brand, Willi/D-2043-2009 NR 9 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 21 BP 3165 EP 3166 DI 10.1002/rcm.2727 PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 099WD UT WOS:000241627000001 PM 17016833 ER PT S AU Ramachandran, S Keegstra, P Trinanes, J Sinha, R AF Ramachandran, Sathyadev Keegstra, Phillip Trinanes, Joaquin Sinha, Ramesh BA Frouin, RJ BF Frouin, RJ BE Agarwal, VK Kawamura, H Nayak, S Pan, D TI Ocean Color product inter-sensor evaluation for HAB bulletins - art. no. 64060P SO Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment CY NOV 15-17, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE HAB; MERIS; SeaWiFS; MODIS; Ocean Color; inter-sensor comparison AB NOS/NOAA routinely generates HAB bulletins for the Southeast US coastal waters over the Gulf of Mexico and Florida basin using ocean color products from SeaWiFS and lately MODIS sensor on Aqua. From the consideration of life and safety, availability of products that can provide continuity in case the current sensors retire or fail before VIIRS becomes operational is very important. NOAA CoastWatch program is exploring the suitability of products from non-US satellite platforms as a possible option. We need to investigate inter-sensor product variation. We present results from such an evaluation study done with data from MERIS for the US coastal waters. A time series of the variability of color products available from the three sensors is presented. Comparisons are analyzed for different geographical areas and different optical ranges with a view to investigate systematic effects. We plan to extend this analysis to other sensors in future. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, SP Syst Inc, Camp SPrings, MD 20746 USA. RP Ramachandran, S (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, SP Syst Inc, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp SPrings, MD 20746 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6513-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6406 BP P4060 EP P4060 AR 64060P DI 10.1117/12.694075 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFS83 UT WOS:000244435700020 ER PT B AU Healy, WM AF Healy, W. M. BE Fazio, P Ge, H Rao, J Desmarais, G TI In-situ measurement of the moisture content of building materials using ultra-wideband radio waves SO Research in Building Physics and Building Engineering SE Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Building Physics Conference CY AUG 27-31, 2006 CL Concordia Univ, Montreal, CANADA HO Concordia Univ AB A study was carried out to determine the feasibility of commercial, off-the-shelf, and potentially low-cost ultra-wideband radio hardware to serve as a measurement tool for the moisture content of building materials. The study examined both reflections from and transmission through an envelope assembly when pulses with a center frequency of 4.7 GHz were emitted towards the materials. The reflected energy was found to be the best measure of moisture content. Tests on oriented strand board, plywood, and gypsum board showed that a linear trend was found between the reflected energy and moisture content of the two wood products, but the range of moisture contents in the gypsum boards was insufficient to have any appreciable effect on the signal returned. The ability to independently measure the moisture content of several layers with a single scan was also examined, but the data suggest that more work is needed to accomplish this goal. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Healy, WM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 0-415-41675-2 J9 PROC MONOGR ENG WATE PY 2006 BP 173 EP 180 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA BFL57 UT WOS:000242847800023 ER PT J AU Kimura, DK Somerton, DA AF Kimura, Daniel K. Somerton, David A. TI Review of statistical aspects of survey sampling for marine fisheries SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE trawl surveys; hydroacoustic surveys; abundance indices; sampling design; data analysis; spatial sampling ID TRAWL SURVEY DATA; ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION; ACOUSTIC SURVEYS; NORTH-SEA; ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; DELTA-DISTRIBUTION; STOCK ABUNDANCE; CATCH; DESIGN; MODEL AB Fishery surveys are an essential ingredient of modern fisheries stock assessment. To understand this, one must understand that the survey time series are the essential anchor that makes modern fishery stock assessment modeling possible. Without fishery surveys, fisheries stock assessment scientists would have great difficulty modeling absolute abundance, and therefore agencies would have difficulty setting levels of allowable catch. In this review, we explore the basic assumptions that need to be fulfilled for valid surveys to be accomplished. Although these assumptions are generally well understood, the complexity of survey sampling gear and the complexity of target animal behavior makes them difficult to fulfill in practice and can easily lead to problems when interpreting survey results from even the most carefully designed survey. In reviewing the literature surrounding fishery surveys, their sampling design, modeling, and methods of analysis, it became clear that fisheries scientists have long been preoccupied with coping with the intense variability found in fish catches. This variability is found within fishing hauls, between hauls, between area, time and depth strata. Coping with this variability, which is due to animal behavior, habitat variation, and the nature of fishing gear, will be a constant theme that ties together our review. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kimura, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Dan.Kimura@noaa.gov NR 82 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2006 VL 14 IS 3 BP 245 EP 283 DI 10.1080/10641260600621761 PG 39 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 091DQ UT WOS:000241006900002 ER PT J AU Giazotto, F Heikkila, TT Luukanen, A Savin, AM Pekola, JP AF Giazotto, F Heikkila, TT Luukanen, A Savin, AM Pekola, JP TI Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID MAGNETIC TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; QUANTUM INTERFERENCE DEVICE; TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; SCHOTTKY-BARRIER HEIGHT; HOT-ELECTRON MICROBOLOMETER; SUB-KELVIN TEMPERATURES; INSULATOR-SUPERCONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS; CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS; MULTIPLE ANDREEV REFLECTIONS; COULOMB-BLOCKADE THERMOMETRY AB This review presents an overview of the thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. The discussion is based on the concept of electron energy distribution, and, in particular, on controlling and probing it. The temperature of an electron gas is determined by this distribution: refrigeration is equivalent to narrowing it, and thermometry is probing its convolution with a function characterizing the measuring device. Temperature exists, strictly speaking, only in quasiequilibrium in which the distribution follows the Fermi-Dirac form. Interesting nonequilibrium deviations can occur due to slow relaxation rates of the electrons, e.g., among themselves or with lattice phonons. Observation and applications of nonequilibrium phenomena are also discussed. The focus in this paper is at low temperatures, primarily below 4 K, where physical phenomena on mesoscopic scales and hybrid combinations of various types of materials, e.g., superconductors, normal metals, insulators, and doped semiconductors, open up a rich variety of device concepts. This review starts with an introduction to theoretical concepts and experimental results on thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. Then thermometry and refrigeration are examined with an emphasis on experiments. An immediate application of solid-state refrigeration and thermometry is in ultrasensitive radiation detection, which is discussed in depth. This review concludes with a summary of pertinent fabrication methods of presented devices. C1 Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland. CNR, INFM, NEST, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. VTT, Millimetre Wave Lab Finland Millilab, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. RP Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, POB 2200, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland. EM F.Giazotto@sns.it; Tero.T.Heikkila@hut.fi RI Savin, Alexander/J-2922-2012; Pekola, Jukka/A-4211-2013; Heikkila, Tero/B-2973-2009 OI Savin, Alexander/0000-0001-9894-1180; Heikkila, Tero/0000-0001-7408-9384 NR 468 TC 457 Z9 459 U1 16 U2 112 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 EI 1539-0756 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 78 IS 1 BP 217 EP 274 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217 PG 58 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 028VG UT WOS:000236516300007 ER PT S AU Gladkova, I Grossberg, M AF Gladkova, I. Grossberg, M. BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI A lossless compression algorithm for hyperspectral data - art. no. 630001 SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE compression; hyperspectral data; spectral clustering; multiple eigenspaces ID PRODUCTS AB In this paper, which is an expository account of a lossless compression techniques that have been developed over the course of a sequence of papers and talks, we have sought to identify and bring out the key features of our approach to the efficient compression of hyperspectral satellite data. In particular we provide the motivation for using our approach, which combines the advantages of a clustering with linear modeling. We will also present a number of visualizations which help clarify why our approach is particularly effective on this dataset. At each stage, our algorithm achieves an efficient grouping of the data points around a relatively small number of lines in a very large dimensional data space. The parametrization of these lines is very efficient, which leads to efficient descriptions of data points. Our method, which we are continuing to refine and tune, has to date yielded compression ratios that compare favorably with what is currently achievable by other approaches. A data sample consisting of an entire day's worth of global AQUA-EOS AIRS Level 1A counts (mean 12.9 bit-depth) data was used to evaluate the compression algorithm. The algorithm was able to achieve a lossless compression ratio on the order of 3.7 to 1. C1 CCNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Gladkova, I (reprint author), CCNY, NOAA, CREST, 138th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP 30001 EP 30001 AR 630001 DI 10.1117/12.682830 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700001 ER PT S AU Gladkova, I Grossberg, A Grayver, E Olsen, D Nalli, N Wolf, W Zhou, L Goldberg, M AF Gladkova, I. Grossberg, A. Grayver, E. Olsen, D. Nalli, N. Wolf, W. Zhou, L. Goldberg, M. BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Priority-based error correction using turbo codes for compressed AIRS data - art. no. 630008 SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE compression; hyperspectral data; spectral clustering; multiple eigenspaces; channel coding; error propagation ID PRODUCTS AB Errors due to wireless transmission can have an arbitrarily large impact on a compressed file. A single bit error appearing in the compressed file can propagate during a decompression procedure and destroy the entire granule. Such a loss is unacceptable since this data is critical for a range of applications, including weather prediction and emergency response planning. The impact of a bit error in the compressed granule is very sensitive to the error's location in the file. There is a natural hierarchy of compressed data in terms of impact on the final retrieval products. For the considered compression scheme, errors in some parts of the data yield no noticeable degradation in the final products. We formulate a priority scheme for the compressed data and present an error correction approach based on minimizing impact on the retrieval products. Forward error correction codes (e.g., turbo, LDPC) allow the tradeoff between error correction strength and file inflation (bandwidth expansion). We propose segmenting the compressed data based on its priority and applying different-strength FEC codes to different segments. In this paper we demonstrate that this approach can achieve negligible product degradation while maintaining an overall 3-to-1 compression ratio on the final file. We apply this to AIRS sounder data to demonstrate viability for the sounder on the next-generation GOES-R platform. C1 CCNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Gladkova, I (reprint author), CCNY, NOAA, CREST, 138th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. RI Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 OI Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537; NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP 30008 EP 30008 AR 630008 DI 10.1117/12.679851 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700008 ER PT S AU Cragg, P Brockman, WE AF Cragg, Phil Brockman, William E. BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Evolution of the NOAA National Weather Service Satellite Broadcast Network (SBN) to Europe's DVB-S satellite communications technology standard - art. no. 63000G SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE DVB-S communication protocol weather satellite broadcast AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) uses a commercial Satellite Broadcast Network (SBN) to distribute weather data to the NWS AWIPS workstations and National Centers and to NWS Family of Service Users. Advances in science and technology from NOAA's observing systems, such as remote sensing satellites and NEXRAD radars, and advances in Numeric Weather Prediction have greatly increased the volume of data to be transmitted via the SBN. The NOAA-NWS SBN Evolution Program did a trade study resulting in the selection of Europe's DVB-S communication protocol as the basis for enabling a significant increase in the SBN capacity. The Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) group, started to develop digital TV for Europe through satellite broadcasting, has become the current standard for defining technology for satellite broadcasting of digital data for much of the world. NOAA-NWS implemented the DVB-S with inexpensive, Commercial Off The Shelf receiving equipment. The modernized NOAA-NWS SBN meets current performance goals and provides the basis for continued future expansion with no increase in current communication costs. This paper discusses aspects of the NOAA-NWS decision and the migration to the DVB-S standard for its commercial satellite broadcasts of observations and Numerical Weather Prediction data. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Telecommun Operat Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cragg, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Telecommun Operat Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP G3000 EP G3000 AR 63000G DI 10.1117/12.682625 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700015 ER PT S AU Rank, R Kidd, A Cremidis, C AF Rank, Robert Kidd, Alexander Cremidis, Constantino BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI CLASS plans for providing archive, access and distribution services for GOES-R data - art. no. 63000K SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE GOES-R archive metadata AB The Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS), a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) IT enterprise solution supporting NOAA's data archive and science data stewardship missions by providing the IT portion of an archive for environmental data. CLASS requirements are defined by NOAA's Archive Requirements Working Group (ARWG), which serves as a clearinghouse for requirement planning and ensures that science and other user requirements are clearly defined with respect to NOAA's archive. Currently, CLASS is part of a major 10-year growth program to add new data sets and functionality to support a broader user base. NOAA needs to define the types of data to be archived, metadata managing standards, and the data search, display, and delivery services that CLASS will provide to users. These requirements are captured in documents that include MOAs, ICDs and OAIS-compliant Data Submission Agreements that drive the software and hardware architecture changes needed to handle the expected future increases in user and data volumes. The paper will present CLASS' approach for other major data campaigns such as Metop, NPP, NPOESS and EOS, historical data and its plans for going forward with the GOES-R data campaign. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, CLASS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Rank, R (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, OSD, CLASS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP K3000 EP K3000 AR 63000K DI 10.1117/12.679521 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700019 ER PT S AU Grossberg, M Gottipati, S Gladkova, I Goldberg, M Roytman, L AF Grossberg, M. Gottipati, S. Gladkova, I. Goldberg, M. Roytman, L. BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI An analysis of optimal compression for the advanced baseline imager-based on entropy and noise estimation - art. no. 63000M SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE entropy; compression; compression bound; multi-spectral data; density estimation; shot noise AB As new instruments are developed, it is becoming clear that our ability to generate data is rapidly outstripping our ability to transmit this data. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), that is currently being developed as the future imager on the Geostationary Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series, will offer more spectral bands, higher spatial resolution, and faster imaging than the current GOES imager. As a result of the instrument development, enormous amounts of data must be transmitted from the platform to the ground, redistributed globally through band-limited channels, as well as archived. This makes efficient compression critical. According to Shannon's Noiseless Coding Theorem, an a upper bound on the compression ratio can be computed by estimating the entropy of the data. Since the data is essentially a stream, we must determine a partition of the data into samples that capture the important correlations. We use a spatial window partition so that as the window size is increased the estimated entropy stabilizes. As part of our analysis we show that we can estimate the entropy despite the high-dimensionality of the data. We achieve this by using nearest neighbor based estimates. We complement these a posteriori estimates with a priori estimates based on an analysis of sensor noise. Using this noise analysis we propose an upper bound on the compression achievable. We apply our analysis to an ABI proxy in order estimate bounds for compression on the upcoming GOES-R imager. C1 CCNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Grossberg, M (reprint author), CCNY, NOAA, CREST, 138th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP M3000 EP M3000 AR 63000M DI 10.1117/12.681487 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700020 ER PT S AU Schmit, TJ Gunshor, MM Li, J Renkevens, T AF Schmit, Timothy J. Gunshor, Mathew M. Li, Jun Renkevens, Thomas BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Introducing datasets for next generation geostationary imager compression studies - art. no. 63000P SO Satellite Data Compression, Communications and Archiving II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE GOES-R; ABI; data compression; imagers; NOAA; imagers AB MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and other satellite data have been staged (http:// imss.ssec.wisc.edu/oes/bl*/bitdepthcompressiono for use in ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager) data compression studies. The 16-channel ABI is the next generation imager on the GOES-R (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) series. Most ABI bands can be simulated in this manner from MODIS observations. The advantage of using actual satellite observations is that the small-scale features are more realistic than those simulated from numerical models. High spatial resolution MODIS data have been spatially and radiometrically reformatted and posted for community use. This includes visible (VIS), near-infrared (IR) and IR bands. These images include weather/environmental phenomena, such as: fire and smoke, mountain waves, dust storms and clouds. There are several steps in these ABI simulations: select the original MODIS images for these various cases, select bands with similar central wavenumbers, de-stripe the IR bands, average to the ABI spatial resolution, subset over the area of interest, and correct for planned image bit depth. Sample METEOSAT-8 SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) data, from EUMETSAT (EUropean organization for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites), have also been posted. There are I I spectral bands for 3 sequential times for those interested in compression of full disk images. Finally, unaltered GOES-12 Imager Full Disk images have been staged. There are five spectral bands for both a "night" and "day" case. There has been no post-processing on these non-MODIS images. Each of these datasets has advantages and disadvantages in so far as they represent what will be obtained from the ABI. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, STAR, Madison, WI USA. RP Schmit, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, STAR, Madison, WI USA. RI Li, Jun/H-3579-2015; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627; NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6300 BP P3000 EP P3000 AR 63000P DI 10.1117/12.682991 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700023 ER PT S AU Schmit, TJ Huang, BM Sriraja, Y Huang, HL AF Schmit, Timothy J. Huang, Bormin Sriraja, Y. Huang, Hung-Lung BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Preliminary lossless compression results with michelson interferometer data SO SATELLITE DATA COMPRESSION, COMMUNICATIONS AND ARCHIVING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE GOES-R; HES; NAST-I; interferometer; ultraspectral sounder; data compression; bias-adjusted reordering; JPEG2000 ID IMAGES; QUANTIZATION; PREDICTION; ALGORITHM AB The next-generation GOES-R (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) HES (Hyperspectral Environmental Suite) Sounder will be either a grating or interferometer design. The HES will be able to provide hourly atmospheric soundings with spatial resolutions of 5 similar to 10 km with higher accuracy than the current geostationary sounder. A number of GOES-R products will be made from the HES data, this information will help both in forecasting and numerical model initializations. Extensive research has been done with lossless data compression with data from a grating-type ultraspectral instrument. NAST-I aircraft data is chosen for testing data from interferometers until IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) and CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) are available. Preliminary work at CIMSS with lossless data compression of Michelson Interferometer data achieves compression ratios (CR) above 5. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Satellite Applicat & Res,ASPB, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Schmit, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Satellite Applicat & Res,ASPB, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6300 AR 630004 DI 10.1117/12.682928 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700004 ER PT S AU Sung, LP Drzal, PL Vanlandingham, MR Forster, AM AF Sung, Li-Piin Drzal, Peter L. Vanlandingham, Mark R. Forster, Aaron M. BA Sinha, SK BF Sinha, SK TI METROLOGY FOR CHARACTERIZING THE SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF POLYMERIC COATINGS THROUGH OPTICAL SCATTERING SO SCRATCHING OF MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS SE Tribology and Interface Engineering Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Appearance; gloss; laser scanning confocal microscopy; mechanical properties; optical scattering; scratch and mar; surface morphology ID VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION; INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MAR RESISTANCE; BEHAVIOR; DEFORMATION AB Scratch and mar resistance is an attribute of great practical importance to polymeric materials. Physical measurements of scratch and mar resistance have been conducted, but the ability to link these resistance to other properties of a polymer and to the customer-perceived appearance of a surface has remained elusive. Thus, optimization of material properties enhancing scratch and mar resistance is not possible. Over the years, a multitude of scratch test devices and protocols has been developed, but the large amount of data generated has made it very difficult to compare and pool data, and ultimately to standardize any test protocol. Also, the relevancy of physical measures of scratch and mar are continually being raised, since a link between physical measurements of scratch and mar and consumer perceived failure caused by scratch and mar has not been established. Establishing a connection between physical and appearance characterizations of scratch and mar are difficult, since appearance measures of scratch and mar are almost always based on qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, assessments of damage. These appearance measurements are made through visual inspection, gloss changes, and changes in gray scale level or lightness. These qualitative assessments are seldom either repeatable or reproducible, and thus a reliable standardized test method for assessing scratch and mar from a consumer's perspective is also not currently available to the polymeric materials community. In this chapter, progress is reported toward the development of a scientifically based standardized test method for quantifying scratch resistance based on optical scattering metrologies. A scratch protocol to impart a standard scratch deformation is described. Optical scattering measurements are conducted to identify the onset of plastic deformation by analyzing specular and off-specular intensities. The angular-resolved optical scattering reflectance profiles at various incident angles are measured using a custom-designed optical scattering instrument at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Angular-resolved optical scattering from surfaces having a single or multiple scratches are compared to gloss measurements taken at 20 degrees and 60 degrees with a commercial glossmeter. By analyzing the specular and off-specular scattered intensities, scratch damage can be quantitatively assessed, even when the results from gloss measurements are indistinguishable. Additionally, the correlation between surface roughness and gloss measurements is presented. Finally, there is commentary herein on future research directions that includes implementing metrologies for linking appearance-based scratch resistance measurements to nanomechanical material properties measured through instrumented indentation. C1 [Sung, Li-Piin; Forster, Aaron M.] NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Drzal, Peter L.] PPG Ind Inc, Resin & Coatings Res & Dev, Allison Pk, PA 15101 USA. [Vanlandingham, Mark R.] USA, Multifunct Mat Branch, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lipiin.sung@nist.gov NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1572-3364 BN 978-0-08-046804-4 J9 TRIBOL INTER ENG PY 2006 VL 51 BP 102 EP 123 PG 22 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BCQ54 UT WOS:000311032300006 ER PT B AU Davis, RW Brandon, EAA Calkins, DG Loughlin, TR AF Davis, Randall W. Brandon, Elisif A. A. Calkins, Donald G. Loughlin, Thomas R. BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Female attendance and neonatal pup growth in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; HYDROGEN-ISOTOPE-DILUTION; MATERNAL INVESTMENT; FORAGING CHARACTERISTICS; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; BIRTH WEIGHTS; FETAL GROWTH; BEHAVIOR AB We studied attendance behavior of lactating Steller sea lions (SSL) and the growth rates of pups in Southeast Alaska, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands from 1990 to 1997. These rookeries included one (Lowrie Island in Southeast Alaska) in an area of stable population and three (Chirikof and Marmot islands in the Gulf of Alaska and Seguam and Yunaska islands in the Aleutian Islands) in areas where the population of SSL has declined significantly over the past 30 years. Radio transmitters were glued to the fur of lactating SSL and their presence on the rookeries monitored for the first four to six weeks postpartum. Newborn pups were weighed and measured every two weeks over the same period. The time spent onshore (22.5 h +/- 8.26 SD) by females did not differ significantly among rookeries. Average foraging trip duration was significantly different among rookeries and ranged from 25.6 h +/- 11.64 SD in the area of stable population to 9.4 h +/- 3.32 SD in the area of declining population. The average percentage of time spent at sea was significantly different among rookeries and ranged from 51% +/- 8.9 SD in the area of stable population to 31% +/- 9.99 SD in the area of declining population. Male pups (22.6 kg +/- 2.21 SD) were significantly heavier than female pups (19.6 kg +/- 1.80 SD) at 1-5 days of age, but there were no significant differences among rookeries at that age. Male and female pups on the same rookery grew at the same rate during the first four to six weeks. Body mass and standard length increased at a faster rate for pups in the Aleutian Islands and the western Gulf of Alaska (0.45-0.48 kg day(-1) and 0.47-0.53 cm day(-1), respectively) than in Southeast Alaska (0.23 kg day(-1) and 0.20 cm day(-1)). Overall, average foraging trip duration among rookeries decreased and pup growth rate increased in an east-to-west direction from the area of stable to declining population. There was no evidence that female sea lions and pups were nutritionally stressed during the first six weeks postpartum in the area of population decline. C1 [Davis, Randall W.; Brandon, Elisif A. A.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. [Calkins, Donald G.] Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, ALASKA. [Loughlin, Thomas R.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Davis, RW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. EM davisr@tamug.tamu.edu; don_calkins@alaskasealife.org FU UC Mexus [SC-03-15]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-02-1-1012]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia-SEMARNAT [1230] FX This work was supported by grants from UC Mexus Program SC-03-15 and the Office of Naval Research grant N00014-02-1-1012. We thank J. Alvarez, C. Ansta, M. Higuera, C. Mcknight, M. Rutishauser, S. Simmons, Y. Tremblay, and M. Zamarron for their assistance in the field. All research was approved by the University of California IACUC. Samples were collected under permit No. SGPA/DGVS.0575 from Direccion General de Vida Silvestre (SEMERNAT) and supported by project 1230 by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia-SEMARNAT. NR 58 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 13 EP 29 PG 17 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700002 ER PT B AU Schaufler, L Logerwell, E Vollenweider, J AF Schaufler, Lawrence Logerwell, Elizabeth Vollenweider, Johanna BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Geographical variation in Steller sea lion prey quality in Alaska SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHAKOGRAMMA; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; ENERGY DENSITY; FORAGE FISHES; WESTERN STOCK; DECLINE; DIET; HYPOTHESIS; SIZES AB Nutritional stress is one of the leading hypotheses explaining the decline in Steller sea lion populations of the western stock. Central to this hypothesis is the possibility that western stock sea lions encounter prey of significantly lower quality than those from the eastern stock. We collected and analyzed over 1,200 whole fish representing species identified as sea lion prey items from the Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska, including species that reside in both regions. We present proximate composition and calculated mean energy densities based on the lipid and protein contents for the sampled fish. Initial comparisons of the proximate compositions and energy densities between the Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska fish on a species basis revealed significant differences in prey energetic content in the two regions for the sampled prey. Overall, the mean energy density for 22 forage species from southeastern Alaska (1.62 +/- 0.02 kcal per g on a wet weight basis) was greater than that of 15 species from the Aleutians (1.44 +/- 0.03 kcal per g), but these variations could be attributed to size differences among the fish sampled from the two regions as well as species composition and collection season differences. For example, Pacific cod sampled from the Aleutians were significantly larger (p < 0.001) than those from southeastern Alaska and had a higher energy density (p < 0.001). However, controlling for size revealed no difference in energy density between the two populations of cod (p > 0.5). Similarly accounting for size, no difference was found in the energy density of walleye pollock or arrowtooth flounder from the two locations. In contrast, squid and sandfish from southeastern Alaska had higher energy densities (p < 0.01) while Aleutian rockfish had higher energy densities than those from southeastern Alaska (p < 0.001), though these may represent seasonal and species composition differences. These data reveal the importance of considering size, season, and species when making energy density comparisons of the available prey between geographical regions. C1 [Schaufler, Lawrence; Vollenweider, Johanna] NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK USA. [Logerwell, Elizabeth] NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Schaufler, L (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK USA. FU North Pacific Marine Science Foundation FX We are grateful to the Sea Around Us Project, particularly Dr. Reg Watson and Mr. Adrian Kitchingman; NOAA; and the North Pacific Marine Science Foundation for providing funding to the North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 117 EP 129 PG 13 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700009 ER PT B AU Womble, JN Sigler, MF AF Womble, Jamie N. Sigler, Michael F. BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Temporal variation in Steller sea lion diet at a seasonal haul-out in Southeast Alaska SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; FECAL SAMPLES; PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR-SEALS; MORAY-FIRTH; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; PREY CONSUMPTION; PINNIPED DIETS AB Pinniped diet may vary spatially and temporally and can be influenced by prey availability. Several prey species of Steller sea lions are densely aggregated during the nonbreeding season of sea lions and may be seasonally important because sea lion energetic requirements increase during winter and spring. To assess temporal variation in Steller sea lion diet at Benjamin Island in Lynn Canal, Southeast Alaska, we collected scat samples (n = 787) each February, April, October, and December from 2001 to 2004. Scat samples were not collected during summer because few sea lions were present at Benjamin Island during that season. Pacific herring (frequency of occurrence [FO] = 90.0%) and walleye pollock (FO = 87.5%) were the two most common prey species in sea lion scat samples, followed by skate, Pacific salmon, Pacific cod, capelin, cephalopods, northern lampfish, sculpins, arrowtooth flounder, eulachon, and Pacific hake. The FO of herring, pollock, skates, Pacific cod, and cephalopods did not differ significantly between seasons; however, the FO of capelin, Pacific salmon, northern lampfish, sculpins, arrowtooth flounder, eulachon, and Pacific hake differed between seasons. Sea lion diet diversity increased in spring and corresponded to the spawning season of several forage fish species. Exploiting salmon in fall, herring during winter, and eulachon, capelin, and northern lampfish in spring likely helps sea lions meet the increased energetic demands that occur during winter and spring. C1 [Womble, Jamie N.; Sigler, Michael F.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. [Womble, Jamie N.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Womble, JN (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 141 EP 154 PG 14 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700011 ER PT B AU Vollenweider, J Womble, J Heintz, R AF Vollenweider, Johanna Womble, Jamie Heintz, Ron BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Estimation of seasonal energy content of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) diet SO Sea Lions of the World SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID FECAL SAMPLES; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; WALLEYE POLLOCK; PINNIPED DIETS; FORAGE FISHES; ALASKA; PACIFIC; OTOLITHS; SCATS AB We estimated the energy consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in southeastern Alaska by integrating seasonal scat collection data with seasonal energy content of prey species of Steller sea lions. During 2001 and 2002, sea lion scat samples were collected quarterly at Benjamin Island in conjunction with quarterly collections of sea lion prey species from mid-water trawls near Benjamin Island. The biomass of prey species was reconstructed using biomass-variable (BV) and biomass-fixed (BF) techniques, and combined with prey energy content to estimate the amount of energy from each prey species during each season. Energy content of scats was variable across seasons and was lowest in February of both years and highest in December. A total of 41 prey species were identified from scat samples; however, the BV and BF models identified only five prey as constituting the majority of energy in sea lion scats. The five primary prey include salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.), skate (Rajidae), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). These prey accounted for 91% of the total energy in the BV model and 84% in the BF model. Both models depicted similar seasonal trends in prey-derived energy, likely related to ephemeral prey aggregations associated with spawning or overwintering. In the BV model the primary prey species contributed relatively equal proportions of energy, with the exception of mature pollock. In contrast, herring was the predominant energy source in the BF model. The relative importance of prey types resulting from BV and BF models were more similar to each other than to raw biomass estimates or frequency of occurrence. Likely the true prey-derived energy is intermediate to the two models due to opposing inherent biases of each model. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RP Vollenweider, J (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 52 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 155 EP 176 PG 22 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700012 ER PT B AU Thedinga, JF Johnson, SW Csepp, DJ AF Thedinga, John F. Johnson, Scott W. Csepp, David J. BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Nearshore fish assemblages in the vicinity of two steller sea lion haul-outs in Southeastern Alaska SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHAKOGRAMMA; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; BEHAVIOR; SEBASTES; HABITAT; WATERS; SIZES; STOCK AB To better understand Steller sea lion foraging ecology, information is needed on the species composition, abundance, and seasonality of prey species, especially in nearshore waters adjacent to rookeries and haul-outs. From 2001 to 2004, we examined nearshore fish assemblages in summer and winter in the vicinity of two Steller sea lion haul-outs, Benjamin Island and The Brothers Islands, in southeastern Alaska. Fish were captured in nearshore waters (< 115 m deep, < 350 m from shore) by beach seining and hand-jigging; we also observed fish assemblages with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Total catch by seining and jigging for all sampling periods was 201,331 fish and 559 fish; 58 species were identified in summer and 44 species in winter. Seine catches were dominated by young-of-the-year walleye pollock, Pacific herring, and Pacific sand lance in summer, and salmon fry, armorhead sculpin, and rock sole in winter. Jig catches were dominated by armorhead sculpin, Pacific cod, and two rockfish species in summer and winter. Twenty-seven. species were observed with the ROV; seven of these species were not captured by seining or jigging. Catch and number of fish species were greater in summer than in winter and greater at The Brothers Islands than at Benjamin Island. Most fish captured by seining were too small (median fork length [FL] < 81 mm) to be consumed by Steller sea lions, whereas most fish captured by jigging or observed with the ROV were large enough (median FL > 248 mm) to be consumed by Steller sea lions. Inclusive of all sampling methods, 34 of the species inventoried have been identified in Steller sea lion scat collected at either haul-out. Although the extent of Steller sea lion foraging in nearshore waters surrounding Benjamin Island and The Brothers Islands is unclear, a diverse fish assemblage is present at both locations and may be an important prey field for Steller sea lions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RP Thedinga, JF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 269 EP 284 PG 16 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700019 ER PT B AU Heintz, R Krahn, MM Vlitalo, GM Morado, F AF Heintz, Ron Krahn, Margaret M. Vlitalo, G. M. Morado, Frank BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Organochlorines in walleye pollock from the Bering Sea and Southeastern Alaska SO Sea Lions of the World SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID LIONS EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; THERAGRA-CHAKOGRAMMA; NORTH PACIFIC; WESTERN STOCK; CONTAMINANTS; TISSUES; SIZES; DIET AB The ubiquitous distribution and toxicity of organochlorines in high latitude food webs has been suggested as one factor in preventing the recovery of the western Steller sea lion stock. However, there are few data describing the bio-availability of these contaminants in the sub-arctic Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. We measured concentrations of dioxin-like and other selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in a prey species of Steller sea lions (walleye pollock) that is distributed throughout the range of these marine mammals, to test the hypothesis that contaminant loads in western stock food webs would be higher than those of the eastern stock. More than 110 fish were collected from six regions: western Bering Sea, western Aleutians, eastern Aleutians, Pribilof Islands, northern Bering Sea, and southeastern Alaska. Organochlorine levels were found to correlate with fish age and size (r(2) > 0.390), but were uncorrelated with lipid content. Pollock from southeastern Alaska were significantly more contaminated than Bering Sea pollock (P < 0.01) with length-corrected concentrations of 5.00 ng per g wet weight, 4.93 ng per g, and 1.15 ng per g for total PCBs (Sigma PCBs), total DDTs (Sigma DDTs), and HCB, respectively. Aerial transport and precipitation likely account for the relatively high levels of contamination in southeastern Alaska. Eastern stock sea lion populations have been increasing while apparently consuming prey with higher organochlorine loads. Consequently, presence of organochlorines in high latitude food webs does not appear to be a major factor inhibiting the recovery of the western sea lion stock. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RP Heintz, R (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 561 EP 580 PG 20 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700035 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, CC AF Lautenbacher, CC TI Oceans make big news in 2005 SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere & Adm, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Lautenbacher, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere & Adm, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 47 IS 1 BP 10 EP + PG 31 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 007CL UT WOS:000234945200002 ER PT B AU Karygiannis, A Antonakakis, E Apostolopoulos, A AF Karygiannis, A. Antonakakis, E. Apostolopoulos, A. BE Georgiadis, P Lopez, J Gritzalis, S Marias, GF TI Detecting critical nodes for MANET Intrusion Detection Systems SO SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SECURITY, PRIVACY AND TRUST IN PERVASIVE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Security, Privacy and Trust in Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing CY JUN 29, 2006 CL Lyon, FRANCE DE mobile ad hoc network; MANET; intrusion detection; IDS; security; edge-cut; vertex-cut AB Ad hoc routing protocols have been designed to efficiently reroute traffic when confronted with network congestion, faulty nodes, and dynamically changing topologies. The common design goal of reactive, proactive, and hybrid ad hoc routing protocols is to faithfully route packets from a source node to a destination node while maintaining a satisfactory level of service in a resource-constrained environment. Detecting malicious nodes in an open ad hoc network in which participating nodes have no previous security associations presents a number of challenges not faced by traditional wired networks. Traffic monitoring in wired networks is usually performed at switches' routers and gateways, but an ad hoc network does not have these types of network elements where the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can collect and analyze audit data for the entire network. A number of neighbor-monitoring, trust-building, and cluster-based voting schemes have been proposed in the research to enable the detection and reporting of malicious activity in ad hoc networks. The resources consumed by ad hoc network member nodes to monitor, detect, report, and diagnose malicious activity, however, may be greater than simply rerouting packets through a different available path. This paper presents a method for determining conditions under which critical nodes should be monitored, describes the details of a critical node test implementation, presents experimental results, and offers a new approach for conserving the limited resources of an ad hoc network IDS. C1 [Karygiannis, A.; Antonakakis, E.; Apostolopoulos, A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr MS 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karygiannis, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr MS 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karygiannis@nist.gov; manos@nist.gov; aimilios@nist.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7695-2549-0 PY 2006 BP 7 EP + DI 10.1109/SECPERU.2006.8 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEV87 UT WOS:000239658400002 ER PT S AU Peralta, R AF Peralta, Rene BE Burmester, M Yasinsac, A TI Dark encounter computations (and musings on biological networks) SO SECURE MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS AND SENSORS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Secure Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Sensors CY SEP 20-22, 2005 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP Florida Sate Univ, SAIT Lab, USN Res Off, Datamaxx Grp C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peralta, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rene.peralta@nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-36646-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4074 BP 182 EP 185 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEX95 UT WOS:000240059200016 ER PT B AU Branscomb, LM Michel-Kerjan, EO AF Branscomb, Lewis M. Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O. BE Auerswald, PE Branscomb, LM LaPorte, TM MichelKerjan, EO TI PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION ON A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCALE SO SEEDS OF DISASTER, ROOTS OF RESPONSE: HOW PRIVATE ACTION CAN REDUCE PUBLIC VULNERABILITY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Branscomb, Lewis M.] Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Ctr Sci & Int Affairs, Sci Technol & Publ Policy Program, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Branscomb, Lewis M.] US Natl Bur Stand, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Branscomb, Lewis M.] NBS, Arlington, VA USA. [Branscomb, Lewis M.] IBM Corp, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. [Branscomb, Lewis M.] Project Natl Acad Sci & Engn, Washington, DC USA. [Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.] Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Risk Management & Decis Proc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.] OECD Task Force Terrorism Insurance, Paris, France. [Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.] Wharton Initiat Future Terrorism Risk Financing, Philadelphia, PA USA. [Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.] Ecole Polytech Paris, Paris, France. [Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.] OECD, Div Financial Affairs, Paris, France. RP Branscomb, LM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Ctr Sci & Int Affairs, Sci Technol & Publ Policy Program, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-68572-6 PY 2006 BP 395 EP 403 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511509735.024 D2 10.2277/ 0521685729 PG 9 WC Management; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA BYD26 UT WOS:000298092400024 ER PT S AU Mills, KL Dabrowski, C AF Mills, Kevin L. Dabrowski, Christopher BE DeMeer, H Sterbenz, JPG TI Investigating global behavior in computing grids SO SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Self-Organizing Systems (IWSOS 2006) CY SEP 18-20, 2006 CL Passau, GERMANY SP Univ Passau, Comp Networks & Commun, EuroNGI AB We investigate effects of spoofing attacks on the scheduling and execution of basic application workflows in a moderately loaded grid computing system using a simulation model based on standard specifications. We conduct experiments to first subject this grid to spoofing attacks that reduce resource availability and increase relative load. A reasonable change in client behavior is then introduced to counter the attack, which unexpectedly causes global performance degradation. To understand the resulting global behavior, we adapt multidimensional analyses as a measurement approach for analysis of complex information systems. We use this approach to show that the surprising performance fall-off occurs because the change in client behavior causes a rearrangement of the global job execution schedule in which completion times inadvertently increase. Finally, we argue that viewing distributed resource allocation as a self-organizing process improves understanding of behavior in distributed systems such as computing grids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mills, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kmills@nist.gov; cdabrowski@nist.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-37658-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4124 BP 120 EP 136 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFE21 UT WOS:000241431300011 ER PT S AU Brockmans, S Colomb, RM Haase, P Kendall, EF Wallace, EK Welty, C Xie, GT AF Brockmans, Saartje Colomb, Robert M. Haase, Peter Kendall, Elisa F. Wallace, Evan K. Welty, Chris Xie, Guo Tong BE Cruz, I Decker, S Allemang, D Preist, C Schwabe, D Mika, P Uschold, M Aroyo, L TI A model driven approach for building OWL DL and OWL full ontologies SO Semantic Web - ISEC 2006, Proceedings SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2006) CY NOV 05-09, 2006 CL Athens, GA SP Data, Informat, & Process Integrat Semant Web Serv, Semant Utilised Proc Management Enterprides, Ontotext, Vulcan, Aduna, Elsevier, Microsoft Live Labs, NeOn, Nepomuk, Nokia, Journal Web Semant, Ontoprise, SEKT, TopQuadrant, LSDIS, Saltlux AB This paper presents an approach for visually modeling OWL DL and OWL Full ontologies based on the well-established visual modeling language UML. We discuss a metamodel for OWL based on the Meta-Object Facility, an associated UML profile as visual syntax, and transformations between both. The work we present supports model-driven development of OWL ontologies and is currently undergoing the standardization process of the Object Management Group. After describing our approach, we present the implementation of our approach and an example, showing how the metamodel and UML profile can be used to improve developing Semantic Web applications. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Sandpiper Software Inc, Los Altos, CA USA. US Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. IBM Corp, Watson Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Brockmans, S (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-49029-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4273 BP 187 EP 200 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFN00 UT WOS:000243131100014 ER PT S AU Eppeldauer, GP Zeng, J Hanssen, LM AF Eppeldauer, G. P. Zeng, J. Hanssen, L. M. BE Carapezza, EM TI Development and calibration of pyroelectric radiometer standards at NIST - art. no. 620119 SO Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C31)Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C31) Technologies for Homeland Secuity and Homeland Defense V CY APR 17-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL ID RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS; MU-M; DETECTOR AB The reference spectral power responsivity scale of NIST is being extended from the silicon range to the infrared (IR) using pyroelectric radiometers. Two transfer standard pyroelectric radiometers have been developed at NIST. The main design consideration was to obtain only a minimal increase in the measurement uncertainty during the responsivity scale extension. Domain engineered LiNbO3 and regular LiTaO3 pyroelectric detectors were used in the two radiometers. Both detectors are gold-black coated and temperature controlled. Reflecting domes are attached to the radiometer inputs to decrease the reflectance loss and to improve the spatial uniformity of responsivity in the infrared. Four commercial pyroelectric detectors have been added to the group and used as working standards. The relative spectral responsivity of all pyroelectric detectors was determined from spectral reflectance measurements. The radiant power responsivity tie points were derived from Si trap and single element detectors traceable to the NIST reference responsivity scale. The pyroelectric radiometers have been characterized for frequency and temperature dependent responsivity, noise, spatial non-uniformity of responsivity, angular responsivity, and linearity. The expanded (relative) uncertainty of the spectral power responsivity calibrations ranged between 0.5% and 1.2% (k=2) within the 1 mu m to 19 lam range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6257-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6201 BP 20119 EP 20119 AR 620119 DI 10.1117/12.665997 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BER22 UT WOS:000239007800038 ER PT S AU Payne, B AF Payne, Bev BE Tomasini, EP TI Single point optical calibration of accelerometers at NIST - art. no. 634504 SO Seventh International Conference on Vibration Measurements by Laser Techniques: Advances and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Vibration Measurements by Laser Techniques CY JUN 19-22, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY SP Italian Assoc Laser Velcimetry & Non Invas Diagnost, Univ Politecn March Dipt Meccan DE accelerometers; calibrations; fringe-counting; interferometer; sine-approximation AB Typical accelerometer calibrations by laser interferometer are performed by measuring displacement at three places on the shaker table. Each of these measurements, made along the perimeter of the accelerometer, requires repositioning and realigning of the interferometer. This is done to approximate the actual displacement of the accelerometer. Using a dual-coil shaker with a small moving element and two coaxially-located and rigidly-attached mounting tables allows placing the accelerometer on one table and measuring displacement directly on the center axis of the second table. This was found to work effectively at lower frequencies, up to about 5 kHz, with mounting tables of conventional materials such as stainless steel. However, for higher frequencies the use of steel results in unwanted relative motion between the two mounting tables. Mounting tables of beryllium with nickel coating have been used at NIST to overcome this difficulty. This paper shows the calibration results of single point, on-axis measurements, using fringe counting and sine-approximation methods. The results compare favorably with three point measurements made by fringe disappearance using a conventional piezo-electric shaker at frequencies up to 15 kHz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6421-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6345 BP 34504 EP 34504 AR 634504 DI 10.1117/12.693100 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX17 UT WOS:000239926800004 ER PT S AU Main, JA Gazonas, GA AF Main, Joseph A. Gazonas, George A. BE Furnish, MD Elert, M Russell, TP White, CT TI Impulsive loading of cellular media in sandwich construction SO Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2005, Pts 1 and 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the American-Physical-Society-Topical-Group-on-Shock-Compression-of-Condense d-Matter CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Phys Soc, Top Grp Shock Compress Condensed Matter DE blast mitigation; aluminum foam; shock wave; finite element analysis AB Motivated by recent efforts to mitigate blast loading using energy-absorbing materials, this paper investigates the uniaxial crushing of cellular media in sandwich construction under impulsive pressure loading. The cellular core is modeled using a rigid, perfectly-plastic, locking idealization, as in previous studies, and the front and back faces are modeled as rigid, with pressure loading applied to the front face and the back face unrestrained. Predictions of this analytical model show excellent agreement with explicit finite element computations, and the model is used to investigate the influence of the mass distribution between the core and the faces. Increasing the mass fraction in the front face is found to increase the impulse required for complete crushing of the cellular core but also to produce undesirable increases in back-face accelerations. Optimal mass distributions are investigated by maximizing the impulse capacity while limiting the back-face accelerations to a specified level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Main, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gazonas, George/0000-0002-2715-016X NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0341-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 845 BP 1539 EP 1542 PN 1&2 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BEX71 UT WOS:000240034600361 ER PT J AU Gurski, KF McFadden, GB Miksis, MJ AF Gurski, KF McFadden, GB Miksis, MJ TI The effect of contact lines on the Rayleigh instability with anisotropic surface energy SO SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE Rayleigh instability; contact lines; anisotropic surface energy; quantum wires; nanowires; Plateau ID COPPER NANOWIRE ARRAYS; VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; THIN-FILMS; STABILITY; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; EVOLUTION; TENSION; SHAPE; RODS AB We determine the linear stability of a rod or wire on a substrate subject to capillary forces arising from an anisotropic surface energy for a range of contact angles between -pi/2 and pi/2. The unperturbed rod is assumed to have infinite length with a uniform cross-section given by a portion of the two-dimensional equilibrium shape. We examine the effect of surface perturbations on the total energy. The stability of the equilibrium interface is reduced to determining the eigenvalues of a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. This system is solved both asymptotically and numerically for several types of anisotropic surface energies. We find that, in general, the presence of the substrate tends to stabilize the rod. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Appl Math, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Gurski, KF (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Math, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM kgurski@gwu.edu; mcfadden@nist.gov; miksis@northwestern.edu RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Miksis, Michael/B-7373-2009; OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Gurski, Katharine/0000-0002-4589-8307 NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 0036-1399 J9 SIAM J APPL MATH JI SIAM J. Appl. Math. PY 2006 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1163 EP 1187 DI 10.1137/050626946 PG 25 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 053SB UT WOS:000238324300004 ER PT S AU Bentz, DP Garboczi, EJ Bullard, JW Ferraris, C Martys, N Stutzman, PE AF Bentz, Dale P. Garboczi, Edward J. Bullard, Jeffrey W. Ferraris, Chiara Martys, Nicos Stutzman, Paul E. BE Lamond, JF Pielert, JH TI Virtual Testing of Cement and Concrete SO SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS AND PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE-MAKING MATERIALS SE American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publications LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CALCIUM HYDROXIDE DISSOLUTION; INCINERATION FLY-ASH; PORTLAND-CEMENT; SILICA FUME; MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; DISPERSION MODEL; PORE-SPACE; HYDRATION; PASTES C1 [Bentz, Dale P.; Garboczi, Edward J.; Bullard, Jeffrey W.; Ferraris, Chiara; Martys, Nicos; Stutzman, Paul E.] NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 77 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTM INTERNATIONAL PI WEST CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, PO BOX C700, WEST CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 978-0-8031-3367-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2006 VL 169D BP 38 EP 50 DI 10.1520/STP37724S D2 10.1520/STP169D-EB PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BZA87 UT WOS:000300952500006 ER PT S AU Pielert, JH AF Pielert, James H. BE Lamond, JF Pielert, JH TI Quality Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates-The Role of Testing Laboratories SO SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS AND PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND CONCRETE-MAKING MATERIALS SE American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publications LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NIST, Cement & Concrete Reference Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pielert, JH (reprint author), NIST, Cement & Concrete Reference Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTM INTERNATIONAL PI WEST CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, PO BOX C700, WEST CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 978-0-8031-3367-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2006 VL 169D BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1520/STP37725S D2 10.1520/STP169D-EB PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BZA87 UT WOS:000300952500007 ER PT S AU Davis, W AF Davis, Wendy BE Ferguson, IT Narendran, N Taguchi, T Ashdown, IE TI Measuring color quality of light sources - art. no. 63370L SO Sixth International Conference on Solid State Lighting SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Solid State Lighting CY AUG 14-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE color; Color rendering; Colorimetry; CRI; lighting; solid state lighting; LED; white LED ID VISION AB The successful commercialization of solid-state lighting for general illumination will require an effective method to characterize the color quality of these sources. The distinctive spectral characteristics of solid-state lighting sources present both unique challenges and opportunities with regards to color quality. Color quality is difficult to define, much less measure. Several aspects of color quality, including color fidelity (rendering), chromatic discrimination, and general population preferences must be considered. In some instances, these factors are contradictory. For example, observers tend to prefer lamps that increase object color chroma (vividness), though such chroma increases are deviations from color fidelity. In addition to devising a way to balance the influence of these different dimensions of color quality, consideration must be given to ways of communicating color quality in a simple way, which permits comparison between products. At NIST we're approaching this problem by developing a computational method that takes inspiration from the Color Rendering Index (CRI), but incorporates other aspects of color quality. The output of this Color Quality Scale (CQS) is a composite score incorporating a lamp's ability to accurately render object colors, permit precise discrimination between different colors, and display object colors in a way that is visually pleasing to typical consumers. Visual experimentation will be vital to improve and validate this method, which was initially developed with colorimetric simulations. Preliminary experimentation has begun, focusing on the issues most relevant to the development of commercial standards for color quality. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6416-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6337 BP L3370 EP L3370 AR 63370L DI 10.1117/12.685187 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BFI63 UT WOS:000242040800013 ER PT J AU Hemraj-Benny, T Banerjee, S Sambasivan, S Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Eres, G Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Lowndes, DH Han, WQ Misewich, JA Wong, SS AF Hemraj-Benny, T Banerjee, S Sambasivan, S Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Eres, G Puretzky, AA Geohegan, DB Lowndes, DH Han, WQ Misewich, JA Wong, SS TI Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy as a tool for investigating nanomaterials SO SMALL LA English DT Article DE carbon nanotubes; functionalization; nanomateriats; NEXAFS spectroscopy; surface analysis ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; BORON-NITRIDE NANOTUBES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SUBSTITUTION-REACTION; NEXAFS SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; CHAIN-RELAXATION; FIELD-EMISSION; FIBERS; FUNCTIONALIZATION AB We have demonstrated near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a particularly useful and effective technique for simultaneously probing the surface chemistry, surface molecular orientation, degree of order, and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials. Specifically, we employ NEXAFS in the study of single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotube powders, films, and arrays, as well as of boron nitride nanotubes. We have focused on the advantages of NEXAFS as an exciting, complementary tool to conventional microscopy and spectroscopy for providing chemical and structural information about nanoscale samples. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wong, SS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Han, WQ/E-2818-2013; Puretzky, Alexander/B-5567-2016; Geohegan, David/D-3599-2013; Eres, Gyula/C-4656-2017 OI Puretzky, Alexander/0000-0002-9996-4429; Geohegan, David/0000-0003-0273-3139; Eres, Gyula/0000-0003-2690-5214 NR 46 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 31 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1613-6810 J9 SMALL JI Small PD JAN PY 2006 VL 2 IS 1 BP 26 EP 35 DI 10.1002/smll.200500256 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 996WH UT WOS:000234205600003 PM 17193550 ER PT S AU Rahatekar, SS Shaffer, MSP Elliott, JA AF Rahatekar, Sameer Sharad Shaffer, Milo S. P. Elliott, James A. BE Tao, X Troster, G Diamond, D TI Electrical. percolation in carbon nanotube dispersions: A mesoscale modeling and experimental study SO Smart Nanotextiles SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Smart Nanotextiles held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 18-19, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID EXCLUDED-VOLUME; COMPOSITES; SYSTEMS; FIBERS; STICKS; FILLER AB This paper describes our current work on electrical percolation in carbon nanotubes filled thermoplastic polymer fibers. The objective of this work is to develop an understanding of how the electrical properties of the nanotube/polymer composites are affected by' processing conditions, orientation of nanotubes, and their loading fraction. In the first part of the work, mesoscale modelling of nanotubes was carried out using a dissipative particle dynamics method. The percolation threshold required to achieve an electrically conductive network of nanotubes within in a polymer fibre was predicted as a function of orientation and aspect ratio of nanotubes using a Monte Carlo method to measure the network impedance. In the second part of this work, X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to find the degree of alignment of nanotubes in polyamide 12 fibers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rahatekar, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8665, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shaffer, Milo/C-5977-2008; Rahatekar, Sameer/A-6008-2012; Elliott, James/A-4135-2009 OI Shaffer, Milo/0000-0001-9384-9043; Elliott, James/0000-0002-4887-6250 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 920 BP 63 EP 69 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Textiles SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA BFJ22 UT WOS:000242304000009 ER PT S AU Muller, J Hooker, SA Balzar, D AF Mueller, Jens Hooker, Stephanie A. Balzar, Davor BE Armstrong, WD TI Understanding microstructural effects on long term electrical fatigue in multilayer PZT actuators - art. no. 61700D SO Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2006 Conference CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Intelligent Mat Forum, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn DE domain reorientation; domain size; electrical fatigue; grain size; lead zirconate titanate; PbZrxTi1-xO3; PZT; SEM; sintering; XRD ID DIFFRACTION AB In this study, multilayered PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) samples were produced by tape-casting and subsequent sintering at temperatures in the range of 1175 degrees C to 1325 degrees C. Sintering times were 6 minutes and 24 minutes. Samples were poled and also electrically fatigued by long-term exposure (approximate to 10(6) cycles) to cyclic electric fields. The parameters of initial and remnant polarization were estimated from hysteresis loops. Changes in the crystallographic microstructure as a function of sintering temperature T-S and sintering time were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to gain insight on fatigue mechanisms and their prevention. The microstructural results, such as domain reorientation and amount of secondary phases, explained the results of electrical observations. We found that grain sizes and internal strains were major influence factors on device performance. Domain sizes were about two orders of magnitude smaller than grain sizes. Therefore, domain-grain wall interaction did not influence domain switching. Domain wall movement was facilitated in samples processed at T-S less than 1250 degrees C, and such samples were more resistant to electrical fatigue. Samples degraded faster at T-S above 1250 degrees C, but here a higher device performance power was found due to an increased unit cell tetragonality that yielded higher polarization values. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Muller, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6223-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6170 BP D1700 EP D1700 AR 61700D DI 10.1117/12.658847 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BEO52 UT WOS:000238449400010 ER PT S AU Hooker, SA AF Hooker, S. A. BE Armstrong, WD TI Characterizing reliability of multilayer PZT actuators SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2006: ACTIVE MATERIALS: BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2006 Conference CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Intelligent Mat Forum, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn DE reliability; fatigue; accelerated testing; actuator; multilayer actuators; PZT-5A; soft PZT ID CERAMICS AB Many new applications are emerging for piezoelectric ceramics including adaptive structures, active-flow-control devices, and vibration and noise suppression systems. Additionally, there are opportunities to use these devices in the biomedical field for miniature pumps, ultrasonic surgical tools, micro-needle arrays, and nanorobotics. In each of these instances, actuator stability is critical, representing a significant challenge for piezoelectric ceramic materials. In particular, the properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) have been found to degrade, often significantly, during continuous operation due to a combination of domain pinning, relaxation of interfacial stress, and, in the worst cases, micro-crack formation. This degradation, referred to as actuator fatigue, can be even more pronounced when high voltages are used to achieve maximum displacement or more complex actuator designs are required. For example, multilayer actuators, such as co-fired stacks, are important for many emerging applications and are now being produced with very small physical dimensions, lowering power requirements. However, multilayer components may be highly susceptible to long-term fatigue due to the large number of interfaces involved in their configuration. In this work, we report a method for rapidly characterizing the reliability of multilayer PZT actuators by monitoring degradation in switching polarization over time. To verify this approach, a series of miniature (3 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm) multilayer actuators were characterized over I million cumulative cycles. These actuators were produced commercially from soft PZT materials, and the sintering temperature was varied to tailor the ceramic microstructure and performance characteristics. Evaluation of cyclic polarization degradation was found to be an effective method for illuminating differences among the different actuators tested, as well as serving to predict their long-term resistance to fatigue. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hooker, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6223-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6170 AR 61700F DI 10.1117/12.658878 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BEO52 UT WOS:000238449400011 ER PT S AU Hooker, SA AF Hooker, S. A. BE Varadan, VK TI Reliability of ultra-thin insulation coatings for long-term electrophysiological recordings - art. no. 617218 SO Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Smart Electronics, Mems, Biomems, and Nanotechnology SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2006 Conference CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Intelligent Mat Forum, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn DE neuroscience; neural recording; microelectrode; ceramic coating; reliability; dielectric breakdown ID MICROELECTRODES AB Improved measurement of neural signals is needed for research into Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, strokes, and spinal cord injuries. At the heart of such instruments are microelectrodes that measure electrical signals in the body. Such electrodes must be small, stable, biocompatible, and robust. However, it is also important that they be easily implanted without causing substantial damage to surrounding tissue. Tissue damage can lead to the generation of immune responses that can interfere with the electrical measurement, preventing long-term recording. Recent advances in microfabrication and nanotechnology afford the opportunity to dramatically reduce the physical dimensions of recording electrodes, thereby minimizing insertion damage. However, one potential cause for concern is the reliability of the insulating coatings, applied to these ultra-fine-diameter wires to precisely control impedance. Such coatings are often polymeric and are applied everywhere but the sharpened tips of the wires, resulting in nominal impedances between 0.5 MOhms and 2.0 MOhms. However, during operation, the polymer degrades, changing the exposed area and the impedance. In this work, ultra-thin ceramic coatings were deposited as an alternative to polymer coatings. Processing conditions were varied to determine the effect of microstructure on measurement stability during two-electrode measurements in a standard buffer solution. Coatings were applied to seven different metals to determine any differences in performance due to the surface characteristics of the underlying wire. Sintering temperature and wire type had significant effects on coating degradation. Dielectric breakdown was also observed at relatively low voltages, indicating that test conditions must be carefully controlled to maximize reliability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hooker, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway St, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6225-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6172 BP 17218 EP 17218 AR 617218 DI 10.1117/12.658859 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Telecommunications GA BEO54 UT WOS:000238450100037 ER PT S AU Espejo, RJ Dyer, SD AF Espejo, R. Joseph Dyer, Shellee D. BE Inaudi, D Ecke, W Culshaw, B Peters, KJ Udd, E TI High spatial resolution measurements of transverse stress in a fiber Bragg grating using four-state analysis low-coherence interferometry and layer-peeling - art. no. 616707 SO Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Smart Sensor Monitoring Systems and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2006 Conference CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Intelligent Mat Forum, Jet Propuls Lab, Natl Sci Fdn DE fiber Bragg gratings; fiber optic sensors; layer peeling; low coherence interferometry; transverse strain sensors AB Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been shown to be a good means of nondestructive monitoring of the stress and/or strain of the materials in which they are embedded. Many FBG transverse stress/strain measurement systems can resolve only a single stress and/or strain value for the entire length of the FBG and often require the use of polarization-maintaining fiber. We demonstrate a new method for measuring the two components of transverse stress with high spatial resolution in a distributed FBG sensor. A directional compressive load is applied by placing weights on top of the FBG, creating a transverse stress in the core of the FBG. Small metallic strips are placed under the FBG to create a localized stress in the FBG. The relative index of refraction as a function of position in the FBG is determined with a low-coherence Michelson interferometer and a layer-peeling algorithm. With this method we are able to measure changes in the refractive index with resolution better than 5x10(-6), limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement system, with a spatial resolution of 16 gin. To determine transverse stress, we repeat the measurement for four different polarization states. A four-state analysis is then used to determine the birefringence as a function of position in the grating. This measurement assumes that the applied transverse load is much larger than any other birefringence in the grating, so that the principal axes do not change with position in the grating. This measurement offers the advantage that it can be implemented with a simple layer-peeling algorithm, and it does not require the use of expensive polarization maintaining fiber. Measurements of the externally induced birefringence agree well with values predicted by the stress-optic properties and the geometry of the fiber. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Espejo, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6220-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6167 BP 16707 EP 16707 AR 616707 DI 10.1117/12.658061 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BEO49 UT WOS:000238445300005 ER PT B AU Fanney, AH Davis, MW Dougherty, BP King, DL Boyson, WE Kratochvil, JA AF Fanney, A. Hunter Davis, Mark W. Dougherty, Brian P. King, David L. Boyson, William E. Kratochvil, Jay A. GP ASME TI Comparison of photovoltaic module performance measurements SO SOLAR ENGINEERING 2005 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Solar Energy Conference CY AUG 06-12, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Sharp, Kycera Solar Inc, Univ Florida, Dept Environm, ACCESS, Innovat Design, ASME, Solar Energy Div ID PANELS AB Computer simulation tools used to predict the energy production of photovoltaic systems are needed in order to make informed economic decisions. These tools require input parameters that characterize module performance under various operational and environmental conditions. Depending upon the complexity of the simulation model, the required input parameters can vary from the limited information found on labels affixed to photovoltaic modules to an extensive set of parameters. The required input parameters are normally obtained indoors using a solar simulator or flash tester, or measured outdoors under natural sunlight. T his paper compares measured performance parameters for three photovoltaic modules tested outdoors at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Two of the three modules were custom fabricated using monocrystalline and silicon film cells. The third, a commercially available module, utilized triple-junction amorphous silicon cells. The resulting data allow a comparison to be made between performance parameters measured at two laboratories with differing geographical locations and apparatus. This paper describes the apparatus used to collect the experimental data, test procedures utilized, and resulting performance parameters for each of the three modules. Using a computer simulation model, the impact that differences in measured parameters have on predicted energy production is quantified. Data presented for each module include power output at standard rating conditions and the influence of incident angle, air mass, and module temperature on each module's electrical performance. Measurements from the two laboratories are in excellent agreement. The power at standard rating conditions is within 1 % for all three modules. Although the magnitude of the individual temperature coefficients varied as much as 17 % between the two laboratories, the impact on predicted performance at various temperature levels was minimal, less than 2 %. The influence of air mass on the performance of the three modules measured at the laboratories was in excellent agreement. The largest difference in measured results between the two laboratories was noted in the response of the modules to incident angles that exceed 75 degrees. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fanney, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4737-3 PY 2006 BP 453 EP 462 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BFO21 UT WOS:000243400500052 ER PT J AU Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Cho, KS Dryer, M Umapathy, S AF Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Cho, KS Dryer, M Umapathy, S TI Origin of coronal shocks without mass ejections SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID II RADIO-BURSTS; WIND SPACECRAFT DATA; SOLAR-FLARES; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; CMES; EVENTS; WAVES; TRANSIENTS AB We present an analysis of all the events (around 400) of coronal shocks for which the shock-associated metric type IIs were observed by many spectrographs during the period April 1997-December 2000. The main objective of this analysis is to give evidence for the type IIs related to only flare-blast waves, and thus to find out whether there are any type II-associated coronal shocks without mass ejections. By carefully analyzing the data from multi-wavelength observations (Radio, GOES X-ray, H alpha, SOHO/LASCO and SOHO/EIT-EUV data), we have identified only 30 events for which there were actually no reports of CMEs. Then from the analysis of the LASCO and EIT running difference images, we found that there are some shocks (nearly 40%, 12/30) which might be associated with weak and narrow mass ejections. These weak and narrow ejections were not reported earlier. For the remaining 60% events (18/30), there are no mass ejections seen in SOHO/LASCO. But all of them are associated with flares and EIT brightenings. Pre-assuming that these type IIs are related to the flares, and from those flare locations of these 18 cases, 16 events are found to occur within the central region of the solar disk (longitude <= 45 degrees). In this case, the weak CMEs originating from this region are unlikely to be detected by SOHO/LASCO due to low scattering. The remaining two events occurred beyond this longitudinal limit for which any mass ejections would have been detected if they were present. For both these events, though there are weak eruption features (EIT dimming and loop displacement) in the EIT images, no mass ejection was seen in LASCO for one event, and a CME appeared very late for the other event. While these two cases may imply that the coronal shocks can be produced without any mass ejections, we cannot deny the strong relationship between type IIs and CMEs. C1 Arul Anandar Coll, Dept Phys, Madurai 625514, Tamil Nadu, India. Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, KASI, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Sch Phys, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Shanmugaraju, A (reprint author), Arul Anandar Coll, Dept Phys, Madurai 625514, Tamil Nadu, India. EM shanmugaraju_a@yahoo.com; yjmoon@kasi.re.kr; kscho@kasi.re.kr; murray.dryer@noaa.gov RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 233 IS 1 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.1007/s11207-006-2095-9 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 011ZV UT WOS:000235308900009 ER PT S AU Pilipenko, V Yagova, N Romanova, N Allen, J AF Pilipenko, V. Yagova, N. Romanova, N. Allen, J. BE Obara, T TI Statistical relationships between satellite anomalies at geostationary orbit and high-energy particles SO SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION: APPLICATIONS AND VALIDATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE satellite anomalies; radiation belts; relativistic electrons; solar protons ID RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; SPACECRAFT ANOMALIES; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC STORMS; ACCELERATION; MAGNETOSPHERE; DIFFUSION; WEATHER; ORIGIN AB A statistical evaluation of possible space weather impacts on space missions has been made using the NOAA database of geostationary (GEO) satellite anomalies for the period 1986-94. Measurements of protons and relativistic electrons by the geostationary monitors LANL and GOES and of solar protons by the extra-magneto spheric monitor IMP-8 were used. In addition to the raw data of measured relativistic electrons, we also used values recalibrated to noon fluxes because they provide homogeneous observations that exclude spatial variations. Correlation analyses were made using the anomaly probability function and the superposed epoch analysis technique. Both indicate the occurrence of space weather impacts on satellite missions. The results show that at different phases of the solar cycle the principal causes of space radiation that impact satellites are different. During the period of maximum solar activity, high fluxes of energetic solar protons are the main factor causing anomalies on geostationary satellites. During the growth and decline phases of solar activity (indicated by sunspot numbers), magnetospheric relativistic electrons are the main menace to GEO satellite systems. There are intervals with very low fluxes of solar protons and relativistic electrons, when satellite anomalies were related to fluxes of less energetic (similar to 100 keV) electrons. These patterns should be taken into account during consideration of measures to mitigate radiation hazards for future satellite missions. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Moscow Space Res Inst, Moscow 117810, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Earth, Moscow, Russia. NOAA, SCOSTEP, NGDC, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pilipenko, V (reprint author), Moscow Space Res Inst, Profsojuznaja 84-32, Moscow 117810, Russia. EM pilipenk@augsburg.edu RI Romanova, Natalia/O-5195-2014; OI Romanova, Natalia/0000-0003-2956-3299 NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 SI 2006 BP 1192 EP 1205 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.152 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEQ51 UT WOS:000238915000011 ER PT S AU Stiles, MD Miltat, J AF Stiles, Mark D. Miltat, Jacques BE Hillebrands, B Thiaville, A TI Spin-transfer torque and dynamics SO SPIN DYNAMICS IN CONFINED MAGNETIC STRUCTURES III SE Topics in Applied Physics LA English DT Review ID MAGNETIC TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL FORMALISM; WAVE EMITTING DIODES; DOMAIN-WALL MOTION; POLARIZED CURRENT; MOMENTUM-TRANSFER; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INTERFACE RESISTANCE; ANGULAR-DEPENDENCE AB The currents in magnetic multilayers are spin polarized and can carry enough angular momentum that they can cause magnetic reversal and induce stable precession of the magnetization in thin magnetic layers. The flow of spins is determined by the spin-dependent transport properties, like conductivity, interface resistance, and spin-flip scattering in the magnetic multilayer. When an electron spin carried by the current interacts with a magnetic layer, the exchange interaction leads to torques between the spin and the magnetization. The torque that results from this interaction excites the magnetization when the current is large enough. The qualitative features of the dynamics that result from current-induced torques are captured by a simple model in which the magnetization of the layer is assumed to be uniform. Even greater agreement results when finite temperature effects are included and the magnetization is allowed to vary throughout the film. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 11, F-91405 Orsay, France. CNRS, Phys Solides Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. RP Stiles, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.stiles@nist.gov; miltat@lps.u-psud.fr RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 184 TC 117 Z9 118 U1 6 U2 37 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0303-4216 BN 3-540-20108-4 J9 TOP APPL PHYS JI Top. Appl. Phys. PY 2006 VL 101 BP 225 EP 308 PG 84 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BFH93 UT WOS:000241944100007 ER PT B AU Sunder, SS AF Sunder, S. Shyam BE Mazzolani, FM Wada, A TI The federal building and fire safety investigation of the World Trade Center disaster SO Stessa 2006 SE Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas CY AUG 14-17, 2006 CL Yokohama, JAPAN AB A major scientifically-based investigation of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster was completed recently by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST 2005). This study was carried out under the mandate of the National Construction Safety Team Act of 2002, which authorizes NIST to investigate major US. building failures. The purpose of such investigations is to establish the technical causes of building failures and evaluate the technical aspects of emergency response and evacuation procedures. Since NIST is not a regulatory agency and does not issue building standards or codes, the Institute is viewed as a neutral investigator. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sunder, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 0-415-40824-5 J9 PROC MONOGR ENG WATE PY 2006 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical; Engineering, Geological SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA BFL58 UT WOS:000242847900003 ER PT J AU Jang, MH Wong-Ng, W AF Jang, MH Wong-Ng, W TI Transport AC losses of Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 tapes with different twist-pitch using electrical methods SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIFILAMENTARY BI(2223) TAPES; MAGNETIC-FIELD; SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; CARRYING AC; ARBITRARY THICKNESS; COUPLING LOSSES; ROUND WIRES; POWER LOSS; CONDUCTORS; FABRICATION AB A series of Bi-2223 ([Bi, Pb]:Sr:Ca:Cu:O = 2:2:2:3) tapes with 37 superconducting core filaments was investigated in an attempt to correlate critical current and alternating current (AC) losses with twist-pitch. The twist-pitch of these multi-filamentary tapes which were produced by the powder-in-(Ag)tube (PIT) method varies from 8, 10, 13, 30, 50, 70 mm to infinity mm (non-twist). Critical current (I-c) measurements which were conducted in zero field by a four-probe method under liquid-nitrogen temperature showed that I-c is greater in the non-twist filament than that in twisted filaments. Among these tapes, three (twist-pitch of 10, 13, and 70 mm) were selected for AC loss experiments under a time-varying transport current. The results of AC loss measurements in general agree with that of the AC loss simulation using the ellipse model of the Norris equation. Simulation results show that the hysteretic AC loss is lowest in the non-twist tape and increases as the twist-pitch decreases. A much greater loss was found in tapes with small twist-pitch, i.e. 10 and 8 mm. Among different possible loss contributions to the total AC losses, the hysteretic loss was determined to be the main source. In addition, microstructural damage of tapes with small twist-pitch appears to contribute to the overall AC losses as well. C1 Yonsei Univ, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, Seoul, South Korea. NIST, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jang, MH (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, 134 Shinchon Dong, Seoul, South Korea. NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 1 BP 72 EP 78 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/19/1/013 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 008VO UT WOS:000235069000014 ER PT J AU Bullard, SA Overstreet, RM Carlson, JK AF Bullard, SA Overstreet, RM Carlson, JK TI Selachohemecus benzi n. sp (Digenea : Sanguinicolidae) from the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus (Carcharhinidae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO SYSTEMATIC PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREMATODA AB Selachohemecus benzi Bullard & Overstreet n. sp. infects the heart and kidney of the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Florida and Mississippi, USA. Specimens of S. olsoni Short, 1954, the only congener and only other named blood fluke reported from a chondrichthyan in the Gulf of Mexico, were collected from the heart of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae from two new localities, Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and Mississippi Sound, Mississippi, USA. The new species differs from S. olsoni by having a larger body (1.4-3.8 mm long), robust tegumental body spines numbering 51-63 along each lateral body margin, a testis extending from the posterior caeca to the ovary, and a medial ovary with lobes. We amend the diagnosis of Selachohemecus Short, 1954 to accommodate it and provide a diagnostic key for all named chondrichthyan blood flukes. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Shark Populat Assessemtn Grp, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Overstreet, RM (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, POB 7000, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. EM robin.overstreet@usm.edu NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-5752 J9 SYST PARASITOL JI Syst. Parasitol. PY 2006 VL 63 IS 2 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.1007/s11230-005-9010-x PG 12 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 046FO UT WOS:000237797000007 PM 16718594 ER PT J AU Wei, MZ Toth, Z Wobus, R Zhu, YJ Bishop, CH Wang, XG AF Wei, MZ Toth, Z Wobus, R Zhu, YJ Bishop, CH Wang, XG TI Ensemble transform Kalman filter-based ensemble perturbations in an operational global prediction system at NCEP SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; VECTORS; CENTERS; ECMWF; FIELD AB The initial perturbations used for the operational global ensemble prediction system of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are generated through the breeding method with a regional resealing mechanism. Limitations of the system include the use of a climatologically fixed estimate of the analysis error variance and the lack of an orthogonalization in the breeding procedure. The Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) method is a natural extension of the concept of breeding and, as shown by Wang and Bishop, can be used to generate ensemble perturbations that can potentially ameliorate these shortcomings. In the present paper, a spherical simplex 10-member ETKF ensemble, using the actual distribution and error characteristics of real-time observations and an innovation-based inflation, is tested and compared with a 5-pair breeding ensemble in an operational environment. The experimental results indicate only minor differences between the performances of the operational breeding and the experimental ETKF ensemble and only minor differences to Wang and Bishop's earlier comparison studies. As for the ETKF method, the initial perturbation variance is found to respond to temporal changes in the observational network in the North Pacific. In other regions, however, 10 ETKF perturbations do not appear to be enough to distinguish spatial variations in observational network density. As expected, the whitening effect of the ETKF together with the use of the simplex algorithm that centres a set of quasi-orthogonal perturbations around the best analysis field leads to a significantly higher number of degrees of freedom as compared to the use of paired initial perturbations in operations. As a new result, the perturbations generated through the simplex method are also shown to exhibit a very high degree of consistency between initial analysis and short-range forecast perturbations, a feature that can be important in practical applications. Potential additional benefits of the ETKF and Ensemble Transform methods when using more ensemble members and a more appropriate inflation scheme will be explored in follow-up studies. C1 NOAA NWS NCEP, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA CIRES CDC, Boulder, CO USA. RP NOAA NWS NCEP, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM mozheng.wei@noaa.gov RI Wang, Xuguang/C-5458-2013; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 35 TC 48 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6495 EI 1600-0870 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 58 IS 1 BP 28 EP 44 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00159.x PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 008IZ UT WOS:000235035300004 ER PT S AU Gerecht, E Gu, DZ Rodriguez-Morales, F Yngvesson, S AF Gerecht, Eyal Gu, Dazhen Rodriguez-Morales, Fernando Yngvesson, Sigfrid BE Anwar, M DeMaria, AJ Shur, MS TI Imaging and spectroscopy at terahertz frequencies using hot electron bolometer technology SO Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems CY OCT 02-04, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE terahertz imaging; terahertz spectroscopy; terahertz receivers; hot electron bolometers; heterodyne detectors; superconducting devices; quasi-optical systems; focal plane arrays AB Imaging and spectroscopy at terahertz frequencies (defined roughly as 300 GHz - 3 THz) have great potential for both healthcare and homeland security applications. Terahertz frequencies correspond to energy level transitions of important molecules in biology and astrophysics. Terahertz radiation (T-rays) can penetrate clothing and, to some extent, can also penetrate biological materials, and because of their shorter wavelengths they offer higher spatial resolution than microwaves or millimeter waves. We describe the development of a novel two-dimensional scanning, passive, terahertz imaging system based on a hot electron bolometer (HEB) detector element. HEB mixers are near quantum noise limited heterodyne detectors operating over the entire terahertz spectrum. HEB devices absorb terahertz radiation up to the visible range due to the very short momentum scattering times. The terahertz imaging system consists of a front-end heterodyne detector integrated with a state-of-the-art monolithic microwave integrated-circuit low-noise amplifier (MMIC LNA) on the same mixer block. The terahertz local oscillator (LO) signal is provided by a commercial harmonic multiplier source. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerecht, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Gu, Dazhen/B-4854-2012 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6471-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6373 BP U102 EP U112 DI 10.1117/12.685413 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFQ91 UT WOS:000243901900013 ER PT S AU Frenkel, V Deng, C O'Neill, BE Quijano, J Stone, MJ Dromi, S Hunter, F Xie, JW Quinn, TP Wood, BJ Li, KCP AF Frenkel, Victor Deng, Cheri O'Neill, Brian E. Quijano, Jade Stone, Michael J. Dromi, Sergio Hunter, Finie Xie, Jianwu Quinn, Timothy P. Wood, Bradford J. Li, King C. P. BE Clement, GT McDannold, NJ Hynynen, K TI Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposures for enhanced delivery of therapeutics: Mechanisms and applications SO THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound CY OCT 27-29, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Int Soc Therapeut Ultrasound, Acout Soc Amer, Fdn Focused Ultrasound Res DE pulsed-HIFU; radiation forces; tissue displacement; enhanced delivery ID THERAPY; TUMORS; TRANSPORT; MODEL AB The majority of focused ultrasound applications today involve long, continuous exposures that produce significant temperature elevations for tissue ablation and irreversible coagulative necrosis. Comparatively little has been done with non-continuous (or, pulsed) exposures that can produce primarily mechanical effects with only minimal heat. Our investigations have shown that pulsed-HIFU exposures can non-invasively and non-destructively enhance the delivery of both systemically and locally injected materials (e.g. imaging agents, optical probes, and plasmid DNA) in both normal and cancerous tissues. It is hypothesized that the enhancing effects are directly linked to tissue displacement from locally-generated radiation forces. In normal tissue, it is thought that shear forces are produced between adjacent tissue regions experiencing non-uniform displacement. The resulting strain opens cellular junctions in both the vasculature and the parenchyma, increasing extravasation and interstitial diffusion, respectively. In solid tumors, improved delivery is thought to also be related to both an increase in fluid exchange that leads to decreased interstitial pressure, and disruptions of fibrillar collagen in the extracellular matrix. Preliminary experiments are presented that were carried out to help elucidate the mechanisms by which enhanced delivery was achieved, and possible directions for future investigations are discussed. C1 [Frenkel, Victor; Quijano, Jade; Stone, Michael J.; Dromi, Sergio; Hunter, Finie; Xie, Jianwu; Wood, Bradford J.; Li, King C. P.] Natl Inst Hlth, Ctr Clin, Dept Diagnost Radiol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Deng, Cheri] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn & Radiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [O'Neill, Brian E.; Quinn, Timothy P.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Frenkel, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Hlth, Ctr Clin, Dept Diagnost Radiol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU Intramural Research Training Program of the NIH Clinical Center FX The authors would like to thank Mr. Jason A. Poff for editing this abstract. The research presented here was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Training Program of the NIH Clinical Center. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0321-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 829 BP 528 EP + PG 2 WC Acoustics; Biophysics; Medicine, General & Internal SC Acoustics; Biophysics; General & Internal Medicine GA BEN61 UT WOS:000238329700104 ER PT S AU Bentz, DP AF Bentz, D. P. BE Dinwiddie, RB White, MA McElroy, DL TI Measurement and microstructure-based modeling of the thermal conductivity of fire resistive materials SO Thermal Conductivity 28: Thermal Expansion 16 SE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Thermal Conductivity Conference/16th International Thermal Expansion Symposium CY JUN 26-29, 2005 CL St Andrews, CANADA SP Mathis Instruments Fredericton AB The low thermal conductivity of fire resistive materials (FRMs) is one critical performance metric characterizing their ability to protect structural steel during a fire. Accurate values for this property are sorely needed for modeling the structural/fire performance of buildings and components, for example. Measurement of thermal conductivity for these materials is thus necessary over a large temperature range, from room temperature to beyond 1000 degrees C. While high temperature measurements of thermal conductivity are difficult for any material, for FRMs, there are further complications due to the endothermic and exothermic reactions often occurring in the materials, possible mass transfer and subsequent condensation of steam and hot gases (generated from these reactions) through the materials, and radiation heat transfer at high temperatures. This paper will present a two-part approach to understanding the effective thermal conductivity of FRMs. First, a simple measurement technique based on the utilization of a steel plate slug calorimeter sandwich specimen is presented. This technique permits the assessment of effective thermal conductivities over a temperature range of 30 degrees C to 700 degrees C. By using multiple heating and cooling cycles, information on the influence of chemical reactions, phase changes, and mass transfer of reaction gases is also obtained. Second, three-dimensional x-ray microtomography is utilized to obtain microstructural information, such as porosity and individual pore sizes, for the FRMs. The three-dimensional images of the FRM microstructures can then be input into a finite-difference computer program for directly computing the thermal conductivity of the FRM. To apply this microstructure-based modeling, accurate values for the thermal conductivities of the "solid" and "porous" regions of the microstructure are required. As an alternative to this detailed microstructure characterization and computation, previously developed theories for the thermal conductivity of porous materials as a function of specific gravity (porosity), pore size, and temperature can be applied. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bentz, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA SN 0163-9005 BN 978-1-932078-59-6 J9 THERM COND PY 2006 VL 28 BP 161 EP 170 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BFY69 UT WOS:000245465900016 ER PT S AU Zarr, RR Flynn, DR Hettenhouser, JW Brandenburg, NJ Healy, WM AF Zarr, R. R. Flynn, D. R. Hettenhouser, J. W. Brandenburg, N. J. Healy, W. M. BE Dinwiddie, RB White, MA McElroy, DL TI Fabrication of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus for use over an extended temperature range and in a controlled gas atmosphere SO Thermal Conductivity 28: Thermal Expansion 16 SE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Thermal Conductivity Conference/16th International Thermal Expansion Symposium CY JUN 26-29, 2005 CL St Andrews, CANADA SP Mathis Instruments Fredericton ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY AB This paper describes a guarded-hot-plate apparatus suitable for determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of insulation specimens from 90 K to 900 K in a controlled gas atmosphere from 10(-5) kPa (10(-4) torr) to 105 kPa (790 torr). The apparatus accommodates flat-slab specimens 500 mm in diameter and from 13 mm to 100 mm in thickness. Fabrication and assembly details are presented for the apparatus hot and cold plates, guard system surrounding the plates, temperature sensors, metal-sheathed heaters, and vacuum/gas pressurization system. An initial assessment of the calibration uncertainties for the primary measurement sensors is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zarr, RR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8632, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA SN 0163-9005 BN 978-1-932078-59-6 J9 THERM COND PY 2006 VL 28 BP 235 EP 245 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BFY69 UT WOS:000245465900022 ER PT S AU Noorma, M Mekhontsev, S Khromchenko, V Gura, A Litorja, M Tsai, B Hanssen, L AF Noorma, M. Mekhontsev, S. Khromchenko, V. Gura, A. Litorja, M. Tsai, B. Hanssen, L. BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI Design and characterization of Si and InGaAs pyrometers for radiance temperature scale realization between 232 degrees C and 962 degrees C - art. no. 620501 SO Thermosense XXVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE temperature scale; fixed point; blackbody; spectral responsivity; Sakuma-Hattori equation ID FACILITY; NIST AB New transfer standard pyrometers, named "RT900" and "RT1550," operating at 900 nm and 1550 mn, respectively, have been designed, characterized, and calibrated with defined fixed points of the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The pyrometers are designed for radiance temperature measurements in the range between the freezing temperatures of Sn (231.928 degrees C) and Ag (961.78 degrees C). These instruments also incorporate design elements optimized for compactness and portability that allow them to be used to interpolate, maintain and disseminate radiance temperature scales as well as for inter-laboratory comparisons. The calibration of the RT900 at different fixed points demonstrate agreement to within 25 mK. The size of source effect (SSE) correction for a source with a 40-min diameter has been measured to be as low as 0.01%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Noorma, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6205 BP 20501 EP 20501 AR 620501 DI 10.1117/12.667253 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200001 ER PT S AU Noorma, M Mekhontsev, S Khromchenko, V Litorja, M Cagran, C Zeng, J Hanssen, L AF Noorma, M. Mekhontsev, S. Khromchenko, V. Litorja, M. Cagran, C. Zeng, J. Hanssen, L. BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI Water heat pipe blackbody as a reference spectra radiance source between 50 degrees C and 250 degrees C - art. no. 620502 SO Thermosense XXVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE infrared; blackbody; heat pipe; temperature; radiometry; spectral emissivity; imaging AB Realization of a radiometric temperature scale for near ambient temperatures with accuracy at the 20 to 50 mK level is crucial for a number of demanding military and commercial applicalions. In support of such measurements, radiation sources with high stability and spatial uniformity must be developed as reference and working standards. Traditionally, the temperature scale, maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), relies on water bath and oil bath blackbodies in this temperature range. Recently, a water heat pipe blackbody was used at NIST as a spectral radiance source in a spectral emissivity measurement facility. Now a new, more versatile high emissivity water heat pipe blackbody was designed and characterized to be used as a reference radiance source for the radiometric temperature scale realization between 50 degrees C and 250 degrees C. Furthermore, it will serve as a reference source for the infrared spectral radiance measurements between 2.5 mu m and 20 mu m. The calculated spectral emissivity of the painted copper alloy cavity was verified by reflectance measurements using a CO2 laser at 10.6 mu m wavelength. The spatial thermal uniformity and stability of the blackbody were characterized. Two independent realizations of the radiometric temperature scale were compared in order to verify the accuracy of the scale. Radiance temperature, calculated from the cavity temperature measured with a calibrated PRT contact thermometer and from the emissivity of the cavity, was compared to the radiance temperature, directly measured with a reference pyrometer, which was calibrated with a set of fixed point blackbodies. The difference was found to be within measurement uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Noorma, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6205 BP 20502 EP 20502 AR 620502 DI 10.1117/12.667257 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200002 ER PT S AU Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM Mekhontsev, SN AF Prokhorov, Alexander V. Hanssen, Leonard M. Mekhontsev, Sergey N. BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI Radiation properties of IR calibrators with V-grooved surfaces - art. no. 620505 SO Thermosense XXVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE emissivity; blackbody radiators; concentric groves; specular-diffuse reflection; Monte Carlo method ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; EFFECTIVE EMISSIVITIES; CAVITIES; BLACKBODY AB Use of linear or concentric grooves is a well-known approach for increasing the surface emissivity to enable the construction of compact blackbody radiators, improve absorptance of stray radiation traps, baffles and thermal radiation detectors, as well as enhance thermal radiation transfer. Emitters with V-grooved surfaces are widely used as reference sources in radiation thermometry and radiometry. In the design phase of such devices, it is important to predict their performance. Most existing models are devoted to modeling isothermal linear grooves with purely diffuse or specular reflectance. Radiation behavior of concentric grooves differs from linear ones and becomes similar only for large values of the ratio of the radial coordinate to the groove period. This paper covers numerical modeling of isothermal and nonisothermal concentric grooves with mixed specular-diffuse reflection for various viewing conditions using Monte Carlo specialized software. It is shown that the temperature drop towards the peak of a groove might lead to a substantial decrease of the grooves' effective emissivity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prokhorov, AV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6205 BP 20505 EP 20505 AR 620505 DI 10.1117/12.667557 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200004 ER PT S AU Yoon, HW Brenner, MH Rice, JP Briggs, NR Gillen, G AF Yoon, Howard W. Brenner, Meredith H. Rice, Joseph P. Briggs, Nathaniel R. Gillen, Greg BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI Flow visualization of heated CO2 gas using thermal Imaging - art. no. 62050U SO Thermosense XXVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE thermal imaging; how visualization; non-uniformity correction; blackbody calibration; carbon dioxide AB Walk-through portal detection systems are being developed to screen passengers for the presence of explosives in support of homeland security. These portals utilize a series of air-jets to remove the explosive particles for detection using ion mobility spectrometry. In this work, we describe the use of a thermal imager to visualize the flow from the nozzles with heated, pure CO2 gas for enhanced emission. The thermal imaging is performed using an LN2-cooled, InSb focal-plane array with a germanium lens. Since CO2 gas at 300 K has a strong absorption centered at 4.3 mu m which is isolated from other absorbing gases, a spectral filter centered at 4.4425 mu m with a full-width half maximum bandwidth of 0.18 mu m was used to detect the CO2 emission. To increase the radiance from the gas, pure, heated CO2 was ejected from the nozzle. The concentration of CO2 in standard atmosphere is < 0.05%, and thus the atmosphere is effectively transparent under laboratory conditions. As the temperature of the CO2 is increased above room temperature, the emission increases according to Planck radiance law and also broadens to longer wavelengths, thus enhancing the collected signals. The thermal images were corrected for both spatial uniformity of responsivity and detector linearity with constant and variable-integration times using a large-area variable-temperature blackbody with known emissivity and temperatures. The correction algorithm using the blackbody at many different temperatures will be described. Corrected, thermal videos under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions are shown. Fine details such as residual CO2 swirls cooled slightly below the ambient background are visible because of improved non-uniformity correction enabled by a differential imaging extension of the algorithm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6205 BP U2050 EP U2050 AR 62050U DI 10.1117/12.664991 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200026 ER PT S AU Amon, F Hamins, A Rowe, J AF Amon, Francine Hamins, Anthony Rowe, Justin BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI First responder thermal imaging cameras: establishment of representative performance testing conditions - art. no. 62050Y SO Thermosense XXVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE test methods; test conditions; evaluation; first responder; infrared camera AB Thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming integral equipment for first responders for use in structure fires and other emergencies. Currently there are no standardized performance metrics or test methods available to the users and manufacturers of these instruments. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is conducting research to establish test conditions that best represent the environment in which these cameras are used. First responders may use thermal imagers for field operations ranging from fire attack and search/rescue in burning structures, to hot spot detection in overhaul activities, to detecting the location of hazardous materials. In order to develop standardized performance metrics and test methods that capture the harsh environment in which these cameras may be used, information has been collected from the literature, and from full-scale tests that have been conducted at BFRL. Initial experimental work has focused on temperature extremes and the presence of obscuring media such as smoke. In full-scale tests, thermal imagers viewed a target through smoke, dust, and steam, with and without flames in the field of view. The fuels tested were hydrocarbons (methanol, heptane, propylene, toluene), wood, upholstered cushions, and carpeting with padding. Gas temperatures, CO, CO2, and O-2 volume fraction, emission spectra, and smoke concentrations were measured. Simple thermal bar targets and a heated mannequin fitted in firefighter gear were used as targets. The imagers were placed at three distances from the targets, ranging from 3 in to 12 m. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amon, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6205 BP Y2050 EP Y2050 AR 62050Y DI 10.1117/12.665550 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200029 ER PT S AU Mekhontsev, S Noorma, M Prokhorov, A Hanssen, L AF Mekhontsev, S. Noorma, M. Prokhorov, A. Hanssen, L. BE Miles, JJ Peacock, GR Knettel, KM TI IR spectral characterization of customer blackbody sources: first calibration results SO THERMOSENSE XXVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE infrared; spectral radiance; temperature; fixed-point blackbody; spectral emissivity AB We summarize recent progress in our infrared (IR) spectral radiance metrology effort. In support of customer blackbody characterization, a realization of the spectral radiance scale has been undertaken in the temperature range of 232 degrees C to 962 degrees C and spectral range of 2.5 mu m to 20 mu m. We discuss the scale realization process that includes the use of Sn, Zn, Al and Ag fixed-point blackbodies (BB), as well as the transfer of the spectral radiance scale to transfer standard BBs based on water, Cs and Na heat pipes. Further we discuss the procedures for customer source calibration with several examples of the spectral radiance and ernissivity measurements of secondary standard BB sources. For one of the BBs, a substantial deviation of emissivity values from the manufacturer specifications was found. Further plans include expansion of the adopted methodology for temperatures down to 15 degrees C and building a dedicated facility for spectral characterization of IR radiation sources. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mekhontsev, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smn@nist.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6261-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6205 AR 620503 DI 10.1117/12.667523 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BES54 UT WOS:000239298200003 ER PT S AU Neupert, WM AF Neupert, WM BE Schmidtke, G TI Variability of the solar soft X-ray irradiance (0.6-2.5 nm) with solar activity SO THERMOSPHERIC-IONOSPHERIC-GEOSPHERIC (TIGER) SYMPOSIUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE soft X-ray reference spectra; solar X-ray irradiance; solar soft X-ray variability; D-region ionization; ionospheric modeling; solar soft X-ray proxies ID CORONAL ABUNDANCES; ATOMIC DATABASE; EMISSION-LINES; IRON; FLUX; SPECTRUM; CHIANTI; REGION; MODEL; RATES AB The solar soft X-ray spectral irradiance between 0.6 and 2.5 nm varies by orders of magnitude between the "quiet Sun" and X-class solar flares, with the spectral distribution of emission changing markedly with increasing level of activity. Full-disk spectra recorded in this wavelength range with high spectral resolution (0.02 nm) and over a wide range of activity by scanning crystal spectrometers on early orbiting spacecrafts and sounding rockets provide detailed information on these changing spectral distributions. Photometric calibrations of available observations made on OSO3 and OSO5 have been updated using broad band soft X-ray ionization chamber measurements made concurrently with the spectrometer observations. In this paper, we present algorithms for both the integrated 0.8-2.0 nm flux and for specific spectral bands recorded by the scanning spectrometers in the 0.6-2.5 nm range. These results apply only to the Sun under non-flaring conditions. Results for flares will be presented in a subsequent paper. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Neupert, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM werner.neupert@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 2 SI 2006 BP 238 EP 245 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.072 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEG35 UT WOS:000237214900008 ER PT S AU Vest, RE Barad, Y Furst, ML Grantham, S Tarrio, C Shaw, PS AF Vest, RE Barad, Y Furst, ML Grantham, S Tarrio, C Shaw, PS BE Schmidtke, G TI NIST VUV metrology programs to support space-based research SO THERMOSPHERIC-IONOSPHERIC-GEOSPHERIC (TIGER) SYMPOSIUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE radiometry; vacuum ultraviolet; VUV; extreme ultraviolet; EUV; photodiode; reflectometry; wide-bandgap; space instrumentation; calibration ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION-FACILITY; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; CRYOGENIC RADIOMETRY; CALIBRATION FACILITY; SILICON PHOTODIODES; VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET; SYNCHROTRON; REFLECTOMETRY; STABILITY AB Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from about 2 mn (620 eV) to 200 mn (6.2 eV) has long been important in astronomy, solar physics, and Earth observing systems, among other applications. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has several programs to serve the VUV user community, from the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF 111) - a standard of irradiance from 2 to 400 nm - to measurement and calibration services for mirrors, photodiodes, and filters. We have recently reduced the uncertainty of our extreme ultraviolet (EUV) detector calibrations by implementing an absolute cryogenic radiometer. on one of the SURF beamlines, and have effected several improvements to the EUV detector calibration beamline at SURF. We continue to investigate wide-bandgap semiconductors for use as solar-blind detector technologies, and have recently obtained quantum efficiency and uniformity data from I cm 2 active area GaN and SiC photodiodes. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vest, RE (reprint author), NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8411, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rvest@nist.gov NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 2 SI 2006 BP 283 EP 296 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.073 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEG35 UT WOS:000237214900013 ER PT S AU Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Minter, CF Strickland, D AF Fuller-Rowell, T. J. Codrescu, M. V. Minter, C. F. Strickland, D. BE Schmidtke, G TI Application of thermospheric general circulation models for space weather operations SO THERMOSPHERIC-IONOSPHERIC-GEOSPHERIC (TIGER) SYMPOSIUM SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE thermosphere; neutral composition; density; data assimilation ID SOLAR EUV; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; ATMOSPHERE AB Solar irradiance is the dominant source of heat, ionization, and dissociation of the thermosphere, and to a large extent drives the global dynamics, and controls the neutral composition and density structure. Neutral composition is important for space weather applications because of its impact on ionospheric loss rates, and neutral density is critical for satellite drag prediction. Recent observations from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) instrument on the TIMED satellite depict the global distribution of neutral species; in particularly, the ratio of the height-integrated atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen. The global circulation controls the neutral species composition structure, which in turn is very dependent on the balance between solar heating at the lower latitudes, and magnetospheric forcing at high latitudes. The observed latitude structure of O/N-2 therefore imposes constraints on external sources of energy to the thermosphere-ionosphere system, and is valuable information for use in physical models. One of the uses of thermospheric general circulation models for space weather operations lies in their utility as state propagators in data assimilation techniques. The physical models can match empirical models in accuracy provided accurate drivers are available, but their true value comes when combined with data in an optimal way. Recent results show that using a physical model within a data assimilation system is only beneficial if accurate drivers of the model are available. The use of O/N-2 data to tune the model forcing is therefore particularly important in the context of the recent development of a Kalman filter data assimilation model for use within the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurement (GAIM) program. The need for adequate drivers is just as relevant in the application to neutral density, for satellite orbit prediction and re-entry estimation. Both applications rely on accurate estimates of the solar EUV and magnetospheric drivers. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. RP Fuller-Rowell, TJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 2 SI 2006 BP 401 EP 408 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.020 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEG35 UT WOS:000237214900024 ER PT S AU Song, JF Vorburger, T AF Song, Junfeng Vorburger, Theodore BE Fan, KC Gao, W Yu, X Huang, W Hu, P TI Topography measurements and applications SO Third International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements CY AUG 02-06, 2006 CL Urumqi, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Hefei Univ Technol, Natl Taiwon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Tohoku Univ, Ctr Precis Nanosyst, Int Comm Measurements & Instrumentat, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Soc Measurement DE surface metrology; auto-correlation function; ACF; cross-correlation function; CCF; forensic science; ballistics identification ID STANDARD BULLETS AB Based on auto- and cross-correlation functions (ACF and CCF), a new surface parameter called profile (or topography) difference, D-s, has been developed for quantifying differences between 2D profiles or between 3D topographies with a single number. When D-s = 0, the two compared 2D profiles or 3D topographies must be exactly the same (point by point). A 2D and 3D topography measurement system was established at NIST. This system includes data acquisition stations using a stylus instrument and a confocal microscope, and a correlation program using the proposed parameters D-s and the cross-correlation function maximum CCFmax. Applications in forensic science and surface metrology are described; those include profile signature measurements for 40 NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2460 standard bullets, and comparisons of profile measurements with four different techniques. An approach to optimizing the Gaussian filter long wavelength cutoff, lambda c, is proposed for topography measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6351-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6280 BP U443 EP U450 DI 10.1117/12.716162 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFN74 UT WOS:000243347900065 ER PT J AU Radwan, FFY Ramsdell, JS AF Radwan, FFY Ramsdell, JS TI Characterization of in vitro oxidative and conjugative metabolic pathways for brevetoxin (PbTx-2) SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Karenia brevis; red tide bloom; brevetoxin metabolism; in vitro; cytochrome P450; CYP; conjugation ID OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; RED TIDE; PTYCHODISCUS-BREVIS; RAT HEPATOCYTES; KARENIA-BREVIS; GYMNODINIUM; CYTOCHROME-P450; ELIMINATION; ENZYMES AB Brevetoxins are potent marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, the causative organism of Florida red tides. An in vitro metabolism of PbTx-2 was performed using purified cDNA-expressed rat liver cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes and freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The metabolic activities of six CYP enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP2A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, CYP2E1, and CYP3A1, were examined by incubation with PbTx-2 for up to 4 h in the presence of a NADPH-generating system. Further identification of the metabolites produced by CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 was preformed using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Both CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 metabolized PbTx-2 to PbTx-3 (MH+: m/z 897), PbTx-9 (MH+: m/z 899), and a newly recorded diol brevetoxin-2 metabolite (MH+: m/z 929). CYP3A1 also produced a considerably higher amount of BTX-B5 (MH+: m/z 911). Subsequent incubation of PbTx-2 with rat hepatocytes produced additional phase 1 metabolites of MH+: m/z 911, 913, 915, 917, and 931, indicating a CYP-catalyzed epoxidation at H-ring (C-27,C-28-double bond) and a subsequent A-ring hydrolysis of PbTx-2 metabolic products. A conjugation metabolism was identified by the production of a glutathione-brevetoxin conjugate (MH+: m/z 1222) and a cysteine-brevetoxin conjugate (MH+: m/z 1018). Structures of the new metabolites are postulated, and a likely CYP-catalyzed metabolism pathway of PbTx-2 metabolism are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Valley Univ, Fac Sci, Sohag, Egypt. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 89 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfj013 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 993XN UT WOS:000233991000006 PM 16221966 ER PT J AU Gray, AK Kendall, AW Wing, BL Carls, MG Heifetz, J Li, ZZ Gharrett, AJ AF Gray, AK Kendall, AW Wing, BL Carls, MG Heifetz, J Li, ZZ Gharrett, AJ TI Identification and first documentation of larval rockfishes in southeast Alaskan waters was possible using mitochondrial markers but not pigmentation patterns SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GENUS SEBASTES; PACIFIC-OCEAN AB More than 30 species of rockfish (genus Sebastes) occur in Alaskan waters, but their larvae generally cannot be identified by morphology. Consequently, knowledge of life histories is incomplete for this commercially and ecologically valuable taxon, and the locations and habitats of the larvae of specific species have not been determined. We used mitochondrial DNA markers, which now can delineate most Alaskan rockfishes, to identify larvae collected in ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in Southeast Alaskan waters. We report the occurrence of 15 species or species groups. Sebastes zacentrus (sharpchin rockfish), S. proriger (redstripe rockfish), and members of the indistinguishable group S. variegatus (harlequin rockfish)-S. wilsoni (pygmy rockfish)-S. emphaeus (Puget Sound rockfish) were observed every year and in most collections in Chatham Strait and along western Prince of Wales Island. Sebastes zacentrus was abundant only in Chatham Strait; S. auriculatus (brown rockfish) and S. elongatus (greenstriped rockfish) were abundant only along Prince of Wales Island. All of the larvae detected occur in Southeast Alaskan waters as adults. In addition, we investigated whether pigmentation patterns can be used for visual identification. Larvae were divided into groups of similar pigmentation distribution and identified by means of mitochondrial markers. Pigment patterns on preflexion larvae do not appear to offer an effective way of identifying the species. Only the patterns of S. maliger (quillback rockfish) and S. caurinus (copper rockfish) in the subgenus Pteropodus were unique, and those patterns may be diagnostic for that subgenus. Intraspecific variation in pigmentation probably reflects a combination of ontogenetic change and adaptive responses to environmental variation. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gharrett, AJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1577/T04-168.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500001 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV Pothoven, SA Schneeberger, PJ Rediske, RR O'Keefe, JP Bergstedt, RA Argyle, RL Brandt, SB AF Madenjian, CP O'Connor, DV Pothoven, SA Schneeberger, PJ Rediske, RR O'Keefe, JP Bergstedt, RA Argyle, RL Brandt, SB TI Evaluation of a lake whitefish bioenergetics model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROPHIC TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; COREGONUS-CLUPEAFORMIS; LABORATORY EVALUATION; CHINOOK SALMON; YELLOW PERCH; MICHIGAN; PCBS; FISH AB We evaluated the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in the laboratory and in the field. For the laboratory evaluation, lake whitefish were fed rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax in four laboratory tanks during a 133-d experiment. Based on a comparison of bioenergetics model predictions of lake whitefish food consumption and growth with observed consumption and growth, we concluded that the bioenergetics model furnished significantly biased estimates of both food consumption and growth. On average, the model overestimated consumption by 61% and underestimated growth by 16%. The source of the bias was probably an overestimation of the respiration rate. We therefore adjusted the respiration component of the bioenergetics model to obtain a good fit of the model to the observed consumption and growth in our laboratory tanks. Based on the adjusted model, predictions of food consumption over the 133-d period fell within 5% of observed consumption in three of the four tanks and within 9% of observed consumption in the remaining tank. We used polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a tracer to evaluate model performance in the field. Based on our laboratory experiment, the efficiency with which lake whitefish retained PCBs from their food (gamma) was estimated at 0.45. We applied the bioenergetics model to Lake Michigan lake whitefish and then used PCB determinations of both lake whitefish and their prey from Lake Michigan to estimate gamma in the field. Application of the original model to Lake Michigan lake whitefish yielded a field estimate of 0.28, implying that the original formulation of the model overestimated consumption in Lake Michigan by 61%. Application of the bioenergetics model with the adjusted respiration component resulted in a field gamma estimate of 0.56, implying that this revised model underestimated consumption by 20%. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Res Stn, Marquette, MI 49885 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Annis Water Resources Inst, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Hammond Bay Biol Stn, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cmadenjian@usgs.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 37 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 61 EP 75 DI 10.1577/T04-215.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500007 ER PT J AU Lupes, SC Davis, MW Olla, BL Schreck, CB AF Lupes, SC Davis, MW Olla, BL Schreck, CB TI Capture-related stressors impair immune system function in sableflsh SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; DISCARD MORTALITY; TEMPERATURE; DISEASE; FISH; AIR; MECHANISMS; LEUKOCYTES; EXPOSURE; DURATION AB The sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is a valuable North Pacific Ocean species that, when not targeted in various commercial fisheries, is often a part of discarded bycatch. Predictions of the survival of discarded fish are dependent on understanding how a fish responds to stressful conditions. Our objective was to describe the immunological health of sablefish exposed to capture stressors. In laboratory experiments designed to simulate the capture process, we subjected sablefish to various stressors that might influence survival: towing in a net, hooking, elevated seawater and air temperatures, and air exposure time. After stress was imposed, the in vitro mitogen-stimulated proliferation of sablefish leukocytes was used to evaluate the function of the immune system in an assay we validated for this species. The results demonstrated that regardless of fishing gear type, exposure to elevated seawater temperature, or time in air, the leukocytes from stressed sablefish exhibited significantly diminished proliferative responses to the T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A, or the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide. There was no difference in the immunological responses associated with seawater or air temperature. The duration and severity of the capture stressors applied in our study were harsh enough to induce significantly elevated levels of plasma cortisol and glucose, but there was no difference in the magnitude of levels among stressor treatments. These data suggest that immunological suppression occurs in sablefish subjected to capture-related stressors. The functional impairment of the immune system after capture presents a potential reason why delayed mortality is possible in discarded sablefish. Further studies are needed to determine whether delayed mortality in discarded sablefish can be caused by increased susceptibility to infectious agents resulting from stressor-mediated immunosuppression. C1 Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lupes, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM slupes@usgs.gov NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1577/T04-198.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500012 ER PT J AU Ferguson, JW Absolon, RF Carlson, TJ Sandford, BP AF Ferguson, JW Absolon, RF Carlson, TJ Sandford, BP TI Evidence of delayed mortality on juvenile Pacific salmon passing through turbines at Columbia River dams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; VESTIBULAR COMPENSATION; SNAKE RIVER; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; SURVIVAL; STEELHEAD; RECOVERY; GOLDFISH; PASSAGE AB We evaluated the survival of juvenile salmon through turbines in Columbia River dams and found no differences between two operations but strong evidence of delayed mortality from turbine passage. After tagging with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag and a radio tag, yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were released at McNary Dam on the Columbia River through a turbine operating both within 1% of peak efficiency (a discharge rate of 317 m(3)/s) and outside the 1% range at the maximum blade angle (464 m(3)/s). Estimated relative survival to a detection array 15 km downstream was 0.871 at 317 m(3)/s and 0.856 at 464 m(3)/s and 0.858 and 0.814, respectively, to an array 46 km downstream. The highest point estimates of survival occurred under the lower discharge, suggesting that operating turbines within 1% of peak efficiency is a useful guideline for fish protection at McNary Dam. In a concurrent evaluation using balloon tags, estimated mean direct survival ranged from 0.930 to 0.946. Radio tag estimates were significantly lower than balloon tag estimates under both operations. Based on these differences, we estimated that delayed mortality comprised from 46% to 70% of total estimated mortality. We reviewed the literature and concluded that delayed mortality was caused by sublethal impacts to fish sensory systems, which increased vulnerability to predation in the tailrace. We recommend that future research to improve turbine designs and operations for fish passage focus on this major component of mortality. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Aquaculture, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Ferguson, JW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.w.ferguson@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1577/T05-080.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500013 ER PT J AU Campbell, B Beckman, BR Fairgrieve, WT Dickey, JT Swanson, P AF Campbell, B Beckman, BR Fairgrieve, WT Dickey, JT Swanson, P TI Reproductive investment and growth history in female Coho salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EGG SIZE VARIATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; BROWN-TROUT; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ATLANTIC SALMON; PARENTAL CARE; TRADE-OFFS AB The body size, ovary mass, egg mass, and fecundity of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from three different rearing environments (wild, ranched, and captive) were compared to determine which aspects of growth history affect changes in these reproductive characters. In addition, the growth of individually tagged females reared in captivity throughout the seawater growth phase was measured and related to final reproductive investment. A strong positive relationship existed between ovary mass and body length at spawning; this relationship was maintained over a wide range of final body sizes, and the regression slope was consistent among the rearing environments. However, the relative investment in ovary mass and fecundity (regression intercepts) differed between rearing environments. Fish reared in captivity throughout their life cycle had higher values than did fish reared in the other two environments. A relatively weak positive relationship between egg mass and final body length was common to females from all three rearing environments. In captively reared female coho salmon, growth during the 6 months prior to spawning had the greatest correlation with the reproductive parameters measured at spawning. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhnacement Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Pacific State Marine Fisheries Commiss, Portland, OR 97202 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 98164 USA. RP Campbell, B (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM briony.campbell@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 164 EP 173 DI 10.1577/T05-115.1 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500015 ER PT J AU Ludsin, SA Fryer, BJ Gagnon, JE AF Ludsin, SA Fryer, BJ Gagnon, JE TI Comparison of solution-based versus laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for analysis of larval fish otolith microelemental composition SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HILSA TENUALOSA-ILISHA; EEL ANGUILLA-JAPONICA; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; CARASSIUS-AURATUS; CALCIUM RATIOS; LIFE-HISTORY; MARINE FISH; STRONTIUM; MICROCHEMISTRY; ESTUARINE AB Otolith microchemistry has become a widely used tool for fisheries-based research in marine systems. However, its application to systems without well-defined juvenile nursery areas in which distinct otolith elemental signatures can develop (i.e., most freshwater systems) remains limited. In large part, this deficiency is due to unsuitable protocols for reliably processing and analyzing small otoliths of larvae. Herein, we evaluate the abilities of solution-based (SO) and laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) to quantify the otolith elemental composition of larval yellow perch Perca flavescens captured in three distinct spawning locations in Lake Erie (USA-Canada). Analysis of otolith pairs by each technique demonstrated that both SO- and LA-ICPMS could be used to reliably quantify the more abundant elements, such as Sr and Ba. Magnesium and zinc, analyzed by use of both SO- and LA-ICPMS, also met the criteria for inclusion in our analyses (i.e., the coefficients of variation of standards were <10.5%, and over 90% of samples were above detection limits at a single location). Upon closer inspection of the data, however, we found that estimates of Mg and Zn were only reliable for LA-ICPMS. Estimates of these two elements using SO-ICPMS were unrealistically high, probably owing to contamination during the otolith dissolution and handling phases. We also found that LA-ICPMS provided more precise estimates than did SO-ICPMS for nearly all elements explored, but LA-ICPMS was somewhat limited by high limits of detection for some elements. Despite these differences, both techniques could accurately discriminate among larvae produced in different Lake Erie spawning locations, primarily because of the significant variation in Sr among larval otoliths. Ultimately, although both methods are appropriate for analysis of otoliths from larvae, we recommend the use of LA-ICPMS in future otolith microchemical applications involving larvae. C1 Univ Windsor, Dept Biol Sci, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. RP Ludsin, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM stuart.ludsin@noaa.gov RI Ludsin, Stuart/F-2925-2010 OI Ludsin, Stuart/0000-0002-3866-2216 NR 52 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 135 IS 1 BP 218 EP 231 DI 10.1577/T04-165.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 013AH UT WOS:000235381500019 ER PT S AU Horst, J Barbera, A AF Horst, John Barbera, Anthony BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Trajectory generation for an on-road autonomous vehicle - art. no. 62302J SO Unmanned Systems Technology VIII, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE AB We describe an algorithm that generates a smooth trajectory (position, velocity, and acceleration at uniformly sampled instants of time) for a car-like vehicle autonomously navigating within the constraints of lanes in a road. The technique models both vehicle paths and lane segments as straight line segments and circular arcs for mathematical simplicity and elegance, which we contrast with cubic spline approaches. We develop the path in an idealized space, warp the path into real space and compute path length, generate a one-dimensional trajectory along the path length that achieves target speeds and positions, and finally, warp, translate, and rotate the one-dimensional trajectory points onto the path in real space. The algorithm moves a vehicle in lane safely and efficiently within speed and acceleration maximums. The algorithm functions in the context of other autonomous driving functions within a carefully designed vehicle control hierarchy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Horst, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6230 BP J2302 EP J2302 AR 62302J DI 10.1117/12.663643 PN 1-2 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700082 ER PT S AU Scrapper, C Balakirsky, S Messina, E AF Scrapper, Chris Balakirsky, Stephen Messina, Elena BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI MOAST and USARSim - A combined framework for the development and testing of autonomous systems - art. no. 62301T SO Unmanned Systems Technology VIII, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE simulation; control system; RCS; intelligent systems; autonomous; robots AB Urban Search and Rescue Simulation (USARSim) is an open source package that provides a high-resolution, physics based simulation of robotic platforms. The package provides models of several common robotic platforms and sensors as well as sample worlds and a socket interface into a commonly used commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) simulation package. Initially introduced to support the development of search and rescue robots, USARSim has proved to be a tool with a broader scope, from robot education to human robot interfaces, including cooperation, and more. During Robocup 2006, a new competition based on USARSim will be held in the context of the urban search and rescue competitions. The Mobility Open Architecture Simulation and Tools (MOAST) is a framework that builds upon the 4-D Real-time Control Systesm (4D/RCS) architecture to analyze the performance of autonomous vehicles and multiagent systems. MOAST provides controlled environments that allow for the transparent transference of data between a matrix of real and virtual components. This framework is glued together through well-defined interfaces and communications protocols, and detailed specifications on individual subsystem input/output (IO). This allows developers to freely swap components and analyze the effect on the overall system by means of comparison to baseline systems with a limited set of functionality. When taken together, the combined USARSim/MOAST system may be used to provide a comprehensive development and testing environment for complex robotic systems. This paper will provide an overview of each system and describe how the combined system may be used for stand-alone simulated development and test, or hardware-in-the-loop development and testing of autonomous mobile robot systems. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scrapper, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6230 BP T2301 EP T2301 AR 62301T DI 10.1117/12.663898 PN 1-2 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700058 ER PT S AU Messina, E Jacoff, A AF Messina, Elena Jacoff, Adam BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Performance standards for urban search and rescue robots - art. no. 62301V SO Unmanned Systems Technology VIII, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE urban search and rescue; robots; performance standards; performance metrics; homeland security AB In this paper, we describe work in performance standards for urban search and rescue (USAR) robots begun in 2004 by the Department of Homeland Security. This program is being coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and will result in consensus standards developed through ASTM International, under the Operational Equipment Subcommittee of their Homeland Security Committee. The first phase of the program involved definition of requirements by subject matter experts. Responders participated in a series of workshops to identify deployment categories for robots, performance categories, and ranges of acceptable or target performance in the various categories. Over one hundred individual requirements were identified, within main categories such as Human-System Interaction, Logistics, Operating Environment, and System (which includes Chassis, Communications, Mobility, Payload, Power, and Sensing). To ensure that the robot developers and eventual end users work closely together, "responders meet robots" events at situationally relevant sites are being held to refine and extend the performance requirements and develop standard test methods. The results of these standard performance tests will be captured in a compendium of existing and developmental robots with classifications and descriptors to differentiate particular robotic capabilities. This, along with ongoing efforts to categorize situational USAR constraints such as building collapse types or the presence of hazardous materials, will help responders match particular robotic capabilities to response needs. In general, these efforts will enable responders to effectively use robotic tools to enhance their effectiveness while reducing risk to personnel during disasters. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Messina, E (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6230 BP V2301 EP V2301 AR 62301V DI 10.1117/12.663320 PN 1-2 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700060 ER PT S AU Bostelman, R Hong, T Madhavan, R Chang, T Scott, H AF Bostelman, Roger Hong, Tsai Madhavan, Raj Chang, Tommy Scott, Harry BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Performance analysis of unmanned vehicle positioning and obstacle mapping - art. no. 62301W SO Unmanned Systems Technology VIII, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE world modeling; global positioning system; ground truth; performance analysis; stereo vision; mapping AB As unmanned ground vehicles take on more and more intelligent tasks, determination of potential obstacles and accurate estimation of their position become critical for successful navigation and path planning. The performance analysis of obstacle mapping and unmanned vehicle positioning in outdoor environments is the subject of this paper. Recently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Intelligent Systems Division has been a part of the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency LAGR (Learning Applied to Ground Robots) Program. NIST's objective for the LAGR Project is to insert learning algorithms into the modules that make up the NIST 4D/RCS (Four Dimensional/Real-Time Control System) standard reference model architecture which has been successfully applied to many intelligent systems. We detail world modeling techniques used in the 4D/RCS architecture and then analyze the high precision maps generated by the vehicle world modeling algorithms as compared to ground truth obtained from an independent differential GPS system operable throughout most of the NIST campus. This work has implications, not only for outdoor vehicles but also, for indoor automated guided vehicles where future systems will have more and more onboard intelligence requiring non-contact sensors to provide accurate vehicle and object positioning. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bostelman, R (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6230 BP W2301 EP W2301 AR 62301W DI 10.1117/12.664534 PN 1-2 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700061 ER PT S AU Madhavan, R Kootbally, Z Schlenoff, C AF Madhavan, R. Kootbally, Z. Schlenoff, C. BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Performance analysis of critical time points for moving object Prediction in Dynamic Environments (PRIDE) SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY VIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE moving object prediction; situation-based long-term prediction; estimation-theoretic short-term prediction; performance analysis AB We have developed PRIDE (Prediction In Dynamic Environments), a hierarchical multi-resolutional framework for moving object prediction that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. PRIDE incorporates two approaches for the prediction of the future location of moving objects at various levels of resolution at the frequency and level of abstraction necessary for planners at different levels within the hierarchy. These approaches, termed long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) predictions, respectively, are based on situation recognition and vehicle models for moving object prediction using sensor data. Our recent efforts have demonstrated the ability to use the results of the short-term prediction algorithms to strengthen/weaken the estimates of the long-term prediction algorithms. Based on previous experiments, we have found that the short-term prediction algorithms perform best when predicting on the order of a few seconds into the future and that the longer-term prediction algorithms are best at predicting on the order of several seconds into the future. In this paper, we explore the time window in which both the short-term and the long-term prediction algorithms provide reasonable results. Additionally, we describe a methodology by which we can determine the time point at which the short-term prediction algorithm no longer provides results within an acceptable predefined error threshold. We provide experimental results in an autonomous on-road driving scenario using AutoSim, a high-fidelity simulation tool that models details about road networks, including individual lanes, lane markings, intersections, legal intersection traversability, etc. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@nist.gov; zeid.kootbally@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6230 AR 62301R DI 10.1117/12.664989 PN 1-2 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700056 ER PT S AU Shneier, M AF Shneier, Michael BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Road sign detection and recognition SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY VIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE Vision; Mobility; Robotics & Intelligent Systems; color segmentation; road signs; sign detection; template matching AB Road sign detection is important to a robotic vehicle that automatically drives on roads. In this paper, road signs are detected by means of rules that restrict color and shape and require signs to appear only in limited regions in an image. They are then recognized using a template matching method and tracked through a sequence of images. The method is fast and can easily be modified to include new classes of signs. The road sign detection is used as part of a control system that autonomously drives a vehicle over paved roads. The primary application is to detect intersections, which are usually marked with street name signs or stop signs. An estimate of the range to the sign is computed based on the size of the sign and provides a cue to intersection detection software and driving control. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shneier, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.shneier@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6230 AR 623016 DI 10.1117/12.660219 PN 1-2 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700037 ER PT S AU Tan, CY Hong, T Foedisch, M Chang, T Shneier, M AF Tan, Ceryen Hong, Tsai Foedisch, Mike Chang, Tommy Shneier, Michael BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Performance analysis of a new road following algorithm based on color models SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY VIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology VIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE vision; Mobility; Robotics & Intelligent Systems; color segmentation; learning; temporal fusion; road following; performance evaluation ID VISION; NAVIGATION AB This paper describes and evaluates a vision system that accurately segments unstructured, non-homogeneous roads of arbitrary shape under various lighting conditions. The idea behind the road following algorithm is the segmentation of road from background through the use of color models. Data are collected from a video camera mounted on a moving vehicle. In each frame, color models of the road and background are constructed. The color models are used to calculate the probability that each pixel in a frame is a member of the road class. Temporal fusion of these road probabilities helps to stabilize the models, resulting in a probability map that can be thresholded to determine areas of road and non-road. Performance evaluation follows the approach described in Hong et all. We evaluate the algorithm's performance with annotated frames of video data. This allows us to compute the false positive and false negative ratios. False positives refer to non-road areas in the image that were classified by the system as road, while false negatives refer to road areas classified as non-road. We use the sum of false positives and false negatives as an overall classification error calculated for each frame of the video sequence. After the error is calculated for each frame, we determine the statistics of the classification error throughout the whole video sequence. The overall classification error per frame allows us to compare the performance of several algorithms on the same frame, and we can analyze the overall performance of individual algorithms using their classification statistics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tan, CY (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6286-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6230 AR 62301U DI 10.1117/12.665024 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BEV96 UT WOS:000239711700059 ER PT S AU Grinstein, G O'Connell, T Laskowski, S Plaisant, C Scholtz, J Whiting, M AF Grinstein, Georges O'Connell, Theresa Laskowski, Sharon Plaisant, Catherine Scholtz, Jean Whiting, Mark BA Keim, D BF Keim, D BE Wong, PC TI VAST 2006 contest - A tale of Alderwood SO VAST 2006: IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON VISUAL ANALYTICS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology CY OCT 31-NOV 02, 2006 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Soc Visualizat & Graph Tech Comm, ACM SIGGRAPH, IEEE Comp Soc DE visual analytics; human information interaction; sense making evaluation; metrics; contest AB Visual analytics experts realize that one effective way to push the field forward and to develop metrics for measuring the performance of various visual analytics components is to hold an annual competition. The first Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) contest was held in conjunction with the 2006 IEEE VAST Symposium. The competition entailed the identification of possible political shenanigans in the fictitious town of Alderwood. A synthetic data set was made available as well as tasks. We summarize how we prepared and advertised the contest, developed some initial metrics for evaluation, and selected the winners. The winners were invited to participate at an additional live competition at the symposium to provide them with feedback from senior analysts. C1 [Grinstein, Georges] Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [O'Connell, Theresa] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. [Laskowski, Sharon] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sharon, PA USA. [Plaisant, Catherine] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. [Scholtz, Jean; Whiting, Mark] Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Grinstein, G (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM grinstein@cs.uml.edu; theresa.oconnell@nist.gov; sharon.laskowski@nist.gov; plaisant@cs.umd.edu; jean.scholtz@pnl.gov; mark.a.whiting@pnl.gov RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 FU Disruptive Technology Office; National Visualization and Analytics Center TM (NVAC TM); Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC05-76RL01830] FX This work was supported in part by the Disruptive Technology Office and by the National Visualization and Analytics Center TM (NVAC TM) located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, WA. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2325-9442 BN 1-4244-0591-2 J9 IEEE CONF VIS ANAL PY 2006 BP 215 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFO65 UT WOS:000243470000028 ER PT J AU Mearns, AJ Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Buchman, M Ginn, T AF Mearns, Alan J. Reish, Donald J. Oshida, Philip S. Buchman, Michael Ginn, Thomas TI Effects of pollution on marine organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PRESTIGE OIL-SPILL; PORPOISES PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; EELPOUT ZOARCES-VIVIPARUS; AMPHIPOD GAMMARUS-LOCUSTA; NASSARIUS-RETICULATUS L.; WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS; ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; HEAVY-METAL POLLUTION; MASS MORTALITY EVENT C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US Environm Project Agcy, Washington, DC USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA USA. Exponent Environm Grp, Phoenix, AZ USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hazardous Mat Response Div, 7600 Sand Point Way,NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM alan.mearns@noaa.gov NR 224 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 14 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2006 VL 78 IS 10 BP 2033 EP U1 DI 10.2175/106143006X119503 PG 54 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 233BJ UT WOS:000251065100036 ER PT J AU Doak, DF Estes, JA Williams, TM Brownell, RL DeMaster, DP AF Doak, D. F. Estes, J. A. Williams, T. M. Brownell, R. L., Jr. DeMaster, D. P. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS PREFACE SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Doak, D. F.; Williams, T. M.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [DeMaster, D. P.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Estes, J. A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Brownell, R. L., Jr.] NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Doak, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP XV EP XVI PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600001 ER PT J AU Reeves, RR Smith, TD AF Reeves, Randall R. Smith, Tim D. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI A Taxonomy of World Whaling Operations and Eras SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CAPE-VERDE ISLANDS; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; HUMPBACK WHALES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BOWHEAD; FISHERY; WATERS C1 [Reeves, Randall R.] Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ, Canada. [Smith, Tim D.] NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Reeves, RR (reprint author), Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ, Canada. NR 127 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP 82 EP 101 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600009 ER PT B AU Pfister, B DeMaster, DP AF Pfister, Bete DeMaster, Douglas P. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Changes in Marine Mammal Biomass in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Region before and after the Period of Commercial Whaling SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SEALS PHOCA-LARGHA; NORTHERN FUR SEALS; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; BOWHEAD WHALES; BELUGA WHALE; GRAY WHALE; POPULATION; ABUNDANCE; ALASKA; OTTERS C1 [Pfister, Bete; DeMaster, Douglas P.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Pfister, B (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 166 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI OAKLAND PA 155 GRAND AVE, SUITE 400, OAKLAND, CA 94612-3758 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0; 978-0-520-24884-7 PY 2006 BP 116 EP 133 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600011 ER PT J AU Danner, EM Kauffman, MJ Brownell, RL AF Danner, Eric M. Kauffman, Matthew J. Brownell, Robert L., Jr. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Industrial Whaling in the North Pacific Ocean 1952-1978 Spatial Patterns of Harvest and Decline SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID HUMPBACK WHALES; POPULATIONS C1 [Danner, Eric M.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Brownell, Robert L., Jr.] NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. [Kauffman, Matthew J.] Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Danner, EM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP 134 EP 144 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600012 ER PT B AU Forney, KA Wade, PR AF Forney, Karin A. Wade, Paul R. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Worldwide Distribution and Abundance of Killer Whales SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ORCINUS-ORCA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; CALIFORNIA WATERS; HUMPBACK WHALES; MARINE MAMMALS; CETACEANS; POPULATIONS C1 [Forney, Karin A.] NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Wade, Paul R.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Forney, KA (reprint author), NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. NR 138 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI OAKLAND PA 155 GRAND AVE, SUITE 400, OAKLAND, CA 94612-3758 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0; 978-0-520-24884-7 PY 2006 BP 145 EP 162 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600013 ER PT B AU Reeves, RR Berger, J Clapham, PJ AF Reeves, Randall R. Berger, Joel Clapham, Phillip J. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Killer Whales as Predators of Large Baleen Whales and Sperm Whales SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS; SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; ORCINUS-ORCA; ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; MARINE MAMMALS; GRAY WHALES; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; HUMPBACK WHALES; BLACK RHINOS C1 [Reeves, Randall R.] Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ, Canada. [Berger, Joel] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Teton Valley, ID USA. [Clapham, Phillip J.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Reeves, RR (reprint author), Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ, Canada. NR 126 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI OAKLAND PA 155 GRAND AVE, SUITE 400, OAKLAND, CA 94612-3758 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0; 978-0-520-24884-7 PY 2006 BP 174 EP 187 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600015 ER PT J AU Ballance, LT Pitman, RL Hewitt, RP Siniff, DB Trivelpiece, WZ Clapham, PJ Brownell, RL AF Ballance, Lisa T. Pitman, Robert L. Hewitt, Roger P. Siniff, Donald B. Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. Clapham, Phillip J. Brownell, Robert L., Jr. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI The Removal of Large Whales from the Southern Ocean Evidence for Long-Term Ecosystem Effects? SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SEA-ICE EXTENT; ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; PENGUIN POPULATIONS; ELEPHANT ISLAND; ADELIE PENGUINS; SCOTIA SEA; EAR PLUG; KRILL; GEORGIA; VARIABILITY C1 [Ballance, Lisa T.; Pitman, Robert L.; Hewitt, Roger P.; Trivelpiece, Wayne Z.; Brownell, Robert L., Jr.] NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. [Clapham, Phillip J.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Siniff, Donald B.] Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ballance, LT (reprint author), NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 65 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP 215 EP 230 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600018 ER PT J AU Clapham, PJ Link, JS AF Clapham, Phillip J. Link, Jason S. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Whales, Whaling, and Ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID HUMPBACK WHALES; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; EUBALAENA-GLACIALIS; BALEEN WHALES; ABUNDANCE; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; MAINE; GULF C1 [Clapham, Phillip J.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Link, Jason S.] NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Clapham, PJ (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 55 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 24 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP 314 EP 323 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600025 ER PT J AU Estes, JA DeMaster, DP Brownell, RL Doak, DF Williams, TM AF Estes, J. A. DeMaster, D. P. Brownell, R. L., Jr. Doak, D. F. Williams, T. M. BE Estes, JA Demaster, DP Doak, DF Williams, TM Brownell, RL TI Retrospection and Review SO WHALES, WHALING, AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review; Book Chapter ID SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE; HYPOTHESIS C1 [Estes, J. A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [DeMaster, D. P.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Brownell, R. L., Jr.] NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Estes, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS PI BERKELEY PA 2120 BERKELEY WAY, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA BN 978-0-52093-320-0 PY 2006 BP 388 EP 393 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA BXG76 UT WOS:000296087600032 ER PT B AU Bhat, TN AF Bhat, Talapady N. BE Callaos, N Lesso, W Tremante, A Baralt, J Rebielak, J TI Semantic Web for Chemical Genomics - need, how to, and hurdles SO WMSCI 2006: 10TH WORLD MULTI-CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS, VOL VII, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics/12th International Conference on Information Systems Analysis and Synthesis CY JUL 16-19, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System DE HIV; AIDS; Semantic Web; OWL; RDF; healthcare; chem-BLAST AB Semantic Web has been often suggested as the information technology solution to the growing problem in managing the millions of data points generated by modem science such as nanotechnology and high through-put screening for drugs. However, the progress towards this vision envisaged by the W3C has been very limited. Here we discuss -some of the obstacles to the realization of this vision and we make some suggestions as to how one may overcome sonic of these hurdles? Here we discuss some of these issues and present thoughts on an alternative method to Semantic Web that is less drastic in requirements. This method does not require the use of RDF and Protege, and it works in an environment currently used by the chemical and biological database providers. In our method one attempts to use as many components as possible from the tools already used by the database providers and one brings in far fewer new tools and techniques compared to the method that use RDF or Protege. Our method uses a standard database environment and web tools rather than the RDF and Protege to manage user interface and the data is held in a database rather than using RDF. This method shifts the task of building Semantic knowledge-base and ontology from RDF and Protege to a SQL based database environment. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bhat, TN (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biochem Sci, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 978-980-6560-72-7 PY 2006 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BHA60 UT WOS:000251939800001 ER PT S AU Palmer, M Ng, HT Dang, HT AF Palmer, Martha Ng, Hwee Tou Dang, Hoa Trang BE Agirre, E Edmonds, P TI Evaluation of WSD Systems SO WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION: ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS SE Text Speech and Language Technology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SPECIAL-ISSUE; FRAMEWORK; SENSEVAL; ENGLISH AB In this chapter we discuss the evaluation of automatic word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems. Some issues, such as evaluation metrics and the basic methodology for hand-tagging evaluation data, are well agreed upon by the WSD community. However, other important issues remain to be resolved, including the question of which sense distinctions are important and relevant to the sense-tagging task, and how to evaluate WSD systems in real NLP applications. We give an overview of previous evaluation exercises and investigate sources of human inter-annotator disagreements. The errors are at least partially reconciled by a more coarse-grained view of the senses, and we present the groupings that were used for quantitative coarse-grained evaluation. Well-defined sense groups can be of value in improving sense tagging consistency for both humans and machines. C1 [Palmer, Martha] Univ Colorado, Dept Linguist & Comp Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ng, Hwee Tou] Natl Univ Singapore, Sch Comp, Dept Comp Sci, Singapore 117543, Singapore. [Dang, Hoa Trang] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Palmer, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Linguist & Comp Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI AGIRRE, ENEKO/H-7323-2015 OI AGIRRE, ENEKO/0000-0003-0775-6057 NR 60 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-291X BN 978-1-4020-4809-8 J9 TEXT SPEECH LANG TEC PY 2006 VL 33 BP 75 EP 106 DI 10.1007/1-4020-4809-2_4 D2 10.1007/978-1-4020-4809-8 PG 32 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Linguistics; Language & Linguistics SC Computer Science; Linguistics GA BLI43 UT WOS:000270233300006 ER PT J AU Wu, XB Li, J Menzel, WP Huang, A Baggett, K Revercomb, H AF Wu, XB Li, J Menzel, WP Huang, A Baggett, K Revercomb, H TI Evaluation of AIRS cloud properties using MPACE data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODIS; RETRIEVAL; PARAMETERS; SURFACE AB Retrieval of cloud properties from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) aboard the NASA Aqua satellite has been investigated. The cloud products from the collocated MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) data are used to characterize the AIRS sub-pixel cloud information such as cloud phase, cloud coverage, and cloud layer information. A Minimum Residual (MR) approach is used to retrieve cloud microphysical properties once the cloud top pressure (CTP) and effective cloud amount (ECA) are determined from AIRS CO2 absorption channels between 720 and 790 cm(-1). The cloud microphysical properties can be retrieved by minimizing the differences between the observations and the calculations using AIRS longwave window channels between 790 and 1130 cm(-1). AIRS is used to derive cloud properties during the Mixed Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE) field campaign. Comparison with measurements obtained from lidar data is made for a test day, showing that AIRS cloud property retrievals agree with in situ lidar observations. Due to the large solar zenith angle, the MODIS operational retrieval approach is not able to provide cloud microphysics north of Barrow, Alaska; however, AIRS provides cloud microphysical properties with its high spectral resolution IR measurements. C1 Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Satellite Meteorol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. NOAA, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Wu, XB (reprint author), Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM xuebao.wu@ssec.wisc.edu RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 24 AR L24819 DI 10.1029/2005GL024400 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 001AZ UT WOS:000234506100004 ER PT J AU Seitzinger, SP Harrison, JA Dumont, E Beusen, AHW Bouwman, AF AF Seitzinger, SP Harrison, JA Dumont, E Beusen, AHW Bouwman, AF TI Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; DRAINAGE NETWORK; RIVER ESTUARY; WORLD RIVERS; HUMAN IMPACT; LIMITATION; EUTROPHICATION; PLANKTON; SYSTEMS; INPUTS AB [1] An overview of the first spatially explicit, multielement (N, P, and C), multiform ( dissolved inorganic: DIN, DIP; dissolved organic: DOC, DON, DOP; and particulate: POC, PN, PP) predictive model system of river nutrient export from watersheds ( Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds ( NEWS)) is presented. NEWS models estimate export from 5761 watersheds globally as a function of land use, nutrient inputs, hydrology, and other factors; regional and global scale patterns as of 1995 are presented here. Watershed sources and their relative magnitudes differ by element and form. For example, anthropogenic sources dominate the export of DIN and DIP at the global scale, although their anthropogenic sources differ significantly ( diffuse and point, respectively). Natural sources dominate DON and DOP export globally, although diffuse anthropogenic sources dominate in several regions in Asia, Europe and N. America. "Hot spots'' where yield ( kg km(-2) yr(-1)) is high for several elements and forms were identified, including parts of Indonesia, Japan, southern Asia, and Central America, due to anthropogenic N and P inputs in some regions and high water runoff in others. NEWS models provide a tool to examine past, current and future river export of nutrients, and how humans might impact element ratios and forms, and thereby affect estuaries and coastal seas. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, NOAA, CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy MNP, NL-6720 AH Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Seitzinger, SP (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, NOAA, CMER Program, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. EM sybil@marine.rutgers.edu; harrison@marine.rutgers.edu; egon.dumont@wur.nl; arthur.beusen@mnp.nl; lex.bouwman@mnp.nl RI Harrison, John/F-2280-2011; Bouwman, Lex/B-7053-2012; Dumont, Egon/G-9585-2013; Bouwman, Lex/F-1444-2015 OI Dumont, Egon/0000-0002-7605-9434; Bouwman, Lex/0000-0002-2045-1859 NR 68 TC 207 Z9 212 U1 11 U2 136 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 31 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 AR GB4S01 DI 10.1029/2005GB002606 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001BB UT WOS:000234506300003 ER PT J AU Caliskan, G Hyeon, C Perez-Salas, U Briber, RM Woodson, SA Thirumalai, D AF Caliskan, G Hyeon, C Perez-Salas, U Briber, RM Woodson, SA Thirumalai, D TI Persistence length changes dramatically as RNA folds SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GROUP-I RIBOZYME; SINGLE POLYELECTROLYTE CHAIN; X-RAY-SCATTERING; VARIATIONAL THEORY; DNA-MOLECULES; CORE HELICES; COMPACTION; DOMAIN AB We determine the persistence length l(p) for a bacterial group I ribozyme as a function of concentration of monovalent and divalent cations by fitting the distance distribution functions P(r) obtained from small angle x-ray scattering intensity data to the asymptotic form of the calculated P-WLC(r) for a wormlike chain. The l(p) values change dramatically over a narrow range of Mg2+ concentration from similar to 21 angstrom in the unfolded state (U) to similar to 10 angstrom in the compact (I-C) and native states. Variations in l(p) with increasing Na+ concentration are more gradual. In accord with the predictions of polyelectrolyte theory we find l(p)proportional to 1/kappa(2) where kappa is the inverse Debye-screening length. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, TC Jenkins Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Biophys Program, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Caliskan, G (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, TC Jenkins Dept Biophys, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012; Hyeon, Changbong/H-3295-2011; ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012; OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942; Hyeon, Changbong/0000-0002-4844-7237; Woodson, Sarah/0000-0003-0170-1987 NR 27 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 26 AR 268303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.268303 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 998RV UT WOS:000234337900099 PM 16486414 ER PT J AU Hoefer, MA Ablowitz, MJ Ilan, B Pufall, MR Silva, TJ AF Hoefer, MA Ablowitz, MJ Ilan, B Pufall, MR Silva, TJ TI Theory of magnetodynamics induced by spin torque in perpendicularly magnetized thin films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRIC-CURRENT; EXCITATION; DRIVEN; MULTILAYERS; WAVES AB A nonlinear model of spin-wave excitation using a point contact in a thin ferromagnetic film is introduced. Large-amplitude magnetic solitary waves are computed, which help explain recent spin-torque experiments. Numerical simulations of the fully nonlinear model predict excitation frequencies in excess of 0.2 THz for contact diameters smaller than 6 nm. Simulations also predict a saturation and redshift of the frequency at currents large enough to invert the magnetization under the point contact. The theory is approximated by a cubic complex Ginzburg-Landau type equation. The mode's nonlinear frequency shift is found by use of perturbation techniques, whose results agree with those of direct numerical simulations. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hoefer, MA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Appl Math, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hoefer@colorado.edu RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013; OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642; HOEFER, MARK/0000-0001-5883-6562 NR 17 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 26 AR 267206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.267206 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 998RV UT WOS:000234337900081 PM 16486396 ER PT J AU Pencer, J Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Krueger, S Adams, C Katsaras, J AF Pencer, J Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Krueger, S Adams, C Katsaras, J TI Bilayer thickness and thermal response of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine unilamellar vesicles containing cholesterol, ergosterol and lanosterol: A small-angle neutron scattering study SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; ergosterol; lanosterol; unilamellar vesicle; hydrophobic thickness; small-angle neutron scattering; dimyrisotylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) ID NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYERS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MEMBRANE THICKNESS; MODEL MEMBRANES; LIPID-BILAYERS; PLANT STEROLS; DMPC VESICLES; PHASE DMPC AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements are performed on pure dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) unilamellar vesicles (ULV) and those containing either 20 or 47 mol% cholesterol, ergosterol or lanosterol. From the SANS data, we were able to determine the influence of these sterols on ULV bilayer thickness and vesicle area expansion coefficients. While these parameters have been determined previously for membranes containing cholesterol, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such results have been presented for membranes containing the structurally related sterols, ergosterol and lanosterol. At both molar concentrations and at temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 degrees C, the addition of the different sterols leads to increases in bilayer thickness, relative to pure DMPC. We observe large differences in the influence of these sterols on the membrane thermal area expansion coefficient. All three sterols, however, produce very similar changes to membrane thickness. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NRC, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Guelph Waterloo Inst Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Biophys Interdept Grp, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Pencer, J (reprint author), NRC, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. EM Jeremy.Pencer@nrc.gc.ca OI Pencer, Jeremy/0000-0002-1796-0230; Nieh, Mu-Ping/0000-0003-4462-8716; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177; Harroun, Thad/0000-0001-9816-2590 FU NCRR NIH HHS [1R01 RR14812] NR 64 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2736 J9 BBA-BIOMEMBRANES JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. PD DEC 30 PY 2005 VL 1720 IS 1-2 BP 84 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.10.017 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 015VJ UT WOS:000235579000010 PM 16386704 ER PT J AU Millstein, J Siegmund, KD Conti, DV Gauderman, J AF Millstein, J Siegmund, KD Conti, DV Gauderman, J TI Identifying susceptibility genes by using joint tests of association and linkage and accounting for epistasis SO BMC GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Genetic Analysis Workshop CY SEP 07-19, 2004 CL Noordwijkerhout, NETHERLANDS ID NUCLEAR FAMILIES; PARENTS AB Simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 data were analyzed by jointly testing linkage and association and by accounting for epistasis using a candidate gene approach. Our group was unblinded to the "answers." The 48 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the six disease loci were analyzed in addition to five SNPs from each of two non-disease-related loci. Affected sib-parent data was extracted from the first 10 replicates for populations Aipotu, Kaarangar, and Danacaa, and analyzed separately for each replicate. We developed a likelihood for testing association and/or linkage using data from affected sib pairs and their parents. Identical-by-descent (IBD) allele sharing between sibs was explicitly modeled using a conditional logistic regression approach and incorporating a covariate that represents expected IBD allele sharing given the genotypes of the sibs and their parents. Interactions were accounted for by performing likelihood ratio tests in stages determined by the highest order interaction term in the model. In the first stage, main effects were tested independently, and in subsequent stages, multilocus effects were tested conditional on significant marginal effects. A reduction in the number of tests performed was achieved by prescreening gene combinations with a goodness-of-fit chi square statistic that depended on mating-type frequencies. SNP-specific joint effects of linkage and association were identified for loci D1, D2, D3, and D4 in multiple replicates. The strongest effect was for SNP B03T3056, which had a median p-value of 1.98 x 10(-34). No two- or three-locus effects were found in more than one replicate. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Div Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Millstein, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM josh.millstein@noaa.gov; kims@usc.edu; dconti@usc.edu; jimg@usc.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA52862, R01 CA052862]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES010421, P30 ES007048]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM58897] NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1471-2156 J9 BMC GENET JI BMC Genet. PD DEC 30 PY 2005 VL 6 SU 1 AR S147 DI 10.1186/1471-2156-6-S1-S147 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 023CR UT WOS:000236103400147 PM 16451607 ER PT J AU Dunne, JP Armstrong, RA Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL AF Dunne, JP Armstrong, RA Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL TI Empirical and mechanistic models for the particle export ratio SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-CARBON; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NORTHEAST WATER POLYNYA; MARGINAL ICE-ZONE; NORTHWESTERN INDIAN-OCEAN; ATLANTIC BLOOM EXPERIMENT; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ARABIAN SEA AB We present new empirical and mechanistic models for predicting the export of organic carbon out of the surface ocean by sinking particles. To calibrate these models, we have compiled a synthesis of field observations related to ecosystem size structure, primary production and particle export from around the globe. The empirical model captures 61% of the observed variance in the ratio of particle export to primary production (the pe ratio) using sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentrations (or primary productivity) as predictor variables. To describe the mechanisms responsible for pe-ratio variability, we present size-based formulations of phytoplankton grazing and sinking particle export, combining them into an alternative, mechanistic model. The formulation of grazing dynamics, using simple power laws as closure terms for small and large phytoplankton, reproduces 74% of the observed variability in phytoplankton community composition wherein large phytoplankton augment small ones as production increases. The formulation for sinking particle export partitions a temperature-dependent fraction of small and large phytoplankton grazing into sinking detritus. The mechanistic model also captures 61% of the observed variance in pe ratio, with large phytoplankton in high biomass and relatively cold regions leading to more efficient export. In this model, variability in primary productivity results in a biomass-modulated switch between small and large phytoplankton pathways. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus B Site,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM john.dunne@noaa.gov RI Armstrong, Robert/C-9086-2009; Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489 NR 132 TC 159 Z9 161 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 30 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 AR GB4026 DI 10.1029/2004GB002390 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001BA UT WOS:000234506200002 ER PT J AU Thomas, SW Long, TM Pate, BD Kline, SR Thomas, EL Swager, TM AF Thomas, SW Long, TM Pate, BD Kline, SR Thomas, EL Swager, TM TI Perpendicular organization of macromolecules: Synthesis and alignment studies of a soluble poly(iptycene) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STRETCHED POLYMER SHEETS; LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAYS; POLYVINYLCHLORIDE FILMS; POLARIZATION SPECTRA; ORIENTATION; MOLECULES; LUMINESCENCE; ABSORPTION; DICHROISM C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Inst Soldier NAnotechnol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Swager, TM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Chem, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM tswager@mit.edu RI Thomas, Samuel/B-3257-2008; Swager, Timothy/H-7459-2012 OI Thomas, Samuel/0000-0002-0811-9781; Swager, Timothy/0000-0002-3577-0510 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 28 PY 2005 VL 127 IS 51 BP 17976 EP 17977 DI 10.1021/ja056241u PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 997PK UT WOS:000234258700006 PM 16366528 ER PT J AU Bremer, JRA Mejuto, J Gomez-Marquez, J Boan, F Carpintero, P Rodriguez, JM Vinas, J Greig, TW Ely, B AF Bremer, JRA Mejuto, J Gomez-Marquez, J Boan, F Carpintero, P Rodriguez, JM Vinas, J Greig, TW Ely, B TI Hierarchical analyses of genetic variation of samples from breeding and feeding grounds confirm the genetic partitioning of northwest Atlantic and South Atlantic populations of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic swordfish; coalescence; D-loop region; mitochondrial DNA control region; molecular variance; population structure ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; DNA CONTROL REGION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; FISHES AB In species with high migratory potential, the genetic signal revealing population differentiation is often obscured by population admixture. To our knowledge, the explicit comparison of genetic samples from known spawning and feeding areas has not been conducted for any highly migratory pelagic fish species. This study examines the geographic heterogeneity of swordfish mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages within the Atlantic Ocean using 330 base pairs of sequence of the control region from 480 individuals. Hierarchical analyses of sequence variation were conducted to test whether samples from areas identified as the corresponding spawning and feeding grounds for the northwest (NW) Atlantic (Caribbean and Georges Banks-US northeast) and the South Atlantic (Brazil-Uruguay and Gulf of Guinea), were more closely related to each other than to samples from any other region, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Phylogeographic analyses reveal that swordfish mtDNA phylogeny is characterized by incomplete lineage sorting and secondary contact of two highly divergent clades. However, despite this complex phylogenetic signature, results from an analysis of nucleotide diversity and from an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were for the most part concordant and indicate that NW Atlantic and South Atlantic swordfish belong to separate populations. The mtDNA distinctiveness of NW Atlantic and South Atlantic swordfish populations is indicative of philopatric behavior in swordfish towards breeding and feeding areas. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Ctr Oceanog A Coruna, Inst Espanol Ocean, Coruna 15080, Spain. Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol, Fac Biol, Santiago De Compostela, Spain. Univ Girona, Dept Biol, Lab Ictiol Genet, Girona, Spain. Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res Charleston, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, FISHTEC Genet Lab, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Bremer, JRA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM jaimeab@tamu.edu RI Vinas, Jordi/A-5397-2010 OI Vinas, Jordi/0000-0003-0193-1141 NR 50 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD DEC 27 PY 2005 VL 327 IS 2 BP 167 EP 182 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.06.022 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 993GA UT WOS:000233941400005 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Ro, HW Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Hines, DR AF Lee, HJ Soles, CL Ro, HW Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL Hines, DR TI Nanoimprint pattern transfer quality from specular x-ray reflectivity SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LITHOGRAPHY AB Specular x-ray reflectivity is used for high precision measurements of the pattern height, residual layer thickness, and the line-to-space ratio for parallel line and space patterns fabricated with nanoimprint lithography. The line-to-space ratio is profiled vertically to reveal relative linewidth variations as a function of the feature height. These relative linewidth variations are quantified through an external measure of the average pitch to fully define the line shape profile or cross section. An excellent fidelity of the nanoimprint pattern transfer process is quantified by comparing the line shape profiles of the mold to the imprinted pattern. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Phys Sci Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 26 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 26 AR 263111 DI 10.1063/1.2158512 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 998SD UT WOS:000234338700083 ER PT J AU Macquart, R Kim, SJ Gemmill, WR Stalick, JK Lee, Y Vogt, T zur Loye, HC AF Macquart, R Kim, SJ Gemmill, WR Stalick, JK Lee, Y Vogt, T zur Loye, HC TI Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of Sr2NiOsO6 and Ca2NiOsO6: Two new osmium-containing double perovskites SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-GROWTH; PLATINUM METAL; OXIDES; PR; ND; LN; PYROCHLORE; TRANSITION; LA; DIFFRACTION AB Two new double perovskite oxides, Ca2NiOsO6 and Sr2NiOsO6, have been prepared as polycrystalline powders by solid state synthesis. The two oxides were structurally characterized by variable-temperature powder neutron diffraction. Ca2NiOsO6 was found to adopt a monoclinic structure (P2(1)/n), while Sr2NiOsO6 was found to be tetragonal (/4/m). Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that Ca2NiOsO6 orders in a canted antiferromagnetic state at about 175 K while Sr2NiOsO6 orders antiferromagnetically at about 50 K. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. RP zur Loye, HC (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; zur Loye, Hans-Conrad/0000-0001-7351-9098 NR 45 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 7 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD DEC 26 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 26 BP 9676 EP 9683 DI 10.1021/ic051045+ PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 996RO UT WOS:000234192300020 PM 16363836 ER PT J AU van Poppel, LH Friedrich, H Spinsby, J Chung, SH Seinfeld, JH Buseck, PR AF van Poppel, LH Friedrich, H Spinsby, J Chung, SH Seinfeld, JH Buseck, PR TI Electron tomography of nanoparticle clusters: Implications for atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing of soot SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BLACK CARBON; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SULFATE AEROSOLS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; PARTICLES; COMBUSTION; MORPHOLOGY; MODEL; SHAPE AB Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in nature. Their large surface areas and consequent chemical reactivity typically result in their aggregation into clusters. Their chemical and physical properties depend on cluster shapes, which are commonly complex and unknown. This is the first application of electron tomography with a transmission electron microscope to quantitatively determine the three-dimensional (3D) shapes, volumes, and surface areas of nanoparticle clusters. We use soot (black carbon, BC) nanoparticles as an example because it is a major contributor to environmental degradation and global climate change. To the extent that our samples are representative, we find that quantitative measurements of soot surface areas and volumes derived from electron tomograms differ from geometrically derived values by, respectively, almost one and two orders of magnitude. Global sensitivity studies suggest that the global burden and direct radiative forcing of fractal BC are only about 60% of the value if it is assumed that BC has a spherical shape. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Chem Biochem Dept, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, OAR Earth Syst Res Lab,Chem Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP van Poppel, LH (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM pbuseck@asu.edu RI Friedrich, Heiner/F-7981-2010 NR 28 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 24 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 24 AR L24811 DI 10.1029/2005GL024461 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 999BT UT WOS:000234364400004 ER PT J AU Naik, V Mauzerall, D Horowitz, L Schwarzkopf, MD Ramaswamy, V Oppenheimer, M AF Naik, V Mauzerall, D Horowitz, L Schwarzkopf, MD Ramaswamy, V Oppenheimer, M TI Net radiative forcing due to changes in regional emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CH4; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; CONVECTION; AEROSOLS AB The global distribution of tropospheric ozone (O-3) depends on the emission of precursors, chemistry, and transport. For small perturbations to emissions, the global radiative forcing resulting from changes in O-3 can be expressed as a sum of forcings from emission changes in different regions. Tropospheric O-3 is considered in present climate policies only through the inclusion of indirect effect of CH4 on radiative forcing through its impact on O-3 concentrations. The short-lived O-3 precursors (NOx, CO, and NMHCs) are not directly included in the Kyoto Protocol or any similar climate mitigation agreement. In this study, we quantify the global radiative forcing resulting from a marginal reduction (10%) in anthropogenic emissions of NOx alone from nine geographic regions and a combined marginal reduction in NOx, CO, and NMHCs emissions from three regions. We simulate, using the global chemistry transport model MOZART-2, the change in the distribution of global O-3 resulting from these emission reductions. In addition to the short-term reduction in O-3, these emission reductions also increase CH4 concentrations (by decreasing OH); this increase in CH4 in turn counteracts part of the initial reduction in O-3 concentrations. We calculate the global radiative forcing resulting from the regional emission reductions, accounting for changes in both O-3 and CH4. Our results show that changes in O-3 production and resulting distribution depend strongly on the geographical location of the reduction in precursor emissions. We find that the global O-3 distribution and radiative forcing are most sensitive to changes in precursor emissions from tropical regions and least sensitive to changes from midlatitude and high-latitude regions. Changes in CH4 and O-3 concentrations resulting from NOx emission reductions alone produce offsetting changes in radiative forcing, leaving a small positive residual forcing (warming) for all regions. In contrast, for combined reductions of anthropogenic emissions of NOx, CO, and NMHCs, changes in O-3 and CH4 concentrations result in a net negative radiative forcing (cooling). Thus we conclude that simultaneous reductions of CO, NMHCs, and NOx lead to a net reduction in radiative forcing due to resulting changes in tropospheric O-3 and CH4 while reductions in NOx emissions alone do not. C1 Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Naik, V (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM vnaik@princeton.edu RI Mauzerall, Denise/I-5977-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013 OI Mauzerall, Denise/0000-0003-3479-1798; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700 NR 52 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 24 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D24 AR D24306 DI 10.1029/2005JD005908 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CD UT WOS:000234365400003 ER PT J AU Stanelle, RD Sander, LC Marcus, RK AF Stanelle, RD Sander, LC Marcus, RK TI Hydrodynamic flow in capillary-channel fiber columns for liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE liquid chromatography; stationary phase; capillary-channel polymer fibers; A-term ID CONTINUOUS STATIONARY-PHASE; SEPARATIONS; PROTEINS; HPLC AB The flow characteristics of capillary-channel polymer (C-CP) fiber liquid chromatographic (LC) columns have been investigated. The C-CP fibers are manufactured with eight longitudinal grooves (capillary channels) extending the length of the fibers. Three C-CP fiber examples were studied, with fiber dimensions ranging from approximate to 35 mu m to 65 mu m, and capillary-channel dimensions ranging from approximate to 6 mu m to 35 mu m. The influence of fiber packing density and column inner diameter on peak asymmetry, peak width, and run-to-rum reproducibility have been studied for stainless steel LC columns packed with polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP) C-CP fibers. The van Deemter A-term was evaluated as a function of fiber packing density (approximate to 0.3 g/cm(3)-0.75 g/cm(3)) for columns of 4.6 mm inner diameter (i.d.) and at constant packing densities for 1.5 mm, 3.2 mm, 4.6 nun, and 7.7 mm i.d. columns. Although column diameter had little influence on the eluting peak widths, peak asymmetry increased with increasing column diameter. The A-terms for the C-CP fiber packed columns are somewhat larger than current commercial, microparticulate-packed columns, and means for improvement are discussed. Applications in the area of protein (macromolecule) separations appear the most promising at this stage of the system development. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marcus, RK (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Biosyst Res Complex, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM marcusr@clemson.edu NR 19 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 23 PY 2005 VL 1100 IS 1 BP 68 EP 75 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.014 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 996FA UT WOS:000234158600010 PM 16194542 ER PT J AU Michalak, AM Hirsch, A Bruhwiler, L Gurney, KR Peters, W Tans, PP AF Michalak, AM Hirsch, A Bruhwiler, L Gurney, KR Peters, W Tans, PP TI Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for Bayesian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CO2 INVERSIONS; TRANSPORT; SINKS; CYCLE; UNCERTAINTY; DELTA-C-13 AB [1] This paper introduces a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach for estimating the statistical parameters required for the covariance matrices used in the solution of Bayesian inverse problems aimed at estimating surface fluxes of atmospheric trace gases. The method offers an objective methodology for populating the covariance matrices required in Bayesian inversions, thereby resulting in better estimates of the uncertainty associated with derived fluxes and minimizing the risk of inversions being biased by unrealistic covariance parameters. In addition, a method is presented for estimating the uncertainty associated with these covariance parameters. The ML method is demonstrated using a typical inversion setup with 22 flux regions and 75 observation stations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Cooperative Air Sampling Network with available monthly averaged carbon dioxide data. Flux regions and observation locations are binned according to various characteristics, and the variances of the model-data mismatch and of the errors associated with the a priori flux distribution are estimated from the available data. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Michalak, AM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM adam.hirsch@noaa.gov; lori.bruhwiler@noaa.gov; keving@atmos.colostate.edu; wouter.peters@noaa.gov; pieter.tans@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070 NR 34 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 23 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D24 AR D24107 DI 10.1029/2005JD005970 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CB UT WOS:000234365200002 ER PT J AU Peters, W Miller, JB Whitaker, J Denning, AS Hirsch, A Krol, MC Zupanski, D Bruhwiler, L Tans, PP AF Peters, W Miller, JB Whitaker, J Denning, AS Hirsch, A Krol, MC Zupanski, D Bruhwiler, L Tans, PP TI An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate CO2 surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; CARBON-DIOXIDE DATA; TRANSPORT MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; INVERSION; EMISSIONS; SINKS; CYCLE AB [1] We present a data assimilation system to estimate surface fluxes of CO2 and other trace gases from observations of their atmospheric abundances. The system is based on ensemble data assimilation methods under development for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and is the first of its kind to be used for CO2 flux estimation. The system was developed to overcome computational limitations encountered when a large number of observations are used to estimate a large number of unknown surface fluxes. The ensemble data assimilation approach is attractive because it returns an approximation of the covariance, does not need an adjoint model or other linearization of the observation operator, and offers the possibility to optimize fluxes of chemically active trace gases (e.g., CH4, CO) in the same framework. We assess the performance of this new system in a pseudodata experiment that resembles the real problem we will apply this system to. The sensitivity of the method to the choice of several parameters such as the assimilation window size and the number of ensemble members is investigated. We conclude that the system is able to provide satisfactory flux estimates for the relatively large scales resolved by our current observing network and that the loss of information in the approximated covariances is an acceptable price to pay for the efficient computation of a large number of surface fluxes. The full potential of this data assimilation system will be used for near - real time operational estimates of North American CO2 fluxes. This will take advantage of the large amounts of atmospheric data that will be collected by NOAA-CMDL in conjunction with the implementation of the North American Carbon Program (NACP). C1 NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Peters, W (reprint author), NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, 325 Broadway R-CMDL-1, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM wouter.peters@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; NR 53 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 23 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D24 AR D24304 DI 10.1029/2005JD006157 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999CB UT WOS:000234365200005 ER PT J AU Hougen, JT Oka, T AF Hougen, JT Oka, T TI Chemistry - Nuclear spin conversion in molecules SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; ORTHO HYDROGEN C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Hougen, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jon.hougen@nist.gov; t-oka@uchicago.edu NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 23 PY 2005 VL 310 IS 5756 BP 1913 EP 1914 DI 10.1126/science.1122110 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 997UX UT WOS:000234275400029 PM 16373564 ER PT J AU Castelao, RM Barth, JA Mavor, TP AF Castelao, RM Barth, JA Mavor, TP TI Flow-topography interactions in the northern California Current System observed from geostationary satellite data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OREGON AB Data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites are used to study the seasonal evolution of temperature fronts in the northern California Current System (CCS), focusing on the interactions with topographic features. Fronts first appear close to the coast in response to upwelling winds, moving offshore with the continuous input of energy to the system. Late in the upwelling season (after July), the upwelling front is persistently found over deeper waters south of Heceta Bank, Oregon, than north of it, suggesting that the equatorward jet separates from the shelf at Heceta Bank. Inshore of the upwelling front, weak gradients are found on the Bank. The interaction of the equatorward flow with Heceta Bank and Cape Blanco, Oregon, farther south, substantially increases the mesoscale activity and oceanic frontal habitat downstream to the south in the CCS, where fronts are persistently found greater than 100 km from the coast. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. STG Inc, Reston, VA USA. RP Castelao, RM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM castelao@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 24 AR L24612 DI 10.1029/2005GL024401 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 999BQ UT WOS:000234364100005 ER PT J AU Gianola, AJ Ichino, T Hoenigman, RL Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC AF Gianola, AJ Ichino, T Hoenigman, RL Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC TI Photoelectron spectra and ion chemistry of imidazolide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Review ID CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE; AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS; ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; ZINC SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; CU,ZN-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE; PARACOCCUS-DENITRIFICANS; RAMAN CHARACTERIZATION; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS AB The 351.1 nm photoelectron spectrum of imidazolide anion has been measured. The electron affinity (EA) of the imidazolyl radical is determined to be 2.613 +/- 0.006 eV. Vibrational frequencies of 955 +/- 15 and 1365 +/- 20 cm(-1) are observed in the spectrum of the B-2(1) ground state of the imidazolyl radical. The main features in the spectrum are well-reproduced by Franck-Condon simulation based on the optimized geometries and the normal modes obtained at the 133LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of density functional theory. The two vibrational frequencies are assigned to totally symmetric modes with C-C and N-C stretching motions. Overtone peaks of an in-plane nontotally symmetric mode are observed in the spectrum and attributed to Fermi resonance. Also observed is the photoelectron spectrum of the anion formed by deprotonation of imidazole at the C5 position. The EA of the corresponding radical, 5-imidazolyl, is 1.992 +/- 0.010 eV. The gas phase acidity of imidazole has been determined using a flowing afterglow-selected ion tube; Delta(acid)G(298) = 342.6 +/- 0.4 and Delta(acid)H(298) = 349.7 0.5 kcal mol(-1). From the EA of imidazolyl radical and gas phase acidity of imidazole, the bond dissociation energy for the N-H bond in imidazole is determined to be 95.1 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1). These thermodynamic parameters for imidazole and imidazolyl radical are compared with those for pyrrole and pyrrolyl radical, and the effects of the additional N atom in the five-membered ring are discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM veronica.bierbaum@colorado.edu; wcl@jila.colorado.edu NR 100 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 50 BP 11504 EP 11514 DI 10.1021/jp053566o PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 995QR UT WOS:000234119400023 PM 16354041 ER PT J AU Rainville, S Thompson, JK Myers, EG Brown, JM Dewey, MS Kessler, EG Deslattes, RD Borner, HG Jentschel, M Mutti, P Pritchard, DE AF Rainville, S Thompson, JK Myers, EG Brown, JM Dewey, MS Kessler, EG Deslattes, RD Borner, HG Jentschel, M Mutti, P Pritchard, DE TI World year of physics - A direct test of E = mc(2) SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID MASS C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Dept Chem, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RP Rainville, S (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Phys, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. EM rainville@alum.mit.edu NR 10 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 14 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 438 IS 7071 BP 1096 EP 1097 DI 10.1038/4381096a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 995OF UT WOS:000234111500034 PM 16371997 ER PT J AU Bellouin, N Boucher, O Haywood, J Reddy, MS AF Bellouin, N Boucher, O Haywood, J Reddy, MS TI Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PRODUCTS; MODIS; ALGORITHM AB Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system(1). The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles(1-3). Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only(4,5). Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols(6-8) and surface wind speed(9) to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/-0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline(10). C1 Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Bellouin, N (reprint author), Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. EM nicolas.bellouin@metoffice.gov.uk RI Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; OI Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Bellouin, Nicolas/0000-0003-2109-9559 NR 23 TC 206 Z9 213 U1 9 U2 58 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 438 IS 7071 BP 1138 EP 1141 DI 10.1038/nature04348 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 995OF UT WOS:000234111500046 PM 16372005 ER PT J AU Landsea, CW AF Landsea, CW TI Meteorology - Hurricanes and global warming SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TROPICAL CYCLONE CORE; BOUNDARY-LAYER JETS; REANALYSIS; INTENSITY; DYNAMICS C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chris.landsea@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 139 Z9 145 U1 5 U2 44 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 438 IS 7071 BP E11 EP E13 DI 10.1038/nature04477 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 995OF UT WOS:000234111500037 PM 16371953 ER PT J AU Washburn, BR Swann, WC Newbury, NR AF Washburn, BR Swann, WC Newbury, NR TI Response dynamics of the frequency comb output from a femtosecond fiber laser SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; SOLITON; NOISE; TERM AB The frequency comb from a mode-locked fiber laser can be stabilized through feedback to the pump power. An understanding of the mechanisms and bandwidth governing this feedback is of practical importance for frequency comb design and of basic interest since it provides insight into the rich nonlinear laser dynamics. We compare experimental measurements of the response of a fiber-laser frequency comb to theory. The laser response to a pump-power change follows that of a simple low-pass filter with a time constant set by the gain relaxation time and the system-dependent nonlinear loss. Five different effects contribute to the magnitude of the response of the frequency comb spacing and offset frequency but the dominant effects are from the resonant contribution to the group velocity and intensity-dependent spectral shifts. The origins of the intensity-dependent spectral shifts are explained in terms of the laser parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Washburn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov RI Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 21 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 13 IS 26 BP 10622 EP 10633 DI 10.1364/OPEX.13.010622 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 997QY UT WOS:000234263000019 PM 19503277 ER PT J AU Hadfield, RH Stevens, MJ Gruber, SS Miller, AJ Schwall, RE Mirin, RP Nam, SW AF Hadfield, RH Stevens, MJ Gruber, SS Miller, AJ Schwall, RE Mirin, RP Nam, SW TI Single photon source characterization with a superconducting single photon detector SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID SILICON AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; QUANTUM-DOT; CRYPTOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE; DIODES; RANGE AB Superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) based on nanopatterned niobium nitride wires offer single photon counting at fast rates, low jitter, and low dark counts, from visible wavelengths well into the infrared. We demonstrate the first use of an SSPD, packaged in a commercial cryocooler, for single photon source characterization. The source is an optically pumped, microcavity-coupled InGaAs quantum dot, emitting single photons at 902 nm. The SSPD replaces the second silicon Avalanche Photodiode (APD) in a Hanbury-Brown Twiss interferometer measurement of the source second-order correlation function, g((2))(iota). The detection efficiency of the superconducting detector system is > 2 % ( coupling losses included). The SSPD system electronics jitter is 170 ps, versus 550 ps for the APD unit, allowing the source spontaneous emission lifetime to be measured with improved resolution. Work of US government: not subject to US copyright. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Albion Coll, Dept Phys, Albion, MI 49924 USA. RP Hadfield, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hadfield@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013; OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 24 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 4 U2 43 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD DEC 22 PY 2005 VL 13 IS 26 BP 10846 EP 10853 DI 10.1364/OPEX.13.010846 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 997QY UT WOS:000234263000045 PM 19503303 ER PT J AU Delworth, TL Ramaswamy, V Stenchikov, GL AF Delworth, TL Ramaswamy, V Stenchikov, GL TI The impact of aerosols on simulated ocean temperature and heat content in the 20th century SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL AB Observational analyses have documented increases in global ocean temperature, heat content, and sea level in the 20th century. Previous studies argued that the observed ocean warming is a response to increasing greenhouse gases. We use a new climate model to decompose simulated ocean temperature changes into components attributable to subsets of anthropogenic and natural influences. The model simulates a positive trend in global ocean volume mean temperature from the mid 1950s to 2000, consistent with observational estimates. We show that for the period 1861 2000 aerosols have delayed the onset of ocean warming by several decades and reduced the magnitude of the transient warming by approximately two-thirds when compared to the response that arises solely from increasing greenhouse gases. The simulated cooling signature from large volcanic eruptions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is clearly visible in the subsurface ocean well into the middle part of the 20th century. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM tom.delworth@noaa.gov RI Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014 NR 18 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 21 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 24 AR L24709 DI 10.1029/2005GL024457 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 999BL UT WOS:000234363500006 ER PT J AU Fox, RW Washburn, BR Newbury, NR Hollberg, L AF Fox, RW Washburn, BR Newbury, NR Hollberg, L TI Wavelength references for interferometry in air SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; PHASE; REFRACTOMETER; CAVITY; ERRORS; TIME AB Cavity-mode wavelengths in air are determined by measuring a laser's frequency while it is locked to the mode in vacuum during a calibration step and subsequently correcting the mode wavelength for atmospheric pressure compression, temperature difference, and material aging. Using a Zerodur ring cavity, we demonstrate a repeatability of +/- 2 X 10(-8) (3 sigma), with the wavelength accuracy limited to +/- 4 X 10(-8) by knowledge of the absolute helium gas temperature during the pressure calibration. Mirror cleaning perturbed the mode frequency by less than Delta v/v similar to 3 X 10(-9), limited by temperature correction residuals. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM richard.fox@nist.gov RI Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 20 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 36 BP 7793 EP 7801 DI 10.1364/AO.44.007793 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 995CT UT WOS:000234078200016 PM 16381529 ER PT J AU Lisse, CM Christian, DJ Dennerl, K Wolk, SJ Bodewits, D Hoekstra, R Combi, MR Makinen, T Dryer, M Fry, CD Weaver, H AF Lisse, CM Christian, DJ Dennerl, K Wolk, SJ Bodewits, D Hoekstra, R Combi, MR Makinen, T Dryer, M Fry, CD Weaver, H TI Chandra observations of comet 2P/Encke 2003: First detection of a collisionally thin, fast solar wind charge exchange system SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comets : individual (2P/ Encke 2003); solar wind; X-rays : general ID X-RAY-EMISSION; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION; MULTISCALE MHD MODEL; OUTGASSING ASYMMETRY; IONS; SHOCK; PREDICTIONS; NUCLEUS; ENCKE; SIMULATION AB We report the results of 15 hr of Chandra observations of comet 2P/Encke 2003 on November 24. X-ray emission from comet Encke was resolved on scales of 500-40,000 km, with unusual morphology due to the presence of a low-density, collisionally thin (to charge exchange) coma. A light curve with peak-to-peak amplitude of 20% consistent with a nucleus rotational period of 11.1 hr was found, further evidence for a collisionally thin coma. We confirm emission lines due to oxygen and neon in the 800-1000 eV range but find very unusual oxygen and carbon line ratios in the 200-700 eV range, evidence for low-density, high effective temperature solar wind composition. We compare the X-ray spectral observation results to contemporaneous measurements of the coma and solar wind made by other means and find good evidence for the dominance of a postshock bubble of expanding solar wind plasma, moving at 600 km s(-1) with charge state composition between that of the "fast'' and "slow'' solar winds. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Exploat Grp, Space Dept, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Chandra Xray Observ Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Groningen, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. NOAA Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Planetary Exploat Grp, Space Dept, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM carey.lisse@jhuapl.edu; d.christian@qub.ac.uk; kod@mpe.mpg.de; swolk@cfa.harvard.edu; bodewits@kvi.nl; hoekstra@kvi.nl; mcombi@engin.umich.edu; teemu.makinen@fmi.fi; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; hal.weaver@jhuapl.edu RI Hoekstra, Ronnie/E-9279-2012; Combi, Michael/J-1697-2012; Weaver, Harold/D-9188-2016; Lisse, Carey/B-7772-2016; OI Combi, Michael/0000-0002-9805-0078; Lisse, Carey/0000-0002-9548-1526; Wolk, Scott/0000-0002-0826-9261; Bodewits, Dennis/0000-0002-2668-7248; Christian, Damian/0000-0003-1746-3020 NR 42 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2005 VL 635 IS 2 BP 1329 EP 1347 DI 10.1086/497570 PN 1 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 996NZ UT WOS:000234182100052 ER PT J AU Wang, MH AF Wang, MH TI A refinement for the Rayleigh radiance computation with variation of the atmospheric pressure SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; OCEAN-COLOR SENSORS; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; SEAWIFS; ALGORITHM; SYSTEM; INSTRUMENT; SCANNER; IMAGERY; EARTH AB The Rayleigh scattering radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) depends on the surface atmospheric pressure. In processing the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) imagery, Gordon et al. (Applied Optics, 27, 862-871, 1988) developed a simple formula to account for the Rayleigh radiance changes with the variation of the surface atmospheric pressure. For the atmospheric pressure changes within +/- 3%, the accuracy of the Gordon et al. (1988) formula in computing the Rayleigh radiance is usually within 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.15% and 0.05% for the wavelengths 412, 443, 555 and 865 nm, respectively. This could result in up to similar to 3% uncertainty in the derived water-leaving radiance at the blue wavelengths for very clear atmospheres. To improve the performance, a refinement to the Gordon et al. (1988) formula is developed based on the radiative transfer simulations. The refined scheme can produce Rayleigh radiance with an uncertainty within 0.1% (often within 0.05%) at the blue, while uncertainty is within 0.05% for the green to near-infrared wavelengths. The refined algorithm has been implemented in the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data processing system. Results from the SeaWiFS data show the improved ocean colour products in the southern oceans where consistently low atmospheric pressures are usually observed. This could also significantly improve the performance of the Rayleigh radiance computations over the high altitude lakes. In addition, with the refined algorithm, the same Rayleigh radiance tables can be possibly used for the various ocean colour satellite sensors in which there are slightly different sensor spectral band characterizations. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Menghua.Wang@noaa.gov RI Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 16 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC 20 PY 2005 VL 26 IS 24 BP 5651 EP 5663 DI 10.1080/01431160500168793 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 003AK UT WOS:000234653800018 ER PT J AU Cheng, GJ Romero, D Fraser, GT Walker, ARH AF Cheng, GJ Romero, D Fraser, GT Walker, ARH TI Magnetic-field-induced assemblies of cobalt nanoparticles SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID NANOCRYSTAL SUPERLATTICES; CO NANOPARTICLES; SIZE CONTROL; SHAPE; CRYSTALLINE; NANOSCALE; PARTICLES; BACTERIA; RINGS AB Under the influence of a 0.05 T magnetic field, 15-nm diameter cobalt nanoparticles covered with surfactants in a colloidal solution assemble into highly constrained linear chains along the direction of the magnetic field. The magnetic-field-induced (MFI) chains become floppy after removal of the field, folding into three-dimensional (3D) coiled structures upon gentle agitation. The 3D structures are broken into smaller units with vigorous agitation. The nanoparticles redisperse into the solvent upon ultrasonic agitation. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the morphologies of the nanoparticle assemblies at various stages of this reversible process. The hysteresis loops and zero-field cooled/field cooled (ZFC/FC) curves reveal the interparticle coupling in the assemblies. MFI assembly provides a powerful tool to manipulate magnetic nanoparticles. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ARH (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM angela.hightwalker@nist.gov RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 40 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 6 U2 54 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 20 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 26 BP 12055 EP 12059 DI 10.1021/la0506473 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 994WX UT WOS:000234063000001 PM 16342969 ER PT J AU Mei, Y Wu, T Xu, C Langenbach, KJ Elliott, JT Vogt, BD Beers, KL Amis, EJ Washburn, NR AF Mei, Y Wu, T Xu, C Langenbach, KJ Elliott, JT Vogt, BD Beers, KL Amis, EJ Washburn, NR TI Tuning cell adhesion on gradient poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-grafted surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE; SILICON SURFACES; GOLD; HYDROGELS; DENSITY; PROLIFERATION; FILMS; COMBINATORIAL AB A simple yet versatile method was developed to prepare a low-density polymerization initiator gradient, which was combined with surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to produce a well-defined poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) gradient substrate. A smooth variation in film thickness was measured across the gradient, ranging from 20 angstrom to over 80 angstrom, but we observed a nonmonotonic variation in water contact angle. Fits of X-ray reflectivity profiles suggested that at the low graft density end, the polymer chain structure was in a "mushroom" regime, while the polymer chains at high graft density were in a "brush" regime. It was found that the "mushroom" region of the gradient could be made adhesive to cells by adsorbing adhesion proteins, and cell adhesion could be tuned by controlling the density of the polymer grafts. Fibroblasts were seeded on gradients precoated with fibronectin to test cellular responses to this novel substrate, but it was found that cell adhesion did not follow the expected trend; instead, saturated cell adhesion and spreading was found at the low grafting density region. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Washburn, NR (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, 4400 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021] NR 36 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 20 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 26 BP 12309 EP 12314 DI 10.1021/la050668x PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 994WX UT WOS:000234063000039 PM 16343007 ER PT J AU Lei, RZ Tsai, W Aberg, I O'Reilly, TB Hoyt, JL Antoniadis, DA Smith, HI Paul, AJ Green, ML Li, J Hull, R AF Lei, RZ Tsai, W Aberg, I O'Reilly, TB Hoyt, JL Antoniadis, DA Smith, HI Paul, AJ Green, ML Li, J Hull, R TI Strain relaxation in patterned strained silicon directly on insulator structures SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERFERENCE LITHOGRAPHY AB Strain relaxation is studied in strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) substrates patterned with nanoscale features. Using interference lithography, biaxially strained SSDOI substrates with 30 nm thick strained Si on insulator films were patterned into grating structures with 90 nm wide stripes, and arrays of 80 nm x 170 nm pillars. The strain profiles of these patterned structures were examined by ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy. Raman analysis of the SSDOI gratings indicates strain relaxation in the 90 nm wide stripes, compared to the strain measured in unpatterned portions of the SSDOI wafer. Three-dimensional finite-element modeling of the stress distributions in the grading structures predicts that 95% of the strain is maintained in the direction along the length of the stripes. These simulations are used to decouple the strain components along the width and length of the SSDOI grating structure, inferred from Raman measurements. The results are consistent with substantial stress relaxation across the width of the stripes and very little stress relaxation along the length of the stripes. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Intel Corp, TMG External Programs, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Intel Corp, TMG External Programs, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. EM rzlei@mtl.mit.edu NR 13 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 19 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 25 AR 251926 DI 10.1063/1.2149153 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 995QM UT WOS:000234118900036 ER PT J AU Loving, JL Vallis, GK AF Loving, JL Vallis, GK TI Mechanisms for climate variability during glacial and interglacial periods SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; ATLANTIC DEEP-WATER; ICE-CORE RECORD; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SEA-ICE; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; YOUNGER DRYAS; SURFACE SALINITY; GREENLAND ICE AB [1] This paper suggests and explores mechanisms relevant to millennial-scale climate variability during glacial periods. In particular, we present the results of model studies that are able to reproduce many aspects of observed glacial climate variability (e.g., Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations) without external forcing and that provide a natural explanation for the prevalence of high-amplitude variability in glacial climates and the relative stability of the Holocene. We show that the role of sea ice is critical to cold climate variability because of the effective reduction in the high-latitude meridional sea surface temperature gradient resulting from sea ice expansion and the associated role of sea ice in inhibiting heat flux from the ocean to atmosphere. Thus as sea ice expands in a cooler climate, the high-latitude oceanic heat loss to the atmosphere is inhibited, the thermohaline circulation weakens, and the sinking regions move equatorward, leading to a shallower and weaker deep circulation. This weak circulation is unstable, and intermittent high-amplitude oscillations occur on a timescale and with a spatial structure very similar to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Consistent results are found using both a three-dimensional ocean circulation model coupled to an energy balance atmospheric model and with a much simpler ocean box model. In general, freshening plays a secondary role in the weakening of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Significant freshening is required to alter the stable northern deepwater formation that occurs in a warm climate such as today's Holocene, but once this freshening threshold is achieved, the thermohaline circulation shifts to reverse overturning with sinking in the tropics. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Loving, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM gkv@princeton.edu NR 64 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD DEC 17 PY 2005 VL 20 IS 4 AR PA4024 DI 10.1029/2004PA001113 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 998CV UT WOS:000234296600001 ER PT J AU Borca, CN Zhang, TH Li, XQ Cundiff, ST AF Borca, CN Zhang, TH Li, XQ Cundiff, ST TI Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy of semiconductors SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS; FREE-INDUCTION DECAY; BEATS; RELAXATION; COHERENCE; DYNAMICS; EXCITONS; LIGHT AB Two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra of optical excitations in semiconductor quantum wells are obtained. Coupling between heavy-hole excitons, light-hole excitons and unbound electron-hole-pairs results in off-diagonal features. A qualitative analysis of these features reveals the dominance of many-body interactions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 35 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 16 PY 2005 VL 416 IS 4-6 BP 311 EP 315 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.09.090 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 993KV UT WOS:000233953900022 ER PT J AU Legeais, JF Speich, S Arhan, M Ansorge, I Fahrbach, E Garzoli, S Klepikov, A AF Legeais, JF Speich, S Arhan, M Ansorge, I Fahrbach, E Garzoli, S Klepikov, A TI The baroclinic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DRAKE PASSAGE; WATER MASSES; ATLANTIC; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; FRONTS AB Five hydrographic transects at nominal longitudes 0 degrees E and 30 degrees E, and fourteen expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections near the former longitude are used to study the baroclinic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) between Africa and Antarctica. The bottom-referenced geostrophic transport between the Subtropical Front and the ACC Southern Boundary is 147 +/- 10 Sv. Estimating the transport from the XBTs using a technique previously employed south of Australia proves delicate because of an irregular bathymetry and water mass variations. It nevertheless confirms ACC transports around 150 Sv. Gathering these and other estimates from the Atlantic sector suggests that, while North Atlantic Deep Water is injected in the current west of 35 degrees W, a partially compensating loss of Deep Circumpolar Water occurs east of this longitude. Another transport increase from 0 degrees E to 30 degrees E might reflect southward transfer across the Subtropical Front south of the Agulhas retroflection. C1 Univ Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IFREMER, Lab Phys Oceans, F-29238 Brest 3, France. Univ Cape Town, Dept Oceanog, ZA-7701 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Marine Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199397, Russia. RP Legeais, JF (reprint author), Univ Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IFREMER, Lab Phys Oceans, F-29238 Brest 3, France. EM speich@univ-brest.fr RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010; Speich, Sabrina/L-3780-2014 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253; Speich, Sabrina/0000-0002-5452-8287 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 16 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 24 AR L24602 DI 10.1029/2005GL023271 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 998BL UT WOS:000234292800001 ER PT J AU Regal, CA Greiner, M Giorgini, S Holland, M Jin, DS AF Regal, CA Greiner, M Giorgini, S Holland, M Jin, DS TI Momentum distribution of a Fermi gas of atoms in the BCS-BEC crossover SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONDENSATION AB We observe dramatic changes in the atomic momentum distribution of a Fermi gas in the crossover region between the BCS theory superconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of molecules. We study the shape of the momentum distribution and the kinetic energy as a function of interaction strength. The momentum distributions are compared to a mean-field crossover theory, and the kinetic energy is compared to theories for the two weakly interacting limits. This measurement provides a unique probe of pairing in a strongly interacting Fermi gas. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Trento, Italy. INFM, BEC, I-38050 Trento, Italy. RP Regal, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM regal@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Greiner, Markus/A-8502-2010 NR 31 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 16 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 25 AR 250404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.250404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 995QI UT WOS:000234118500004 PM 16384438 ER PT J AU Lippa, KA Sander, LC Mountain, RD AF Lippa, KA Sander, LC Mountain, RD TI Molecular dynamics simulations of alkylsilane stationary-phase order and disorder. 1. Effects of surface coverage and bonding chemistry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR; INITIO FORCE-FIELD; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BONDED-PHASE; CAROTENOID ISOMERS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; CONSTRAINED SOLUTES; COLUMN SELECTIVITY AB "Shape-selective" polymeric alkylsilane stationary phases are routinely employed over the more common monomeric phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) to improve the separation of geometric isomers of shape-constrained solutes. We have investigated the molecular dynamics of chromatographic models that represent both monomeric and polymeric stationary phases with alkylsilane surface coverages and bonding chemistries typical of actual materials in an effort to elucidate the molecular-level structural features that control shape-selective separations. The structural characterization of these models is consistent with previous experimental observations of alkyl chain order and disorder: (1) alkyl chain order increases with increased surface coverage; and (2) monomeric and polymeric phases with similar surface coverages yield similar alkyl chain order (although subtle differences exist). In addition, a significant portion of the alkyl chain proximal to the silica surface is disordered (primarily gauche conformations) and the distal end is most ordered. Models that represent shape-selective RPLC phases possess a significant region of distal end chain order with primarily trans dihedral angle conformations. This is consistent with the view that the alkyl chains comprising polymeric stationary phases contain a series of well-defined and rigid voids in which shape-constrained solutes can penetrate and hence be selectively retained. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lippa, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM katrice.lippa@nist.gov NR 59 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 77 IS 24 BP 7852 EP 7861 DI 10.1021/ac0510843 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 995DD UT WOS:000234079200002 PM 16351130 ER PT J AU Lippa, KA Sander, LC Mountain, RD AF Lippa, KA Sander, LC Mountain, RD TI Molecular dynamics Simulations of alkylsilane stationary-phase order and disorder. 2. Effects of temperature and chain length SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOLID-STATE NMR; INITIO FORCE-FIELD; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; CAROTENOID ISOMERS; CONSTRAINED SOLUTES; TOCOPHEROL ISOMERS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR AB In an effort to elucidate the molecular-level structural features that control shape-selective separations, we have investigated the molecular dynamics of chromatographic models that represent both monomeric and polymeric stationary phases with alkylsilane length and temperature conditions analogous to actual materials of low to high shape selectivity. The structural characterization of these models is consistent with previous experimental observations of alkyl chain order and disorder: alkyl chain order increases both with alkyl chain length and with reduced temperature. Models that represent shape-selective reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) phases possess a significant region of distal end chain order with primarily trans dihedral angle conformations; the extension of these ordered regions into the phase increases with an increase in chain length. Models with extended chain length (C-30) possess a higher degree of conformational order and are relatively insensitive to changes in surface coverage, bonding chemistry, and temperature. Chromatography models of various chain lengths and over a temperature range that represents highly shape-selective RPLC stationary phases all contain a series of well-defined and rigid cavities; the size and depth of these "slots" increase for the C-30 models, which may promote the enhanced separations of larger size shape-constrained solutes, such as carotenoids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lippa, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM katrice.lippa@nist.gov NR 50 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 77 IS 24 BP 7862 EP 7871 DI 10.1021/ac051085v PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 995DD UT WOS:000234079200003 PM 16351131 ER PT J AU Bonin, R Schneider, ML Silva, TJ Nibarger, JP AF Bonin, R Schneider, ML Silva, TJ Nibarger, JP TI Dependence of magnetization dynamics on magnetostriction in NiFe alloys SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILM PERMALLOY; BIAS FIELDS; FREQUENCY AB We present a quantitative, systematic study of the effect of magnetostriction on the dynamical properties in NiFe alloys. Both the ferromagnetic resonance frequency and the damping times are correlated to the magnetostriction. In addition, we find that the Gilbert damping parameter varies by more than 100% over the range of Ni percentage tested (61.9%-86.7%). (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Politecn Torino, Dept Phys, I-10129 Turin, Italy. INRIM, IEN Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sun Microsyst Inc, Louisville, CO 80028 USA. RP Bonin, R (reprint author), Politecn Torino, Dept Phys, I-10129 Turin, Italy. EM michael.schneider@boulder.nist.gav RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 12 AR 123904 DI 10.1063/1.2143121 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 998SM UT WOS:000234339700044 ER PT J AU Bubeck, RA Thomas, LS Rendon, S Burghardt, WR Hexemer, A Fischer, DA AF Bubeck, RA Thomas, LS Rendon, S Burghardt, WR Hexemer, A Fischer, DA TI Characterization of the skin orientation of thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester moldings with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE injection molding; liquid-crystalline polymers (LCP); orientation ID MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; POLYMER; SURFACES; FILMS; SOFT AB The process of injection-molding net-shape parts from thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers results in a skin-core macrostructure. The underlying orientation in the core and the skin may differ both in magnitude and direction. A combination of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D WAXS) in transmission was used to characterize the orientation in injection-molded plaques fabricated from thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyesters based on either 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene or 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid /6-hydroxybenzoic acid. NEXAFS is presented as a noninvasive in situ means of determining surface layer orientation that samples to a depth of as little as 2 nm and does not require slicing or ultramicrotoming of the samples. The effects of various processing conditions on the surface orientation in the region of the centerline of square injection-molded plaques are presented and discussed. Comparisons are made between orientation parameters obtained by 2D WAXS in transmission, which is dominated by the microstructure in the core, and the NEXAFS technique. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Michigan Mol Inst, Midland, MI 48640 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bubeck, RA (reprint author), Michigan Mol Inst, 1910 W St Andrews, Midland, MI 48640 USA. EM bubeck@mmi.org RI Burghardt, Wesley/B-7642-2009 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 6 BP 2473 EP 2480 DI 10.1002/app.22448 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 981MD UT WOS:000233091800018 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Xu, HHK AF Zhang, Y Xu, HHK TI Effects of synergistic reinforcement and absorbable fiber strength on hydroxyapatite bone cement SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; high strength; absorbable fiber; macropores; bone repair ID CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITE SCAFFOLD; VOLUME FRACTION; OSTEOCONDUCTION; RECONSTRUCTION; SUBSTITUTE; IMPLANTS; CHITOSAN AB Approximately a million bone grafts are performed each year in the United States, and this number is expected to increase rapidly as the population ages. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) can intimately adapt to the bone cavity and harden to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability. The objective of this study was to develop a strong CPC using synergistic reinforcement via Suture fibers and chitosan, and to determine the fiber strength-CPC composite strength relationship. Biopolymer chitosan and Cut Suture filaments were randomly mixed into CPC. Both Suture filaments and composite were immersed in a physiological solution. After 1-day immersion, cement flexural strengths (mean +/- SD; n = 6) were: (2.7 +/- 0.8) MPa for CPC control; (11.2 +/- 1.0) MPa for CPC-chitosan; (17.7 +/- 4.4) MPa for CPC-fiber composite; and (40.5 +/- 5.8) MPa for CPC-chitosan-fiber composite. They are significantly different from each other (Tukey's at 0.95). The strength increase from chitosan and fiber together in CPC was much more than that from either fiber or chitosan alone. The composite strength became (9.8 +/- 0.6) MPa at 35-day immersion and (4.2 +/- 0.7) MPa at 119 days, comparable to reported strengths for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. After Suture fiber dissolution, long macropore channels were formed in CPC suitable for cell migration and tissue ingrowth. A semiempirical relationship between suture fiber strength S, and composite strength S, were obtained: S-C = 14.1 + 0.047 S-F, with R = 0.92. In summary, this study achieved substantial synergistic effects by combining random suture filaments and chitosan in CPC. This may help extend the use of the moldable, in situ hardening hydroxyapatite to moderate stress-bearing orthopedic applications. The long macropore channels in CPC should be advantageous for cell infiltration and bone ingrowth than conventional random pores and spherical pores. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE14190] NR 44 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 75A IS 4 BP 832 EP 840 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30461 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 989RD UT WOS:000233690500009 PM 16138342 ER PT J AU Burguera, EF Xu, HHK Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Burguera, EF Xu, HHK Takagi, S Chow, LC TI High early strength calcium phosphate bone cement: Effects of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and absorbable fibers SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; early strength; fast setting; absorbable fibers; bone repair ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; COMPOSITE SCAFFOLD; APATITE CEMENT; REINFORCEMENT; SUBSTITUTE; RECONSTRUCTION; BIOMATERIALS; REGENERATION; CHEMISTRY; CHITOSAN AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with chemical and crystallographic similarity to the apatite in human bones, hence it is highly promising for clinical applications. The objective of the present study was to develop a CPC that is fast setting and has high strength in the earl), stages of implantation. Two approaches were combined to impart high early strength to the cement: the use of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate with a high Solubility (which formed the cement CPC,,) instead of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (which formed the conventional cement CPCA), and the incorporation of absorbable fibers. A 2 X 8 design was tested with two materials (CPCA and CPC,,) and eight levels of cement reaction time: 15 min, 30 min, I h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h. An absorbable Suture fiber was incorporated into cements at 25%, Volume fraction. The Gilmore needle method measured a hardening time of 15.8 min for CPCD, five-fold faster than 81.5 min for CPCA, at a powder:liquid ratio of 3:1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanosized rod-like hydroxyapatite crystals and platelet crystals in the cements. At 30 min, the flexural strength (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 5) was 0 MPa for CPCA (the paste did not set), (4.2 +/- 0.3) MPa for CPCD, and (10.7 +/- 2.4) MPa for CPCD-fiber specimens, significantly different from each other (Tukey's at 0.95). The work of fracture (toughness) was increased by two orders of magnitude for the CPCD-fiber cement. The high early strength matched the reported strength for cancellous bone and sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants. The composite strength S. was correlated to the matrix strength S-m: S-c = 2.16S(m). In summary, substantial early strength was imparted to a moldable, self-hardening and resorbable hydroxyapatite via two synergistic approaches: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and absorbable fibers. The new fast-setting and strong cement may help prevent catastrophic fracture or disintegration in moderate stress-bearing bone repairs. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Ceram Galicia, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE11789, R01 DE14190, R29 DE12476] NR 44 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1549-3296 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 75A IS 4 BP 966 EP 975 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30497 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 989RD UT WOS:000233690500023 PM 16123976 ER PT J AU Rae, IJ Donovan, EF Mann, IR Fenrich, FR Watt, CEJ Milling, DK Lester, M Lavraud, B Wild, JA Singer, HJ Reme, H Balogh, A AF Rae, IJ Donovan, EF Mann, IR Fenrich, FR Watt, CEJ Milling, DK Lester, M Lavraud, B Wild, JA Singer, HJ Reme, H Balogh, A TI Evolution and characteristics of global Pc5 ULF waves during a high solar wind speed interval SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-LINE RESONANCES; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; GEOMAGNETIC-PULSATIONS; MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; MAGNETOSPHERE; OSCILLATIONS; INSTRUMENT; EXCITATION; IONOSPHERE; CONVECTION AB [1] We present an interval of extremely long-lasting narrow-band Pc5 pulsations during the recovery phase of a large geomagnetic storm. These pulsations occurred continuously for many hours and were observed throughout the magnetosphere and in the dusk-sector ionosphere. The subject of this paper is the favorable radial alignment of the Cluster, Polar, and geosynchronous satellites in the dusk sector during a 3-hour subset of this interval that allows extensive analysis of the global nature of the pulsations and the tracing of their energy transfer from the solar wind to the ground. Virtually monochromatic large-amplitude pulsations were observed by the CANOPUS magnetometer chain at dusk for several hours, during which the Cluster spacecraft constellation traversed the dusk magnetopause. The solar wind conditions were very steady, the solar wind speed was fast, and time series analysis of the solar wind dynamic pressure shows no significant power concentrated in the Pc5 band. The pulsations are observed in both geosynchronous electron and magnetic field data over a wide range of local times while Cluster is in the vicinity of the magnetopause providing clear evidence of boundary oscillations with the same periodicity as the ground and geosynchronous pulsations. Furthermore, the Polar spacecraft crossed the equatorial dusk magnetosphere outside of geosynchronous orbit ( L similar to 6 - 9) and observed significant electric and magnetic perturbations around the same quasi-stable central frequency (1.4 - 1.6 mHz). The Poynting vector observed by the Polar spacecraft associated with these pulsations has strong field-aligned oscillations, as expected for standing Alfven waves, as well as a nonzero azimuthal component, indicating a downtail component to the energy propagation. In the ionosphere, ground-based magnetometers observed signatures characteristic of a field-line resonance, and HF radars observed flows as a direct consequence of the energy input. We conclude that the most likely explanations is that magnetopause oscillations couple energy to field lines close to the location of Polar, setting up standing Alfven waves along the resonant field lines which are then also observed in the ionosphere. In the absence of monochromatic dynamic pressure variations in the solar wind, this event is a potential example where discrete frequency pulsations in the magnetosphere result from the excitation of a magnetospheric waveguide mode, perhaps excited via the Kelvin-Helmoltz instability or via overreflection at the duskside magnetopause. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Univ Lancaster, Dept Commun Syst, Lancaster, England. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse, France. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AK, England. RP Rae, IJ (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. EM jrae@phys.ualberta.ca RI Watt, Clare/C-5218-2008; Rae, Jonathan/D-8132-2013; OI Watt, Clare/0000-0003-3193-8993; Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155; Wild, James/0000-0001-8025-8869 NR 52 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A12 AR A12211 DI 10.1029/2005JA011007 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 998CR UT WOS:000234296100001 ER PT J AU Gilliam, SB Gidcumb, SM Parikh, NR Forsythe, DG Patnaik, BK Hunn, JD Snead, LL Lamaze, GP AF Gilliam, SB Gidcumb, SM Parikh, NR Forsythe, DG Patnaik, BK Hunn, JD Snead, LL Lamaze, GP TI Retention and surface blistering of helium irradiated tungsten as a first wall material SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID INERTIAL FUSION-REACTORS; CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS; TARGET IMPLOSION; WALL RESPONSE; CHAMBER; BEHAVIOR AB The first wall of an inertial fusion energy reactor may suffer from surface blistering and exfoliation due to helium ion irradiation and extreme temperatures. Tungsten is a candidate for the first wall material. A study of helium retention and surface blistering with regard to helium dose, temperature, pulsed implantation, and tungsten microstructure was conducted to better understand what may occur at the first wall of the reactor. Single crystal Lind polycrystalline tungsten samples were implanted with 1.3 MeV He-3 in doses ranging from 10(19) m(-2) to 10(22) m(-2). Implanted samples were analyzed by He-3(d,P)(4) He nuclear reaction analysis and He-3(n,p)T neutron depth profiling techniques. Surface blistering was observed for doses greater than 10(21) He/m(2). For He fluences of 5 x 10(20) He/m(2), similar retention levels in both microstructures resulted without blistering. Implantation and flash heating in cycles indicated that helium retention was mitigated with decreasing He dose per cycle. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilliam, SB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Phillips Hall,CB 3255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM sgilliam@physics.unc.edu NR 12 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3115 EI 1873-4820 J9 J NUCL MATER JI J. Nucl. Mater. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 347 IS 3 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.08.017 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Materials Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 994II UT WOS:000234024500010 ER PT J AU Zhou, H Fu, J Silver, RM AF Zhou, H Fu, J Silver, RM TI The influence of defects on the morphology of Si (111) etched in NH4F SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; CHEMISTRY; MICROSCOPY; MECHANISM AB We have implemented a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC simulation to study the effects of wafer miscut and wafer defects on the morphologies of Si (111) surfaces etched in NH4F. Although a conventional KMC simulation reproduced previously published results, it failed to produce the morphologies observed in our experiments. By introducing both dopant sites and lattice defect sites into the model, we are able to simulate samples having different dopant elements and densities as well as different defect concentrations. Using the modified KMC simulation, the simulated surface morphologies agree well with the morphologies observed in our experiments. The enhanced model also gives insights to the formation mechanism for multiple level stacking pits, a notable morphology on the etched surfaces of samples with very small miscut angles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 49 BP 23386 EP 23394 DI 10.1021/jp0524072 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 992DJ UT WOS:000233864300045 PM 16375311 ER PT J AU Fan, J Migdall, A Wang, LJ AF Fan, J Migdall, A Wang, LJ TI Efficient generation of correlated photon pairs in a microstructure fiber SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION; QUANTUM TELEPORTATION AB We report efficient generation of correlated photon pairs through degenerate four-wave mixing in a microstructure fiber. With 735.7 nm pump pulses producing correlated signal (688.5 nm) and idler (789.8 nm) photons in a 1.8 m microstructure fiber, we detect photon pairs at a rate of 37.6 kHz with a coincidence/accidental contrast of 10:1 with Delta lambda=0.7 nm. This is the highest rate to our knowledge reported to date in a fiber-based photon source. The light source is highly nonclassical as defined by the Zou-Wang-Mandel inequality, which is violated by 1100 times the uncertainty. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Res Grp Opt Informat & Photon, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. RP Fan, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Jfan@nist.gov NR 22 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2005 VL 30 IS 24 BP 3368 EP 3370 DI 10.1364/OL.30.003368 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 991PX UT WOS:000233827000036 PM 16389834 ER PT J AU Wang, WG Davis, KJ Cook, BD Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Butler, MP Ricciuto, DA AF Wang, WG Davis, KJ Cook, BD Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Butler, MP Ricciuto, DA TI Surface layer CO2 budget and advective contributions to measurements of net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE advection; atmospheric surface layer; carbon dioxide budget; net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange; atmospheric boundary layer budget ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; TALL VEGETATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; EDDY COVARIANCE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; AIR EXCHANGE; WATER-VAPOR; FOREST AB The aim of this case study is to examine the surface layer CO2 budget and possible impacts of advection on the 20 km scale on estimates of net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2 under windy conditions. The advection terms in the CO2 mixing ratio conservation equation are computed using data from two flux towers 20 km apart in a forested area in Wisconsin, USA. The data are analyzed when the winds blow continuously from the southeast (SE) or from the northwest (NW) under windy conditions for 5 h or longer during the months of May through September of 1999 and 2000. Compared to the vertical turbulent flux, the contribution of horizontal flux divergence is negligible on the scale of 20 km at all times. The contributions of both horizontal and vertical advection terms to NEE estimates are negligible in the day. The mean nocturnal vertical and horizontal components of the advective fluxes have opposite signs and are of the same order of magnitude. Considering only one of the two advection terms in NEE calculation would be inappropriate. On the spatial scale specified, the contribution of horizontal advection is negative and can be 10% of NEE at night under sustained SE winds. The contribution of vertical advection is positive and is about 20% of NEE for the same wind direction. The contribution of nocturnal advection is negligible for most cases with sustained NW winds. The evaluation of the advective effects is still incomplete only from this dataset and significant contribution of advection on the scales smaller than 20 km is not ruled out because the 20-km scale may not be the primary scale of the heterogeneous distributions of land cover and soils. Nevertheless, the analyses suggest that significant errors due to the neglect of the impacts of the land cover and soil heterogeneity at larger scales (than local) are possible in one-dimensional eddy-covariance NEE measurements under windy conditions; these measurements are usually selected to describe nighttime NEE at this site and, therefore, the likely errors may deserve attention. The analyses also suggest that impacts of both advection terms within the surface layer on NEE estimates from the atmospheric boundary budget method could be negligible in the day but significant at night. More comprehensive experiments are needed to completely assess the advection issue. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wang, WG (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,K9-30, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM wang@essc.psu.edu RI Wang, Weiguo/B-4948-2009; Cook, Bruce/M-4828-2013; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Ricciuto, Daniel/I-3659-2016 OI Cook, Bruce/0000-0002-8528-000X; Ricciuto, Daniel/0000-0002-3668-3021 NR 36 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 14 PY 2005 VL 135 IS 1-4 BP 202 EP 214 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.018 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 021WY UT WOS:000236017800018 ER PT J AU Godin, OA Naugolnykh, KA AF Godin, OA Naugolnykh, KA TI Guided propagation of naturally occurring infrasound in the troposphere and stratosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Understanding microbarom observations requires a quantitative description of diffracted arrivals which are not predicted by ray theory. A simple and efficient wave description of diffracted arrivals propagating in the troposphere and stratosphere is proposed. It is found that under certain conditions the diffracted arrivals can account for a considerable portion of the total infrasonic energy transmitted from a source on the ocean surface. C1 NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr, Mail Code R PSD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 14 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 23 AR L23824 DI 10.1029/2005GL024585 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 998BI UT WOS:000234292500007 ER PT J AU Hemant, K Maus, S AF Hemant, K Maus, S TI Geological modeling of the new CHAMP magnetic anomaly maps using a geographical information system technique SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID WAVELENGTH AEROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES; REMANENT MAGNETIZATION; MAGSAT DATA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; INDIAN-OCEAN; THERMOREMANENT MAGNETIZATION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; EVOLUTION; FIELD AB [1] Reliable global crustal field anomaly maps produced from magnetic measurements of the CHAMP satellite mission now allow for quantitative geological studies of crustal structure and composition. We have developed a GIS based forward modeling technique to model these anomaly maps. On the basis of the geologic and tectonic maps of the world, laboratory susceptibility values of the occurring rock types, and the seismic thickness of the crust, a vertically integrated susceptibility grid is generated in the GIS system. In addition, a remanent magnetization grid is computed for the oceanic crust using a digital isochron map of the ocean floor and rotation models of the paleoplates. Combining the global VIS and remanent magnetization grids, the vertical magnetic field anomaly is computed at satellite altitude and compared with the corresponding CHAMP magnetic anomaly map. Over the oceans, induced and remanent magnetization explains well the prominent observed anomalies over the Cretaceous quiet zones. We also find a good agreement between predicted and observed anomalies over the continents. Remaining discrepancies between the predicted and observed anomalies can be used to adjust poorly known boundaries and the composition of the buried Precambrian provinces, until the recomputed anomalies fit the observed anomalies. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated on Greenland, the West African Craton, Bangui in central Africa, and the Kolyma-Omolon Block in Siberia. We conclude that quantitative information on the lateral extent, the composition and the thickness of the lower crust within a Precambrian province can thus be inferred from the new satellite magnetic anomaly maps. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Brandenberg, Germany. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Brandenberg, Germany. EM hemant@gfz-potsdam.de NR 93 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD DEC 14 PY 2005 VL 110 IS B12 AR B12103 DI 10.1029/2005JB003837 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 998CL UT WOS:000234295500006 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Osthoff, HD Stark, H Dube, WP Ryerson, TB Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Wollny, AG Parrish, DD Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Osthoff, HD Stark, H Dube, WP Ryerson, TB Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Wollny, AG Parrish, DD Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR TI Aircraft observations of daytime NO3 and N2O5 and their implications for tropospheric chemistry SO JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nitrate radical; dinitrogen pentoxide ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; QUANTUM YIELDS; AEROSOLS; ABSORPTION; PRODUCT; SYSTEM; DEPENDENCE; RADICALS; KINETICS; FOREST AB The nitrate radical (NO3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are normally considered only in the context of nighttime atmospheric chemistry. Although their importance during the day is often small, it is not always negligible. Here, we present daylight observations of both compounds from the NOAA P-3 aircraft taken during the New England Air Quality Study in the summer of 2004. Observed mixing ratios agreed with predictions from a simple, rapidly established daytime steady state, although observed and calculated mixing ratios of NO3 were near the instrumental detection limit. The observations have several implications for tropospheric chemistry during the daytime, including the loss of ozone through photolysis of NO3 to NO + O-2, oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), and conversion of NOx (=NO + NO2) to HNO3 via N2O5 hydrolysis. The magnitude of each process is considered in comparison to its photochemically driven analog. For example, NO3 oxidation of alpha-pinene in the presence of NOx contributes 10-40% of the total daytime oxidation rate. Hydrolysis of N2O5 increases the daytime conversion rate of NOx to HNO3 by several percent, with a maximum of 13%, relative to OH + NO2. The implications of these observations for daytime NO3 and N2O5 reactions in a variety of locations and seasons are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Dube, William/I-1658-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Dube, William/0000-0003-1286-4087; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Osthoff, Hans/0000-0001-7155-6493 NR 40 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 1010-6030 J9 J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO A JI J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. PD DEC 14 PY 2005 VL 176 IS 1-3 BP 270 EP 278 DI 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.10.004 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 991BQ UT WOS:000233787600029 ER PT J AU Yoon, WS Balasubramanian, M Chung, KY Yang, XQ McBreen, J Grey, CP Fischer, DA AF Yoon, WS Balasubramanian, M Chung, KY Yang, XQ McBreen, J Grey, CP Fischer, DA TI Investigation of the charge compensation mechanism on the electrochemically Li-ion deintercalated Li1-xCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 electrode system by combination of soft and hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LINI0.5MN0.5O2 CATHODE MATERIAL; FINE-STRUCTURE; RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; OK-EDGE; LICOO2; DICHROISM; EXAFS AB In situ hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at metal K-edges and soft XAS at O K-edge and metal L-edges have been carried out during the first charging process for the layered Li1-xCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material. The metal K-edge XANES results show that the major charge compensation at the metal site during Li-ion deintercalation is achieved by the oxidation of Ni2+ ions, while the manganese ions and the cobalt ions remain mostly unchanged in the Mn4+ and Co3+ state. These conclusions are in good agreement with the results of the metal K-edge EXAFS data. Metal L-edge XAS results at different charge states in both the FY and PEY modes show that, unlike Mn and Co ions, Ni ions at the surface are oxidized to Ni3+ during charge, whereas Ni ions in the bulk are further oxidized to Ni4+ during charge. From the observation of O K-edge XAS results, we can conclude that a large portion of the charge compensation during Li-ion deintercalation is achieved in the oxygen site. By comparison to our earlier results on the Li1-xNi0.5Mn0.5O2 system, we attribute the active participation of oxygen in the redox process in Li1-xCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 to be related to the presence of Co in this system. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, WS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM wonsuby@bnl.gov RI Chung, Kyung Yoon/E-4646-2011; Yoon, Won-Sub/H-2343-2011 OI Chung, Kyung Yoon/0000-0002-1273-746X; NR 37 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 10 U2 97 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 14 PY 2005 VL 127 IS 49 BP 17479 EP 17487 DI 10.1021/ja0530568 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 992XO UT WOS:000233917500072 PM 16332100 ER PT J AU Cooper, OR Stohl, A Hubler, G Hsie, EY Parrish, DD Tuck, AF Kiladis, GN Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Shapiro, M Moody, JL Lefohn, AS AF Cooper, OR Stohl, A Hubler, G Hsie, EY Parrish, DD Tuck, AF Kiladis, GN Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Shapiro, M Moody, JL Lefohn, AS TI Direct transport of midlatitude stratospheric ozone into the lower troposphere and marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION TRANSPORT; PEM-TROPICS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CUTOFF LOW; CLIMATOLOGY; INTRUSIONS; AIRCRAFT; TROPOPAUSE; EXCHANGE; MODELS AB The detailed survey of midlatitude stratospheric intrusions penetrating into the Northern Hemisphere tropics was one goal of the Pacific Sub-Tropical Jet Study 2004, conducted from Honolulu, Hawaii, during 19-29 January and 28 February to 15 March. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration G-IV jet aircraft, instrumented with dropsondes and a 1-s resolution ozone instrument, we targeted an intrusion above Hawaii on 29 February. The data describe the strongest tropospheric ozone enhancements ever measured above Hawaii (in comparison to a 22 year ozonesonde record) and illustrate the mixing of stratospheric ozone into the midtroposphere as a result of convection triggered by the advection of relatively cold midlatitude air into the tropics. Measurements from the G-IV and Mauna Loa Observatory (3.4 km) show enhanced ozone in the lower troposphere, indicating that the remnants of the intrusion reached these levels. This conclusion is supported by a study using a stratospheric ozone tracer generated by the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model. This paper also describes a similar intrusion that enhanced ozone at Mauna Loa on 10 March, as well as Honolulu, which is located in the marine boundary layer. G-IV flights in and out of Honolulu measured enhanced ozone associated with this event on several occasions. The 10 March event transported an estimated 1.75 Tg of ozone into the tropical troposphere, and we suggest that stratospheric intrusions that break away from the polar jet stream as they advect into the tropics are more effective at transporting ozone into the troposphere than intrusions that remain close to the polar jet stream in midlatitudes. Analysis of the dynamic conditions indicates that the frequency of stratospheric intrusions was not anomalous during January-March 2004. While the 10 March event was by itself an extreme event, strong stratospheric intrusions can be expected to influence the tropical lower troposphere in any year. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. ASL & Associates, Helena, MT 59601 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM owen.r.cooper@noaa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Hsie, Eirh-Yu/I-4449-2013; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Hsie, Eirh-Yu/0000-0003-3934-9923; Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724 NR 58 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 13 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D23 AR D23310 DI 10.1029/2005JD005783 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 998BU UT WOS:000234293700001 ER PT J AU Held, IM Delworth, TL Lu, J Findell, KL Knutson, TR AF Held, IM Delworth, TL Lu, J Findell, KL Knutson, TR TI Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE African drought; climate change; global warming ID RAINFALL; CLIMATE; ATLANTIC; AFRICA; SST AB The Sahel, the transition zone between the Saharan desert and the rainforests of Central Africa and the Guinean Coast, experienced a severe drying trend from the 1950s to the 1980s, from which there has been partial recovery. Continuation of either the drying trend or the more recent ameliorating trend would have far-ranging implications for the economy and ecology of the region. Coupled atmosphere/ocean climate models being used to simulate the future climate have had difficulty simulating Sahel rainfall variations comparable to those observed, thus calling into question their ability to predict future climate change in this region. We describe simulations using a new global climate model that capture several aspects of the 20th century rainfall record in the Sahel. An ensemble mean over eight realizations shows a drying trend in the second half of the century of nearly half of the observed amplitude. Individual realizations can be found that display striking similarity to the observed time series and drying pattern, consistent with the hypothesis that the observations are a superposition of an externally forced trend and internal variability. The drying trend in the ensemble mean of the model simulations is attributable to anthropogenic forcing, partly to an increase in aerosol loading and partly to an increase in greenhouse gases. The model projects a drier Sahel in the future, due primarily to increasing greenhouse gases. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Held, IM (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM isaac.held@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Findell, Kirsten/D-4430-2014 NR 26 TC 198 Z9 207 U1 4 U2 34 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 13 PY 2005 VL 102 IS 50 BP 17891 EP 17896 DI 10.1073/pnas.0509057102 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 994DL UT WOS:000234010500004 PM 16322101 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DE Anderson, ME AF Stevenson, DE Anderson, ME TI Bothrocara nyx: a new species of eelpout (Perciformes : Zoarcidae) from the Bering Sea SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE North Pacific; Bering Sea; taxonomy; Zoarcoidei; Zoarcidae; new species AB A new species of eelpout, Bothrocara nyx, is described from the eastern Bering Sea slope on the basis of 142 specimens collected during bottom trawl surveys conducted from 2000 through 2004. This species has a small maximum size, a short snout, a relatively low number of small vomerine and palatine teeth, a high number of gill rakers, and a heavily pigmented mouth and gill chamber. It is similar to B. pusillum, but differs in the number of gill rakers, and in the morphology of gill rakers and pectoral fins. It can be distinguished from all other congeners on the basis of morphometric and meristic characters. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, JLB Smith Inst Ichthyol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. RP Stevenson, DE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM duane.stevenson@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD DEC 13 PY 2005 IS 1094 BP 53 EP 64 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 993QU UT WOS:000233970800004 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M AF Dizdaroglu, M TI Base-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage by DNA glycosylases SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Review DE base-excision repairs; DNA glycosylases; free radicals; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; modified DNA bases; oxidative DNA damage ID COLI ENDONUCLEASE-VIII; APURINIC APYRIMIDINIC SITES; DIFFUSION-DRIVEN MECHANISMS; REPRESSOR-OPERATOR INTERACTION; CYTOSINE-DERIVED LESIONS; GENERATED FREE-RADICALS; PROTEIN S3 CONTAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY AB Oxidative damage to DNA caused by free radicals and other oxidants generate base and sugar damage, strand breaks, Clustered sites, tandem lesions and DNA-protein cross-links. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by base-excision repair in living cells with the involvement of DNA glycosylases in the first step and other enzymes in subsequent steps. DNA glycosylases remove modified bases from DNA, generating an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. Some of these enzymes that remove oxidatively modified DNA bases also possess AP-lyase activity to cleave DNA at AP sites. DNA glycosylases possess varying substrate specificities, and some of them exhibit cross-activity for removal of both pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. Most studies on substrate specificities and excision kinetics of DNA glycosylases were performed using oligonucleotides with a single modified base incorporated at a specific position. Other studies used high-molecular weight DNA containing multiple pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. In this case, substrate specificities and excision kinetics were found to be different from those observed with oligonucleotides. This paper reviews substrate specificities and excision kinetics of DNA glycosylases for removal of pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions in high-molecular weight DNA. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM miral@nist.gov NR 110 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 11 PY 2005 VL 591 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 59 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.01.033 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 993OK UT WOS:000233963200007 PM 16054172 ER PT J AU Hu, JP de Souza-Pinto, NC Haraguchi, K Hogue, BA Jaruga, P Greenberg, MM Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA AF Hu, JP de Souza-Pinto, NC Haraguchi, K Hogue, BA Jaruga, P Greenberg, MM Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA TI Repair of formamidopyrimidines in DNA involves different glycosylases - Role of the OGG1, NTH1, and NEIL1 enzymes SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVELY DAMAGED DNA; BASE DAMAGE; ENDONUCLEASE-VIII; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CENTER-DOT; IN-VIVO; LESIONS; EXCISION; IDENTIFICATION; CHROMATIN AB The oxidatively induced DNA lesions 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyA) are formed abundantly in DNA of cultured cells or tissues exposed to ionizing radiation or to other free radical-generating systems. In vitro studies indicate that these lesions are miscoding, can block the progression of DNA polymerases, and are substrates for base excision repair. However, no study has yet addressed how these lesions are metabolized in cellular extracts. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing FapyG and FapyA at defined positions was recently reported. These constructs allowed us to investigate the repair of Fapy lesions in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from wild type and knock-out mice lacking the two major DNA glycosylases for repair of oxidative DNA damage, OGG1and NTH1. The background level of FapyG/FapyA in DNA from these mice was also determined. Endogenous FapyG levels in liver DNA from wild type mice were significantly higher than 8-hydroxyguanine levels. FapyG and FapyA were efficiently repaired in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from wild type animals but not in the glycosylase-deficient mice. Our results indicated that OGG1 and NTH1 are the major DNA glycosylases for the removal of FapyG and FapyA, respectively. Tissue-specific analysis suggested that other DNA glycosylases may contribute to FapyA repair when NTH1 is poorly expressed. We identified NEIL1 in liver mitochondria, which could account for the residual incision activity in the absence of OGG1 and NTH1. FapyG and FapyA levels were significantly elevated in DNA from the knock-out mice, underscoring the biological role of OGG1 and NTH1 in the repair of these lesions. C1 NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Bohr, VA (reprint author), NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, IRP, NIH, Box1,5600 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. EM vbohr@nih.gov RI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/C-3462-2013; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 OI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/0000-0003-4206-964X; FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-074954] NR 43 TC 117 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 9 PY 2005 VL 280 IS 49 BP 40544 EP 40551 DI 10.1074/jbc.M508772200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 989IR UT WOS:000233666600021 PM 16221681 ER PT J AU Chung, JH Matsuda, M Lee, SH Kakurai, K Ueda, H Sato, TJ Takagi, H Hong, KP Park, S AF Chung, JH Matsuda, M Lee, SH Kakurai, K Ueda, H Sato, TJ Takagi, H Hong, KP Park, S TI Statics and dynamics of incommensurate spin order in a geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet CdCr2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; OXIDES; LIQUID; TRANSITION; SYSTEM AB Using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering we show that a cubic spinel, CdCr2O4, undergoes an elongation along the c axis (c > a=b) at its spin-Peierls-like phase transition at T-N=7.8 K. The Neel phase (T < T-N) has an incommensurate spin structure with a characteristic wave vector Q(M)=(0,delta,1) with delta similar to 0.09 and with spins lying on the ac plane. This is in stark contrast to another well-known Cr-based spinel, ZnCr2O4, that undergoes a c-axis contraction and a commensurate spin order. The magnetic excitation of the incommensurate Neel state has a weak anisotropy gap of 0.6 meV and it consists of at least three bands extending up to 5 meV. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Korea Atom Energy Res Inst, HANARO, Taejon, South Korea. RP Chung, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Takagi, Hidenori/B-2935-2010; Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015; Matsuda, Masaaki/A-6902-2016 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998; Matsuda, Masaaki/0000-0003-2209-9526 NR 25 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 9 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 24 AR 247204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.247204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 991PO UT WOS:000233826100067 PM 16384420 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Thompson, DWJ Portmann, RW Oltmans, SJ Thompson, AM AF Solomon, S Thompson, DWJ Portmann, RW Oltmans, SJ Thompson, AM TI On the distribution and variability of ozone in the tropical upper troposphere: Implications for tropical deep convection and chemical-dynamical coupling SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATOLOGY; TEMPERATURES; PACIFIC; SURFACE; TRENDS; LAYER; TOMS AB Tropical ozonesonde measurements display events of substantially reduced or near-zero ozone in the upper troposphere that can be coherent over broad spatial scales. Available observations indicate that these events occur most frequently between about 300 and 100 mbar in the tropical southwest Pacific region. The spatial structure of the events suggests linkages to deep convection as the primary cause, with the potential for long-range transport from the southwest Pacific to other locations. Observations are sparse in time as well as space, but suggest possible long-term changes in tropical ozone transport and the frequency of deep convection there since the 1980s. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Solomon, S (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 S Broadway,Bldg 22, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ssolomon@al.noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Thompson, David/F-9627-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 18 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 23 AR L23813 DI 10.1029/2005GL024323 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 997LN UT WOS:000234247000004 ER PT J AU Ziemkiewicz, M Wojcik, M Nesbitt, DJ AF Ziemkiewicz, M Wojcik, M Nesbitt, DJ TI Direct evidence for nonadiabatic dynamics in atom plus polyatom reactions: Crossed-jet laser studies of F+D2O -> DF+OD SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLING BIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; MOLECULAR-BEAM EXPERIMENTS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; STATE-RESOLVED DYNAMICS; BOND SELECTED REACTION; SPIN-ORBIT REACTIVITY; REACTION PRODUCTS; INFRARED CHEMILUMINESCENCE; CONICAL INTERSECTIONS; AB-INITIO AB Quantum-state-resolved reactive-scattering dynamics of F+D2O -> DF+OD have been studied at E-c.m.=5(1) kcal/mol in low-density crossed supersonic jets, exploiting pulsed discharge sources of F atom and laser-induced fluorescence to detect the nascent OD product under single-collision conditions. The product OD is formed exclusively in the v(OD)=0 state with only modest rotational excitation (< E-rot >=0.50(1) kcal/mol), consistent with the relatively weak coupling of the 18.1(1) kcal/mol reaction exothermicity into "spectator" bond degrees of freedom. The majority of OD products [68(1)%] are found in the ground ((2)Pi(+/-)(3/2)) spin-orbit state, which adiabatically correlates with reaction over the lowest and only energetically accessible barrier (Delta E-not equal approximate to 4 kcal/mol). However, 32(1)% of molecules are produced in the excited spin-orbit state ((2)Pi(+/-)(1/2)), although from a purely adiabatic perspective, this requires passage over a Delta E-not equal approximate to 25 kcal/mol barrier energetically inaccessible at these collision energies. This provides unambiguous evidence for nonadiabatic surface hopping in F+D2O atom abstraction reactions, indicating that reactive-scattering dynamics even in simple atom+polyatom systems is not always isolated on the ground electronic surface. Additionally, the nascent OD rotational states are well fitted by a two-temperature Boltzmann distribution, suggesting correlated branching of the reaction products into the DF(v=2,3) vibrational manifold. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ziemkiewicz, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 97 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 8 PY 2005 VL 123 IS 22 AR 224307 DI 10.1063/1.2098648 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 995RF UT WOS:000234120800019 PM 16375476 ER PT J AU Overland, JE Wang, MY AF Overland, JE Wang, MY TI The third Arctic climate pattern: 1930s and early 2000s SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; AIR-TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; TRENDS; WINTER; FRAMEWORK; PRESSURE AB Persistent near-surface warm temperature anomalies have occurred in two localized areas, eastern Siberia/ East Siberian Sea and northeastern Canada/Baffin Bay, during winter and spring in recent years ( 2000 - 2005) in contrast to previous decades. The proximate cause in winter was a northward displacement and strengthening of the Aleutian Low and a weakening of the Icelandic Low. Spring showed a dipole pattern with higher sea-level pressure (SLP) on the North American side of the Arctic and lower pressures over Eurasia. Phase space trajectories of arctic climate for 1951 2005 based on the first two EOFs of SLP, the Arctic Oscillation and a Pacific North American-like (PNA*) pattern, show multi-annual variability leading to lower SLP and warmer temperatures in the last decades of the 20th century. Recent winters have some projection onto PNA*, but the SLP dipole in recent springs does not strongly project onto either of the two basic climate patterns. The period from 1928 - 1935 also had a dipole structure in SLP, which contributed to the interdecadal arctic-wide warm temperature anomalies in the first half of the 20th century. Recognition of the recent persistent and somewhat unique Arctic climate pattern is important as it contributes to the ongoing reorganization of arctic ecosystems. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM james.e.overland@noaa.gov RI Wang, Muyin/K-4006-2014 NR 21 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 7 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 23 AR L23808 DI 10.1029/2005GL024254 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 997LL UT WOS:000234246800005 ER PT J AU Bender, ML Ho, DT Hendricks, MB Mika, R Battle, MO Tans, PP Conway, TJ Sturtevant, B Cassar, N AF Bender, ML Ho, DT Hendricks, MB Mika, R Battle, MO Tans, PP Conway, TJ Sturtevant, B Cassar, N TI Atmospheric O(2)/N(2) changes, 1993-2002: Implications for the partitioning of fossil fuel CO(2) sequestration SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE AIR; GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS; O-2 CONCENTRATION; REDFIELD RATIOS; OCEANIC UPTAKE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; DIOXIDE; CLIMATE AB Improvements made to an established mass spectrometric method for measuring changes in atmospheric O(2)/N(2) are described. With the improvements in sample handling and analysis, sample throughput and analytical precision have both increased. Aliquots from duplicate flasks are repeatedly measured over a period of 2 weeks, with an overall standard error in each flask of 3 - 4 per meg, corresponding to 0.6 - 0.8 ppm O(2) in air. Records of changes in O(2)/N(2) from six global sampling stations (Barrow, American Samoa, Cape Grim, Amsterdam Island, Macquarie Island, and Syowa Station) are presented. Combined with measurements of CO(2) from the same sample flasks, land and ocean carbon uptake were calculated from the three sampling stations with the longest records ( Barrow, Samoa, and Cape Grim). From 1994 - 2002, We find the average CO(2) uptake by the ocean and the land biosphere was 1.7 +/- 0.5 and 1.0 +/- 0.6 GtC yr(-1) respectively; these numbers include a correction of 0.3 Gt C yr(-1) due to secular outgassing of ocean O(2). Interannual variability calculated from these data shows a strong land carbon source associated with the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event, supporting many previous studies indicating that high atmospheric growth rates observed during most El Nino events reflect diminished land uptake. Calculations of interannual variability in land and ocean uptake are probably confounded by non-zero annual air sea fluxes of O(2). The origin of these fluxes is not yet understood. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Bowdoin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bender, ML (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM bender@princeton.edu RI Ho, David/A-3154-2011; Cassar, Nicolas/B-4260-2011 OI Ho, David/0000-0002-0944-6952; NR 58 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 7 PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 AR GB4017 DI 10.1029/2004GB002410 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 997LU UT WOS:000234247800001 ER PT J AU Palacios, DM Bograd, SJ AF Palacios, DM Bograd, SJ TI A census of Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies in the northeastern tropical Pacific SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; RINGS; GULF AB We use a 12-year ( 1992 - 2004) time series of satellite altimetry to characterize long-lived, wind-generated anticyclonic eddies originating in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo in the northeastern tropical Pacific. A total of 42 Tehuantepec and 26 Papagayo eddies were observed. Eddy merging, usually of a Tehuantepec-Papagayo pair, was observed on 16 occasions. On average, the eddy season began in late October and lasted approximately 250 days until early July, with 3.5 Tehuantepec and 2.2 Papagayo eddies formed each year. Minimum average eddy lifespan was 143 days and 84 days for Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies, respectively. There was considerable interannual variability in eddy activity, with greater ( fewer) number of eddies, more intense ( weaker) eddies, and a longer ( shorter) eddy season during El Nino ( La Nina) years. Eddy intensification was consistently observed at the East Pacific Rise. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Palacios, DM (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM daniel.palacios@noaa.gov RI Palacios, Daniel/B-9180-2008 OI Palacios, Daniel/0000-0001-7069-7913 NR 18 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 6 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 23 AR L23606 DI 10.1029/2005GL024324 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 997LJ UT WOS:000234246600007 ER PT J AU Aguilar, E Peterson, TC Obando, PR Frutos, R Retana, JA Solera, M Soley, J Garcia, IG Araujo, RM Santos, AR Valle, VE Brunet, M Aguilar, L Alvarez, L Bautista, M Castanon, C Herrera, L Ruano, E Sinay, JJ Sanchez, E Oviedo, GIH Obed, F Salgado, JE Vazquez, JL Baca, M Gutierrez, M Centella, C Espinosa, J Martinez, D Olmedo, B Espinoza, CEO Nunez, R Haylock, M Benavides, H Mayorga, R AF Aguilar, E Peterson, TC Obando, PR Frutos, R Retana, JA Solera, M Soley, J Garcia, IG Araujo, RM Santos, AR Valle, VE Brunet, M Aguilar, L Alvarez, L Bautista, M Castanon, C Herrera, L Ruano, E Sinay, JJ Sanchez, E Oviedo, GIH Obed, F Salgado, JE Vazquez, JL Baca, M Gutierrez, M Centella, C Espinosa, J Martinez, D Olmedo, B Espinoza, CEO Nunez, R Haylock, M Benavides, H Mayorga, R TI Changes in precipitation and temperature extremes in Central America and northern South America, 1961-2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EXTENDED RECONSTRUCTION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; PACIFIC; REVISION; TRENDS; MODEL AB [1] In November 2004, a regional climate change workshop was held in Guatemala with the goal of analyzing how climate extremes had changed in the region. Scientists from Central America and northern South America brought long-term daily temperature and precipitation time series from meteorological stations in their countries to the workshop. After undergoing careful quality control procedures and a homogeneity assessment, the data were used to calculate a suite of climate change indices over the 1961 - 2003 period. Analysis of these indices reveals a general warming trend in the region. The occurrence of extreme warm maximum and minimum temperatures has increased while extremely cold temperature events have decreased. Precipitation indices, despite the large and expected spatial variability, indicate that although no significant increases in the total amount are found, rainfall events are intensifying and the contribution of wet and very wet days are enlarging. Temperature and precipitation indices were correlated with northern and equatorial Atlantic and Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures. However, those indices having the largest significant trends ( percentage of warm days, precipitation intensity, and contribution from very wet days) have low correlations to El Nino - Southern Oscillation. Additionally, precipitation indices show a higher correlation with tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures. C1 Univ Rovira & Virgili Tarragona, Climate Change Res Grp, Geog Unit, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. NOAA, NAtl Climat Data Ctr, Climate Anal Branch, Asheville, NC USA. Comite Reg Recursos Hidraul Istmo Ctr Amer, Pavas, Costa Rica. Philip Goldson Int Airport, Natl Meteorol Serv, Belize City, Belize. Inst Meteorol Nacl, San Jose, Costa Rica. Univ Costa Rica, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. Inst Meteorol Cuba, Ctr Clima, Havana, Cuba. Serv Nacl Estudios Terr, Serv Meteorol, San Salvador, El Salvador. Mesoamer Food Secur Early Warning Syst, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Inst Nacl Sismol Vulcanol Meteorol & Hidrol, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Empresa Nacl Energia Elect, Comayaguela, Honduras. Serv Meteorol Nacl Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Dept Meteorol Gen, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Inst Nicaraguense Estudios Terr, Managua, Nicaragua. Empresa Transmis Elect, Panama City, Panama. Autoridad Canal Panama, Panama City, Panama. Autoridad Nacl Ambiente, Panama City, Panama. Serv Meteorol, Caracas, Venezuela. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Inst Hidrol Meteorol & Estudios Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia. RP Aguilar, E (reprint author), Univ Rovira & Virgili Tarragona, Climate Change Res Grp, Geog Unit, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. EM enric.aguilar@urv.net RI Aguilar, Enric/L-4971-2014; Manola, Brunet-India/E-8239-2010 OI Manola, Brunet-India/0000-0002-9386-710X NR 29 TC 159 Z9 170 U1 7 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 6 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D23 AR D23107 DI 10.1029/2005JD006119 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 997LW UT WOS:000234248000004 ER PT J AU Dery, SJ Sheffield, J Wood, EF AF Dery, SJ Sheffield, J Wood, EF TI Connectivity between Eurasian snow cover extent and Canadian snow water equivalent and river discharge SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; GLOBAL CLIMATE; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; HEMISPHERE WINTER; RELATIVE IMPACTS; SURFACE CLIMATE; HEAT-BALANCE; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES AB [1] We explore pan-Arctic climate connectivity by examining historical time series of satellite-based measurements of Eurasian snow cover extent and of observed Canadian snow water equivalent (SWE) and freshwater discharge, with a focus on the Churchill River Basin of Labrador and the Chesterfield Inlet Basin of Nunavut. Analysis of the data reveals statistically significant positive ( negative) correlations between spring and summer Eurasian standardized snow cover extent anomalies and annual maximum monthly SWE as well as freshwater discharge in the Churchill River ( Chesterfield Inlet) Basin the following year. A spatially coherent response to the forcing is observed since 19 rivers draining more than 0.6 x 10(6) km(2) of northern Quebec and Labrador and with a mean annual total discharge of 320 km(3) yr(-1) show statistically significant positive correlations to the annual Eurasian standardized snow cover extent anomalies. The origin of this pan-Arctic climate connectivity is related to the persistent nature of the Eurasian snow cover extent anomalies and the associated accumulated gains or deficits in the surface radiation and water budgets that impose a memory in the climate system. The Eurasian snow cover extent anomalies provide some degree of predictability ( up to 1 year in advance) of the surface water budget in the Churchill River and Chesterfield Inlet Basins. They further suggest that a declining trend in Eurasian snow cover extent will yield decreasing ( increasing) SWE and river discharge in the Churchill River ( Chesterfield Inlet) Basin in the 21st century. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Dery, SJ (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Environm Sci & Engn Program, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. EM sdery@unbc.ca RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; OI Sheffield, Justin/0000-0003-2400-0630 NR 52 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 6 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D23 AR D23106 DI 10.1029/2005JD006173 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 997LW UT WOS:000234248000007 ER PT J AU Janowiak, JE Kousky, VE Joyce, RJ AF Janowiak, JE Kousky, VE Joyce, RJ TI Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE MICROWAVE; UNITED-STATES; CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY; RAINFALL ALGORITHM; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INFRARED DATA; CLIMATOLOGY; SATELLITE; MODEL; BRAZIL AB [1] The diurnal cycle of precipitation is examined both regionally and globally in this paper using high spatial and temporal resolution precipitation analyses that have been produced by NOAA's Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH). The 8-km spatial resolution ( at the equator) and 30-minute temporal resolution of these analyses permit an in-depth look at the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the globe. First, a macroscopic global view of the diurnal cycle of precipitation is presented. Power spectrum analysis reveals that the diurnal variations in global precipitation dominate the variability compared to all other timescales. Next, detailed regional examinations are made over the Americas that reveal intricate features of the diurnal cycle that have not been documented extensively to date. The results of this examination are contrasted with earlier studies that are based on IR data, and with studies that make use of spaceborne passive microwave data that are considerably less complete in space and time than are used in this study. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RS Informat Syst, McLean, VA USA. RP NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM john.janowiak@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 6 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D23 AR D23105 DI 10.1029/2005JD006156 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 997LW UT WOS:000234248000006 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Russell, LM Bradford, DF AF Ming, Y Russell, LM Bradford, DF TI Health and climate policy impacts on sulfur emission control SO REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review ID PARTICULATE MATTER AB [1] Sulfate aerosol from burning fossil fuels not only has strong cooling effects on the Earth's climate but also imposes substantial costs on human health. To assess the impact of addressing air pollution on climate policy, we incorporate both the climate and health effects of sulfate aerosol into an integrated-assessment model of fossil fuel emission control. Our simulations show that a policy that adjusts fossil fuel and sulfur emissions to address both warming and health simultaneously will support more stringent fossil fuel and sulfur controls. The combination of both climate and health objectives leads to an acceleration of global warming in the 21st century as a result of the short-term climate response to the decreased cooling from the immediate removal of short-lived sulfate aerosol. In the long term ( more than 100 years), reducing sulfate aerosol emissions requires that we decrease fossil fuel combustion in general, thereby removing some of the coemitted carbon emissions and leading to a reduction in global warming. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch Publ & Int Affairs, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ming, Y (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM yi.ming@noaa.gov; lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 8755-1209 J9 REV GEOPHYS JI Rev. Geophys. PD DEC 6 PY 2005 VL 43 IS 4 AR RG4001 DI 10.1029/2004RG000167 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 997NC UT WOS:000234251300001 ER PT J AU Oh, S Bonetti, JA Inderhees, K Van Harlingen, DJ Eckstein, JN AF Oh, S Bonetti, JA Inderhees, K Van Harlingen, DJ Eckstein, JN TI Spatially selective and reversible doping control in cuprate films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; OXIDE AB We describe a reversible, spatially controlled doping method for cuprate films. The technique has been used to create superconductor-antiferromagnetic insulator-superconductor (S-AFI-S) junctions and optimally doped superconductor-underdoped superconductor-optimally doped superconductor cuprate structures. We demonstrate how the S-AFI-S structure can be employed to reliably measure the transport properties of the antiferromagnetic insulator region at cryogenic temperatures using the superconductors as seamless electrical leads. We also discuss applied and fundamental issues which may be addressed with the structures created with this doping method. Although it is implemented on a cuprate film (YBa2Cu3O7-delta) in this work, the method can also be applied to any mixed-valence transition metal oxide whose physical properties are determined by oxygen content. (c) 2005 Americian Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM soh4@uiuc.edu NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 5 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 23 AR 231911 DI 10.1063/1.2138356 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 990DK UT WOS:000233723200033 ER PT J AU Shoosmith, DR Baringer, MO Johns, WE AF Shoosmith, DR Baringer, MO Johns, WE TI A continuous record of Florida Current temperature transport at 27 degrees N SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; VOLUME AB As part of a newly funded international program to monitor ocean heat transport at mid-latitudes in the North Atlantic, a continuous estimate of the temperature transport of the Florida Current is required. Since 1982, volume transports have been inferred from voltage measurements monitored by submarine telephone cables across the Straits of Florida. Electromagnetic induction theory suggests that the cable voltage should actually give a more direct measure of conductivity transport than pure volume transport. Due to the strong dependence of conductivity on temperature, this would in theory result in a direct and continuous estimate of the Florida Current temperature transport. This hypothesis is investigated using data from a large number of temperature and velocity sections (58) across the Florida Current at the cable location, leading to a new calibration of the voltage signal for the temperature transport of the Florida Current, crucial for trans-basin heat flux estimates. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Shoosmith, DR (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. EM drsho@bas.ac.uk RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 3 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 23 AR L23603 DI 10.1029/2005GL024075 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 993EJ UT WOS:000233936000002 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, T TI A study of the NOAA 16 AMSU-A brightness temperatures observed over Amazon rain forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOUNDING UNIT-A; CALIBRATION; LAND; RETRIEVAL; RADAR; MODEL AB Angular distributions of brightness temperatures over the Amazon rain forest observed by the NOAA 16 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) window channels are studied and simulated with a radiative transfer model. The model is based on a combination of the atmospheric radiative transfer model and a vegetation canopy model which treats the rain forest as a uniform layer with an effective canopy temperature. Since emission from the ground surface is heavily attenuated by the rain forest canopy, only radiations from the rain forest canopy and the atmospheric medium contribute to the measurements. The measured angular distributions of brightness temperatures at the four window channels 1-3 and 15 (with frequencies centered at 23.8, 31.4, 50.3, and 89 GHz, respectively), have relatively small angular dependence that is attributed to the atmospheric path length since the canopy radiation is angular-independent. Data used in this study are collected from April 2001 to October 2002 for 1 month in each season. Angular distributions of the data from each month show remarkably stable patterns which can be well simulated by the model developed in this study. For the four window channels, ascending (day time 2 PM in the Sun) and descending (nighttime 2 AM in dark) measurements differ by 3-8 K, depending on channels. The root-mean-square (RMS) differences between 2 years' angular distributions for all four channels and the three overlapping months (April, July, and October) are 0.82 K for the ascending passes, and 0.47 K for the descending passes, respectively. The stable pattern and small variation of angular distributions can be potentially useful for postlaunch calibration of future microwave instruments. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 3 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D23 AR D23102 DI 10.1029/2005JD006434 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 993EN UT WOS:000233936600007 ER PT J AU Cho, KS Moon, YJ Dryer, M Shanmugaraju, A Fry, CD Kim, YH Bong, SC Park, YD AF Cho, KS Moon, YJ Dryer, M Shanmugaraju, A Fry, CD Kim, YH Bong, SC Park, YD TI Examination of type II origin with SOHO/LASCO observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; WIND SPACECRAFT DATA; GOPALSWAMY,N. ET-AL; SOLAR-FLARE MYTH; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; RADIO-BURSTS; LARGE-ANGLE; CMES; TRANSIENTS; DENSITY AB [1] We examine a possibility that metric type II solar radio bursts are all caused by coronal mass ejection (CME) generated shocks. For this we consider 129 type II flare events from February 1997 to October 2000 and examine their associations with SOHO/LASCO CMEs according to their temporal and spatial closeness using SOHO/EIT and GOES data. We then carefully inspected 26 CME-less events to examine if there are CME-related features in LASCO and EIT images. In addition we examined 28 limb type II CME events to compare the kinematics of coronal shocks with those of the CME fronts. Under the assumption that the observed type IIs are all generated by CME-related shocks, we determine the formation heights of the CME-associated type IIs using LASCO CME speeds and type II onset times. From these studies, we have found ( 1) a large fraction (81%) of the type II bursts have temporal and spatial association with CMEs, and the association increases as their source position approaches to the limb; ( 2) most of the events without the association are related with weak flares and/or disk events; (3) most of the events are super-Alfvenic with a mean speed of 900 km s(-1); ( 4) the front heights of all CMEs except for a few events are in the range of 1 to 3 solar radii, which are consistent with the type II formation heights; ( 4) the onset time difference (CME-type II) of all events are within about +/- 1 hour, mostly - 30 min to 10 min; ( 5) the CME speeds have a possible correlation (r = 0.6) with coronal shock speeds, when two outliers are excluded. Considering a possibility that some outliers could result from some effects such as the coronal shock generation at CME flanks and CME accelerations, our results show that most of the type II bursts can be explained by the CME origin. C1 Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Arul Anandar Coll, Dept Phys, Madurai 625514, Tamil Nadu, India. New Jersey Inst Technol, Big Bear Solar Observ, Big Bear City, CA USA. RP Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Taejon 305348, South Korea. EM kscho@kasi.re.kr; yjmoon@kasi.re.kr; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; shanmugarajua@yahoo.com; gfry@expi.com; yhkim@kasi.re.kr; scbong@kasi.re.kr; ydpark@kasi.re.kr RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 54 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 3 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A12 AR A12101 DI 10.1029/2004JA010744 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 993OS UT WOS:000233964000002 ER PT J AU Aron, JL Pulwarty, RS Chadee, DD AF Aron, Joan L. Pulwarty, Roger S. Chadee, Dave D. TI Climate and dengue in the Caribbean: Revisiting the linkages in Trinidad SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Aron, Joan L.] Sci Commun Studies, Columbia, MD USA. [Pulwarty, Roger S.] Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Chadee, Dave D.] Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 73 IS 6 SU S MA 253 BP 85 EP 85 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA V44GA UT WOS:000202990000254 ER PT J AU Yu, J Kindy, MS Ellis, BC Baatz, JE Peden-Adams, M Ellingham, TJ Wolff, DJ Fair, PA Gattoni-Celli, S AF Yu, J Kindy, MS Ellis, BC Baatz, JE Peden-Adams, M Ellingham, TJ Wolff, DJ Fair, PA Gattoni-Celli, S TI Establishment of epidermal cell lines derived from the skin of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) SO ANATOMICAL RECORD PART A-DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR CELLULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tursiops truncatus; bottlenose dolphin; skin; cell lines; cytokeratin ID MARINE MAMMALS; BELUGA WHALE; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; IN-VITRO; SUSCEPTIBILITY; ORGANOCHLORINES; GENERATION AB The Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), a marine mammal found off the Atlantic coast, has become the focus of considerable attention because of an increasing number of mortality events witnessed in this species over the last several years along the southeastern United States. Assessment of the impact of environmental stressors on bottlenose dolphins (BND) has been difficult because of the protected status of these marine mammals. The studies presented herein focused on establishing epidermal cell cultures and cell lines as tools for the in vitro evaluation of environmental stressors on BND skin. Epidermal cell cultures were established from skin samples obtained from Atlantic BND and subjected to karyotype analysis. These cultures were further characterized using immunohistochemical methods demonstrating expression of cytokeratins. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), we observed that the proteomic profile of BND skin tissue samples shared distinct similarities with that of skin-derived cultures. Epidermal cell cultures were transfected with a plasmid encoding the SV40 small t- and large T-antigens, as well as the neomycin-resistance gene. Five neomycin-resistant clones were isolated and expanded, and all of them proliferated at a faster rate than nontransfected BND epidermal cultures, which exhibited signs of senescence. Cell lysates prepared from two transfected clones were shown to express, by Western blot analysis, both SV40 tumor antigens. These experimental results are consistent with the concept that transfected clones expressing SV40 tumor antigens represent immortalized BND cell lines. Epidermal cell lines derived from Tursiops truncatus will provide a unique tool for studying key features of the interaction occurring between dolphins and the environment in which they live at their most crucial interface: the skin. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Radiat Oncol, Charleston, SC 29403 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Neurosci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Inst Neurosci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Ralph H Johnson VA Med Ctr, Charleston, SC USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pediat, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. RP Gattoni-Celli, S (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Radiat Oncol, Strom Thurmond Biomed Res Bldg,Room 338C,114 Doug, Charleston, SC 29403 USA. EM gattonis@musc.edu OI Baatz, John/0000-0001-5870-1000 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1552-4884 J9 ANAT REC PART A JI Anat. Rec. Part A PD DEC PY 2005 VL 287A IS 2 BP 1246 EP 1255 DI 10.1002/ar.a.20266 PG 10 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 989VJ UT WOS:000233701700010 PM 16281302 ER PT J AU Olson, J AF Olson, J TI Re-placing the space of community: A story of cultural politics, policies, and fisheries management SO ANTHROPOLOGICAL QUARTERLY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Anthropological-Association CY NOV, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Anthropol Assoc ID RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; PROPERTY C1 NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Olson, J (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA. NR 64 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV INST ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PI WASHINGTON PA GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, 2110 G ST, N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20052 USA SN 0003-5491 J9 ANTHROPOL QUART JI Anthropol. Q. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 78 IS 1 BP 247 EP 268 DI 10.1353/anq.2005.0014 PG 22 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 908LB UT WOS:000227787400012 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ Wallace, WE Bernal, J Guttman, CM AF Kearsley, AJ Wallace, WE Bernal, J Guttman, CM TI A numerical method for mass spectral data analysis SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS; SPECTROMETRY; ALGORITHM AB The new generation of mass spectrometers produces an astonishing amount of high-quality data in a brief period of time, leading to inevitable data analysis bottlenecks. Automated data analysis algorithms are required for rapid and repeatable processing of mass spectra containing hundreds of peaks, the part of the spectra containing information. New data processing algorithms must work with minimal user input, both to save operator time and to eliminate inevitable operator bias. Toward this end an accurate mathematical algorithm is presented that automatically locates and calculates the area beneath peaks. The promising numerical performance of this algorithm applied to raw data is presented. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ajk@cam.nist.gov NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-9659 J9 APPL MATH LETT JI Appl. Math. Lett. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 12 BP 1412 EP 1417 DI 10.1016/j.aml.2005.02.033 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 996IR UT WOS:000234168100015 ER PT J AU Liu, QH Weng, FH AF Liu, QH Weng, FH TI Vicarious calibration of the third and fourth Stokes parameters of Windsat measurements SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; POLARIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; RETRIEVAL; VECTORS AB Microwave observations made at the third and fourth Stokes parameters can be used to determine the surface wind direction over oceans. However, due to their smaller amplitudes (less than 3 K at the third Stokes parameter and I K at the fourth Stokes parameter), the absolute calibration to these measurements becomes crucial. A new methodology is developed in this study to calibrate the Windsat third and fourth Stokes parameters through tropical rain forest measurements over the Amazon and central Africa. It is found that the Windsat fourth Stokes parameter at 18 GHz has biases of the order of 0.5 K, which could severely affect the wind vector retrievals. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 QSS Grp Inc, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Liu, QH (reprint author), QSS Grp Inc, Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, 5200 Auth Rd E-RA2,Room 7042, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 44 IS 34 BP 7403 EP 7406 DI 10.1364/AO.44.007403 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 989LH UT WOS:000233674700020 PM 16353812 ER PT J AU Hobbs, RC Laidre, KL Vos, DJ Mahoney, BA Eagleton, M AF Hobbs, RC Laidre, KL Vos, DJ Mahoney, BA Eagleton, M TI Movements and area use of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in a subarctic Alaskan estuary SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE Alaska; beluga; Cook Inlet; Delphinapterus leucas; estuary; satellite tag; white whale ID AUTUMN MOVEMENTS; WHITE WHALES; DIVE BEHAVIOR; COOK INLET; SUMMER; POPULATION; PATTERNS; WATERS; DEEP; WILD AB Seasonal movements of 14 belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska, were monitored by satellite telemetry between July and March in 2000-03. Whales used waters in the upper Cook Inlet intensively between summer and late autumn and dispersed to mid-inlet offshore waters during winter months. All whales remained in Cook Inlet the entire time they were tracked, and several whales were tracked through March. During summer and early fall, movements were clearly concentrated in specific areas, generally river mouths or bays, where whales were likely feeding on fish runs. Average daily travel distances ranged from 11 to 30 km per day. Monthly home ranges, estimated using the 95% kernel probability distribution of average daily positions, were smallest in August (982 km(2)), increased throughout autumn, and peaked in winter (reaching approximately 5000 km(2)). The seasonal variation in distribution and movement patterns displayed by belugas in Cook Inlet affect the sighting rates and seasonal abundance estimates obtained for this depleted population. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. RP Hobbs, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Rod.Hobbs@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 5 U2 29 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 2005 VL 58 IS 4 BP 331 EP 340 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 996QJ UT WOS:000234189000002 ER PT J AU Grell, GA Peckham, SE Schmitz, R McKeen, SA Frost, G Skamarock, WC Eder, B AF Grell, GA Peckham, SE Schmitz, R McKeen, SA Frost, G Skamarock, WC Eder, B TI Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE urban and regional pollution; urban and regional air quality modeling; air quality forecasting; aerosols and particles ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; AIR-QUALITY; NEW-ENGLAND; DEPOSITION; OZONE; EMISSIONS; FLUX; ATMOSPHERE; MULTISCALE; MECHANISM AB A fully coupled "online" Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model has been developed. The air quality component of the model is fully consistent with the meteorological component; both components use the same transport scheme (mass and scalar preserving), the same grid (horizontal and vertical components), and the same physics schemes for subgrid-scale transport. The components also use the same timestep, hence no temporal interpolation is needed. The chemistry package consists of dry deposition ("flux-resistance" method), biogenic emission as in [Simpson et al., 1995. Journal of Geophysical Research 10013, 22875-22890; Guenther et al., 1994. Atmospheric Environment 28, 1197-1210], the chemical mechanism from RADM2, a complex photolysis scheme (Madronich scheme coupled with hydrometeors), and a state of the art aerosol module (MADE/SORGAM aerosol parameterization). The WRF/Chem model is statistically evaluated and compared to MM5/Chem and to detailed photochemical data collected during the summer 2002 NEAQS field study. It is shown that the WRF/Chern model is statistically better skilled in forecasting O-3 than MM5/Chem, with no appreciable differences between models in terms of bias with the observations. Furthermore, the WRF/Chent model consistently exhibits better skill at forecasting the O-3 precursors CO and NOy at all of the surface sites. However, the WRF/Chern model biases of these precursors and of other gas-phase species are persistently higher than for MM5/Chem, and are most often biased high compared to observations. Finally, we show that the impact of other basic model assumptions on these same statistics can be much larger than the differences caused by model differences. An example showing the sensitivity of various statistical measures with respect to the treatment of biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions illustrates this impact. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA Res, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. IMK IFU, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Univ Chile, Dept Geophys, Santiago, Chile. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Grell, GA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA Res, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Georg.a.Grell@noaa.gov RI McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; grell, georg/B-6234-2015 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742 NR 44 TC 767 Z9 811 U1 24 U2 180 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 39 IS 37 BP 6957 EP 6975 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986TZ UT WOS:000233473900002 ER PT J AU Moise, AF Colman, RA Zhang, H AF Moise, AF Colman, RA Zhang, H CA participating CMIP2 modelling grps TI Coupled model simulations of current Australian surface climate and its changes under greenhouse warming: an analysis of 18 CMIP2 models SO AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; WINTER RAINFALL; SUMMER MONSOON; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION; SOUTHERN; FEEDBACK AB Coupled climate models have been extensively used to further our understanding of the dynamics and physics of the Earth's climate system and the potential changes of regional and global climates in the future, especially due to human activities such as fossil fuel burning and land-use activities. Nevertheless, there are still large uncertainties in our knowledge of the global climate system and in our representations of such a complex system. The confidence of our projected future climate change, therefore, inevitably depends on how well the current climate is simulated by coupled climate models and how large the scatter is among the model simulations of current and future climates. As one of the diagnostic subprojects within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase II (CMIP2), we present an evaluation of 18 CMIP2 coupled model simulations over the Australian region. Monthly rainfall and surface air temperature climatologies over the Australian region have been derived from the 18 CMIP2 control simulations and compared with observations from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The gross spatial patterns of austral summer rainfall (DJF) are reasonably simulated by the majority of the models. However, there are significant model errors in simulating the intensity and location of the heavy Australian monsoon rainfall in the north and eastern parts of the continent, with about half of the models showing more than 100 mm/month biases and a number of models simulating wrong locations of the monsoon rainfall. The seasonal cycle of the surface temperature is reasonably reproduced in the models although there are biases of around 2-4 degrees C present in the model simulated surface air temperature climatology. Based on the 80-year model simulations of perturbed climate, with 1% per year increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration, the changes of surface air temperature and precipitation have also been analysed. The average annual surface temperature change in the last 20-year period of the model simulations against the model control simulations over the Australian region varies from 1.00 degrees C to 2.18 degrees C, with an ensemble average of 1.59 degrees C and 0.33 degrees C scatter measured by one standard deviation. The models give a mixed signal in predicting averaged Australian rainfall changes, with some models simulating more than 3 mm/month increase while others show more than 4 mm/month decrease with on average no change. The spatial distributions of the model-simulated surface temperature and precipitation changes have also been analysed. Surface temperature is increased over the whole continent in all models, while the changes in precipitation show large spatial variations. The ensemble mean model shows decreases in winter rainfall across southern Australia and over northwestern Australia during summer. Increased rainfall is simulated over parts of eastern Australia during winter, extending further north during summer. Besides the analysis of changes in mean climate, the potential impacts of global warming on Australian climate variability is explored in a preliminary way by analysing the changes in tropical Australian precipitation correlations with surface temperature variations over four key oceanic regions. Results suggest that the influence of tropical and subtropical sea-surface temperature (SST) forcing on the Australian climate may change under greenhouse warming. C1 Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. Deutsches Klima Rechen Zentrum, Hamburg, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Moise, AF (reprint author), Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. EM a.moise@bom.gov.au NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AUSTRALIAN GOVT PUBL SERV PI CANBERRA PA PO BOX 84, CANBERRA, 2601, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9743 J9 AUST METEOROL MAG JI Aust. Meteorol. Mag. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 54 IS 4 BP 291 EP 307 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 028RO UT WOS:000236506200002 ER PT J AU Simon, CG Eidelman, N Kennedy, SB Sehgal, A Khatri, CA Washburn, NR AF Simon, CG Eidelman, N Kennedy, SB Sehgal, A Khatri, CA Washburn, NR TI Combinatorial screening of cell proliferation on poly(D,L-lactic acid)/poly(D,L-lactic acid) blends SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE combinatorial methods; polymer blends; cell proliferation; polylactic acid; microspectroscopic; FTIR; osteoblast ID POLYMER SURFACES; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BEHAVIOR; GRADIENTS; ADHESION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOMATERIALS; BONE; CRYSTALLINITY; POLY(LACTIDE) AB We have combined automated fluorescence microscopy with a combinatorial approach for creating polymer blend gradients to yield a rapid screening method for characterizing cell proliferation on polymer blends. A gradient in polymer blend composition of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was created in the form of a strip-shaped film and was annealed to allow PLLA to crystallize. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to determine the composition in the gradients and atomic force microscopy was used to characterize surface topography. Osteoblasts were cultured on the gradients and proliferation was assessed by automated counting of cells using fluorescence microscopy. Surface roughness varied with composition, was smooth on PDLLA-rich regions and was rough on the PLLA-rich regions. Cell adhesion was similar on all regions of the gradients while proliferation was faster on the smooth, PDLLA-rich end of the gradients than on the rough, PLLA-rich end of the gradients. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a new, combinatorial approach for evaluating cell proliferation on polymer blends. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carl.simon@nist.gov NR 47 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD DEC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 34 BP 6906 EP 6915 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.050 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 957CW UT WOS:000231348000012 PM 15939467 ER PT J AU Koracin, D Businger, J Dorman, C Lewis, J AF Koracin, D Businger, J Dorman, C Lewis, J TI Formation, evolution, and dissipation of coastal sea fog SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lagrangian framework; mesoscale model 5 (MM5); mesoscale simulations; offshore fog; radiative cooling; US West Coast ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; CALIFORNIA COAST; UNITED-STATES; MODEL; ENTRAINMENT; STRATUS; INSTABILITY; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS AB Evolution of sea fog has been investigated using three-dimensional Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) simulations. The study focused on widespread fog-cloud layers advected along the California coastal waters during 14-16 April 1999. According to analysis of the simulated trajectories, the intensity of air mass modification during this advection significantly depended on whether there were clouds along the trajectories and whether the modification took place over the land or ocean. The air mass, with its trajectory endpoint in the area where the fog was observed and simulated, gradually cooled despite the gradual increase in sea-surface temperature along the trajectory. Modelling results identified cloud-top cooling as a major determinant of marine-layer cooling and turbulence generation along the trajectories. Scale analysis showed that the radiative cooling term in the thermodynamic equation overpowered surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, and entrainment terms in cases of the transformation of marine clouds along the trajectories. Transformation of air masses along the trajectories without clouds and associated cloud-top cooling led to fog-free conditions at the endpoints of the trajectories over the ocean. The final impact on cloud-fog transition was determined by the interaction of synoptic and boundary-layer processes. Dissipation of sea fog was a consequence of a complex interplay between advection, synoptic evolution, and development of local circulations. Movement of the high-pressure system over land induced weakening of the along-shore advection and synoptic-pressure gradients, and allowed development of offshore flows that facilitated fog dissipation. C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM Darko.Koracin@dri.edu NR 37 TC 36 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 EI 1573-1472 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 117 IS 3 BP 447 EP 478 DI 10.1007/s10546-005-2772-5 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008RJ UT WOS:000235058100003 ER PT J AU Gochis, D Anderson, B Barros, A Gettelman, A Wang, JH Braun, J Cantrell, W Chen, YQ Fox, N Geerts, B Han, WQ Herzog, M Kucera, P Kursinski, R Laing, A Liu, CH Maloney, ED Margulis, S Schultz, D Sherwood, S Sobel, A Vomel, H Wang, Z AF Gochis, D Anderson, B Barros, A Gettelman, A Wang, JH Braun, J Cantrell, W Chen, YQ Fox, N Geerts, B Han, WQ Herzog, M Kucera, P Kursinski, R Laing, A Liu, CH Maloney, ED Margulis, S Schultz, D Sherwood, S Sobel, A Vomel, H Wang, Z TI The water cycle across scales SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res COSMIC, Boulder, CO USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ N Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, MMM, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Oregon State Univ, COAS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. CIMMS, Norman, OK USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Gochis, D (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM gochis@ucar.edu RI Chen, YangQuan/A-2301-2008; Maloney, Eric/A-9327-2008; Sherwood, Steven/B-5673-2008; Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011; Barros, Ana/A-3562-2011 OI Chen, YangQuan/0000-0002-7422-5988; Fox, Neil/0000-0002-6994-155X; Maloney, Eric/0000-0002-2660-2611; Sherwood, Steven/0000-0001-7420-8216; Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975; Barros, Ana/0000-0003-4606-3106 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1743 EP 1746 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-12-1743 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 003CX UT WOS:000234660300015 ER PT J AU MacDonald, AE AF MacDonald, AE TI A global profiling system for improved weather and climate prediction SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; WATER-VAPOR; MODEL; TRENDS; JET; TEMPERATURE; AIRCRAFT; SURFACE; IMPACT AB A new long-term global observing system is proposed that would provide routine, detailed vertical profiles of measurements in the atmosphere and oceans. The system, which would need to be designed, developed, and operated by a consortium of nations, would consist of 240 equally spaced, fixed locations over oceans and polar regions. It would use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the lower stratosphere to drop sondes every 72 h, and buoys in the ocean to report surface and subsurface data. In addition, the UAVs could descend routinely at a few locations to near the surface to measure detailed profiles of clouds, aerosols, and chemistry. The objective of the observing system would be to improve weather and climate prediction. It would address the important long-term climate issue by providing better monitoring of global and regional change, better measurement of climate feedbacks, and data that can be used to improve long-term climate models. It is argued that the combination of fixed and adaptive soundings over oceans and polar regions would significantly reduce initial analysis error, thus, leading to better weather prediction. The which should be designed system, to complement planned satellite and surface systems, could be operational by the middle of the next decade. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP MacDonald, AE (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Alexander.E.MacDonald@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1747 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-12-1747 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 003CX UT WOS:000234660300016 ER PT J AU Teisberg, TJ Weiher, RF Khotanzad, A AF Teisberg, TJ Weiher, RF Khotanzad, A TI The economic value of temperature forecasts in electricity generation SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LOAD FORECASTER; UNIT COMMITMENT AB Every day, the U.S. electricity-generating industry decides how to meet the electricity demand anticipated over the next 24 h. Various generating units are available to meet the demand, and each unit may have its own production lead time, start-up cost, and production cost. Total costs can be minimized if electricity demand is accurately forecast. Accurate demand forecasts, in turn, depend on accurate temperature forecasts. This paper estimates the cost savings (i.e., benefits) attributable to temperature forecasts used by the U.S. electricity-generation industry. It does this by establishing the relationship between the quality of temperature forecasts and the quality of electricity demand forecasts at six sites around the United States. It then draws on earlier work by Hobbs et al. on the relationship between the quality of demand forecasts and production costs to estimate the percentage of cost savings from different temperature forecasts. Finally, these cost savings are extrapolated to estimate the total benefits, and incremental benefits, for the United States as a whole. The total benefits of U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts are estimated to be $166 million. The additional benefits potentially obtainable from a perfect temperature forecast are $75 million per year. It is estimated that an incremental 1% improvement in the forecast quality (from the current NWS forecast) would be worth an additional $1.4 million per year. These numbers do not include other possible benefits of forecasts to the electricity industry, such as those from the improved scheduling of plant maintenance. C1 Pattern Recognit Technol Inc, Dallas, TX USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. Teisberg Associates, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Teisberg, TJ (reprint author), 1475 Ingleside Dr, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. EM tjteisberg@compuserve.com NR 8 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1765 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-12-1765 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 003CX UT WOS:000234660300017 ER PT J AU Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Bellouin, N Boucher, O Chin, M Christopher, SA Haywood, J Kaufman, YJ Kinne, S Ogren, JA Remer, LA Takemura, T Tanre, D Torres, O Trepte, CR Wielicki, BA Winker, DM Yu, HB AF Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Bellouin, N Boucher, O Chin, M Christopher, SA Haywood, J Kaufman, YJ Kinne, S Ogren, JA Remer, LA Takemura, T Tanre, D Torres, O Trepte, CR Wielicki, BA Winker, DM Yu, HB TI An "A-Train" strategy for quantifying direct climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DEPTH; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SOOT AEROSOL; SAFARI 2000; OCEANS; AERONET; ATMOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; AIRCRAFT AB This document outlines a practical strategy for achieving an observationally based quantification of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. The strategy involves a four-step program for shifting the current assumption-laden estimates to an increasingly empirical basis using satellite observations coordinated with suborbital remote and in situ measurements and with chemical transport models. Conceptually, the problem is framed as a need for complete global mapping of four parameters: clear-sky aerosol optical depth 8, radiative efficiency per unit optical depth E, fine-mode fraction of optical depth f(f) and the anthropogenic fraction of the fine a(f). The first three parameters can be retrieved from satellites, but correlative, suborbital measurements are required for quantifying the aerosol properties that control E, for validating the retrieval of f(f), and for partitioning fine-mode delta between natural and anthropogeniccomponents. The satellite focus is on the "A-Train," a constellation of six spacecraft that will fly in formation from about 2005 to 2008. Key satellite instruments for this report are the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiometers on Aqua, the Ozone Monitoring, Instrument (OMI) radiometer on Aura, the Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances (POLDER) polarimeter on the Polarization and Anistropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL), and the Cloud and Aerosol Lider with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). This strategy is offered as an framework-subject to improvement over time-for scientists around the world to participate in the A-Train opportunity. It is a specific implementation of the Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON) program, presented earlier in this journal, which identified the integration of diverse data as the central challenge to progress in quantifying global-scale aerosol effects. By designing a strategy around this need for integration, we develop recommendations for both satellite data interpretation and correlative suborbital activities that represent, in many respects, departures from current practice. C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NOAA CMDL, Boulder, CO USA. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Univ Lille, Lille, France. JCTE Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA. NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Anderson, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Room 408 ATG, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM tadand@u.washington.edu RI Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; OI Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Bellouin, Nicolas/0000-0003-2109-9559 NR 53 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 5 U2 37 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1795 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-12-1795 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 003CX UT WOS:000234660300020 ER PT J AU Goericke, R Venrick, E Mantyla, A Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Huyer, A Smith, RL Wheeler, PA Hooff, R Peterson, WT Chavez, F Collins, C Marinovic, B Lo, N Gaxiola-Castro, G Durazo, R Hyrenbach, KD Sydeman, WJ AF Goericke, R Venrick, E Mantyla, A Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Huyer, A Smith, RL Wheeler, PA Hooff, R Peterson, WT Chavez, F Collins, C Marinovic, B Lo, N Gaxiola-Castro, G Durazo, R Hyrenbach, KD Sydeman, WJ TI The state of the California current, 2004-2005: Still cool? SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CURRENT SYSTEM; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH PACIFIC; OREGON; OSCILLATION; SCALES AB This report summarizes the recent state of the California Current System (CCS), primarily during the period of April 2004 to January 2005. The report is based on observations made between Oregon and Baja California by various ocean observing programs. The CCS was not forced by any coherent basin-wide processes during the observation period. The weak tropical El Nino of 2004 did not appear to have had a noticeable effect on the CCS. However, the CCS remains in a cold phase, a state it has had since the 1999 La Nina phase. Some biological parameters show a distinct response to this state, i.e. zooplankton biomass and its species richness, others display a mixed response such as the CCS avifauna and its productivity, and some do not show any response, such as phytoplankton biomass and Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) productivity. Over all, the state of the system remains "normal" with respect to its climatology. The unusual intrusion of cold and fresh subarctic water into the CCS is waning off Oregon but still noticeable off southern California and off Baja California. Because the CCS does not appear subject to coherent basin-wide forcing, the outlook for the CCS over the next years is uncertain. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Oceanog Biol, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Fac Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Point Reyes Bird Observ, Marine Ecol Div, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. RP Goericke, R (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM rgoericke@ucsd.edu NR 36 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 32 EP 71 PG 40 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800004 ER PT J AU Smith, PE AF Smith, PE TI A history of proposals for subpopulation structure in the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) population off western North America SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; VARIABILITY; CAERULEA; ANCHOVY; MANAGEMENT; CALIFORNIA; MODELS AB Recent work has examined the structure of stocks, races, or subpopulations in the recovering Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) biomass of the northeast Pacific Ocean. Individual fish characteristics do not clearly indicate the geographic origin of birth, but collections of sardines from different areas show some heterogeneity in growth rate, time of birth and recruitment, blood type, and number of vertebrae. Even when heterogeneity is in question, precautionary management principles, which reduce the risk of overfishing, should support management of stocks of fish in different areas as independent stocks. The sardines of the northeast Pacific have been estimated to have up to three subpopulations based on tagging, size-at-age, isolated spawning centers, blood groups, vertebral column counts, estimated natural mortality rate, or bimodal seasons of recruitment. Spawning centers are thought to occur off the Gulf of California (GOCAL), Baja California Sur inshore (BSI) and Central California offshore (CCO). Cursory genetic examinations of sardines from these areas neither support nor refute these divisions. Genetic analysis of S. sagax from four far-flung sardine habitat sectors of the Pacific basin can be described as "shallow," meaning the separation of all the species in the Pacific is relatively recent. However, on the time scale of fisheries management, decades, the separation of the two stocks on the Pacific coast, BSI and CCO, appears chronic in that the collapse of the northern stock did not stimulate an apparent replacement from the southern stock in decades. Therefore, it would be prudent to institute separate management measures that define the boundary between GOCAL and BSI and the boundary between BSI and CCO regardless of the genetic or habitat basis for stock separation. Three data-rich bases for describing the two stocks' modern isolation should be used to design careful studies of representative samples of sardines at the boundaries between the stocks for devising the most practical method for allocating catches among the neighboring stocks. This paper reviews existing data to see which might be applied to a precautionary approach to managing the revived Pacific sardine fisheries. It also examines what advances in our knowledge of these stocks and the methods used to assess them may be required to ensure an adequate spawning biomass and yield of the sardine fisheries for the northeast Pacific stock(s). C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Smith, PE (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Oceanog Div, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 75 EP 82 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800006 ER PT J AU Norton, JG Mason, JE AF Norton, JG Mason, JE TI Relationship of California sardine (Sardinops sagax) abundance to climate-scale ecological changes in the California Current system SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; ENVIRONMENTAL-INFLUENCES; SAMPLING ERRORS; FISH; POPULATIONS; LANDINGS; PATTERNS AB Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses link sardine abundance to large-scale processes of the California Current ecosystem. These analyses of the California fish and invertebrate landings (CACom) detect two patterns of variability (EOF1 and EOF2), which indicate that climate-scale changes in CACom species composition occurred during 1930-2000. California sardine landings are related to EOF1 (nominal correlation coefficient, r' > 0.9), linking fluctuations in sardine abundance to many other California Current species. Log(e)-transformed sardine landings are closely related (r' > 0.9) to accumulated sea surface temperature anomalies at La Jolla, California and to accumulated equatorial process indices (r' >= 0.8). We found that the length of time that physical anomalies persist is related exponentially to the effects these physical processes will have on sardine abundance. When the sardine series is extended backward to 1890, using sardine-scale deposition rates as an abundance proxy and the equatorial indices as physical proxies, the relationships between sardine abundance and the physical environment holds (r' >= 0.8). C1 NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Norton, JG (reprint author), NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Res, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM Jerrold.G.Norton@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800007 ER PT J AU Lo, NCH Macewicz, BJ Griffith, DA AF Lo, NCH Macewicz, BJ Griffith, DA TI Spawning biomass of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), from 1994-2004 off California SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID EGG-PRODUCTION METHOD; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; SAMPLER AB The daily egg production method (DEPM) has been used to estimate the spawning biomass of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) since 1986. In this paper, we document the current DEPM procedure using is an example the 2004 survey which incorporates the new procedures adopted since 1997. An adaptive allocation survey design used for sardine eggs has been successfully implemented. Yet, other issues associated with estimating spawning biomass of Pacific sardines remain. We also examine the time series of DEPM spawning biomass estimates and associated parameters from 1994 to 2004 and compare them to the spawning stock biomass (SSB) estimates derived from stock assessment models. The spawning biomass estimates off California increased from less than 10,000 Fur in 1986 to 118,000 mt in 1994, to nearly 300,000 nit in 2004 and have fluctuated during the recent years. The spatial distribution of Pacific sardine eggs varied with sea surface temperature. The average fish weight doubled in the last 10 years, as has the reproductive rate. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Lo, NCH (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Nancy.Lo@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 3 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 93 EP 112 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800008 ER PT J AU Felix-Uraga, R Gomez-Munoz, VM Quinonez-Velaquez, C Melo-Barrera, FN Hill, KT Garcia-Franco, W AF Felix-Uraga, R Gomez-Munoz, VM Quinonez-Velaquez, C Melo-Barrera, FN Hill, KT Garcia-Franco, W TI Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) stock discrimination off the west coast of Baja California and southern California using otolith morphometry SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID SHAPE-ANALYSIS; ANCHOVY; FLUCTUATIONS; TEMPERATURE; CAERULEA AB The hypothesis that there are three Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) stocks along the west coasts of Baja California and southern California was evaluated using multivariate discriminant analysis of otolith morphometric variables. Four synoptic data sets were analyzed to test the three-stock hypothesis: warm Magdalena Bay (Warm MB), temperate Magdalena Bay (Temp MB), temperate Ensenada (Temp EN), and cold Ensenada (Cold EN). A gradual increase in the overlap index (Wilks' Lambda values) reflected the relative degree of similarity among the groups when all comparisons were considered. The Warm MB was the most differentiated group from the others, particularly the Cold EN. The highest degree of similarity was found among the two temperate groups (Temp MB and Temp EN), and they could not be significantly separated in 68% of the repeated tests. Our results support the existence of the three Pacific sardine stocks in the study area and are consistent with previous findings obtained using different methodologies, e.g. temperature-at-catch data. C1 Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas CICIMAR, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Ctr Reg Invest Pesqueras Ensenada, El Sauzal de Rodriguez, Baja California, Mexico. RP Felix-Uraga, R (reprint author), Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas CICIMAR, Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 113 EP 121 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800009 ER PT J AU Emmett, RL Brodeur, RD Miller, TW Pool, SS Krutzikowsky, GK Bentley, PJ McCrae, J AF Emmett, RL Brodeur, RD Miller, TW Pool, SS Krutzikowsky, GK Bentley, PJ McCrae, J TI Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) abundance, distribution, and ecological relationships in the Pacific Northwest SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NORTHERN ANCHOVY; OREGON; VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; OCEAN; COAST; FISH; FOOD AB During the 1930s and 1940s, Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax) supported an important fishery in Pacific Northwest waters, but after their population crashed in the mid-1950s, they were rarely observed in this region. Starting in the mid-1990s, sardines resumed migrating into Northwest waters to spawn and feed. Pacific sardines now support a relatively large purse seine fishery centered off the Columbia River. From 1994 to 1998, we 1 led the abundance and distribution of Pacific sardine eggs and larvae in Northwest waters. The highest egg densities were observed in June 1996. During all years, eggs were associated with surface temperatures between 14 degrees and 15 degrees C. From 1998 to 2004, surface-trawl surveys, primarily on the continental shelf, identified the temporal and spatial distribution and abundance patterns of juvenile and adult Pacific sardines. Adult sardines generally do not over-winter off the Northwest, but migrate north from California in the spring (May-June) when surface temperatures exceed 12 degrees C. However, juvenile sardines over-winter in nearshore coastal waters. During most years, few 0-age juveniles were captured, indicating relatively poor spawning success; however, high densities of 0-age sardines were observed in fall of 2003 and 2004, indicating successful spawning. During the summer, sardines are most abundant on the shelf in cool (<16 degrees C) and high salinity (>30 S) coastal waters, with their highest densities occurring in northern Oregon/Washington waters. Sardines are non-selective planktonic filter feeders; prey include copepods, euphausiids, and phytoplankton. Sardines are important prey of Northwest fishes, such as sharks, salmon, Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), and Jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus). C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hammond, OR 97121 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Emmett, RL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 66 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 15 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 46 BP 122 EP 143 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 021EZ UT WOS:000235967800010 ER PT J AU Morley, SA Garcia, PS Bennett, TR Roni, P AF Morley, SA Garcia, PS Bennett, TR Roni, P TI Juvenile salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) use of constructed and natural side channels in Pacific Northwest rivers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WINTER REARING HABITAT; OREGON COASTAL STREAMS; COHO SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; KISUTCH; PONDS; CALIFORNIA; WATERSHEDS; SURVIVAL AB Off-channel habitats, critical components in the life histories of Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), have become increasingly rare in human-modified floodplains. The construction of groundwater-fed side channels is one approach that has been used in the Pacific Northwest to recreate off-channel habitats. We evaluated the effectiveness of this technique by comparing 11 constructed side channels with paired reference sites (naturally occurring channels fed by mixed groundwater and surface water) in western Washington. While total salmonid densities were not significantly different between channel types, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) densities were higher in constructed channels and trout densities were higher in reference channels during the winter. Constructed channels were deeper than reference channels and warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer but had lower physical habitat diversity, wood density, and canopy coverage. We did not detect significant differences in water chemistry or invertebrate parameters between channel types. Summer coho density was inversely correlated with minimum daily temperature and with total nitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations. Relative to other stream habitats, both constructed and reference channels supported high densities of juvenile coho salmon during the summer and winter. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Morley, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM sarah.morley@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 13 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 12 BP 2811 EP 2821 DI 10.1139/F05-185 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FZ UT WOS:000233799100014 ER PT J AU Horne, JK Walline, PD AF Horne, JK Walline, PD TI Spatial and temporal variance of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; DISTRIBUTIONS; SIMULATION; DEPENDENCE; PATTERNS; EXAMPLE; CAPELIN; FISH AB Mobile acoustic surveys attempt to map and count aquatic organisms without biasing abundance estimates. Horizontal and vertical movements by target species may influence density measurements and net samples during acoustic surveys. To investigate the influence of fish movement on density data, we compared temporal and spatial variability of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in three sets (2 night, 1 day) of 14.8-km transects in the eastern Bering Sea. Walleye pollock density distributions were also compared with those in the five nearest daytime survey transects. We found that horizontal density distributions did not change at temporal scales <= 4 h and that spatial variance remained consistent at scales <= 2.5 km. Spatial variance density patterns were similar in transects sampled during the day compared with those sampled at night and were also similar in along-shore compared with cross-shore transects. Transects that contained two biological scattering layers could be vertically separated into zooplankton and fish. Spatial variance patterns in the upper zooplankton layer mimicked those of passive tracers, while patterns in the lower layer were consistent with those previously observed for mobile nekton. Current sampling resolution of acoustic surveys adequately captures horizontal spatial variance of walleye pollock in the Bering Sea. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98355 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Horne, JK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 35520, Seattle, WA 98355 USA. EM jhorne@u.washington.edu NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 12 BP 2822 EP 2831 DI 10.1139/F05-192 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FZ UT WOS:000233799100015 ER PT J AU Cui, XP Gao, ST Zong, ZP Liu, WM Li, XF AF Cui, XP Gao, ST Zong, ZP Liu, WM Li, XF TI Physical mechanism of formation of the bimodal structure in the Meiyu front system SO CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT; MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; EAST CHINA SEA; SCALE STRUCTURE; PART II; REGION; CONVERGENCE; TRANSPORT; FEATURES AB The bimodal structure of the Meiyu front system is readdressed after Zhou et a]. (2005). The physical mechanism of the formation of the bimodal distribution is discussed. The bimodal structure of the Meiyu front system considerably results from atmospheric moisture gradients, though atmospheric temperature gradients are also not negligible. According to the definition of equivalent potential temperature, and by scale analysis, we End that atmospheric equivalent potential temperature gradients, which could be regarded as an indicator of the Meiyu front system, could be mainly attributed to the variations of atmospheric potential temperature gradients with a scaling factor of 1 and moisture gradients multiplied by a scaling factor of an order of about 2.5 x 10(3), which means that small variations of atmospheric moisture gradients could lead to large variations of equivalent potential temperature gradients, and thus large variations of the Meiyu front system. Quantitative diagnostics with a mesoscale simulation data in the vicinity of the Meiyu front system show that moisture gradients contribute to equivalent potential temperature gradients more than potential temperature gradients. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. China Meteorol Adm, Natl Meteorol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Liaoning Meteorol Bur, Liaoning Meteorol Observ, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD 21029 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 21029 USA. RP Cui, XP (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, LACS, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM xpcui@mail.iap.ac.cn RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014 NR 24 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU CHINESE PHYSICAL SOC PI BEIJING PA P O BOX 603, BEIJING 100080, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-307X J9 CHINESE PHYS LETT JI Chin. Phys. Lett. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 22 IS 12 BP 3218 EP 3220 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 991GE UT WOS:000233799600066 ER PT J AU Jones, GV White, MA Cooper, OR Storchmann, K AF Jones, GV White, MA Cooper, OR Storchmann, K TI Climate change and global wine quality SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; IMPACT; VARIABILITY; SCENARIOS; GRAPEVINE; EUROPE; MODEL; BORDEAUX; TRENDS AB From 1950 to 1999 the majority of the world's highest quality wine-producing regions experienced growing season warming trends. Vintage quality ratings during this same time period increased significantly while year-to-year variation declined. While improved winemaking knowledge and husbandry practices contributed to the better vintages it was shown that climate had, and will likely always have, a significant role in quality variations. This study revealed that the impacts of climate change are not likely to be uniform across all varieties and regions. Currently, many European regions appear to be at or near their optimum growing season temperatures, while the relationships are less defined in the New World viticulture regions. For future climates, model output for global wine producing regions predicts an average warming of 2 degrees C in the next 50 yr. For regions producing high quality grapes at the margins of their climatic limits, these results suggest that future climate change will exceed a climatic threshold such that the ripening of balanced fruit required for existing varieties and wine styles will become progressively more difficult. In other regions, historical and predicted climate changes could push some regions into more optimal climatic regimes for the production of current varietals. In addition, the warmer conditions could lead to more poleward locations potentially becoming more conducive to grape growing and wine production. C1 So Oregon Univ, Dept Geog, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Econ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Jones, GV (reprint author), So Oregon Univ, Dept Geog, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. EM gjones@sou.edu RI Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; OI White, Michael/0000-0002-0238-8913 NR 52 TC 338 Z9 350 U1 18 U2 156 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 2005 VL 73 IS 3 BP 319 EP 343 DI 10.1007/s10584-005-4704-2 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 000SF UT WOS:000234482000005 ER PT J AU Thienpont, LM Van Uytfanghe, K Marriott, J Stokes, P Siekmann, L Kessler, A Bunik, D Tai, S AF Thienpont, LM Van Uytfanghe, K Marriott, J Stokes, P Siekmann, L Kessler, A Bunik, D Tai, S TI Feasibility study of the use of frozen human sera in split-sample comparison of immunoassays with candidate reference measurement procedures for total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine measurements SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; STANDARDIZATION; LABORATORIES; VALUES AB Background: Diagnostic manufacturers* must ensure/ document metrologically traceable assays. We report on a feasibility study of a split-sample comparison for that purpose. Processed, frozen single-donation sera, assigned target values by candidate reference measurement procedures (cRMPs), were used with immunoassays for total thyroxine (TT4) and triiodothyronine (TT3) as models. Methods: Two serum panels were quantified for TT3 and TT4 with validated cRMPs and measured in parallel with at least 14 immunoassays. The results were interpreted in terms of traceability of calibration (trueness) and of the individual measurement result (accuracy) by linear regression analysis and graphical representation against specifications. The commutability of the sera was investigated by parallel analysis of TT4 in freshly collected but nonfiltered specimens. Results: The TT4 (TT3) concentrations in the sera (according to the cRMPs) were 64-269 nmol/L (0.88-13.7 nmol/L). The method comparison showed that for TT4 on average, the immunoassays produced results in agreement with the cRMPs, whereas for TT3, results were typically higher. It also demonstrated a considerable between-assay divergence in traceability of calibration and accuracy. The evidence of noncommutability of the sera attributable to processing, however, indicates that the interpretation should be treated with caution. Conclusions: Frozen sera can be used for documenting/ validating traceability of total thyroid measurements. The way in which the sera are processed may jeopardize commutability, however, and therefore requires indepth investigation. (c) 2005 American. Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Analyt Chem Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. LGC, Teddington, Middx, England. Univ Bonn, Inst Clin Biochem, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thienpont, LM (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Analyt Chem Lab, Harelbekestr 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM linda.thienpont@ugent.be NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 51 IS 12 BP 2303 EP 2311 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.058180 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 987QV UT WOS:000233533300014 PM 16223886 ER PT J AU Masad, E Saadeh, S Al-Rousan, T Garboczi, E Little, D AF Masad, E Saadeh, S Al-Rousan, T Garboczi, E Little, D TI Computations of particle surface characteristics using optical and X-ray CT images SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE angularity; computation; form; Imaging; particle; powder; shape; spherical harmonics; texture; X-ray computed tomography ID TOMOGRAPHY; SHAPE AB The description of particle surface characteristics is of interest in many disciplines in science and engineering such as powder technology, geology, soil science, and infrastructure materials. Consequently, there is a need to develop methods to quantify particle surface characteristics rapidly and accurately. In this study, a number of computational methods were utilized to describe the surface characteristics (form, angularity and texture) of three different granular materials. These computational methods are the radius method, gradient method, form index, Fourier series, spherical harmonic series, and sphericity index. To illustrate the validity of these methods, they were first used to analyze the shape of standard images that were used in the past by geologists for visual classification of particles. Subsequently, the methods were used to analyze images captured using nondestructive X-ray computed tomography (CT), and an automated computer controlled system known. as the Aggregate Imaging System (AIMS). The results demonstrated the capabilities of the analysis methods to quantify the multi-scale nature of form, angularity, and texture. In general, the images captured using AIMS can be used to develop a particle shape classification system, while the X-ray CT images, in conjunction with spherical harmonic analysis, a powerful technique to represent and reconstruct three-dimensional images of particles, can be used to mathematically represent the shape of particles in computational models. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Masad, E (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM emasad@civil.tamu.edu NR 21 TC 41 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 34 IS 4 BP 406 EP 424 DI 10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.01.010 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 962YM UT WOS:000231769500011 ER PT J AU Kochan, V Lee, K Kochan, R Sachenko, A AF Kochan, V Lee, K Kochan, R Sachenko, A TI Approach to improving network capable application processor based on IEEE 1451 standard SO COMPUTER STANDARDS & INTERFACES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems CY SEP 08-10, 2003 CL LVIV, UKRAINE SP Ternopil Acad Natl Econ, Sci & Technol Ctr Ukraine, Minist Educ & Sci Ukraine, Post Pens Bank Aval, Inst Comp Informat Technologies, Inst Comp Technologies, Automat & Metrol, Natl Univ Liv Polytechn DE network capable application processor; distributed systems; dynamic reprogramming; software-programmable interface AB The IEEE 1451 standard supports the structure of distributed data acquisition systems and networks. The key components for such a distributed network are the Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP), Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM), and the communication interface between them. This paper proposes an approach to improve the NCAP by introducing the functions of on-line dynamic reprogramming of the NCAP and software-programmable interface to support the most widely used communication interfaces between the NCAP and STIM via the network. Experimental research results of the proposed approach applying software-programmable interfaces, application examples of the proposed NCAP, and benefits of the applications are presented in the paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Inst Comp Informat Technol, Ternopol, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kochan, R (reprint author), Inst Comp Informat Technol, Ternopol, Ukraine. EM rk@tanet.edu.te.ua NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5489 J9 COMPUT STAND INTER JI Comput. Stand. Interfaces PD DEC PY 2005 VL 28 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1016/j.csi.2005.01.015 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 989XJ UT WOS:000233707100003 ER PT J AU Shivji, MS Chapman, DD Pikitch, EK Raymond, PW AF Shivji, MS Chapman, DD Pikitch, EK Raymond, PW TI Genetic profiling reveals illegal international trade in fins of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE conservation; fin trade; great white sharks; shark DNA forensics ID CONSERVATION; IDENTIFICATION AB Great white sharks are protected by national legislation in several countries, making this species the most widely protected elasmobranch in the world. Although the market demand for shark fins in general has continued to grow, the value and extent of utilization of white shark fins in trade has been controversial. We combine law enforcement with genetic profiling to demonstrate that illegal trade in fins of this species is occurring in the contemporary international market. Furthermore, we document the presence of fins from very young white sharks in the trade, suggesting a multiple-use market (food to trophies) exists for fins of this species. The presence of small fins in the trade contradicts the view that white shark fins have market value only as large display trophies, and not as food. Our findings indicate that effective conservation of protected shark species will require international management regimes that include monitoring of the shark fishery and trade on a species-specific basis. C1 Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Guy Harvey Res Inst, Dania, FL 33004 USA. Univ Miami, Pew Inst Ocean Sci, New York, NY 10022 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Off Law Enforcement, Titusville, FL 32780 USA. RP Shivji, MS (reprint author), Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Guy Harvey Res Inst, 8000 N Ocean Dr, Dania, FL 33004 USA. EM mahmood@nsu.nova.edu NR 20 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 10 U2 77 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1035 EP 1039 DI 10.1007/s10592-005-9082-9 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 014OF UT WOS:000235488800014 ER PT J AU Barton, AD Casey, KS AF Barton, AD Casey, KS TI Climatological context for large-scale coral bleaching SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE coral bleaching; climate change; Caribbean; northwest Hawaiian Islands; sea surface temperature (SST); degree heating month (DHM) ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GALAPAGOS CORALS; OCEAN; RECONSTRUCTION; IMPACTS; RECORD; OSCILLATION; RESILIENCE AB Large-scale coral bleaching was first observed in 1979 and has occurred throughout virtually all of the tropics since that time. Severe bleaching may result in the loss of live coral and in a decline of the integrity of the impacted coral reef ecosystem. Despite the extensive scientific research and increased public awareness of coral bleaching, uncertainties remain about the past and future of large-scale coral bleaching. In order to reduce these uncertainties and place large-scale coral bleaching in the longer-term climatological context, specific criteria and methods for using historical sea surface temperature (SST) data to examine coral bleaching-related thermal conditions are proposed by analyzing three, 132 year SST reconstructions: ERSST, HadISST1, and GISST2.3b. These methodologies are applied to case studies at Discovery Bay, Jamaica (77.27 degrees W, 18.45 degrees N), Sombrero Reef, Florida, USA (81.11 degrees W, 24.63 degrees N), Academy Bay, Galapagos, Ecuador (90.31 degrees W, 0.74 degrees S), Pearl and Hermes Reef, Northwest Hawaiian Islands, USA (175.83 degrees W, 28.25 degrees N), Davies Reef, Australia (147.68 degrees E, 18.83 degrees S), and North Male Atoll, Maldives (73.35 degrees E, 4.70 degrees N). The results of this study show that (1) The historical SST data provide a useful long-term record of thermal conditions in reef ecosystems, giving important insight into the thermal history of coral reefs and (2) While coral bleaching and anomalously warm SSTs have occurred over much of the world in recent decades, case studies in the Caribbean, Northwest Hawaiian Islands, and parts of other regions such as the Great Barrier Reef exhibited SST conditions and cumulative thermal stress prior to 1979 that were comparable to those conditions observed during the strong, frequent coral bleaching events since 1979. This climatological context and knowledge of past environmental conditions in reef ecosystems may foster a better understanding of how coral reefs will respond in future, ocean warming scenarios. C1 NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, 1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Andrew.Barton@noaa.gov RI Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013; kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 OI Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117; NR 62 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 EI 1432-0975 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD DEC PY 2005 VL 24 IS 4 BP 536 EP 554 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0017-1 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 990CK UT WOS:000233720600004 ER PT J AU Hitchcock, GL Lee, TN Ortner, PB Cummings, S Kelble, C Williams, E AF Hitchcock, GL Lee, TN Ortner, PB Cummings, S Kelble, C Williams, E TI Property fields in a Tortugas Eddy in the southern straits of Florida SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY CURRENT VARIABILITY; DEEP CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMUM; CORAL-REEF FISHES; SPIN-OFF EDDIES; SARGASSO SEA; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; WATER COLUMN AB Sea surface temperature imagery, ship-based surveys, and moored current meters described the passage of a Tortugas Eddy as it moved east at ca. 6 kill day(-1) through the southern Straits of Florida (SSF). In mid-April 1999 the eddy SST signature extended across half the width of the straits. While in the western SSF, the eddy center was ca. 30 km seaward of the Outer reef. The upper pycnocline, the Subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM), and nutricline shoaled from ca. 80 m at the eddy edge to < 60 m at the center. Maximum chlorophyll a concentrations in the SCM were highest near the eddy center, at 1 mg m(-3), although the depth-integrated concentrations (mg m(-2)) were similar across the feature. Nutrient-density relationships show nitrate + nitrite, phosphate, and silicate decreased to detection limits at sigma(t) < 25.0; the SCM was centered near this isopycnal surface. As the Eddy passed Looe Key (81.5 degrees W) the alongshore currents reversed to the west. During this period high-nutrient, cool waters shoaled near the bottom oil the outer reef. By early May, the eddy SST signature was compressed into a thin band of cool Surface waters off the Middle to Upper Keys. As the feature moved towards shore in the Middle to Upper Florida Keys, the nitrate + nitrite and chlorophyll concentrations increased in bottom waters along the Outer reef. Processes Such as internal tidal bores and breaking internal waves are likely responsible for delivering nutrients from Tortugas Eddies to the outer reef ill the Middle to Upper Keys. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hitchcock, GL (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM g.hitchcock@miami.edu RI Kelble, Christopher/A-8511-2008 OI Kelble, Christopher/0000-0003-0914-4134 NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 52 IS 12 BP 2195 EP 2213 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.08.006 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 994NM UT WOS:000234038500001 ER PT J AU Maggi, RG Harms, CA Hohn, AA Pabst, DA McLellan, WA Walton, WJ Rotstein, DS Breitschwerdt, EB AF Maggi, RG Harms, CA Hohn, AA Pabst, DA McLellan, WA Walton, WJ Rotstein, DS Breitschwerdt, EB TI Bartonella henselae in porpoise blood SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH-DISEASE; VINSONII SUBSP BERKHOFFII; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; SP. NOV.; INFECTIONS; CULTURE; ENDOCARDITIS; WILD; DOGS; ENCEPHALOPATHY AB We report detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in blood samples from 2 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). By using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we directly amplified Bartonella species DNA from blood of a harbor porpoise stranded along the northern North Carolina coast and from a pre-enrichment blood culture from a second harbor porpoise. The second porpoise was captured out of habitat (in a low-salinity canal along the northern North Carolina coast) and relocated back into the ocean. Subsequently, DNA was amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction for DNA sequencing. The 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region obtained from each porpoise was 99.8% similar to that of B. henselae strain San Antonio 2 (SA2), whereas both heme-binding phage-associated pap31 gene sequences were 100% homologous to that of B. henselae SA2. Currently, the geographic distribution, mode of transmission, reservoir potential, and pathogenicity of bloodborne Bartonella species in porpoises have not been determined. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28401 USA. Virginia Aquarium & Marine Sci Ctr, Virginia Beach, VA USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Breitschwerdt, EB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM ed_breitschwerdt@ncsu.edu RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 37 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD DEC PY 2005 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1894 EP 1898 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 990UI UT WOS:000233768300014 PM 16485476 ER PT J AU Fett, T Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM AF Fett, T Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM TI Interpretation of effects at the static fatigue limit of soda-lime-silicate glass SO ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE fracture; glass; delayed failure; static fatigue; crack tips; subcritical crack growth ID SUBCRITICAL CRACK-GROWTH; CORROSION; MECHANICS; FIBERS AB Crack growth in soda-lime-silicate glass near the static fatigue limit is rationalized by a fracture mechanics model of the crack tip, in which a stressed layer is built up on the crack surface as a consequence of ion exchange at the crack tip. This model extends the one presented earlier by Bunker and Michalske. Ion exchange, between hydronium (H3O+) ions in the solution and sodium (Na+) ions in the glass, gives rise to compressive stresses at the tips of cracks in soda-lime-silicate glasses. These compressive stresses are responsible for (1) the occurrence of a fatigue limit in glass, (2) for the fact that crack tips remain sharp at the fatigue limit even though the walls of the crack are corroded by the basic solutions that form as a consequence of ion exchange, (3) for the crack tip bifurcation often observed when cracks are held at the fatigue limit for a while and then restarted at higher loads, and (4) for the fact that a delay time to restart the crack is often observed after the crack is held under load at the static fatigue limit. Most of the predictions are in quantitative agreement with experimental observations on crack growth and crack tip structure for soda-lime-silicate glass. The prediction of the time required to restart the crack is, however, only qualitatively correct, as experimental data report a sharp peak centered at the fatigue limit in the plot of restart time versus hold stress intensity factor, whereas the model gives a broad maximum on such a plot. Clearly, further development of the model will be needed for a better representation of the experimental data. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Mat Forsch 2, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fett, T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Mat Forsch 2, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM theo.fett@imf.fzk.de RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-7944 EI 1873-7315 J9 ENG FRACT MECH JI Eng. Fract. Mech. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 18 BP 2774 EP 2791 DI 10.1016/j.engfraceng.2005.07.002 PG 18 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 981GQ UT WOS:000233076000005 ER PT J AU Susilowati, I Bartoo, N Omar, IH Jeon, Y Kuperan, K Squires, D Vestergaard, N AF Susilowati, I Bartoo, N Omar, IH Jeon, Y Kuperan, K Squires, D Vestergaard, N TI Productive efficiency, property rights, and sustainable renewable resource development in the mini-purse seine fishery of the Java Sea SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY; INEFFICIENCY AB The relationship between productive efficiency and sustainable development of fishing industries in developing countries has received little attention. III-structured property rights in common-pool resources lead to a contradiction between private and social technical efficiency, with private and social costs dependent on the level of technical efficiency. Development policies that increase private efficiency can increase the social cost with ill-structured property rights and common-pool resources, and thereby increase social inefficiency. This paper examines this relationship through a case study of the mini purse seine fishery of the Java Sea, and finds that private technical efficiency does not depend on any measurable attributes of human capital, diverges substantially between the peak and off seasons, and differs between vessels more within the off season. C1 Diponegoro Univ, Semarang, Indonesia. Cent Michigan Univ, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA. Univ So Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. RP Squires, D (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM dsquires@ucsd.edu OI Vestergaard, Niels/0000-0001-9270-2461 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1355-770X J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON JI Environ. Dev. Econ. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 10 BP 837 EP 858 DI 10.1017/S1355770X0500255X PN 6 PG 22 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 997KE UT WOS:000234243300006 ER PT J AU Incardona, JP Carls, MG Teraoka, H Sloan, CA Collier, TK Scholz, NL AF Incardona, JP Carls, MG Teraoka, H Sloan, CA Collier, TK Scholz, NL TI Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent toxicity of weathered crude oil during fish development SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular function; fish development; non-point source pollution; oil spill ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; MYOSIN HEAVY-CHAIN; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; CIRCULATION FAILURE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; INDUCTION AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derived largely from fossil fuels and their combustion, are pervasive contaminants in rivers, lakes, and nearshore marine habitats. Studies after the Exxon Valdez oil spill demonstrated that fish embryos exposed to low levels of PAHs in weathered crude oil develop a syndrome of edema and craniofacial and body axis defects. Although mechanisms leading to these defects are poorly understood, it is widely held that PAH toxicity is linked to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) binding and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction. Using zebrafish embryos, we show that the weathered crude oil syndrome is distinct from the well-characterized AhR-dependent effects of dioxin toxicity. Blockade of AhR pathway components with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides demonstrated that the key developmental defects induced by weathered crude oil exposure are mediated by low-molecular-weight tricyclic PAHs through AhR-independent disruption of cardiovascular function and morphogenesis. These findings have multiple implications for die assessment of PAH impacts on coastal habitats. C1 NOAA, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK USA. Rakuno Gakuen Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Toxicol, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069, Japan. NOAA, Environm Assessment Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Incardona, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.incardona@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 45 TC 156 Z9 161 U1 6 U2 100 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 113 IS 12 BP 1755 EP 1762 DI 10.1289/ehp.8230 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 989ZP UT WOS:000233713200048 PM 16330359 ER PT J AU Long, ER Dutch, M Aasen, S Welch, K Hameedi, MJ AF Long, ER Dutch, M Aasen, S Welch, K Hameedi, MJ TI Spatial extent of degraded sediment quality in Puget Sound (Washington state, USA) based upon measures of the sediment quality triad SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Puget Sound; sediment quality triad; weight of evidence ID CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; COMMENCEMENT BAY; TOXICITY; ESTUARIES; CONTAMINATION; CALIFORNIA; INDEX AB A survey was designed and conducted to determine the severity, spatial patterns, and spatial extent of degraded sediment quality in Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). A weight of evidence compiled from results of chemical analyses, toxicity tests, and benthic infaunal analyses was used to classify the quality of sediments. Sediment samples were collected from 300 locations within a 2363 km(2) area extending from the US/Canada border to the inlets of southern Puget Sound and Hood Canal. Degraded conditions, as indicated with a combination of high chemical concentrations, significant toxicity, and adversely altered benthos, occurred in samples that represented about 1% of the total area. These conditions invariably occurred in samples collected within urbanized bays and industrial waterways, especially near the urban centers of Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, and Bremerton. Sediments with high quality (as indicated by no toxicity, no contamination, and the presence of a relatively abundant and diverse infauna) occurred in samples that represented a majority (68%) of the total study area. Sediments in which results of the three kinds of analyses were not in agreement were classified as intermediate in quality and represented about 31% of the total area. Relative to many other estuaries and marine bays of the USA, Puget Sound sediments ranked among those with minimal evidence of toxicant-induced degradation. C1 Washington State Dept Ecol, Environm Assessment Program, Olympia, WA USA. NOS, NCCOS, CCMA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Dutch, M (reprint author), Washington State Dept Ecol, Environm Assessment Program, Olympia, WA USA. EM mdut461@ecy.wa.gov NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 111 IS 1-3 BP 173 EP 222 DI 10.1007/s10661-005-8220-7 PG 50 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 987QM UT WOS:000233532400010 PM 16311828 ER PT J AU Keller, JM Kannan, K Taniyasu, S Yamashita, N Day, RD Arendt, MD Segars, AL Kucklick, JR AF Keller, JM Kannan, K Taniyasu, S Yamashita, N Day, RD Arendt, MD Segars, AL Kucklick, JR TI Perfluorinated compounds in the plasma of loggerhead and Kemp's ridley sea turtles from the southeastern coast of the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; CARETTA-CARETTA; BLOOD; ACIDS; FLUOROCHEMICALS; CONTAMINANTS; GROWTH; BIRDS; WATER; FISH AB Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been measured in blood of humans and wildlife and are considered globally distributed contaminants. We examined 12 PFCs in the plasma of 73 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and 6 Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) captured from inshore waters of Core Sound, North Carolina (NC), and offshore waters of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (SC-FL). Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the dominant compounds, with respective mean concentrations of 11.0 ng/mL and 3.20 ng/mL for loggerhead turtles and 39.4 ng/mL and 3.57 ng/mL for Kemp's ridley turtles. Mean PFOS concentrations were 2- to 12-fold higher than typical mean Sigma PCB concentrations (similar to 5 ng/g wet mass) measured previously in sea turtle blood. More than 79% of the samples had detectable levels of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) with 8-12 carbons, whereas only 17% or less of samples had detectable levels of PFCAs with 6 or 7 carbons. No samples had detectable levels of PFCAs with 4 or 5 carbons. In loggerhead turtles, Sigma PFC concentrations were not influenced by sex p > 0.05), but were higher in turtles captured from inshore waters of NC than in turtles from offshore waters of SC-FL (p = 0.009). A backward stepwise multiple regression model showed that Sigma PFC concentrations were (1) significantly higher in Kemp's ridley turtles than loggerhead turtles (p < 0.0001), (2) higher in larger turtles (p = 0.018; carapace length used as a proxy for age), and (3) higher in turtles captured toward the north (p=0.006). These findings suggest that bioaccumulation of PFCs in sea turtles is influenced by species, age, and habitat. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Environm Hlth & Toxicol, Albany, NY 12201 USA. AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Res Inst, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Keller, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jennifer.keller@noaa.gov RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 33 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 23 BP 9101 EP 9108 DI 10.1021/es050690c PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 989ZK UT WOS:000233712700021 PM 16382930 ER PT J AU Pencer, J Mills, T Anghel, V Krueger, S Epand, RM Katsaras, J AF Pencer, J Mills, T Anghel, V Krueger, S Epand, RM Katsaras, J TI Detection of submicron-sized raft-like domains in membranes by small-angle neutron scattering SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID LIPID RAFTS; MICRODOMAIN FORMATION; UNILAMELLAR VESICLES; LATERAL DIFFUSION; MODEL MEMBRANES; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; BILAYERS; CHOLESTEROL; MIXTURES AB Using coarse grained models of heterogeneous vesicles we demonstrate the potential for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to detect and distinguish between two different categories of lateral segregation: 1) unilamellar vesicles (ULV) containing a single domain and 2) the formation of several small domains or "clusters" (similar to 10 nm in radius) on a ULV. Exploiting the unique sensitivity of neutron scattering to differences between hydrogen and deuterium, we show that the liquid ordered (lo) DPPC-rich phase can be selectively labeled using chain deuterated dipalymitoyl phosphatidylcholine (dDPPC), which greatly facilitates the use of SANS to detect membrane domains. SANS experiments are then performed in order to detect and characterize, on nanometer length scales, lateral heterogeneities, or so-called "rafts", in similar to 30 nm radius low polydispersity ULV made up of ternary mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol. For 1:1:1 DOPC:DPPC:cholesterol (DDC) ULV we find evidence for the formation of lateral heterogeneities on cooling below 30 degrees C. These heterogeneities do not appear when DOPC is replaced by SOPC. Fits to the experimental data using coarse grained models show that, at room temperature, DDC ULV each exhibit approximately 30 domains with average radii of similar to 10 nm. C1 CNR, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Atom Energy Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Biochem & Biomed Sci, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. Univ Guelph, Waterloo Phys Inst, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Guelph, Biophys Dept Grp, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Pencer, J (reprint author), CNR, Canadian Neutron Beam Ctr, Chalk River Labs, Bldg 459,Stn 18, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. EM Jeremy.Pencer@nrc.gc.ca; John.Katsaras@nrc.gc.ca OI Anghel, Vinicius Nicolae Petre/0000-0003-0604-4701; Pencer, Jeremy/0000-0002-1796-0230 FU NCRR NIH HHS [R01 RR14812] NR 51 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1292-8941 J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 4 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1140/epje/e2005-00046-5 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 993ZL UT WOS:000233998900008 PM 16292472 ER PT J AU Fromentin, JM Powers, JE AF Fromentin, JM Powers, JE TI Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE Atlantic bluefin tuna; population dynamics; population structure; stock assessment and management; Thunnus thynnus; tuna fisheries ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LONG-TERM FLUCTUATIONS; ARCHIVAL TAGGING DATA; THUNNUS-THYNNUS; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; STOCK ASSESSMENT; EAST ATLANTIC; MOVEMENTS; FISH; PACIFIC AB Both old and new information on the biology and ecology of Atlantic bluefin tuna have confronted scientists with research challenges: research needs to be connected to current stock-assessment and management issues. We review recent studies on habitat, migrations and population structure, stressing the importance of electronic tagging results in the modification of our perception of bluefin tuna population dynamics and behaviour. Additionally, we question, from both scientific and management perspectives, the usefulness of the classical stock concept and suggest other approaches, such as Clark's contingent and metapopulation theories. Current biological information confirms that a substantial amount of uncertainty still exists in the understanding of reproduction and growth. In particular, we focus on intriguing issues such as the difference in age-at-maturity between West Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna. Our description of Atlantic bluefin tuna fisheries places today's fishing patterns within the two millennium history of exploitation of this species: we discuss trap fisheries that existed between the 17th and the early 20th centuries; Atlantic fisheries during the 1950s and 1960s; and the consequences of the recent development of the sushi-sashimi market. Finally, we evaluate stock status and management issues since the early 1970s. While important uncertainties remain, when the fisheries history is confronted with evidence from biological and stock-assessment studies, results indicate that Atlantic bluefin tuna has been undergoing heavy overfishing for a decade. We conclude that the current exploitation of bluefin tuna has many biological and economic traits that have led several fish stocks to extreme depletion in the past. C1 IFREMER, Ctr Rech Halieut Mediterraneen & Trop, F-34203 Sete, France. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP IFREMER, Ctr Rech Halieut Mediterraneen & Trop, BP 171, F-34203 Sete, France. EM jean.marc.fromentin@ifremer.fr NR 153 TC 209 Z9 213 U1 27 U2 246 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1467-2960 EI 1467-2979 J9 FISH FISH JI Fish. Fish. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 6 IS 4 BP 281 EP 306 DI 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2005.00197.x PG 26 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 988TQ UT WOS:000233624200001 ER PT J AU Conti, SG Demer, DA Soule, MA Conti, JHE AF Conti, SG Demer, DA Soule, MA Conti, JHE TI An improved multiple-frequency method for measuring in situ target strengths SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE split-beam; target strength; three-dimensional reference transformation AB Refinements have been made to the multiple-frequency method for rejecting overlapping echoes when making target-strength measurements with split-beam echosounders described in Demer et al. (1999). The technique requires that echoes, simultaneously detected with two or more adjacent split-beam transducers of different frequencies, pass multiple-target rejection algorithms at each frequency, and characterize virtually identical three-dimensional target coordinates. To translate the coordinates into a common reference system for comparison, the previous method only considered relative transducer positions and assumed that the beam axes of the transducers were parallel. The method was improved by first, optimizing the accuracy and precision of the range and angular measurements of the individual frequency detections; and second, precisely determining acoustically the relative positions and angular orientations of the transducers, thus completely describing the reference-system transformation(s). Algorithms are presented for accurately and precisely estimating the transformation parameters, and efficiently rejecting multiple targets while retaining measurements of most single targets. These improvements are demonstrated through simulations, controlled test-tank experiments, and shipboard measurements using 38- and 120-kHz split-beam transducers. The results indicate that the improved multiple-frequency TS method can reject more than 97% of multiple targets, while allowing 99% of the resolvable single targets to be measured. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Fisheries Resource Surveys, ZA-7966 Cape Town, South Africa. RP Conti, SG (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM sconti@ucsd.edu NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 8 BP 1636 EP 1646 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.008 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 990YA UT WOS:000233778100010 ER PT J AU Lee, S Seo, S Golmie, N AF Lee, S Seo, S Golmie, N TI An efficient power-saving mechanism for integration of WLAN and cellular networks SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE WLAN; cellular networks; power-saving; vertical handoff AB In this letter, we propose an efficient power-saving mechanism using paging of cellular networks for WLAN in heterogeneous wireless networks, where WLAN interface is turned off during idle state without any periodic wake-up in order to save power consumption while at the same time, the existing paging of cellular network is utilized in place of beacons in WLAN. For the proposed mechanism, the mean power consumption is investigated via analytical and simulation results. C1 Yonsei Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM sklee@cs.yonsei.ae.kr RI Seo, SungHoon/A-8048-2008; Seo, SungHoon/B-9807-2009 NR 3 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1089-7798 J9 IEEE COMMUN LETT JI IEEE Commun. Lett. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 9 IS 12 BP 1052 EP 1054 DI 10.1109/LCOMM.2005.12016 PG 3 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA 993IJ UT WOS:000233947500010 ER PT J AU Lee, KB Reichardt, ME AF Lee, KB Reichardt, ME TI Open standards for homeland security sensor networks SO IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Sensor Dev & Applicat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, KB (reprint author), NIST, Sensor Dev & Applicat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kang.lee@nist.gov NR 13 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1094-6969 J9 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG JI IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 8 IS 5 BP 14 EP 21 DI 10.1109/MIM.2005.1578613 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 000DL UT WOS:000234441000003 ER PT J AU Muth, LA Wang, CM Conn, T AF Muth, LA Wang, CM Conn, T TI Robust separation of background and target signals in radar cross section measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE background; clutter; coherent radar cross-section (RCS) measurements; least median of squares; orthogonal-distance regression; outliers; RCS calibration; RCS uncertainty ID REGRESSION AB Coherent measurements of radar cross-section on a target moving along the system line-of-sight in free space will trace a circle centered on the origin of the complex (I, Q) plane. The presence of additional complex background signals (including stationary clutter, target support, and averaged target-mount interactions), which do not depend on target position, will translate the origin of the circle to some complex point (I-0, Q(0)). The presence of outliers (mostly due to radio-frequency interference) can introduce significant errors in the determination of the radius and center of the I-Q circle. We have implemented a combination of a robust and efficient least median square and an orthogonal-distance regression algorithm to eliminate or to reduce the influence of outliers, and then to separate the target and background signals. Concurrently, the influence of noise is also reduced. Thus, we can obtain both target-independent estimates of the background and a background-free estimates of the radar cross-sections of calibration artifacts. In measurements on low-observable targets, the subtraction of the background signal from the measurement and calibration significantly improves the measurement accuracy. This technique is especially useful for subwavelength translations at very and ultra-high-frequencies, where spectral techniques are not applicable because the available arc of data is limited. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NRTF, EG&G, Holloman, NM 88330 USA. RP Muth, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 54 IS 6 BP 2462 EP 2468 DI 10.1109/TIM.2005.858126 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 986HU UT WOS:000233441500043 ER PT J AU Kang, BH Wen, JTY Dagalakis, NG Gorman, JJ AF Kang, BH Wen, JTY Dagalakis, NG Gorman, JJ TI Analysis and design of parallel mechanisms with flexure joints SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation CY APR 26-MAY 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE DE design optimization; flexure joint; manipulability and stiffness mapping; parallel mechanism; precision stage AB Flexure joints are frequently used in precision-motion stages and microrobotic mechanisms due to their monolithic construction. The joint compliance, however, can affect the static and dynamic performance of the overall mechanism. In this paper, we consider the analysis and design of general platform-type parallel mechanisms containing flexure joints. Based on static performance measures such as task-space stiffness and manipulability, and constraints such as joint stress, mechanism size, and workspace volume, we pose the design problem as a multiobjective optimization. We first calculate the Pareto frontier, which can then be used to select the desired design parameters based on secondary criteria, such as performance sensitivity and dynamic characteristics. To facilitate design iteration, we apply the pseudo rigid-body approach with a lumped approximation of the flexure joints. A planar mechanism is used to illustrate the analysis and design techniques. C1 Korea Polytech Univ, Dept Mech Design Engn, Shihung, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. RP Korea Polytech Univ, Dept Mech Design Engn, Shihung, South Korea. EM kangb@kpu.ac.kr; wenj@rpi.edu; dagalaki@cme.nist.gov; gorman@cme.nist.gov RI Wen, John/B-4474-2008 OI Wen, John/0000-0002-5123-5411 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1552-3098 EI 1941-0468 J9 IEEE T ROBOT JI IEEE Trans. Robot. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1179 EP 1185 DI 10.1109/TRO.2005.855989 PG 7 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 996DH UT WOS:000234154100014 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Shirley, JH Ashby, N Burt, EA Dick, GJ AF Jefferts, SR Shirley, JH Ashby, N Burt, EA Dick, GJ TI Power dependence of distributed cavity phase-induced frequency biases in atomic fountain frequency standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID CESIUM FOUNTAIN; ACCURACY EVALUATION; MICROWAVE CAVITIES; UNCERTAINTY; SHIFTS; PTB AB We discuss the implications of using high-power microwave tests in a fountain frequency standard to measure the frequency bias resulting from distributed cavity-phase shifts. We develop a theory which shows that the frequency bias from distributed cavity phase depends on the amplitude of the microwave field within the cavity. The dependence leads to the conclusion that the frequency bias associated with the distributed cavity phase is typically both misestimated and counted twice within the error budget of fountain frequency standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jefferts@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD DEC PY 2005 VL 52 IS 12 BP 2314 EP 2321 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2005.1563276 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 999OI UT WOS:000234398700018 PM 16463499 ER PT J AU Wallace, BP Seminoff, JA Kilkam, SS Spotila, JR Dutton, PH AF Wallace, BP Seminoff, JA Kilkam, SS Spotila, JR Dutton, PH TI Leatherback turtles as oceanographic indicators: Stable isotope analyses reveal a trophic dichotomy between ocean basins SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 04-08, 2006 CL Orlando, FL C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Durham, NC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM bwallace@duke.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1092 EP 1092 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 012KH UT WOS:000235337601029 ER PT J AU Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C AF Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C TI The effect of process models on short-term prediction of moving objects for autonomous driving SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE autonomous ground vehicles; estimation theory; moving object prediction ID NAVIGATION; VEHICLE AB We are developing a novel framework, PRIDE (PRediction In Dynamic Environments), to perform moving object prediction (MOP) for autonomous ground vehicles. The underlying concept is based upon a inulti-reSOILItional, hierarchical approach which incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. The lower levels of the framework utilize estimation-theoretic short-term predictions while the upper levels utilize a probabilistic prediction approach based oil Situation recognition with an underlying cost model. The estimation-theoretic short-term prediction is via an extended Kalman filter-based algorithm using sensor data to predict the future location of moving objects with an associated confidence measure. The proposed estimation-theoretic approach does not incorporate a priori knowledge such as road networks and traffic signage and assumes uninfluenced constant trajectory and is thus Suited for short-term prediction in both on-road and off-road driving. In this article, we analyze the complementary role played by vehicle kinematic models in such short-term prediction of moving objects. In particular, the importance of vehicle process models and their effect oil predicting the positions and orientations of moving objects for autonomous ground vehicle navigation are examined. We present results using field data obtained from different autonomous ground vehicles operating in Outdoor environments. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raj.madhavan@ieee.org; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST CONTROL ROBOTICS & SYSTEMS, KOREAN INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS PI BUCHEON PA BUCHEON TECHNO PARK 401-1506, 193 YAKDAE-DONG WONMI-GU, BUCHEON, GYEONGGI-DO 420-734, SOUTH KOREA SN 1598-6446 EI 2005-4092 J9 INT J CONTROL AUTOM JI Int. J. Control Autom. Syst. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 3 IS 4 BP 509 EP 523 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA 988ER UT WOS:000233574900001 ER PT J AU Schuck, EC Frasier, WM Webb, RS Ellingson, LJ Umberger, WJ AF Schuck, EC Frasier, WM Webb, RS Ellingson, LJ Umberger, WJ TI Adoption of more technically efficient irrigation systems as a drought response SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS; LAND QUALITY; WATER; DEMAND; PLAINS AB Adoption of technically efficient irrigation systems can mitigate the effects of drought by allowing irrigators to maintain water consumption with reduced applications. This paper uses survey data from the worst drought in Colorado's history to examine how drought conditions affect the choice of irrigation system by irrigators. Results indicate that drought conditions did significantly increase the percentage of farms using more efficient sprinkler systems relative to gravity systems. The key factors affecting the decision were land tenure, farm scale and available water supply, suggesting that those enterprises with the most owned land, the highest number of acres and the most reliable water supplies are most likely to invest in more efficient irrigation systems during severe droughts. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr & Western Water Assessment, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schuck, EC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Eric.Schuck@colostate.edu RI Umberger, Wendy/B-4588-2008 OI Umberger, Wendy/0000-0003-4159-7782 NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0790-0627 J9 INT J WATER RESOUR D JI Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 21 IS 4 BP 651 EP 662 DI 10.1080/07900620500363321 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 989QF UT WOS:000233688100008 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Hammouda, B Kline, SR AF Mildner, DFR Hammouda, B Kline, SR TI A refractive focusing lens system for small-angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID COLD NEUTRONS; RESOLUTION; OPTICS; INSTRUMENTS; STANDARDS; PROGRESS AB Simple neutron optics measurements have been performed using optical-quality concave lenses as a function of neutron wavelength on a 30 m SANS instrument. The variation in the width of the beam spot on the detector at wavelengths different from the focused condition has been observed. The movement of the beam on the detector when the centerline of the lens combination is shifted from the incident-beam centerline has also been observed. These results are compared with theoretical predictions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.mildner@nist.gov NR 22 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 38 BP 979 EP 987 DI 10.1107/S0021889805031584 PN 6 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 983ZO UT WOS:000233271100015 ER PT J AU Barker, JG Glinka, CJ Moyer, JJ Kim, MH Drews, AR Agamalian, M AF Barker, JG Glinka, CJ Moyer, JJ Kim, MH Drews, AR Agamalian, M TI Design and performance of a thermal-neutron double-crystal diffractometer for USANS at NIST SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ANGLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS; PYROLYTIC-GRAPHITE; X-RAY; INSTRUMENT; OPTIMIZATION; RESOLUTION; SILICON; REACTOR; CURVES; FILTER AB An ultra-high-resolution small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) double-crystal diffractometer (DCD) is now in operation at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The instrument uses multiple reflections from large silicon (220) perfect single crystals, before and after the sample, to produce both high beam intensity and a low instrument background suitable for small-angle scattering measurements. The minimum detector background to beam intensity ratio (noise-to-signal, N/S) for q >= 5 x 10(-4) angstrom(-1) is 4 x 10(-7). The instrument uses 2.38 A wavelength neutrons on a dedicated thermal neutron beam port, producing a peak flux on the sample of 17300 cm(-2) s(-1). The typical measurement range of the instrument extends from 3 x 10(-5) angstrom(-1) to 5 x 10(-3) angstrom(-1) in scattering wavevector (q), providing information on material structure over the size range from 0.1 mm to 20 mm. This paper describes the design and characteristics of the instrument, the mode of operation, and presents data that demonstrate the instrument's performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ford Motor Co, Res & Adv Engn, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Barker, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.barker@nist.gov OI Agamalian, Michael/0000-0002-9112-2534 NR 32 TC 128 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8898 EI 1600-5767 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 38 BP 1004 EP 1011 DI 10.1107/S0021889805032103 PN 6 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 983ZO UT WOS:000233271100018 ER PT J AU Darby, LS AF Darby, LS TI Cluster analysis of surface winds in Houston, Texas, and the impact of wind patterns on ozone SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SIMILAR METEOROLOGY; DEFINE PERIODS; AIR-POLLUTION; SEA-BREEZE; CLASSIFICATION; QUALITY AB The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston's air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston's high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with the maximum ozone of the day. High ozone was most likely to occur with clusters representing the gulf breeze. Clusters occurring before the ozone maximum of the day were analyzed to determine which sequences of wind patterns were most likely to precede high ozone. A transition from offshore flow to onshore flow, with at least I h of stagnant winds in between, routinely occurred in the 6 h preceding ozone measurements reaching >= 120 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). On nontransition days with high ozone, ozone maxima >= 120 ppbv often occurred the hour after a wind direction shift of greater than about 45 degrees. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Darby, LS (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, ET2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lisa.darby@noaa.gov RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643 NR 27 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 44 IS 12 BP 1788 EP 1806 DI 10.1175/JAM2320.1 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005EI UT WOS:000234805000002 ER PT J AU Falkovich, A Ginis, I Lord, S AF Falkovich, A Ginis, I Lord, S TI Ocean data assimilation and initialization procedure for the coupled GFDL/URI hurricane prediction system SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; GULF-STREAM; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; SIMULATIONS; INTENSITY; MEANDERS AB A new ocean data assimilation and initialization procedure is presented. It was developed to obtain more realistic initial ocean conditions, including the position and structure of the Gulf Stream (GS) and Loop Current (LC), in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/ University of Rhode Island (GFDL/URI) coupled hurricane prediction system used operationally at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. This procedure is based on a feature-modeling approach that allows a realistic simulation of the cross-frontal temperature, salinity, and velocity of oceanic fronts. While previous feature models used analytical formulas to represent frontal structures, the new procedure uses the innovative method of cross-frontal "sharpening" of the background temperature and salinity fields. The sharpening is guided by observed cross sections obtained in specialized field experiments in the GS. The ocean currents are spun up by integrating the ocean model for 2 days, which was sufficient for the velocity fields to adjust to the strong gradients of temperature and salinity in the main thermocline in the GS and LC. A new feature-modeling approach was also developed for the initialization of a multicurrent system in the Caribbean Sea, which provides the LC source. The initialization procedure is demonstrated for coupled model forecasts of Hurricane Isidore (2002). C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ginis, I (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM iginis@gso.uri.edu NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 22 IS 12 BP 1918 EP 1932 DI 10.1175/JTECH1810.1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001AR UT WOS:000234505100006 ER PT J AU Vincent, LA Peterson, TC Barros, VR Marino, MB Rusticucci, M Carrasco, G Ramirez, E Alves, LM Ambrizzi, T Berlato, MA Grimm, AM Marengo, JA Molion, L Moncunill, DF Rebello, E Anunciacao, YMT Quintana, J Santos, JL Baez, J Coronel, G Garcia, J Trebejo, I Bidegain, M Haylock, MR Karoly, D AF Vincent, LA Peterson, TC Barros, VR Marino, MB Rusticucci, M Carrasco, G Ramirez, E Alves, LM Ambrizzi, T Berlato, MA Grimm, AM Marengo, JA Molion, L Moncunill, DF Rebello, E Anunciacao, YMT Quintana, J Santos, JL Baez, J Coronel, G Garcia, J Trebejo, I Bidegain, M Haylock, MR Karoly, D TI Observed trends in indices of daily temperature extremes in South America 1960-2000 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID 2-PHASE REGRESSION-MODEL; CLIMATE EXTREMES; UNDOCUMENTED CHANGEPOINTS; MINIMUM TEMPERATURES; 20TH-CENTURY; ARGENTINA; CANADA; EVENTS; REGION; CIRCULATION AB A workshop on enhancing climate change indices in South America was held in Maceio, Brazil, in August 2004. Scientists from eight southern countries brought daily climatological data from their region for a meticulous assessment of data quality and homogeneity, and for the preparation of climate change indices that can be used for analyses of changes in climate extremes. This study presents an examination of the trends over 1960 - 2000 in the indices of daily temperature extremes. The results indicate no consistent changes in the indices based on daily maximum temperature while significant trends were found in the indices based on daily minimum temperature. Significant increasing trends in the percentage of warm nights and decreasing trends in the percentage of cold nights were observed at many stations. It seems that this warming is mostly due to more warm nights and fewer cold nights during the summer (December February) and fall (March - May). The stations with significant trends appear to be located closer to the west and east coasts of South America. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Climat Datat Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Atmosfer & Oceanos, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Banco Nacl Datos, Serv Meteorol Nacl, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Serv Nacl Meteorol & Hidrol, La Paz, Bolivia. UMSA, Ins tHidraul & Hidrol, San Andres, Bolivia. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Ctr Previsao Tempo & Estudos Climaticos, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Univ Fed Parana, Parana, Brazil. Univ Fed Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil. FUNCEME, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. Inst Nacl Meteorol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Direcc Meteorol Chile, Santiago, Chile. Escuela Super Politecn Litoral, Fac Marine Sci, Quito, Ecuador. DINAC, Luque, Paraguay. Univ Nacl Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Univ Nacl Agr La Molina, Lima, Peru. Serv Nacl Meteorol & Hidrol, Lima, Peru. Univ Republica, Fac Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Vincent, LA (reprint author), Meteorol Serv Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM Lucie.Vincent@ec.gc.ca RI Karoly, David/C-8262-2011; Marengo, Jose /J-9382-2012; Ambrizzi, Tercio/A-4636-2008 OI Karoly, David/0000-0002-8671-2994; Marengo, Jose /0000-0002-8154-2762; NR 31 TC 169 Z9 203 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 23 BP 5011 EP 5023 DI 10.1175/JCLI3589.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 998EW UT WOS:000234302400006 ER PT J AU Michaels, PJ Knappenberger, PC Landsea, C AF Michaels, PJ Knappenberger, PC Landsea, C TI Comments on "impacts of CO2-induced warming on simulated hurricane intensity and precipitation: Sensitivity to the choice of climate model and convective scheme" SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Editorial Material AB In a simulation of enhanced tropical cyclones in a warmer world, Knutson and Tuleya make several assumptions that are not borne out in the real world. They include an unrealistically large carbon dioxide growth rate, an overly strong relationship between sea surface temperature and hurricane intensity, and the use of a mesoscale model that has shown little to no useful skill in predicting current-day hurricane intensity. After accounting for these inaccuracies, a detectable increase in Atlantic hurricane intensity in response to growing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during this century becomes unlikely. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. New Hope Environm Serv Inc, New Hope, VA USA. NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Michaels, PJ (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, POB 400123, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM pjm8x@virginia.edu NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 23 BP 5179 EP 5182 DI 10.1175/JCLI3592.1 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 998EW UT WOS:000234302400016 ER PT J AU Knutson, TR Tuleya, RE AF Knutson, TR Tuleya, RE TI Comments on "impacts of CO2-induced warming on simulated hurricane intensity and precipitation: Sensitivity to the choice of climate model and convective scheme" - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; MAXIMUM INTENSITY AB A response is made to the comments of Michaels et al. concerning a recent study by the authors. Even after considering Michaels et al.'s comments, the authors stand behind the conclusions of the original study. In contrast to Michaels et al., who exclusively emphasize uncertainties that lead to smaller future changes, uncertainties are noted that could lead to either smaller or larger changes in future intensities of hurricanes than those summarized in the original study, with accompanying smaller or larger societal impacts. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Knutson, TR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Tom.Knutson@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 23 BP 5183 EP 5187 DI 10.1175/JCLI3593.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 998EW UT WOS:000234302400017 ER PT J AU Thiaw, WM Mo, KC AF Thiaw, WM Mo, KC TI Impact of sea surface temperature and soil moisture on seasonal rainfall prediction over the sahel SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN EASTERLY WAVES; TROPICAL NORTH-AFRICA; MM5 MODELING SYSTEM; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SUMMER RAINFALL; HYDROLOGY MODEL; WEST-AFRICA; PART II; PRECIPITATION AB The ensemble rainfall forecasts over the Sahel for July-September (JAS) from the NCEP Coupled Forecast System (CFS) were evaluated for the period 1981-2002. The comparison with the gauge-based precipitation analysis indicates that the predicted Sahel rainfall is light and exhibits little interannual variability. The rain belt is shifted about 4 southward. One major source of rainfall errors comes from the erroneous sea surface temperature (SST) forecasts. The systematic SST error pattern has positive errors in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic and negative errors in the tropical Pacific and the southern oceans. It resembles the decadal SST mode, which has a significant influence on rainfall over the Sahel. Because the systematic SST errors were not corrected during the forecasts, persistent errors serve as an additional forcing to the atmosphere. The second source of error is from the soil moisture feedback, which contributes to the southward shift of rainfall and dryness over West Africa. This was demonstrated by the comparison between simulations (SIMs) and the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) run. Both are forced with observed SSTs. The SIMs initialized at the end of June have realistic soil moisture and do not show the southward shift of rainfall. The AMIP, which predicts soil moisture, maintains the dryness through the summer over the Sahel. For AMIP, the decreased rainfall is contributed by the decreased evaporation ( E) due to the dry soil and the shift of the large temperature gradients southward. In response, the African easterly jet (AEJ) shifts southward. Since this jet is the primary source of energy for the African waves and their associated mesoscale convective systems, these too shift southward. This negative feedback contributes to increased dryness over the Sahel. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Thiaw, WM (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Wassila.Thiaw@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 24 BP 5330 EP 5343 DI 10.1175/JCLI3552.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005DD UT WOS:000234801900008 ER PT J AU Vose, RS AF Vose, RS TI Reference station networks for monitoring climatic change in the conterminous United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURES; SELECTION; TIME AB Set cover models are used to develop two reference station networks that can serve as near-term substitutes (as well as long-term backups) for the recently established Climate Reference Network (CRN) in the United States. The first network contains 135 stations distributed in a relatively uniform fashion in order to match the recommended spatial density for CRN. The second network contains 157 well-distributed stations that are generally not in urban areas in order to minimize the impact of future changes in land use. Both networks accurately reproduce the historical temperature and precipitation variations of the twentieth century. C1 Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Vose, RS (reprint author), Natl Climate Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Russell.Vose@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 24 BP 5390 EP 5395 DI 10.1175/JCLI3600.1 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 005DD UT WOS:000234801900013 ER PT J AU Thayer, GW Kentula, ME AF Thayer, GW Kentula, ME TI Coastal restoration: Where have we been, where are we now, and where should we be going? SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal restoration; coastal habitats; wetland restoration; estuaries; fisheries AB Advances in coastal restoration in the last decade are documented in this collection of papers that were commissioned for a symposium held at Restore America's Estuary's inaugural national conference, Coastal and Estuarine Habitat Restoration, Saving Our Coastal Heritage. The symposium presented the current status of our ability to (1) achieve restoration goals, (2) restore fish and wildlife habitat, (3) increase the understanding of coastal habitats and the role of restoration in maintaining them, and (4) use adaptive management approaches. The papers illustrate some of the progress made to date in the restoration of coastal habitats. They also point to the need for continuing study of restoration and for extending the practice of restoration to include a human dimension. The work presented demonstrates the value of science to the management of the nation's resources and confirms the potential of restoration to repair damaged ecosystems. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Thayer, GW (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2005 SI 40 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 908LA UT WOS:000227787300001 ER PT J AU Rozas, LP Caldwell, P Minello, TJ AF Rozas, LP Caldwell, P Minello, TJ TI The fishery value of salt marsh restoration projects SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE restoration methods; marsh terracing; restoration mounds; fishery species; Galveston Bay; habitat value; penaeid shrimps; blue crab; GIS ID GALVESTON BAY; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NATANT MACROFAUNA; PENAEUS-AZTECUS; GULF-COAST; TEXAS; HABITAT; NEKTON; PATTERNS; WETLANDS AB We assessed the benefits of different wetland restoration techniques for fishery resources by comparing habitat complexity, fishery support, and construction costs among five salt marsh restoration projects in Galveston Bay, Texas. The restoration projects included marsh terracing at Galveston Island State Park (GISPT) and Pierce Marsh Preserve (PMPT), mound construction at Jumbile Cove (JC), and marsh island construction north of Galveston Island along Interstate Highway 45 at 1-45 East Marsh (145EM) and 1-45 West Marsh (145WM). The projects were located in shallow estuarine waters and used bottom sediments or upland soils to construct intertidal areas that were planted with smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) and high-resolution aerial photography to classify areas into land (marsh vegetation) and water and applied fishery density models to assess fishery support. These models were developed to describe fine-scale distribution patterns for brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, and blue crab Callinectes, sapidus across shallow estuarine habitat types (emergent marsh and shallow open water) of the Galveston Bay estuary. Restoration sites ranged in size from 6.9 ha (145EM) to 68.2 ha (GISPT). Construction costs ranged from $362,250 (GISPT) to $74,200 (145EM). Costs standardized to 1 ha for comparison among projects were $40,608 (145WM), $11,875 (JC), 685 (145EM), $8,771 (PMPT), and $5,310 (GISPT). The 145WM project contained the greatest percentage of marsh vegetation (68%), whereas the two terracing projects had the smallest percentage (PMPT = 18%, GISPT = 19%). More of the constructed marsh in the terracing projects, however, was vegetated marsh edge (located within 1 m of the marsh shoreline) than in other projects (PMPT = 29%, GISPT 25%, 145EM - 20%, JC = 11%, 145WM - 9%), and this habitat type supports the greatest densities of fishery species. Based on our modeling analysis, overall fishery support was greatest for the two 1-45 projects, followed by the PMPT terracing project. Estimates of standing crop (number of animals) standardized to 1 ha ranged between 22,246-30,863 for brown shrimp, 21,773-33,139 for white shrimp, and 17,240-24,927 for blue crab. The two terracing projects and 145EM had higher fishery-benefit:cost ratios (ratio of standardized net fishery value to standardized project cost) than the other projects. Although marsh terraces composed of small cells supported the highest nekton populations, terraces constructed of medium cells were more cost-effective than terraces composed of either small or large cells. Based on our modeling results, all five restored sites supported relatively high populations of fishery species compared to prerestoration conditions. However, restoration sites did not support populations equivalent to a reference marsh system. Restoration projects should maximize the area of marsh vegetation and create a high degree of water-marsh interspersion to provide the most benefit for fishery species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Estuarine Habitat & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Rozas, LP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Estuarine Habitat & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, 646 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM lawrence.rozas@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 8 U2 22 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2005 SI 40 BP 37 EP 50 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 908LA UT WOS:000227787300004 ER PT J AU Weinstein, MP Litvin, SY Guida, VG AF Weinstein, MP Litvin, SY Guida, VG TI Considerations of habitat linkages, estuarine landscapes, and the trophic spectrum in wetland restoration design SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE estuarine landscapes; trophic spectrum; wetland restoration design. ID ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT; MARSH FOOD-WEBS; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; COMMON REED; SALT-MARSH; STABLE ISOTOPES; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; BENTHIC MICROALGAE AB Wetland restoration designs do not frequently consider functional linkages among habitats in the estuarine landscape, nor do they focus sufficient attention on the role of marsh morphology in promoting the efficient exchange of materials and organisms between the intertidal and subtidal water column. These features should be considered, because many marine organisms may benefit from trophic subsidies from adjacent habitats without ever entering them. Stable isotopes were used to examine trophic linkages between primary producers and marine finfishes to highlight the importance of individual life history traits and to punctuate the argument for promoting habitat connectivity (exchange of materials and organisms) in restoration planning. We demonstrate that the trophic spectrum of an estuarine resident, the Moreno americana (white perch), and two marine transients, Anchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy) and Cynoscion regalis (weakfish), are largely functions of locally available organic matter distributed along a gradient of estuarine resources. In both salt marshes and open waters, there was a transition in whole-body isotopic composition in all three species associated with the estuary-wide gradient in nutrient availability ranging from macrophytes and benthic microalgae in marshes, to phytoplankton (as suspended particulate matter) in the open estuary. As anticipated, phytoplankton contributed more to bay anchovy and weakfish biomass, especially in open waters, than to white perch. Our results also suggest that marine transients benefit from the presence of salt marshes without necessarily occupying them. Thus the estuarine "commissary" serves up different recipes in different regions, and the many estuarine-dependent species apparently take full advantage of these varied sources of primary production at the base of the food web when seeking energy for rapid growth and survival. C1 New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 07732 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Sandy Hook, NJ 07732 USA. RP Weinstein, MP (reprint author), New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook, NJ 07732 USA. EM mweinstein@njmse.org NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 17 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2005 SI 40 BP 51 EP 63 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 908LA UT WOS:000227787300005 ER PT J AU Kirsch, KD Barry, KA Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE Meehan, SR Kenworthy, WJ Julius, BE AF Kirsch, KD Barry, KA Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE Meehan, SR Kenworthy, WJ Julius, BE TI The mini-312 program - An expedited damage assessment and restoration process for seagrasses in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE differential global position system; modeling; habitat equivalency analysis; habitat recovery; vessel groundings; seagrass disturbance; natural resource damage assessment ID PATCH SIZE; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; INFAUNAL BIVALVE; PROPELLER SCARS; VERTICAL GROWTH; CORAL-REEF; LANDSCAPE; HABITATS; SURVIVAL; BAY AB There are approximately 650 known vessel groundings that occur annually within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). The majority of these groundings directly impact valuable seagrass habitat. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), under the National Marine Sanctuary Act, and the State of Florida, under Florida statutes, act as co-trustees with the authority to recover monetary damages and restore injuries to the natural resources of the FKNMS. Previously, it was difficult to accomplish assessment and restoration planning for many of these incidents in a cost-effective manner. With the goal of expediting development of litigation-quality natural resource damage claims for seagrass grounding incidents, NOAA has developed and implemented standardized damage assessment, restoration planning, and restoration scaling protocols for seagrass injuries. The protocols center around three major components: 1) GIS-based field assessment, 2) model-based estimation of injury recovery rates, and 3) calculation of compensation using Habitat Equivalency Analysis. By standardizing the assessment and restoration planning procedures associated with these types of incidents, NOAA and the State of Florida have substantially lowered the threshold for the size and severity of grounding injuries that can be cost-effectively assessed and restored, significantly increasing the number of cases that can be addressed annually, In addition to the direct resource benefits of increased assessment and restoration, we anticipate that there will also be a deterrent effect on future groundings. C1 NOAA, NOS, Damage Assessment Ctr, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, NOS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOS, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Kirsch, KD (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Damage Assessment Ctr, POB 500368, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. EM Kevin.Kirsch@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 13 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2005 SI 40 BP 109 EP 119 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 908LA UT WOS:000227787300009 ER PT J AU Chapman, DJ Julius, BE AF Chapman, DJ Julius, BE TI The use of preventative projects as compensatory restoration SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE natural resource damage assessment; NRDA; scaling; acquisition; HEA AB Natural resource trustee agencies are responsible for making the public and the environment whole following incidents, such as oil spills and vessel groundings, that cause injury to natural resources and services. In most instances, compensatory restoration to address injuries to ecological services (as opposed to direct human uses, such as fishing or boating) takes the form of projects to create or enhance habitat or to provide additional natural resources by increasing the productivity or survivability of organisms such as birds or fish. Although trustees have had numerous successes with these approaches to restoration planning, there are two main factors that argue for including prevention-based projects in the suite of alternatives considered for compensatory restoration. First, as more natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs) are successfully resolved and restoration implemented, it may become increasingly difficult to locate suitable, cost-effective habitat restoration projects, meaning that the trustees may need to look beyond the traditional scope of restoration alternatives. Second, where feasible and cost-effective, prevention of natural resource injuries and/or service losses is preferable to restoration of those same injuries or losses. Previously, restoration planning efforts rarely included preventative projects due to the challenges in quantifying the specific benefits of these types of projects and in determining the appropriate project scale necessary to compensate the public and the environment. This paper addresses methods for quantifying preventative benefits and for scaling these types of projects. Specific examples from past NRDA cases, including projects to address injuries to salmon in Idaho, coral reefs in the Florida Keys, and fishery resources in Alaska, are used to illustrate this approach. In addition, the authors consider the use of conservation easements and land acquisition as a specific subset of preventative projects. Finally, the authors present a framework for defensible incorporation of preventative projects into trustee restoration plans and discuss the caveats associated with selecting and scaling these types of projects. C1 NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Chapman, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, N ORR3,SSMC 4,Rm 10218 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dehapman@stratusconsulting.com; brian.julius@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 13 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2005 SI 40 BP 120 EP 131 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 908LA UT WOS:000227787300010 ER PT J AU Mikhin, D AF Mikhin, D TI Generalizations of the energy-flux parabolic equation SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Australian-Acoustical-Society CY NOV 13-15, 2002 CL Adelaide, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acoust Soc DE underwater acoustics; parabolic equation; energy conservation ID STEP PADE SOLUTION; UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS; WAVE-EQUATION; OCEAN; APPROXIMATIONS; CONSERVATION; PROPAGATION; DENSITY; BOTTOM; MEDIA AB Parabolic equations written in terms of energy flux are inherently immune to the problem of energy conservation at vertical interfaces. Mikhin [J. Comp. Acoust. 9 (2001) 183-203] achieved exact reciprocity and energy conservation in a finite-difference PE model following this approach. However, his model used the implicit Crank-Nicolson scheme in range that requires a small range step for accurate solution. The present paper generalizes the exponential propagator of Collins [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 (1993) 1736-1742] to solve the energy-flux PE. The obtained solution remains strictly reciprocal and energy conserving, while allowing large range steps. The numerical efficiency is improved by one or two orders of magnitude. A technique is proposed to calculate the acoustic pressure within the large steps, so the solution combines fast advance in range with dense range sampling. Numerical examples are provided. C1 Acacia Res Pty Ltd, Adelaide, SA, Australia. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Mikhin, D (reprint author), Acacia Res Pty Ltd, Adelaide, SA, Australia. EM dmitrym@acres.com.au NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-396X J9 J COMPUT ACOUST JI J. Comput. Acoust. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 13 IS 4 BP 641 EP 665 DI 10.1142/S0218396X05002724 PG 25 WC Acoustics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Acoustics; Mathematics GA 025HN UT WOS:000236256200005 ER PT J AU Ray, J Kouba, J Altamimi, Z AF Ray, J Kouba, J Altamimi, Z TI Is there utility in rigorous combinations of VLBI and GPS Earth orientation parameters? SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Earth orientation; reference frames; multi-technique combinations; GPS; VLBI ID GLOBAL-POSITIONING-SYSTEM; LENGTH; ROTATION AB Combinations of station coordinates and velocities from independent space-geodetic techniques have long been the standard method to realize robust global terrestrial reference frames (TRFs). In principle, the particular strengths of one observing method can compensate for weaknesses in others if the combination is properly constructed, suitable weights are found, and accurate co-location ties are available. More recently, the methodology has been extended to combine time-series of results at the normal equation level. This allows Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) to be included and aligned in a fully consistent way with the TRF. While the utility of such multi-technique combinations is generally recognized for the reference frame, the benefits for the EOPs are yet to be quantitatively assessed. In this contribution, which is a sequel to a recent paper on co-location ties (Ray and Altamimi in J Geod 79(4-5): 189-195, 2005), we have studied test combinations of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) time-series solutions to evaluate the effects on combined EOP measurements compared with geophysical excitations. One expects any effect to be small, considering that GPS dominates the polar motion estimates due to its relatively dense and uniform global network coverage, high precision, continuous daily sampling, and homogeneity, while VLBI alone observes UT1-UTC. Presently, although clearly desirable, we see no practical method to rigorously include the GPS estimates of length-of-day variations due to significant time-varying biases. Nevertheless, our results, which are the first of this type, indicate that more accurate polar motion from GPS contributes to improved UT1-UTC results from VLBI. The situation with combined polar motion is more complex. The VLBI data contribute directly only very slightly, if at all, with an impact that is probably affected by the weakness of the current VLBI networks (small size and sparseness) and the quality of local ties relating the VLBI and GPS frames. Instead, the VLBI polar motion information is used primarily in rotationally aligning the VLBI and GPS frames, thereby reducing the dependence on co-location tie information. Further research is needed to determine an optimal VLBI-GPS combination strategy that yields the highest quality EOP estimates. Improved local ties (including internal systematic effects within the techniques) will be critically important in such an effort. C1 Natl Geodet Survey & Bur Int Ploids & Mesures, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9, Canada. Inst Geog Natl, Paris, France. RP Ray, J (reprint author), Natl Geodet Survey & Bur Int Ploids & Mesures, 1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM jimr@ngs.noaa.gov; kouba@geod.nrcan.gc.ca; altamimi@ensg.ign.fr RI Altamimi, Zuheir/A-4168-2009 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD DEC PY 2005 VL 79 IS 9 BP 505 EP 511 DI 10.1007/s00190-005-0007-7 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 990IY UT WOS:000233737600001 ER PT J AU Haeffner, F Smith, DG Barnham, KJ Bush, AI AF Haeffner, F Smith, DG Barnham, KJ Bush, AI TI Model studies of cholesterol and ascorbate oxidation by copper complexes: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid metallochemistry SO JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Alzheimer's disease; oxidative stress; copper; cholesterol; dityrosine; DFT; theoretical ID COUPLED ELECTRON-TRANSFER; A-BETA; GALACTOSE-OXIDASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; TRANSGENIC MICE; BINDING-SITE; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; SENILE PLAQUES; METAL-BINDING AB The neurotoxicity of the amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) is causally linked to Atzheimer's disease (AD) and tray be related to the redox chemistry associated with its interactions with copper lolls and cholesterol in brain tissue. We have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the mechanism controlling the A beta/Cu catalyzed oxidation reactions of cholesterol and ascorbate using a model system. The computed results based on a binuclear Cu complex predict that oxidation of cholesterol (yielding 4-cholesten-3-one as a specific product) proceeds at a slow rate when catalyzed by a A beta/Cu(II)vertical bar His-vertical bar Cu(II)/A beta) aggregate. The computed results also suggest that monomeric A beta/Cu(II) is not able to oxidize cholesterol. DFT also predicted that A(3 will cross-link via covalent dityrosine formation during the oxidation of ascorbate but not during the oxidation of cholesterol. Experimental data were consistent with these predictions. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Phys, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Mental Hlth Res Inst Victoria, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Lab Oxidat Biol,Genet & Aging Res Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Dept Psychiat, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA. RP Haeffner, F (reprint author), NIST, Phys & chem Properties Div Gaithersburg, 10 Bur Dr,Stop 8380NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fredrikh@nist.gov RI Bush, Ashley/A-1186-2007 OI Bush, Ashley/0000-0001-8259-9069 NR 83 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 6 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0162-0134 J9 J INORG BIOCHEM JI J. Inorg. Biochem. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 99 IS 12 BP 2403 EP 2422 DI 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.09.011 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 995LD UT WOS:000234100900020 PM 16271394 ER PT J AU Baker, AR Loughlin, TR Burkanov, V Matson, CW Trujillo, RG Calkins, DG Wickliffe, JK Bickham, JW AF Baker, AR Loughlin, TR Burkanov, V Matson, CW Trujillo, RG Calkins, DG Wickliffe, JK Bickham, JW TI Variation of mitochondrial control region sequences of Steller sea lions: The three-stock hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Eumetopias jubatus; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography; Steller sea lion; stock structure ID DNA; VARIABILITY; ALASKA; NUMBER AB Sequence variation in the mitochondtial DNA (mtDNA) control region was analyzed from 1,568 individuals representing nearly every rookery (n = 50) at which Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) are known to breed in significant numbers. Rookeries were grouped into regions and regions into stocks to examine structure at different spatial scales. Haplotype diversity (H = 0.9164 +/- 0.0035) was high and nucleotide diversity (pi = 0.00967 +/- 0.00586) was moderate. No evidence was observed for significant genetic bottleneck effects. Previous studies of mtDNA recognized 2 stocks (eastern and western) and suggested the presence of 2 groups within the western stock. In this study, significant (P < 0.05) divergence of eastern stock (southeastern Alaska to California) animals from western stock animals was supported in analyses at all spatial scales. Likewise, rookeries and regions from Asia were found to be significantly different from all other western stock rookeries. This was most clearly demonstrated in regional comparisons. The Commander Islands rookery clearly associates with Alaskan western stock rookeries, not with the Asian rookeries. Within each of the 3 stocks there is significant isolation by distance among rookeries. This relationship does not hold for interstock comparisons, indicating that there are important barriers to gene flow among stocks. We recommend that the western stock be partitioned west of the Commander Islands, yielding a western stock that ranges from Prince William Sound west to the Commander Islands, and an Asian stock including rookeries from the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands, and Sea of Okhotsk. The eastern stock remains unchanged and includes rookeries from southeastern Alaska through California. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Nat Resources Consultants, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Pacific Inst Geog, Kamchatka Branch, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683024, Russia. Alaska Sea Life Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM j-bickham@tamu.edu RI Matson, Cole/F-7992-2010 OI Matson, Cole/0000-0002-6472-9357 NR 42 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1075 EP 1084 DI 10.1644/04-MAMM-A-113R1.1 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 001FR UT WOS:000234519500003 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, JE Martin, WC AF Sansonetti, JE Martin, WC TI Handbook of basic atomic spectroscopic data SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review ID FIELD-IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY-LEVEL CLASSIFICATIONS; LASER-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; FINE-STRUCTURE INTERVALS; ABSOLUTE TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; EXPERIMENTAL OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; THEORETICAL RADIATIVE LIFETIMES; FOURIER-TRANSFORM-SPECTROSCOPY; PRECISION STARK SPECTROSCOPY; VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jean.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 440 TC 270 Z9 277 U1 12 U2 70 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 EI 1529-7845 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD DEC PY 2005 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1559 EP 2259 DI 10.1063/1.1800011 PG 701 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 996YW UT WOS:000234213200001 ER PT J AU Nelson, KA Scott, GI Rust, PF AF Nelson, KA Scott, GI Rust, PF TI A multivariable approach for evaluating major impacts on water quality in Murrells and North Inlets, south Carolina SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE regression; Escherichia coli; estuaries; southeast; septic system ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; HIGH-SALINITY ESTUARIES; CONTAMINATION; URBANIZATION; OYSTERS; TRENDS AB Urbanization poses a particular threat to the coastal areas of the southeastern United States where uplands surrounding wetlands are still relatively undeveloped compared with other regions. Predictive models, which would correlate information on land use change and development, would be useful so that downgrades in water quality can be predicted before they occur to allow effective land management decisions to be made. The approach used for this study involved a historical comparison of land use change and fecal coliform bacterial densities on Murrells Inlet (MI) (urbanized site) (n = 2026 samples) and North Inlet (NI) (pristine site) (n = 1656 samples), both bar-built estuaries located on the northern coast of South Carolina South of Myrtle Beach. The microbiological and water quality data used in this research covered the period of 1967-1995 and the following parameters were used: date of sampling, most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliform bacteria, salinity, rainfall and water temperature. The regression models used the above parameters and a change in trend term that accounted for both instantaneous and gradual changes in water quality that may arise from a particular environmental intervention. For MI, the 1980 environmental intervention consisted of the construction of a jetty and the conversion from septic tanks to a main sewer line of approximately 92% of all residences. For NI, the 1973 and 1977 interventions were the construction of Baruch Laboratory and urban development of Debidue Island, respectively. For MI, the intervention, controlling for other environmental parameters, was found to be significant at the alpha = 0.05 level. There was a significant decrease in the increasing trend of fecal coliform bacteria for MI and the conversion to the sewage collection system had a beneficial effect on water quality and probably dominated the jetty effect. For NI, the laboratory construction had no overall impact on water quality so background natural sources of bacteria probably masked any small increases from human sources. C1 Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Bur Epidemiol Adm, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biostat Bioinformat & Epidemiol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Nelson, KA (reprint author), Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Bur Epidemiol Adm, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. EM nelsonka1@yahoo.com NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1241 EP 1251 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 039IM UT WOS:000237299200047 ER PT J AU Ostashev, VE Chunchuzov, IP Wilson, DK AF Ostashev, VE Chunchuzov, IP Wilson, DK TI Sound propagation through and scattering by internal gravity waves in a stably stratified atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; ANISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; NUMBER SPECTRA; LOG-AMPLITUDE; STRATOSPHERE; FLUCTUATIONS; INSTABILITY; SATURATION; PROFILES; MOTIONS AB A stably stratified atmosphere supports propagation of internal gravity waves (IGW). These waves result in highly anisotropic fluctuations in temperature and wind velocity that are stretched in a horizontal direction. As a result, IGW can significantly affect propagation of sound waves in nighttime boundary layers and infrasound waves in the stratosphere. In this paper, a theory of sound propagation through, and scattering by, IGW is developed. First, 3D spectra of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations due to IGW, which were recently derived in the literature for the case of large wave numbers, are generalized to account for small wave numbers. The generalized 3D spectra are then used to calculate the sound scattering cross section in an atmosphere with IGW. The dependencies of the obtained scattering cross section on the sound frequency, scattering angle, and other parameters of the problem are qualitatively different from those for the case of sound scattering by isotropic turbulence with the von Karman spectra of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations. Furthermore, the generalized 3D spectra are used to calculate the mean sound field and the transverse coherence function of a plane sound wave propagating through IGW. The results obtained also significantly differ from those for the case of sound propagation through isotropic turbulence. (c) 2005 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow, Russia. US Armey Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, D-03755 Hannover, Germany. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 118 IS 6 BP 3420 EP 3429 DI 10.1121/1.2126938 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 995LE UT WOS:000234101000006 ER PT J AU Waters, KR Hoffmeister, BK AF Waters, KR Hoffmeister, BK TI Kramers-Kronig analysis of attenuation and dispersion in trabecular bone SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the IEEE-Ultrasonics-Ferroelectrics-and-Frequency-Control-Society CY 2004 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics Frequency Control Soc ID FREQUENCY POWER-LAW; BOVINE CANCELLOUS BONE; ULTRASONIC-ATTENUATION; TIME-DOMAIN; MINERAL DENSITY; PHASE-VELOCITY; ELASTIC WAVES; SOUND SPEED; BACKSCATTER; PROPAGATION AB A restricted-bandwidth form of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations is applied to it? vitro measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion properties of trabecular bone specimens from bovine tibia. The Kramers-Kronig analysis utilizes only experimentally measured properties and avoids extrapolation of ultrasonic properties beyond the known bandwidth. Compensation for the portions of the Kramers-Kronig integrals over the unknown bandwidth is partially achieved by the method of subtractions, where a subtraction frequency acts as an adjustable parameter. Good agreement is found between experimentally measured and Kramers-Kronig reconstructed dispersions. The restricted-bandwidth approach improves upon other forms of the Kramers-Kronig relations and may provide further insight into how ultrasound interacts with trabecular bone. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rhodes Coll, Dept Phys, Memphis, TN 38112 USA. RP Waters, KR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 40 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 118 IS 6 BP 3912 EP 3920 DI 10.1121/1.2126934 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 995LE UT WOS:000234101000051 PM 16419833 ER PT J AU Holt, MM Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D Southall, BL AF Holt, MM Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D Southall, BL TI Localization of aerial pure tones by pinnipeds SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; OLD-WORLD MONKEYS; SOUND LOCALIZATION; PHOCA-VITULINA; BINAURAL CUES; HARBOR SEAL; HEARING; NOISE; ANGLE; AIR AB In this study, minimum audible angles (MAAs) of aerial pure tones were measured in and compared between a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Testing was conducted between 0.8 and 16 kHz in the elephant seal and 0.8 and 20 kHz in the harbor seal and sea lion in a hemi-anechoic chamber using a left/right psychophysical procedure. Performance for the same frequencies was also quantified for discrete speaker separation of 5 degrees from the mid-line. For all subjects, MAAs ranged from approximately 3 degrees to 15 degrees and were generally equal to or larger than those previously measured in the same subjects with a broadband signal. Performance at 5 degrees ranged from chance to 97% correct, depending on frequency and subject. Poorest performance in the sea lion and harbor seal occurred at intermediate frequencies, which is consistent with the duplex theory of sound localization. In contrast, the elephant seal's poorest performance occurred at higher frequencies. The elephant seal's result suggests an inferior ability to utilize interaural level differences and is perhaps related to best hearing sensitivity shifted toward lower frequencies in this species relative to other pinnipeds. (c) 2005 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Acoust Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Holt, MM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 118 IS 6 BP 3921 EP 3926 DI 10.1121/1.2126931 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 995LE UT WOS:000234101000052 PM 16419834 ER PT J AU McDonald, MA Hildebrand, JA Wiggins, SM Thiele, D Glasgow, D Moore, SE AF McDonald, MA Hildebrand, JA Wiggins, SM Thiele, D Glasgow, D Moore, SE TI Sei whale sounds recorded in the Antarctic SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL; NOISE AB Sei whales are the least well known acoustically of all the rorquals, with only two brief descriptions of their calls previously reported. Recordings of low-frequency tonal and frequency swept calls were made near a group Of four or five sei whales in waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula on 19 February 2003. These whales also produced broadband sounds which can be described as growls or whooshes. Many of the tonal and frequency swept calls (30 out of 68) consist of multiple parts with a frequency step between the two parts, this being the most unique characteristic of the calls, allowing them to be distinguished from the calls of other whale species. The average duration of the tonal calls is 0.45 +/- 0.3 s and the average frequency is 433 +/- 192 Hz. Using a calibrated seafloor recorder to determine the absolute calibration of a sonobuoy system, the maximum source level of the tonal calls was 156 +/- 3.6 dB re 1 mu Pa at 1 m. Each call had different character and there was no temporal pattern in the calling. (c) 2005 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Whale Acoust, Bellvue, CO 80512 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Deakin Univ, Sch Ecol & Environm, Warrnambool, Vic 3280, Australia. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McDonald, MA (reprint author), Whale Acoust, 11430 Rist Canyon Rd, Bellvue, CO 80512 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 118 IS 6 BP 3941 EP 3945 DI 10.1121/1.2130944 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 995LE UT WOS:000234101000055 PM 16419837 ER PT J AU Miller, JH Bowles, AE Southall, BL Gentry, RL Ellison, WT Finneran, JJ Greene, CR Kastak, D Ketten, DR Tyack, PL Nachtigall, PE Richardson, WJ Thomas, JA AF Miller, JH Bowles, AE Southall, BL Gentry, RL Ellison, WT Finneran, JJ Greene, CR Kastak, D Ketten, DR Tyack, PL Nachtigall, PE Richardson, WJ Thomas, JA TI 4pAB4. Strategies for weighting exposure in the development of acoustic criteria for marine mammals (vol 118, pg 2019, 2005) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Ocean Engn, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. NOAA, Acoust Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources,Marine Mammal Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Marine Acoust Inc, Litchfield, CT 06759 USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. Greeneridge Sci Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 93110 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. LGL Ltd Environm Res Associates, King City, ON L7B 1A6, Canada. Western Illinois Univ Quad Cities, Moline, IL 61265 USA. RP Miller, JH (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Ocean Engn, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Tyack, Peter/D-6209-2013 OI Tyack, Peter/0000-0002-8409-4790 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 118 IS 6 BP 3962 EP 3962 DI 10.1121/1.2140581 PG 1 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 995LE UT WOS:000234101000059 ER PT J AU Kang, D Eder, BK Stein, AF Grell, GA Peckham, SE McHenry, J AF Kang, D Eder, BK Stein, AF Grell, GA Peckham, SE McHenry, J TI The New England Air Quality Forecasting Pilot Program: Development of an evaluation protocol and performance benchmark SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID OZONE; MODEL AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently sponsored the New England Forecasting Pilot Program to serve as a "test bed" for chemical forecasting by providing all of the elements of a National Air Quality Forecasting System, including the development and implementation of an evaluation protocol. This Pilot Program enlisted three regional-scale air quality models, serving as prototypes, to forecast ozone (0,) concentrations across the northeastern United States during the summer of 2002. A suite of statistical metrics was identified as part of the protocol that facilitated evaluation of both discrete forecasts (observed versus modeled concentrations) and categorical forecasts (observed versus modeled exceedances/nonexceedances) for both the maximum 1-hr (125 ppb) and 8-hr (85 ppb) forecasts produced by each of the models. Implementation of the evaluation protocol took place during a 25-day period (August 5-29), utilizing hourly 0, concentration data obtained from over 450 monitors from the U.S. Environment Protection Agency's Air Quality System network. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Fdn Ctr Estudios Ambientales Meditrraneo, Valencia, Spain. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Eder, BK (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM eder@hpcc.epa.gov RI Stein, Ariel/G-1330-2012; Stein, Ariel F/L-9724-2014; grell, georg/B-6234-2015 OI Stein, Ariel F/0000-0002-9560-9198; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742 NR 12 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 55 IS 12 BP 1782 EP 1796 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 994UD UT WOS:000234055800001 PM 16408683 ER PT J AU Xue, HW Moyle, AM Magee, N Harrington, JY Lamb, D AF Xue, HW Moyle, AM Magee, N Harrington, JY Lamb, D TI Experimental studies of droplet evaporation kinetics: Validation of models for binary and ternary aqueous solutions SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EQUILIBRIUM PARTIAL PRESSURES; GAS-AEROSOL EQUILIBRIUM; VAPOR-SPHERICAL MODEL; NITRIC-ACID; CONDENSATIONAL GROWTH; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; CLOUD DROPLETS; ACCOMMODATION COEFFICIENTS; THERMAL ACCOMMODATION; HYDROMETEOR GROWTH AB Experiments were conducted with an electrodynamic levitation system to study the kinetics of droplet evaporation under chemically rich conditions. Single solution droplets of known composition (HNO3/H2O or H2SO4/HNO3/H2O) were introduced into an environmentally controlled cubic levitation cell. The gaseous environment was set intentionally out of equilibrium with the droplet properties, thus permitting the HNO3 mass accommodation coefficient to be determined. Measurements were performed at room temperature and various pressures (200-1000 hPa). Droplet sizes (initial radii in the range 12-26 mu m) were measured versus time to high precision (+/- 0.03 mu m) via Mie scattering and compared with sizes computed by different models for mass and heat transfer in the transition regime. The best agreement between the theoretical calculations and experimental results was obtained for an HNO3 mass accommodation coefficient of 0.11 +/- 0.03 at atmospheric pressure, 0.17 +/- 0.05 at 500 hPa, and 0.33 +/- 0.08 at 200 hPa. The determination of the mass accommodation coefficient was not sensitive to the transport model used. The results show that droplet evaporation is strongly limited by HNO3 and occurs in two stages, one characterized by rapid H2O mass transfer and the other by HNO3 mass transfer. The presence of a nonvolatile solute (SO42-) affects the activities of the volatile components (HNO3 and H2O) and prevents complete evaporation of the solution droplets. These findings validate recent attempts to include the effects of soluble trace gases in cloud models, as long as suitable model parameters are used. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Xue, HW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Huiwen.xue@noaa.gov NR 97 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 12 BP 4310 EP 4326 DI 10.1175/JAS3623.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999VV UT WOS:000234419800011 ER PT J AU Sui, CH Li, XF Yang, MJ Huang, HL AF Sui, CH Li, XF Yang, MJ Huang, HL TI Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; ICE-PHASE MICROPHYSICS; TROPICAL CONVECTION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; CUMULUS CONVECTION; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; MESOSCALE; WATER; PARAMETERIZATION AB Precipitation efficiency is estimated based on vertically integrated budgets of water vapor and clouds using hourly data from both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cloud-resolving simulations. The 2D cloud-resolving model is forced by the vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The 3D cloud-resolving modeling is based on the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulation of Typhoon Nari (in 2001). The analysis of the hourly moisture and cloud budgets of the 2D simulation shows that the total moisture source (surface evaporation and vertically integrated moisture convergence) is converted into hydrometeors through vapor condensation and deposition rates regardless of the area size where the average is taken. This leads to the conclusion that the large-scale and cloud-microphysics precipitation efficiencies are statistically equivalent. Results further show that convergence (divergence) of hydrometeors would make precipitation efficiency larger (smaller). The precipitation efficiency tends to be larger (even > 100%) in light rain conditions as a result of hydrometeor convergence from the neighboring atmospheric columns. Analysis of the hourly moisture and cloud budgets of the 3D results from the simulation of a typhoon system with heavy rainfall generally supports that of 2D results from the simulation of the tropical convective system with moderate rainfall intensity. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Chinese Culture Univ, Inst Geog, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Sui, CH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, 300 Wu Chuan Li, Tao Yuan 320, Taiwan. EM sui@cc.ncu.edu.tw RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Yang, Ming-Jen/F-4628-2012; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; OI Yang, Ming-Jen/0000-0001-6654-2791; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 38 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 12 BP 4358 EP 4370 DI 10.1175/JAS3587.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999VV UT WOS:000234419800014 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P AF Zurita-Gotor, P TI Updraft/downdraft constraints for moist baroclinic modes and their implications for the short-wave cutoff and maximum growth rate SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STATIC STABILITY; INSTABILITY; ENERGETICS; DYNAMICS; EDDIES; CYCLOGENESIS; TROPOSPHERE; ENVIRONMENT; TROPOPAUSE; ATMOSPHERE AB This paper examines the dynamics of moist baroclinic modes, based on the idealized model of moist baroclinic instability devised by Emanuel et al. These authors found that the finite static stability along the downdraft prevents the explosive short-wave cyclogenesis of the zero stratification limit in the moist problem, and allows only moderate ( order 2) changes in the growth rate and short-wave cutoff, even when the moist static stability vanishes. To understand the limiting role of the dry static stability, a constraint is derived in this paper that relates the updraft and downdraft structures. This constraint is based on continuity and implies that a bulk wavenumber (defined in the paper) scales as the relevant deformation radius in each region.Because neutral solutions are separable, the vertical structure can be encapsulated in terms of a single, equivalent wavenumber based on the downdraft width. This allows an interpretation of the results in terms of the equivalent dry mode. As the ratio between moist and dry static stability decreases, the downdraft width takes an increasingly larger fraction of the total wavelength. In the limit of moist neutrality all the wavelength is occupied by the downdraft, so that the short-wave cutoff is halved. The vertical phase tilt makes unstable solutions nonseparable, and prevents defining an equivalent wavenumber in that case. However, the constraint between the bulk wavenumbers still applies. As the moist stability is reduced, the updraft solution becomes more suboptimal; in the limit of moist neutrality, the updraft wavenumber equals the short-wave cutoff. This provides a bound to the maximum growth rate in the moist problem, which is in agreement with the results of Emanuel et al. C1 GFDL, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), GFDL, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Rm 237,Princeton Forrestal Campus,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 62 IS 12 BP 4450 EP 4458 DI 10.1175/JAS3630.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 999VV UT WOS:000234419800021 ER PT J AU Myrskog, SH Fox, JK Segal, LR Jofre, AM Mishra, SR Steinberg, AM AF Myrskog, SH Fox, JK Segal, LR Jofre, AM Mishra, SR Steinberg, AM TI Experimental characterization of 1-D velocity selection SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE velocity selection; laser cooling; BEC; dipole force; atom optics ID ATOMS; CESIUM AB We demonstrate a 1-D velocity selection technique which relies on combining magnetic and optical potentials. We have selected atom clouds with temperatures as low as 2.9 % of the initial temperature, with an efficiency of 1 %. The efficiency (percentage of atoms selected) of the technique can vary as slowly as the square root of the final temperature. In addition to selecting the coldest atoms from a cloud, this technique imparts a sharp cut-off in the velocity distribution. The cold selected atoms are confined in a small well, spatially separated from higher energy atoms. Such a non-thermal distribution may be useful for atom optics experiments, such as studies of atom tunneling. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Adv Technol, Indore 152013, India. RP Myrskog, SH (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. EM steinberg@physics.utoronto.ca RI Steinberg, Aephraim/C-3226-2008 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 47 IS 6 BP 953 EP 957 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 994CP UT WOS:000234008100008 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Watling, L Stone, R AF Lehnert, H Watling, L Stone, R TI Cladorhiza corona sp nov (Porifera : Demospongiae : Cladorhizidae) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska) SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB A new species of Cladorhizidac, front the Aleutian Islands is described and compared with all known species of Cladorhizza worldwide. Cladorhiza corona sp. now has a unique growth form with two planes of differently shaped appendages. Appendages are Inserted directly at the stalk; a spherical or conical body at the stalk is lacking. It is the only species reported where different spicule types occur in three morphologically different areas of the sponge. The spiculation of the basal plate is characterized by the occurrence of short, thick anisoxcas and the lack of anisochelae. Anisochelac arc found in the stalk and the basal appendages only. Flattened sigmancistras and (sub-)tylostyles are restricted to the crown. The arrangement of spicules is different in the basal plate, the stalk with the basal appendages, and in the distal append ages. The dimensions and combination of spicule types separate C. corona sp. nov. from all known members of the genus. C1 Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Watling, L (reprint author), Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Walpole, ME 04573 USA. EM watling@maine.edu NR 12 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1359 EP 1366 DI 10.1017/S0025315405012531 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 994HF UT WOS:000234021100006 ER PT J AU Lawall, JR AF Lawall, JR TI Fabry-Perot metrology for displacements up to 50 mm SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; LASER; INTERFEROMETRY; CAVITY AB A system designed to apply Fabry-Perot interferometry to the measurement of displacements is described. Two adjacent modes of a Fabry-Perot cavity are probed, and both the absolute optical frequencies and their difference are used to determine displacements via changes in cavity length. Light is coupled to the cavity via an optical fiber, making the system ideal for remote sensing applications. Continuous interrogation is not necessary, as the cavity length is encoded in the free spectral range. The absolute uncertainty is determined to be below 10 pm, which for the largest displacement measured corresponds to a relative uncertainty of 4 X 10(-10). To my knowledge this is the smallest relative uncertainty in a displacement measurement ever demonstrated. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawall, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.lawall@nist.gov NR 16 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2786 EP 2798 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.22.002786 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 994GZ UT WOS:000234020500023 PM 16396040 ER PT J AU Forster, I Babbitt, JK Smiley, S AF Forster, I Babbitt, JK Smiley, S TI Comparison of the nutritional quality of fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fishing industry in diets for pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID AQUACULTURE AB The nutritional quality of 13 commercial fish meals (10 from pollock, two from salmon, and one from cod) made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry was determined in diets for the marine fish Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Pelleted feeds were manufactured containing these meals as complete replacement of a low-temperature processed Norwegian fish meal (control). These feeds were fed to triplicate tanks of fish at the facilities of the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii for a period of 9 wk. At the end of the trial, the final weight, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and survival data were subjected to ANOVA procedures. The performance parameters of the fish fed the white fish meals (pollock and cod) were not significantly different from the control. Of the two salmon meals, one promoted good growth and efficiency and one did not. It is concluded that the nutritional quality of Alaska white (pollock and cod) fish meals is equivalent to that of the low-temperature Norwegian fish meal and are of suitable quality for inclusion in commercial feeds for Pacific threadfin. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, REUT Div, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fishery Ind Technol Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Forster, I (reprint author), Ocean Inst, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RI Forster, Ian/E-8098-2010 OI Forster, Ian/0000-0002-4256-4432 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 36 IS 4 BP 530 EP 537 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00401.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 998NE UT WOS:000234324800012 ER PT J AU Stamper, MA Harms, C Epperly, SP Braun-McNeill, J Avens, L Stoskopf, MK AF Stamper, MA Harms, C Epperly, SP Braun-McNeill, J Avens, L Stoskopf, MK TI Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), a comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE barnacle; Caretta caretta; epibiota; loggerhead sea turtle; health; hematology; body condition; migration AB Health status of a total of 57 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta; 42 migratory and 15 residential turtles) was analyzed using body condition and hematologic parameters. A Subset of 18 juvenile migratory loggerhead sea turtles in the fall of 1997 and 15 residential turtles in the summer of 2000 were analyzed for barnacle epibiota. The migratory group had significantly higher red blood cell counts and percent heterophils and significantly lower percent lymphocyte and absolute eosinophil counts, as well as significantly lower plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and anion gap. Many of these variations may be because of physiology of migration. A positive association between turtle weight and hematocrit was detected and may be because of larger turtles diving for longer periods of time. There were no significant differences of epibiota load, health of the turtles, or condition index between turtles captured during the two events. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Environm Med Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Stamper, MA (reprint author), Epcot, Living Seas, Walt Disney Resort, 2016 N Ave Stars,EC Trl W-251, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830 USA. NR 13 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 36 IS 4 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1638/04-074.1 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 029VV UT WOS:000236593400009 PM 17312720 ER PT J AU Kunzelman, JI Durako, MJ Kenworthy, WJ Stapleton, A Wright, JLC AF Kunzelman, JI Durako, MJ Kenworthy, WJ Stapleton, A Wright, JLC TI Irradiance-induced changes in the photobiology of Halophila johnsonii SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODULATED PAM FLUOROMETRY; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; B RADIATION; IN-SITU; ULTRAVIOLET; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SEAGRASS; VARIABILITY AB The endangered seagrass Halophila johnsonii Eiseman, exhibits high-light adapted photophysiology consistent with its distribution in intertidal and shallow subtidal (0-3 m) coastal-lagoon habitats along 200 km of southeastern Florida. To examine the short-term responses of this seagrass to three controlled-irradiance treatments (PAR+UVA+UVB [full spectrum], PAR+UVA, and PAR only), greenhouse-acclimated plants were transferred to outdoor mesocosms during July-August 2002. Chlorophyll fluorescence, UV fluorescence, and samples for pigment extraction were collected in the greenhouse, prior to moving the plants outside and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 21 of the 24-day experiment. Typical of sun-adapted plants, effective quantum yields measured by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry were relatively low in all treatments, ranging from 0.46 +/- 0.09 (PAR only) to 0.58 +/- 0.08 (PAR+UVA+UVB). In the PAR only treatments, there were strong effects on days 1 and 4, presumably because the irradiance in the greenhouse not only lacked all lambda < 400 nm, but also had low irradiance maxima (similar to 700 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), compared with similar to 1,500 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) outside at midday). There were few treatment differences between PAR only and PAR+UVA treatments indicating little effect of UVA radiation on this species. Differences in effective quantum yields and relative electron transport rates between the PAR only and PAR+UVA+UVB treatments on day 4 indicated rapid acclimation to UVB radiation. Tissues of H. johnsonii contained compounds that absorbed strongly in the UV, with a lambda(max) at similar to 345 nm (depending on the extraction solvent). Absorption peak maxima and minima changed over the course of the experiment but there were no significant light-treatment differences in any pigment parameters. Percent UV shield values, measured using a newly developed UVA PAM fluorometer, were highest the day after plants were transferred from the greenhouse to the outdoor mesocosms and declined significantly to pretreatment levels in all treatments by day 21. Percent UV shield exhibited a significant positive relationship with UV-absorbing pigment (UVP) absorbance, however, the absence of treatment effects suggests that the wavelengths inducing pigment synthesis must lie between 400 and 700 nm (PAR). The results indicate that H. johnsonii rapidly acclimates to high UVB and PAR which may largely explain its distribution in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. C1 Univ N Carolina, Wilmington Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Durako, MJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Wilmington Ctr Marine Sci, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. EM durakom@uncw.edu NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 148 IS 2 BP 241 EP 250 DI 10.1007/s00227-005-0070-x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 990DV UT WOS:000233724300003 ER PT J AU Leung, CCM Jefferson, TA Hung, SK Zheng, GJ Yeung, LWY Richardson, BJ Lam, PKS AF Leung, CCM Jefferson, TA Hung, SK Zheng, GJ Yeung, LWY Richardson, BJ Lam, PKS TI Petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in tissues of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins from south China waters SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID COASTAL WATERS; HONG-KONG; SMALL CETACEANS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; PHOCA-GROENLANDICA; MARINE MAMMALS; MUSCLE-TISSUE; HARBOR C1 City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biol & Chem, Ctr Coastal Pollut & Conservat, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Hong Kong Cetacean Res Project, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biol & Chem, Ctr Coastal Pollut & Conservat, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM bhpksl@cityu.edu.hk RI Richardson, Bruce/A-6186-2009; LAM, Paul/B-9121-2008; Yeung, Leo/P-1967-2015 OI LAM, Paul/0000-0002-2134-3710; Yeung, Leo/0000-0001-6800-5658 NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 50 IS 12 BP 1713 EP 1719 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.024 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 997HR UT WOS:000234236600039 PM 16263141 ER PT J AU Rom, L Cruickshank, W Burnett, A Cleveland, J Coble, P Kaplan, M Schoedinger, S Wallace, B AF Rom, L Cruickshank, W Burnett, A Cleveland, J Coble, P Kaplan, M Schoedinger, S Wallace, B TI Improving ocean education by implementmg the US Ocean Action Plan's directives SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Joint Task Force Educ, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Off Naval Res, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Rom, L (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, Joint Task Force Educ, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. EM elrom@nsf.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 5 EP 7 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700002 ER PT J AU Keener-Chavis, P Coble, PG AF Keener-Chavis, P Coble, PG TI Exploration and discovery: Essential elements in earth and space science literacy SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Educ Programs, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Sci Miss Directorate, Earth Sun Syst Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Keener-Chavis, P (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Educ Programs, Washington, DC USA. EM Paula.Keener-Chavis@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 12 EP 14 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700004 ER PT J AU Walker, SH Keener-Chavis, P AF Walker, SH Keener-Chavis, P TI The path to ocean sciences literacy: Essential steps along the way SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The authors of this manuscript offer perspectives on 1) the status of ocean sciences education within the U.S. over the last two decades; 2) subsequent challenges and opportunities, ranging from the lack of funding to issues and common foci within the ocean sciences community relative to the scientific, engineering, and technological capabilities in ocean research and exploration; and 3) recommended actions and partnerships supported by an array of recent publications addressing ocean science literacy (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2004; National Oceanographic Partnership Program, 2004; U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004; White House, 2004). Four high priority areas are addressed: increased ocean sciences professional development programs for educators, promotion and retention of a diverse ocean sciences workforce, provision of high-quality kindergarten through grade 16 curricula, and enhanced partnerships at all levels within the ocean sciences community. We also offer a summary of benefits that an ocean literate society can offer a nation. C1 Univ So Mississippi, JL Scott Marine Educ Ctr & Aquarium, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Coll Sci & Technol, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Walker, SH (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, JL Scott Marine Educ Ctr & Aquarium, 703 E Beach Blvd, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. EM sharon.walker@usm.edu; paula.keener-chavis@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 20 EP 32 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700006 ER PT J AU McDougall, C Ibanez, A White, S AF McDougall, C Ibanez, A White, S TI Achieving environmental literacy with NOAA's observing systems data SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has significantly increased its commitment to promoting environmental literacy by adopting this effort as a strategic cross-cuffing priority, forming an Office of Education and establishing an Education Council. Another of NOAA!s strategic cross-cutting priorities is integrating global environmental observations and data management. NOAA possesses avast array of observing systems that monitor oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial parameters. The streaming data from these systems offers broad opportunities to create real-time visualizations of dynamic Earth processes and to capture rare and spectacular events that occur on regional or global geographic scales. Making these visualizations available to and understandable by the general public is not an easy task. The potential return on investment however, is large. NOAA's Education Council realizes the educational potential that observing system data offer and has adopted Earth Observing Systems Education as a top priority. An effort is currently underway in NOAA to assess existing observing system education activities within and outside the Agency and to pilot education programs using the available streaming data. We will report on the process of assessment and on some of the pilot projects we have begun with a focus on a case study provided by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), a program that provides a fully operational network of integrated observing systems focused on the nation's estuaries. C1 NOAA, Off Educ, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Estuarine Res Reserve Syst, Washington, DC USA. RP McDougall, C (reprint author), NOAA, Off Educ, Washington, DC USA. EM carrie.mcdougall@noaa.gov; atziri.ibanez@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 48 EP 55 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700009 ER PT J AU Tweedie, MS Stanitski, DM Snyder, HD Hammond, JN AF Tweedie, MS Stanitski, DM Snyder, HD Hammond, JN TI Follow the world's ocean currents with the Ocean Surface Currents Web site and the Adopt a Drifter Program SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The ocean surface has provided the interface for commerce, adventure and exploration for millennia. Studies of ocean surface currents play a vital role in our present day understanding of the dynamics at this ocean-atmosphere interface. Using technology to bridge vast distances, students can now reach the oceans and experience real-life challenges that rival those of the space program. In this paper, we detail two efforts using different approaches to engage teachers and their students in the study of ocean surface currents. The NASA-sponsored Ocean Surface Currents Web site (www.oceanmotion.org) provides a comprehensive review of the surface circulation of Earth's ocean and classroom investigations appropriate for various disciplines at the high school level. The site highlights use of data derived from the online satellite data to understand patterns of ocean surface currents and how they relate to issues of exploration, commerce, marine life, weather/climate, natural hazards and national security. Classroom investigations help high school students practice skills matched to national standards, and keyed to topics covered in the traditional high school curriculum and to the stages of the 5 E's teaching and learning model. The NOAA-sponsored Adopt a Drifter Program (ADP) provides an educational opportunity for K-16 teachers to infuse ocean observing system data into their curriculum. The ADP promotes one-on-one partnerships between schools from the United States and international schools where students from both schools mutually adopt a drifting buoy to be deployed from a ship at sea. An educational sticker from each school is adhered to the drifter before deployment and teachers and their students access drifter location, sea surface temperature and/or sea surface pressure data from the drifter online at http://osmc.noaa.gov/ OSMC/adopt, a_drifter.html. These resources better equip teachers with the tools necessary to ignite the interest of students and explain complex relationships between dynamic atmosphere and ocean systems. C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Shippensburg Univ, Shippensburg, PA 17257 USA. Gallaudet Univ, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Tweedie, MS (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM diane.stanitski@noaa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 83 EP 89 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700014 ER PT J AU Fiertz, C Cooper, SK Flanders, J Johnson, J LaPointe, T Oremland, M AF Fiertz, C Cooper, SK Flanders, J Johnson, J LaPointe, T Oremland, M TI Smithsonian's Ocean Science Initiative: a partnership between the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History is launching an Ocean Science Initiative (OSI), which includes an Ocean Web Portal, a Center for Ocean Science, and its centerpiece-the nation's largest permanent Ocean Hall exhibit to open in the fall of 2008. NMNH is the most visited natural history museum in the world. Its dynamic team of research and exhibit staff, and unparalleled collections, in combination with NOAA!s knowledge and expertise in ocean science, provides the opportunity to develop a truly unique exhibit, Web portal and other supporting educational programs. This paper focuses on the partnership, the Hall, its development process, and evolving education and Web portal plans. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Fiertz, C (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM fiertzc@si.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 105 EP 110 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 027ZA UT WOS:000236453700018 ER PT J AU Kobata, T Olson, DA AF Kobata, T Olson, DA TI Accurate determination of equilibrium state between two pressure balances using a pressure transducer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th CCM International Conference on Pressure Metrology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures (10(-9) Pa to 10(9) Pa) CY APR 19-21, 2005 CL Inst Phys, London, ENGLAND SP Consultat Comm Mass & Related Quantities, Low, Medium & High Pressure Working Grp HO Inst Phys AB To determine an equilibrium state between two pressure balances accurately, the measurement method using a precise pressure transducer and two air-operated constant volume valves (CVV) is proposed in this paper. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows: (1) by the usage of two air-operated CVV, the pressure generated by the pressure balance can be connected and disconnected quickly to the transducer without volume change in the hydraulic circuit or heat transfer from the operator, (2) by managing the time intervals between measurements equally, the method proposed can compensate for the effect of the drift component in the successive values measured by the transducer used and (3) the short time stability of the pressure generated by each pressure balance used can be evaluated quantitatively at each pressure. From the measurement results, it was revealed that the equilibrium state could be determined accurately using the method proposed, and the differences between this method and the conventional fall-rate method were sufficiently small. C1 AIST Tsukuba Cent 3, NMIJ AIST, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kobata, T (reprint author), AIST Tsukuba Cent 3, NMIJ AIST, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. RI Kobata, Tokihiko/O-8934-2016 OI Kobata, Tokihiko/0000-0002-6852-0462 NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2005 VL 42 IS 6 SI SI BP S231 EP S234 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/6/S19 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003IY UT WOS:000234676500020 ER PT J AU Miiller, AP Tilford, CR Hendricks, JH AF Miiller, AP Tilford, CR Hendricks, JH TI A low differential-pressure primary standard for the range 1 Pa to 13 kPa SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th CCM International Conference on Pressure Metrology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures (10(-9) Pa to 10(9) Pa) CY APR 19-21, 2005 CL Inst Phys, London, ENGLAND SP Consultat Comm Mass & Related Quantities, Low, Medium & High Pressure Working Grp HO Inst Phys AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has completed the development of a low differential-pressure primary standard covering a range from 1 Pa to 13 kPa for operation with line pressures up to 200 kPa. The standard is based on an ultrasonic interferometer manometer (UIM) primary pressure standard and includes a test-instrument manifold with pressure control systems. The standard was found to be equivalent to low differential-pressure primary standards at three other national metrology institutes (NMIs) in a recent international key comparison. Initial performance of the standard was limited in large part by pressure instabilities. This problem has been addressed with the development of two types of active pressure control, one for calibrating pressure-measuring instruments such as capacitance diaphragm gauges, resonant silicon gauges and Bell-type micromanometers and the other for characterizing pressure-generating instruments such as conical-piston, ball and force-balanced piston gauges. The UIM is characterized by a standard (k = 1) uncertainty due to systematic effects of [(3 x 10(-3) Pa)(2) + (3.2 x 10(-6) P)(2)](1/2) where P is the pressure in pascal. Random uncertainties are dominated by pressure instabilities which can be controlled to a level that varies from standard deviations of 3 mPa at lowest differential pressures to about 60 mPa at full range. The NIST primary standard is described, along with results of comparisons with primary standards developed at other NMIs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miiller, AP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2005 VL 42 IS 6 SI SI BP S187 EP S192 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/42/6/S09 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 003IY UT WOS:000234676500010 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI Misidentification of major constituents by automatic qualitative energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis: A problem that threatens the credibility of the analytical community SO MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE analytical electron microscopy; automated analysis; energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; peak identification; qualitative analysis; scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis AB Automatic qualitative analysis for peak identification is a standard feature of virtually all modern computer-aided analysis software for energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry with electron excitation. Testing of recently installed systems from four different manufacturers has revealed the occasional occurrence of misidentification of peaks of major constituents whose concentrations exceeded 0.1 mass fraction (10 wt%). Test materials where peak identification failures were observed included ZnS, KBr, FeS2, tantalum-niobium alloy, NIST Standard Reference Material 482 (copper-gold alloy), Bi2Te3, uranium-rhodium alloys, platinum-chromium alloy, GaAs, and GaP. These misidentifications of major constituents were exacerbated when the incident beam energy was 10 keV or lower, which restricted or excluded the excitation of the high photon energy K- and L-shell X-rays where multiple peaks, for example, K alpha (K-L-2,L-3)-K beta (K-M-2,M-3); L alpha (L-3-M-4,M-5)L beta (L-2-M-4)-L gamma (L-2-N-4), are well resolved and amenable to identification with high confidence. These misidentifications are so severe as to properly qualify as blunders that present a serious challenge to the credibility of this critical analytical technique. Systematic testing of a peak identification system with a suite of diverse materials can reveal the specific elements and X-ray peaks where failures are likely to occur. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1431-9276 J9 MICROSC MICROANAL JI Microsc. microanal. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 11 IS 6 BP 545 EP 561 DI 10.1017/S1431927605050531 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA 987XL UT WOS:000233550900007 PM 17481333 ER PT J AU Levin, BC Sekiguchi, K Tully, LA Chen, TLJ Gropman, A AF Levin, BC Sekiguchi, K Tully, LA Chen, TLJ Gropman, A TI The common deletion found in patient reexamined after 33 years and comparison with complete mtDNA sequences of maternal relatives SO MITOCHONDRION LA English DT Article DE chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia; CPEO; haplogroup K; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); mitochondrial disease; ptosis; ragged-red fibers ID HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MUTATION AB In 1966, a male (17 years old) was clinically examined at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and diagnosed with Idiopathic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (IPEO). A muscle biopsy showing ragged-red fibers implicated mitochondrial involvement. Since the sequence of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was not determined until 1981, no genetic confirmation of the disease was possible at that time. In 1999, clinical reexamination and sequencing the entire mtDNA of the patient and living maternal relatives (mother and brother) indicated a progressive mitochondrial myopathy and the presence of the 4977 base pair (bp) deletion (the common deletion) in the patient. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Mitochondria Research Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Inst Police Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. Natl Inst Justice, Invest & Forens Sci Div, Washington, DC USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Georgetown Univ, Ctr Funct & Mol Imaging, Washington, DC USA. NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Levin, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barbara.levin@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-7249 J9 MITOCHONDRION JI Mitochondrion PD DEC PY 2005 VL 5 IS 6 BP 403 EP 410 DI 10.1016/j.mito.2005.08.001 PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 997HL UT WOS:000234236000003 PM 16172025 ER PT J AU Rosel, PE Forgetta, V Dewar, K AF Rosel, PE Forgetta, V Dewar, K TI Isolation and characterization of twelve polymorphic microsatellite markers in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE cetacean; kinship; microsatellite; population genetics; Tursiops AB We developed polymerase chain reaction primers for 12 dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Seven markers were obtained after hybridization screening, and five following random genome sequencing. Orthologous positions were computed for nine markers on the bovine genome and for seven on the human genome. The markers are distributed across chromosomes and found in different types of DNA regions. All 12 loci are polymorphic for Tursiops. Five loci were also polymorphic in the related species Stenella frontalis and the more distantly related river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, indicating these markers will be informative across the Delphinidae and other cetacean taxa. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. McGill Univ, Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Human Genet, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada. RP Rosel, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 646 Cajundome Blvd,Suite 234, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM patricia.rosel@noaa.gov OI Forgetta, Vincenzo/0000-0002-6061-4720 NR 12 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD DEC PY 2005 VL 5 IS 4 BP 830 EP 833 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01078.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 994SJ UT WOS:000234051200036 ER PT J AU Canino, MF Spies, IB Hauser, L AF Canino, MF Spies, IB Hauser, L TI Development and characterization of novel di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE enrichment; Gadus macrocephalus; microsatellites; Pacific cod ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ATLANTIC AB The Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) supports large commercial fisheries in the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Here we characterize 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from enriched genomic libraries. Loci were screened on a sample of 96 spawning adults. The average number of alleles per locus was 25.3 (range 12-44), with expected heterozygosities (H-E) ranging from 0.54 to 0.97. No significant deviations of genotypic proportions from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or linkage equilibrium were detected. These markers will be used in future studies of population structure and mixed stock analysis of this important gadid species. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Canino, MF (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mike.canino@noaa.gov RI Hauser, Lorenz/E-4365-2010 NR 14 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD DEC PY 2005 VL 5 IS 4 BP 908 EP 910 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01109.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 994SJ UT WOS:000234051200062 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS Chalikov, DV AF Krasnopolsky, VM Fox-Rabinovitz, MS Chalikov, DV TI Comments on "New approach to calculation of atmospheric model physics: Accurate and fast neural network emulation of longwave radiation in a climate model" - Reply SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID APPROXIMATIONS AB This reply is aimed at clarifying and further discussing the methodological aspects of this neural network application for a better understanding of the technique by the journal readership. The similarities and differences of two approaches and their areas of application are discussed. These two approaches outline a new interdisciplinary field based on application of neural networks (and probably other modern machine or statistical learning techniques) to significantly speed up calculations of time-consuming components of atmospheric and oceanic numerical models. C1 NOAA, NDAA, NCEP, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), NOAA, NDAA, NCEP, SAIC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Vladimir.Krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 133 IS 12 BP 3724 EP 3728 DI 10.1175/MWR3079.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001AS UT WOS:000234505200020 ER PT J AU Koo, SM Li, QL Edelstein, MD Richter, CA Vogel, EM AF Koo, SM Li, QL Edelstein, MD Richter, CA Vogel, EM TI Enhanced channel modulation in dual-gated silicon nanowire transistors SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; NANOTUBE TRANSISTORS; CARBON NANOTUBE; PERFORMANCE AB Dual-gated silicon nanowire (SiNW) field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated by using electron-beam lithography. SiNW devices (W approximate to 60 nm) exhibit an on/off current ratio greater than 10(6), which is more than 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of control devices prepared simultaneously having a large channel width (similar to 5 mu m). In addition, by changing the local energy-band profile of the SiNW channel, the top gate is found to suppress ambipolar conduction effectively, which is one of the factors limiting the use of nanotube or nanowire FETs for complimentary logic applications. Two-dimensional numerical simulations show that the gate-induced electrostatic control is improved as the channel width of the FETs decreases. Therefore, enhanced channel modulations can be achieved in these dual-gated SiNW devices. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koo, SM (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smkoo@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Li, Qiliang/B-2225-2015 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Li, Qiliang/0000-0001-9778-7695 NR 19 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 5 IS 12 BP 2519 EP 2523 DI 10.1021/nl051855i PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 998YY UT WOS:000234357000033 PM 16351207 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D Knill, E Seidelin, S Britton, J Blakestad, RB Chiaverini, J Hume, DB Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Ozeri, R Reichle, R Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D Knill, E Seidelin, S Britton, J Blakestad, RB Chiaverini, J Hume, DB Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Ozeri, R Reichle, R Wineland, DJ TI Creation of a six-atom 'Schrodinger cat' state SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TRAPPED IONS; QUANTUM COMPUTATION; ENTANGLEMENT; TELEPORTATION; OPERATIONS AB Among the classes of highly entangled states of multiple quantum systems, the so- called 'Schrodinger cat' states are particularly useful. Cat states are equal superpositions of two maximally different quantum states. They are a fundamental resource in fault- tolerant quantum computing(1-3) and quantum communication, where they can enable protocols such as open- destination teleportation(4) and secret sharing(5). They play a role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics(6) and enable improved signal- to- noise ratios in interferometry(7). Cat states are very sensitive to decoherence, and as a result their preparation is challenging and can serve as a demonstration of good quantum control. Here we report the creation of cat states of up to six atomic qubits. Each qubit's state space is defined by two hyperfine ground states of a beryllium ion; the cat state corresponds to an entangled equal superposition of all the atoms in one hyperfine state and all atoms in the other hyperfine state. In our experiments, the cat states are prepared in a three- step process, irrespective of the number of entangled atoms. Together with entangled states of a different class created in Innsbruck(8), this work represents the current state- of- the- art for large entangled states in any qubit system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dil@boulder.nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 30 TC 513 Z9 523 U1 6 U2 42 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 438 IS 7068 BP 639 EP 642 DI 10.1038/nature04251 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 988JY UT WOS:000233593100043 PM 16319885 ER PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Du, FM Douglas, JF Winey, KI Harris, RH Shields, JR AF Kashiwagi, T Du, FM Douglas, JF Winey, KI Harris, RH Shields, JR TI Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBE NANOCOMPOSITES; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITES; REINFORCEMENT; GASIFICATION; DISPERSION; BEHAVIOR; HYBRID AB Synthetic polymeric materials are rapidly replacing more traditional inorganic materials, such as metals, and natural polymeric materials, such as wood. As these synthetic materials are flammable, they require modi. cations to decrease their flammability through the addition of flame-retardant compounds. Environmental regulation has restricted the use of some halogenated flame-retardant additives, initiating a search for alternative flame-retardant additives. Nanoparticle fillers are highly attractive for this purpose, because they can simultaneously improve both the physical and flammability properties of the polymer nanocomposite. We show that carbon nanotubes can surpass nanoclays as effective flame-retardant additives if they form a jammed network structure in the polymer matrix, such that the material as a whole behaves rheologically like a gel. We find this kind of network formation for a variety of highly extended carbon-based nanoparticles: single- and multiwalled nanotubes, as well as carbon nanofibres. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov; jack.douglas@nist.gov NR 41 TC 444 Z9 466 U1 32 U2 303 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 4 IS 12 BP 928 EP 933 DI 10.1038/nmat1502 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 988QR UT WOS:000233616200016 PM 16267575 ER PT J AU Dewey, MS Arif, M Gentile, TR Gilliam, DM Jacobson, DL Nico, JS Thompson, AK AF Dewey, MS Arif, M Gentile, TR Gilliam, DM Jacobson, DL Nico, JS Thompson, AK TI The fundamental neutron physics facilities at NIST SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI) CY OCT 10-15, 2004 CL Ft Worth, TX SP US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Natl Canc Inst, Sadia Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Synergy Vaccum, Ft Worth Convent & Vistors Bureau, Elsevier B V, Univ N Texas DE cold neutrons; electroweak interactions; fission research reactors; neutron beams; neutron interferometer; neutron sources; polarized neutrons; ultracold neutrons AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is a national center that provides thermal and cold neutrons beams for activities such as condensed matter physics, materials science, nuclear chemistry, and biological science. Four beams are currently in use for fundamental physics experiments. These include a high-intensity polychromatic beam, a 0.496 nm monochromatic beam, a 0.89 nm monochromatic beam, and a neutron interferometer and optics facility. Experiments focus primarily on studies of the weak interaction using neutrons. This paper provides a general overview of the facilities and highlights some current experiments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dewey, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mdewey@nist.gov NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD DEC PY 2005 VL 241 IS 1-4 BP 213 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.028 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 997PX UT WOS:000234260000048 ER PT J AU Stover, T Lamaze, G AF Stover, T Lamaze, G TI Compton suppression for neutron activation analysis applications at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI) CY OCT 10-15, 2004 CL Ft Worth, TX SP US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Natl Canc Inst, Sadia Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Synergy Vaccum, Ft Worth Convent & Vistors Bureau, Elsevier B V, Univ N Texas AB Suppression systems reduce Compton backscattering counts in a gamma ray spectrum. Every system has particular calibration nuances due to differences in electronics, detectors and environment. This study examines several Compton suppression systems at the NIST Center for Neutron Research in an effort to produce a general guide to their setup and use rather than determine specific settings for a certain experiment. Troubleshooting procedures for timing and calibration of these systems were also examined. A central high purity germanium (HPGe) detector is surrounded by guard detectors. Counts picked up by both detectors are Compton or escape events, while those detected only by the HPGe are photopeaks considered useful for analysis. The electronics system accepts counts detected only by the HPGe detector and rejects ones in coincidence with the guard detectors. Analysis of calibrated Cs-137, Na-24 and Co-60 sources demonstrated the effective Compton suppression for the systems. Examination of certified reference materials, activated in the reactor, demonstrated the experimental readiness of the systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Murray State Univ, Richmond Coll 9145, Dept Phys & Engn, Murray, KY 42071 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stover, T (reprint author), Murray State Univ, Richmond Coll 9145, Dept Phys & Engn, Murray, KY 42071 USA. EM tracy.stover@murraystate.edu NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD DEC PY 2005 VL 241 IS 1-4 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.085 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 997PX UT WOS:000234260000050 ER PT J AU Cox, CE Fischer, DA Schwarz, WG Song, YW AF Cox, CE Fischer, DA Schwarz, WG Song, YW TI Improvement in the low energy collection efficiency of Si(Li) X-ray detectors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI) CY OCT 10-15, 2004 CL Ft Worth, TX SP US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Natl Canc Inst, Sadia Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Synergy Vaccum, Ft Worth Convent & Vistors Bureau, Elsevier B V, Univ N Texas DE Si(Li) detector; collection efficiency below 1 keV; 14-channel multi-element array detector; dead layer ID RADIATION DETECTORS; GERMANIUM AB Soft X-ray beam-line applications are of fundamental importance to material research, and commonly employ high-resolution Si(Li) detectors for energy dispersive spectroscopy. However, the measurement of X-rays below 1 keV is compromised by absorption in the material layers in front of the active crystal and a dead layer at the crystal surface. Various Schottky barrier type contacts were investigated resulting in a 40% reduction of the dead-layer thickness and a factor of two increased sensitivity at carbon K, compared to the standard Si(Li) detector. Si(Li) detectors were tested on the U7A soft X-ray beam-line at the National Synchrotron Light Source and on a scanning electron microscope (SEM). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Gamma Tech Inc, Princeton, NJ 08553 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Sci Inc, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. RP Cox, CE (reprint author), Princeton Gamma Tech Inc, 1026 Route 518, Princeton, NJ 08553 USA. EM ccox@pgt.com NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD DEC PY 2005 VL 241 IS 1-4 BP 436 EP 440 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.091 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 997PX UT WOS:000234260000092 ER PT J AU Gilliam, SB Gidcumb, SM Forsythe, D Parikh, NR Hunn, JD Snead, LL Lamaze, GP AF Gilliam, SB Gidcumb, SM Forsythe, D Parikh, NR Hunn, JD Snead, LL Lamaze, GP TI Helium retention and surface blistering characteristics of tungsten with regard to first wall conditions in an inertial fusion energy reactor SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI) CY OCT 10-15, 2004 CL Ft Worth, TX SP US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn, Int Atom Energy Agcy, Natl Canc Inst, Sadia Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Synergy Vaccum, Ft Worth Convent & Vistors Bureau, Elsevier B V, Univ N Texas DE helium retention; tungsten; implantation; IFE ID CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS; TARGET IMPLOSION; CHAMBER; BEHAVIOR AB The first wall of an inertial fusion energy reactor may suffer from surface blistering and exfoliation due to helium ion fluxes and extreme temperatures. Tungsten is a candidate for the first wall material. A study of helium retention and surface blistering with regard to helium dose, temperature and tungsten microstructure was conducted to learn how the damaging effects of helium may be diminished. Single crystal and polycrystalline tungsten samples were implanted with 1.3 MeV He-3 in doses ranging from 10(19)/m(2) to 10(22)/m(2). Implanted samples were analyzed by He-3(d, p)He-4 nuclear reaction analysis and neutron depth profiling techniques. Surface blistering occurred for doses greater than 10(21) He/m(2) and was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Repeated cycles of implantation and flash annealing indicated that helium retention was reduced with decreasing implant dose per cycle. A carbon foil energy degrader, currently in development, will allow a continuous spectrum of helium implantation energy matching the theoretical models of He ion fluxes within the IFE reactor. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilliam, SB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM sgilliam@physics.unc.edu NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD DEC PY 2005 VL 241 IS 1-4 BP 491 EP 495 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.060 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 997PX UT WOS:000234260000103 ER PT J AU Egler, RA Fernandes, E Rothermund, K Sereika, S de Souza-Pinto, N Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Prochownik, EV AF Egler, RA Fernandes, E Rothermund, K Sereika, S de Souza-Pinto, N Jaruga, P Dizdaroglu, M Prochownik, EV TI Regulation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and c-Myc function by peroxiredoxin 1 SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE peroxiredoxin 1; c-Myc; c-Abl; reactive oxygen species; DNA damage; Ras; Omnibank (R) ID LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY; MURINE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA-CELLS; G(1) PHASE PROGRESSION; RAT EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS; TRANSCRIPTION IN-VIVO; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; REPRESSES TRANSCRIPTION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR; OXIDATIVE STRESS AB Overexpression of c-Myc results in transformation and multiple other phenotypes, and is accompanied by the deregulation of a large number of target genes. We previously demonstrated that peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), interacts with a region of the c-Myc transcriptional regulatory domain that is essential for transformation. This results either in the suppression or enhancement of some c-Myc functions and in the altered expression of select target genes. Most notably, c-Myc-mediated transformation is inhibited, implying a tumor suppressor role for Prdx1. Consistent with this, prdx1 -/- mice develop age-dependent hemolytic anemias and/or malignancies. We now show that erythrocytes and embryonic fibroblasts from these animals contain higher levels of ROS, and that the latter cells show evidence of c-Myc activation, including the ability to be transformed by a ras oncogene alone. In contrast, other primary cells from prdx1 -/- mice do not have elevated ROS, but nonetheless show increased oxidative DNA damage. This apparent paradox can be explained by the fact that ROS localize primarily to the cytoplasm of prdx1 -/- cells, whereas in prdx1 -/- cells, much higher levels of nuclear ROS are seen. We suggest that increased DNA damage and tumor susceptibility in prdx1 -/- animals results from this shift in intracellular ROS. prdx1 -/- mice should be useful in studying the role of oxidative DNA damage in the causation of cancer and its prevention by antioxidants. They should also help in studying the relationship between oncogenes such as c-Myc and DNA damage. C1 Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Hematol Oncol Sect, Rangos Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIH, Lab Mol Gerontol, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Prochownik, EV (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Hematol Oncol Sect, Rangos Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Room 2100,3460 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM procev@chp.edu RI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/C-3462-2013; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 OI Souza-Pinto, Nadja/0000-0003-4206-964X; FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL33741]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32 HD042987] NR 99 TC 119 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 24 IS 54 BP 8038 EP 8050 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1208821 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 989EV UT WOS:000233656600010 PM 16170382 ER PT J AU Quraishi, Q Griebel, M Kleine-Ostmann, T Bratschitsch, R AF Quraishi, Q Griebel, M Kleine-Ostmann, T Bratschitsch, R TI Generation of phase-locked and tunable continuous-wave radiation in the terahertz regime SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-GROWN GAAS; FREQUENCY METROLOGY; LASERS AB Broadly tunable phase-stable single-frequency terahertz radiation is generated with an optical heterodyne photomixer. The photomixer is excited by two near-infrared CW diode lasers that are phase locked to the stabilized optical frequency comb of a femtosecond titanium: sapphire laser. The terahertz radiation emitted by the photomixer is downconverted into RF frequencies with a waveguide harmonic mixer and measurement-limited linewidths at the Hertz level are demonstrated. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Quraishi, Q (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM quraishi@colorado.edu RI Bratschitsch, Rudolf/C-9027-2009 OI Bratschitsch, Rudolf/0000-0002-2368-2548 NR 15 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 30 IS 23 BP 3231 EP 3233 DI 10.1364/OL.30.003231 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 985OL UT WOS:000233387300039 PM 16342730 ER PT J AU Fennell, T Petrenko, OA Fak, B Gardner, JS Bramwell, ST Ouladdiaf, B AF Fennell, T Petrenko, OA Fak, B Gardner, JS Bramwell, ST Ouladdiaf, B TI Neutron scattering studies of the spin ices Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7 in applied magnetic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID COMPOUND DY2TI2O7; PYROCHLORE FERROMAGNET; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; HEAT; REFLECTIONS; FRUSTRATION; EXTINCTION; ANISOTROPY; ORDER; STATE AB Neutron diffraction has been used to investigate the magnetic correlations in single crystals of the spin ice materials Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7 in an external magnetic field applied along either the [001] or [110] crystallographic directions. With the field applied along [001] a long range ordered ground state is selected from the spin ice manifold. With the field applied along [110] the spin system is separated into parallel (alpha) and perpendicular (beta) chains with respect to the field. This leads to partial ordering and the appearance of quasi-one-dimensional magnetic structures. In both field orientations this frustrated spin system is defined by the appearance of metastable states, magnetization plateaus and unusually slow, field regulated dynamics. C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1S 4BS, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RP ESRF, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz,BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble 9, France. EM s.t.bramwell@ucl.ac.uk RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Petrenko, Oleg/E-2717-2013; Fennell, Tom/D-1912-2014 OI Petrenko, Oleg/0000-0003-1529-303X; NR 48 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 22 AR 224411 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.224411 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 998RA UT WOS:000234335600047 ER PT J AU Penn, DR Stiles, MD AF Penn, DR Stiles, MD TI Spin transport for spin diffusion lengths comparable to mean free paths SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; THERMOMAGNETOELECTRIC SYSTEM AB In perpendicular-transport structures with magnetic and nonmagnetic layers, there is a resistance associated with changes in the value of current polarization throughout the structure. Starting from a Boltzmann equation, Valet and Fert [Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993)] derived macroscopic transport equations to describe this effect. Their derivation is formally justified in the limit that the spin-diffusion length of each material is long compared to the mean free path of that same material, but appears to agree with experiment even for spin diffusion lengths comparable to the appropriate mean free paths. Here, numerical studies of the Boltzmann equation verify that their approach is accurate in this limit. In addition, we have examined the case of anisotropic spin-flip scattering. For reasonable parameters, there is only a small difference in the resistance from the isotropic case. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Penn, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 21 AR 212410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.212410 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 998QY UT WOS:000234335400014 ER PT J AU Xu, GY Gehring, PM Shirane, G AF Xu, GY Gehring, PM Shirane, G TI Persistence and memory of polar nanoregions in a ferroelectric relaxor under an electric field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CRYSTALS; SYSTEMS; MODEL AB The response of polar nanoregions (PNR) in the ferroelectric relaxor Pb[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)(0.92)Ti-0.08]O-3 subject to a [111]-oriented electric field has been studied by neutron diffuse scattering. Contrary to classical expectations, the diffuse scattering associated with the PNR persists, and is even partially enhanced, after field cooling. The effect of the external electric field is retained by the PNR after the field is removed. The "memory" of the applied field reappears even after heating the system above the Curie temperature T-C and cooling in zero field. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, GY (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010 OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275 NR 33 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 21 AR 214106 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.214106 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 998QY UT WOS:000234335400039 ER PT J AU Ye, F Fernandez-Baca, JA Dai, PC Lynn, JW Kawano-Furukawa, H Yoshizawa, H Tomioka, Y Tokura, Y AF Ye, F Fernandez-Baca, JA Dai, PC Lynn, JW Kawano-Furukawa, H Yoshizawa, H Tomioka, Y Tokura, Y TI Electronically smecticlike liquid-crystal phase in a nearly half-doped manganite SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; CHARGE; PHYSICS AB We use neutron scattering to study the spin and charge-orbital ordering (CO-OO) in the nearly half-doped perovskite manganite Pr-0.55(Ca0.8Sr0.2)(0.45)MnO3 (PCSMO). On cooling from room temperature, PCSMO first enters into a CO-OO state below T-CO and then becomes a CE-type long-range ordered antiferromagnet below T-N. At temperatures above T-N but below T-CO (T-N< T < T-CO), the spins in PCSMO form highly anisotropic smectic liquid-crystal-like texture with ferromagnetic (FM) quasi-long-range ordered one-dimensional zigzag chains weakly coupled antiferromagnetically. Such a magnetic smecticlike phase results directly from the spin-orbit interaction and demonstrates the presence of textured "electronic soft" phases in doped Mott insulators. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ochanomizu Univ, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128610, Japan. Univ Tokyo, ISSP, Neutron Sci Lab, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191106, Japan. CERC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Ye, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Ye, Feng/B-3210-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Tokura, Yoshinori/C-7352-2009; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/C-3984-2014; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/M-7695-2016; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/M-7646-2016 OI Ye, Feng/0000-0001-7477-4648; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime/0000-0001-9080-5096; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/0000-0003-4713-3727; Kawano-Furukawa, Hazuki/0000-0003-4713-3727 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 21 AR 212404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.212404 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 998QY UT WOS:000234335400008 ER PT J AU Smullin, SJ Geraci, AA Weld, DM Chiaverini, J Holmes, S Kapitulnik, A AF Smullin, SJ Geraci, AA Weld, DM Chiaverini, J Holmes, S Kapitulnik, A TI Constraints on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity at 20 microns SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID RANGE FORCES; DIMENSIONS; MILLIMETER; INTERFEROMETER AB Recent theories of physics beyond the standard model have predicted deviations from Newtonian gravity at short distances. In order to test these theories, we have a built an apparatus that can measure attonewton-scale forces between gold masses separated by distances on the order of 25 mu m. A micromachined silicon cantilever was used as the force sensor, and its displacement was measured with a fiber interferometer. We have used our measurements to set bounds on the magnitude alpha and length scale lambda of Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity; our results presented here yield the best experimental limit in the range of lambda=6-20 mu m. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kapitulnik, A (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM aharonk@stanford.edu NR 31 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 12 AR 122001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.122001 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 997US UT WOS:000234274900005 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J AF Baker-Jarvis, J TI Time-dependent entropy evolution in microscopic and macroscopic electromagnetic relaxation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID NONEQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS; EQUATIONS; MOTION; SYSTEMS AB This paper is a study of entropy and its evolution in the time and frequency domains upon application of electromagnetic fields to materials. An understanding of entropy and its evolution in electromagnetic interactions bridges the boundaries between electromagnetism and thermodynamics. The approach used here is a Liouville-based statistical-mechanical theory. I show that the microscopic entropy is reversible and the macroscopic entropy satisfies an H theorem. The spectral entropy development can be very useful for studying the frequency response of materials. Using a projection-operator based nonequilibrium entropy, different equations are derived for the entropy and entropy production and are applied to the polarization, magnetization, and macroscopic fields. I begin by proving an exact H theorem for the entropy, progress to application of time-dependent entropy in electromagnetics, and then apply the theory to relevant applications in electromagnetics. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship of the frequency-domain form of the entropy to the permittivity, permeability, and impedance. C1 NIST, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NIST, Electromagnet Div, MS 818-01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jjarvis@boulder.nist.gov NR 20 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD DEC PY 2005 VL 72 IS 6 AR 066613 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.066613 PN 2 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 008UA UT WOS:000235065000090 PM 16486084 ER PT J AU Hubbell, J AF Hubbell, J TI Ananda Mohan "Anu" Ghose (1926-2004): A tribute SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubbell, J (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hubbell@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 74 IS 6 BP 400 EP 401 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.08.003 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 989XI UT WOS:000233707000002 ER PT J AU Schwindt, PDD Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Schwindt, PDD Hollberg, L Kitching, J TI Self-oscillating rubidium magnetometer using nonlinear magneto-optical rotation SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR AB The detection of nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) of polarized light through alkali atomic vapor is a highly sensitive technique for measuring magnetic fields. We demonstrate that when using frequency modulated light to excite the NMOR resonance, it is possible to cause the system to self-oscillate. The NMOR signal is not a simple replica of the sine wave modulation of the light, but rather contains many higher harmonics of the modulation frequency, and we implement two ways of processing the signal to recover the fundamental modulation frequency in the feedback loop and induce self-oscillation. Self-oscillation simplifies and reduces the power consumption of the electronics required to operate a magnetometer, making the NMOR technique attractive for commercialized magnetic sensors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Schwindt, PDD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 76 IS 12 AR 126103 DI 10.1063/1.2136885 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 998SU UT WOS:000234340500048 ER PT J AU Winkel, P Zhang, NF AF Winkel, P Zhang, NF TI Effect of uncertainty components such as recalibration on the performance of quality control charts SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE autocorrelation; control charts; EWMA charts; EWMAST charts; quality control; statistics; uncertainty components ID ESTIMATE ABRUPT CHANGES; DATA-WEIGHTING FILTER; BATCH-TYPE PROCESSES; ANALYTICAL VARIANCE; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; REDUCTION AB Background. Uncertainty components (recalibration, new reagent lots, etc.) may be the source of random changes in the level of quality control (QC) values, thus causing false alarms. We propose a method for reducing false alarms. Material and methods. Daily QC measurements of 22 biochemical quantities were recorded over 5 months, while methods and analyser showed no signs of malfunctioning. Each time series of QC values was subdivided according to reagent lot, electrolyte diluent or disposable electrode used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine whether mean levels changed significantly between subseries. For each quantity, the entire time series and each subseries were examined for autocorrelation. An X chart and an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart (or EWMAST [EWMA for stationary processes] in autocorrelated series) were calculated from the first 50 values of each series or subseries and applied to the whole series. Values falling outside the three standard deviation control limits were noted. Results. In 22 out of 24 time series, the mean level differed significantly between subseries. These changes caused spurious autocorrelation. However, in 51.3% of all subseries a significant autocorrelation could also be demonstrated. In total, 5.6% and 29.1% of all time series values fell outside the control limits of the X charts and the EWMA or EWMAST charts, respectively. These percentages were significantly reduced to 0.44 and 0.70 when the subseries-specific control charts were used. Conclusions. The mean level may change because of recalibrations or change of electrolyte diluent lot with subsequent false alarms. False alarms may be significantly reduced by revising QC charts when significant changes occur. C1 Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Rigshosp, Copenhagen Trial Unit Ctr Clin Intervent Res, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Storstrommens Sygehus, Dept Clin Biochem, Naestved, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Winkel, P (reprint author), Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Rigshosp, Copenhagen Trial Unit Ctr Clin Intervent Res, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM pwinkel@ctu.dk NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 12 POSTHUSET, NO-0051 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5513 J9 SCAND J CLIN LAB INV JI Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 65 IS 8 BP 707 EP 719 DI 10.1080/0036551050035248 PG 13 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 988RG UT WOS:000233617800009 PM 16319045 ER PT J AU Wu, ST Zhang, TX Dryer, M Feng, XS Tan, AJ AF Wu, ST Zhang, TX Dryer, M Feng, XS Tan, AJ TI The role of magnetic reconnection in CME acceleration SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE sun : corona; sun : coronal mass ejection (CMEs); acceleration; sun : MHd simulation ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; FLUX ROPE; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION; DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION; LASCO OBSERVATIONS; STREAMER; MODEL; PROPAGATION; DISRUPTION; INITIATION AB Observations carried out from the coronagraphs on board space missions (LASCO/SOHO, Solar Maximum and Skylab) and ground-based facilities (HAO/Mauna Loa Observatory) show that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can be classified into two classes based on their kinematics evolution. These two classes of CMEs are so-called fast and slow CMEs. The fast CME starts with a high initial speed that remains more or less constant; it is also called the constant-speed CME. On the other hand, the slow CME starts with a low initial speed, but shows a gradual acceleration; it is also called the accelerated and slow CME. Low and Zhang [Astrophys. J. 564, L53-L56, 2002] suggested that these two classes of CMEs could be a result of a difference in the initial topology of the magnetic fields associated with the underlying quiescent prominences. A normal prominence magnetic field topology will lead to a fast CME, while an inverse quiescent prominence results in a slow CME, because of the nature of the magnetic reconnection processes. In a recent study given by Wu et al. [Solar Phys. 225, 157-175, 2004], it was shown that an inverse quiescent prominence magnetic topology also could produce a fast CME. In this study, we perform a numerical MHD simulation for CMEs occurring in both normal and inverse quiescent prominence magnetic topology. This study demonstrates three major physical processes responsible for destabilization of these two types of prominence magnetic field topologies that can launch CMEs. These three initiation processes are identical to those used by Wu et al. [Solar Phys. 225, 157-175, 2004]. The simulations show that both fast and slow CMEs can be initiated from these two different types of magnetic topologies. However, the normal quiescent prominence magnetic topology does show the possibility for launching a reconnection island (or secondary O-line) that might be thought of as a "CME''. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci, Lab Space Weather, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Wu, ST (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Olin B King Technol Hall,Room S101, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wus@cspar.uah.edu NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 121 IS 1-4 BP 33 EP 47 DI 10.1007/s11214-006-6159-9 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 049MT UT WOS:000238021400004 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Thieme, CLH Xie, YY Selvamanickam, V Feenstra, R AF Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Thieme, CLH Xie, YY Selvamanickam, V Feenstra, R TI Reversible axial-strain effect in Y-Ba-Cu-O coated conductors SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Mechano-Electromagnetic Properties of Composite Superconductors CY JUL 17-20, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN ID MULTIFILAMENTARY SUPERCONDUCTORS; SCALING LAW; DEPOSITION; FILMS; WIRES AB The recently discovered reversible strain effect in Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) coated conductors contrasts with the general understanding that the effect of strain on the critical-current density J(c) in practical high-temperature superconductors is determined only by crack formation in the ceramic component. Instead of having a constant Jc as a function of strain before an irreversible drop when cracks form in the superconductor, J(c) in YBCO coated conductors can decrease or increase reversibly with strain over a significant strain range up to an irreversible strain limit. This reversible effect is present in samples fabricated either with rolling-assisted biaxially textured Ni-W substrates or with ion-beam-assisted deposition on Hastalloy substrates. The reversibility of J(c) with strain is observed for thin as well as thick YBCO films, and at two very different temperatures (76 and 4 K). The reversible effect is dependent on temperature and magnetic field, thus indicatine, its intrinsic nature. We also report an enhancement of the irreversible strain limit epsilon(irr) where the reversible strain effect ends and YBCO cracking starts. The value of epsilon(irr) increases from about 0.4% to more than 0.5% when YBCO coated conductors are fabricated with an additional Cu protection layer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Amer Superconductor Corp, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cheggour@boulder.nist.gov RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 16 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 18 IS 12 BP S319 EP S324 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/18/12/016 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 995KN UT WOS:000234099300017 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ TI Evaluation of elastic-scattering cross sections for electrons and positrons over a wide energy range SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE quantification of AES and XPS; electron elastic-scattering cross sections; positron elastic-scattering cross sections; scattering potential ID SOLID-SURFACES; ATOMS; BACKSCATTERING; POTENTIALS; NUCLEI AB Quantification of surface- and bulk-analytical methods, e.g. Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM), requires knowledge of reliable elastic-scattering cross sections for describing electron transport in solids. Cross sections for elastic scattering of electrons and positrons by atoms, ions, and molecules can be calculated with the recently developed code ELSEPA (Elastic Scattering of Electrons and Positrons by Atoms) for kinetic energies of the projectile from 10 eV to 50 eV. These calculations can be made after appropriate selection of the basic input parameters: electron-density distribution, a model for the nuclear-charge distribution, and a model for the electron-exchange potential (the latter option applies only to scattering of electrons). Additionally, the correlation-polarization potential and an imaginary absorption potential can be considered in the calculations. We report comparisons of calculated differential elastic-scattering cross sections (DCSs) for silicon and gold at selected energies (500 eV, 5 keV, 30 keV) relevant to AES, XPS, EPMA, and AEM, and at 100 MeV as a limiting case. The DCSs for electrons and positrons differ considerably, particularly for medium- and high-atomic-number elements and for kinetic energies below about 5 keV. The DCSs for positrons are always monotonically decreasing functions of the scattering angle, while the DCSs for electrons have a diffraction-like structure with several minima and maxima. A significant influence of the electron-exchange correction is observed at 500 eV. The correlation-polarization correction is significant for small scattering angles at 500 eV, while the absorption correction is important at energies below about 10 keV. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM ichf@edu.pl RI Salvat, Francesc/F-8255-2016 OI Salvat, Francesc/0000-0002-6162-8841 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0142-2421 EI 1096-9918 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1115 EP 1123 DI 10.1002/sia.2123 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 989XQ UT WOS:000233707800006 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND TI Viscosities of aqueous LiI solutions at 293-525 K and 0.1-40 MPa SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; B-coefficient; capillary viscometer; lithium iodide; viscosity; water ID CONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; APPARENT MOLAR VOLUMES; B-COEFFICIENTS; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; MODELING VISCOSITY; INTERNAL-FRICTION; TEMPERATURES; PRESSURES; CONDUCTANCE; CHLORIDES AB The effects of temperature, pressure, and concentration on viscosity of aqueous LiI solutions were determined with a capillary-flow technique and compared with literature data and correlations. The data are interpreted with the extended Jones-Dole equation for strong electrolytes to calculate the viscosity A-, B-, and D-coefficients. Good agreement was found between derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients and the results predicted by Falkenhagen-Dole theory of electrolyte solutions and calculated with the ionic B-coefficient data. It was found that the temperature coefficient, dB/dT> 0, for LiI(aq) is positive (structure-breaking ions). Physical meaning parameters V and E in the absolute-rate theory of viscosity and hydrodynamic molar volume V-k were calculated using present experimental viscosity data. The values of parameter E almost independent on temperature (around 11.1), while the values of parameter V monotonically decreasing as temperature increases. The Arrhenius-Andrade parameters (A and E-a/R) were calculated from measured viscosity data. The predicted capability and validity of the various theoretical models for the viscosity of electrolyte solutions were tested. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mangur@datacom.ru; Nazim_Azizov@yahoo.com NR 91 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD DEC 1 PY 2005 VL 439 IS 1-2 BP 8 EP 20 DI 10.1016/j.tca.2005.08.036 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 994YC UT WOS:000234066100002 ER PT J AU Charnotskii, M Fuks, I AF Charnotskii, M Fuks, I TI Short pulse backscattering by a rough surface: analytical results and computer simulation of travel times and intensities of the earliest arrivals SO WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA LA English DT Article ID SECTION AB Statistical properties of travel times and intensities of the first two arrivals of short pulses backscattered by a Gaussian rough surface in two-dimensions are obtained by computer simulation. Two specific cases are investigated: a collimated incident beam that is sufficiently wide with a plane wavefront, and a spherical wavefront generated by a point source located sufficiently far from the surface. The simulated results obtained are in a good agreement with theoretical estimates published recently by Fuks and Godin (see Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2004, 14 (2004) 539-562). C1 Zel Technol LLC, NOAA ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Charnotskii, M (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, NOAA ETL, 325 Broadway,R-ETL-0, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM iosif.fuks@noaa.gov RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1745-5030 J9 WAVE RANDOM COMPLEX JI Waves Random Complex Media PD DEC PY 2005 VL 15 IS 4 BP 451 EP 467 PG 17 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 001NI UT WOS:000234543200003 ER PT J AU Zhang, YX Chen, YL Hong, SY Juang, HMH Kodama, K AF Zhang, YX Chen, YL Hong, SY Juang, HMH Kodama, K TI Validation of the coupled NCEP Mesoscale Spectral Model and an advanced land surface model over the Hawaiian Islands. Part I: Summer trade wind conditions and a heavy rainfall event SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RANGE FORECAST MODEL; PRECIPITABLE WATER; NUMERICAL-MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; HYDROLOGY MODEL; CLOUD BANDS; CUMULUS; SOIL; CIRCULATIONS AB Validations of the 10-km operational Regional Spectral Model ( RSM) and the coupled Mesoscale Spectral Model ( MSM) with an advanced land surface model ( LSM) forecasts during a 1-month period from 20 May through 20 June 2002 are performed at three surface sites on the island of Oahu. One heavy rainfall case over the Hawaiian Islands is also simulated using the MSM - LSM. Over land with adequate representation of the terrain, the 1.5-km MSM provides better forecasts of surface variables than the 10-km operational RSM. However, there are still appreciable discrepancies between the MSM simulations and observations. Further improvements are achieved by coupling the MSM with the LSM. In particular, overestimation of the surface wind speed and daytime cold biases experienced by the MSM are largely corrected in the coupled MSM - LSM. Composite analyses of surface variables at three surface sites under different trade wind conditions show that the observed diurnal cycles in 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, and 10-m wind are better forecasted by the MSM - LSM than by the MSM. The observed daytime minima in 2-m dewpoint temperatures during the strong trade wind days at two urban sites are reproduced by the MSM - LSM. The heavy rainfall case studies presented herein indicate that the high-resolution MSM - LSM has better capability in simulating localized rainfall distributions and airflows associated with the heavy rainfall event than the 10-km RSM - LSM. A major model bias is that the MSM - LSM produces excessive rainfall on the windward side of the island of Oahu with no rainfall downstream of the mountain ridges, in contrast to the observed rainfall distribution that shows the maximum rainfall axis occurring slightly downstream of the mountain ridges. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Weather Forecast Off, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Chen, YL (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM yileng@hawaii.edu RI Hong, Song-You/I-3824-2012 NR 58 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 20 IS 6 BP 847 EP 872 DI 10.1175/WAF891.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001AU UT WOS:000234505500003 ER PT J AU Jankov, I Gallus, WA Segal, M Shaw, B Koch, SE AF Jankov, I Gallus, WA Segal, M Shaw, B Koch, SE TI The impact of different WRF model physical parameterizations and their interactions on warm season MCS rainfall SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; ETA SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; INITIALIZATION AB In recent years, a mixed-physics ensemble approach has been investigated as a method to better predict mesoscale convective system ( MCS) rainfall. For both mixed-physics ensemble design and interpretation, knowledge of the general impact of various physical schemes and their interactions on warm season MCS rainfall forecasts would be useful. Adopting the newly emerging Weather Research and Forecasting ( WRF) model for this purpose would further emphasize such benefits. To pursue this goal, a matrix of 18 WRF model configurations, created using different physical scheme combinations, was run with 12-km grid spacing for eight International H2O Project ( IHOP) MCS cases. For each case, three different treatments of convection, three different microphysical schemes, and two different planetary boundary layer schemes were used. Sensitivity to physics changes was determined using the correspondence ratio and the squared correlation coefficient. The factor separation method was also used to quantify in detail the impacts of the variation of two different physical schemes and their interaction on the simulated rainfall. Skill score measures averaged over all eight cases for all 18 configurations indicated that no one configuration was obviously best at all times and thresholds. The greatest variability in forecasts was found to come from changes in the choice of convective scheme, although notable impacts also occurred from changes in the microphysics and planetary boundary layer ( PBL) schemes. Specifically, changes in convective treatment notably impacted the forecast of system average rain rate, while forecasts of total domain rain volume were influenced by choices of microphysics and convective treatment. The impact of interactions ( synergy) of different physical schemes, although occasionally of comparable magnitude to the impacts from changing one scheme alone ( compared to a control run), varied greatly among cases and over time, and was typically not statistically significant. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Jankov, I (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Agron Hall 3010, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM ijankov@iastate.edu RI jankov, isidora/D-2830-2015 NR 39 TC 107 Z9 114 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1048 EP 1060 DI 10.1175/WAF888.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 001AU UT WOS:000234505500014 ER PT J AU Browder, JA Alleman, R Markley, S Ortner, P Pitts, PA AF Browder, JA Alleman, R Markley, S Ortner, P Pitts, PA TI Biscayne Bay conceptual ecological model SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Biscayne Bay; seagrass; dolphins; manatees; fish; pink shrimp; water quality; coastal wetlands; freshwater inflow ID PERKINSUS-MARINUS DISEASE; WATER CANAL DISCHARGE; FLORIDA; SALINITY; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; CONTAMINANTS; OYSTERS; FIELD AB Biscayne Bay is a naturally clear-water bay that spans the length of Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA. It is bordered on the east by barrier islands that include Miami Beach and is an almost completely urban bay in the north and a relatively natural bay in the south. Planned water management changes in the next few years may decrease freshwater flows to the bay from present sources, while offering reclaimed wastewater in return. In addition, a project is planned to restore the former diffuse freshwater flow to the bay through many small creeks crossing coastal wetlands by redistributing the water that now flows into the bay through several large canals. To guide a science-based, adaptive-management approach to water-management planning, a conceptual ecological model of Biscayne Bay was developed based upon a series of open workshops involving researchers familiar with Biscayne Bay. The CEM model relates ecological attributes of the bay to outside forcing functions, identified as water management, watershed development, and sea-level rise. The model depicts the effects of these forcing functions on the ecological attributes of the bay through four stressors. The hypothesized pathways of these effects include salinity patterns, water quality, sediment contaminant concentrations, and physical impacts. Major research questions were identified with regard to uncertainties explicit in the model. The issues addressed include, for example (1) the quantitative relationship between upstream water management, rainfall, and flow into Biscayne Bay; (2) the salinity gradient required to restore the historical estuarine fish community; (3) the potential effect of freshwater inputs on benthic habitats; (4) the effect of introduced nutrient and contaminant loads, including the effects of reclaimed wastewater. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Miami Dade Cty Dept Environm Resources Management, Miami, FL 33130 USA. NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA. RP Browder, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 88 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 EI 1943-6246 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2005 VL 25 IS 4 BP 854 EP 869 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0854:BBCEM]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 996RT UT WOS:000234192800006 ER PT J AU Rudnick, DT Ortner, PB Browder, JA Davis, SM AF Rudnick, DT Ortner, PB Browder, JA Davis, SM TI A conceptual ecological model of Florida Bay SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE ecosystem restoration; estuaries; Florida Bay; Everglades; adaptive management; seagrass; freshwater flow; salinity effects ID SNAPPER LUTJANUS-GRISEUS; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; PINK SHRIMP; FARFANTEPENAEUS-DUORARUM; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS; TROPICAL SEAGRASS; TORTUGAS GROUNDS; WATER-QUALITY; DIE-OFF; EVERGLADES AB Florida Bay is a large and shallow estuary that is linked to the Everglades watershed and is a target of the Greater Everglades ecosystem restoration effort. The conceptual ecological model presented here is a qualitative and minimal depiction of those ecosystem components and linkages that are considered essential for understanding historic changes in the bay ecosystem, the role of human activities as drivers of these changes, and how restoration efforts are likely to affect the ecosystem in the future. The conceptual model serves as a guide for monitoring and research within an adaptive management framework. Historic changes in Florida Bay that are of primary concern are the occurrence of seagrass mass mortality and subsequent phytoplankton blooms in the 1980s and 1990s. These changes are hypothesized to have been caused by long-term changes in the salinity regime of the bay that were driven by water management. However, historic ecological changes also may have been influenced by other human activities, including occlusion of passes between the Florida Keys and increased nutrient loading. The key to Florida Bay restoration is hypothesized to be seagrass community restoration. This community is the central ecosystem element, providing habitat for upper trophic level species and strongly influencing productivity patterns, sediment resuspension, light penetration, nutrient availability, and phytoplankton dynamics. An expectation of Everglades restoration is that changing patterns of freshwater flow toward more natural patterns will drive Florida Bay's structure and function toward its pre-drainage condition. However, considerable uncertainty exists regarding the indirect effects of changing freshwater flow, particularly with regard to the potential for changing the export of dissolved organic matter from the Everglades and the fate and effects of this nutrient source. Adaptive management of Florida Bay, as an integral part of Everglades restoration, requires an integrated program of monitoring, research to decrease uncertainties, and development of quantitative models (especially hydrodynamic and water quality) to synthesize data, develop and test hypotheses, and improve predictive capabilities. Understanding and quantitatively predicting changes in the nature of watershed-estuarine linkages is the highest priority scientific need for Florida Bay restoration. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, Coastal Ecosyst Div, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, RECOVER Sect, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. RP Rudnick, DT (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, Coastal Ecosyst Div, 3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. EM drudnic@sfwmd.gov NR 66 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 21 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2005 VL 25 IS 4 BP 870 EP 883 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0870:ACEMOF]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 996RT UT WOS:000234192800007 ER PT J AU Kanda, LL Fuller, TK Friedland, KD AF Kanda, LL Fuller, TK Friedland, KD TI Temperature sensor evaluation of opossum winter activity SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE data-logging; Didelphis virginiana; foraging; temperature; Virginia opossum; winter ID PATTERNS; BUDGET AB To effectively monitor winter foraging activity by the cryptic, non-site-faithful Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), we tested the use of small data-logging temperature sensors (iButton Thermachrons (R), Maxim/Dallas SemiConductors, Dallas, Tex.) attached to a standard radiocollar on 3 Opossums over the winter of 2000-2001. Two replicate sensors were required to clearly show time periods with cooler temperatures, an indication that the animal was outside the den. These foraging bouts were consistent with the available radiotelemetry data. Daily duration of foraging showed a strong negative relationship with ambient temperature, quantitatively documenting for the first time a phenomenon previously known only anecdotally. The iButton Thermachron seems to be an effective, low-cost, and low-effort technology for monitoring foraging activities of any animal that rests and forages in different temperature environments. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolut Biol Grad Program, Morrill Sci Ctr S 319, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Cooperat Marine Educ &, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kanda, LL (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolut Biol Grad Program, Morrill Sci Ctr S 319, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM lkanda@siena.edu NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2005 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1425 EP 1431 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1425:TSEOOW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 033HA UT WOS:000236836500028 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Bates, TS Baynard, T Clarke, AD Onasch, TB Wang, W Rood, MJ Andrews, E Allan, J Carrico, CM Coffman, D Worsnop, D AF Quinn, PK Bates, TS Baynard, T Clarke, AD Onasch, TB Wang, W Rood, MJ Andrews, E Allan, J Carrico, CM Coffman, D Worsnop, D TI Impact of particulate organic matter on the relative humidity dependence of light scattering: A simplified parameterization SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACE-ASIA; AEROSOL; SATELLITE; BEHAVIOR AB Measurements during recent field campaigns downwind the Indian subcontinent, Asia, and the northeastern United States reveal a substantial decrease in the relative humidity dependence of light scattering, f(sigma sp)(RH), with increasing mass fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) for submicrometer aerosol. Using data from INDOEX (INDian Ocean EXperiment), ACE Asia (Aerosol Characterization Experiment - Asia), and ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation), we have identified, within measurement limitations, the impact of POM on the f(sigma sp)(RH) of accumulation mode sulfate-POM mixtures. The result is a parameterization that quantifies the POM mass fraction - f(sigma sp)(RH) relationship for use in radiative transfer and air quality models either as input or as validation. The parameterization is valid where the aerosol consists of an internally mixed sulfate-carbonaceous accumulation mode and other externally mixed components (e.g. sea salt, dust) and is applicable on both global and regional scales. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov RI Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 19 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 22 AR L22809 DI 10.1029/2005GL024322 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 993EG UT WOS:000233935600010 ER PT J AU Sun, B Peterson, TC AF Sun, B Peterson, TC TI Estimating temperature normals for USCRN stations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature normals; USCRN; COOP ID SERIES; TIME AB Temperature normals have been estimated for stations of the newly developed US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) by using USCRN temperatures and temperature anomalies interpolated from neighboring stations of the National Weather Service Cooperative Station Network (COOP). To seek the best normal estimation approach, several variations on estimation techniques were considered: the sensitivity of error of estimated normals to COOP data quality; the number of neighboring COOP station used; a spatial interpolation scheme; and the number of years of data used in normal estimation. The best estimation method we found is the one in which temperature anomalies are spatially interpolated from COOP stations within approximately 117 km of the target station using a weighting scheme involving the inverse of square difference in temperature (between the neighboring and target station). Using this approach, normals of USCRN stations were generated. Spatial and temporal characteristics of errors are presented, and the applicability of estimated normals in climate monitoring is discussed. Copyright (c) 2005 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. RP Sun, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Bomin.Sun@noaa.gov RI Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014 OI Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 25 IS 14 BP 1809 EP 1817 DI 10.1002/joc.1220 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 986SZ UT WOS:000233471300001 ER PT J AU Curchitser, EN Haidvogel, DB Hermann, AJ Dobbins, EL Powell, TM Kaplan, A AF Curchitser, EN Haidvogel, DB Hermann, AJ Dobbins, EL Powell, TM Kaplan, A TI Multi-scale modeling of the North Pacific Ocean: Assessment and analysis of simulated basin-scale variability (1996-2003) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID 1997-1998 EL-NINO; TROPICAL OCEAN; CIRCULATION; CALIFORNIA; COORDINATE; SURFACE; OREGON; SYSTEM; WATER; PARAMETERIZATION AB A primitive equation ocean general circulation model is used to investigate climate impacts in the North Pacific Ocean in the 1996 to 2003 period. The objective is to assess the model ability to reproduce observed modes of variability and study their impact in the northeast Pacific. This work is done within the framework of the U. S. Global Ecosystem ( GLOBEC) Northeast Pacific Program studying the links between climate variability and ecosystem dynamics. Three large- scale events are considered: The 1997/ 1998 El Nino, the 1999 " regime shift,'' and the 2002 cold/ fresh subsurface anomalous water mass that was observed in the Gulf of Alaska and off the coast of Oregon. The circulation model is shown to generate the correct seasonal to interannual large- scale variability and is able to represent the climatic signals of interest in the eastern Pacific. We show that the influence of the 1997/ 1998 El Nino reached the coastal Gulf of Alaska and induced an increase in the upper ocean heat content along the coast of North America. An analysis of the sea surface temperature for the model years shows agreement between model and data in the representation of the 1999 shift to a cold phase in the eastern and northern North Pacific. Finally, using the model results, we speculate that the origin of the 2002 cold/ fresh anomaly in the northeast Pacific was due to enhanced mixing during the preceding winter in the center of the Alaska gyre. Owing to anomalous changes in the density structure of the upper ocean, this water was able to move geostrophically toward the coast and it persisted in the northeast Pacific below the mixed layer the following year. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08855 USA. Univ Washington, NOAA, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Curchitser, EN (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM enrique@ldeo.columbia.edu; alexeyk@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 44 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C11 AR C11021 DI 10.1029/2005JC002902 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 993OH UT WOS:000233962900001 ER PT J AU Bigio, D Meillon, MG Kharchenko, SB Morgan, D Zhou, H Oriani, SR Macosko, CW Migler, KB AF Bigio, D Meillon, MG Kharchenko, SB Morgan, D Zhou, H Oriani, SR Macosko, CW Migler, KB TI Coating kinetics of fluoropolymer processing aids for sharkskin elimination: The role of droplet size SO JOURNAL OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE sharkskin; polyethylene; extrusion; blend; domain size; coating ID LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE; POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACE; MELT FRACTURE; WALL SLIP; RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS; EXTRUSION INSTABILITIES; SURFACE INSTABILITIES; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; FLOW; DEFORMATION AB The ability of fluoropolymer based polymer processing aids (PPA) to eliminate surface melt fracture (sharkskin) during extrusion of polyethylene is studied in relation to blend morphology (PPA droplet size) and processing conditions (shear rate). Under a constant throughput, the die entrance pressure, the PPA coating thickness and the degree of fracture are simultaneously monitored. The thickness of the fluoropolymer coating on the die surface is measured in situ through frustrated total internal reflection. A substantial enhancement in the coating rate and the magnitude of the steady state coating thickness as well as the faster elimination of sharkskin upon increase of PPA droplet size have been determined. These results are consistent with a recently developed model of the coating process. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN USA. DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC, Wilmington, DE USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kalman.migler@nist.gov NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0257 J9 J NON-NEWTON FLUID JI J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 131 IS 1-3 BP 22 EP 31 DI 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.04.008 PG 10 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 989RH UT WOS:000233690900002 ER PT J AU Yi-Brunozzi, HY Brabazon, DM Lener, D Le Grice, SFJ Marino, JP AF Yi-Brunozzi, HY Brabazon, DM Lener, D Le Grice, SFJ Marino, JP TI A ribose sugar conformational switch in the LTR-retrotransposon Ty3 polypurine tract-containing RNA/DNA hybrid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; PYRIMIDINE-RICH STRANDS; DOT-RNA HYBRIDS; PURINE-RICH; DNA; INITIATION; SEQUENCE; DUPLEXES; SPECTRA C1 NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Loyola Coll, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Le Grice, SFJ (reprint author), NCI, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. EM slegrice@ncifcrf.gov; marino@umbi.umd.edu FU Intramural NIH HHS; NCI NIH HHS [Z01 BC010492-03]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059107, GM59107] NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 127 IS 47 BP 16344 EP 16345 DI 10.1021/ja0534203 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 988RH UT WOS:000233617900002 PM 16305191 ER PT J AU Gallo, K Li, L Reed, B Eidenshink, J Dwyer, J AF Gallo, K Li, L Reed, B Eidenshink, J Dwyer, J TI Multi-platform comparisons of MODIS and AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index data SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE AVHRR; MODIS; VIIRS; normalized difference vegetation index; composite; data continuity ID SATELLITE DATA; UNITED-STATES; VALIDATION; SENSORS AB The relationship between AVHRR-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values and those of future sensors is critical to continued long-term monitoring of land surface properties. The follow-on operational sensor to the AVHRR, the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), will be very similar to the NASA Earth Observing System's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. NDVI data derived from visible and near-infrared data acquired by the MODIS (Terra and Aqua platforms) and AVHRR (NOAA-16 and NOAA-17) sensors were compared over the same time periods and a variety of land cover classes within the conterminous United States. The results indicate that the 16-day composite NDVI values are quite similar over the composite intervals of 2002 and 2003, and linear relationships exist between the NDVI values from the various sensors. The composite AVHRR NDVI data included water and cloud masks and adjustments for water vapor as did the MODIS NDVI data. When analyzed over a variety of land cover types and composite intervals, the AVHRR derived NDVI data were associated with 89% or more of the variation in the MODIS NDVI values. The results suggest that it may be possible to successfully reprocess historical AVHRR data sets to provide continuity of NDVI products through future sensor systems. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. USGS EROS, SAIC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Gallo, K (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kgallo@usgs.gov RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010; OI Dwyer, John/0000-0002-8281-0896 NR 20 TC 57 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV 30 PY 2005 VL 99 IS 3 BP 221 EP 231 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2005.08.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 986VT UT WOS:000233478500001 ER PT J AU Wang, H Christopherson, GT Xu, ZY Porcar, L Ho, DL Fry, D Hobbie, EK AF Wang, H Christopherson, GT Xu, ZY Porcar, L Ho, DL Fry, D Hobbie, EK TI Shear-SANS study of single-walled carbon nanotube suspensions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DISPERSION; ORIENTATION; COMPOSITES; STABILITY AB We report a combined shear small-angle neutron scattering (shear-SANS) and rheo-optical study of dilute aqueous suspensions of SWNT bundles dispersed using ionic surfactants. Both shear-SANS and flow birefringence reveal weak shear-induced alignment of SWNT bundles along the direction of flow. In terms of a nematic order parameter, the degree of alignment is found to increase with the shear rate, reaching ca. 0.08 at 2000 s(-1). Addition of a soluble polymer to the SWNT suspensions diminishes shear-induced alignment. The factors limiting shear alignment in dilute SWNT suspensions are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 504 M&ME Bldg,1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM wangh@mtu.edu RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 29 PY 2005 VL 416 IS 1-3 BP 182 EP 186 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.09.044 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 989PU UT WOS:000233687000036 ER PT J AU Murphy, AR Chang, PC VanDyke, P Liu, JS Frechet, JMJ Subramanian, V DeLongchamp, DM Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Lin, EK AF Murphy, AR Chang, PC VanDyke, P Liu, JS Frechet, JMJ Subramanian, V DeLongchamp, DM Sambasivan, S Fischer, DA Lin, EK TI Self-assembly, molecular ordering, and charge mobility in solution-processed ultrathin oligothiophene films SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; HIGH-PERFORMANCE SEMICONDUCTORS; CHANNEL ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; THIOPHENE OLIGOMERS; OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; PENTACENE PRECURSOR; STRUCTURAL ORDER; CARRIER MOBILITY AB Symmetrical alpha,omega-substituted quarter-(T4), penta-(T5), sexi-(T6), and heptathiophene (T7) oligomers containing thermally removable aliphatic ester solubilizing groups were synthesized, and their UV-vis and thermal characteristics were compared. Spun-cast thin films of each oligomer were examined with atomic force microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to evaluate the ability of the material to self-assemble from a solution-based process while maintaining complete surface coverage. Films of the T5-T7 oligomers self-assemble into crystalline terraces after thermal annealing with higher temperatures required to affect this transformation as the size of the oligomers increases. A symmetrical alpha,omega-substituted sexithiophene (T6-acid) that reveals carboxylic acids after thermolysis was also prepared to evaluate the effect of the presence of hydrogen-bonding moieties. The charge transport properties for these materials evaluated in top-contact thin film transistor devices were found to correlate with the observed morphology of the films. Therefore, the T4 and the T6-acid performed poorly because of incomplete surface coverage after thermolysis, while T5-T7 exhibited much higher performance as a result of molecular ordering. Increases in charge mobility correlated to increasing conjugation length with measured mobilities ranging from 0.02 to 0.06 cm(2)/(V.s). The highest mobilities were measured when films of each oligomer had an average thickness between one and two monolayers, indicating that the molecules become exceptionally well-ordered during the thermolysis process. This unprecedented ordering of the solution-cast molecules results in efficient charge mobility rarely seen in such ultrathin films. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Frechet, JMJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM frechet@berkeley.edu RI Subramanian, Vivek/K-9818-2016; OI Subramanian, Vivek/0000-0002-1783-8219; Frechet, Jean /0000-0001-6419-0163 NR 59 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV 29 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 24 BP 6033 EP 6041 DI 10.1021/cm0515350 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 987GY UT WOS:000233507600023 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Duffy, TA AF Hurst, TP Duffy, TA TI Activity patterns in northern rock sole are mediated by temperature and feeding history SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity; behavior; diel cycle; flatfish; Lepidopsetta polyxystra ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; SWIMMING ACTIVITY RHYTHMS; JUVENILE PLAICE; ALASKA FLATFISHES; PACIFIC HALIBUT; BEHAVIOR; LIGHT; PREDATORS; DIEL; METABOLISM AB Studies of activity patterns of fishes rarely consider the impact of environmental conditions or organism state. In this paper we demonstrate the influence of temperature and feeding history on the diel activity patterns of juvenile (age 1+) northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra (Orr and Matarese). Activity type (benthic vs. water column) and level were determined from hourly video recordings of fish in laboratory tanks with the aid of infrared illumination. Groups of rock sole (n=4 per group) were observed at 2, 5, 9 and 13 degrees C Without food and at 9 T with food offered once in the morning, at dusk or at night. Ill all experiments, rock sole exhibited peak activity levels during the dusk and dawn transition periods and a temporal segregation of activity mode. Daytime and crepuscular activity was predominantly benthic, occurring within a few centimeters of the tank bottom, whereas a significant fraction of nighttime activity (up to 90%) occurred with rock sole swimming in the water colunm or at the water Surface. The primary effect of water temperature oil rock sole behavior was a reduction in daydime and crepucular activity at low temperatures. Conversely, nighttime activity levels were independent of water ternperature, resulting in a thermally induced shift in the primary activity period. Morning and dusk feeding produced a short-term (1 11) elevation in activity followed by activity suppression until the subsequent crepuscular phase. Nighttime feeding resulted in a longer period of elevated activity (2 It) and did not Suppress further benthic or water column activity. These observations suggest a temporal segregation of activity between daytime foraging and nighttime movement that balances energetic demands with predation risk. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 47 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 29 PY 2005 VL 325 IS 2 BP 201 EP 213 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.05.003 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 989SB UT WOS:000233693000007 ER PT J AU Jones, RM AF Jones, RM TI A general dispersion relation for internal gravity waves in the atmosphere or ocean, including baroclinicity, vorticity, and rate of strain SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PERTURBED STRUCTURE; IRREGULAR TERRAIN; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PROPAGATION; AIRCRAFT; ZONE; FLOW; SHEAR AB The dispersion relation for internal gravity waves in the atmosphere or ocean is generalized to include all components of baroclinicity, vorticity, and rate of strain. This generalization is expressed in a coordinate-free formulation suitable to be used as the Hamiltonian in a general ray tracing program. Comparison with other work in special cases is included. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, RM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM michael.jones@colorado.edu OI JONES, RICHARD MICHAEL/0000-0002-9493-7456 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 29 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22106 DI 10.1029/2004JD005654 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 993EL UT WOS:000233936200001 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Ginoux, PA Horowitz, LW Russell, LM AF Ming, Y Ramaswamy, V Ginoux, PA Horowitz, LW Russell, LM TI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model investigation of the indirect radiative effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; CLOUD LIQUID WATER; CLIMATE MODEL; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; EFFECTIVE-RADIUS; SULFUR CYCLE; PARAMETERIZATION; SCHEME; SENSITIVITY AB The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmosphere general circulation model, with its new cloud scheme, is employed to study the indirect radiative effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol during the industrial period. The preindustrial and present-day monthly mean aerosol climatologies are generated from running the Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers (MOZART) chemistry-transport model. The respective global annual mean sulfate burdens are 0.22 and 0.81 Tg S. Cloud droplet number concentrations are related to sulfate mass concentrations using an empirical relationship (Boucher and Lohmann, 1995). A distinction is made between "forcing" and flux change at the top of the atmosphere in this study. The simulations, performed with prescribed sea surface temperature, show that the first indirect "forcing" ("Twomey" effect) amounts to an annual mean of -1.5 W m(-2), concentrated largely over the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The annual mean flux change owing to the response of the model to the first indirect effect is -1.4 W m(-2), similar to the annual mean forcing. However, the model's response causes a rearrangement of cloud distribution as well as changes in longwave flux (smaller than solar flux changes). There is thus a differing geographical nature of the radiation field than for the forcing even though the global means are similar. The second indirect effect, which is necessarily an estimate made in terms of the model's response, amounts to -0.9 W m(-2), but the statistical significance of the simulated geographical distribution of this effect is relatively low owing to the model's natural variability. Both the first and second effects are approximately linearly additive, giving rise to a combined annual mean flux change of -2.3 W m(-2), with the NH responsible for 77% of the total flux change. Statistically significant model responses are obtained for the zonal mean total indirect effect in the entire NH and in the Southern Hemisphere low latitudes and midlatitudes (north of 45 degrees S). The area of significance extends more than for the first and second effects considered separately. A comparison with a number of previous studies based on the same sulfate-droplet relationship shows that, after distinguishing between forcing and flux change, the global mean change in watts per square meter for the total effect computed in this study is comparable to existing studies in spite of the differences in cloud schemes. C1 Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Ming, Y (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM yi.ming@noaa.gov; v.ramaswamy@noaa.gov; paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; larry.horowitz@noaa.gov; lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 29 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22206 DI 10.1029/2005JD006161 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 993EL UT WOS:000233936200006 ER PT J AU Chong, Y Hadacek, N Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ Baek, B Benz, SP AF Chong, Y Hadacek, N Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ Baek, B Benz, SP TI Josephson junctions with nearly superconducting metal silicide barriers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STACKED MOSI2-BARRIER JUNCTIONS; VOLTAGE STANDARDS; ARRAYS AB We present a detailed study of the electrical properties of Nb-based planar Josephson junctions with superconducting metal silicide barriers, TiSi2 and WSi2. While these nonhysteretic junctions are useful for voltage standard applications, they are also an excellent model system to study proximity coupling in junctions having a barrier with a finite superconducting transition temperature. These silicide-barrier junctions have excellent uniformity and controllability, but as opposed to junction barriers with no measurable superconducting transition, the critical current of these superconducting-barrier junctions is a strong function of the operating temperature near 4 K; we also discuss the impact of this temperature dependence on device applications. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305606, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chong, Y (reprint author), Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305606, South Korea. EM yonuk@kriss.re.kr; haus@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 28 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 22 AR 222511 DI 10.1063/1.2137992 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 986OA UT WOS:000233458400052 ER PT J AU Balakrishnan, S Start, PR Raghavan, D Hudson, SD AF Balakrishnan, S Start, PR Raghavan, D Hudson, SD TI The influence of clay and elastomer concentration on the morphology and fracture energy of preformed acrylic rubber dispersed clay filled epoxy nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE preformed acrylic rubber; epoxy; nanocomposite ID VINYL-ESTER NANOCOMPOSITES; SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; TOUGHENED EPOXY; PARTICLES; BEHAVIOR; ADHESIVES; POLYMERS AB The influence of toughener and clay concentration oil the morphology and mechanical properties of three-phase, rubber-modified, epoxy nanocomposites was studied. Nanocomposite samples were prepared by adding octadecyl ammonium ion exchanged clay to a dispersion of preformed acrylic rubber particles in liquid epoxy, so as to minimize alteration to the rubber morphology in the final cured specimen. The state of clay platelet exfoliation and rubber dispersion ill the cured nanocomposition was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The amounts of clay platelet separation and dispersion of clay aggregates in the epoxy matrix were found to be sensitive to clay and toughener concentration, and clay platelets preferentially adsorb to the rubber particles. Tensile modulus and strength increase and ductility decreases with increasing organoclay content, while rubber has the opposite effects oil the properties of epoxy resin. When both additives are present in epoxy resin, a favorable combination is produced: ductility is enhanced without compromising modulus and strength. Modulus and strength are improved by nano and micro dispersion of nanoclay in the epoxy matrix, whereas elongation and toughness are improved by clay adsorption to the rubber particle Surface, which promotes cavitation. The glass transition temperature Of epoxy resin remains relatively unchanged with clay addition. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM draghavan@howard.edu NR 35 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD NOV 28 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 25 BP 11255 EP 11262 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.053 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 990HL UT WOS:000233733700012 ER PT J AU Zhang, XB Aguilar, E Sensoy, S Melkonyan, H Tagiyeva, U Ahmed, N Kutaladze, N Rahimzadeh, F Taghipour, A Hantosh, TH Albert, P Semawi, M Ali, MK Al-Shabibi, MHS Al-Oulan, Z Zatari, T Khelet, IA Hamoud, S Sagir, R Demircan, M Eken, M Adiguzel, M Alexander, L Peterson, TC Wallis, T AF Zhang, XB Aguilar, E Sensoy, S Melkonyan, H Tagiyeva, U Ahmed, N Kutaladze, N Rahimzadeh, F Taghipour, A Hantosh, TH Albert, P Semawi, M Ali, MK Al-Shabibi, MHS Al-Oulan, Z Zatari, T Khelet, IA Hamoud, S Sagir, R Demircan, M Eken, M Adiguzel, M Alexander, L Peterson, TC Wallis, T TI Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to 2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURES; INDICATORS; WORKSHOP; CANADA AB [1] A climate change workshop for the Middle East brought together scientists and data for the region to produce the first area-wide analysis of climate extremes for the region. This paper reports trends in extreme precipitation and temperature indices that were computed during the workshop and additional indices data that became available after the workshop. Trends in these indices were examined for 1950 - 2003 at 52 stations covering 15 countries, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. Results indicate that there have been statistically significant, spatially coherent trends in temperature indices that are related to temperature increases in the region. Significant, increasing trends have been found in the annual maximum of daily maximum and minimum temperature, the annual minimum of daily maximum and minimum temperature, the number of summer nights, and the number of days where daily temperature has exceeded its 90th percentile. Significant negative trends have been found in the number of days when daily temperature is below its 10th percentile and daily temperature range. Trends in precipitation indices, including the number of days with precipitation, the average precipitation intensity, and maximum daily precipitation events, are weak in general and do not show spatial coherence. The workshop attendees have generously made the indices data available for the international research community. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Climate Change Res Grp, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain. Turkish State Meteorol Serv, TR-06120 Ankara, Turkey. Dept Hydrometeorol Armenia, Yerevan 375002, Armenia. Minist Ecol & Nat Resources, Natl Hydrometeorol Dept, Hydrometeorol Serv, Baku 370073, Azerbaijan. Bahrain Meteorol Serv, Manama, Bahrain. Hydrometeorol Dept Georgia, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. Atmospher Sci & Meteorol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. Iranian Meteorol Org, Tehran, Iran. Iraqi Meteorol Serv, Baghdad, Iraq. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Jordanian Meteorol Dept, Amman, Jordan. Kuwait Meteorol Dept, Kuwait 13001, Kuwait. Meteorol Dept Oman, Muscat 119, Oman. Qatar Meteorol Serv, Qatar Doha, Qatar. Meteorol & Environm Protect Adm, Jeddah 21431, Saudi Arabia. Syrian Meteorol Dept, Damascus, Syria. Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Zhang, XB (reprint author), Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM xuebin.zhang@ec.gc.ca RI Aguilar, Enric/L-4971-2014; Alexander, Lisa/A-8477-2011 OI Alexander, Lisa/0000-0002-5635-2457 NR 20 TC 177 Z9 184 U1 3 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 24 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22104 DI 10.1029/2005JD006181 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988WK UT WOS:000233632000002 ER PT J AU Richter, CA Hacker, CA Richter, LJ AF Richter, CA Hacker, CA Richter, LJ TI Electrical and spectroscopic characterization of metal/monolayer/Si devices SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; NORMAL-ALKYL CHAINS; H STRETCHING MODES; MOLECULAR JUNCTIONS; SURFACES; ALCOHOLS; SILICON; LONG; PENETRATION AB A simple technique for vibrational spectroscopy of metal/monolayer/silicon structures is applied to study the interaction of Au, Al, and Ti with alkane monolayers, either assembled onto thin oxides or directly attached to Si. The results are correlated with current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Alkane films on oxides are found to be robust with respect to the deposition of An and Al and are partially consumed during the deposition of Ti. In contrast, alkoxy films directly attached to H-terminated Si via an ether linkage are displaced by all three metals. The vibrational data are positively correlated with the electrical data to establish an improved understanding of the interactions at the buried metal/monolayer interface. The results demonstrate extreme sensitivity of the monolayer/metal reactivity to the nature of the film/substrate bonding. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM curt.richter@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 36 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 24 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 46 BP 21836 EP 21841 DI 10.1021/jp053561r PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 986GC UT WOS:000233437100053 PM 16853836 ER PT J AU Lewis, HD Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Fischer, DA Gland, JL AF Lewis, HD Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Fischer, DA Gland, JL TI Enhanced low-temperature CO oxidation on a stepped platinum surface for oxygen pressures above 10(-5) Torr SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE OXIDATION; SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; KINKED PT(321) SURFACE; ELECTRON-STIMULATED DESORPTION; SOFT-X-RAY; REACTION SITES; PT(111) SURFACE; CATALYTIC-OXIDATION; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION AB The rate of CO oxidation has been characterized on the stepped Pt(411) surface for oxygen pressures up to 0.002 Torr, over the 100-1000 K temperature range. CO oxidation was characterized using both temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and in situ soft X-ray fluorescence yield near-edge spectroscopy (FYNES). New understanding of the important role surface defects play in accelerating CO oxidation for oxygen pressure above 10(-5) Torr is presented in this paper for the first time. For saturated monolayers of CO, the oxidation rate increases and the activation energy decreases significantly for oxygen pressures above 10(-5) Torr. This enhanced CO oxidation rate is caused by a change in the rate-limiting step to a surface reaction limited process above 10(-5) Torr oxygen from a CO desorption limited process at lower oxygen pressure. For example, in oxygen pressures above 0.002 Torr, CO2 formation begins at 275 K even for the CO saturated monolayer, which is well below the 350 K onset temperature for CO desorption. Isothermal kinetic measurements in flowing oxygen for this stepped surface indicate that activation energies and preexponential factors depend strongly on oxygen pressure, a factor that has not previously been considered critical for CO oxidation on platinum. As oxygen pressure is increased from 10(-6) to 0.002 Torr, the oxidation activation energies for the saturated CO monolayer decrease from 24.1 to 13.5 kcal/mol for reaction over the 0.95-0.90 ML CO coverage range. This dramatic decrease in activation energy is associated with a simple increase in oxygen pressure from 10(-5) to 10(-3) Torr. Activation energies as low as 7.8 kcal/mol were observed for oxidation of an initially saturated CO layer reacting over the 0.4-0.25 ML coverage range in oxygen pressure of 0.002 Torr. These dramatic changes in reaction mechanism with oxygen pressure for stepped surfaces are consistent with mechanistic models involving transient low activation energy dissociation sites for oxygen associated with step sites. Taken together these experimental results clearly indicate that surface defects play a key role in increasing the sensitivity of CO oxidation to oxygen pressure. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gland, JL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM gland@umich.edu NR 58 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 24 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 46 BP 21847 EP 21857 DI 10.1021/jp0486696 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 986GC UT WOS:000233437100055 PM 16853838 ER PT J AU Gogotsi, Y Dash, RK Yushin, G Yildirim, T Laudisio, G Fischer, JE AF Gogotsi, Y Dash, RK Yushin, G Yildirim, T Laudisio, G Fischer, JE TI Tailoring of nanoscale porosity in carbide-derived carbons for hydrogen storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MICROPOROUS CARBON; ADSORPTION; NANOTUBES; NANOSTRUCTURES; PHYSISORPTION C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Drexel Univ, AJ Drexel Nanotechnol Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Gogotsi, Y (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM gogotsi@drexel.edu RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Gogotsi, Yury/B-2167-2008; Yushin, Gleb/B-4529-2013 OI Gogotsi, Yury/0000-0001-9423-4032; Yushin, Gleb/0000-0002-3274-9265 NR 23 TC 226 Z9 231 U1 7 U2 73 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD NOV 23 PY 2005 VL 127 IS 46 BP 16006 EP 16007 DI 10.1021/ja0550529 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 986JM UT WOS:000233445900007 PM 16287270 ER PT J AU Xu, C Wu, T Mei, Y Drain, CM Batteas, JD Beers, KL AF Xu, C Wu, T Mei, Y Drain, CM Batteas, JD Beers, KL TI Synthesis and characterization of tapered copolymer brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical copolymerization SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER; PHASE MORPHOLOGY; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; POLYMERIZATION; STABILIZATION; POLYMERS; STYRENE; BLENDS AB Tapered copolymer brushes of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by gradual addition of HEMA to a reaction mixture that originally only had MMA as monomer. The copolymer brush grew linearly with polymerization time. The tapered copolymer brushes responded to selective solvent treatments. For the same tapered copolymer brush, pretreating the surface with methylene chloride made the surface more hydrophobic; pretreating the surface with methanol increased the surface hydrophilicity. This change in surface properties was reversible and considered to be caused by the solvent induced rearrangement of the polymer brushes, which is supported by atomic force microscopy images of the surface. Our work demonstrates that the properties of the tapered copolymer brush could be finely tuned by careful control of the composition profile. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Beers, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kathryn.beers@nist.gov RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 29 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 22 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 24 BP 11136 EP 11140 DI 10.1021/la051853d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 985IQ UT WOS:000233371200034 PM 16285782 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Vogt, BD Brooks, CM Kano, K Obrzut, J Richter, CA Kirillov, OA Lin, EK AF DeLongchamp, DM Vogt, BD Brooks, CM Kano, K Obrzut, J Richter, CA Kirillov, OA Lin, EK TI Influence of a water rinse on the structure and properties of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; PERFORMANCE AB Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) films exhibit a complex structure of interconnected conductive PEDOT domains in an insulating PSS matrix that controls their electrical properties. This structure is modified by a water rinse, which removes PSS with negligible PEDOT loss. Upon PSS removal, film thickness is reduced by 35%, conductivity is increased by 50%, and a prominent dielectric relaxation is eliminated. These results suggest that the removed PSS is not associated with PEDOT and that the conductive domain network is not substantially altered by the removal of a significant fraction of insulator. The removal of PSS may benefit organic light emitting diode fabrication by reducing acid attack on indium tin oxide electrodes and lead to more robust performance in switching circuits by extending the working frequency range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dean.delongchamp@nist.gov; bryan.vogt@nist.gov RI Kirillov, Oleg/A-4242-2009; OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 27 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 22 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 24 BP 11480 EP 11483 DI 10.1021/la051403l PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 985IQ UT WOS:000233371200081 PM 16285829 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Xie, YY Selvamanickam, V Thieme, CLH Verebelyi, DT AF Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Xie, YY Selvamanickam, V Thieme, CLH Verebelyi, DT TI Enhancement of the irreversible axial-strain limit of Y-Ba-Cu-O-coated conductors with the addition of a Cu layer SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION AB A Cu protection layer added to yttrium-barium-copper-oxide-(YBCO-) coated conductors substantially enhances the irreversible strain limit epsilon(irr) for the onset of permanent electrical damage of the composite. This enhancement is of significance since it enables these conductors to meet the most severe strain requirements for applications such as electric generators. The conductors studied had either a Hastalloy-C substrate with an ion-beam-assisted deposition template or a rolling-assisted biaxially textured Ni-W substrate. The irreversible strain limit, obtained from critical-current measurements as a function of axial tensile strain at 76 K and self-field, increased from about 0.4% to more than 0.5% for both types of coated conductors with an added Cu layer, either by electroplating or lamination. This improvement is due only partially to the differential thermal contraction between Cu and the other conductor components. We believe that the Cu layer also enhances the fracture toughness of YBCO, thus acting as crack inhibiter/arrester. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. SuperPower Inc, Schenectady, NY 12304 USA. Amer Supercond Corp, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 21 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 21 AR 212505 DI 10.1063/1.2136231 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 985FM UT WOS:000233362300057 ER PT J AU Sayan, S Nguyen, NV Ehrstein, J Chambers, JJ Visokay, MR Quevedo-Lopez, MA Colombo, L Yoder, D Levin, I Fischer, DA Paunescu, M Celik, O Garfunkel, E AF Sayan, S Nguyen, NV Ehrstein, J Chambers, JJ Visokay, MR Quevedo-Lopez, MA Colombo, L Yoder, D Levin, I Fischer, DA Paunescu, M Celik, O Garfunkel, E TI Effect of nitrogen on band alignment in HfSiON gate dielectrics SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FILMS AB Nitridation of HfSiO films improves certain physical and electrical properties-when using gate stack layers-such as their crystallization temperature and their resistance to interdiffusion. We have studied the band alignment of HfSiO and HfSiON films by soft x-ray photoemission, oxygen K-edge x-ray absorption, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Nitridation of HfSiO reduced the band gap by 1.50 eV +/- 0.05 eV, and the valence- and conduction-band offsets by 1.2 eV +/- 0.1 eV and 0.33 eV +/- 0.05 eV, respectively. Although the band-gap reduction should lead to increased leakage, the barrier heights are still sufficient for proposed near-future complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas Instruments Inc, Silicon Technol Dev, Dallas, TX 75243 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Sayan, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jehrstein@nist.gov RI celik, ozgur/A-9195-2011; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 9 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 21 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 21 AR 212905 DI 10.1063/1.2135390 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 985FM UT WOS:000233362300062 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Lee, YH Roth, SC Start, PR AF Bur, AJ Lee, YH Roth, SC Start, PR TI Measuring the extent of exfoliation in polymer/clay nanocomposites using real-time process monitoring methods SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE polymer nanocomposites; clay exfoliation; nylon ID LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS; LINEAR POLYAMIDES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; NYLON 11; WATER; SPECTROSCOPY; BEHAVIOR; MELT AB Dielectric and optical transmission measurements obtained during processing of polymer/clay composites yielded quantitative information about the extent of clay exfoliation in the polymer matrix. Measurements were made using an instrumented slit die that was situated at the exit of a twin screw extruder. Nylon 6, 11 and 12 resins were compounded with several organo modified montmorillonite clays. Dielectric and optical data were correlated with off-line transmission electron microscopy. Dielectric observations revealed a large Maxwell-Wagner (MW) relaxation whose characteristic frequency reflects an RC time constant associated with the conduction of ions and the polarization of the resin/clay interface. Optical transmission measurements showed that transmission increased with increasing extent of exfoliation because light scattering due to aggregate clay particles is reduced as the particles exfoliate nanosize silicate flakes. Extent of exfoliation models, based on MW relaxation time and its relationship to interfacial polarization, and based on optical transmission measurements, are developed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM abur@nist.gov NR 49 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD NOV 21 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 24 BP 10908 EP 10918 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.091 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 982FZ UT WOS:000233144700036 ER PT J AU Chalikov, D Sheinin, D AF Chalikov, D Sheinin, D TI Modeling extreme waves based on equations of potential flow with a free surface SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WATER-WAVES; GRAVITY-WAVES; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; SOLITARY-WAVE; BREAKING; FLUID; SINGULARITIES; INSTABILITY; DYNAMICS; ONSET AB A method for numerical investigation of nonlinear wave dynamics based on direct hydrodynamical modeling of 1-D potential periodic surface waves is created. The model is a part of an interactive wind-wave model. Using a non-stationary conformal mapping, the principal equations are rewritten in a surface-following coordinate system and reduced to two simple evolutionary equations for the elevation and the velocity potential of the surface; Fourier expansion is used to approximate these equations. High accuracy was confirmed by validation of the non-stationary model against known solutions, and by comparison between the results obtained with different resolution in the horizontal. The method developed is applied to the simulation of waves evolution with different initial conditions. Numerical experiments with initially monochromatic waves with different steepness show that the model is able to simulate breaking conditions when the surface becomes a multi-valued function of the horizontal coordinate. An estimate of the critical initial wave height that divides between non-breaking and eventually breaking waves is obtained. Simulations of nonlinear evolution of a wave field is represented initially by two modes with close wave numbers (amplitude modulation) and a wave field with a phase modulation. Both runs result in the appearance of large and very steep waves, these also break if the initial amplitudes are sufficiently large. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Chalikov, D (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, 2207 Comp & Space Sci Bldg 224, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM dchalikov@essic.umd.edu NR 64 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD NOV 20 PY 2005 VL 210 IS 1 BP 247 EP 273 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2005.04.008 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 955YG UT WOS:000231265500010 ER PT J AU Lu, J Delworth, TL AF Lu, J Delworth, TL TI Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL NORTH-AFRICA; SUMMER RAINFALL; CIRCULATION; ATLANTIC; MODEL; TEMPERATURES; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS AB The Sahel region of Africa underwent a pronounced interdecadal drying trend in the latter half of the 20th century. In order to investigate this drying trend, several ensembles of numerical experiments are conducted using a recently developed atmospheric general circulation model (AM2, developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory). When the model is forced with the time series of observed SSTs and sea ice from 1950 to 2000, it successfully reproduces the observed interdecadal variability of Sahelian rainfall. Additional experiments are used to estimate the separate contributions to Sahel drought from SST anomalies in various ocean basins. In these, SST anomalies are applied only in the tropics, or only in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans separately. Forcing from the tropical oceans is dominant in driving the Sahelian rainfall trend. The response of Sahel rainfall to a general warming of the tropical oceans suggests a possible link to greenhouse gas-induced climate change. C1 NOAA, Climate Dynam & Predict Grp, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Lu, J (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Dynam & Predict Grp, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308,US Route 1 N, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM jian.lu@noaa.gov RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014 NR 21 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 22 AR L22706 DI 10.1029/2005GL023316 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 988II UT WOS:000233586600001 ER PT J AU Kim, RS Cho, KS Moon, YJ Kim, YH Yi, Y Dryer, M Bong, SC Park, YD AF Kim, RS Cho, KS Moon, YJ Kim, YH Yi, Y Dryer, M Bong, SC Park, YD TI Forecast evaluation of the coronal mass ejection (CME) geoeffectiveness using halo CMEs from 1997 to 2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY SHOCK; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; ARRIVAL TIMES; SOLAR-WIND; 1 AU; EARTH; MODELS; PROPAGATION; LASCO; STOA AB In this study we have made a forecast evaluation of geoeffective coronal mass ejections (CMEs) by using frontside halo CMEs and the magnetospheric ring current index, Dst. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that an attempt has been made to construct contingency tables depending on the geoeffectiveness criteria as well as to estimate the probability of CME geoeffectiveness depending on CME location and/or speed. For this, we consider 7742 CMEs observed by SOHO/LASCO and select 305 frontside halo CMEs with their locational information from 1997 to 2003 using SOHO/EIT images and GOES data. To select CME-geomagnetic storm (Dst < -50 nT) pairs, we adopt a CME propagation model for estimating the arrival time of each CME at the Earth and then choose the nearest Dst minimum value within the window of +/- 24 hours. For forecast evaluation, we present contingency tables to estimate statistical parameters such as probability of detection yes (PODy) and false alarm ratio (FAR). We examine the probabilities of CME geoeffectiveness according to their locations, speeds, and their combination. From these studies, we find that (1) the total probability of geoeffectiveness for frontside halo CMEs is 40% (121/305); (2) PODys for the location (L < vertical bar 50 degrees vertical bar) and the speed (>400 km s(-1)) are estimated to be larger than 80% but their FARs are about 60%; (3) the most probable areas (or coverage combinations) whose geoeffectiveness fraction is larger than the mean probability (similar to 40%), are 0 degrees < L < +30 degrees for slower speed CMEs (<= 800 km s(-1)), and -30 degrees < L < +60 degrees for faster CMEs (>800 km s(-1)); (4) when the most probable area is adopted as the new criteria, the PODy becomes slightly lower, but all other statistical parameters such as FAR and bias are significantly improved. Our results can give us some criteria to select geoeffective CMEs with the probability of geoeffectiveness depending on the location, speed, and their combination. C1 Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Taejon 305754, South Korea. Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Div Space Sci, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Kim, RS (reprint author), Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, 220 Gung Dong, Taejon 305754, South Korea. EM rskim@cnu.ac.kr RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A11 AR A11104 DI 10.1029/2005JA011218 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 988IY UT WOS:000233588800006 ER PT J AU Chahine, M Barnet, C Olsen, ET Chen, L Maddy, E AF Chahine, M Barnet, C Olsen, ET Chen, L Maddy, E TI On the determination of atmospheric minor gases by the method of vanishing partial derivatives with application to CO2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; PARAMETERS AB We present a general method for the determination of minor gases in the troposphere from high spectral resolution observations. In this method, we make use of a general property of the total differential of multi-variable functions to separate the contributions of each individual minor gas. We have applied this method to derive the mixing ratio of carbon dioxide in the mid-troposphere using data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) currently flying on the NASA Aqua Mission. We compare our results to the aircraft flask CO2 measurements obtained by H. Matsueda et al. over the western Pacific and demonstrate skill in tracking the measured 5 ppmv seasonal variation with an accuracy of 0.43 +/- 1.20 ppmv. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Chahine, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Code 180-600A, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chahine@jpl.nasa.gov RI Maddy, Eric/G-3683-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 OI Maddy, Eric/0000-0003-1151-339X; NR 15 TC 84 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 22 AR L22803 DI 10.1029/2005GL024165 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 988IH UT WOS:000233586500002 ER PT J AU Nghiem, SV Van Woert, ML Neumann, G AF Nghiem, SV Van Woert, ML Neumann, G TI Rapid formation of a sea ice barrier east of Svalbard SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BARENTS SEA; POLAR FRONT; OCEAN; HALOCLINE; HEAT AB Daily SeaWinds scatterometer images acquired by the QuikSCAT satellite show an elongated sea ice feature that formed very rapidly (similar to 1-2 days) in November 2001 east of Svalbard over the Barents Sea. This sea ice structure, called "the Svalbard sea ice barrier,'' spanning approximately 10 degrees in longitude and 2 degrees in latitude, restricts the sea route and poses a significant navigation hazard. The secret of its formation appears to lie in the bottom of the sea: A comparison between bathymetry from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean data and the pattern of sea ice formation from scatterometer data reveals that the sea ice barrier conforms well with and stretches above a deep elongated channel connecting the Franz Josef-Victoria Trough to the Hinlopen Basin between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. Historic hydrographic data from this area indicate that this sea channel contains cold Arctic water less than 50 m below the surface. Strong and persistent cold northerly winds force strong heat loss from this shallow surface layer, leading to the rapid formation of the sea ice barrier. Heat transfer rates estimated from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts temperature and wind data over this region suggest that the surface water along the deep channel can be rapidly cooled to the freezing point. Scatterometer results in 1999-2003 show that sea ice forms in this area between October and December. Understanding the ice formation mechanisms helps to select appropriate locations for deployment of buoys measuring wind and air-sea temperature profile and to facilitate ice monitoring, modeling, and forecasting. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Natl Ice Ctr, Suitland, MD USA. RP Nghiem, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 300-235,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM son.v.nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov; mvanwoer@nsf.gov NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 18 PY 2005 VL 110 IS C11 AR C11013 DI 10.1029/2004JC002654 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 988IT UT WOS:000233588100001 ER PT J AU Christianson, AD Llobet, A Bao, W Gardner, JS Swainson, IP Lynn, JW Mignot, JM Prokes, K Pagliuso, PG Moreno, NO Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD Lacerda, AH AF Christianson, AD Llobet, A Bao, W Gardner, JS Swainson, IP Lynn, JW Mignot, JM Prokes, K Pagliuso, PG Moreno, NO Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD Lacerda, AH TI Novel coexistence of superconductivity with two distinct magnetic orders SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-FERMION SUPERCONDUCTOR; UPT3; UPD2AL3; FERROMAGNETISM; FLUCTUATIONS; SCATTERING; PRESSURE; CERHIN5; UNI2AL3; CEIRIN5 AB The heavy fermion CeRh1-xIrxIn5 system exhibits properties that range from an incommensurate antiferromagnet for small x to an exotic superconductor on the Ir-rich end of the phase diagram. At intermediate x where antiferromagnetism coexists with superconductivity, two types of magnetic order are observed: the incommensurate one of CeRhIn5 and a new, commensurate antiferromagnetism that orders separately. The coexistence of f-electron superconductivity with two distinct f-electron magnetic orders is unique among unconventional superconductors, adding a new variety to the usual coexistence found in magnetic superconductors. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, NPMR, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CEA Saclay, CNRS, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, BENSC, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM wbao@lanl.gov RI christianson, andrew/A-3277-2016; Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011; Llobet, Anna/B-1672-2010; Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Moreno, Nelson/H-1708-2012; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Mignot, Jean-Michel/A-8305-2008 OI christianson, andrew/0000-0003-3369-5884; Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X; Moreno, Nelson/0000-0002-1672-4340; Mignot, Jean-Michel/0000-0001-8503-6712 NR 44 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 21 AR 217002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.217002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 985FK UT WOS:000233362100053 PM 16384171 ER PT J AU Martinis, JM Cooper, KB McDermott, R Steffen, M Ansmann, M Osborn, KD Cicak, K Oh, S Pappas, DP Simmonds, RW Yu, CC AF Martinis, JM Cooper, KB McDermott, R Steffen, M Ansmann, M Osborn, KD Cicak, K Oh, S Pappas, DP Simmonds, RW Yu, CC TI Decoherence in Josephson qubits from dielectric loss SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTING QUBIT; VITREOUS SILICA; FLUX QUBIT; DYNAMICS; CIRCUIT; STATE AB Dielectric loss from two-level states is shown to be a dominant decoherence source in superconducting quantum bits. Depending on the qubit design, dielectric loss from insulating materials or the tunnel junction can lead to short coherence times. We show that a variety of microwave and qubit measurements are well modeled by loss from resonant absorption of two-level defects. Our results demonstrate that this loss can be significantly reduced by using better dielectrics and fabricating junctions of small area less than or similar to 10 mu m(2). With a redesigned phase qubit employing low-loss dielectrics, the energy relaxation rate has been improved by a factor of 20, opening up the possibility of multiqubit gates and algorithms. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Martinis, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM martinis@physics.ucsb.edu NR 25 TC 348 Z9 348 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 21 AR 210503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.210503 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 985FK UT WOS:000233362100005 PM 16384123 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Hartman, MR AF Yildirim, T Hartman, MR TI Direct observation of hydrogen adsorption sites and nanocage formation in metal-organic frameworks SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DESIGN; STORAGE AB The hydrogen adsorption sites in MOF5 were determined using neutron powder diffraction along with first-principles calculations. The metal-oxide cluster is primarily responsible for the adsorption while the organic linker plays only a secondary role. Equally important, at low temperatures and high-concentration, H-2 molecules form unique interlinked high-symmetry nanoclusters with intermolecular distances as small as 3.0 angstrom and H-2 uptake as high as 11 wt %. These results hold the key to optimizing metal-organic framework (MOF) materials for hydrogen storage applications and also suggest that MOFs can be used as templates to create artificial interlinked hydrogen nanocages with novel properties. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 16 TC 199 Z9 203 U1 7 U2 51 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 21 AR 215504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.215504 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 985FK UT WOS:000233362100038 PM 16384156 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI The glass transition temperature of polymer melts SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SOLID LIQUID TRANSITION; LATTICE CLUSTER THEORY; FORMING LIQUIDS; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; FREE-VOLUME; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; ELASTIC-MODULI; DYNAMICS; RELAXATION AB We develop an analytic theory to estimate the glass transition temperature T-g of polymer melts as a function of the relative rigidities of the chain backbone and side groups, the monomer structure, pressure, and polymer mass. Our computations are based on an extension of the serniempirical Lindemann criterion of melting to locate T-g and on the use of the advanced mean field lattice cluster theory (LCT) for treating the themodynamics of systems containing structured monomer, semiflexible polymer chains. The Lindemann criterion is translated into a condition for T-g by expressing this relation in terms of the specific volume, and this free volume condition is used to calculate T-g from our thermodynamic theory. The mass dependence of T-g is compared to that of other characteristic temperatures of glass-formation. These additional characteristic temperatures are determined from the temperature variation of the LCT configurational entropy, in conjunction with the Adam-Gibbs model for long wavelength structural relaxation. Our theory explains generally observed trends in the variation of T-g with polymer microstructure, and we find that T-g can be tuned either upward or downward by increasing the length of the side chains, depending on the relative rigidities of the side groups and the chain backbone. The elucidation of the molecular origins of T-g in polymer liquids should be useful in designing and processing new synthetic materials and for understanding the dynamics and controlling the preservation of biological substances. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Freed, KF (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 74 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 17 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 45 BP 21285 EP 21292 DI 10.1021/jp0523266 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 984CR UT WOS:000233280600007 PM 16853759 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI Fragility of glass-forming polymer liquids SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID LATTICE CLUSTER THEORY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR; AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; ENERGY LANDSCAPE AB The fragility of polymeric glass-forming liquids is calculated as a function of molecular structural parameters from a generalized entropy theory of polymer glass-formation that combines the Adam-Gibbs (AG) model for the rate of structural relaxation with the lattice cluster theory (LCT) for polymer melt thermodynamics. Our generalized entropy theory predicts the existence of distinct high and low temperature regimes of glass-formation that are separated by a thermodynamically well-defined crossover temperature T-1 at which the product of the configurational entropy and the temperature has an inflection point. Since the predicted temperature dependence of the configurational entropy and structural relaxation time are quite different in these temperature regimes, we introduce separate definitions of fragility for each regime. Experimentally established trends in the fragility of polymer melts with respect to variations in polymer microstructure and pressure are interpreted within our theory in terms of the accompanying changes in the chain packing efficiency. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Freed, KF (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 79 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 17 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 45 BP 21350 EP 21356 DI 10.1021/jp053693k PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 984CR UT WOS:000233280600017 PM 16853769 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA Vecchia, AV AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA Vecchia, AV TI Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB Water availability on the continents is important for human health(1,2), economic activity(3), ecosystem function(4) and geophysical processes(5). Because the saturation vapour pressure of water in air is highly sensitive to temperature, perturbations in the global water cycle are expected to accompany climate warming(6). Regional patterns of warming-induced changes in surface hydroclimate are complex and less certain than those in temperature, however, with both regional increases and decreases expected in precipitation and runoff. Here we show that an ensemble of 12 climate models exhibits qualitative and statistically significant skill in simulating observed regional patterns of twentieth-century multidecadal changes in streamflow. These models project 10-40% increases in runoff in eastern equatorial Africa, the La Plata basin and high-latitude North America and Eurasia, and 10-30% decreases in runoff in southern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and mid-latitude western North America by the year 2050. Such changes in sustainable water availability would have considerable regional-scale consequences for economies as well as ecosystems. C1 US Geol Survey, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM cmilly@usgs.gov NR 13 TC 771 Z9 810 U1 36 U2 327 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 17 PY 2005 VL 438 IS 7066 BP 347 EP 350 DI 10.1038/nature04312 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 984JR UT WOS:000233300200046 PM 16292308 ER PT J AU Free, M Seidel, DJ Angell, JK Lanzante, J Durre, I Peterson, TC AF Free, M Seidel, DJ Angell, JK Lanzante, J Durre, I Peterson, TC TI Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC): A new data set of large-area anomaly time series SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; TRENDS; REANALYSIS; CARDS AB [1] A new data set containing large-scale regional mean upper air temperatures based on adjusted global radiosonde data is now available up to the present. Starting with data from 85 of the 87 stations adjusted for homogeneity by Lanzante, Klein and Seidel, we extend the data beyond 1997 where available, using a first differencing method combined with guidance from station metadata. The data set consists of temperature anomaly time series for the globe, the hemispheres, tropics (30 degrees N - 30 degrees S) and extratropics. Data provided include annual time series for 13 pressure levels from the surface to 30 mbar and seasonal time series for three broader layers ( 850 - 300, 300 - 100 and 100 - 50 mbar). The additional years of data increase trends to more than 0.1 K/decade for the global and tropical midtroposphere for 1979 - 2004. Trends in the stratosphere are approximately - 0.5 to - 0.9 K/decade and are more negative in the tropics than for the globe. Differences between trends at the surface and in the troposphere are generally reduced in the new time series as compared to raw data and are near zero in the global mean for 1979 - 2004. We estimate the uncertainty in global mean trends from 1979 to 2004 introduced by the use of first difference processing after 1995 at less than 0.02 - 0.04 K/decade in the troposphere and up to 0.15 K/decade in the stratosphere at individual pressure levels. Our reliance on metadata, which is often incomplete or unclear, adds further, unquantified uncertainty that could be comparable to the uncertainty from the FD processing. Because the first differencing method cannot be used for individual stations, we also provide updated station time series that are unadjusted after 1997. The Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) data set will be archived and updated at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center as part of its climate monitoring program. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Free, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM melissa.free@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 16 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22101 DI 10.1029/2005JD006169 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988IN UT WOS:000233587300005 ER PT J AU Langford, AO Portmann, RW Daniel, JS Miller, HL Eubank, CS Solomon, S Dutton, EG AF Langford, AO Portmann, RW Daniel, JS Miller, HL Eubank, CS Solomon, S Dutton, EG TI Retrieval of ice crystal effective diameters from ground-based near-infrared spectra of optically thin cirrus SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; POLARIZATION LIDAR; DEPOLARIZATION RATIO; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY; CONTRAIL-CIRRUS; WAVE CLOUD; SUCCESS; SCATTERING; PARAMETERIZATION AB [1] The microphysical properties of an optically thin ( tau <= 0.12) cirrus layer formed by dispersing contrails above Boulder, Colorado, have been examined in a ground-based study. Backscatter and depolarization lidar measurements at 0.532 mu m were used to characterize the cloud morphology, while near-infrared (0.9 to 1.7 mu m) spectroscopy was used to measure zenith scattered sunlight from the ice particles. The spectra are used to infer the particle effective diameter from published size and shape dependent scattering calculations. The measurements indicate growth in particle size from average effective diameters less than 20 mu m in isolated contrails, to more than 40 mm as the contrails coalesced to form a 1 - 2 km thick cirrus layer. The retrieved size distributions are consistent with published measurements of contrail-cirrus size distributions from in situ observations, and suggest that the lidar/near-infrared spectroscopy combination can provide a useful method for deriving radiatively important information regarding optically thin (tau <= 0.1) cirrus under conditions where the single-scattering approximation is valid. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Langford, AO (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM langford@al.noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 16 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22201 DI 10.1029/2005JD005761 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988IN UT WOS:000233587300002 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Vogel, BM Jung, Y Gurau, MC Richter, CA Kirillov, OA Obrzut, J Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Richter, LJ Lin, EK AF DeLongchamp, DM Vogel, BM Jung, Y Gurau, MC Richter, CA Kirillov, OA Obrzut, J Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Richter, LJ Lin, EK TI Variations in semiconducting polymer microstructure and hole mobility with spin-coating speed SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT MOBILITY; ANISOTROPIC OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; REGIOREGULAR POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE); MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; THIN POLY(3-OCTYLTHIOPHENE)-FILMS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; EFFECT TRANSISTORS; FILMS; POLYACENES; DEPENDENCE C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM deand@nist.gov RI Kirillov, Oleg/A-4242-2009; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016; OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724; Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577; Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 27 TC 151 Z9 152 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV 15 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 23 BP 5610 EP 5612 DI 10.1021/cm0513637 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 983WG UT WOS:000233262400003 ER PT J AU Wanninkhof, R Sullivan, KF Dammann, WP Proni, JR Bloetscher, F Soloviev, AV Carsey, TP AF Wanninkhof, R Sullivan, KF Dammann, WP Proni, JR Bloetscher, F Soloviev, AV Carsey, TP TI Farfield tracing of a point source discharge plume in the coastal ocean using sulfur hexafluoride SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACER-RELEASE EXPERIMENT; GAS TRANSFER VELOCITIES; WIND-SPEED; EXCHANGE; SF6; SEA; FLORIDA; WATER; RIVER; LAKE AB Pathways and dilution of a point source ocean discharge in the farfield (approximate to 10-66 km) were measured using the deliberate tracer sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The injection of SF6 was performed by bubbling the gas over a period of 6 days into an ocean outfall pipe discharging into the southeast Florida coastal ocean. The surface SF6 concentrations show that the discharged water flowed northward parallel to the coast with a broadening of the width of the plume to about 3 km at the farthest point sampled, 66 km from the outfall. The discharge was fully mixed throughout the water column within 13 km of the outfall terminus. In the first 20 km from the outfall, SF6 surface concentrations were highly variable, while beyond this the SF6 concentrations decreased monotonically going northward. The currents were measured during the study with a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) located 5.5 km from the outfall. Velocities were variable in magnitude and direction but showed a net northward flow during the 6-day study. Maximum concentrations decreased by about 200-fold per kilometer from the outfall to the northern end of the study area. The study shows that SF6 is an effective method to trace point source releases far from their origin. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Publ Util Management & Planning Serv Inc, Hollywood, FL USA. Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Dania, FL 33004 USA. RP Wanninkhof, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov RI Carsey, Thomas/B-7939-2014 OI Carsey, Thomas/0000-0001-9964-5092 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2005 VL 39 IS 22 BP 8883 EP 8890 DI 10.1021/es048126+ PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 984IS UT WOS:000233297100049 PM 16323790 ER PT J AU Li, Q Yang, S Kousky, VE Higgins, RW Lau, KM Xie, P AF Li, Q Yang, S Kousky, VE Higgins, RW Lau, KM Xie, P TI Features of cross-pacific climate shown in the variability of China and us precipitation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cross-Pacific climate; China and US precipitation; comparison; teleconnection ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; EAST-ASIA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; UNITED-STATES; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; EXTREME EVENTS AB In this study, we have analyzed the climate features of China and the United States with a focus on the differences, similarities, connectivity, and predictability of precipitation and the relationships between precipitation and large-scale patterns of natural variability. China precipitation is characterized by large seasonality, with a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. The seasonality of precipitation shows an increasing linear tendency in northwest China, with a change of about 20% from 1901 to 1998. A relatively weaker increasing tendency also appears in the Big Bend of Yellow River (BBYR) and the Tibetan Plateau, while southwest China experiences a decreasing tendency. Furthermore, the seasonality in the BBYR shows particularly significant interdecadal variability, while that of southern and eastern China has decreased slightly in the recent decades. Compared to China, the United States as a whole has less precipitation in summer but more precipitation in other seasons. Here, the seasonality of precipitation is only about 24% of that in China. The annual mean precipitation is 64.1 mm per month in the United States, compared to 54.6 mm per month in China. The seasonality of precipitation exhibits a decreasing tendency in the southeast, Pacific Northwest, and Gulf Coast and an increasing tendency in the Great Lakes. The seasonality in the Great Plains exhibits large interdecadal variability. The long-term variations of precipitation are highly seasonally dependent. In summer, a decreasing trend is observed in north China and an increasing trend is found in eastern-central China. However, these trends are almost opposite in spring. In addition, the fall precipitation decreases with time nearly everywhere in China except for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley. The long-term variations of precipitation are highly seasonally dependent. In summer, a decreasing trend is observed in north China and an increasing trend is found in eastern-central China. However, these trends are almost opposite in spring. In addition, the fall precipitation decreases with time nearly everywhere in China except for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley. Results also indicate that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the North Pacific (NP) fluctuation affect strongly the variations of China and US precipitation. Although these influences vary with regions and seasons, we in particular emphasize the importance of AO and NAO for China precipitation and NP and PDO for US precipitation. In fall, ENSO and PDO are the two phenomena that influence predominantly precipitation variability in both China and the United States We also identify the common phenomena that influence China and US regional precipitation and provide a better understanding of the physical mechanism for precipitation variability through the associated changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Furthermore, we develop a linear regression model, based on multiple regression method by combining the regionally and seasonally varying impacts, to increase the skill of precipitation prediction. Copyright (c) 2005 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Song.Yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 76 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD NOV 15 PY 2005 VL 25 IS 13 BP 1675 EP 1696 DI 10.1002/joc.1271 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 982TT UT WOS:000233185200001 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS Hung, H Heckert, A AF Bennett, HS Hung, H Heckert, A TI Dependence of electron density on Fermi energy in compensated n-type gallium antimonide SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; RAMAN-SCATTERING; CONDUCTION-BAND; GASB; MOBILITY; MAGNETORESISTANCE; DOPANT; INP AB The majority electron density as a function of the Fermi energy is calculated in zinc blende, compensated n-type GaSb for donor densities between 10(16) and 10(19) cm(-3). The compensation acceptor density is 10(16) cm(-3). These calculations solve the charge neutrality equation self-consistently for a four-band model (three conduction subbands at Gamma, L, and X and one equivalent valence band at Gamma) of GaSb. Our calculations assume parabolic densities of states and thus do not treat the density-of-states modifications due to high concentrations of dopants, many-body effects, and nonparabolicity of the bands. Even with these assumptions, the results are important for interpreting optical measurements such as Raman scattering measurements that are proposed as a nondestructive method for wafer acceptance tests. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Comp Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Comp Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM herbert.bennett@nist.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 10 AR 103705 DI 10.1063/1.2134878 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 988LL UT WOS:000233602600047 ER PT J AU Hadfield, RH Miller, AJ Nam, SW Kautz, RL Schwall, RE AF Hadfield, RH Miller, AJ Nam, SW Kautz, RL Schwall, RE TI Low-frequency phase locking in high-inductance superconducting nanowires SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DETECTORS AB Niobium nitride nanowires show considerable promise as high-speed single-photon detectors. We report the observation of an anomalous low-frequency (similar to 10 MHz) response in long, superconducting NbN nanowires (100 nm wide, 4 nm thick, and 500 mu m long). This behavior, although strikingly reminiscent of the ac Josephson effect, can be explained by a relaxation oscillation resulting from the high kinetic inductance of the type II nanowire. We simulate all of the observed effects using a simple resistive-hotspot/series-inductor model. The voltage pulses observed are indistinguishable from the pulses induced by visible photons, and our observations suggest noise-induced relaxation oscillations are one mechanism for the dark counts in photon detectors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hadfield, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kautz@boulder.nist.gov RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 6 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 14 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 20 AR 203505 DI 10.1063/1.2130525 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 983PC UT WOS:000233243600075 ER PT J AU Solomon, S Portmann, RW Sasaki, T Hofmann, DJ Thompson, DWJ AF Solomon, S Portmann, RW Sasaki, T Hofmann, DJ Thompson, DWJ TI Four decades of ozonesonde measurements over Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HEMISPHERE CLIMATE-CHANGE; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; VOLCANIC AEROSOL; MCMURDO STATION; DYNAMICAL CHANGES; POLAR VORTEX; DEPLETION; PINATUBO; HOLE; STRATOSPHERE AB Ozonesonde observations from Syowa and the South Pole over more than 40 years are described and intercompared. Observations from the two sites reveal remarkable agreement, supporting and extending the understanding gained from either individually. Both sites exhibit extensive Antarctic ozone losses in a relatively narrow altitude range from about 12 to 24 km in October, and the data are consistent with temperature-dependent chemistry involving chlorine on polar stratospheric clouds as the cause of the ozone hole. The maximum October ozone losses at higher altitudes near 18 km (70 hPa) appear to be transported to lower levels near the tropopause on a timescale of a few months, which is likely to affect the timing of the effects of ozone depletion on possible tropospheric climate changes. Both sites also show greater ozone losses in the lowermost stratosphere after the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, supporting the view that surface chemistry can be enhanced by volcanic perturbations and that the very deep ozone holes observed in the early 1990s reflected such enhancements. Sparse data from the Syowa station in the early 1980s also suggest that enhanced ozone losses due to the El Chichon eruption may have contributed to the beginning of a measurable ozone hole. Observations at both locations show that some ozone depletion now occurs during much if not all year at lower altitudes near 12-14 km. Correlations between temperature and ozone provide new insights into ozone losses, including its nonlinear character, maximum effectiveness, and utility as a tool to distinguish dynamical effects from chemical processes. These data also show that recent changes in ozone do not yet indicate ozone recovery linked to changing chlorine abundances but provide new tools to probe observations for the first such future signals. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ssolomon@al.noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Thompson, David/F-9627-2012 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; NR 33 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 12 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D21 AR D21311 DI 10.1029/2005JD005917 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 985DG UT WOS:000233355700005 ER PT J AU Abdulaev, NG Ngo, T Zhang, C Dinh, A Brabazon, DM Ridge, KD Marino, JP AF Abdulaev, NG Ngo, T Zhang, C Dinh, A Brabazon, DM Ridge, KD Marino, JP TI Heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit adopts a "preactivated" conformation when associated with beta gamma-subunits SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE; LIGHT-ACTIVATED RHODOPSIN; PHOTORECEPTOR G-PROTEIN; X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; EF-TS COMPLEX; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; CATALYTIC DOMAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Activation of a heterotrimeric G-protein by an agonist-stimulated G-protein-coupled receptor requires the propagation of structural signals from the receptor binding interface to the guanine nucleotide binding pocket of the G-protein. To probe the molecular basis of this signaling process, we are applying high resolution NMR to track structural changes in an isotope-labeled, full-length G-protein alpha-subunit (G(alpha)) chimera (ChiT) associated with G-protein beta gamma-subunit (G(beta gamma)) and activated receptor (R*) interactions. Here, we show that ChiT can be functionally reconstituted with G(beta gamma) as assessed by aluminum fluoride-dependent changes in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and light-activated rhodopsin-catalyzed guanine nucleotide exchange. We further show that N-15-ChiT can be titrated with G(beta gamma) to form stable heterotrimers at NMR concentrations. To assess structural changes in ChiT upon heterotrimer formation, HSQC spectra of the N-15-ChiT-reconstituted heterotrimer have been acquired and compared with spectra obtained for GDP/Mg2+-bound N-15-ChiT in the presence and absence of aluminum fluoride and guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio) triphosphate (GTP gamma S)/ Mg2+-bound N-15-ChiT. As anticipated, G(beta gamma) association with N-15-ChiT results in (HN)-H-1, N-15 chemical shift changes relative to the GDP/ Mg2+-bound state. Strikingly, however, most 1HN, 15N chemical shift changes associated with heterotrimer formation are the same as those observed upon formation of the GDP center dot AlF4-/Mg2+- and GTP gamma S/Mg2+-bound states. Based on these comparative analyses, assembly of the heterotrimer appears to induce structural changes in the switch II and carboxyl-terminal regions of G(alpha) ("preactivation") that may facilitate the interaction with R* and subsequent GDP/GTP exchange. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Membrane Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Loyola Coll, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. RP Ridge, KD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Membrane Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM Kevin.D.Ridge@uth.tmc.edu; john.marino@nist.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR015744] NR 63 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 11 PY 2005 VL 280 IS 45 BP 38071 EP 38080 DI 10.1074/jbc.M505259200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 980UU UT WOS:000233044500090 PM 16129667 ER PT J AU Chauhan, S Caliskan, G Briber, RM Perez-Salas, U Rangan, P Thirumalai, D Woodson, SA AF Chauhan, S Caliskan, G Briber, RM Perez-Salas, U Rangan, P Thirumalai, D Woodson, SA TI RNA tertiary interactions mediate native collapse of a bacterial group I ribozyme SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RNA folding; ribozyme; SAXS; polyelectrolyte; RNA metal ions ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; TETRAHYMENA RIBOZYME; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; KINETIC TRAPS; FOLDING LANDSCAPE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CATALYTIC DOMAIN; CORE HELICES; COMPACTION; INTRON AB Large RNAs collapse into compact intermediates in the presence of counterions before folding to the native state. We previously found that collapse of a bacterial group I ribozyme correlates with the formation of helices within the ribozyme core, but occurs at Mg2+ concentrations too low to support stable tertiary structure and catalytic activity. Here, using small-angle X-ray scattering, we show that Mg2+-induced collapse is a cooperative folding transition that can be fit by a two-state model. The Mg2+ dependence of collapse is similar to the Mg2+ dependence of helix assembly measured by partial ribonuclease T-1 digestion and of an unfolding transition measured by UV hypochromicity. The correspondence between multiple probes of RNA structure further supports a two-state model. A mutation that disrupts tertiary contacts between the L9 tetraloop and its helical receptor destabilized the compact state by 0.8 kcal/mol, while mutations in the central triplex were less destabilizing. These results show that native tertiary interactions stabilize the compact folding intermediates under conditions in which the RNA backbone remains accessible to solvent. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NIST, Ctr Neurtron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20472 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Maryland, Biophys Program, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20472 USA. RP Briber, RM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biophys, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM rbriber@umd.edu; swoodson@jhu.edu RI Chauhan, Seema/E-8229-2011; Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012; ID, BioCAT/D-2459-2012; OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942; Woodson, Sarah/0000-0003-0170-1987 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-08630] NR 49 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD NOV 11 PY 2005 VL 353 IS 5 BP 1199 EP 1209 DI 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.015 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 983BS UT WOS:000233206700025 PM 16214167 ER PT J AU Sherwood, SC Lanzante, JR AF Sherwood, SC Lanzante, JR TI Correcting temperature data sets - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Princeton Univ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Sherwood, SC (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RI Sherwood, Steven/B-5673-2008 OI Sherwood, Steven/0000-0001-7420-8216 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 11 PY 2005 VL 310 IS 5750 BP 972 EP 973 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 984YN UT WOS:000233343400019 ER PT J AU Hutchison, KD Roskovensky, JK Jackson, JM Heidinger, AK Kopp, TJ Pavolonis, MJ Frey, R AF Hutchison, KD Roskovensky, JK Jackson, JM Heidinger, AK Kopp, TJ Pavolonis, MJ Frey, R TI Automated cloud detection and classification of data collected by the visible infrared imager radiometer suite (VIIRS) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE IMAGERY; CLEAR-SKY; MODIS; AVHRR AB The Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a high-resolution Earth imager of the United States National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). VIIRS has its heritage in three sensors currently collecting imagery of the Earth-the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Operational Linescan Sensor. The first launch of the VIIRS sensor is on NASA's NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP). Data collected by VIIRS will provide products to a variety of users, supporting applications from real-time to longterm climate change timescales. VIIRS has been uniquely designed to satisfy this full range of requirements. Cloud masks derived from the automated analyses of VIIRS data are critical data products for the NPOESS program. In this paper, the VIIRS cloud mask (VCM) performance requirements are highlighted, along with the algorithm developed to satisfy these requirements. The expected performance of the VCM algorithm is established using global synthetic cloud simulations and manual cloud analyses of VIIRS proxy imagery. These results show the VCM analyses will satisfy the performance expectations of products created from it, including land and ocean surface products, cloud microphysical products, and automated cloud forecast products. Finally, minor deficiencies that remain in the VCM algorithm logic are identified along with a mitigation plan to resolve each prior to NPP launch or shortly thereafter. C1 Univ Texas, CSR, Austin, TX 78759 USA. NPOESS Syst Engn Modeling & Simulat, NGST, Redondo Beach, CA 90245 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hutchison, KD (reprint author), Univ Texas, CSR, 3925 W Braker Lane,Ste 200, Austin, TX 78759 USA. EM keithh@csr.utexas.edu RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010; Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X; Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X NR 25 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 10 PY 2005 VL 26 IS 21 BP 4681 EP 4706 DI 10.1080/01431160500196786 PG 26 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 993MD UT WOS:000233957300005 ER PT J AU Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Minnis, P Remer, L AF Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Minnis, P Remer, L TI Comparison and analysis of two aerosol retrievals over the ocean in the Terra/Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer single scanner footprint data: 1. Global evaluation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL RADIANCES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; OPTICAL DEPTH; CLEAR-SKY; AVHRR; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; MODIS; VALIDATION; CLOUDS AB [1] Satellite aerosol remote sensing entered a new era with the deployment of advanced satellite imaging instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) on the NASA Terra and Aqua satellites. These new instruments provide the opportunity to learn more about aerosol properties than was possible using the simpler NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which has been used to retrieve aerosol optical thickness for more than 20 years. Combining historical AVHRR and the more advanced MODIS aerosol retrievals to form a long-term aerosol data record is critical for studying aerosol climate forcing. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to build a connection and establish consistency between the two retrievals through a careful evaluation of the two retrieval methods applied to the same data. As a first step in this effort, this paper exploits the potential of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Single-Scanner Footprint (SSF) data set that includes aerosol products derived from Terra MODIS data at the same locations using both the multichannel MODIS and the two-channel AVHRR aerosol retrieval algorithms. The analysis examines the differences in the results seen over oceans on a global scale. It was found in a global mean sense that advancement in the aerosol retrieval over ocean from the MODIS algorithm relative to the AVHRR method is realized mostly in the improvement of the aerosol size parameter ( ASP) rather than in the aerosol optical thickness (AOT). However, regional differences were observed in both AOT and ASP retrieved from the MODIS and AVHRR algorithms. These are examined further in the second part of this two-part paper. Cloud contamination and surface roughness appear to affect both aerosol retrievals, effects that need further investigation. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Div Atmospher Sci, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhao, TXP (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xuepeng.zhao@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 9 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D21 AR D21208 DI 10.1029/2005JD005851 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 985DD UT WOS:000233355400005 ER PT J AU Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Minnis, P Remer, L AF Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Minnis, P Remer, L TI Comparison and analysis of two aerosol retrievals over the ocean in the Terra/Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer single scanner footprint data: 2. Regional evaluation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DEPTH; GOCART MODEL; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; AERONET; MODIS; REFLECTANCE; CALIBRATION; CHANNELS; AVHRR AB [1] The advanced multichannel Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and simple independent two-channel Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aerosol retrieval algorithms were compared regionally using the Terra/ CERES-MODIS Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data. On average, it was found that the two methods tend to overestimate 0.66-mu m aerosol optical thickness (AOT) compared to AERONET surface observations in the original SSF data. If the most cloud-free data are used, the mean satellite retrievals agree to within +/- 10% of the AERONET data. The MODIS near-infrared (1.60-mu m) AOTs are in better agreement with the surface data than the AVHRR-type retrievals. The satellite-derived aerosol size parameters are 20 - 30% smaller than the surface-based values with the MODIS values closer to the AERONET values than that of AVHRR-type. The effects of aerosol model assumptions, cloud contamination, and surface roughness on the two aerosol retrievals were analyzed in detail with the careful classification of clear-sky and surface roughness conditions. For most of the regions examined, the annual mean AOTs from the MODIS retrieval are 0.03 and 0.02 less than their AVHRR-type counterparts at 0.66 and 1.60 mu m, respectively. However, the MODIS values may exceed the AVHRR-type values in regions where the prevailing aerosol type varies with season or is under an apparent influence of cloud or surface disturbance. Examination of the surface treatments used by the two retrieval methods indicates the need for improvement over very rough ocean surfaces, especially for the AVHRR method. The results indicate that aerosol model assumptions become important for regional retrievals and the dynamic aerosol models used in the MODIS retrieval are better suited for simultaneously measuring the regional variations in aerosol optical properties and their global mean values. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Div Atmospher Sci, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhao, TXP (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xuepeng.zhao@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 9 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D21 AR D21209 DI 10.1029/2005JD005852 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 985DD UT WOS:000233355400006 ER PT J AU Gardner, JS Cornelius, AL Chang, LJ Prager, M Bruckel, T Ehlers, G AF Gardner, JS Cornelius, AL Chang, LJ Prager, M Bruckel, T Ehlers, G TI Spin dynamics in Ho2Ru2O7 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID ICE; PYROCHLORES; HO2TI2O7; STATE AB The spin relaxation processes within the pyrochlore Ho2Ru2O7 have been investigated by neutron scattering and bulk property techniques. A single-ion process, that is thermally activated, dominates the spin-spin relaxation spectrum above 2 K. Assuming Arrhenius behaviour, we found an activation energy Delta = (329 +/- 6) K and characteristic relaxation time tau(0) = (5.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(-12) s in the paramagnetic state, akin to those found in the spin ice, HO2Ti2O7. At low temperature (T < 95 K) the activation energy lowers and below 20 K the entropy and ac susceptibility are similar to that observed in other spin ice compounds within a 10 kOe field. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Nucl Sci & Technol Dev Ctr, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Gardner, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jsg@bnl.gov RI Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Bruckel, Thomas/J-2968-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Bruckel, Thomas/0000-0003-1378-0416; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD NOV 9 PY 2005 VL 17 IS 44 BP 7089 EP 7095 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/17/44/002 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 988QC UT WOS:000233614700006 ER PT J AU Murtagh, W Onsager, T Poppe, B AF Murtagh, W Onsager, T Poppe, B TI Late solar cycle events featured in Space Weather Week 2005 SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Murtagh, W (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD NOV 9 PY 2005 VL 3 IS 11 AR S11001 DI 10.1029/2005SW000196 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 992YZ UT WOS:000233921200001 ER PT J AU Bao, JW Michelson, SA McKeen, SA Grell, GA AF Bao, JW Michelson, SA McKeen, SA Grell, GA TI Meteorological evaluation of a weather-chemistry forecasting model using observations from the TEXAS AQS 2000 field experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAKE-MICHIGAN OZONE; SEA-BREEZE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; RESOLUTION; DIFFERENTIATION; CIRCULATION; CAMPAIGN; HOUSTON; SYSTEM AB [1] Meteorological forecasts for the period of 25 - 30 August 2000 from a coupled weather-chemistry model are evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively using the observations from different instruments that were deployed in metropolitan Houston during the Texas Air-Quality Study 2000 field experiment. The qualitative comparison is carried out with respect to the meteorological processes associated with the influence of the large-scale flow on the sea breeze that are essential to the development of the surface ozone exceedances over Houston, while the quantitative comparison is focused on the errors and uncertainties of the forecasts. The qualitative comparison is performed with respect to a conceptual model for the influence of the large-scale flow on the sea breeze. The comparison shows that although the overall forecasted influence of the large-scale flow on the sea breeze compares qualitatively well to the observations, quantitative differences do exist between the forecasted and observed wind speed and direction, as well as with temperature and moisture. It is found that the forecasted low-level winds have a systematic easterly bias and the forecasted low-level temperature has a cold bias. The errors in the forecasted low-level moisture appear relatively small, but with a cold bias they lead to higher relative humidity in the forecast than in reality. There is great sensitivity of the model forecasted low-level winds to different initial conditions. The quantitative comparison also indicates that the model's effective horizontal resolution corresponding to 1.67-km grid spacing is actually about 10 km. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bao, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jian-wen.bao@noaa.gov RI McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742 NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 8 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D21 AR D21105 DI 10.1029/2004JD005024 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 985DA UT WOS:000233355100001 ER PT J AU McKeen, S Wilczak, J Grell, G Djalalova, I Peckham, S Hsie, EY Gong, W Bouchet, V Menard, S Moffet, R McHenry, J McQueen, J Tang, Y Carmichael, GR Pagowski, M Chan, A Dye, T Frost, G Lee, P Mathur, R AF McKeen, S Wilczak, J Grell, G Djalalova, I Peckham, S Hsie, EY Gong, W Bouchet, V Menard, S Moffet, R McHenry, J McQueen, J Tang, Y Carmichael, GR Pagowski, M Chan, A Dye, T Frost, G Lee, P Mathur, R TI Assessment of an ensemble of seven real-time ozone forecasts over eastern North America during the summer of 2004 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY FORECAST; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL MECHANISM; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TRACE-P; PART I; EMISSIONS; DEPOSITION; SYSTEM AB [1] The real-time forecasts of ozone (O-3) from seven air quality forecast models (AQFMs) are statistically evaluated against observations collected during July and August of 2004 ( 53 days) through the Aerometric Information Retrieval Now (AIRNow) network at roughly 340 monitoring stations throughout the eastern United States and southern Canada. One of the first ever real-time ensemble O-3 forecasts, created by combining the seven separate forecasts with equal weighting, is also evaluated in terms of standard statistical measures, threshold statistics, and variance analysis. The ensemble based on the mean of the seven models and the ensemble based on the median are found to have significantly more temporal correlation to the observed daily maximum 1-hour average and maximum 8-hour average O-3 concentrations than any individual model. However, root-mean-square errors (RMSE) and skill scores show that the usefulness of the uncorrected ensembles is limited by positive O-3 biases in all of the AQFMs. The ensembles and AQFM statistical measures are reevaluated using two simple bias correction algorithms for forecasts at each monitor location: subtraction of the mean bias and a multiplicative ratio adjustment, where corrections are based on the full 53 days of available comparisons. The impact the two bias correction techniques have on RMSE, threshold statistics, and temporal variance is presented. For the threshold statistics a preferred bias correction technique is found to be model dependent and related to whether the model overpredicts or underpredicts observed temporal O-3 variance. All statistical measures of the ensemble mean forecast, and particularly the bias-corrected ensemble forecast, are found to be insensitive to the results of any particular model. The higher correlation coefficients, low RMSE, and better threshold statistics for the ensembles compared to any individual model point to their preference as a real-time O-3 forecast. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Canadian Meteorol Ctr, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, Raleigh, NC USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-AL4, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stu@al.noaa.gov RI Hsie, Eirh-Yu/I-4449-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Lee, Pius/D-5201-2016; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016 OI Hsie, Eirh-Yu/0000-0003-3934-9923; pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915 NR 57 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 8 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D21 AR D21307 DI 10.1029/2005JD005858 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 985DA UT WOS:000233355100003 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Bauer, BJ Stephens, J Becker, ML McGuiggan, P Hudson, SD Wang, H AF Hobbie, EK Bauer, BJ Stephens, J Becker, ML McGuiggan, P Hudson, SD Wang, H TI Colloidal particles coated and stabilized by DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SURFACTANTS; SUSPENSIONS; DISPERSION; SPECTRA AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are dispersed in water via wrapping with short segments of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Small angle neutron scattering suggests a power-law exponent that is consistent with clustered nanotubes and hence marginal stability. The SWNT-ssDNA complex is used to stabilize dispersions of hydrophilic colloidal particles with the nanotubes adhered to the surface of the colloids. Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy demonstrates the interfacial band-gap fluorescence of these SWNT-coated particles, suggesting potential routes to novel platforms and applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 22 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 8 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 23 BP 10284 EP 10287 DI 10.1021/la051827f PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 982AQ UT WOS:000233129500009 PM 16262277 ER PT J AU Balss, KM Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ AF Balss, KM Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ TI Nanosecond imaging of microboiling behavior on pulsed-heated Au films modified with hydrophilic and hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID GOLD SURFACES; DYNAMICS; DROPLET; LIQUIDS; WATER AB Fast transient microboiling has been characterized on modified gold microheaters using a novel laser strobe microscopy technique. Microheater surfaces of different hydrophobicity were prepared using self-assembled monolayers of hexadecane thiol (hydrophobic) and 16-mercaptohexadecanol (hydrophilic) as well as the naturally hydrophilic bare gold surface. The microheater was immersed in a pool of water, and a 5-mu s voltage pulse to the heater was applied, causing superheating of the water and nucleation of a vapor bubble on the heater surface. Light from a pulsed Nd:Yag laser was configured to illuminate and image the sample through a microscope assembly. The timing of the short duration (7.5 ns) laser flash was varied with respect to the voltage pulse applied to the heater to create a series of images illuminated by the flash of the laser. These images were correlated with the transient resistance change of the heater both during and after the voltage pulse. It was found that hydrophobic surfaces produced a bubble that nucleated at an earlier time, grew more slowly to a smaller maximum size, and collapsed more rapidly than bubbles formed on hydrophilic surfaces. C1 Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM cta2@cornell.edu NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 8 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 23 BP 10459 EP 10467 DI 10.1021/la040137t PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 982AQ UT WOS:000233129500038 PM 16262306 ER PT J AU Brazhnik, KP Vreeland, WN Hutchison, JB Kishore, R Wells, J Helmerson, K Locascio, LE AF Brazhnik, KP Vreeland, WN Hutchison, JB Kishore, R Wells, J Helmerson, K Locascio, LE TI Directed growth of pure phosphatidylcholine nanotubes in microfluidic channels SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID VESICLE NETWORKS; LIPID NANOTUBES; LIPOSOMES; FUSION AB The morphology of self-assembled phospholipid membranes (e.g., micelles, vesicles, rods, tubes, etc.) depends on the method of formation, secondary manipulation, temperature, and storage conditions. In this contribution, microfluidic systems are used to create pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) micro- and nanotubes with unprecedented lengths. Tubes up to several centimeters in length and aligned with the long axis of the microchannel were created from spots of dry films of 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). These high aspect ratio structures, which, to our knowledge, represent the first examples of extended tubes formed from pure PC lipids, were examined by fluorescence microscopy, electron and optical microscopy, and optical manipulation tools (i.e., a laser trap and laser scalpel) to characterize structure and stability. In particular, the tubular structure was confirmed by observation of fluorescent dyes that were sequestered within the aqueous cavity or within the phospholipid tube. Compared to other phospholipid tubes, the tubes formed from PC lipids in microfluidic channels show high mechanical stability and rigidity that depend on tube size, age, and storage conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Locascio, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM laurie.locascio@nist.gov RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 5 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 8 PY 2005 VL 21 IS 23 BP 10814 EP 10817 DI 10.1021/la047151q PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 982AQ UT WOS:000233129500089 PM 16262357 ER PT J AU Nguyen, NV Davydov, AV Chandler-Horowitz, D Frank, MM AF Nguyen, NV Davydov, AV Chandler-Horowitz, D Frank, MM TI Sub-bandgap defect states in polycrystalline hafnium oxide and their suppression by admixture of silicon SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HFO2 THIN-FILMS; GATE DIELECTRICS; SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; TEMPERATURE; DEPOSITION; ULTRAVIOLET AB The crystallinity of atomic layer deposition hafnium oxide was found to be thickness dependent, with the thinnest films being amorphous and thick films being at least partially crystalline. Hafnium oxide films fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are mostly monoclinic. Formation of hafnium silicate by admixture of 20% Si prevents crystallization. Electronic defects are reflected by an absorption feature 0.2-0.3 eV below the optical bandgap. These defects arise in polycrystalline, but not in amorphous, hafnium-based oxides. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Nguyen, NV (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nhan.nguyen@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 21 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 7 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 19 AR 192903 DI 10.1063/1.2126136 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 981AG UT WOS:000233058800050 ER PT J AU Ullom, JN Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR AF Ullom, JN Beall, JA Doriese, WB Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR TI Optimized transition-edge x-ray microcalorimeter with 2.4 eV energy resolution at 5.9 keV SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; SENSORS; SPECTROMETERS; PERFORMANCE; DETECTORS AB We present measurements from a series of transition-edge x-ray microcalorimeters designed for optimal energy resolution. We used the geometry of the sensors to control their heat capacity and employed additional normal metal features and a perpendicular magnetic field to control the sharpness of the superconducting-to-normal transition. These degrees of control allow an optimal selection of sensor saturation energy and noise. Successive design changes improved the measured energy resolution of the sensors from 4.5 eV full width at half maximum at 5.9 keV to 2.4 eV at 5.9 keV. Sensors with this energy resolution are well matched to applications in x-ray astrophysics and terrestrial materials analysis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ullom, JN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ullom@boulder.nist.gov NR 13 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 7 PY 2005 VL 87 IS 19 AR 194103 DI 10.1063/1.2061865 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 981AG UT WOS:000233058800079 ER PT J AU McMurry, PH Fink, M Sakurai, H Stolzenburg, MR Mauldin, RL Smith, J Eisele, F Moore, K Sjostedt, S Tanner, D Huey, LG Nowak, JB Edgerton, E Voisin, D AF McMurry, PH Fink, M Sakurai, H Stolzenburg, MR Mauldin, RL Smith, J Eisele, F Moore, K Sjostedt, S Tanner, D Huey, LG Nowak, JB Edgerton, E Voisin, D TI A criterion for new particle formation in the sulfur-rich Atlanta atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CONDENSATION NUCLEUS COUNTER; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; TERNARY NUCLEATION; AEROSOL FORMATION; ORGANIC VAPORS; GROWTH-RATES; ACID; AMMONIA; EVENTS; WATER AB A simple dimensionless parameter, L, is shown to determine whether or not new particle formation can occur in the atmosphere on a given day. The criterion accounts for the probability that clusters, formed by nucleation, will coagulate with preexisting particles before they grow to a detectable size. Data acquired in an intensive atmospheric measurement campaign in Atlanta, Georgia, during August 2002 (ANARChE) were used to test the validity of this criterion. Measurements included aerosol size distributions down to 3 nm, properties and composition of freshly nucleated particles, and concentrations of gases including ammonia and sulfuric acid. Nucleation and subsequent growth of particles at this site were often dominated by sulfuric acid. New particle formation was observed when L was less than similar to 1 but not when L was greater than similar to 1. Furthermore, new particle formation was only observed when sulfuric acid concentrations exceeded 5 x 10(6) cm(-3). The data suggest that there was a positive association between concentrations of particles produced by nucleation and ammonia, but this was not shown definitively. Ammonia mixing ratios during this study were mostly in the 1 to 10 ppbv range. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Atmospher Res & Anal Inc, Cary, NC 27513 USA. Univ Aix Marseille 1, Lab Chim & Environnement, F-13003 Marseille, France. RP McMurry, PH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM mcmurry@me.umn.edu RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Smith, James/C-5614-2008; voisin, didier/F-9911-2010; McMurry, Peter/A-8245-2008; Sjostedt, Steven/B-5032-2015 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Smith, James/0000-0003-4677-8224; voisin, didier/0000-0003-1317-7561; McMurry, Peter/0000-0003-1609-5131; NR 49 TC 114 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 4 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D22 AR D22S02 DI 10.1029/2005JD005901 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 982MC UT WOS:000233161500001 ER PT J AU Thompson, ST Hodby, E Wieman, CE AF Thompson, ST Hodby, E Wieman, CE TI Ultracold molecule production via a resonant oscillating magnetic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; FERMI GAS; ATOMS; PHOTOASSOCIATION; CREATION AB A novel atom-molecule conversion technique has been investigated. Ultracold Rb-85 atoms sitting in a dc magnetic field near the 155 G Feshbach resonance are associated by applying a small sinusoidal oscillation to the magnetic field. There is resonant atom to molecule conversion when the modulation frequency closely matches the molecular binding energy. We observe that the atom to molecule conversion efficiency depends strongly on the frequency, amplitude, and duration of the applied modulation and on the phase space density of the sample. This technique offers high conversion efficiencies without the necessity of crossing or closely approaching the Feshbach resonance and allows precise spectroscopic measurements. Efficiencies of 55% have been observed for pure Bose-Einstein condensates. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thompson, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 25 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 4 PY 2005 VL 95 IS 19 AR 190404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.190404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 981BU UT WOS:000233062900004 PM 16383963 ER PT J AU Soden, BJ Jackson, DL Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Huang, XL AF Soden, BJ Jackson, DL Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD Huang, XL TI The radiative signature of upper tropospheric moistening SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; SATELLITE DATA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; CLIMATE FEEDBACK; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; GREENHOUSE; SIMULATIONS AB Climate models predict that the concentration of water vapor in the upper troposphere could double by the end of the century as a result of increases in greenhouse gases. Such moistening plays a key rote in amplifying the rate at which the climate warms in response to anthropogenic activities, but has been difficult to detect because of deficiencies in conventional observing systems. We use satellite measurements to highlight a distinct radiative signature of upper tropospheric moistening over the period 1982 to 2004. The observed moistening is accurately captured by climate model simulations and lends further credence to model projections of future global warming. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Soden, BJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM bsoden@rsmas.miami.edu RI Huang, Xianglei/G-6127-2011; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015 OI Huang, Xianglei/0000-0002-7129-614X; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866 NR 37 TC 158 Z9 163 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 4 PY 2005 VL 310 IS 5749 BP 841 EP 844 DI 10.1126/science.1115602 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 981XR UT WOS:000233121800042 PM 16210499 ER PT J AU Francis, JA Hunter, E Key, JR Wang, XJ AF Francis, JA Hunter, E Key, JR Wang, XJ TI Clues to variability in Arctic minimum sea ice extent SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RADIATION PROPERTIES; SURFACE; CLOUD; OSCILLATION; RETRIEVALS; SATELLITE; FLUXES AB Perennial sea ice is a primary indicator of Arctic climate change. Since 1980 it has decreased in extent by about 15%. Analysis of new satellite-derived fields of winds, radiative forcing, and advected heat reveals distinct regional differences in the relative roles of these parameters in explaining variability in the northernmost ice edge position. In all six peripheral seas studied, downwelling longwave flux anomalies explain the most variability approximately 40% - while northward wind anomalies are important in areas north of Siberia, particularly earlier in the melt season. Anomalies in insolation are negatively correlated with perennial ice retreat in all regions, suggesting that the effect of solar flux anomalies is overwhelmed by the longwave influence on ice edge position. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Francis, JA (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM francis@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 16 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 2 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 21 AR L21501 DI 10.1029/2005GL024376 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 982LI UT WOS:000233159400007 ER PT J AU Long, GG Levine, LE AF Long, GG Levine, LE TI Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering from dislocation structures SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A LA English DT Article ID COPPER SINGLE-CRYSTALS; RANGE INTERNAL-STRESSES; LINE-PROFILE ANALYSIS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SURFACE; METALS; DISTRIBUTIONS; VERSETZUNGEN; DIFFRACTION; STRAIN AB Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering data were obtained from deformed single-crystal aluminium samples. These data are consistent with recent theoretical predictions of scattering from dislocation walls, allowing quantitative microstructural parameters to be extracted. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Long, GG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gglong@aps.anl.gov NR 51 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0108-7673 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR A JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 61 BP 557 EP 567 DI 10.1107/S0108767305031119 PN 6 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 976HG UT WOS:000232723300004 PM 16244405 ER PT J AU Brown, ID Abrahams, SC Berndt, M Faber, J Karen, VL Motherwell, WDS Villars, P Westbrook, JD McMahon, B AF Brown, ID Abrahams, SC Berndt, M Faber, J Karen, VL Motherwell, WDS Villars, P Westbrook, JD McMahon, B TI Report of the working group on crystal phase identifiers SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION NOMENCLATURE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; STRAIN AB The proposed crystalline phase identifier consists of a number of components (layers) describing enough properties of the phase to allow a unique identification. These layers consist of the chemical formula, a flag indicating the state of matter, the space-group number and the Wyckoff sequence. They are defined in such a way that they can be incorporated into the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). C1 McMaster Univ, Brockhouse Inst Mat Res, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. So Oregon Univ, Dept Phys, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. Crystal Impact, D-53002 Bonn, Germany. Int Ctr Diffract Data, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inorgan Crystal Struct Database, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cambridge Crystallog Data Ctr, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, England. Pauling File, Mat Phase Data Syst, CH-6354 Vitznau, Switzerland. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Prot Databank, RCSB, Piscataway, NJ USA. Int Union Crystallog, Chester CH1 2HU, Cheshire, England. RP Brown, ID (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Brockhouse Inst Mat Res, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. EM idbrown@mcmaster.ca OI Westbrook, John/0000-0002-6686-5475; McMahon, Brian/0000-0003-0391-0002 NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0108-7673 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR A JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 61 BP 575 EP 580 DI 10.1107/S010876730503179X PN 6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 976HG UT WOS:000232723300006 PM 16244407 ER PT J AU Boettinger, WJ Johnson, CE Bendersky, LA Moon, KW Williams, ME Stafford, GR AF Boettinger, WJ Johnson, CE Bendersky, LA Moon, KW Williams, ME Stafford, GR TI Whisker and hillock formation on Sn, Sn-Cu and Sn-Pb electrodeposits SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE whiskers; electroplating; creep; grain boundary diffusion; solder ID THIN-FILMS; STRESS-RELAXATION; GROWTH-MECHANISM; FAST-DIFFUSION; TIN WHISKERS; CREEP; ALLOYS; KINETICS; COPPER; SYSTEM AB High purity bright Sn, Sn-Cu and Sn-Pb layers, 3, 7 and 16 mu m thick were electrodeposited on phosphor bronze cantilever beams in a rotating disk apparatus. Beam deflection measurements within 15 min of plating proved that all electrodeposits had in-plane compressive stress. In several days, the surfaces of the Sn-Cu deposits, which have the highest compressive stress, develop 50 gm contorted hillocks and 200 mu m whiskers, pure Sn deposits develop 20 mu m compact conical hillocks, and Sn-Pb deposits, which have the lowest compressive stress, remain unchanged. The differences between the initial compressive stresses for each alloy and pure Sn is due to the rapid precipitation Of Cu6Sn5 or Pb particles, respectively, within supersaturated Sn grains produced by electrodeposition. Over longer time, analysis of beam deflection measurements indicates that the compressive stress is augmented by the formation Of Cu6Sn5 on the bronze/Sn interface, while creep of the electrodeposit tends to decrease the compressive stress. Uniform creep occurs for Sn-Pb because it has an equi-axed grain structure. Localized creep in the form of hillocks and whiskers occurs for Sn and Sn-Cu because both have columnar structures. Compact hillocks form for the Sn deposits because the columnar grain boundaries are mobile. Contorted hillocks and whiskers form for the Sn-Cu deposits because the columnar grain boundary motion is impeded. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 NIST, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boettinger, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Mailstop 8555,1000 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.boettinger@nist.gov NR 43 TC 186 Z9 190 U1 10 U2 90 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 53 IS 19 BP 5033 EP 5050 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.07.016 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 978FM UT WOS:000232859000008 ER PT J AU Zielinski, M Jaskolski, W Aizpurua, J Bryant, GW AF Zielinski, M Jaskolski, W Aizpurua, J Bryant, GW TI Strain and spin-orbit effects in self-assembled quantum dots SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th International School on the Physics of Semiconducting Compounds CY JUN 04-10, 2005 CL Jaszowiec, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Warsaw Univ, Fac Phys, Polish Acad Sci, Inst High Pressure Phys AB The effects of strain and spin-orbit interaction in self-assembled lens-shaped InAs/GaAs quantum dots are investigated. Calculations are performed with empirical tight-binding theory supplemented by the valence force field method to account for effects of strain caused by lattice mismatch at the InAs-GaAs interface. It is shown that both effects influence strongly the electron and hole energy structure: splitting of the energy levels, the number of bound states, density distributions, and transition rates. We show that piezoelectric effects are almost negligible in quantum dots of the size investigated. C1 UMK, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Donostia Int Phys Ctr, San Sebastian 20018, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zielinski, M (reprint author), UMK, Inst Fizyki, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CTR., DIPC/C-3171-2014 OI Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES INST PHYSICS PI WARSAW PA AL LOTNIKOW 32-46, 02-668 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0587-4246 J9 ACTA PHYS POL A JI Acta Phys. Pol. A PD NOV PY 2005 VL 108 IS 5 BP 929 EP 940 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 980ZA UT WOS:000233055500030 ER PT J AU Zhu, YJ AF Zhu, YJ TI Ensemble forecast: A new approach to uncertainty and predictability SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ensemble forecast; predictability; uncertainty ID PREDICTION SYSTEMS; NCEP; WEATHER; ECMWF AB Ensemble techniques have been used to generate daily numerical weather forecasts since the 1990s in numerical centers around the world due to the increase in computation ability. One of the main purposes of numerical ensemble forecasts is to try to assimilate the initial uncertainty (initial error) and the forecast uncertainty (forecast error) by applying either the initial perturbation method or the multi-model/multiphysics method. In fact, the mean of an ensemble forecast offers a better forecast than a deterministic (or control) forecast after a short lead time (3-5 days) for global modelling applications. There is about a 1-2-day improvement in the forecast skill when using an ensemble mean instead of a single forecast for longer lead-time. The skillful forecast (65% and above of an anomaly correlation) could be extended to 8 days (or longer) by present-day ensemble forecast systems. Furthermore, ensemble forecasts can deliver a probabilistic forecast to the users, which is based on the probability density function (PDF) instead of a single-value forecast from a traditional deterministic system. It has long been recognized that the ensemble forecast not only improves our weather forecast predictability but also offers a remarkable forecast for the future uncertainty, such as the relative measure of predictability (RMOP) and probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF). Not surprisingly, the success of the ensemble forecast and its wide application greatly increase the confidence of model developers and research communities. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Zhu, YJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. EM Yuejian.Zhu@noaa.gov RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 27 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 EI 1861-9533 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 22 IS 6 BP 781 EP 788 DI 10.1007/BF02918678 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987CS UT WOS:000233496600002 ER PT J AU Zhang, PQ Yang, S Kousky, VE AF Zhang, PQ Yang, S Kousky, VE TI South Asian high and Asian-Pacific-American climate teleconnection SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE South Asian high; subtropical western Pacific high; mid-Pacific trough; Mexican high; Asian-Pacific-American climate ID TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE SUMMER; NCEP-NCAR REANALYSIS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; STATIONARY WAVES; MONSOON; ENSO; SYSTEM AB Growing evidence indicates that the Asian monsoon plays an important role in affecting the weather and climate outside of Asia. However, this active role of the monsoon has not been demonstrated as thoroughly as has the variability of the monsoon caused by various impacting factors such as sea surface temperature and land surface. This study investigates the relationship between the Asian monsoon and the climate anomalies in the Asian-Pacific-American (APA) sector. A hypothesis is tested that the variability of the upper-tropospheric South Asian high (SAH), which is closely associated with the overall heating of the large-scale Asian monsoon, is linked to changes in the subtropical western Pacific high (SWPH), the mid-Pacific trough, and the Mexican high. The changes in these circulation systems cause variability in surface temperature and precipitation in the APA region. A stronger SAH is accompanied by a stronger and more extensive SWPH. The enlargement of the SWPH weakens the mid-Pacific trough. As a result, the southern portion of the Mexican high becomes stronger. These changes are associated with changes in atmospheric teleconnections, precipitation, and surface temperature throughout the APA region. When the SAH is stronger, precipitation increases in southern Asia, decreases over the Pacific Ocean, and increases over the Central America. Precipitation also increases over Australia and central Africa and decreases in the Mediterranean region. While the signals in surface temperature are weak over the tropical land portion, they are apparent in the mid latitudes and over the eastern Pacific Ocean. C1 China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAAs Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zhang, PQ (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM Song.Yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 56 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 10 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 EI 1861-9533 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 22 IS 6 BP 915 EP 923 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987CS UT WOS:000233496600014 ER PT J AU Choquette, S AF Choquette, S TI Standard reference materials for relative intensity correction of Raman spectrometers SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choquette, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 227-MS 8394, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.choquette@nist.gov NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 22 BP 22 EP + PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 991KR UT WOS:000233813400006 ER PT J AU Zhang, YH Dunn, ML Drexler, ES McCowan, CN Slifka, AJ Ivy, DD Shandas, R AF Zhang, YH Dunn, ML Drexler, ES McCowan, CN Slifka, AJ Ivy, DD Shandas, R TI A microstructural hyperelastic model of pulmonary arteries under normo- and hypertensive conditions SO ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Biomedical Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop CY FEB 25-26, 2004 CL Bethesda, MD SP Biomed Engn Soc DE pulmonary arterial hypertension; arterial biomechanics; orthotropic hyperelasticity; cross-linking; tangent modulus; user material subroutine ID STRAIN-ENERGY DENSITY; VASCULAR-RESISTANCE; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; IN-VITRO; MECHANICS; RUBBER; RATS; WALL; COLLAGEN; EXPRESSION AB This work represents the first application of a statistical mechanics based microstructural orthotropic hyperelastic model to pulmonary artery mechanics under normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The model provides an analogy between the entangled network of long molecular chains and the structural protein framework seen in the medial layer, and relates the mechanical response at macro-level to the deformation (entropy change) of individual molecular chains at the micro-level. A finite element approach was adopted to implement the model. Material parameters were determined via comparing model output to measured pressure-stretch results from normotensive and hypertensive trunks and branches obtained from a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Results from this initial study show that this model appears reasonable for the study of hyperelastic and anisotropic pulmonary artery mechanics. Typical tangent modulus values ranged from 200 to 800 kPa for normotensive arteries-this increased to beyond 1 MPa for hypertensive vessels. Our study also provokes the hypothesis that increase of cross-linking density may be one mechanism by which the pulmonary artery stiffens in hypertension. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Childrens Hosp, Denver, CO 80218 USA. NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shandas, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM robin.shandas@colorado.edu OI Shandas, Robin/0000-0002-9473-7542; DUNN, MARTIN/0000-0002-4531-9176 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 072738, HL 067393] NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-6964 J9 ANN BIOMED ENG JI Ann. Biomed. Eng. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1042 EP 1052 DI 10.1007/s10439-005-5771-2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA 955RS UT WOS:000231245600008 PM 16133913 ER PT J AU Holmberg, DG AF Holmberg, DG TI Secure messaging in BACnet (R) SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Environm Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmberg, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Environm Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 47 IS 11 BP B23 EP B26 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 984NC UT WOS:000233310600016 ER PT J AU Kim, J Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Zahorowski, W Kang, CH AF Kim, J Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Zahorowski, W Kang, CH TI Air mass characterization and source region analysis for the Gosan super-site, Korea, during the ACE-Asia 2001 field campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE air mass; cluster analysis; trajectory; aerosol; ACE-Asia ID AEROSOL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW EVENTS; TRACE GAS MEASUREMENTS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; CHEJU ISLAND; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; SOUTH-KOREA; POLLUTION; DUST AB This paper presents results of air mass characterization and the associated microphysical and optical properties of Asian aerosols, using the cluster analysis technique for classifying air mass back-trajectories arrived at Gosan on the Jeju Island, Korea during the ACE-Asia campaign. Five distinct clusters of trajectories were taken to explain each transport regime. The temporal variation of the transported air masses could be well explained by the consecutive and stepwise change of air masses between statistically classified clusters. The cluster-mean trajectory exhibited its close relationship with the synoptic-scale circulation pattern. In addition, it was shown that the composite of mean sea-level pressure field is useful for explaining favorable meteorological conditions for long-range transport of dust and anthropogenic pollution in East Asia. The highest light scattering and absorption coefficients for sub-10- and submicron aerosols as well as highest concentrations of Rn-222 and condensation nuclei are associated with the air mass types accompanying dusts and pollutants. The cluster-mean single scattering albedo (SSA) for sub-10- and submicron aerosols ranged 0.88-0.90 and 0.81-0.86, respectively. This value of SSA indicates the large contribution of submicron aerosol for the light absorption in East Asia. The concentration of Rn-222 and aerosol microphysical and optical properties for marine air mass suggests that the marine air masses are somewhat influenced by continental outflows. The minor differences in aerosol microphysical and optical properties among continental clusters with similar routes and different transport speed implies that the effect of transport speed may not be significant if the transport routes are similar. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151747, South Korea. Korea Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul 46018, South Korea. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. Cheju Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Cheju 690756, South Korea. RP Yoon, SC (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151747, South Korea. EM yoon@snu.ac.kr RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012 NR 33 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 39 IS 35 BP 6513 EP 6523 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.021 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 980QA UT WOS:000233032000004 ER PT J AU Dutton, DL Dutton, PH Chaloupka, M Boulon, RH AF Dutton, DL Dutton, PH Chaloupka, M Boulon, RH TI Increase of a Caribbean leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea nesting population linked to long-term nest protection SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Dermochelys coriacea; recovery; population trend; survival probabilities; capture-mark-recapture; DNA fingerprinting ID IMMATURE GREEN TURTLES; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; SEA-TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; ROBUST DESIGN; COSTA-RICA; SURVIVAL; TREND; TORTUGUERO AB The leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea is considered to be at serious risk of global extinction, despite ongoing conservation efforts. Intensive long-term monitoring of a leatherback nesting population on Sandy Point (St. Croix, US Virgin Islands) offers a unique opportunity to quantify basic population parameters and evaluate effectiveness of nesting beach conservation practices. We report a significant increase in the number of females nesting annually from ca. 18-30 in the 1980s to 186 in 2001, with a corresponding increase in annual hatchling production from ca. 2000 to over 49,000. We then analyzed resighting data from 1991 to 2001 with an open robust-design capture-mark-recapture model to estimate annual nester survival and adult abundance for this population. The expected annual survival probability was estimated at ca. 0.893 (95% CL 0.87-0.92) and the population was estimated to be increasing ca. 13% pa since the early 1990s. Taken together with DNA fingerprinting that identify mother-daughter relations, our findings suggest that the increase in the size of the nesting population since 1991 was probably due to an aggressive program of beach protection and egg relocation initiated more than 20 years ago. Beach protection and egg relocation provide a simple and effective conservation strategy for this Northern Caribbean nesting population as long as adult survival at sea remains relatively high. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Resources Div, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Ocean Planet Res, San Diego, CA 92131 USA. Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Natl Pk Serv, St John, VI 00831 USA. RP Dutton, PH (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Resources Div, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM peter.dutton@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 137 Z9 154 U1 7 U2 77 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 126 IS 2 BP 186 EP 194 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.013 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 961LD UT WOS:000231663000007 ER PT J AU Merzlyak, PG Capistrano, MFP Valeva, A Kasianowicz, JJ Krasilnikov, OV AF Merzlyak, PG Capistrano, MFP Valeva, A Kasianowicz, JJ Krasilnikov, OV TI Conductance and ion selectivity of a mesoscopic protein nanopore probed with cysteine scanning mutagenesis SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AUREUS ALPHA-TOXIN; ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR CHANNEL; HEPTAMERIC TRANSMEMBRANE PORE; PLANAR LIPID-BILAYERS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; MEMBRANES; HEMOLYSIN; DYNAMICS; CHARGE; STOICHIOMETRY AB Nanometer-scale proteinaceous pores are the basis of ion and macromolecular transport in cells and organelles. Recent studies suggest that ion channels and synthetic nanopores may prove useful in biotechnological applications. To better understand the structure-function relationship of nanopores, we are studying the ion-conducting properties of channels formed by wild-type and genetically engineered versions of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin (alpha HL) reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer membranes. Specifically, we measured the ion selectivities and current-voltage relationships of channels formed with 24 different alpha HL point cysteine mutants before and after derivatizing the cysteines with positively and negatively charged sulfhydryl-specific reagents. Novel negative charges convert the selectivity of the channel from weakly anionic to strongly cationic, and new positive charges increase the anionic selectivity. However, the extent of these changes depends on the channel radius at the position of the novel charge (predominately affects ion selectivity) or on the location of these charges along the longitudinal axis of the channel (mainly alters the conductance-voltage curve). The results suggest that the net charge of the pore wall is responsible for cation-anion selectivity of the alpha HL channel and that the charge at the pore entrances is the main factor that determines the shape of the conductance-voltage curves. C1 Univ Fed Pernambuco, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Dept Biofis & Radiobiol, Lab Membrane Biophys, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Biophys & Pharmacol, BR-59072970 Natal, RN, Brazil. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Med Microbiol & Hyg, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krasilnikov, OV (reprint author), Univ Fed Pernambuco, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Dept Biofis & Radiobiol, Lab Membrane Biophys, Av Prof Moraes Rego S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. EM kras@ufpe.br NR 60 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 89 IS 5 BP 3059 EP 3070 DI 10.1529/biophysj.105.066472 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 979HP UT WOS:000232933300021 PM 16085767 ER PT J AU Ogasawara, Y Nakayama, K Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Kajigaya, S Levin, BC Young, NS AF Ogasawara, Y Nakayama, K Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Kajigaya, S Levin, BC Young, NS TI Mitochondrial DNA spectra of single human CD34(+) cells, T cells, B cells, and granulocytes SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID MTDNA CONTROL REGION; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES; SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITY; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; POINT MUTATIONS; REPLICATION; FREQUENCY; DISEASE; ACCUMULATION; MECHANISMS AB Previously, we described the age-dependent accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, leading to a high degree of mtDNA heterogeneity among normal marrow and blood CD34(+) clones and in granulocytes. We established a method for sequence analysis of single cells. We show marked, distinct mtDNA heterogeneity from corresponding aggregate sequences in isolated cells of 5 healthy adult donors-37.9% +/- 3.6% heterogeneity in circulating CD34(+) cells, 36.4% +/- 14.1% in T cells, 36.0% +/- 10.7% in B cells, and 47.7% +/- 7.4% in granulocytes. Most heterogeneity was caused by poly-C tract variability; however, base substitutions were also prevalent, as follows: 14.7% +/- 5.7% in CD34(+) cells, 15.2% +/- 9.0% in T cells, 15.4% +/- 6.7% in B cells, and 32.3% +/- 2.4% in granulocytes. Many poly-C tract length differences and specific point mutations seen in these same donors but assayed 2 years earlier were still present in the new CD34(+) samples. Additionally, specific poly-C tract differences and point mutations were frequently shared among cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Secular stability and lineage sharing of mtDNA sequence variability suggest that mutations arise in the lymphohematopoietic stem cell compartment and that these changes may be used as a natural genetic marker to estimate the number of active stem cells. C1 NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Flow Cytometry Core Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Young, NS (reprint author), NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bldg 10 CRC,3E-5140,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM youngns@mail.nih.gov NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 106 IS 9 BP 3271 EP 3284 DI 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0150 PG 14 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 979BP UT WOS:000232917400059 PM 16020515 ER PT J AU Evans, DW Crumley, PH AF Evans, DW Crumley, PH TI Mercury in Florida Bay fish: Spatial distribution of elevated concentrations and possible linkages to Everglades restoration SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; FOOD WEBS; PRIMARY PRODUCERS; METHYL MERCURY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEAGRASS BEDS; GRAY SNAPPER; LAVACA BAY; WATER; SEDIMENTS AB Health advisories are now posted in northern Florida Bay, adjacent to the Everglades, warning of high mercury concentrations in some species of gamefish. Highest concentrations of mercury in both forage fish and gamefish have been measured in the northeastern corner of Florida Bay, adjacent to the dominant freshwater inflows from the Everglades. Thirty percent of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus Cuvier, 1830) analyzed exceeded Florida's no consumption level of 1.5 mu g g(-1) mercury in this area. We hypothesized that freshwater draining the Everglades served as the major source of methylmercury entering the food web supporting gamefish. A lack of correlation between mercury concentrations and salinity did not support this hypothesis, although enhanced bioavailability of methylmercury is possible as freshwater is diluted with estuarine water. Stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were measured in fish to elucidate the shared pathways of methylmercury and nutrient elements through the food web. These data support a benthic source of both methylmercury and nutrient elements to gamefish within the eastern bay, as opposed to a dominant watershed source. Ecological characteristics of the eastern bay, including active redox cycling in near-surface sediments without excessive sulfide production are hypothesized to promote methylmercury formation and bioaccumulation in the benthos. Methylmercury may then accumulate in gamefish through a food web supported by benthic microalgae, detritus, pink shrimp (Farfan-tepenaeus duorarum Burkenroad, 1939), and other epibenthic feeders. Uncertainty remains as to the relative importance of watershed imports of methylmercury from the Everglades and in situ production in the bay, an uncertainty that needs resolution if the effects of Everglades restoration on mercury levels in fish are to be modeled and managed. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res,Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Evans, DW (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res,Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM david.w.evans@noaa.gov NR 89 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 17 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 77 IS 3 BP 321 EP 345 PG 25 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 990LG UT WOS:000233743900001 ER PT J AU Fitzhugh, GR Koenig, CC Coleman, FC Grimes, CB Sturges, W AF Fitzhugh, GR Koenig, CC Coleman, FC Grimes, CB Sturges, W TI Spatial and temporal patterns in fertilization and settlement of young gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) along the west Florida shelf SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; EASTERN GULF; SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; SEX-RATIO; REEF-FISH; SERRANIDAE; CIRCULATION; GROUPER; PISCES AB We used otolith analyses of juvenile gag, Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode and Bean, 1879) settling in seagrass beds along the west Florida coast over a 4-yr period (1994 through 1997) to examine regional and temporal differences in fertilization date, pelagic larval duration, and settlement date. We found annually consistent geographic patterns in the mean fertilization and settlement dates of juvenile gag. These dates were several weeks earlier for fish recruiting south of 28 degrees N than they were for fish recruiting north of 28 degrees N. While it was beyond the scope of this study to determine the processes responsible for these patterns, we consider several possible mechanisms that might account for the patterns we observed. These include (1) a north-south difference in spawning times, (2) a year-to-year change in wind-driven surface currents affecting distribution during the pelagic larval phase, and (3) a north-south difference in seagrass habitat available to settlers. The patterns did not appear to result from differences in spawning time, seasonal changes in wind driven surface currents, or seagrass habitat availability. However, both pelagic larval duration and the time differences between west Florida gag populations and those from Campeche Bank are consistent with the appearance of earlier-spawned juveniles in south Florida. Transport from Campeche Bank is possible via the Loop Current. Our modeling of onshore movement considered only the wind forcing of the surface layer, essentially a two-dimensional model. A three-dimensional model would be useful to evaluate transport at various depths. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Fitzhugh, GR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3500 Delwood Beach Dr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM garyfitzhugh@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 14 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 77 IS 3 BP 377 EP 396 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 990LG UT WOS:000233743900004 ER PT J AU Strelcheck, AJ Cowan, JH Shah, A AF Strelcheck, AJ Cowan, JH Shah, A TI Influence of reef location on artificial-reef fish assemblages in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGE-0 RED SNAPPER; LUTJANUS-CAMPECHANUS; RECRUITMENT; ATTRACTION; COLONIZATION; BIOGEOGRAPHY; PREFERENCE; ALABAMA; SHELTER; DESIGN AB Artificial reef studies often focus on environmental, ecological, and physical factors that influence reef productivity, but few have focused on how reef location influences artificial-reef fish assemblages. The intent of this study was to evaluate how reef placement affects the structure of artificial-reef fish assemblages. Diver visual surveys and catch-per-unit-eflort (CPUE) fishing surveys were used to obtain estimates of reef fish demographics (i.e., reef fish abundance, biomass, and size structure) at 14 prefabricated experimental artificial reefs of two reef designs off coastal Alabama. Two- to three-fold differences in reef fish demographic measures were observed within replicate experimental reef designs. To determine which factors, specifically related to location (i.e., proximity of other reefs, size and density of surrounding reefs, etc.), contribute to the observed variability in reef fish demographic measures, a side-scan sonar was used to quantify the abundance, distribution, and bottom area or footprints (m(2)) of natural reefs and previously deployed artificial reefs within 1 km(2) of each experimental reef. Stepwise regression was used to assess the amount of variability in reef fish demographics accounted for by side-scan sonar variables, reef design, season, and year. 36%-53% of the variability in reef fish demographics was explained. Reef fish biomass was negatively correlated with artificial reef abundance and there was a negative correlation between red snapper mean total length and the total bottom area of artificial reefs surrounding experimental reefs. Proximity to other artificial reefs, reef design, and season also explained some of the observed variability in reef fish abundance, biomass, and size structure. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Reg Off, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. RP Strelcheck, AJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Reg Off, 263 13th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM andy.strelcheck@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 20 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 77 IS 3 BP 425 EP 440 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 990LG UT WOS:000233743900007 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Allured, D AF Liebmann, B Allured, D TI Daily precipitation grids for South America SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, RPSDI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, RPSDI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Brant.Liebmann@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 72 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1567 EP 1570 DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-1567 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987LC UT WOS:000233518400017 ER PT J AU Pielke, RA Landsea, C Mayfield, M Laver, J Pasch, R AF Pielke, RA Landsea, C Mayfield, M Laver, J Pasch, R TI Hurricanes and global warming SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY; POTENTIAL INTENSITY; CLIMATE; PERSPECTIVE; FREQUENCY; INCREASE; IMPACT; MODEL AB This paper reviews recent research on tropical cyclones and climate change from the perspective of event risk-the physical behavior of storms; vulnerability-the characteristics of a system that create the potential for impacts, but are independent of event risk; and also outcome risk-the integration of considerations of vulnerability with event risk to characterize an event that causes losses. The paper concludes that with no trend identified in various metrics of hurricane damage over the twentieth century, it is exceedingly unlikely 'that scientists will identify large changes in historical storm behavior that have significant societal implications, though scientists may identify discernible changes in storm behavior. Looking to the future, until scientists conclude a) that there will be changes to storms that are significantly larger than observed in the past, b) that such changes are correlated to measures of societal impact, and c) that the effects of such changes are significant in the context of inexorable growth in population and property at risk, then it is reasonable to conclude that the significance of any connection of human-caused climate change to hurricane impacts necessarily has been and will continue to be exceedingly small. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Pielke, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, 1333 Grandview Ave,UCB 488, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pielke@colorado.edu NR 35 TC 128 Z9 133 U1 6 U2 40 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1571 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1571 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987LC UT WOS:000233518400018 ER PT J AU Held, IM AF Held, IM TI The gap between simulation and understanding in climate modeling SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE AB A set of high-resolution maps depicting the temperature, wind, cloud, and precipitation (2.5 previous hours) have been digitized and reproduced for 1500 LT 12 October 1937 for an area in eastern Ohio. These are only one time sample of map sequences that exist. They are an almost unmined source for research into mesoscale surface weather changes and associated hydrologic phenomena. C1 NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. RP Held, IM (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. EM isaac.held@noaa.gov NR 4 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1609 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1609 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987LC UT WOS:000233518400022 ER PT J AU Ralph, FM Rauber, RM Jewett, BF Kingsmill, DE Pisano, P Pugner, P Rasmussen, RM Reynolds, DW Schlatter, TW Stewart, RE Tracton, S Waldstreicher, JS AF Ralph, FM Rauber, RM Jewett, BF Kingsmill, DE Pisano, P Pugner, P Rasmussen, RM Reynolds, DW Schlatter, TW Stewart, RE Tracton, S Waldstreicher, JS TI Improving short-term (0-48 h) cool-season quantitative precipitation forecasting - Recommendations from a USWRP workshop SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS; CALJET; CALIFORNIA; ALGORITHM; WINTER; RAIN C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Washington, DC 20591 USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway R-ET7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marty.ralph@noaa.gov RI Schlatter, Thomas /E-7480-2015; OI Rauber, Robert/0000-0003-2880-6148 NR 17 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1619 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1619 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987LC UT WOS:000233518400024 ER PT J AU Barnett-Johnson, R Ramos, FC Grimes, CB MacFarlane, RB AF Barnett-Johnson, R Ramos, FC Grimes, CB MacFarlane, RB TI Validation of Sr isotopes in otoliths by laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS): opening avenues in fisheries science applications SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; FISH OTOLITHS; RESOLUTION; ELEMENTS; MARKERS AB Advances in probe-based mass spectrometry allow for high spatial resolution of elemental and isotopic signatures in fish otoliths that can be used to address fundamental questions in fisheries ecology. Analyses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) otoliths from two river populations yield identical Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios using laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Results were obtained from freshwater otoliths with low Sr concentrations (300-800 ppm) using high spatial resolution (50 mu m) corresponding to temporal histories of similar to 12 days fish growth. Low natural variation in Sr-87/Sr-86 among otoliths from the same rivers allows for conservative estimates of external precision of techniques. Thus, we demonstrate that Sr isotope ratios obtained by LA-MC-ICPMS can be accurate and precise, bypassing the time-intensive sample preparation required by microdrilling and TIMS. This technique opens the use of Sr isotopes for broader ecological questions requiring large sample sizes to characterize nursery habitats, metapopulation dynamics, and stock discrimination similar to studies that focus on elemental concentrations, thereby providing a more robust tool for some freshwater and diadromous fishes. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 90560 USA. Cent Washington Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ellensburg, WA 98926 USA. RP Barnett-Johnson, R (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Ecol Div, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM Rachel.Barnett-Johnson@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2425 EP 2430 DI 10.1139/F05-194 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300001 ER PT J AU Scheuerell, JM Schindler, DE Scheuerell, MD Fresh, KL Sibley, TH Litt, AH Shepherd, JH AF Scheuerell, JM Schindler, DE Scheuerell, MD Fresh, KL Sibley, TH Litt, AH Shepherd, JH TI Temporal dynamics in foraging behavior of a pelagic predator SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE SOCKEYE-SALMON; PRINCE-WILLIAM SOUND; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; LAKE WASHINGTON; DAPHNIA-PULEX; PREY; PREFERENCE; ALASKA AB A paradox exists between common observations of highly complex food webs in nature and prevailing ecological theory suggesting that complex food webs are unstable. Qualities of food webs, such as dynamic trophic links, that were not previously considered in theoretical models have been suggested to stabilize complex food webs and resolve this paradox. Flexible foraging behavior can result in dynamic trophic linkages between a predator and its prey over short time scales. Using 4 years of data on diets of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the zooplankton community from Lake Washington (Seattle, Washington, USA), we determined that juvenile sockeye show dynamic foraging behavior that depends solely on the density of its preferred prey, Daphnia. Juvenile sockeye consumed only Daphnia when their density was greater than 0.4 center dot L-1. Long-term patterns in Daphnia densities demonstrated that for the last 28 years, trophic links between sockeye and the less preferred copepods are eliminated for approximately 6 months of each year when Daphnia is above this switching density threshold. Our data provide a convincing empirical example of the activation and inactivation of trophic links occurring on short time scales as a result of dynamic foraging and help to explain the commonness of high-complexity food webs. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Scheuerell, JM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM janson@u.washington.edu RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2494 EP 2501 DI 10.1139/F05-164 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300008 ER PT J AU Canino, MF O'Reilly, PT Hauser, L Bentzen, P AF Canino, MF O'Reilly, PT Hauser, L Bentzen, P TI Genetic differentiation in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in response to selection at the pantophysin (PanI) locus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; HAKE MERLUCCIUS-MERLUCCIUS; BASS DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; SYNAPTOPHYSIN SYP-I; ATLANTIC COD; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BERING SEA; ARCTIC POPULATIONS; GEOGRAPHIC SCALES AB Samples of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea were screened for variation at the pantophysin (PanI) locus. Global genetic differentiation across samples (F(ST) = 0.038) was considerably greater than reported in previous population studies using allozymes, mtDNA, or microsatellite loci and significantly greater than F(ST) distributions of neutral loci simulated over a large range of locus heterozygosity. PanI allele frequencies varied over a broad latitudinal gradient and were correlated with estimated mean surface temperatures, resulting in the greatest levels of genetic divergence between the northern Bering Sea and the southernmost locations in the temperate Pacific Ocean (Puget Sound, Japan). The discordance between estimates of population differentiation estimated from PanI and other neutral marker classes, both in magnitude and in geographic patterns, could arise from temperature-mediated effects of natural selection over broad geographic scales. Our empirical results suggest that loci subject to directional selection may prove to be useful markers for stock identification in weakly structured marine fishes. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Canino, MF (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mike.canino@noaa.gov RI Hauser, Lorenz/E-4365-2010 NR 72 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2519 EP 2529 DI 10.1139/F05-155 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300011 ER PT J AU McClelland, EK Myers, JM Hard, JJ Park, LK Naish, KA AF McClelland, EK Myers, JM Hard, JJ Park, LK Naish, KA TI Two generations of outbreeding in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects on size and growth SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; PINK SALMON; TSHAWYTSCHA POPULATIONS; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; IPOMOPSIS-AGGREGATA; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; PACIFIC SALMON; NEW-ZEALAND; EGG SIZE; FACTOR-I AB Outbreeding is a potential genetic risk in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when aquaculture practices introduce nonnative domesticated fish to wild environments, making interbreeding with wild populations possible. In this study, F1 and F2 hybrid families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were created using a captive freshwater aquaculture strain and a locally derived hatchery population that is integrated with naturally spawning fish. Intermediate growth was detected in F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses reared in captivity; both generations had mean weight and length values between those of the parent populations after their first year (p < 0.05). In the early life history stages, maternal effects increased alevin growth in progeny of hatchery dams relative to those of captive dams (p < 0.001). Aquaculture control families showed greater growth rates than hybrids in late summer of their 1st year and in the following spring (p < 0.05), while the hatchery controls had lower growth rates during the first summer (p < 0.05). Line cross analysis indicated that changes in additive and dominance interactions, but not unfavorable epistatic interactions, likely explain the differences in weight, length, and growth rate observed in hybrids of these stocks of coho salmon. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP McClelland, EK (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM emcclell@u.washington.edu RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009; Naish, Kerry/F-5768-2014 OI Naish, Kerry/0000-0002-3275-8778 NR 44 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2538 EP 2547 DI 10.1139/F05-159 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300013 ER PT J AU Reavie, ED Robbins, JA Stoermer, EF Douglas, MSV Emmert, GE Morehead, NR Mudroch, A AF Reavie, ED Robbins, JA Stoermer, EF Douglas, MSV Emmert, GE Morehead, NR Mudroch, A TI Paleolimnology of a fluvial lake downstream of Lake Superior and the industrialized region of Sault Sainte Marie SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SILICEOUS MICROFOSSIL SUCCESSION; ST-MARYS RIVER; SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER; GREAT-LAKES; RECENT HISTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES; REFERENCE SAMPLES; TOTAL PHOSPHORUS; BIOGENIC SILICA AB A paleolimnological study was undertaken to describe the past environment of the St. Mary's River downstream of Lake Superior. Two sediment cores were obtained from the deepest part of Lake George, a fluvial lake in the river system. Rigorous analyses of radionuclides (Pb-210, Ra-226, and Cs-137) and chemical properties provided an accurate sediment chronology. More than 450 diatom species from 47 genera were identified. Diatom and geochemical data indicated gradual environmental change in response to anthropogenic activities, including logging, hydrologic manipulation, and steel, leather, and paper industries. A decline in water quality occurred gradually from the late 1800s through the 20th century in response to human activities, as was apparent from an increase in eutrophic-planktonic diatom taxa. A decline in benthic taxa and an increase in contaminant metals were also contemporaneous with impacts during the 20th century. Subfossil diatoms were similar to those recorded in paleolimnological investigations from the Great Lakes. However, diatom profiles indicate that the algal supply from upstream Lake Superior has been minimal and that the cores mainly reflect environmental characteristics of the near-upstream environment. Despite stochastic sedimentary regimes and complex habitats in the lotic system, this study reinforces the value of river paleolimnology at carefully selected sites. C1 Nat Resources Res Inst, Ctr Water & Environm, Ely, MN 55731 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Environm Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Environm Canada, Natl Water Resources Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Reavie, ED (reprint author), Nat Resources Res Inst, Ctr Water & Environm, 1900 E Camp St, Ely, MN 55731 USA. EM ereavie@nrri.umn.edu OI Reavie, Euan/0000-0001-8871-5809 NR 81 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2586 EP 2608 DI 10.1139/F05-170 PG 23 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300017 ER PT J AU Melancon, S Fryer, BJ Ludsin, SA Gagnon, JE Yang, ZP AF Melancon, S Fryer, BJ Ludsin, SA Gagnon, JE Yang, ZP TI Effects of crystal structure on the uptake of metals by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) otoliths SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; VATERITE OTOLITHS; ARAGONITE; FISH; POPULATIONS; CHEMISTRY; STRONTIUM; PATHWAYS; ELEMENTS AB This is the first study to report spectroscopic and elemental analysis of aragonite and vaterite growing simultaneously and separately in both the core and the edges of the same otolith. Our investigations focused on understanding differential trace metal uptake, including the influence of the metal itself (i.e., ionic radii), the crystalline structure, and the development state of the fish. Chemistry and crystal structure of sagittal otoliths from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were studied using laser ablation combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Analyses of the composition of vaterite and aragonite growing in the same growth ring show that smaller cations like Mg (0.86 angstrom) (1 angstrom = 0.1 nm) and Mn (0.81 angstrom) were more abundant in the vaterite hexagonal crystal structure, whereas larger cations such as Sr (1.32 angstrom) and Ba (1.49 angstrom) were preferentially incorporated in aragonite (orthorhombic). Similarly, the coprecipitation of aragonite and vaterite in cores and edges allowed us to demonstrate that the uptake rates (as determined by element-specific partition coefficients) for Sr and Ba were greater in aragonite than vaterite, whereas those of Mg and Mn were higher in vaterite than in aragonite. C1 Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 USA. RP Melancon, S (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM melanco@uwindsor.ca RI Ludsin, Stuart/F-2925-2010 OI Ludsin, Stuart/0000-0002-3866-2216 NR 37 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 23 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2609 EP 2619 DI 10.1139/F05-161 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 991FS UT WOS:000233798300018 ER PT J AU Woodruff, SD Diaz, HF Worley, SJ Reynolds, RW Lubker, SJ AF Woodruff, SD Diaz, HF Worley, SJ Reynolds, RW Lubker, SJ TI Early ship observational data and ICOADS SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; TRENDS; WIND AB Many surface marine meteorological observations (similar to 125 million) from ships' logbooks have been assembled in the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) back to the late 18th century. We describe the makeup of the available data before 1950, and a recent update for that period incorporating a variety of US and international sources-focusing on the background, digitization, and processing of the US Maury Collection, which provides the earliest data ( mainly 1830-1860) currently blended into ICOADS. We also describe planned data and metadata additions to early ICOADS. Among these, the new Climatological Database for the World's Oceans (CLIWOC) will extend and enhance coverage for 1750-1854. Prospects for data improvements and homogeneity enhancements to further benefit climate research are also discussed. C1 NOAA, OAR, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NESDIS, Asheville, NC USA. RP NOAA, OAR, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. EM Scott.D.Woodruff@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 EI 1573-1480 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2005 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s10584-005-3456-3 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 987DI UT WOS:000233498200010 ER PT J AU Bernacki, SH Beck, JC Stankovic, AK Laurina, LO Amos, J Snow-Bailey, K Farkas, DH Friez, MJ Hantash, FM Matteson, KJ Monaghan, MG Muralidharan, K Pratt, VM Prior, TW Richie, KL Levin, BC Rohlfs, EM Schaefer, FV Shrimpton, AE Spector, EB Stolle, CA Strom, CM Thibodeau, SN Cole, EC Goodman, BK Stenzel, TT AF Bernacki, SH Beck, JC Stankovic, AK Laurina, LO Amos, J Snow-Bailey, K Farkas, DH Friez, MJ Hantash, FM Matteson, KJ Monaghan, MG Muralidharan, K Pratt, VM Prior, TW Richie, KL Levin, BC Rohlfs, EM Schaefer, FV Shrimpton, AE Spector, EB Stolle, CA Strom, CM Thibodeau, SN Cole, EC Goodman, BK Stenzel, TT TI Genetically characterized positive control cell lines derived from residual clinical blood samples SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; CONNEXIN 26 GENE; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE; QUALITY-ASSURANCE; CAG REPEAT; MUTATION; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IMMORTALIZATION AB Background: Positive control materials for clinical diagnostic molecular genetic testing are in critically short supply. High-quality DNA that closely resembles DNA isolated from patient specimens can be obtained from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed peripheral blood lymphocyte cell lines. Here we report the development of a process to (a) recover residual blood samples with clinically important mutations detected during routine medical care, (b) select samples likely to provide viable lymphocytes for EBV transformation, (c) establish stable cell lines and confirm the reported mutation(s), and (d) validate the cell lines for. use as positive controls in clinical molecular genetic testing applications. Methods: A network of 32 genetic testing laboratories was established to obtain anonymous, residual clinical samples for transformation and to validate resulting cell lines for use as positive controls. Three panel meetings with experts in molecular genetic testing were held to evaluate results and formulate a process that could function in the context of current common practices in molecular diagnostic testing. Results: Thirteen laboratories submitted a total of 113 residual clinical blood samples with mutations for 14 genetic disorders. Forty-one EBV-transformed cell lines were established. Thirty-five individual point and deletion mutations were shown to be stable after 20 population doublings in culture. Thirty-three cell lines were characterized for specific mutations and validated for use as positive controls in clinical diagnostic applications. Conclusions: A process for producing and validating positive control cell lines from residual clinical blood samples has been developed. Sustainable implementation of the process could help alleviate the current shortage of positive control materials. (c) 2005 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Duke Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC USA. Coriell Inst Med Res, Camden, NJ USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Hlth Partnerships, Natl Ctr Hlth Mkt, Atlanta, GA USA. Specialty Labs Inc, Mol Genet Lab, Santa Monica, CA USA. Mayo Clin, Mol Genet Lab, Rochester, MN USA. Methodist Hosp, Houston, TX USA. Greenwood Genet Ctr, Greenwood, SC USA. Nichols Inst, San Juan Capistrano, CA USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Med, Dept Med Genet, Knoxville, TN USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Med, Dept Pathol, Knoxville, TN USA. Henry Ford Hosp, DNA Diagnost Lab, Detroit, MI USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Human Genet, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Lab Corp Amer, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ohio State Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol, Columbus, OH USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Genzyme Genet, Westborough, MA USA. Ctr Genet Testing St Francis, Tulsa, OK USA. SUNY Upstate Med, Dept Pathol, Syracuse, NY USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Mol Genet Lab, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Stenzel, TT (reprint author), Abbott Mol, 1300 E Touhy Ave, Des Plaines, IL 60016 USA. EM timothy.stenzel@abbott.com NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 51 IS 11 BP 2013 EP 2024 DI 10.1373/clinchem.2005.048694 PG 12 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 977HJ UT WOS:000232793700004 PM 16166172 ER PT J AU Sudarsan, R Fenves, SJ Sriram, RD Wang, F AF Sudarsan, R Fenves, SJ Sriram, RD Wang, F TI A product information modeling framework for product lifecycle management SO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN LA English DT Article DE Product Lifecycle Management (PLM); Core Product Model; Open Assembly Model; interoperability; ontology; standards ID DESIGN SYNTHESIS; REPRESENTATION AB The Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) concept holds the promise of seamlessly integrating all the information produced throughout all phases of a product's life cycle to everyone in an organization at every managerial and technical level, along with key suppliers and customers. PLM systems are tools that implement the PLM concept. As such, they need the capability to serve up the information referred to above, and they need to ensure the cohesion and traceability of product data. We describe a product information-modeling framework that we believe can support the full range of PLM information needs. The framework is based on the NIST Core Product Model (CPM) and its extensions, the Open Assembly Model (OAM), the Design-Analysis Integration model (DAIM) and the Product Family Evolution Model (PFEM). These are abstract models with general semantics, with the specific semantics about a particular domain to be embedded within the usage of the models for that domain. CPM represents the product's function, form and behavior, its physical and functional decompositions, and the relationships among these concepts. An extension of CPM provides a way to associate design rationale with the product. OAM defines a system level conceptual model and the associated hierarchical assembly relationships. DAIM defines a Master Model of the product and a series of abstractions called Functional Models-one for each domain-specific aspect of the product-and two transformations, called idealization and mapping, between the master model and each functional model. PFEM extends the representation to families of products and their components; it also extends design rationale to the capture of the rationale for the evolution of the families. The framework is intended to: (1) capture product, design rationale, assembly, and tolerance information from the earliest conceptual design stage-where designers deal with the function and performance of products-to the full lifecycle; (2) facilitate the semantic interoperability of next-generation CAD/CAE/CAM systems; and (3) capture the evolution of products and product families. The relevance of our framework to PLM systems is that any data component in the framework can be accessed directly by a PLM system, providing fine-grained access to the product's description and design rationale. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sudarsan, R (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM sudarsan@cme.nist.gov; sfenves@cme.nist.gov; sriram@cme.nist.gov; fuwang@cme.nist.gov NR 22 TC 205 Z9 231 U1 7 U2 80 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-4485 J9 COMPUT AIDED DESIGN JI Comput.-Aided Des. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 13 BP 1399 EP 1411 DI 10.1016/j.cad.2005.02.010 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 954ZU UT WOS:000231195000006 ER PT J AU Rust, B Donnelly, D AF Rust, B Donnelly, D TI The fast fourier transform for experimentalists, Part IV: Autoregressive spectral analysis SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Siena Coll, Loudonville, NY 12211 USA. RP Rust, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bwr@nist.gov; donnelly@siena.edu NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 7 IS 6 BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1109/MCSE.2005.126 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 975BL UT WOS:000232635900013 ER PT J AU Rohmann, SO Hayes, JJ Newhall, RC Monaco, ME Grigg, RW AF Rohmann, SO Hayes, JJ Newhall, RC Monaco, ME Grigg, RW TI The area of potential shallow-water tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems in the United States SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE depth curves; nautical chart; coral reef distribution; coral reef management; coral ecosystem management ID HAEMULON-FLAVOLINEATUM; FISH COMMUNITIES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; REEFS; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; SURVIVAL; ISLANDS; BIOMASS; BOTTOM AB Geographic information system-based analysis was used to derive comprehensive, consistent estimates of the potential area of broadly defined, shallow-water, tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems within the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone of the United States. A coral ecosystem is composed of habitats including unconsolidated sediment, mangrove, hermatypic coral, colonized hardbottom, and submerged vegetation, and major structural zones like reef crest, lagoon, and fore reef. This broad definition reflects the importance of both reef and non-reef habitats and structural zones in the function of these ecosystems. Nautical charts, published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of the Coast Survey, provide a consistent source of 10-fathom ( similar to 18 m) and 100-fathom ( similar to 183 m) depth curve information. The 10-fathom or 100-fathom depth curves are used as surrogates for the potential distribution and extent of shallow-water coral ecosystems in tropical and subtropical U. S. waters. An estimated 36,813 sq center dot km area has been identified where coral ecosystems can potentially be found in waters less than 10 fathoms ( 18 m) deep. In addition, an estimated 143,059 sq km area has been identified where coral ecosystems potentially can be found in U. S. waters at depths down to 100 fathoms ( 183 m). Results also indicate that previous studies underestimated the extent of potential coral ecosystems for some locations in U. S. tropical and subtropical waters by as much as 100% and that the regional distribution of coral ecosystems has been incorrectly reported. C1 NOAA, Special Projects, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Biogeog Team, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Rohmann, SO (reprint author), NOAA, Special Projects, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM steve.rohmann@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD NOV PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 370 EP 383 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0014-4 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 992VX UT WOS:000233913200005 ER PT J AU Vermeij, MJA AF Vermeij, MJA TI A novel growth strategy allows Tubastrea coccinea to escape small-scale adverse conditions and start over again SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA Fisheries, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, SE Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Vermeij, MJA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, SE Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Mark.Vermeij@noaa.gov RI Vermeij, Mark/B-2752-2013 OI Vermeij, Mark/0000-0001-9612-9527 NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD NOV PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 442 EP 442 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0489-z PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 992VX UT WOS:000233913200017 ER PT J AU Piniak, GA Fogarty, ND Addison, CM Kenworthy, WJ AF Piniak, GA Fogarty, ND Addison, CM Kenworthy, WJ TI Fluorescence census techniques for coral recruits SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; coral; recruitment ID SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; PATTERNS; FLORIDA C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Piniak, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM greg.piniak@noaa.gov; fogarty@bio.fsu.edu; christine.addison@noaa.gov; jud.kenworthy@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD NOV PY 2005 VL 24 IS 3 BP 496 EP 500 DI 10.1007/s00338-005-0495-1 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 992VX UT WOS:000233913200027 ER PT J AU Woofter, RT Spiess, PC Ramsdell, JS AF Woofter, RT Spiess, PC Ramsdell, JS TI Distribution of brevetoxin (PbTx-3) in mouse plasma: Association with high-density lipoproteins SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; brevetoxin; ciguatoxin; HDL; lipoprotein; plasma ID BLOOD COLLECTION CARDS; SODIUM-CHANNELS; PTYCHODISCUS-BREVIS; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; AMPHOTERICIN-B; SERUM-ALBUMIN; SR-BI; EXPOSURE; CELLS; ELIMINATION AB We investigated the brevetoxin congener PbTx-3 to determine its distribution among carrier proteins, including albumin and blood lipoproteins. Using a radiolabeled brevetoxin tracer (PbTx-3), we found that 39% of the radiolabel remained associated with components in mouse plasma after > 15 kDa cutoff dialysis. Of this portion, only 6.8% was bound to serum albumin. We also examined the binding of brevetoxin to various lipoprotein fractions. Plasma, either spiked with PbTx-3 or from mice treated for 30 mm with PbTx-3, was fractionated into different-sized lipoproteins by iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was then characterized and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis and brevetoxin radioimmunoassay, respectively. In both the in vitro and in vivo experiments, the majority of brevetoxin immunoreactivity was restricted to only those gradient fractions that contained high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Independent confirmation of brevetoxin binding to HDLs was provided by high molecular weight (100 kDa cutoff) dialysis of [(3)H]PbTx-3 from lipoprotein fractions as well as a scintillation proximity assay using [(3)H]PbTx-3 and purified human HDLs. This information on the association of brevetoxins with HDLs provides a new foundation for understanding the process by which the toxin is delivered to and removed from tissues and may permit more effective therapeutic measures to treat intoxication from brevetoxins and the related ciguatoxins. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 113 IS 11 BP 1491 EP 1496 DI 10.1289/ehp.8010 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 979BI UT WOS:000232916700028 PM 16263501 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JD Sowder, AG Bertsch, PM Morris, PJ AF Van Nostrand, JD Sowder, AG Bertsch, PM Morris, PJ TI Effect of pH on the toxicity of nickel and other divalent metals to Burkholderia cepacia Pr1(301) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ralstonia metallidurans CH34; Ralstonia metallidurans 31A; metal resistance; metal tolerance; Burkholderia cepacia PR1(301) ID ALCALIGENES-EUTROPHUS CH34; BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; HEAVY-METALS; BACTERIAL SURFACES; RESISTANT BACTERIA; CADMIUM RESISTANCE; XYLOSOXIDANS 31A; PSEUDOMONAS; ADSORPTION; BIODEGRADATION AB Nickel (Ni) is a common cocontaminant at many waste sites where the soils and sediments often are acidic, thereby influencing metal availability. Growth of Burkholderia cepacia PR1(301) was not affected at 3.41 mM Ni at pH 5, but was inhibited by 73.2% at pH 6 and inhibited completely at pH 7 compared to growth without Ni. This pH effect was not observed in the Ni-resistant strains, Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 and 31 A. Predicted Ni speciation did not explain the observed toxicity trends. Sorption of Ni to PR1 increased with increasing pH (1.49, 1.12, and 3.88 mg Ni/g dry weight at pH 5, 6, and 7, respectively), but was low at all three pH values, and most likely does not explain the observed pH effect. Growth inhibition of PR1 with increasing pH also was observed for other divalent cations, with growth observed at 4.24 mM Co, 2.22 mM Cd, and 3.82 mM Zn at pH 5 and 6, but totally inhibited at pH 7. These studies suggest that, at circumneutral pH, PR1 would be considered sensitive to Ni and other divalent cations, in spite of the ability to grow in higher concentrations at lower pH values. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Morris, PJ (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Marine Biomed & Environm Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM morrisp@musc.edu RI Van Nostrand, Joy/F-1740-2016 OI Van Nostrand, Joy/0000-0001-9548-6450 NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 24 IS 11 BP 2742 EP 2750 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 974WJ UT WOS:000232621800005 PM 16398108 ER PT J AU Castro-Roman, F Porcar, L Porte, G Ligoure, C AF Castro-Roman, F Porcar, L Porte, G Ligoure, C TI Quantitative analysis of lyotropic lamellar phases SANS patterns in powder oriented samples SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-SCATTERING; FLUID MEMBRANES; LIPID-BILAYERS; NONADSORBING-POLYMER; LIQUID-CRYSTALS; FLUCTUATIONS; COPOLYMERS; LIPOSOMES; SWOLLEN AB We have developed a detailed numerical method based on the Caille model to fit Small Angle Neutron Scattering profiles of powder-oriented lyotropic lamellar phases. We thus obtain quantitative values for the Caille parameter and the smectic penetration length from which we can derive the smectic compression modulus and the membrane mean bending modulus. Our method, applied to a surfactant lamellar phase system decorated by amphiphilic copolymers, provides excellent fits for any intermembrane spacing or membrane concentration over the entire q-range of the SANS experiments. We compare our fits with those obtained from the model of Nallet et al. (J. Phys. II 3, 487 (1993)), which is reviewed. Good fits are obtained with both methods for samples exhibiting "hard" smectic order (sharp Bragg peak, moderate small angle scattering). Only our procedure, however, gives good fits in the case of "soft" smectic order (smooth Bragg peak, strong small angle scattering). A quantitative criterion to discriminate between these "soft" and "hard" samples is also proposed, based on a simple analogy with smectic-A liquid crystal in contact with an undulating solid surface. This allows us to anticipate the type of thermodynamic information that can be derived from the fits. C1 Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Colloides Verres & Nanomat, UMR 5587, UM2,CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Sonora, Dept Fis, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RP Castro-Roman, F (reprint author), Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Colloides Verres & Nanomat, UMR 5587, UM2,CNRS, CC26, F-34095 Montpellier, France. EM ligoure@lcvn.univ-montp2.fr NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1292-8941 J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 3 BP 259 EP 272 DI 10.1140/epje/e2005-00029-6 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 985FW UT WOS:000233363300003 PM 16231078 ER PT J AU Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W AF Lehnert, H Stone, R Heimler, W TI A new species of Polymastia (Porifera, Hadromerida, Polymastiidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA SO FACIES LA English DT Article DE porifera; hadromerida; Polymastia; new species; taxonomy; Aleutian Islands AB Polymastia fluegeli n. sp. is described from deep water off the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). P. fluegeli is disc-shaped and lives partly buried in the sediment, with only the papillae protruding above the surface. This new species has a basal layer of agglutinated sediment particles occurring between the choanosome and the ectosomal lower layer. This conspicuous sediment layer is not described for other species of Polymastia. Occurring spicule types and sizes are different from known species of the area. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Inst Zool 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. RP Lehnert, H (reprint author), Eichenstr 4, D-86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. EM Helm.Lehnert@t-online.de NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0172-9179 J9 FACIES JI Facies PD NOV PY 2005 VL 51 IS 1-4 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1007/s10347-005-0047-8 PG 4 WC Geology; Paleontology SC Geology; Paleontology GA 007XQ UT WOS:000235005200007 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Gann, RG Kukuck, SR Prasad, K Jones, WW AF Manzello, SL Gann, RG Kukuck, SR Prasad, K Jones, WW TI Real fire performance of partition assemblies SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID WOOD-STUD WALLS; MODEL; HEAT AB A series of real-scale compartment tests was performed to provide information on the phenomenology of partition response and failure, to guide model development. Two partition assemblies of 2.44 m x 2.44 m were exposed to two intense fires from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. The assemblies were constructed using type X gypsum panels. The stud spacing and stud dimensions were fixed for both assemblies. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behavior during the fire exposure. The results obtained from these experiments are discussed. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 29 IS 6 BP 351 EP 366 DI 10.1002/fam.892 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 991UT UT WOS:000233840300001 ER PT J AU Stabeno, PJ Hunt, GL Macklin, SA AF Stabeno, PJ Hunt, GL Macklin, SA TI Introduction to processes controlling variability in productivity and ecosystem structure of the Aleutian Archipelago SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Aleutian Islands; ecosystem dynamics; ecosystem structure; marine ecosystems; marine resource management; Steller sea lion C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Stabeno, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM phyllis.stabeno@noaa.gov OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00376.x PG 2 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300001 ER PT J AU Rodionov, SN Overland, JE Bond, NA AF Rodionov, SN Overland, JE Bond, NA TI Spatial and temporal variability of the Aleutian climate SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; Aleutian Low; regime shift; sea level pressure; storm tracks; surface air temperature; trend; 500 hPa height ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; SEA-ICE; PACIFIC; OCEAN; REANALYSIS; IMPACTS AB The objective of this paper is to highlight those characteristics of climate variability that may pertain to the climate hypothesis regarding the long-term population decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). The seasonal changes in surface air temperature (SAT) across the Aleutian Islands are relatively uniform, from 5 to 10 degrees C in summer to near freezing temperatures in winter. The interannual and interdecadal variations in SAT, however, are substantially different for the eastern and western Aleutians, with the transition found at about 170 degrees W. The eastern Aleutians experienced a regime shift toward a warmer climate in 1977, simultaneously with the basin-wide shift in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, the western Aleutians show a steady decline in winter SATs that started in the 1950s. This cooling trend was accompanied by a trend toward more variable SAT, both on the inter- and intra-annual time scale. During 1986-2002, the variance of winter SATs more than doubled compared to 1965-1985. At the same time in Southeast Alaska, the SAT variance diminished by half. Much of the increase in the intra-seasonal variability for the western Aleutians is associated with a warming trend in November and a cooling trend in January. As a result, the rate of seasonal cooling from November to January has doubled since the late 1950s. We hypothesize that this trend in SAT variability may have increased the environmental stress on the western stock of Steller sea lions and hence contributed to its decline. C1 Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rodionov, SN (reprint author), Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM Sergei.Rodionov@noaa.gov OI Rodionov, Sergei/0000-0002-5318-9746 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 3 EP 21 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00363.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300002 ER PT J AU Ladd, C Hunt, GL Mordy, CW Salo, SA Stabeno, PJ AF Ladd, C Hunt, GL Mordy, CW Salo, SA Stabeno, PJ TI Marine environment of the eastern and central Aleutian Islands SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Passes; Bering Sea; mixing; nutrients; water properties ID ALASKA COASTAL CURRENT; BERING SEA; NORTHERN GULF; WESTERN GULF; UNIMAK PASS; FLOW; TRANSPORT; CIRCULATION; DRIFTERS; SLOPE AB To examine the marine habitat of the endangered western stock of the Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), two interdisciplinary research cruises (June 2001 and May to June 2002) measured water properties in the eastern and central Aleutian Passes. Unimak, Akutan, Amukta, and Seguam Passes were sampled in both years, and three additional passes (Umnak, Samalga, and Tanaga) were sampled in 2002. In the North Pacific (and to a lesser extent in the Bering Sea), a strong front in water properties was observed near Samalga Pass in June of both years, with significantly warmer, fresher, and more nitrate-poor water east of Samalga Pass than west of the pass. These water properties reflect differences in source waters (Alaska Coastal Current versus Alaskan Stream), mixing depth, and Bering Sea influence. Strong cross-Aleutian gradients were also observed with warmer, fresher water on the North Pacific side of the archipelago. The nutrient content of the waters flowing through the passes, combined with the effects of mixing within the passes, influences the transport of nutrients into the Bering Sea. As water moves away from the strong mixing of the passes and becomes more stratified, phytoplankton can take advantage of the enhanced nutrient concentrations. Thus, the northern side of the Aleutian Islands (especially in the lee of the islands) appears to be more productive. Combined with evidence of coincident changes in many ecosystem parameters near Samalga Pass, it is hypothesized that Samalga Pass forms a physical and biogeographic boundary between the eastern and central Aleutian marine ecosystems. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ladd, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM carol.ladd@noaa.gov RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014; OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X; Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 33 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 22 EP 38 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00373.x PG 17 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300003 ER PT J AU Stabeno, PJ Kachel, DG Kachel, NB Sullivan, ME AF Stabeno, PJ Kachel, DG Kachel, NB Sullivan, ME TI Observations from moorings in the Aleutian Passes: temperature, salinity and transport SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Passes; Bering Sea; currents; mixing; tides; transport ID BERING-SEA; UNIMAK PASS; ALASKA; WATER; OCEANOGRAPHY; EXCHANGE; FLOW; GULF AB Between May 2001 and September 2003, a series of moorings were deployed in four of the Aleutian Passes - Tanaga Pass (12 months of data), Akutan Pass and Seguam Pass (18 months), and Amukta Pass (36 months). Instruments on each mooring measured temperature, salinity and current velocity. Tidal currents dominated the flow in each pass, including a strong fortnightly component in the three deeper passes (Tanaga, Seguam, and Amukta). Net transport in each of the passes was northward, varying from 0.1 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) in Akutan Pass and 0.4 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) in Seguam to > 4.0 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) in Amukta Pass. The transport in Amukta Pass, calculated from current meters, was approximately five times as large as previously estimated from hydrographic surveys. At monthly and longer periods, the variability in transport in Amukta Pass was related to the position and strength of the Alaskan Stream southeast of the pass. Vertical mixing was examined in Akutan and Seguam Passes. Strong tidal currents mix the water column top-to-bottom over the shallow sills in the passes, a depth of 80 m in Akutan and 140 m in Seguam Pass, providing a critical source of nutrients to the Bering Sea ecosystem. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. JISAO UW, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stabeno, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM phyllis.stabeno@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 39 EP 54 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00362.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300004 ER PT J AU Mordy, CW Stabeno, PJ Ladd, C Zeeman, S Wisegarver, DP Salo, SA Hunt, GL AF Mordy, CW Stabeno, PJ Ladd, C Zeeman, S Wisegarver, DP Salo, SA Hunt, GL TI Nutrients and primary production along the eastern Aleutian Island Archipelago SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian; chlorophyll; moorings; nitrate; nutrient; primary production ID BERING-SEA; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; CRITICAL-DEPTH; PHYTOPLANKTON; PACIFIC; IRON; ALASKA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PRESERVATION; LIMITATION AB The distribution of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid), chlorophyll and primary productivity were examined in the central and eastern Aleutian Archipelago. The data were collected from moorings (temperature, salinity, nitrate, and currents) and two hydrographic research cruises (June 2001 and May-June 2002). During the hydrographic cruises salinity, temperature, nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production were measured in and around the eastern and central Aleutian Passes. The net nutrient transport through the passes was northward, and it was relatively low in the eastern passes compared to the central passes. In the shallow eastern passes the source water from the Pacific was the nutrient-poor Alaska Coastal Current, while in the deeper central passes it was the nutrient-rich Alaskan Stream. Within the passes, vigorous tidal mixing resulted in enriched surface concentrations, especially in the central passes. Chlorophyll sections and satellite composites from summer indicate high chlorophyll east of Samalga Pass and very low chlorophyll between Samalga and Seguam Passes. Production was relatively low across the study area, except at the northern end of Seguam Pass and in the vicinity of the shelf edge in the southeastern Bering Sea. Production and chlorophyll concentrations were lowest in the deep passes. These results suggest that, within the passes, deep mixing inhibits new production, but substantial blooms may occur downstream of the passes subsequent to stratification. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ New England, Biddeford, ME 0400 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Mordy, CW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM Calvin.W.Mordy@noaa.gov RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014; OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X; Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 54 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 55 EP 76 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00364.x PG 22 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300005 ER PT J AU Logerwell, EA Aydin, K Barbeaux, S Brown, E Conners, ME Lowe, S Orr, JW Ortiz, I Reuter, R Spencer, P AF Logerwell, EA Aydin, K Barbeaux, S Brown, E Conners, ME Lowe, S Orr, JW Ortiz, I Reuter, R Spencer, P TI Geographic patterns in the demersal ichthyofauna of the Aleutian Islands SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; cluster analysis; demersal fish; distribution; food habits; geographic patterns; groundfish; growth; species diversity ID AGE-0 WALLEYE POLLOCK; EASTERN BERING-SEA; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; PLEUROGRAMMUS-MONOPTERYGIUS; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ATKA MACKEREL; ALASKA; GULF; FISH AB The goals of this research were to investigate geographic patterns in the Aleutian Island region's demersal ichthyofauna and to determine whether they reflected the physical and biological oceanographic patterns documented by other authors in this volume. The analyses were structured according to the level of organization: at the community level, patterns in species occurrence and community structure were investigated; at the population level, distribution and abundance were examined; at the individual level, food habits and growth were studied. There were step-changes in species occurrence, diversity, population distribution and food habits at Samalga Pass and at sites farther west. These longitudinal trends indicated physical and biological variation along the length of the Aleutian Islands chain; however, depth-related patterns were as common as longitudinal patterns in demersal fish distribution. In addition, high catches of patchily distributed species occurred in areas expected to be biological 'hot spots' because of increased productivity and prey availability. These patterns suggest linkages between demersal fish ecology and the biophysical processes described by other authors in this volume and indicate that inter-disciplinary research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Logerwell, EA (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM libby.logerwell@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 93 EP 112 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00366.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300007 ER PT J AU McDermott, SF Fritz, LW Haist, V AF McDermott, SF Fritz, LW Haist, V TI Estimating movement and abundance of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) with tag-release-recapture data SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; Atka mackerel; ecosystem; movement rate; population abundance; tag-release-recapture; trawl-exclusion zone ID PACIFIC; TUNA AB A mark-recapture experiment was conducted in Seguam Pass, Alaska, to estimate local Atka mackerel ( Pleurogrammus monopterygius) abundance and to evaluate the efficacy of trawl exclusion zones around Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) rookeries. Atka mackerel were found in dense aggregations near the Aleutian Islands where they are a major prey item of endangered Steller sea lions. In 1999, 1375 tagged fish were released and a biomass of 76 679 metric tonnes (t) was estimated outside a trawl exclusion zone using a simple Petersen model. In 2000, 8773 tagged fish were released and the estimated biomasses were 117 900 t inside and 82 057 t outside the trawl exclusion zones using an integrated tagging model. Movement into the open zone was small after 107 days (0.6%), whereas movement from the open area was potentially large but highly uncertain after 107 days (81%). Our model suggests that trawl exclusion zones in Seguam Pass are effective in separating a large biomass of potential prey for Steller sea lions from the immediate effects of local fisheries. Atka mackerel do not appear to move substantially outside their local aggregations (<70 km), and they show strong habitat preferences within their local home ranges. In one instance, fish released in an area of low Atka mackerel abundance returned to their capture location about 2 miles away. Thus individual Atka mackerel may have an affinity for particular areas within their home range, perhaps resulting from adaptations to local oceanic conditions along the Aleutian Island archipelago. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McDermott, SF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM susanne.mcdermott@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 113 EP 130 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00380.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300008 ER PT J AU Heifetz, J Wing, BL Stone, RP Malecha, PW Courtney, DL AF Heifetz, J Wing, BL Stone, RP Malecha, PW Courtney, DL TI Corals of the Aleutian Islands SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; coral; habitat; species diversity; sponge ID DEEP-SEA; PRIMNOA-RESEDAEFORMIS; ALASKA; HABITAT; GROWTH; GULF AB A unique feature of the benthic habitat in the Aleutian Islands is the presence of a highly diverse and abundant coral and sponge community. These communities likely provide important habitat for a variety of fish and invertebrate species. Summaries of historical data and recent direct observations with a submersible indicate that the Aleutian Islands may harbour the highest diversity and abundance of coldwater corals in the world. There are 69 documented taxa (species and subspecies) of coral in the Aleutians of which 25 are endemic. Within the Aleutian Islands, there is an increase in diversity of corals west of about longitude 169 degrees W. This shift in diversity is consistent with the hypothesis of an ecological boundary in the vicinity of Samalga Pass. Given the endemism and high diversity and abundance of corals in the Aleutians, there is evidence that this region is the evolutionary centre of origin for some taxa of coldwater corals. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Heifetz, J (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jon.heifetz@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00371.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300009 ER PT J AU Vlietstra, LS Coyle, KO Kachel, NB Hunt, GL AF Vlietstra, LS Coyle, KO Kachel, NB Hunt, GL TI Tidal front affects the size of prey used by a top marine predator, the short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris) SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Akutan Pass; Aleutian Islands; Bering Sea; foraging; oceanography; prey selection; seabirds; short-tailed shearwater; zooplankton ID BERING-SEA; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; FORAGING ECOLOGY; WALLEYE POLLOCK; GERLACHE STRAIT; ENERGY CONTENT; NORTH-SEA; ZOOPLANKTON; SELECTION; ALASKA AB Oceanographic features are known to influence the distribution of marine predators by affecting the abundance and distribution of their prey. We tested the hypothesis that oceanographic features also affect predator distribution by enhancing the profitability of small-sized prey. During July and August 1999, short-tailed shearwaters feeding in Akutan Pass, Alaska (Aleutian Islands) fed upon small (11.6 +/- 0.2 mm) euphausiids present in high density near the sea surface. Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts, hydroacoustic surveys, and net tows revealed that high densities of small euphausiids were associated with a tidal front on the north side of Akutan Pass. At most sites elsewhere in the Bering Sea, away from tidal fronts, shearwaters selected larger (14.2-20.1 mm) euphausiids, even when small euphausiids were present. This study provides evidence that, by promoting high densities of easily accessible prey, oceanographic features can broaden the range of prey sizes taken by marine predators. C1 Massachusetts Maritime Acad, Dept Marine Safety & Environm Protect, Buzzards Bay, MA 02532 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Vlietstra, LS (reprint author), Massachusetts Maritime Acad, Dept Marine Safety & Environm Protect, Buzzards Bay, MA 02532 USA. EM lvlietstra@maritime.edu OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 65 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 196 EP 211 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00369.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300013 ER PT J AU Call, KA Loughlin, TR AF Call, KA Loughlin, TR TI An ecological classification of Alaskan Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) rookeries: a tool for conservation/management SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE ecology; Eumetopias jubatus; Geographic Information System; rookery classification; Steller sea lions ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; BERING-SEA; VARIABILITY; FEMALE; ZOOPLANKTON; DIVERSITY; TRANSPORT; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR; PACIFIC AB As the western stock of Steller sea lions continues to decline, government managers may place additional controls on commercial fisheries as protective measures. Currently, management decisions regarding rookeries are based largely on the geographic location of a site, and little effort has been made to describe sea lion rookeries in an ecosystem context. We provide a broad ecological characterization of rookeries for the western stock of Steller sea lions, which can be used in making management decisions to facilitate their recovery. We gathered data on habitat (bathymetry, sea surface temperature, substrate type, and orientation), diet and population trends from available literature and National Marine Fisheries Service databases (1990-98), and we used a Geographic Information System to group sea lion rookeries into ecologically related regions. Ecological attributes were assigned to rookeries within a 10-nm radius of land. Regions were determined using cluster analysis. Five distinct classes of rookeries (i.e. potential management regions) were identified based on their relatedness to the ecological factors we defined. Several of the regional breaks occur at major oceanic passes including Amchitka, Samalga, and Unimak Passes and are associated with ocean currents. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Call, KA (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kate.call@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 212 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00370.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300014 ER PT J AU Sinclair, EH Moore, SE Friday, NA Zeppelin, TK Waite, JM AF Sinclair, EH Moore, SE Friday, NA Zeppelin, TK Waite, JM TI Do patterns of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) diet, population trend and cetacean occurrence reflect oceanographic domains from the Alaska Peninsula to the central Aleutian Islands? SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE biophysical; cetacean; generalized additive models; killer whales; metapopulation; orca; Steller sea lion ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; WESTERN STOCK; ABUNDANCE; FIDELITY; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY; OCEAN AB Shipboard surveys were conducted along the Aleutian Islands in 2001 and 2002 to assess the influence of a suite of biophysical parameters on regional patterns in the distribution of cetaceans and Steller sea lions (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus). Distributions of four large whale species: fin (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), minke (B. acutorostrata) and sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) aligned with proposed metapopulation breaks in diet and population trend of SSLs. Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) were widely distributed throughout the study area, and killer whales were particularly prevalent along the north Aleutian Island coastlines between Unimak Pass and Samalga Pass. Biopsies determined that most killer whales (92%) were of the piscivorous (resident) ecotype as opposed to the mammal-eating (transient) ecotype observed in 2002 only. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to explore relationships between these multispecies patterns in distribution, oceanographic variables (salinity, temperature, fluorescence and depth) and proximity to six Aleutian passes. The GAMs indicated the best-fit models and most significant correlations as determined by the Akaike function and Cp-statistics were: depth and proximity to the nearest measured pass for SSLs and all cetaceans, respectively; frequencies of herring and salmon in SSL diet with population trend; fluorescence in the top 50 m with occurrence of humpback, minke, and killer whales; and surface temperature with occurrence of humpback, killer, and sperm whales. Results of the GAM analyses suggest foci for future investigation of relationships between physical variables and interspecific patterns of marine mammal distribution. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Sinclair, EH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM beth.sinclair@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 223 EP 242 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00375.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300015 ER PT J AU Fadely, BS Robson, BW Sterling, JT Greig, A Call, KA AF Fadely, BS Robson, BW Sterling, JT Greig, A Call, KA TI Immature Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) dive activity in relation to habitat features of the eastern Aleutian Islands SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; foraging behaviour; geographic information system; oceanography; otariid; pinniped; remote sensing; satellite telemetry; satellite tracking ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; BERING-SEA; DIVING BEHAVIOR; OCEANOGRAPHIC FEATURES; HARBOR SEALS; ALASKA; POPULATIONS; ROOKERIES; TRANSPORT AB Current flow and bathymetry in the Aleutian Islands define unique habitats that influence prey distribution and foraging behaviour of top-level predators. We explored whether oceanographic features and bathymetry influenced the diving activity of 30 immature sea lions (ages 5-21 months) equipped with satellite-linked depth recorders in the eastern Aleutian Islands (EAI) during 2000-02. Sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a concentrations were obtained from remote sensing satellite imagery and associated with locations where sea lion diving was recorded. Most locations associated with diving to > 4 m were within 10 nautical miles (nm) of shore and associated with onshelf waters < 100 m deep. Use of offshore and deeper waters in the Bering Sea increased during May, as did trip durations. General movements at that time were generally northwesterly from the North Pacific Ocean to the Bering Sea. Diving activity varied coincidently with increases in SST and chlorophyll a concentrations, but also with sea lion age. Associations with habitat features did not consistently explain variability in dive count, time at depth, dive focus or focal depth. Nearshore diving tended to be influenced by distance from shore or seafloor depth, whereas increased SST coincided with activity of sea lions diving > 30 nm offshore. Immature sea lions developing into independent foragers in the relatively shallow pass areas of the EAI do so at a time of rapid changes in oceanography and prey availability. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Ecol & Fisheries Management, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Fadely, BS (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM brian.fadely@noaa.gov RI Fadely, Brian/P-3601-2015 OI Fadely, Brian/0000-0002-9172-1887 NR 60 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 243 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00379.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300016 ER PT J AU Hunt, GL Stabeno, PJ AF Hunt, GL Stabeno, PJ TI Oceanography and ecology of the Aleutian Archipelago: spatial and temporal variation SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Aleutian Islands; biogeographic patterns; biophysical coupling and ecosystem structure; bottom-up forcing; island passes; physical forcing of marine ecosystem; Steller sea lion ID STELLER SEA LIONS; ALASKA COASTAL CURRENT; OTTER POPULATION DECLINES; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; EASTERN BERING SEA; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; GULF; CIRCULATION; BASIN; FLOW AB This compilation of new information and summaries of earlier work emphasizes variability within marine waters of the Aleutian Archipelago. From the Alaska Peninsula to Near Strait, net flow through the passes is northward, with four passes (Amukta, Amchitka, Buldir, and Near Strait) contributing most of the flow. East of Samalga Pass (169 degrees W), waters derived from the Alaska Coastal Current predominate, whereas west of Samalga Pass, waters of the Alaskan Stream predominate. The pattern of storm tracks creates a climatological (interannual and long term) transition zone in weather features (e.g. surface air temperature) near 170 degrees W. The marine ecosystem of the Aleutian Archipelago also has a strong discontinuity at Samalga Pass, where cold-water corals, zooplankton, fish, marine mammals and foraging seabirds show a step change in species composition. Diets of ground fish, Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and some seabirds also change there. Lower growth rates of some fish species and stable isotope data indicate that productivity declines westward along the archipelago. The available data demonstrate considerable ecosystem variability over time scales of decades to millennia. Abrupt changes in composition of fish communities at several of the major passes suggest that Samalga Pass may mark only one of several ecological divisions of Aleutian waters. This spatial and temporal heterogeneity provides an important context within which to view recent declines in populations of Steller sea lions and other species, and has important implications for the management of regional marine resources. We conclude that the marine waters of the Aleutian Archipelago are divided into at least two different ecological regions, with potential for a concomitant separation of some fishery resources. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hunt, GL (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM geohunt2@u.washington.edu OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 94 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 SU 1 BP 292 EP 306 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00378.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 968GG UT WOS:000232149300019 ER PT J AU Quattrini, AM Lindquist, DG Bingham, FM Lankford, TE Govoni, JJ AF Quattrini, AM Lindquist, DG Bingham, FM Lankford, TE Govoni, JJ TI Distribution of larval fishes among water masses in Onslow Bay, North Carolina: implications for cross-shelf exchange SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Gulf Stream frontal events; ichthyoplankton; larval transport; reef fishes ID BLUEFISH POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; GULF-STREAM MEANDERS; RIVER PLUME FRONT; SOUTH-CAROLINA; LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; CAPE HATTERAS; SEAWARD DEFLECTION; CONTINENTAL-SHELF AB The Gulf Stream (GS) is a major oceanographic feature with potential to influence the recruitment of larval fishes to continental shelf habitats in the southeastern United States. To test the hypothesis that the GS is a source of certain larval fishes to Onslow Bay, North Carolina, we (i) classified water masses as shelf, GS, GS front (GSF), or GS/shelf mixture (GS/S); (ii) compared larval fish assemblages and concentrations among these water masses; and (iii) compared length-frequency distributions and length-concentration relationships of indicator and commercially important taxa among water masses. A total of 21,222 larvae were collected with bongo and neuston nets from April 2000 to December 2001. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses revealed distinct larval assemblages associated with different water masses. For bongo catches, bothids were abundant in all water masses, gobiids, callionymids, and labrids were abundant in shelf waters, and myctophids and scombrids were abundant in the GS. For neuston catches, carangids dominated in GS/S, GSF, and GS waters, whereas triglids were abundant in shelf water. Larval concentrations in neuston catches were lower in shelf waters and higher in GS and GSF waters. Concentrations of most taxa in bongo catches were low in the GS and higher in shelf waters. We used trends in myctophid (offshore/GS) and gobiid (shelf) length-concentration data as indicators of the sources of commercially important serranids. Length distributions and concentrations of larval indicator taxa suggested local, shelf spawning, and transport of larvae from offshore. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Quattrini, AM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. EM quattrinia@uncw.edu NR 64 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 IS 6 BP 413 EP 431 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00344.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 969KV UT WOS:000232233900002 ER PT J AU Scheuerell, MD Williams, JG AF Scheuerell, MD Williams, JG TI Forecasting climate-induced changes in the survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE climate; forecast; prediction; salmon; Snake River; time series; upwelling ID OREGON PRODUCTION AREA; PACIFIC-SALMON; COHO SALMON; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; MARINE SURVIVAL; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; COLUMBIA RIVER; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; KISUTCH AB Effective conservation and management of natural resources requires accurate predictions of ecosystem responses to future climate change, but environmental science has largely failed to produce these reliable forecasts. The future response of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) to a changing environment and continued anthropogenic disturbance is of particular interest to the public because of their high economic, social, and cultural value. While numerous retrospective analyses show a strong correlation between past changes in the ocean environment and salmon production within the north Pacific, these correlations rarely make good predictions. Using a Bayesian time-series model to make successive 1-yr-ahead forecasts, we predicted changes in the ocean survival of Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from indices of coastal ocean upwelling with a high degree of certainty (R-2 = 0.71). Furthermore, another form of the dynamic times-series model that used all of the available data indicated an even stronger coupling between smolt-to-adult survival and ocean upwelling in the spring and fall (R-2 = 0.96). This suggests that management policies directed at conserving this threatened stock of salmon need to explicitly address the important role of the ocean in driving future salmon survival. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Scheuerell, MD (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mark.scheuerell@noaa.gov RI Scheuerell, Mark/N-6683-2016 OI Scheuerell, Mark/0000-0002-8284-1254 NR 47 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 14 IS 6 BP 448 EP 457 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00346.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 969KV UT WOS:000232233900004 ER PT J AU Quinn, TP Dickerson, BR Vollestad, LA AF Quinn, TP Dickerson, BR Vollestad, LA TI Marine survival and distribution patterns of two Puget Sound hatchery populations of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE salmon; migration; marine survival; environmental conditions; size ID OREGON PRODUCTION AREA; TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; SMOLT SIZE; PACIFIC-SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; FRESH-WATER; GROWTH; CLIMATE; SEA AB To better understand the factors associated with mortality of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon, we examined data from two nearby hatcheries in Puget Sound, Washington, USA for salmon released from 1969 to 1998. The chinook salmon smolts released from the University of Washington (UW) hatchery were larger than those from Soos Creek hatchery (12.93 g versus 5.17 g) and had higher survival rates (2.21% versus 0.77%), and the Soos Creek coho salmon were larger than UW coho (25.25 g versus 12.60 g) and had higher survival rates (7.15% versus 4.27%), but in neither hatchery nor species did size explain the variation in survival among years. The two populations of each species shared very similar marine distributions, as inferred from patterns of coded wire tag recoveries from fisheries. The correlations in survival rates were significant in all cases, but strongest for UW salmon of both species (r=0.70), followed by chinook from the two sites (r=0.49), then coho from the two sites (r=0.40) and lowest for coho and chinook from Soos Creek (r=0.35). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the period shortly after release affects survival because both populations of chinook salmon and the UW coho were released in May whereas Soos Creek coho salmon were released in April. Analysis of environmental variables indicated some correlations consistent with other investigations (chiefly negative correlations with sea surface temperature in the first summer at sea) but there were also inconsistencies (e.g., correlations at one hatchery or for one species but not the other). Taken together, the results highlight the higher survival rates of coho than chinook salmon, the negligible effect of body size on interannual variation in survival, and the variation in survival between populations from nearby sites. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Quinn, TP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 76 IS 2 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.06.008 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 972BQ UT WOS:000232429200005 ER PT J AU Rose, CS Stoner, AW Matteson, K AF Rose, CS Stoner, AW Matteson, K TI Use of high-frequency imaging sonar to observe fish behaviour near baited fishing gears SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE longline; fish pot; bait; acoustic camera; behaviour; sablefish; halibut ID PACIFIC HALIBUT; UNDERWATER OBSERVATIONS; STOCK ASSESSMENT; DENSITY; VIDEO; TRAP; ATTRACTION; LONGLINES; ABUNDANCE; CAMERA AB A high-frequency imaging acoustic camera was used to observe the behaviour of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) around baited fish pots and baited hooks in the deep shelf environment (220-366 m depth) off Oregon. The acoustic camera, tested to a distance of 9.7 m (11.5-15.6 m(2) field of view), provided continuous high-resolution imagery of approaches of fish to the gear, entry into pot tunnels, bait attacks, and escapes in conditions of darkness and high turbidity. Fish inside and beyond the fish pot could also be observed. Fishes, including small individuals and "bait thieves" (> 20 cm), could be measured and tracked in the digital images. Concurrent observations with a low-light video camera and infrared lighting yielded a field of view of approximately 1 m2, limited to just one side of the fish pot. A large proportion of the video tape produced was unusable because of turbidity, and the patterns of fish movement around the pots and baited hooks were poorly characterized by the video camera. The large field of view provided by the acoustic camera showed that a very low percentage of sablefish and halibut approaching the gear were captured. Observations on different gear types, including fish pots with and without tunnel triggers, provide insights into how acoustic camera imagery can be used to improve our understanding of fish behaviour in the natural environment, to design increasingly selective and efficient fishing gear, and to improve bait-dependent stock assessments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 76 IS 2 BP 291 EP 304 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2005.07.015 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 972BQ UT WOS:000232429200012 ER PT J AU Millstein, J Siegmund, KD Conti, DV Gauderman, WJ AF Millstein, J Siegmund, KD Conti, DV Gauderman, WJ TI Testing association and linkage using affected-sib-parent study designs SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE affected-sib-pairs; linkage disequilibrium; power ID FAMILY-BASED TESTS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; NUCLEAR FAMILIES; AND/OR LINKAGE; PAIR LINKAGE; DISEQUILIBRIUM; REGRESSION; PEDIGREES; REGION AB We have developed a method for jointly testing linkage and association using data from affected sib pairs and their parents. We specify a conditional logistic regression model with two covariates, one that quantifies association (either direct association or indirect association via linkage disequilibrium), and a second that quantifies linkage. The latter covariate is computed based on expected identity-by-descend (ibd) sharing of marker alleles between siblings. In addition to a joint test of linkage and association, our general framework can be used to obtain a linkage test comparable to the mean test (Blackwelder and Elston [1985] Genet. Epidemiol. 2:85-97), and an association test comparable to the Family-Based Association Test (FBAT; Rabinowitz and Laird [2000] Hum. Hered. 50:211-223). We present simulation results demonstrating that our joint test can be more powerful than some standard tests of linkage or association. For example, with a relative risk of 2.7 per variant allele at a disease locus, the estimated power to detect a nearby marker with a modest level of LD was 58.1% by the mean test (linkage only), 69.8% by FBAT, and 82.5% by our joint test of linkage and association. Our model can also be used to obtain tests of linkage conditional on association and association conditional on linkage, which can be helpful in fine mapping. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Prevent Med, Div Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Millstein, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4,1133B, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM josh.millstein@noaa.gov FU NCI NIH HHS [CA52862]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10421, 5P30-ES07048]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM58897] NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 29 IS 3 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1002/gepi.20091 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 981AK UT WOS:000233059200006 PM 16121357 ER PT J AU Bornhold, BD Jay, CV McConnaughey, R Rathwell, G Rhynas, K Collins, W AF Bornhold, BD Jay, CV McConnaughey, R Rathwell, G Rhynas, K Collins, W TI Walrus foraging marks on the seafloor in Bristol Bay, Alaska: a reconnaissance survey SO GEO-MARINE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BERING SEA; CHUKCHI SEA; GRAY WHALE; DISTURBANCE; SHELF AB A reconnaissance sidescan sonar survey in Bristol Bay, Alaska revealed extensive areas of seafloor with features related to walrus foraging. They are similar to those seen in areas such as the outer Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea. Two types of feature were observed: (a) small (<< I in diameter) shallow pits, often in clusters ranging in density from 5 pits per hectare to 35 pits per hectare; and, (b) more abundant, narrow, sinuous furrows, typically 5 to 10 in long with some reaching 20 in or more. Most foraging marks were in less than 60 in water depth in areas of sandy seafloor that were smooth, hummocky or characterized by degraded bedforms; the absence of foraging marks in other areas may be related, in part, to their more dynamic nature. The distribution of foraging marks was consistent in a general way with walrus locations from satellite telemetry studies. C1 Coastal & Ocean Resources Inc, Sidney, BC V8L 5Y8, Canada. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Quester Tangent Corp, Sidney, BC V8L 5Y8, Canada. RP Bornhold, BD (reprint author), Coastal & Ocean Resources Inc, Sidney, BC V8L 5Y8, Canada. EM brian@coastalandoceans.com NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0276-0460 J9 GEO-MAR LETT JI Geo-Mar. Lett. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 25 IS 5 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.1007/s00367-004-0205-y PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 988AZ UT WOS:000233565100003 ER PT J AU Seidov, D Stouffer, RJ Haupt, BJ AF Seidov, D Stouffer, RJ Haupt, BJ TI Is there a simple bi-polar ocean seesaw? SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Southern Ocean; thermohaline ocean circulation; climate change; freshwater; numerical modeling ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAST DEGLACIATION; ICE-SHEET; MODEL; VARIABILITY; SIMULATIONS; SALINITY; WATER AB Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled model, the climate response to an idealized freshwater input into the Southern Ocean is studied. In response to the freshwater input, the surface waters around Antarctica freshen and cool. As the addition of freshwater continues, the fresh, surface anomalies spread throughout the world ocean in contrast to ocean-only experiments and North Atlantic experiments using coupled models. Because of the fundamental difference in altering sea surface salinity (SSS) from the two sources (northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere), a bi-polar seesaw fails to develop in the ocean, at least in our coupled atmosphere-ocean experiments. Control ocean-only experiments with mixed boundary conditions and similar short-term southern freshwater impacts match the results of the coupled experiments. Based on these experiments, we argue that the concept of ocean bi-polar seesaw should be taken with some caveats. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Seidov, D (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, 2217 EESB, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM dseidov@psu.edu; Ronald.Stouffer@noaa.gov; bjhaupt@psu.edu NR 36 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD NOV PY 2005 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.05.001 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 987MX UT WOS:000233523100002 ER PT J AU Bernacchi, CJ Hollinger, SE Meyers, T AF Bernacchi, CJ Hollinger, SE Meyers, T TI The conversion of the corn/soybean ecosystem to no-till agriculture may result in a carbon sink SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestration; eddy covariance; global change; tillage practices ID SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON; LAND-USE CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CROP-ROTATION; SEQUESTRATION; EMISSIONS; FLUX; NITROGEN; IMPACTS AB Mitigating or slowing an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) has been the focus of international efforts, most apparent with the development of the Kyoto Protocol. Sequestration of carbon (C) in agricultural soils is being advocated as a method to assist in meeting the demands of an international C credit system. The conversion of conventionally tilled agricultural lands to no till is widely accepted as having a large-scale sequestration potential. In this study, C flux measurements over a no-till corn/soybean agricultural ecosystem over 6 years were coupled with estimates of C release associated with agricultural practices to assess the net biome productivity (NBP) of this no-till ecosystem. Estimates of NBP were also calculated for the conventionally tilled corn/soybean ecosystem assuming net ecosystem exchange is C neutral. These measurements were scaled to the US as a whole to determine the sequestration potential of corn/soybean ecosystems, under current practices where 10% of agricultural land devoted to this ecosystem is no-tilled and under a hypothetical scenario where 100% of the land is not tilled. The estimates of this analysis show that current corn/soybean agriculture in the US releases similar to 7.2 Tg C annually, with no-till sequestering similar to 2.2 Tg and conventional-till releasing similar to 9.4 Tg. The complete conversion of land area to no till might result in 21.7 Tg C sequestered annually, representing a net C flux difference of similar to 29 Tg C. These results demonstrate that large-scale conversion to no-till practices, at least for the corn/soybean ecosystem, could potentially offset ca. 2% of annual US carbon emissions. C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Bernacchi, CJ (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM bernacch@uiuc.edu RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; OI Bernacchi, Carl/0000-0002-2397-425X NR 33 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 34 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 11 IS 11 BP 1867 EP 1872 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.01050.x PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 986FG UT WOS:000233434900001 ER PT J AU Wynne, TT Sturnpf, RP Tomlinson, MC Ransibrahmanakul, V Villareal, TA AF Wynne, TT Sturnpf, RP Tomlinson, MC Ransibrahmanakul, V Villareal, TA TI Detecting Karenia brevis blooms and algal resuspension in the western Gulf of Mexico with satellite ocean color imagery SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE anomaly; chloropohyll; Gulf of Mexico; harmful algal bloom; Karenia brevis; remote sensing; resuspension; SeaWiFS; Texas ID BENTHIC MICROALGAL BIOMASS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; NORTH-CAROLINA; SEDIMENTS; LOUISIANA AB Blooms of the toxic dinotlagellate, Karenia brevis, have had detrimental impacts on the coastal Gulf of Mexico for decades. Detection of Karenia brevis blooms uses an ecological approach based on anomalies derived from ocean color imagery. The same anomaly product used in Florida produces frequent false positives on the Texas coast. These failures occurred during wind-driven resuspension events. During these events resuspension of benthic algae significantly increases chlorophyll concentrations in the water, resulting in confusion with normal water column phytoplankton, such as Karenia. A method was developed to separate the resuspended chlorophyll from the water column chlorophyll, decreasing the false positives used with the detection method. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Wynne, TT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM timothy.wynne@noaa.gov RI Villareal, Tracy/I-9462-2012 NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD NOV PY 2005 VL 4 IS 6 BP 992 EP 1003 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2005.02.004 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 984SZ UT WOS:000233325900004 ER PT J AU Unterweger, MP Pibida, LS AF Unterweger, MP Pibida, LS TI Advances in radiation detection technologies for responders SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 40th Annual Meeting of the National-Council-on-Radiation-Protection-and-Measurements CY APR 14-15, 2004 CL Arlington, VA SP Natl Council Radiat Protect & Measurements DE National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; radiation protection; terrorism; safety standards AB The Department of Homeland Security is supporting the development of a large number of standards for first responders. In the area of detection of radioactive and nuclear materials, four new standards (ANSI N42.32, N42.33, N42.34, and N42.35) and their corresponding test and evaluation protocols were developed to meet Department of Homeland Security needs. Testing of the standards and protocols was carried out at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div 846, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Unterweger, MP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div 846, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.unterweger@nist.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 89 IS 5 BP 485 EP 487 DI 10.1097/01.HP.0000175914.79936.77 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 973KI UT WOS:000232521000008 PM 16217191 ER PT J AU Forman, SL Marin, L Pierson, J Gomez, J Miller, GH Webb, RS AF Forman, SL Marin, L Pierson, J Gomez, J Miller, GH Webb, RS TI Aeolian sand depositional records from western Nebraska: landscape response to droughts in the past 1500 years SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE Holocene aeolian activity; dune fields; landscape; palaeodrought; Great Plains; OSL dating; Nebraska; late Holocene ID HOLOCENE EOLIAN ACTIVITY; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; GREAT-PLAINS; DUNE ACTIVITY; STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE; MARSH SEDIMENTS; USA; HILLS; LUMINESCENCE; COLORADO AB The Great Plains is dominated by presently stabilized dune fields that are indicators of extreme drought in the late Holocene. This study focused on deciphering the timing of reactivation of dunes in western Nebraska. Stratigraphy adjacent to dune-dammed lakes reveals aeolian sand separated by palaeosols, indicating mobilization of aeolian sand followed by landscape stability. The chronology of aeolian-sand depositional events is constrained using the luminescence-based, single aliquot regeneration method, providing resolution to relate dune movement to tree-ring and palaeolimnologic records of drought. There are at least a six aeolian depositional events in the past 1500 years, with apparent mean ages of 1390 +/- 130, 670 +/- 70, 470 +/- 40, 240 +/- 40, 140 +/- 20 and 70 +/- 10 yr. All study sites show evidence for aeolian accumulation in the twentieth century, potentially reflecting the 1930s drought. Significant aeolian activity is coincident with the tree-ring-identified sixteenth-century megadrought, indicating widespread landscape impacts. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Luminescence Dating Res Lab, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Off Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Forman, SL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Luminescence Dating Res Lab, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM slf@uic.edu NR 44 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU HODDER ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD NOV PY 2005 VL 15 IS 7 BP 973 EP 981 DI 10.1191/0959683605hl871ra PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 982CK UT WOS:000233135300005 ER PT J AU Moteki, M Mundy, BC AF Moteki, M Mundy, BC TI Notes on the morphology of the early stage of the rare bramid genus Eumegistus SO ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Eumegistus; Bramidae; larval development; juveniles AB The morphology of the early stage of Eumegistus was described from three specimens [E. brevorti: 23.0 mm in standard length (SL) juvenile; E. illustris: 5.8 mm SL postflexion larva, and 40.0 mm SL juvenile] recently rediscovered in museum collections. Larval and juvenile pigmentation patterns were reported for the first time for this genus. The 5.8 mm SL postflexion larva of E. illustris had pigmentation on the head and anterior half of the body, through to the middle of the dorsal fin base. In larvae and juveniles of both species, the outer side of the pelvic fin was pigmented. The two juveniles possessed several spines on the lachrymal and protruding rays in the middle of the caudal fin. Although it is known previously that the notochord flexion occurs at 5.0-6.0 mm SL in E. brevorti, the reexamined 5.0 mm SL specimen had the notochord completely flexed. Furthermore, we could not confirm whether the previously studied 4.0 mm SL specimen was E. brevorti because it was badly damaged. C1 Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Lab Ichthyol, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Moteki, M (reprint author), Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Lab Ichthyol, 4-5-7 Konan, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. EM masato@s.kaiyodai.ac.jp; Bruce.Mundy@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 1341-8998 J9 ICHTHYOL RES JI Ichthyol. Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 52 IS 4 BP 401 EP 405 DI 10.1007/s10228-005-0294-2 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 984TA UT WOS:000233326000013 ER PT J AU Newbury, NR Washburn, BR AF Newbury, NR Washburn, BR TI Theory of the frequency comb output from a femtosecond fiber laser SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE frequency measurement; laser stability; optical fiber lasers; optical fiber measurement applications ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; INTENSITY-RELATED DYNAMICS; SOLID-STATE LASERS; TIMING JITTER; RING LASERS; ALL-FIBER; MICROSTRUCTURE FIBER; OPTICAL FREQUENCIES; OFFSET DYNAMICS AB The output of a femtosecond fiber laser will form a frequency comb that can be phase-locked through feedback to the cavity length and pump power. A perturbative theory is developed to describe this frequency comb output, in particular for a solitonic fiber laser. The effects of resonant dispersion, saturation of the self-amplitude modulation, cavity loss, third-order dispersion, Raman scattering, self-phase modulation, and self-steepening on the spacing and offset of the fiber-laser frequency comb are given. The mechanisms by which the pump power, cavity length and cavity loss control the frequency comb spacing and offset are identified. Transfer functions are derived for the comb response to change in cavity length, pump power or cavity loss. This theory can potentially be applied to other frequency comb sources as well. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov RI Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 51 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 16 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9197 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1388 EP 1402 DI 10.1109/JQE.2005.857657 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 978UM UT WOS:000232898500008 ER PT J AU Phillips, T Karygiannis, T Kuhn, R AF Phillips, T Karygiannis, T Kuhn, R TI Security standards for the RFID market SO IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY LA English DT Article C1 Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. EM phillipsted@bah.com; karygiannis@nist.gov; kuhn@nist.gov NR 3 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1540-7993 EI 1558-4046 J9 IEEE SECUR PRIV JI IEEE Secur. Priv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 3 IS 6 BP 85 EP 89 DI 10.1109/MSP.2005.157 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 990WA UT WOS:000233772700017 ER PT J AU Suman, S Gaitan, M Joshi, Y Harman, GG AF Suman, S Gaitan, M Joshi, Y Harman, GG TI Wire-bonding process monitoring using thermopile temperature sensor SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCED PACKAGING LA English DT Article DE CMOS compatible microelectromechanical system (MEMS); in situ process monitoring; Seebeck effect; thermopile temperature sensor; thermosonic ball bonding ID METALS AB This work presents an approach to separate the thermal response due to ultrasonic excitation and ball deformation through novel application of aluminum-polysilicon thermopile sensors under the bond pad. These integrated thermopile sensors measure temperature at a radial distance under the bond pad, in contrast to the previously reported average measurements over the bond pad interface or around the bond pad over a radial distance. The high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor allow direct measurements of the signal, without any amplification or filtration. Transient temperature variations at two radial locations were obtained using two versions of thermopile sensor designs. The sensor response was interpreted using representative finite-element thermal modeling for the process. Results from modeling reveal that the thermal response is a strong function of radial location. These results also reveal that the thermal response due to interfacial heating is significantly higher under the bond pad, as compared to that around the bond pad. This is in agreement with the experimental observations. Critical points on the temperature variation curve were identified. These points can be used to correlate the sensor response to shear test data. Once the sensor response is calibrated, it can be used to monitor the bonding process. Measurements were performed at substrate temperatures of 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C, along with the microwelds characterization at the bonding interface. The comparison of the thermal response and the microwelds at the two substrate temperatures revealed that in order to correlate the sensor response to shear test data, the response must be obtained at the intended temperature of operation since the microwelds at two temperatures may be quite different, even though thermal responses may look similar. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. EM gtg697d@acme.gatech.edu NR 10 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1521-3323 J9 IEEE T ADV PACKAGING JI IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 28 IS 4 BP 685 EP 693 DI 10.1109/TADVP.2005.848696 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 984EE UT WOS:000233284500020 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Sarto, MS Johansson, M AF Holloway, CL Sarto, MS Johansson, M TI Analyzing carbon-fiber composite materials with equivalent-layer models SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE carbon fiber composites; effective material properties; effective media; homogenization; shielding effectiveness; shielding materials ID SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENTS; PYRAMID ABSORBER ARRAYS; FIELD SOURCE SIMULATION; LOW-FREQUENCY MODEL; ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; STIRRED CHAMBERS; PLANE-WAVE; DUAL TEM; WEDGE AB The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of equivalent-layer models for the analysis of carbon-fiber composite materials. In this paper, we present three different models for the electromagnetic characterization (effective material properties) of fiber composites that are commonly used in aircraft and EMC/EMI shielding materials. These three models represent various orders (or levels) of detail in the fiber composite structure and, hence, capture various physical aspects of the composite. These models can be used to efficiently calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients, as well as the shielding effectiveness, of these fiber composites. We compare results of the reflection coefficient and shielding effectiveness obtained from these effective-property models to results obtained from a full numerical solution based on the finite-element (FE) method of the actual periodic fiber composite. We show that, as expected, as more of the geometric detail of the fiber composite is captured with the different models, the upper frequency limit of validity increases. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Elect Engn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. Ericsson AB, Antenna Res Ctr, SE-41756 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Holloway, CL (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov OI Sarto, Maria Sabrina/0000-0002-8160-0803 NR 77 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 47 IS 4 BP 833 EP 844 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2005.854101 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 007CE UT WOS:000234944500017 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Mohamed, MA Kuester, EF Dienstfrey, A AF Holloway, CL Mohamed, MA Kuester, EF Dienstfrey, A TI Reflection and transmission properties of a metafilm: With an application to a controllable surface composed of resonant particles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTC); metafilm; metarnaterial. polarizabilities; reffection and transmission properties; smart controllable surface ID LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL; LOW-FREQUENCY PLASMONS; POLARIZABILITY; PERMITTIVITY; PERMEABILITY; MICROWAVE; FORMULAS; PLATES; PLANE; WAVE AB In recent work, we derived generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average (or "macroscopic") electromagnetic fields across a metafilm, which, when properly designed, can have certain desired reflection and transmission properties. A metatilm is the two-dimensional equivalent of a metamaterial, and is essentially a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterized by electric- and magnetic-polarizability densities. In this paper, the GSTC is used to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of the metatilm. These coefficients are derived for both TM and TE polarized plane waves with arbitrary incidence angles. We show that the reflection and transmission properties of the metafilm are expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the scatterers themselves, and we derive conditions on the polarizabilities of the scatterers required to obtain total transmission and/or total reflection. We show various examples to illustrate the validity of the GSTC for the analysis of a metafilm. By controlling the polarization densities of the scatterers in the metafilm, a "smart" and/or "controllable" surface can be realized. We propose a metafilm composed of spherical magneto-dielectric particles for achieving such a controllable surface. To validate the results for the spherical particle metafilm, we show comparisons with a full-wave computation obtained from a mode-matching technique applied to the doubly infinite array of spherical scatterers. The results in this paper are in principle scalable; that is, the dimensions of the scatterers can range from relatively large to relatively small depending on the frequencies of interest. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov NR 42 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 5 U2 38 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9375 EI 1558-187X J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 47 IS 4 BP 853 EP 865 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2005.853719 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 007CE UT WOS:000234944500019 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Bindlish, R Gasiewski, AJ Stankov, B Klein, M Njoku, EG Bosch, D Coleman, TL Laymon, CA Starks, P AF Jackson, TJ Bindlish, R Gasiewski, AJ Stankov, B Klein, M Njoku, EG Bosch, D Coleman, TL Laymon, CA Starks, P TI Polarimetric scanning radiometer C- and X-band microwave observations during SMEX03 SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E); passive microwave; soil moisture; validation ID SOIL-MOISTURE RETRIEVAL; AMSR-E; MISSION AB Soil Moisture Experiment 2003 (SMEX03) was the second in a series of field campaigns using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/CX) designed to validate brightness temperature (TB) data and soil moisture retrieval algorithms for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) for the Earth Observing System on the Aqua satellite. Objectives related to the PSR/CX during SMEX03 included: calibration and validation of AMSR-E TB observations over different climate/vegetation regions of the U.S. [Alabama (AL), Georgia (GA), Oklahoma (OK)], identification of possible areas of radio-frequency interference (RFI), comparison of X-band observations from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), AMSR-E, and PSR/CX, and exploring the potential of soil moisture retrieval algorithms using C- and X-band imagery in diverse landscapes. In the current investigation, more than 100 flightlines of PSR/CX data were extensively processed to produce gridded TB products for the four study regions. Due to the lack of significant rainfall in OK, generally dry soil moisture conditions were observed. Observations obtained over AL include a wide range of soil moisture and vegetation conditions. Results from the AL site clearly showed a lack of sensitivity to rainfall/soil moisture under forest canopy cover. Quantitative comparisons made with the TMI validated that both the PSR/CX and AMSR-E X-band channels were well calibrated. Spectral analyses indicated that the PSR/CX observations at C-band also are reasonable. As expected, there were varying degrees of RFI in the AMSR-E C-band data for the study sites that will prevent further soil moisture analysis using these data. X-band comparisons of the PSR/CX high-resolution and AMSR-E and TMI low-resolution data indicated a linear scaling for the range of conditions studied in SMEX03. These results will form the basis for further soil moisture investigations. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Ctr, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Hydrol Soil Climatol & Remote Sensing Res Ctr, Normal, AL 35762 USA. Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM tjackson@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 12 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2005 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2418 EP 2430 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.857625 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 979KU UT WOS:000232941700002 ER PT J AU Gong, X She, WH Hoppenjans, EE Wing, ZN Geyer, RG Halloran, JW Chappell, WJ AF Gong, X She, WH Hoppenjans, EE Wing, ZN Geyer, RG Halloran, JW Chappell, WJ TI Tailored and anisotropic dielectric constants through porosity in ceramic components SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE anisotropy; ceramic; dielectric materials; dielectric measurements; dielectric-resonator antenna (DRA); inhomogeneous media; resonator ID FABRICATION; ANTENNA; FILTERS AB In this paper, different densities within a ceramic are used to provide a wide continuous range of dielectric constants for high-frequency applications. Cofiring different ceramic materials together to make a single unified structure to obtain different dielectric constant combinations is quite difficult due to phase stability issues and shrinkage mismatches. However, using various levels of porosity in order to alter the effective dielectric constant in the same material allows patterning different dielectric constants into a single unit. Since the structure is made from a single material, the varying porosity regions can be made compatible. Glassy-carbon-assisted and microcellular-structure-based porous titania allow for an extremely wide range of dielectric constants, ranging from 12 to 90, while maintaining a low loss tangent. Highly anisotropic materials are demonstrated herein to achieve a dielectric constant contrast of 90/9.6 using large-range aligned microcellular structure. Dielectric-resonator antennas are shown as an application of adjusting the bandwidth between 0.5% and 2.5% by tailoring the ceramic dielectric constant. A stratified-medium-loaded cavity resonator and a buried dielectric ring resonator internal to a microcellular substrate are used to demonstrate both the cofiring and variable dielectric constant capabilities of structured porosity. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Wireless ICs, Irvine, CA 92618 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gong, X (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM xungong@mail.ucf.edu; winghan@wirelessics.com; ehoppen1@purdue.com; wingzack@umich.edu; geyer@boulder.nist.gov; peterjon@engin.umich.edu; chappell@purdue.edu RI Halloran, John /G-9210-2011; OI Halloran, John/0000-0002-1913-6886 NR 17 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 53 IS 11 BP 3638 EP 3647 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2005.859039 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 981XW UT WOS:000233122300046 ER PT J AU Carr, SM Lawrence, WE Wybourne, MN AF Carr, SM Lawrence, WE Wybourne, MN TI Static buckling and actuation of free-standing mesoscale beams SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE buckling; electromechanical effects; mesoscopic physics; microelectromechanical devices; nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS); strain ID MICROMACHINED BEAMS; CARBON NANOTUBES; QUANTUM; SILICON; STRESS; NANOSTRUCTURES; INSTABILITY; RESONATOR; CASCADE; SYSTEMS AB We discuss the static buckling and actuation of freestanding mesoscopic beams. As the length-to-width aspect ratio of the beams is increased, the buckled shapes become more complex. Mechanical actuation confirms that the complex shapes are stable equilibria and that metastable equilibria also exist. This is consistent with a nonlinear elastic continuum model, which incorporates asymmetry in higher order buckling modes. Preliminary results indicate that, in addition to purely mechanical actuation, electromechanical mode-mode transitions can be induced by utilizing fabricated electrodes. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Carr, SM (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Quantum Proc & Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Martin.N.Wybourne@dartmouth.edu NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-125X J9 IEEE T NANOTECHNOL JI IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 4 IS 6 BP 655 EP 659 DI 10.1109/TNANO.2005.858605 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 984XQ UT WOS:000233341100002 ER PT J AU Waters, KR Johnston, PH AF Waters, KR Johnston, PH TI Tomographic imaging of an ultrasonic field in a plane by use of a linear array: Theory and experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article AB Quantitative ultrasonic characterization of inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials is often difficult due to undesired phenomena such as beam steering and phase aberration of the insonifying field. We introduce a method based on tomographic reconstruction techniques for the visualization of an ultrasonic field using a linear array rotated in a plane. Tomographic reconstruction of the ultrasonic field is made possible through the phase-sensitive nature of the tall, narrow piezoelectric elements of a linear array that act as parallel line integrators of the pressure field. We validate the proposed imaging method through numerical simulations of propagated ultrasonic fields based upon the angular spectrum decomposition technique. We then demonstrate the technique with experimental measurements of two textile composites and a reference water path. We reconstruct images of the real and imaginary parts of a transmitted 2 MHz ultrasonic field that are then combined to reconstruct images of the power and unwrapped phase. We also construct images of the attenuation and phase shift for several regions of the composites. Our results demonstrate that tomographic imaging of an ultrasonic field in a plane using a rotated linear array can potentially improve ultrasonic characterization of complex materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Waters, KR (reprint author), Volcano Corp, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. EM kwaters@volcanocorp.com NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD NOV PY 2005 VL 52 IS 11 BP 2065 EP 2074 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2005.1561676 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 988SJ UT WOS:000233620700021 PM 16422419 ER PT J AU Hurton, LV Berkson, JM Smith, SA AF Hurton, LV Berkson, JM Smith, SA TI Selection of a standard culture medium for primary culture of Limulus polyphemus amebocytes SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE amebocyte culture; horseshoe crab; amoebocyte; morphology; viability; in vitro ID HORSESHOE-CRAB; BLOOD AB This study provides information relevant to future research aimed at producing Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) in vitro, which would potentially reduce the need to harvest and bleed horseshoe crabs as in the current methods of LAL production. To address the need for primary culture of horseshoe crab amebocytes this study tested the effects of a variety of standard insect Cell Culture media oil amebocyte morphology and viability after 7 d of maintenance. Amebocyte morphology wits least altered from in vivo form in Grace's Modified Insect Medium, With no observed degranulation of cells, as compared to the other media tested. There were significant differences in amebocyte viability among the six insect cell culture media tested. Grace's Modified Insect Medium sustained viability of 77.2 +/- 5.1% (mean +/- standard deviation) of amebocytes, followed distantly by Grace's Insect Medium with 35.1 +/- 8.7% amebocyte viability. Results indicate that Grace's Modified Insect Medium With horseshoe Crab Serum supplementation was the best candidate of the six media tested for future medium optimization for Limulus amebocyte requirements. C1 Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Horseshoe Crab Res Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Berkson, JM (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RTR Unit, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM Jim.Berkson@noaa.gov RI Berkson, Jim/A-7588-2009 NR 28 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 41 IS 10 BP 325 EP 329 PG 5 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 022QF UT WOS:000236070000003 PM 16448221 ER PT J AU Shir, F Mavriplis, C Bennett, LH AF Shir, F Mavriplis, C Bennett, LH TI Effect of magnetic field dynamics on the copper-constantan thermocouple performance SO INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thermocouple performance; magnetocaloric temperature; magnetic field temperature measurement ID LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMOMETRY; REGENERATIVE REFRIGERATION; RESISTORS AB This paper presents some results of experimental research addressing the influence of magnetic field dynamics on the copper-constantan thermocouple performance. There are challenges in measuring temperature by thermocouples in a time-dependent magnetic field. Although there is considerable experience on the effect of a static magnetic field, there is a lack of awareness of the outcome of a varying field on thermocouple performance. We measured the accuracy of the thermocouple response in an alternating magnetic field for various operational parameters: frequency of the magnetic field, geometry, and length of the thermocouple wire in the field, and magnetic field strength. The effect of each of the operational parameters is discussed. Test results of temperature profile measure by a copper-constantan thermocouple in a varying magnetic field system that was used in a room temperature magnetic refrigeration test bed are demonstrated. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shir, F (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM shir@gwu.edu NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1073-9149 J9 INSTRUM SCI TECHNOL JI Instrum. Sci. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 33 IS 6 BP 661 EP 671 DI 10.1080/10739140500311239 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 992UL UT WOS:000233909400003 ER PT J AU Morris, DJ Cook, RF AF Morris, DJ Cook, RF TI Radial fracture during indentation by acute probes: I, description by an indentation wedging model SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE acute indenter; contact stiffness; indentation fracture; indentation wedging field; nanoindentation; radial crack; toughness ID ELASTIC-PLASTIC INDENTATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION; NANOINDENTATION DATA; BRITTLE MATERIALS; RESIDUAL-STRESS; MODULUS; TOUGHNESS; CERAMICS; CRACKING AB Extension of the indentation fracture toughness estimation method to very small length scales often requires the use of an indenting punch much more acute than the oft-used Vickers probe. Experimental results for very acute, sharp probes have motivated a new approach to the indentation fracture mechanics of radial crack development. An extension of the standard two-component (residual elastic-plastic +elastic contact) stress-field model of radial fracture is proposed, based on the concept that a sufficiently acute indenter can also act as a 'wedge,' prying open the surface-located radial cracks. In this, the first of a two-part series, a three-component wedging indentation model is constructed, and some general characteristics of the model are explored. In particular, the implications of the three-component stress field of the model for the description of radial crack development during load-unload indentation cycles of acute probes are considered. Explicit predictions of crack development are compared with the qualitative features of experimental observations, providing a basis for the quantitative comparisons in Part II. C1 Washington State Univ, Mat Res Ctr, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Cook, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.cook@nist.gov NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 237 EP 264 DI 10.1007/s10704-005-6034-9 PG 28 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 031KO UT WOS:000236703700011 ER PT J AU Morris, DJ Vodnick, AM Cook, RF AF Morris, DJ Vodnick, AM Cook, RF TI Radial fracture during indentation by acute probes: II, Experimental observations of cube-corner and Vickers indentation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE acute probe; crack propagation measurements; cube-corner indenter; fused silica; indentation fracture; indentation wedging field; metastable trapped cracks; radial crack; soda-lime glass; Vickers indenter ID FUSED-SILICA; CRACKING; GLASS; CERAMICS AB The companion article proposed a model for radial crack development at sharp contacts. The major extension of this model from previous works is the inclusion of a 'wedging' mechanism, to form a three-stress-field description of indentation crack evolution. Here, the amplitude terms of the three stress-intensity factors comprising the model are calibrated from experimental in situ and post situ inert-environment radial crack measurements oil soda-lime glass. These values are scaled to predict radial crack evolution during cube corner and Vickers indentation of fused silica and soda lime glass in inert and ambient air environments. Both the conventional two-field and the proposed three-field model predictions are compared with radial crack lengths measured during indentation load-unload cycles (through the transparent materials with an in-situ apparatus). The three-field model is shown to be a great improvement over the two-field model in the description of crack evolution at cube-corner indentations, particularly with respect to the significant crack extension during loading and the attainment of a maximum crack length during unloading. The three-field model is consistent with observations of Vickers fracture in soda-lime glass and is able to reproduce the features of radial fracture evolution on the 'anomalous' glass, fused silica. C1 Washington State Univ, Mat Res Ctr, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cook, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.cook@nist.gov NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 136 IS 1-4 BP 265 EP 284 DI 10.1007/s10704-005-6033-x PG 20 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 031KO UT WOS:000236703700012 ER PT J AU Fiebig, M Stein, C Schroder, F Feldpausch, P Petzold, A AF Fiebig, M Stein, C Schroder, F Feldpausch, P Petzold, A TI Inversion of data containing information on the aerosol particle size distribution using multiple instruments SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE size distribution inversion; nucleation mode; size distribution measurement ID SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS AB An algorithm for inversion of data containing information on particle size distributions is presented that is designed to be true to the input data, does not need an initial guess, does not assume a shape of the size distribution function, yields the smoothest non-negative result consistent with the input data, calculates the uncertainty of the result based on the uncertainty of the input data, and is capable of combining data from more than one instrument type into one inversion result. To test the algorithm, synthetic data of aircraft payloads sensitive for particle diameters D-p < 0.2 mu m and combining a cascade of condensation particle counters (CPSA) with a differential mobility analyser (DMA), a passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe (PCASP), and a parallel diffusion battery (PDB) are generated. The CPSA/DMA instrument combination retrieves the log-normal parameters of the Aitken-mode (0.01 mu m < D-p < 0.2 mu m) with < 1% uncertainty while the CPSA/PDB combination reaches similar to 4% and the CPSA/PCASP combination similar to 8% uncertainty. Compared with the CPSA/DMA set-up, the CPSA/PDB and CPSA/PCASP combinations have advantages with respect to temporal resolution and space/weight demands, respectively. The algorithm is extendable to other instrument types and may also serve as a tool for optimising instruments or instrument packages with respect to specific scientific questions. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. RP Fiebig, M (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Markus.Fiebig@dlr.de; clste@nerc.ac.uk; Franz.Schroeder@mksinst.com; Philipp.Feldpausch@dlr.de; Andreas.Petzold@dlr.de RI Fiebig, Markus/I-4872-2012; Petzold, Andreas/J-2347-2012 OI Fiebig, Markus/0000-0002-3380-3470; Petzold, Andreas/0000-0002-2504-1680 NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 36 IS 11 BP 1353 EP 1372 DI 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.01.004 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 983FF UT WOS:000233216000005 ER PT J AU Kang, YS Robins, LH Birdwell, AG Shapiro, AJ Thurber, WR Vaudin, MD Fahmi, MME Bryson, D Mohammad, SN AF Kang, YS Robins, LH Birdwell, AG Shapiro, AJ Thurber, WR Vaudin, MD Fahmi, MME Bryson, D Mohammad, SN TI Composition and carrier-concentration dependence of the electronic structure of InyGa1-yAs1-xNx films with nitrogen mole fraction of less than 0.012 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; BAND-GAP ENERGY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; GAASN ALLOYS; INGAASN; SEMICONDUCTORS; DEFECTS; GAINNAS; SURFACE; LAYERS AB The electronic structure of Si-doped InyGa1-yAs1-xNx films on GaAs substrates, grown by nitrogen-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy, was examined by photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. The films were approximately 0.5 mu m thick and had nitrogen mole fraction between x=0.0014 and x=0.012, measured indirectly by a secondary-ion-mass spectrometry calibration; indium mole fraction between y=0.052 and y=0.075, measured by electron-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; and carrier concentration between 2x10(16) and 1.1x10(18) cm(-3), measured by Hall effect. Three critical-point transitions were identified by PR: the fundamental band gap (highest valence band to the lowest conduction band); the spin-orbit split valence band to the lowest conduction band; and the highest valence band to a nitrogen impurity band (above the lowest conduction band). The measured critical-point energies were described by a band anticrossing (BAC) model with the addition of a Burstein-Moss band-filling term. The fitted BAC parameters were similar to previously reported values. The N impurity level was located 0.3004 +/- 0.0101 eV above the conduction-band edge at 20 K and 0.3286 +/- 0.0089 eV above the conduction-band edge at 295 K. The BAC interaction parameter was 2.588 +/- 0.071 eV. From the small magnitude of the Burstein-Moss energy shift with increasing carrier concentration, it was inferred that the carrier concentration probed by PR is reduced from the bulk (Hall-effect) carrier concentration by a reduction factor of 0.266 +/- 0.145. The PR lines broadened with increasing carrier concentration; the line broadening tracked the predicted Burstein-Moss energy shift for the bulk carrier concentration. The surface-normal lattice constants of the films were measured by x-ray diffraction. Comparison of the measured lattice constants with Vegard's law showed the presence of tensile strain (in the surface-normal direction) with magnitude between 1.5x10(-3) and 3.0x10(-3). The effect of strain on the PR energies was too small to observe. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Mat Sci Res Ctr Excellence, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Kang, YS (reprint author), Samsung Adv Inst Technol, Mat & Devices Res Ctr, POB 111, Suwon 440600, South Korea. EM lawrence.robins@nist.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 98 IS 9 AR 093714 DI 10.1063/1.2127126 PG 14 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 984KV UT WOS:000233304700053 ER PT J AU Birkenheuer, D Gutman, S AF Birkenheuer, D Gutman, S TI A comparison of GOES moisture-derived product and GPS-IPW data during IHOP-2002 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL-POSITIONING-SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; PRECIPITABLE WATER; METEOROLOGY AB Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder-derived total column water vapor is compared with other data sources obtained during the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP-2002) field experiment. Specifically, GPS-derived total integrated precipitable water (GPS-IPW) and radiosonde observations (raob) data are used to assess GOES bias and standard deviation. GPS integrated water calculated from signal delay closely matches raob data, both from special sondes launched for the IHOP-2002 exercise and routine National Weather Service (NWS) soundings. After examining the average differences between GPS and GOES product total precipitable water over the full diurnal cycle between 26 May and 15 June 2002, it was discovered that only 0000 UTC time differences were comparable to published comparisons. Differences at other times were larger and varied by a factor of 6, increasing from 0000 to 1800 UTC, and decreasing thereafter. Reasons for this behavior are explored to a limited degree but with no clear answers to explain the observations. It is concluded that a component of the GOES total precipitable water error (between sonde launches) might be missed when solely assessing the data against synoptic raobs. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Birkenheuer, D (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Mail Code R-FS1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Daniel.L.Birkenheuer@noaa.gov RI Birkenheuer, Daniel/E-7378-2015 NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1838 EP 1845 DI 10.1175/JTECH1814.1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 993YB UT WOS:000233993900017 ER PT J AU Choudhary, M Delaviz, Y Loh, R Polasky, M Wan, C Todd, DB Hyun, KS Dey, S Wu, F AF Choudhary, M Delaviz, Y Loh, R Polasky, M Wan, C Todd, DB Hyun, KS Dey, S Wu, F TI Measurement of shear viscosity and solubility of polystyrene melts containing various blowing agents SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PLASTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 63rd Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers (ANTEC 2005) CY MAY 01-05, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Soc Plast Engineers DE blowing agents; gas solubility; viscosity; polystyrene AB This article presents measured data on shear viscosity and solubility of HCFC-142b and HFC-134a/ethanol blowing agent laden polystyrene melts at different temperatures. This study establishes the baseline for more novel and innovative blowing agent systems to replace HCFC-142b. The shear viscosity is measured using a helical barrel rheometer. Apparent solubility is determined by observing the onset of gas bubble presence or absence in a specially designed optical cell with sapphire windows using a microscope-CCD camera-monitor/recorder system. The article presents a selection of viscosity and solubility data and, where possible, compares them with measurements carried out by others. The dynamic methods of measuring solubility and viscosity of gas laden polymer melts used in this study are closer to the polymer foam manufacturing practice. C1 Owens Corning Sci & Technol, Granville, OH 43023 USA. Owens Corning Foam Technol Ctr, Tallmadge, OH USA. Inst Polymer Proc, Newark, NJ USA. SONOCO, Hartsville, SC USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choudhary, M (reprint author), Owens Corning Sci & Technol, Granville, OH 43023 USA. EM manoj.choudhary@owenscorning.com NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-955X J9 J CELL PLAST JI J. Cell. Plast. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 41 IS 6 BP 589 EP 599 DI 10.1177/0021955X05059036 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 050HU UT WOS:000238078900005 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E AF Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E TI Ab initio relativistic calculation of the RbCs molecule SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; GROUND-STATE; ALKALI DIMERS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; POLAR-MOLECULES; KRB MOLECULES; TEMPERATURES; SCATTERING; PROSPECTS; ATOM AB We apply the relativistic configuration-interaction valence-bond method to calculate various characteristics of the alkali-metal RbCs dimer. These include the electronic potentials and transition dipole moments between the ground and first excited states and permanent dipole moments of the X (1)Sigma(+) and a (3)Sigma(+) states of the ground configuration. In addition, we estimate the lifetime of the rovibrational levels of the X state due to blackbody radiation. These data can help experimentalists to optimize photoassociative formation of ultracold RbCs molecules and their longevity in a trap or in an optical lattice. Extended basis sets, constructed from Dirac-Fock and Sturm's orbitals, have been used to ensure convergence of our calculations. We compare our data with other theoretical and experimental results when they were available. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), Temple Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. EM svetlana.kotochigova@nist.gov NR 42 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 123 IS 17 AR 174304 DI 10.1063/1.2107607 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 980JH UT WOS:000233014300016 PM 16375525 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E AF Mamontov, E TI Observation of fragile-to-strong liquid transition in surface water in CeO2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB A quasielastic neutron-scattering experiment carried out on a backscattering spectrometer with sub-mu eV resolution in the temperature range of 200-250 K has revealed the dynamics of surface water in cerium oxide on the time scale of hundreds of picoseconds. This slow dynamics is attributed to the translational mobility of the water molecules in contact with the surface hydroxyl groups. The relaxation function of this slow motion can be described by a slightly stretched exponential with the stretch factor exceeding 0.9, which indicates almost a Debye-type dynamics. Down to about 220 K, the temperature dependence of the residence time for water molecules follows a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman law with the glass transition temperature of 181 K. At lower temperatures, the residence time behavior abruptly changes, indicating a fragile-to-strong liquid transition in surface water at about 215 K. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mamontov@nist.gov RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 16 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 123 IS 17 AR 171101 DI 10.1063/1.2125729 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 980JH UT WOS:000233014300001 PM 16375510 ER PT J AU Scott, GE Irikura, KK AF Scott, GE Irikura, KK TI Electron-impact ionization cross sections of molecules containing heavy elements (Z > 10) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HE(I) PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRA; EFFECTIVE CORE POTENTIALS; ION CHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES; CS2; ENERGY; H2S; CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES AB The binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) theory has been successful for computing electronimpact ionization cross sections of many molecules. For molecules that contain heavy atoms (defined here as atoms with valence principal quantum number n > 2), there are two alternative BEB procedures in the literature. The first involves a kinetic-energy correction for molecular orbitals that are dominated by atomic orbitals with n > 2. The second alternative is to use effective core potentials (ECPs), which were developed for other purposes but yield valence pseudoorbitals with reduced kinetic energies. In the present study, the results of these two approaches are compared with experimental cross sections for several molecules containing heavy elements. Although both procedures perform well, the ECIP results agree somewhat better with experimental measurements. Cross sections are presented for C2Cl6, C2HCl5, C2Cl4, both isomers Of C2H2-Cl-4, CCl4, TiCl4, CBr4, CHBr3, CH2Br2, P-2, P-4, AS(2), AS(4), GaCl, CS2, H2S, CH(3)l, AI(CH3)(3), Ga-(CH3)(3), hexamethyldisiloxane, and Zn(C2H5)(2). Incorrect BEB calculations have been reported in the literature for several of these molecules. As an ancillary result, the dipole polarizability of Zn(C2H5)(2) is predicted to be 12.1 angstrom(3). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Davidson Coll, Dept Chem, Davidson, NC 28035 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kari.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9618 J9 J CHEM THEORY COMPUT JI J. Chem. Theory Comput. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 1 IS 6 BP 1153 EP 1161 DI 10.1021/ct050077j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 983VM UT WOS:000233260300009 PM 26631658 ER PT J AU Boerio-Goates, JA Hopkins, SD Monteiro, RAR da Silva, MDMCR Goldberg, RN AF Boerio-Goates, JA Hopkins, SD Monteiro, RAR da Silva, MDMCR Goldberg, RN TI Thermochemistry of inosine SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE enthalpy of combustion; enthalpy of formation; entropy; heat capacity; inosine; inosine 5 '-triphosphate; ITP; standard transformed formation properties ID ADENOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE; HEAT-CAPACITY; HYDROLYSIS; 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; THERMODYNAMICS; CALORIMETRY; ENTHALPIES; AMMONIA; RNA AB The formation thermodynamic properties of crystalline and aqueous inosine have been determined by using a combination of calorimetric techniques. Oxygen bomb calorimetric measurements on crystalline inosine yielded a standard molar enthalpy of combustion of Delta(c)H degrees(m) = -(4802.2 +/- 4.5) kJ center dot mol(-1). From this, a value for the standard molar enthalpy of formation Delta(f)H(m)degrees of -(847.9 +/- 4.7) kJ mol-1 was obtained. The standard molar heat capacity of crystalline inosine has been measured over the temperature interval 11 <= T/K <= 325 by using an adiabatic calorimeter. The heat capacities were fit to a series of polynomials from which smoothed values for the standard thermal properties were calculated for 20 <= T/K <= 320. The standard molar entropy Delta(0)(T)S degrees(m) (inosine, cr) at T = 298.15 K is (288.0 +/- 0.6) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1) and the standard molar entropy of formation Delta(f)S degrees(m) is -(1449.6 +/- 0.6) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1). The standard Gibbs free energy of formation Delta(f)G degrees(m) (inosine, cr) = -(415.7 +/- 4.7) kJ center dot mol(-1). By using literature values of the standard molar enthalpy of solution and the saturation molality of inosine(cr), the standard molar thermodynamic properties of aqueous inosine at T=298.15 K are found to be Delta(f)H degrees(m)(inosine, aq) = -(819.8 +/- 4.7) kJ center dot mol(-1); Delta(f)G degrees(m) (inosine, aq)= -(409.2 +/- 4.8) kJ center dot mol(-1); and Delta(0)(T)S degrees(m)(inosine, aq) = (360.1 +/- 1.8) J center dot K-1 center dot mol(-1). These results are used to calculate standard thermodynamic properties of various aqueous species involving inosine. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Dept Chem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Porto, Fac Sci, Ctr Invest Quim, P-4169007 Oporto, Portugal. RP Boerio-Goates, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM boerio-goates@byu.edu; doots@email.byu.cdu; mdsilva@fc.up.pt; risilva@fc.up.pt; robert.goldberg@nist.gov RI Ribeiro da Silva, Maria/N-4255-2013; OI Ribeiro da Silva, Maria/0000-0003-0482-0308; Monteiro, Ricardo/0000-0003-0951-9813 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1239 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2005.03.001 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 975EB UT WOS:000232642700009 ER PT J AU Park, S Deser, C Alexander, MA AF Park, S Deser, C Alexander, MA TI Estimation of the surface heat flux response to sea surface temperature anomalies over the global oceans SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL ATLANTIC VARIABILITY; 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION; LOW CLOUD TYPE; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PART I; ENSO; FEEDBACK AB The surface heat flux response to underlying sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (the surface heat flux feedback) is estimated using 42 yr (1956-97) of ship-derived monthly turbulent heat fluxes and 17 yr (1984-2000) of satellite-derived monthly radiative fluxes over the global oceans for individual seasons. Net surface heat flux feedback is generally negative (i.e., a damping of the underlying SST anomalies) over the global oceans, although there is considerable geographical and seasonal variation. Over the North Pacific Ocean, net surface heat flux feedback is dominated by the turbulent flux component, with maximum values (28 W m(-2)K(-1)) in December-February and minimum values (5 W m(-2)K(-1)) in May-July. These seasonal variations are due to changes in the strength of the climatological mean surface wind speed and the degree to which the near-surface air temperature and humidity adjust to the underlying SST anomalies. Similar features are observed over the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean with maximum (minimum) feedback values of approximately 33 W m(-2)K(-1) (9 W m(-2)K(-1)) in December-February (June-August). Although the net surface heat flux feedback may be negative, individual components of the feedback can be positive depending on season and location. For example, over the midlatitude North Pacific Ocean during late spring to midsummer, the radiative flux feedback associated with marine boundary layer clouds and fog is positive, and results in a significant enhancement of the month-to-month persistence of SST anomalies, nearly doubling the SST anomaly decay time from 2.8 to 5.3 months in May-July. Several regions are identified with net positive heat flux feedback: the tropical western North Atlantic Ocean during boreal winter, the Namibian stratocumulus deck off West Africa during boreal fall, and the Indian Ocean during boreal summer and fall. These positive feedbacks are mainly associated with the following atmospheric responses to positive SST anomalies: 1) reduced surface wind speed (positive turbulent heat flux feedback) over the tropical western North Atlantic and Indian Oceans, 2) reduced marine boundary layer stratocumulus cloud fraction (positive shortwave radiative flux feedback) over the Namibian stratocumulus deck, and 3) enhanced atmospheric water vapor (positive longwave radiative flux feedback) in the vicinity of the tropical deep convection region over the Indian Ocean that exceeds the negative shortwave radiative flux feedback associated with enhanced cloudiness. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Park, S (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sungsu@atmos.washington.edu RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 49 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV 1 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 21 BP 4582 EP 4599 DI 10.1175/JCLI3521.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 990LL UT WOS:000233744400017 ER PT J AU Higgins, RW Shi, W AF Higgins, RW Shi, W TI Relationships between gulf of california moisture surges and tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific basin SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MEXICAN MONSOON; CLIMATOLOGY; REANALYSIS; AIR AB Relationships between Gulf of California moisture surges and tropical cyclones (TCs) in the eastern Pacific basin are examined. Standard surface observations are used to identify gulf surge events at Yuma, Arizona, for a multiyear (July-August 1979-2001) period. The surges are related to TCs using National Hurricane Center 6-hourly track data for the eastern Pacific basin. Climate Prediction Center (CPC)observed daily precipitation analyses and the NCEP Regional Reanalysis are used to examine the relative differences in the precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and moisture fields for several categories of surge events, including those that are directly related to TCs, indirectly related to TCs, and not related to TCs. It is shown that the response to the surge in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico is strongly discriminated by the presence or absence of TCs. Surges related to TCs tend to be associated with much stronger and deeper low-level southerly flow, deeper plumes of tropical moisture, and wetter conditions over the core monsoon region than surges that are unrelated to TCs. The response to the surge is also strongly influenced by the proximity of the TC to the Gulf of California (GOC) region. Tropical cyclones that track toward the GOC region exert a stronger, more direct influence on Yuma surges than those that track away from the GOC. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Higgins, RW (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Anal Branch, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Wayne.Higgins@noaa.gov RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 22 BP 4601 EP 4620 DI 10.1175/JCLI3551.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 995DK UT WOS:000234079900001 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Pavolonis, MJ AF Heidinger, AK Pavolonis, MJ TI Global daytime distribution of overlapping cirrus cloud from NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL STRUCTURE; AVHRR; RADIATION; MISSION; VIIRS AB Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's ( NOAA's) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR) instrument are used to provide the mean July and January global daytime distributions of multilayer cloud, where multilayer cloud is defined as cirrus overlapping one or more lower layers. The AVHRR data were taken from multiple years that were chosen to provide data with a constant local equator crossing time of 1430-1500 local time. The cloud overlap detection algorithm is used in NOAA's Extended Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR-x) processing system. The results between 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S indicated that roughly 20% of all clouds and roughly 40% of all ice clouds were classified as cirrus overlapping lower cloud ( cirrus overlap). The results show a strong July-January pattern that is consistent with the seasonal cycle in convection. In some regions, cirrus overlap is found to be the dominant type of cloud observed. The distributions of overlapping cirrus cloud presented here are compared with results from other studies based on rawinsondes and manual surface observations. Comparisons are also made with another satellite-derived study that used coincident infrared and microwave observations over the tropical oceans during a 6-month period. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), 1225 W Dayton, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Andrew.Heidinger@noaa.gov RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 22 BP 4772 EP 4784 DI 10.1175/JCLI3535.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 995DK UT WOS:000234079900012 ER PT J AU Thompson, DWJ Solomon, S AF Thompson, DWJ Solomon, S TI Recent stratospheric climate trends as evidenced in radiosonde data: Global structure and tropospheric linkages SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE TRENDS; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; WATER-VAPOR; OZONE; EXCHANGE; MSU; CO2 AB The global structure of recent stratospheric climate trends is examined in radiosonde data. In contrast to conclusions published in previous assessments of stratospheric temperature trends, it is demonstrated that in the annual mean the tropical stratosphere has cooled substantially over the past few decades. The cooling of the tropical stratosphere is apparent in both nighttime and adjusted radiosonde data, and seems to be robust to changes in radiosonde instrumentation. The meridional structure of the annual-mean stratospheric trends is not consistent with our current understanding of radiative transfer and constituent trends but is consistent with increased upwelling in the tropical stratosphere. The annual-mean cooling of the tropical stratosphere is juxtaposed against seasonally varying trends in the extratropical stratosphere dominated by the well-known springtime cooling at polar latitudes. The polar stratospheric trends are accompanied by similarly signed trends at tropospheric levels in the Southern Hemisphere but not in the Northern Hemisphere. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Thompson, DWJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM davet@atmos.colostate.edu RI Thompson, David/F-9627-2012 NR 36 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 22 BP 4785 EP 4795 DI 10.1175/JCLI3585.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 995DK UT WOS:000234079900013 ER PT J AU Assel, RA AF Assel, RA TI Classification of annual Great Lakes ice cycles: Winters of 1973-2002 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID COVER; MICHIGAN; SEVERITY; REGION; TRENDS AB Annual seasonal average ice cover from 1973 to 2002 and associated dates of first ice, last ice, and ice duration are presented and discussed. The annual seasonal average ice cover of each Great Lake is used to define three ice cycle classes: mild, typical, and severe. About half of the severe ice cycles occurred from 1977 to 1982 and about half of the mild ice cycles occurred from 1998 to 2002. The seasonal progression of daily lake-averaged ice cover, spatial differences in ice cover, and differences among the Great Lakes for mild, typical, and severe ice cycles are discussed within the context of lake bathymetry and winter air temperatures. Seasonal average ice cover is larger on Lakes Superior, Erie, and Huron relative to Lakes Michigan and Ontario, because of shallower depths ( for Erie and Huron) and lower air temperatures ( for Superior) relative to Lakes Michigan and Ontario. This ice cycle classification scheme can be used to compare future Great Lakes ice cycle severity with this 30- winter benchmark. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Assel, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM ray.assel@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 18 IS 22 BP 4895 EP 4905 DI 10.1175/JCLI3571.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 995DK UT WOS:000234079900020 ER PT J AU Caldwell, PC AF Caldwell, PC TI Validity of north shore, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands surf observations SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE visual observations; buoy data; breaker height; surf climatology AB Surf information is imperative for safety, coastal planning, and engineering applications. Daily surf observations made primarily by lifeguards along the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, have been digitized for the 35-year period from 1968 to 2002. The subjective nature of observations introduces uncertainty. This study analyzes the temporal consistency and estimates the accuracy of the observations. Comparisons are made to breaker heights derived from significant wave height and dominant wave period as measured by the nearest environmental buoys, one of which has a series length of 22 years. The comparison pairs are picked from the high-surf season of October through March for days dominated by long-period swell. The analysis shows the surf observations are consistent in time. The uncertainty is between 10% and 15% of the reported height, and the magnitude of the error increases with surf height. Given the large range in breaker heights on the north shore of Oahu, this error is small. Although the visual observations have low precision and only represent daylight hours, the time series are longer and more continuous than other breaker height data for this region. Thus, these observations represent the best available resource for understanding regional surf climatology, which is described in this study. C1 NOAA, Hawaii Liaison Off, Natl Coastal Data Dev Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Caldwell, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Hawaii Liaison Off, Natl Coastal Data Dev Ctr, 1000 Pope Rd,MSB 316, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM patrick.caldwell@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1127 EP 1138 DI 10.2112/03-0092.1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 987CE UT WOS:000233495200007 ER PT J AU Kendall, MS Jensen, OP Alexander, C Field, D McFall, G Bohne, R Monaco, ME AF Kendall, MS Jensen, OP Alexander, C Field, D McFall, G Bohne, R Monaco, ME TI Benthic mapping using sonar, video transects, and an innovative approach to accuracy assessment: A characterization of bottom features in the Georgia Bight SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gray's Reef; live bottom; thematic accuracy; georeferenced video; spatial autocorrelation; variogram ID REMOTELY SENSED DATA; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; GRAYS REEF; HABITAT AB Benthic maps provide the spatial framework for many science and management activities in coastal areas such as identification and protection of fish distributions and associated habitat as well as for monitoring changes in benthos and fish communities. To meet this need at Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary off the Georgia, U.S.A., coast, we created fine-scale benthic maps by visual interpretation of sonar imagery within a geographic information system. The major bottom types in the sanctuary-flat sand, rippled sand, hard bottom that is sparsely colonized with sessile invertebrates, and densely colonized hard bottom-were delineated through combined analysis of backscatter from side-scan sonar, bathymetry from multibeam sonar, scuba surveys, and video transects. Maps showed that unconsolidated sediments cover 75% of the bottom of this region; 8% occurs as flat sand plains with obvious burrowing and reworking of surface material by mobile benthic invertebrates, whereas 67% occurs as rippled sand without such fauna. The rest of the sanctuary consists of limestone bottom in two types of formations; either flat, sparsely colonized regions (25% of the sanctuary's total area) or as vertical ledges that are densely colonized with a diverse fauna of sessile invertebrates ( < 1%). Despite their limited area, these 0.5-2-m-tall ledge features harbor the majority of the sanctuary's biodiversity and biomass of both sessile invertebrates as well as ichthyofauna. A modified accuracy assessment procedure was used to account for spatial autocorrelation in the validation data and to separate thematic from positional accuracy. Overall thematic accuracy of maps is 95% for those areas of the map in which thematic accuracy and positional accuracy could be separated (87% of the mapped area). This fine-scale characterization provides a benthic inventory for a marine sanctuary and novel methods for mapping using sonar and accuracy assessment using transects. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS,, CCMA,Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, CCFHR, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Sanctuary Program, Grays Reef NMS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kendall, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS,, CCMA,Biogeog Team, N SCI 1,SSMC4 1305 East W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM matt.kendall@noaa.gov RI Jensen, Olaf/E-4947-2011 NR 16 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 18 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1154 EP 1165 DI 10.2112/03-0101R.1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 987CE UT WOS:000233495200009 ER PT J AU Vogel, BM Cabral, JT Eidelman, N Narasimhan, B Mallapragada, SK AF Vogel, BM Cabral, JT Eidelman, N Narasimhan, B Mallapragada, SK TI Parallel synthesis and high throughput dissolution testing of biodegradable polyanhydride copolymers SO JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DRUG-DELIVERY; BIOERODIBLE POLYANHYDRIDES; GENE DELIVERY; POLYMERS; LIBRARY; DEGRADATION AB We have demonstrated that polycondensation reactions can be carried out in a combinatorial fashion and that the polymer library can be screened at high throughput using a rapid prototyping technique to fabricate multiwell substrates. A linearly varying compositional library of 100 different biodegradable polyanhydride random copolymers that are promising carriers for controlled drug delivery was designed, fabricated, and characterized by IR microscopy within a few hours. The polyanhydride copolymer library was based on 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) and sebacic anhydride (SA) and was characterized with infrared microspectroscopy to determine the composition within each well. Since degradation and release rates depend on copolymer composition, we also developed new high-throughput methods to investigate drug release from this library of copolymers by designing specific wells for each task. A subset of this library was chosen, and a substrate was designed and fabricated to enable the synthesis and monitoring of dye dissolution from a range of polyanhydride copolymers in a parallel fashion using a CCD camera. Multisample substrates were fabricated with a novel rapid prototyping method that consists of an organic solvent-resistant array of 10 x 10 microwells of 2-mu L volume each. The libraries were deposited with a custom-built liquid dispensing system consisting of a series of computer-controlled volume-dispensing pumps and XYZ motion stages. The parallel dye dissolution study displayed a decreasing rate of release with increasing CPH content. This result agrees with previously published data for dye release from poly(CPH-co-SA) copolymers. The methodology described in this work is amenable to numerous applications in the arenas of high-throughput polymer synthesis and characterization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn & Chem Technol, London SW7 2AZ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Div, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Narasimhan, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nbalaji@iastate.edu; suryakm@iastate.edu RI Narasimhan, Balaji/A-5487-2008; Mallapragada, Surya/F-9375-2012; Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015; OI Narasimhan, Balaji/0000-0002-7955-5353; Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X; Vogel, Brandon/0000-0002-7370-9577 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-4766 J9 J COMB CHEM JI J. Comb. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 7 IS 6 BP 921 EP 928 DI 10.1021/cc050077p PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 985CD UT WOS:000233352800020 PM 16283803 ER PT J AU Kemp, PS Gessel, MH Williams, JG AF Kemp, PS Gessel, MH Williams, JG TI Seaward migrating subyearling chinook salmon avoid overhead cover SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat-preference; predators; shade; shelter ID LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; ATLANTIC-SALMON; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; LIGHT-INTENSITY; SMALLMOUTH BASS; SALAR L; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION AB Approximately three-quarters of migrating autumn (fall) chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawtscha smolts avoided a covered channel and selected an uncovered channel when presented with a choice in an experimental flume. Rejection of overhead cover occurred prior to, but was rare post-channel entrance. Smolts may selectively reject riparian cover as an adaptive behavioural response to minimize predation risk and enhance rates of migration. The findings have implications for fish bypass design and riparian habitat and culvert restoration. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles C1 NOAA, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Southampton, Sch Civil Engn & Environm, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Kemp, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM p.kemp@soton.ac.uk NR 52 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 6 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1381 EP 1391 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00833.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 987RW UT WOS:000233536000015 ER PT J AU Kostelecky, J Klokocnik, J Wagner, CA AF Kostelecky, J Klokocnik, J Wagner, CA TI Geometry and accuracy of reflecting points in bistatic satellite altimetry SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE satellite bistatic (GPS, GNSS-R) altimetry; GPS; CHAMP; SAC-C; satellite dynamics; orbit accuracy ID OCEAN ALTIMETRY; GPS; SIGNALS; SYSTEM AB The analysis of the time and space distribution of specular (reflecting) points in bistatic altimetry between GPS and CHAMP satellites or SAC-C (taken as examples) is extended from Wagner and Klokocnik (2003 J. Geod 77: 128-138). We demonstrate a significantly higher number and density of reflecting points in bistatic altimetry in comparison with traditional monostatic altimetry. After an outline of our older accuracy assessment for the vertical position of the reflecting point, we add a new independent derivation and compare both approaches. We account for orbit errors of both the transmitters (GPS) and receiver (CHAMP) satellites, and the measurement (delay) error. We found that the accuracy of the vertical position of the reflecting point decreases only slowly with increasing off-nadir angle and that the orbit errors must be accounted for if decimeter and better accuracy is required. In this paper, we do not study errors such as state of the ocean, technical parameters of the receiving system, and atmospheric corrections. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Astron Inst, Ondrejov 25165, Czech Republic. CEDR, Prague, Czech Republic. TU Prague, Fac Civil Engn, Prague, Czech Republic. Res Inst Geodesy Topog & Cartog, Zdiby 25066 98, Czech Republic. NOAA, NESDIS, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Klokocnik, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Astron Inst, Ondrejov 25165, Czech Republic. EM jklokocn@asu.cas.cz RI Klokocnik, Jaroslav/G-9025-2014 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD NOV PY 2005 VL 79 IS 8 BP 421 EP 430 DI 10.1007/s00190-005-0485-7 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 983MW UT WOS:000233237500002 ER PT J AU Dennis, T Williams, PA AF Dennis, T Williams, PA TI Achieving high absolute accuracy for group-delay measurements using the modulation phase-shift technique SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; microwave photonics; optical communication; optical components; optical propagation in dispersive media; optical variables measurements; reference material; uncertainty ID CHROMATIC DISPERSION; CALIBRATION LINES; OPTICAL-FIBERS; WAVELENGTH AB We have developed a modulation phase-shift (MPS) system for measuring relative group delay (RGD) in optical components with high absolute accuracy and simultaneously high temporal and wavelength resolution. Our 200-MHz system has a 3.2-pm wavelength resolution and has demonstrated a group-delay resolution of 0.072 ps for repeated measurements of an artifact based on a hydrogen-cyanide gas cell. The expanded uncertainty (2 sigma) is +/- 0.46 ps for a single spectral measurement (similar to 3.4-pm steps) of a narrow 20-ps group-delay feature of the artifact. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the sources of measurement uncertainty for this technique have been described and quantified. A method for predicting the group delay of the gas-cell artifact from measured absorption spectra is described, and an uncertainty analysis for the prediction method is also presented. The implementation required to achieve results of the highest accuracy for both measurements and predictions is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dennis, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tasshi@boulder.nist.gov; pwilliam@boulder.nist.gov NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 23 IS 11 BP 3748 EP 3754 DI 10.1109/JLT.2005.856199 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 995PR UT WOS:000234116800035 ER PT J AU Parthangal, PM Cavicchi, RE Montgomery, CB Turner, S Zachariah, MR AF Parthangal, PM Cavicchi, RE Montgomery, CB Turner, S Zachariah, MR TI Restructuring tungsten thin films into nanowires and hollow square cross-section microducts SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EMISSION PROPERTIES; OXIDE; NANOTUBES; DEVICES; ARRAYS; CARBON; WO3 AB We report on the growth of nanowires and unusual hollow microducts of tungsten oxide by thermal treatment of tungsten films in a radio frequency H-2/Ar plasma at temperatures between 550 and 620 degrees C. Nanowires with diameters of 10-30 nm and lengths between 50 and 300 nm were formed directly from the tungsten film, while under certain specific operating conditions hollow microducts having edge lengths similar to 0.5 mu m and lengths between 10 and 200 mu m were observed. Presence of a reducing gas such as H-2 was crucial in growing these nanostructures as were trace quantities of oxygen, which was necessary to form a volatile tungsten species. Preferential restructuring of the film surface into nanowires or microducts appeared to be influenced significantly by the rate of mass transfer of gas-phase species to the surface. Nanowires were also observed to grow on tungsten wires under similar conditions. A surface containing nanowires, annealed at 500 degrees C in air, exhibited the capability of sensing trace quantities of nitrous oxides (NOx). C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 20 IS 11 BP 2889 EP 2894 DI 10.1557/JMNR.2005.0373 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 981NN UT WOS:000233095400001 ER EF