FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Smoker, WW Wang, IA Gharrett, AJ Hard, JJ AF Smoker, WW Wang, IA Gharrett, AJ Hard, JJ TI Embryo survival and smolt to adult survival in second-generation outbred coho salmon SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Symposium of the Fisheries-Society-of-the-British-Isles CY JUL 19-23, 2004 CL London, ENGLAND SP Fisheries Soc British Isle DE hatchery effects; outbreeding depression; Pacific salmon ID PINK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; DEPRESSION; HYBRIDS; POPULATIONS AB Outbreeding depression was not detectable in observations of embryonic survival and of survival of smolts to adulthood relative to controls in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally outbred over two generations by crossing fish from three widely separated populations. Survival in outbred coho salmon was not detectably less than that in second-generation hybrid controls or second-generation parental controls. Variation of embryonic survival was affected by the maternal source population and by individual females but not by the paternal source population or by individual males. Survival of smolts to adulthood at sea was greater in one second-generation control group than in two others, but survival in second-generation outbred groups was no less than in parental controls or hybrid controls. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Smoker, WW (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau Ctr, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffwws@uaf.edu RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 65 SU A BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00550.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 884WZ UT WOS:000226118700017 ER PT J AU Thrower, FP Hard, JJ Joyce, JE AF Thrower, FP Hard, JJ Joyce, JE TI Genetic architecture of growth and early life-history transitions in anadromous and derived freshwater populations of steelhead SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Symposium of the Fisheries-Society-of-the-British-Isles CY JUL 19-23, 2004 CL London, ENGLAND SP Fisheries Soc British Isle DE growth; heritability; maturation; Oncorhynchus mykiss; precocious; smelting ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; MATURATION; INFORMATION; PARAMETERS; COMPONENTS; GAIRDNERI; SELECTION; RECOVERY AB Heritabilities of growth, precocious maturation and smolting were measured in 75 families of juvenile steelhead or rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, progeny of within and between line matings (crosses) of wild, anadromous steelhead and wild, resident (lake) rainbow trout originally derived from the same anadromous stock 70 years earlier. The tagged yearling progeny were combined by line in common freshwater rearing containers and graded into three categories: mature, smolt or rearing (undifferentiated) at age 2 years. Heritabilities of precocious male maturity, smelting and growth were moderate to high, and the genetic correlation between growth and smolting was low. Smolting and precocious male maturity were highly variable among families within lines and significantly different between lines. Each of the four lines produced significant numbers of smolts at age two. Smolting and maturation were negatively genetically correlated, which may explain the persistence of smolting in the lake population despite strong selection against lake smolts; balancing selection on male maturation age may help to maintain variation for smelting. The high heritability of smolting, coupled with the inability of smolts that leave the lake to return to it indicates that the genetic potential for smelting can lie dormant or be maintained through a dynamic interaction between smolting and early maturation for decades despite complete selection against the phenotype. The results have significant implications for the preservation of threatened anadromous stocks in fresh water and the inclusion of resident fish of formerly anadromous populations, currently trapped behind long-standing barriers to migration, as one component of the same population. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA USA. RP Thrower, FP (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM frank.thrower@noaa.gov RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009 NR 45 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 65 SU A BP 286 EP 307 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00551.x PG 22 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 884WZ UT WOS:000226118700019 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW AF Stoner, AW TI Effects of environmental variables on fish feeding ecology: implications for the performance of baited fishing gear and stock assessment SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE active space; bait; CPUE; feeding biology; feeding motivation; stock assessment ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; HALIBUT REINHARDTIUS-HIPPOGLOSSOIDES; HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; SABLEFISH ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; JUVENILE SUMMER FLOUNDER; TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; REACTIVE DISTANCE; ATLANTIC SALMON AB The effectiveness of baited fishing gear ultimately depends upon behaviour of the target species activity rhythms, feeding motivation, and sensory and locomotory abilities. While any environmental parameter that mediates feeding or locomotion can have an important influence oil the active space presented by the bait and fish catchability, few biologists have considered how such variation in behaviour might affect catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the resultant stock abundance estimates or population parameters. This review reveals that environment-related variation in feeding behaviour can act through four different mechanisms: metabolic processes, sensory limitations, social interactions and direct impacts. Water temperature, light level, current velocity and ambient prey density are likely to have largest effects oil fish catchability, potentially affecting variation in CPUE by a factor of ten. Feeding behaviour is also density-dependent, with both positive and negative effects. Over time and geographic space a target species can occupy wide ranges of environmental conditions, and in certain cases, spatial and temporal variation in feeding biology could have a larger impact on CPUE than patterns of abundance. Temperature, light and current can be measured with relative facility and corrections to stock assessment models are feasible. Making corrections for biological variables such as prey density and bait competitors will be more difficult because the measurements are often not practical and relationships to feeding catchability are more complex and poorly understood. There is a critical need for greater understanding of how environmental variables affect feeding-related performance of baited fishing gear. A combination of field observations and laboratory experiments will be necessary to parameterize stock assessment models that are improved to accommodate variation in fish behaviour. Otherwise, survey data could reveal more about variation in behaviour than abundance trends. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 148 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 9 U2 31 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1445 EP 1471 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00593.x PG 27 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 885VH UT WOS:000226184700001 ER PT J AU Eklund, MW Poysky, FT Peterson, ME Paranjpye, RN Pelroy, GA AF Eklund, MW Poysky, FT Peterson, ME Paranjpye, RN Pelroy, GA TI Competitive inhibition between different Clostridium botulinum types and strains SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID AUTOLYTIC ENZYME SYSTEM; BACTERIOCIN PRODUCTION; BACTERIOPHAGES; PURIFICATION; TOXIN; SPOROGENES; ACTIVATION; TRYPSIN AB Mixtures of proteolytic and norproteolytic strains of toxigenic Clostridium botulinunt types A, B, and F; nonproteolytic types B, E, and F; Clostridium sporogenes; and nontoxic E-like organisms resembling nonproteolytic C. botulinum were tested against each other for the purpose of selecting a mixture of compatible C. botulinum strains for inoculated pack studies on the basis of their sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocin-like agents. All of the proteolytic strains produced bacteriocin-like agents that were inhibitory to three or more of the other proteolytic types and C. sporogenes. When selected strains of proteolytic types A and B were grown together, type A cultures produced neurotoxin, but type B toxin production was inhibited. Nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum also produced bacteriocin-like agents against each other. Of these, type E strain EF4 produced bacteriocin-like agents against both proteolytic and nonproteolytic types of C. botulinum and C. sporogenes. EF4, however, was not inhibitory to the nontoxigenic E-like strains. When EF4 was grown with type A strain 62A, it had an inhibitory effect on type A toxin production. Strain 62A inactivated the type E toxin of EF4 after 7 to 21 days at 30degreesC. On the basis of the production of these bacteriocin-like agents by different strains of C. botulinum and their potential effect on neurotoxin production, it is very important that compatible strains are used in mixtures for inoculated pack studies to determine the safety of a food process or product. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA,Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Eklund, MW (reprint author), Mel Eklund & Associates Inc, 18727 35th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. EM mweklund@aol.com NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 67 IS 12 BP 2682 EP 2687 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 878UR UT WOS:000225673100010 PM 15633672 ER PT J AU Werner, K Brandon, D Clark, M Gangopadhyay, S AF Werner, K Brandon, D Clark, M Gangopadhyay, S TI Climate index weighting schemes for NWS ESP-based seasonal volume forecasts SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; STREAMFLOW; OSCILLATION; PATTERNS; SNOWPACK; COLUMBIA AB This study compares methods to incorporate climate information into the National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS). Three small-to-medium river subbasins following roughly along a longitude in the Colorado River basin with different El Nino-Southern Oscillation signals were chosen as test basins. Historical ensemble forecasts of the spring runoff for each basin were generated using modeled hydrologic states and historical precipitation and temperature observations using the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction ( ESP) component of the NWSRFS. Two general methods for using a climate index ( e. g., Nino-3.4) are presented. The first method, post-ESP, uses the climate index to weight ensemble members from ESP. Four different post-ESP weighting schemes are presented. The second method, preadjustment, uses the climate index to modify the temperature and precipitation ensembles used in ESP. Two preadjustment methods are presented. This study shows the distance-sensitive nearest-neighbor post-ESP to be superior to the other post-ESP weighting schemes. Further, for the basins studied, forecasts based on post-ESP techniques outperformed those based on preadjustment techniques. C1 NWS CBRFC, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Werner, K (reprint author), NWS CBRFC, 2242 W North Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. EM Kevin.Werner@noaa.gov RI Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1076 EP 1090 DI 10.1175/JHM-381.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885VA UT WOS:000226184000005 ER PT J AU Yin, XG Gruber, A Arkin, P AF Yin, XG Gruber, A Arkin, P TI Comparison of the GPCP and CMAP merged gauge-satellite monthly precipitation products for the period 1979-2001 SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; MONTHLY RAINFALL; TEMPERATURE; DATASET; AFRICA; FLUCTUATIONS; VARIABILITY; ALGORITHMS; RETRIEVAL AB The two monthly precipitation products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation ( CMAP) are compared on a 23-yr period, January 1979 - December 2001. For the long-term mean, major precipitation patterns are clearly demonstrated by both products, but there are differences in the pattern magnitudes. In the tropical ocean the CMAP is higher than the GPCP, but this is reversed in the high-latitude ocean. The GPCP - CMAP spatial correlation is generally higher over land than over the ocean. The correlation between the global mean oceanic GPCP and CMAP is significantly low. It is very likely because the input data of the two products have much less in common over the ocean; in particular, the use of atoll data by the CMAP is disputable. The decreasing trend in the CMAP oceanic precipitation is found to be an artifact of input data change and atoll sampling error. In general, overocean precipitation represented by the GPCP is more reasonable; over land the two products are close, but different merging algorithms between the GPCP and the CMAP can sometimes produce substantial discrepancy in sensitive areas such as equatorial West Africa. EOF analysis shows that the GPCP and the CMAP are similar in 6 out of the first 10 modes, and the first 2 leading modes (ENSO patterns) of the GPCP are nearly identical to their counterparts of the CMAP. Input data changes [ e. g., January 1986 for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) precipitation index (GPI), July 1987 for Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), May 1994 for Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), and January 1996 for atolls] have implications in the behavior of the two datasets. Several abrupt changes identified in the statistics of the two datasets including the changes in overocean precipitation, spatial correlation time series, and some of the EOF principal components, can be related to one or more input data changes. C1 Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Yin, XG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, ESSIC, 2207 Comp & Space Sci Bldg 224, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM yin@essic.umd.edu RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Yin, Xungang/G-1334-2012 NR 30 TC 141 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1207 EP 1222 DI 10.1175/JHM-392.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 885VA UT WOS:000226184000015 ER PT J AU Jung, YG Pajares, A Lawn, BR AF Jung, YG Pajares, A Lawn, BR TI Effect of oxide and nitride films on strength of silicon: A study using controlled small-scale flaws SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WEAR-RESISTANT COATINGS; SHARP CONTACT CRACKING; THIN-FILMS; INDENTATION FRACTURE; ELASTIC-MODULUS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; HARDNESS; DEFORMATION; DAMAGE; NANOINDENTATION AB Strength properties of silicon substrates containing dense oxide and nitride surface films are investigated using nanoindentations to introduce small flaws of predetermined scale. The indentation flaws provide favored sites for failure in subsequent flexure loading, even in the subthreshold region for indentations without visible corner cracking, confirming that microflaws generated within the indentation zone act as effective crack sources in the substrate. Deposition of the oxide films increases the strength while the nitride films diminish it at any given indentation load. The strength shifts are attributed primarily to the presence of residual compressive stress in the oxide, tensile stress in the nitride. A fracture mechanics formulation based on a previous analysis for monolithic substrates is here adapted to allow for a superposed crack closing or opening stress-intensity factor term associated with the residual stresses. Allowance is also made in the mechanics for the influence of the film on effective hardness and modulus of the substrate. The formulation accounts for the basic strength shifts and enables evaluation of the magnitude of the residual stresses. The results quantify the susceptibility of basic device materials to damage from small-scale contacts and impacts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jung, YG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015 OI Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586 NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 12 BP 3569 EP 3575 DI 10.1557/JMR.2004.0454 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 877HX UT WOS:000225559900017 ER PT J AU Napolitano, RE Black, DR AF Napolitano, RE Black, DR TI Array ordering in dendritic crystals and the influence on crystal perfection SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPANNING TREE; SOLIDIFICATION; DISORDER AB The role of the evolving array structure in the generation of crystal defects within a dendritic grain is investigated. Crystallographic perfection and associated defect structures are characterized using X-ray topography and optical microscopy. Observed structures are compared with quantitative descriptors of array order using a minimum spanning tree (MST) graph analysis. It is observed that the dendritic array structure evolves substantially over a growth length of 25 millimeters while the mosaic nature of the crystal remains relatively constant. The MST edge-length mean and standard deviation parameters are determined to be rather insensitive to differences in the local order due to statistical sampling size effects. This sample size dependence of the MST is evaluated with respect to its utility in distinguishing between square and hexagonal order, with varying degrees of superposed random noise. It is found that the MST distinguishing power is dramatically reduced when the sampling size is decreased below approximately 200 points. (C) 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Iowa State Univ, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames Lab, Mat Sci & Engn Dept, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Iowa State Univ, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames Lab, Mat Sci & Engn Dept, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM ralphn@iastate.edu NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 EI 1573-4803 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 39 IS 23 BP 7009 EP 7017 DI 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000047545.41811.35 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 894SL UT WOS:000226811800017 ER PT J AU DaBell, RS Suenram, RD Lavrich, RJ Lochner, JM Ellzy, MW Sumpter, K Jensen, JO Samuels, AC AF DaBell, RS Suenram, RD Lavrich, RJ Lochner, JM Ellzy, MW Sumpter, K Jensen, JO Samuels, AC TI The geometry of organophosphonates: Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy and ab initio study of diethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl ethylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy; organophosphonates; molecular structure; ab initio calculations; physical chemistry; analytical chemistry ID QUANTUM-CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS; ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; DIMETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE; CONFORMATIONAL PROPERTIES; MOLECULAR-BEAM; SPECTROMETER; ISOMERS; CONFORMERS AB The rotational spectra of diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) in supersonic expansions have been acquired using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. Spectroscopic constants have been determined for five distinct conformers of the three molecules. Experimental data have been compared to ab initio calculations performed for each species. For both DEMP and DEEP, the calculations indicate the presence of several low-energy conformers (i.e., less than or equal tosimilar to400cm(-1) above the ground state) may be present at room temperature (300K) for both DEMP and DEEP. When entrained in a supersonic expansion, the rotational temperatures of the samples are much colder (similar to2 K); nonetheless, spectra from three conformers of DEEP are still observed experimentally, whereas only one conformer of DEMP is observed. In contrast, only a single low-energy conformer of DIMP is predicted by theory, and is present in the molecular beam. The relative abundance of low-energy conformers of DEMP and DEEP is attributed to the flexibility of the ethoxy groups within each molecule. The presence of multiple DEEP conformers in the supersonic beam indicates a more complex potential energy surface for this molecule that is directly related to conformational shifts of the P-CH2CH3 group. Conversely, the absence of low-energy conformers of DIMP is attributed to steric hindrance between isopropoxy groups in the molecule. The internal rotation barrier for the P-CH3 group in DEMP and DIMP is compared to that found in DMMP and several phosphonate-based chemical weapon agents. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Eastern Sci & Technol Ctr, Aberdeen, MD 20001 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20099 USA. Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Pass Standoff Detect, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP DaBell, RS (reprint author), Battelle Eastern Sci & Technol Ctr, Aberdeen, MD 20001 USA. EM dabellr@battelle.org NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 228 IS 2 BP 230 EP 242 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.04.002 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 869ES UT WOS:000224966800003 ER PT J AU Xu, LH Liu, Q Suenram, RD Lovas, FJ Walker, ARH Jensen, JO Samuels, AC AF Xu, LH Liu, Q Suenram, RD Lovas, FJ Walker, ARH Jensen, JO Samuels, AC TI Rotational spectra, conformational structures, and dipole moments of thiodiglycol by jet-cooled FTMW and ab initio calculations SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Fourier-transform microwave; backbone torsion; conformational isomers; hydrogen bonding; dipole moments ID MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; INTRAMOLECULAR OH; 2-(METHYLTHIO)ETHANOL AB The rotational spectra of three low-energy conformers of thiodiglycol (TDG) (HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2OH) have been measured in a molecular beam using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. To determine the likely conformational structures with ab initio approach, conformational structures of 2-(ethylthio)ethanol (HOEES) (CH3CH2SCH2CH2OH) were used as starting points together with the consideration of possible intramolecular hydrogen bonding in TDG. Three lower-energy conformers have been found for TDG at the MP2 = Full/6311G** level and ab initio results agree nicely with experimentally determined rotational constants. In addition, Stark measurements were performed for two of the three conformers for dipole moment determinations, adding to Our confidence of the conformational structure matches between experimental observations and ab initio calculations. Of the three lower-energy conformers, one displays a compact folded-like structure with strong hydrogen bonding between the two hydroxyl groups and the central sulfide atom. Two other conformers have relatively open chain-like structures with hydrogen bonding between each of the hydroxyl groups to the central sulfur atom, of which one has pure b-type dipole moment according to the ab initio results. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Edgewood Chem & Biol Ctr, Pass Standoff Detect, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. RP Xu, LH (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. EM xuli@unb.ca RI Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 228 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.04.004 PG 8 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 869ES UT WOS:000224966800004 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ Lavrich, RJ Plusquellic, DF AF Lovas, FJ Lavrich, RJ Plusquellic, DF TI Methyl torsional state analysis of the jet-cooled microwave spectrum of N-acetylglycine SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID INTER-STELLAR GLYCINE; INTERSTELLAR GLYCINE; MURCHISON METEORITE; WAVE SPECTROSCOPY; CONFORMER-II; SEARCH; SPECTROMETER; BIOMOLECULES; MOLECULES; ALANINE AB The microwave spectrum of N-acetylglycine was obtained using a NIST Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer equipped with a heated, pulsed-nozzle source. One conformer has been identified and its spectrum assigned. The conformer has CS point group symmetry and an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carbonyl and amide groups of the 5-membered glycine unit. Internal rotation of the methyl rotor group leads to splitting of the rotational lines into A and E symmetry tunneling states. The N-14 nuclear-quadrupole hyperfine structure verifies the rotational and internal-rotor state assignments. The V3 barrier of 57.5(1)cm(-1) and the angles between the C-3 axis of the methyl rotor and the principal inertial axes are in best agreement with the calculated values for the lowest energy conformer of the four conformers predicted at the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lovas, FJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lovas@nist.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 228 IS 2 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.04.005 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 869ES UT WOS:000224966800005 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI The infrared spectrum of NH3-d(n) trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared spectrum; inversion splitting; molecular rotation; neon matrix; NH3; NH2D; NHD2; ND3 ID DER-WAALS COMPLEX; INVERSION-ROTATION SPECTRA; AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; CO2-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; DEUTERATED AMMONIA; MICROWAVE-SPECTRA; MATRIX-ISOLATION; NU(3) BANDS; FORCE-FIELD AB The infrared spectra of normal and deuterium-enriched Ne:NH3 = 1600:1 deposits at 4.3 K have been observed, and the structure associated with almost all of the vibrational fundamentals has been assigned. Although the most prominent absorptions arise from the ground-state J = 0 level(s), incomplete nuclear-spin equilibration enhances the contribution of absorptions arising from the ground-state J = 1 levels. As had been proposed in an earlier study, the inversion splitting for the nu(2) fundamental is appreciably reduced from that observed for the gas-phase molecule, and the rotational structure associated with the J = 1 levels of the vibrationally excited molecule is somewhat perturbed. Ammonia is trapped in two different types of site in solid neon. Matrix shifts from the corresponding gas-phase absorptions amount to only a few cm(-1), and are smaller than those previously reported for ammonia trapped in an argon matrix. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 228 IS 2 BP 414 EP 431 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.05.008 PG 18 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 869ES UT WOS:000224966800017 ER PT J AU Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT AF Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT TI Infrared spectrum of the continuum and dimer absorption in the vicinity of the O-2 vibrational fundamental in O-2/CO2 mixtures SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION; TEMPERATURE-VARIATIONS; CO2 DIMER; OXYGEN; REGION; BANDSHAPES; INTENSITY; COMPLEXES; MOLECULES; NITROGEN AB The intensities of the collision-induced absorption (CIA) bands associated with the electric-dipole forbidden O-2 fundamental and the CO2 nu(1)/2nu(2) Fermi dyad monomer vibrational bands have been studied over the temperature range 193-360 K and the frequency range 1100-2000 cm(-1). As CO2 is added to a pure O-2 sample, the intensity in the O-2 fundamental band region increases dramatically. At the lowest temperature stu0died, 193 K, the band-integrated CIA coefficient for enhancement of the Fermi dyad absorption from CO2 to CO2 collisions, SCO2-CO2, is more than a factor of two larger than the band-integrated CIA coefficient for enhancement of the O-2 vibrational fundamental by CO2 collisions, SO2-CO2. Moreover, the SCO2-CO2 coefficient shows a significantly larger temperature dependence, increasing by more than a factor of two from 345.6 to 193 K while SO2-CO2 increases by less than one third. The band shapes and their temperature dependence provide clear evidence for the formation of CO2-CO2 and CO2-O2 complexes. The CO2-CO2 dimer feature is most striking, contributing significantly to the infrared absorption near the expected CO2 monomer fundamentals. Evidence for the more weakly bound CO2-O-2 complex is seen on the O-2 CIA band, particularly at the lowest temperatures studied. The shapes for both dimer bands display sharp a-type Q branch central profiles and broad P and R branch like structure attributed to b-type Q branches for the CO2-CO2 complex and a-type P and R branch structure for the CO2-O-2 Complex. The present results stress the importance of including bound and metastable dimer absorption in any theoretical modeling of CIA, particularly when one of the collision partners has a large electrostatic moment, such as CO2 with its large electric quadrupole moment. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lafferty, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM walter.lafferty@nist.gov NR 30 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 228 IS 2 BP 432 EP 440 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.04.010 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 869ES UT WOS:000224966800018 ER PT J AU Miller, AW Chang, AL Cosentino-Manning, N Ruiz, GM AF Miller, AW Chang, AL Cosentino-Manning, N Ruiz, GM TI A new record and eradication of the Northern Atlantic alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) from San Francisco Bay, California, USA SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eradication; exotic; fucoid; invasion; marine; nonindigenous species AB A new record of the Northern Atlantic fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Knotted wrack) was discovered on a shoreline in San Francisco Bay, California during a survey of intertidal habitats in 2001-2002. The alga showed no signs of deterioration 2.5 months after its initial detection. The healthy condition, presence of receptacles with developing oogonia, potential for asexual reproduction, and ability to withstand environmental conditions, both inside the Bay and on the outer Pacific coast, prompted a multiagency eradication effort. Given the relatively small area of shoreline inhabited by the alga, in combination with its absence in 125 other surveyed locations, we decided that manual removal of the seaweed would be the most environmentally sensitive yet effective eradication approach. No A. nodosum has been detected at the site since December 2002, and the species is thought to have been locally eradicated. The site continues to be monitored to assess the success of the eradication efforts. C1 Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Restorat Ctr, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. RP Miller, AW (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. EM millerw@si.edu RI Chang, Andrew/J-8058-2016; OI Chang, Andrew/0000-0002-7870-285X; Ruiz, Gregory/0000-0003-2499-441X; Miller, Whitman/0000-0003-0484-182X NR 13 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1028 EP 1031 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.04081.x PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 878GB UT WOS:000225633600003 ER PT J AU Vandemark, D Chapron, B Sun, J Crescenti, GH Graber, HC AF Vandemark, D Chapron, B Sun, J Crescenti, GH Graber, HC TI Ocean wave slope observations using radar backscatter and laser altimeters SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE SLOPE; WIND-DRIVEN WAVES; MEAN-SQUARE SLOPE; MICROWAVE BACKSCATTER; OFFSHORE FLOW; CROSS-SECTION; SPEED; STRESS; DEPENDENCE; SPECTRA AB Combination of laser and radar aboard an aircraft is used to directly measure long gravity wave surface tilting simultaneously with nadir-viewing microwave backscatter from the sea surface. The presented dataset is extensive, encompassing varied wind conditions over coastal and open-ocean wave regimes. Laser-derived slope statistics and Ka-band (36 GHz) radar backscatter are detailed separately to document their respective variations versus near-surface wind speed. The slope statistics, measured for lambda > 1-2 m, show good agreement with Cox and Munk's oil-slickened sea measurements. A notable exception is elevated distribution peakedness and an observed wind dependence in this likely proxy for nonlinear wave-wave interactions. Aircraft Ka-band radar data nearly mimic Ku-band satellite altimeter observations in their mean wind dependence. The present calibrated radar data, along with relevant observational and theoretical studies, suggest a large (25 dB) bias in previous Ka-band results. Next, wave-diverse inland, coastal, and open-ocean observations are contrasted to show wind-independent long-wave slope variance changes of a factor of 2-3, always increasing as one heads to sea. Combined long-wave and radar data demonstrate that this long-wave tilt field variability is largely responsible for radar backscatter variations observed at a given wind speed, particularly at wind speeds below 5-7 m s(-1). Results are consistent with, and provide quantititative support for, recent satellite altimeter studies eliciting signatures of long-wave impacts resident in the radar backscatter. Under a quasi-optical scattering assumption, the results illustrate long-wave control on the variance of the total mean square slope parameter due to changes in the directional long-wave spectrum, with high-wavenumbers being relatively unaffected in a mean sense. However, further analysis suggests that for winds above 7 m s(-1) the high-wavenumber subrange also varies with change in the longer wave field slope and/or energy, the short gravity wave roughness being measurably greater for smoother C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. IFREMER, Dept Oceanog Spatiale, Plouzane, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Ocean Proc Anal Lab, 39 Coll Rd,142 Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM douglas.vandemark@nasa.gov RI Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015; Chapron, Bertrand/O-6527-2015 OI Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914; NR 51 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2825 EP 2842 DI 10.1175/JPO2663.1 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 889RA UT WOS:000226458900018 ER PT J AU Mcgehee, DE Demer, DA Warren, JD AF Mcgehee, DE Demer, DA Warren, JD TI Zooplankton in the Ligurian Sea: Part I. Characterization of their dispersion, relative abundance and environment during summer 1999 SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; FRONT; PATTERNS; KRILL AB The distributions of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and zooplankton were measured in the Ligurian Sea, north of Corsica, in August 1999. To characterize the physical environment, hydrographic and fluorometric profiles were collected. A net and two acoustic systems were used to measure the distribution of small (<5 mm) and large (>5 mm) zooplanklon. Highest chlorophyll values were strongly associated with a dome of dense water in the center of the Ligurian Basin. Small zooplankton (copepods and smaller), in contrast, appeared to be associated with the periphery of the basin and were negatively correlated with chlorophyll. Large zooplankton were not correlated with either chlorophyll or small zooplankton. Large zooplankton migrated vertically hundreds of meters every night, while small zooplankton did not appear to migrate much. The physical observations were consistent with (i) a well-documented geostrophically driven cyclonic coastal current (the Ligurian Current) fed by sources in the Algerian Basin and Tyrrhenian Sea and (ii) upwelling in the central Ligurian Basin. Large zooplankton, being strong vertical migrators, were potent a insulated from the effects of the currents and therefore stayed resident. C1 BAE Syst, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Mcgehee, DE (reprint author), BAE Syst, 4669 Murphy Canyon Rd, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. EM duncan.mcgehee@gcccd.net NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1409 EP 1418 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbh132 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 900SB UT WOS:000227233500004 ER PT J AU Warren, JD Demer, DA Mcgehee, DE Di Ment, R Borsani, JF AF Warren, JD Demer, DA Mcgehee, DE Di Ment, R Borsani, JF TI Zooplankton in the Ligurian Sea: Part II. Exploration of their physical and biological forcing functions during summer 2000 SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC KRILL; ABUNDANCE; DISPERSION; WHALES AB A survey of the biological and physical oceanography of the Ligurian Sea was conducted in the late summer of 2000. Forty-one stations were sampled for nutrients, oxygen, fluorescence and hydrographic information. Acoustic backscatter measurements were used to estimate abundance of small (<5 mm) zooplankton biovolume versus depth and the distribution of northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Net-tow and underwater video data were collected to identify the zooplankton present. These data were used to analyze the Ligurian Sea ecogsystem for physical and biological linkages that control zooplankton abundance and distribution. Results are compared with those from a similar study conducted in 1999. Hydrogrophic sampling showed a dome of dense water in the southwestern middle of the basin. The highest chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were measured in this area, while small zooplankton biovolume was evenly distributed throughout the survey. Integrated values of Chl a and small zooplankton biovolume in 2000 were greater than in 1999. Meganyctiphanes norvegica, siphomphores and salps were the dominant components Of the macrozooplankton population in the upper 200 in. In the sampled depth strata, siphonophore abundance did not change during the day, while M. norvegica were only caught at night. Acoustic backscatter data show that higher densities of M. norvegica occurred in deeper water and in the western and southwestern areas of the Ligurian Sea. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. BAE Syst, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. Ist Cent Ric Sci & Tecnol Applicata Al Mare, I-00166 Rome, Italy. RP Warren, JD (reprint author), Long Isl Univ, Southampton Coll, 239 Montauk Highway, Southampton, NY 11968 USA. EM joe.warren@liu.edu NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1419 EP 1427 DI 10.1093/plankt.fbh129 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 900SB UT WOS:000227233500005 ER PT J AU Ho, DL Glinka, CJ AF Ho, DL Glinka, CJ TI New insights into Hansen's solubility parameters SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE solubility parameter; dispersion; hydrogen bonding; polar; calculations; dispersions; solution properties AB Correlations among the three components, delta(d)(2) (dispersion), delta(h)(2) (hydrogen-bonding), and delta(p)(2) (polar) that make up the Hansen solubility parameter equation, delta(o)(2) = delta(d)(2) + delta(h)(2) + delta(p)(2), have been analyzed for a large number of organic solvents. A relationship is found that enables delta(h) and delta(p) to be estimated if delta(o) and delta(d) are known. This relationship is applied to a variety of common polymers and remarkably good agreement is obtained with tabulated values for delta(h) and delta(p), Additional correlations are found that can be expressed in approximate functional form. The analysis also reveals relationships, expressed as inequalities, among the parameters that limit their range of possible values. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ho, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM derek.ho@nist.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 42 IS 23 BP 4337 EP 4343 DI 10.1002/polb.20283 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 872FV UT WOS:000225194000013 ER PT J AU Wekell, JC Hurst, J Lefebvre, KA AF Wekell, JC Hurst, J Lefebvre, KA TI The origin of the regulatory limits for PSP and ASP toxins in shellfish SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE paralytic shellfish poisoning; amnesic shellfish poisoning ID DOMOIC ACID; CALIFORNIA AB Understandably, commercial and recreational seafood harvesters are interested in how regulatory limits are set for various toxins in seafood. Here we summarize the origins of the safety levels for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins. PSP toxins consist of a suite of neurotoxins identified as saxitoxin, gonyautoxin,and their derivatives. The regulatory limit for these toxins (80 mug STX equiv. / 100 g shellfish) was established in the 1930s and is based on bioassays measuring toxic activity in mice. Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is a more recently discovered syndrome caused by one toxin, domoic acid (DA). It was identified in 1987 and the regulatory limit of 20 mug/ DA g tissue was established in the following year, based on the estimated DA dosage levels consumed by the first human victims of ASP. This study attempts to preserve the history of the origin of these regulatory limits, both of which have not changed and have effectively protected consumers of commercial seafood since their implementation. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Bur Resource Management, Shellfish Program, Dept Marine Resources, Mainz, Germany. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Wekell, JC (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Marine Biotoxins Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 23 IS 3 BP 927 EP 930 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 891CS UT WOS:000226559500032 ER PT J AU Anikeev, VI Yermakova, A Manion, J Huie, R AF Anikeev, VI Yermakova, A Manion, J Huie, R TI Kinetics and thermodynamics of 2-propanol dehydration in supercritical water SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE dehydration reaction; kinetics; thermodynamics; pressure effect; modeling ID ACID-CATALYZED DEHYDRATION; COMPRESSED LIQUID WATER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; OXIDATION; MECHANISM; FLUIDS; PRESSURE; HYDROLYSIS; METHANOL AB Kinetics and thermodynamics of 2-propanol dehydration in supercritical water (SCW) and the effect of density on this reaction have been investigated in a batch reactor. The studies were performed at water densities between 0.24 and 0.58 g/cm(3) and temperatures between 654 and 686 K. The main reaction products of 2-propanol dehydration were propene and water. Rate of the reaction was found to depend essentially on the water density. Two models are used to predict the effect of SCW density on the rate constant of 2-propanol dehydration reaction: a thermodynamic model (the model of activated complex) and a model of acid-catalyzed reaction. Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state was used for calculation of the partial molar volumes of the reaction participants in SCW including a transition state and activation volume of the reaction. Application of the activated complex model demonstrated that the calculated values of the activation volume depend strongly on pressure at fixed temperature, which contradicts the experimental data where the activation volume is independent of pressure. At the same time, the mechanism of 2-propanol dehydration reaction in SCW was shown to correlate well with the acid-catalyzed mechanism in solutions. Rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of 2-propanol and H3O+ ions. An increase in the H3O+ concentration in SCW with density correlates unequivocally with an increase in the reaction rate. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Boreskov Inst Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Anikeev, VI (reprint author), Boreskov Inst Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD DEC PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1-3 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.1016/j.supflu.2004.01.002 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 872HT UT WOS:000225199000014 ER PT J AU Iyer, HK Wang, CMJ Mathew, T AF Iyer, HK Wang, CMJ Mathew, T TI Models and confidence intervals for true values in intertaboratory trials SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE coverage probability; generalized pivotal quantity; heterogeneous error variances; ISO GUM; one-way random effects model; type-B assumptions AB We consider the one-way random-effects model with unequal sample sizes and heterogeneous variances. Using the method of generalized confidence intervals. we develop a new confidence interval procedure for the mean. Additionally, we investigate two alternative models based on different sets of assumptions regarding between-group variability and derive generalized confidence interval procedures for the mean. These procedures are applicable to small samples. Statistical simulation is used to demonstrate that the coverage probabilities of these procedures are close enough to the nominal value so that they am useful in practice. Although the methods are quite general, the procedures are explained with the backdrop of interlaboratory studies. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Iyer, HK (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM hari@stat.colostate.edu; jwang@boulder.nist.gov; mathew@umbc.edu NR 20 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 99 IS 468 BP 1060 EP 1071 DI 10.1198/016214504000001682 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 874FX UT WOS:000225337400018 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI Growth of circulation around supercell updrafts SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR PROPAGATION; STORMS; THUNDERSTORMS; HELICITY; ROTATION; DYNAMICS; ORIGIN; SHEAR AB A formula is derived for the rate of change of circulation around an updraft perimeter at a constant elevation. This quantity depends on the continuous propagation of points on the edge, so an expression for local propagation of the edge is obtained from Petterssen's formula for the motion of an isopleth and the vertical equation of motion. On the edge of an updraft in inviscid anelastic flow, the local propagation velocity along the outward normal is equal to the local nonhydrostatic vertical pressure-gradient force (NHVPGF) divided by the magnitude of the local vertical-velocity gradient. Circulation around an updraft perimeter increases at a rate equal to the line integral around the edge of vertical vorticity times the outward propagation velocity. Formulas are also found for the propagation of an updraft's centroid at a given height and for the acceleration of an updraft's vertical helicity. All of the formulas are tested on exact Beltrami-flow solutions of the governing equations. The relevance of two paradigms of supercell dynamics to local edge propagation and circulation growth of updrafts is evaluated by decomposing the NHVPGF into linearly and nonlinearly forced parts and examining results of supercell simulations in different types of shear. Propagation across the shear and rate of increase of circulation depend mostly on the nonlinear part of the NHVPGF (as in the vertical-wind-shear paradigm) for updrafts in nearly unidirectional shear and on the linear part ( as in the helicity paradigm) for updrafts in shear that turns markedly with height. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Bob.Davies-Jones@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 23 BP 2863 EP 2876 DI 10.1175/JAS-3341.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877QG UT WOS:000225584500005 ER PT J AU Shell, KM Held, IM AF Shell, KM Held, IM TI Abrupt transition to strong superrotation in an axisymmetric model of the upper troposphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Abrupt transitions to strongly superrotating states have been found in some idealized models of the troposphere. These transitions are thought to be caused by feedbacks between the eddy momentum flux convergence in low latitudes and the strength of the equatorial flow. The behavior of an axisymmetric shallow-water model with an applied tropical torque is studied here to determine if an abrupt transition can be realized without eddy feedbacks. The upper-tropospheric layer is relaxed to a radiative equilibrium thickness, exchanging mass and thus momentum with the nonmoving lower layer. For low values of the applied torque, the circulation is earthlike; however, for larger values, an abrupt transition to a strongly superrotating state can occur. In some cases, the system remains superrotating as the torque is subsequently decreased. A simple analytical model is used to better understand the system. The bifurcation is caused by a feedback between the applied torque and the strength of the Hadley cell. As the torque increases, the strength of the cell decreases, reducing the damping caused by momentum transfer from the lower layer. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Shell, KM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr,Dept 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM kshell@ucsd.edu RI Shell, Karen/C-5161-2009 OI Shell, Karen/0000-0002-9059-6842 NR 7 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 23 BP 2928 EP 2935 DI 10.1175/JAS-3312.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877QG UT WOS:000225584500011 ER PT J AU Khain, A Pokrovsky, A Pinsky, M Seifert, A Phillips, V AF Khain, A Pokrovsky, A Pinsky, M Seifert, A Phillips, V TI Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model. Part I: Model description and possible applications SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ICE PRODUCTION MECHANISMS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; SMALL CUMULIFORM CLOUDS; 500 MU-M; DETAILED MICROPHYSICS; WIND-TUNNEL; EXPLICIT MICROPHYSICS; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; MELTING BEHAVIOR; ENSEMBLE MODEL AB An updated version of the spectral ( bin) microphysics cloud model developed at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem [ the Hebrew University Cloud Model (HUCM)] is described. The model microphysics is based on the solution of the equation system for size distribution functions of cloud hydrometeors of seven types ( water drops, plate-, columnar-, and branch-like ice crystals, aggregates, graupel, and hail/frozen drops) as well as for the size distribution function of aerosol particles playing the role of cloud condensational nuclei (CCN). Each size distribution function contains 33 mass bins. The conditions allowing numerical reproduction of a narrow droplet spectrum up to the level of homogeneous freezing in deep convective clouds developed in smoky air are discussed and illustrated using as an example Rosenfeld and Woodley's case of deep Texas clouds. The effects of breakup on precipitation are illustrated by the use of a new collisional breakup scheme. Variation of the microphysical structure of a melting layer is illustrated by using the novel melting procedure. It is shown that an increase in the aerosol concentration leads to a decrease in precipitation from single clouds both under continental and maritime conditions. To provide similar precipitation, a cloud developed in smoky air should have a higher top height. The mechanisms are discussed through which aerosols decrease precipitation efficiency. It is shown that aerosols affect the vertical profile of the convective heating caused by latent heat release. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Givat Ram, Israel. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Khain, A (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Givat Ram, Israel. EM Khain@vms.huji.ac.il RI Seifert, Axel/B-3774-2010 OI Seifert, Axel/0000-0001-9760-3550 NR 78 TC 189 Z9 204 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 24 BP 2963 EP 2982 DI 10.1175/JAS-3350.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 881KK UT WOS:000225866200001 ER PT J AU Roundy, PE Frank, WM AF Roundy, PE Frank, WM TI Effects of low-frequency wave interactions on intraseasonal oscillations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; TIME SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE; KELVIN WAVE; MODEL; SUMMER; CONVECTION; DYNAMICS AB Intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) control much of the large-scale variability of convection in the Tropics on time scales of about 15-100 days. These disturbances are often thought to be dominated by eastward-propagating modes, especially during austral summer, but disturbances that propagate westward are also important. This work demonstrates by means of a multiple linear regression model and a brief case study that eastward- and westward-moving intraseasonal modes often cooperatively interact with one another to produce many of the characteristics of the observed Southern Hemisphere summer ISO. These interactions appear to be facilitated by topography and/or by the convective anomalies that are cooperatively induced by the eastward- and the westward-moving components of the oscillations. These interactions do not occur during every period of intraseasonal convective activity, but they do commonly occur during periods of high-amplitude convective anomalies. This analysis shows that eastward- and westward-moving intraseasonal modes should not be generally assumed to be linearly independent entities. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Roundy, PE (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, R-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM proundy@al.noaa.gov NR 39 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 24 BP 3025 EP 3040 DI 10.1175/JAS-3348.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 881KK UT WOS:000225866200004 ER PT J AU Roundy, PE Frank, WM AF Roundy, PE Frank, WM TI Applications of a multiple linear regression model to the analysis of relationships between eastward- and westward-moving intraseasonal modes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; COUPLED EQUATORIAL WAVES; DATASET; CYCLE; ENSO AB Multiple linear regression models with nonlinear power terms may be applied to find relationships between interacting wave modes that may be characterized by different frequencies. Such regression techniques have been explored in other disciplines, but they have not been used in the analysis of atmospheric circulations. In this study, such a model is developed to predict anomalies of westward-moving intraseasonal precipitable water by utilizing the first through fourth powers of a time series of outgoing longwave radiation that is filtered for eastward propagation and for the temporal and spatial scales of the tropical intraseasonal oscillations. An independent and simpler compositing method is applied to show that the results of this multiple linear regression model provide a better description of the actual relationships between eastward- and westward-moving intraseasonal modes than a regression model that includes only the linear predictor. A statistical significance test is applied to the coefficients of the multiple linear regression model, and they are found to be significant over broad regions of the Tropics. Correlations between the predictors are shown to not significantly influence results for this case. Results show that this regression model reveals physical relationships between eastward- and westward-moving intraseasonal modes. The physical interpretation of these regression relationships is given in a companion paper. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Roundy, PE (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, R-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM proundy@al.noaa.gov NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 61 IS 24 BP 3041 EP 3048 DI 10.1175/JAS-3349.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 881KK UT WOS:000225866200005 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, S Lee, S Gehring, PM Birgeneau, RJ Shirane, G AF Wakimoto, S Lee, S Gehring, PM Birgeneau, RJ Shirane, G TI Neutron scattering study of soft phonons and diffuse scattering in insulating La1.95Sr0.05CuO4 SO JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE La2-xSrxCuO4; neutron scattering; soft phonon; diffuse scattering ID LA2-XSRXCUO4; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; INSTABILITY; LA2CUO4; ORDER AB Soft phonons and diffuse scattering in insulating La2-xSrxCUO4 (x = 0.05) have been studied by the neutron scattering technique. The X-point phonon softens from high temperature towards the structural transition temperature T-c = 410 K, and the Z-point phonon softens again below 200 K. The Z-point phonon softening persists to low temperature, in contrast to the behavior observed in the superconducting x = 0.15 compound, in which the Z-point phonon hardens below T-c. The diffuse scattering associated with the structural phase transition at 410 K appears at commensurate positions. These results highlight interesting differences between superconducting and insulating samples. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wakimoto, S (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. EM swakimoto@neutrons.tokai.jaeri.go.jp OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA YUSHIMA URBAN BUILDING 5F, 2-31-22 YUSHIMA, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0034, JAPAN SN 0031-9015 J9 J PHYS SOC JPN JI J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 73 IS 12 BP 3413 EP 3417 DI 10.1143/JPSJ.73.3413 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 882BM UT WOS:000225913500033 ER PT J AU Harms, CA Papich, MG Stamper, A Ross, PM Rodriguez, MX Hohn, AA AF Harms, CA Papich, MG Stamper, A Ross, PM Rodriguez, MX Hohn, AA TI Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE biologic marker; Caretta caretta; loggerhead sea turtle; oxytetracycline; pharmacokinetics ID ALLIGATORS ALLIGATOR-MISSISSIPPIENSIS; MYCOPLASMA-ALLIGATORIS; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; GROWTH; SKELETOCHRONOLOGY; CHLAMYDIOSIS AB The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in 2-yr-old loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single i.v. and i.m. injections were studied for biologic marking and therapeutic applications. Twenty juvenile turtles were divided into two treatment groups. Ten animals received 25 mg/kg of oxytetracycline i.v. and 10 received the same dosage i.m. Plasma oxytetracycline concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Data from the i.v. route best fit a three-compartment model, whereas noncompartmental analysis was used to compare data front both the i.v. and i.m routes. For the i.v. route, means for maximum plasma concentration. terminal phase half-life, systemic clearance, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were 6.6 mug/ml, 66.1 hr. 290.7 ml/hr/kg, and 18.4 L, respectively. For the i.m. route, means for systemic availability, maximum plasma concentration. and elimination half-life were 91.8%, 1.6 mug/ml, and 61.9 hr. respectively. The remarkably high apparent volume of distribution may possibly be associated with a deep compartment of drug disposition such as bone deposition associated with the large skeletal mass of turtles and the fact that these were well-nourished, growing juveniles. Although maximum plasma concentration by i.m. administration was lower than for the i.v. route, the long elimination time indicates that an infrequent closing interval may be effective for sensitive bacteria. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Environm Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol & Biomed Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EC Trl, Anim Programs, Disneys Epcot Living Seas, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830 USA. Galveston Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Beaufort Lab, Natl Ocaenog & Atmopher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Harms, CA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Environm Consortium, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 477 EP 488 DI 10.1638/03-083 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 889NR UT WOS:000226450200006 PM 15732588 ER PT J AU Yue, BH Huang, CY Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J AF Yue, BH Huang, CY Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J TI Spontaneously forming unilamellar phospholipid vesicles SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc DE dynamic light scattering; membranes; neutron scattering; phospholipids; vesicles ID CHARGED SURFACTANT BILAYERS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS MIXTURES; BILE-SALT; TRANSITION; MICELLE; PHASE; BROMIDE; SANS; SIZE AB Unilamellar vesicles (ULV) consisting of a single lipid bilayer are of special interest as drug delivery vehicles. Here, we report on a spontaneously forming ULV system composed of the short- and long-chain phospholipids, dihexanoyl (DHPC) and dimyristoyl (DMPC) phosphorylcholine, respectively, doped with the negatively charged lipid, dimyristoyl phosphorylglycerol (DMPG). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were employed to systematically investigate the effects of lipid concentration, salinity, and time on vesicle stability. It is found that ULV size is practically constant over a range of lipid concentration and temperature. The spontaneously formed ULV are stable for periods of four months, or greater, without the use of stabilizers. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, York Dept Chem Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, CY (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, York Dept Chem Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM mhuang@adm.njit.edu OI Nieh, Mu-Ping/0000-0003-4462-8716; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177 NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 219 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1002/masy.200550111 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 906RC UT WOS:000227658900012 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Harroun, T Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Harroun, T Katsaras, J TI Structural phase behavior of high-concentration, alignable biomimetic bicelle mixtures SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc DE bicelle; DHPC; DMPC; DMPG; lamellae; multilamellar vesicle (MLV); neutron diffraction; optical microscopy; phospholipids; ribbons; small angle neutron scattering (SANS) ID SOLID-STATE NMR; PHOSPHOLIPID MIXTURES; BILAYERS; SYSTEM; DIMYRISTOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; MEMBRANES; MICELLES; PROTEINS; IONS; SANS AB The structures of bicelle mixtures composed of dimyristoyl and dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholines (DMPC and DHPC) with DMPC/DHPC molar ratios of 3.2 and 5 are characterized using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Three phases, isotropic (1), chiral nematic (N) and smectic (S) are observed as temperature (T) varies from 10 to 70 T. The structure of the magnetically alignable N* phase, which was previously considered to be made up of discoidal micelles, is found to be composed of "ribbons". Doping with the charged lipid, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), which has the same 14:0 hydrocarbon chains as DMPC, results in a structural change of the aggregates where only the isotropic and smectic phases are observed. The smectic phase for the mixtures doped with DMPG is shear-alignable and follows one-dimensional swelling. However, at high-T zwitterionic DMPC/DHPC mixtures form multi-lamellar vesicles (MLV) with a relatively constant lamellar spacing of 66 A, independent of water content. C1 NRC, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Raman Res Inst, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nieh, MP (reprint author), NRC, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. EM mu-ping.nieh@nrc.gc.ca RI Raghunathan, V./E-5103-2012; OI Nieh, Mu-Ping/0000-0003-4462-8716; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 219 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.1002/masy.200550112 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 906RC UT WOS:000227658900013 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, ACC AF Lautenbacher, ACC TI Shaping ocean policy for the next generation SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Lautenbacher, ACC (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 17 EP 18 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 902TD UT WOS:000227378500008 ER PT J AU Sandifer, P AF Sandifer, P TI Managing ocean and coastal areas, ecosystems, and resources SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Charleston, SC USA. RP Sandifer, P (reprint author), NOAA, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 902TD UT WOS:000227378500012 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Butler, WM DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Li, ZF Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF AF Rivard, MJ Butler, WM DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Li, ZF Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF TI Update of AAPM task group No. 43 report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations (vol 31, pg 633, 2004) SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction ID I-125 C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Schiffler Canc Ctr, Wheeling, WV 26003 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA. Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Rivard, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 4 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3532 EP 3533 DI 10.1118/1.1812603 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 882FD UT WOS:000225923600039 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK Johnson, RD Kacker, RN AF Irikura, KK Johnson, RD Kacker, RN TI Uncertainty associated with virtual measurements from computational quantum chemistry models SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON CORRELATION; ENERGIES; BEHAVIOR; RANGE AB A value for the measurand determined from a computational model is frequently referred to as a virtual measurement to distinguish it from a physical measurement, which is determined from a laboratory experiment. Any measurement, physical or virtual, is incomplete without a quantitative statement of its associated uncertainty. The science and technology of making physical measurements and quantifying their uncertainties has evolved over many decades. In contrast, the science and technology of making virtual measurements is evolving. We propose an approach for quantifying the uncertainty associated with a virtual measurement of a molecular property determined from a computational quantum chemistry model. The proposed approach is based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, published by the International Organization for Standardization, and it uses the Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov; russell.johnson@nist.gov; raghu.kacker@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2004 VL 41 IS 6 BP 369 EP 375 AR PII S0026-1394(04)84770-4 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/6/003 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 883MS UT WOS:000226017200005 ER PT J AU Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM TI Effective emissivity of a cylindrical cavity with an inclined bottom: I. Isothermal cavity SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; BLACK-BODY; DIFFUSE CAVITIES; TEMPERATURE; CALIBRATION; CYLINDERS AB The Monte Carlo method is applied to the computation of the effective emissivity of a specular-diffuse isothermal blackbody cavity shaped by a cylindrical generatrix, a flat inclined bottom and a flat diaphragm. The dependences of the normal effective emissivity on the bottom inclination angle are studied for different cavity depths and various values of the diffuse component of the cavity wall reflectance. The distributions of the local normal effective emissivity over the cavity aperture and the dependences of the integrated effective emissivity on the distance between the aperture and the radiation detector are computed. The choice of optimal geometrical parameters for improving the radiometric performance of artificial blackbodies is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leonard.hanssen@nist.gov NR 39 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD DEC PY 2004 VL 41 IS 6 BP 421 EP 431 AR PII S0026-1394(04)88108-8 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/6/010 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 883MS UT WOS:000226017200012 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI Assessing charging effects on spectral quality for X-ray microanalysis in low voltage and variable pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy SO MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Topical Conference on Microbeam Characterization of Nonconductive Materials CY AUG 02-03, 2002 CL McGill Univ, Dept Min, Met & Mat Engn, Montreal, CANADA HO McGill Univ, Dept Min, Met & Mat Engn DE charging; energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; environmental scanning electron microscopy; insulating materials; low voltage scanning electron microscopy; scanning electron microscopy; spectral artifacts; variable pressure scanning electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis AB Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry of uncoated insulators performed at low beam energy (incident energy less than or equal to 5 keV) and in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope and the environmental scanning electron microscope is subject to spectral artifacts. Charging decelerates the incident beam electrons and reduces the impact energy, lowering the available overvoltage to excite characteristic X-ray peaks. The Duane-Hunt limit of the X-ray bremsstrahlung continuum is commonly used as a diagnostic of charging. Dynamic charging effects can hide the true impact of charging on the X-ray spectrum. Careful examination of the behavior of the X-ray spectrum with time and other variables is needed to avoid spectral artifacts, particularly on relative X-ray intensities. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1431-9276 J9 MICROSC MICROANAL JI Microsc. microanal. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 10 IS 6 BP 739 EP 744 DI 10.1017/S143192760404070X PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA 874TG UT WOS:000225372100009 PM 19780314 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Barker, PE AF Xiao, Y Barker, PE TI Semiconductor nanocrystal probes for human chromosomes and DNA SO MINERVA BIOTECNOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE quantum dots; semiconductor nanocrystals; human chromosomes; bioimaging; biomarkers; nanotechnology; chemistry; biotechnology; fluorescence in situ hybridization; hybridization; standard; measurement; reference material ID STANDARDS-AND-TECHNOLOGY; QUANTUM DOTS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; IN-VIVO; HYBRIDIZATION; FLUORESCENCE; NANOPARTICLES; INSTITUTE; WORKSHOP; CANCER AB Quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) offer advantages for bioimaging, especially as biological tags for clinical tests involving fluorescence microscopy. Biological imaging has traditionally relied on radioisotopes and organic fluorophores for detection of proteins, RNA and DNA sequences. Although quantitative, radioisotopes raise biohazard and disposal concerns. Organic fluorophores have been an alternative for visual detection with fluorescence microscopy, but photobleaching has compromised quantitation and preservation of primary assay signals. New inorganic fluorophores called quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) have recently offered detection technology alternative to organic fluorophores. Luminescent quantum dots have successfully tracked biomolecules and cells, despite limitations in current linking chemistry. As nanocrystal chemistry evolves, recently suggested theoretical applications have been realized. Here we summarize the properties and application of nanocrystal fluorophores to bioimaging, and focus on early results bearing on medical genetics. We identify where improvements in nanocrystal adaptors and performance will greatly expand the repertoire of clinical and research assays that might benefit from these interesting new nanomaterials. C1 NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiao, Y (reprint author), NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yan.xiao@nist.gov; peter.barker@nist.gov NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA PI TURIN PA CORSO BRAMANTE 83-85 INT JOURNALS DEPT., 10126 TURIN, ITALY SN 1120-4826 J9 MINERVA BIOTECNOL JI Minerva Biotechnol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 16 IS 4 BP 275 EP 282 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 972HV UT WOS:000232445800004 ER PT J AU Bowen, BW Bass, AL Chow, SM Bostrom, M Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Okuyama, T Bolker, BM Epperly, S Lacasella, E Shaver, D Dodd, M Hopkins-Murphy, SR Musick, JA Swingle, M Rankin-Baransky, K Teas, W Witzell, WN Dutton, PH AF Bowen, BW Bass, AL Chow, SM Bostrom, M Bjorndal, KA Bolten, AB Okuyama, T Bolker, BM Epperly, S Lacasella, E Shaver, D Dodd, M Hopkins-Murphy, SR Musick, JA Swingle, M Rankin-Baransky, K Teas, W Witzell, WN Dutton, PH TI Natal homing in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian; conservation genetics; marine turtles; mitochondrial DNA; mixed stock analysis ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA MARKERS; POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE; MIXED-STOCK ANALYSIS; SEA-TURTLES; MARINE TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; CONTROL REGION; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; ATLANTIC; ORIGIN AB Juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from West Atlantic nesting beaches occupy oceanic (pelagic) habitats in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, whereas larger juvenile turtles occupy shallow (neritic) habitats along the continental coastline of North America. Hence the switch from oceanic to neritic stage can involve a trans-oceanic migration. Several researchers have suggested that at the end of the oceanic phase, juveniles are homing to feeding habitats in the vicinity of their natal rookery. To test the hypothesis of juvenile homing behaviour, we surveyed 10 juvenile feeding zones across the eastern USA with mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (N = 1437) and compared these samples to potential source (nesting) populations in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (N = 465). The results indicated a shallow, but significant, population structure of neritic juveniles (Phi(ST) = 0.0088, P = 0.016), and haplotype frequency differences were significantly correlated between coastal feeding populations and adjacent nesting populations (Mantel test R-2 = 0.52, P = 0.001). Mixed stock analyses (using a Bayesian algorithm) indicated that juveniles occurred at elevated frequency in the vicinity of their natal rookery. Hence, all lines of evidence supported the hypothesis of juvenile homing in loggerhead turtles. While not as precise as the homing of breeding adults, this behaviour nonetheless places juvenile turtles in the vicinity of their natal nesting colonies. Some of the coastal hazards that affect declining nesting populations may also affect the next generation of turtles feeding in nearby habitats. C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ Kentucky, Div Endocrinol & Mol Med, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Padre Isl Natl Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480 USA. Georgia Dept Nat Resources, Brunswick, GA 31520 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Virginia Marine Sci Museum, Virginia Beach, VA 23451 USA. RP Bowen, BW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, POB 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. EM bbowen@hawaii.edu OI Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901; Bolker, Benjamin/0000-0002-2127-0443; OKUYAMA, TOSHINORI/0000-0002-9893-4797 NR 64 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 10 U2 45 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 13 IS 12 BP 3797 EP 3808 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02356.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 871RC UT WOS:000225150000015 PM 15548292 ER PT J AU Roeder, AD Archer, FI Poiner, HN Morin, PA AF Roeder, AD Archer, FI Poiner, HN Morin, PA TI A novel method for collection and preservation of faeces for genetic studies SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE DNA; faecal storage; Gorrilla; non-invasive samples; quantitative PCR ID DNA AB Quantitative and qualitative measurements of DNA were used to compare faecal sample storage in ethanol and silica with a novel method (two-step) in which samples are soaked in ethanol and then desiccated with silica. Silica-preserved samples had the lowest DNA concentrations. The two-step method yielded significantly more DNA in high quality samples (average DNA concentrations > 100 pg/muL with all storage methods). However, for lower quality samples, the ethanol and two-step methods performed similarly. The amounts and rates of sample degradation were not strongly affected by storage method and neither was the percentage of target DNA (< 1%) obtained from the samples. C1 Max Planck Inst Evolut Anthropol, Lab Conservat Genet, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Max Planck Inst Evolut Anthropol, Dept Evolut Genet, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Roeder, AD (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Anthropol, Main Bldg,Park Pl, Cardiff L8S 4L9, S Glam, Wales. EM RoederAD@cf.ac.uk NR 4 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD DEC PY 2004 VL 4 IS 4 BP 761 EP 764 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00737.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 876KV UT WOS:000225496600072 ER PT J AU Spencer, PL Gao, JD AF Spencer, PL Gao, JD TI Can gradient information be used to improve variational objective analysis? SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DERIVATIVE ESTIMATION; RECURSIVE FILTER; ANALYSIS SCHEME; MAP ANALYSIS; RADAR DATA; FIELD; ASSIMILATION AB A variational scheme for the analysis of scalar variables is developed and compared to two-pass and three-pass versions of the Barnes analysis scheme. The variational scheme, appropriate for diagnostic studies, is similar to a previously developed variational method in that scalar gradient "observations" - derived directly from the scalar observations - are used in addition to the scalar observations themselves. The current scheme is different in that the cost function does not require analyses of the scalar field and its gradient; it simply requires scalar and gradient observations at their native locations. For the evaluation, randomly selected model gridpoint data are chosen to serve as pseudo-observations for the analysis schemes. By choosing appropriate model gridpoint data to serve as pseudo-observations, artificial data networks can be generated so as to mimic the spatial characteristics of real observational networks. Results indicate that the proposed variational scheme is superior to both two-pass and three-pass Barnes schemes, increasingly so as the observations become more irregularly spaced. This is true even when the gradient information is not allowed to affect the variational analyses. When the observations are relatively sparse and irregularly distributed, further improvements in the variational analyses occur when the gradient information is properly included within the analysis scheme. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Spencer, PL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM phillip.spencer@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 132 IS 12 BP 2977 EP 2994 DI 10.1175/MWR2833.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 880RN UT WOS:000225807000016 ER PT J AU Willoughby, HE Rahn, ME AF Willoughby, HE Rahn, ME TI Parametric representation of the primary hurricane vortex. Part I: Observations and evaluation of the Holland (1980) model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; INNER CORE REGION; TROPICAL CYCLONES; UNITED-STATES; MATURE HURRICANES; WIND SPEEDS; PRESSURE; MESOSCALE; STABILITY; AIRCRAFT AB Although numerical models are essential to hurricane forecasting, many other applications require only statistical depiction of the wind distribution. In Holland's 1980 parametric profile, radius of maximum wind, maximum wind, and a measure of the profile width describe the radial variation of the axisymmetric wind. Variants of the Holland profile are used to predict insurance underwriting risk, ocean response, and storm-surge inundation. Since these calculations guide high-stakes financial and emergency managment decisions, it is logical to test them against observations. The Hurricane Research Division's flight-level database archives observations were obtained by NOAA and U. S. Air Force Reserve aircraft. The data considered here are winds and geopotential heights observed during 606 lower- and midtropospheric flights into Atlantic and eastern Pacific tropical cyclones during 1977-2000. The 493 profiles that meet quality control criteria are seasonally geographically representative. Least squares fits of the Holland model to these data provide evaluation of the parameters' distributions and critical examination of the profile's realism. Individual fitted profiles differ from the observations in a consistent pattern. The areas of strong winds in the eyewall and of nearly calm winds at the vortex center are too wide. Beyond 2 or 3 times the eye radius, the wind decreases too rapidly with distance from the center. Although the average bias in fitted profiles is <1 m s(-1), the root-mean-square error is 4.2 m s(-1) (5.2 m s(-1) for independent data). Maximum winds estimated from the fitted Holland-profile height-wind relation average 2.5 m s(-1) too strong with an rms error of 6.5 m s(-1). The pattern of too strong wind spread over too much real estate exaggerates the occurrence of winds stronger than 50 m s(-1) by &SIM;50%. C1 Florida Int Univ, Int Hurricane Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL USA. RP Willoughby, HE (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Int Hurricane Res Ctr, 360 MARC Bldg,Univ Pk Campus, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM hugh.willoughby@fiu.edu NR 35 TC 72 Z9 91 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 132 IS 12 BP 3033 EP 3048 DI 10.1175/MWR2831.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 880RN UT WOS:000225807000020 ER PT J AU Cao, CY Jiang, YL Stivers, JT Song, FH AF Cao, CY Jiang, YL Stivers, JT Song, FH TI Dynamic opening of DNA during the enzymatic search for a damaged base SO NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMINO PROTON-EXCHANGE; FLIPPING MECHANISM; PAIR KINETICS; FREE-ENERGY; GLYCOSYLASE; EXCISION; SITE; RECOGNITION; SUBSTRATE; CATALYSIS AB Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) removes uracil from U.A or U.G base pairs in genomic DNA by extruding the aberrant uracil from the DNA base stack. A question in enzymatic DNA repair is whether UDG and related glycosylases also use an extrahelical recognition mechanism to inspect the integrity of undamaged base pairs. Using NMR imino proton exchange measurements we find that UDG substantially increases the equilibrium constant for opening of T-A base pairs by almost two orders of magnitude relative to free B-DNA. This increase is brought about by enzymatic stabilization of an open state of the base pair without increasing the rate constant for spontaneous base pair opening. These findings indicate a passive search mechanism in which UDG uses the spontaneous opening dynamics of DNA to inspect normal base pairs in a rapid genome-wide search for uracil in DNA. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM56834-09, R01 GM056834] NR 35 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1545-9985 J9 NAT STRUCT MOL BIOL JI Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1230 EP 1236 DI 10.1038/nsmb864 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 876FU UT WOS:000225482700018 PM 15558051 ER PT J AU Kee, TW Cicerone, MT AF Kee, TW Cicerone, MT TI Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is emerging as a powerful method for imaging materials and biological systems, partly because of its noninvasiveness and selective chemical sensitivity. However, its full potential for species-selective imaging is limited by a restricted spectral bandwidth. Recent increases in bandwidth are promising but still are not sufficient for the level of robust component discrimination that would be needed in a chemically complex milieu found, for example, in intracellular and extracellular environments. We demonstrate a truly broadband CARS imaging instrument that we use to acquire hyper-spectral images with vibrational spectra over a bandwidth of 2500 cm(-1) with a resolution of 13 cm(-1). C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kee, TW (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cicerone@nist.gov RI Kee, Tak/J-2137-2016 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [1 R21 EB002468-01, R21 EB002468] NR 12 TC 201 Z9 202 U1 4 U2 36 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 23 BP 2701 EP 2703 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002701 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 873LC UT WOS:000225280700001 PM 15605477 ER PT J AU Mucke, OD Kuzucu, O Wong, FNC Ippen, EP Kartner, FX Foreman, SM Jones, DJ Ma, LS Hall, JL Ye, J AF Mucke, OD Kuzucu, O Wong, FNC Ippen, EP Kartner, FX Foreman, SM Jones, DJ Ma, LS Hall, JL Ye, J TI Experimental implementation of optical clockwork without carrier-envelope phase control SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; DIFFERENCE-FREQUENCY-GENERATION; FIBER NETWORK; COMB; STABILIZATION; STANDARDS; PULSES AB We demonstrate optical clockwork without the need for carrier-envelope phase control by use of sum-frequency generation between a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator at 3.39 mum and a femtosecond mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser with two strong spectral peaks at 834 and 670 nm, a spectral difference matched by the 3.39-mum radiation. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, DJ (reprint author), MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM odmuecke@mit.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 23 BP 2806 EP 2808 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002806 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 873LC UT WOS:000225280700036 PM 15605512 ER PT J AU Jones, RJ Ye, J AF Jones, RJ Ye, J TI High-repetition-rate coherent femtosecond pulse amplification with an external passive optical cavity SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERATION; LASERS AB We demonstrate a general technique for enhancement of femtosecond pulses from a pulse train through their coherent buildup inside a high-finesse cavity. Periodic extraction of the intracavity pulse by means of a fast switch provides a net energy gain of 42 to >70 times for 38-58-fs pulse durations. Starting with an actively stabilized but otherwise standard mode-locked laser system, we demonstrate pulses of >200-nJ energy. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, RJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rjjones@jilau1.colarado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 9 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 23 BP 2812 EP 2814 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002812 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 873LC UT WOS:000225280700038 PM 15605514 ER PT J AU Ciurylo, R Tiesinga, E Kotochigova, S Julienne, PS AF Ciurylo, R Tiesinga, E Kotochigova, S Julienne, PS TI Photoassociation spectroscopy of cold alkaline-earth-metal atoms near the intercombination line SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DER-WAALS CONSTANT; NOBLE-GAS ATOMS; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; SCATTERING LENGTH; EXCITED-STATES; BOUND-STATES; COLLISIONS; ENERGY; REPRESENTATION; EXPANSION AB The properties of photoassociation (PA) spectra near the intercombination line (the weak transition between S-1(0) and P-3(1) states) of group II atoms are theoretically investigated. As an example, we have carried out a calculation for calcium atoms colliding at ultralow temperatures of 1 mK, 1 muK, and 1 nK. Unlike in most current photoassociation spectroscopy, the Doppler effect can significantly affect the shape of the investigated lines. Spectra are obtained using Ca-Ca and Ca-Ca* short-range ab initio potentials and long-range van der Waals and resonance dipole potentials. The similar van der Waals coefficients of ground S-1(0)+S-1(0) and excited S-1(0)+P-3(1) states cause the PA to differ greatly from those of strong, allowed transitions with resonant dipole interactions. The density of spectral lines is lower, the Condon points are at relatively short range, the reflection approximation for the Franck-Condon factors is not applicable, and the spontaneous decay to bound ground-state molecules is efficient. Finally, the possibility of efficient production of cold molecules is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Fiz, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ciurylo, Roman/G-8680-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 69 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 062710 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.062710 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900069 ER PT J AU Coddington, I Haljan, PC Engels, P Schweikhard, V Tung, S Cornell, EA AF Coddington, I Haljan, PC Engels, P Schweikhard, V Tung, S Cornell, EA TI Experimental studies of equilibrium vortex properties in a Bose-condensed gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; SCISSORS MODE; SUPERFLUIDITY; VORTICES AB We characterize several equilibrium vortex effects in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate. Specifically we attempt precision measurements of the vortex-lattice spacing and vortex-core size over a range of condensate densities and rotation rates. These measurements are supplemented by numerical simulations, and both experimental and numerical data are compared to theory. Finally, we study the effect of the centrifugal weakening of the trapping spring constants on the critical temperature for quantum degeneracy and the effects of finite temperature on vortex contrast. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 37 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 063607 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.063607 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900105 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG Hagley, EW AF Deng, L Payne, MG Hagley, EW TI Propagation dynamics of a temporally, amplitude- and group-velocity-matched two-mode ultraslow wave in a three-level Lambda system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; CAVITY-QED MODEL; NONLINEAR FREQUENCY-CONVERSION; 4-PHOTON RESONANCE; ATOMIC GAS; IONIZATION; OPTICS; LIGHT; INTERFERENCE; GENERATION AB We investigate the propagation dynamics of a two-mode probe field traveling with ultraslow group velocities. We show that a strong cross-beam coupling occurs between the two modes of the probe wave in the presence of a two-mode control laser field that maintains two-photon resonance excitations in a three-level Lambda system. In the adiabatic limit and under appropriate conditions, both modes can travel with matched temporal profiles, amplitudes, and greatly reduced group velocities, and one mode can grow and take on features of the other mode. When only one mode of probe field is injected, the generation and growth of the second mode has the characteristics of four-wave mixing, resulting in a tunable, ultraslow four-wave mixing field with nearly 100% photon flux conversion efficiency. We further show a type of induced transparency resulting from an efficient one- and three-photon destructive interference. This is to be contrasted with the conventional one-mode, three-level electromagnetically induced transparency where the interference involves two one-photon pathways. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 063813 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.063813 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900133 ER PT J AU Loftus, TH Ido, T Boyd, MM Ludlow, AD Ye, J AF Loftus, TH Ido, T Boyd, MM Ludlow, AD Ye, J TI Narrow line cooling and momentum-space crystals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID STRONTIUM ATOMS; FIBER NETWORK AB Narrow line laser cooling is advancing the frontier for experiments ranging from studies of fundamental atomic physics to high precision optical frequency standards. In this paper, we present an extensive description of the systems and techniques necessary to realize 689 nm S-1(0)-P-3(1) narrow line cooling of atomic Sr-88. Narrow line cooling and trapping dynamics are also studied in detail. By controlling the relative size of the power broadened transition linewidth and the single-photon recoil frequency shift, we show that it is possible to smoothly bridge the gap between semiclassical and quantum mechanical cooling. Novel semiclassical cooling processes, some of which explicitly depend on the relative size of gravity and the radiative force, are also explored. Moreover, for laser frequencies tuned above the atomic resonance, we demonstrate momentum-space crystals containing up to 26 well defined lattice points. Gravitationally assisted cooling is also achieved with blue-detuned light. Theoretically, we find the blue detuned dynamics are universal to Doppler limited systems. This paper offers the most comprehensive study of narrow line laser cooling to date. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Aculight Corp, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. EM tloftus@aculight.com; Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 42 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 063413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.063413 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900097 ER PT J AU Mudrich, M Kraft, S Lange, J Mosk, A Weidemuller, M Tiesinga, E AF Mudrich, M Kraft, S Lange, J Mosk, A Weidemuller, M Tiesinga, E TI Hyperfine-changing collisions in an optically trapped gas of ultracold cesium and lithium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ATOMIC CESIUM; NEUTRAL ATOMS; DIPOLE TRAP; COLD AB We present measurements of the rate of hyperfine-state-changing collisions of unpolarized cesium (Cs-133) and lithium (Li-7) atoms confined in an optical dipole trap in the temperature range between 30 and 130 muK. To infer rate coefficients from trap-loss data, we derive a simple thermodynamic model describing relaxation heating as a consequence of atom loss in a conservative potential. For hyperfine-changing Cs-Cs collisions, the experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and excellent agreement is found. Hyperfine-state-changing collisions in a mixture of lithium and cesium atoms are observed and rate coefficients are inferred for all combinations of hyperfine ground-state asymptotes. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP CNRS, Aime Cotton Lab, UPR 3321, Campus Orsay,Bat 505, F-91405 Orsay, France. EM Marcel.Mudrich@lac.u-psud.fr; m.weidemueller@physik.uni-freiburg.de RI Mosk, Allard/B-2401-2008; Weidemuller, Matthias/N-2232-2014; OI Weidemuller, Matthias/0000-0001-5639-5126; Mudrich, Marcel/0000-0003-4959-5220; Mosk, Allard/0000-0002-1140-6626 NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 062712 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.062712 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900071 ER PT J AU Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L AF Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L TI Ultraviolet single-photons on demand and entanglement of photons with a large frequency difference SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR GENERATION; FIELDS AB We investigate an efficient scheme for generating ultraviolet single-photons (similar to300 nm). The scheme combines the highly efficient single-photon four-wave mixing scheme and fast developing quantum dot single-photons on demand source technology. We show that near maximum, entanglement between two well matched ultraslowly propagating single-photon wave packets can be achieved. This study may lead to research and development opportunities in highly efficient entanglement schemes using photons of very large frequency difference, quantum information processing, and single-photon metrology and single-photon counting sensors in the uv spectra region. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Tech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. RP NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Lu.Deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Wu, Ying/B-2134-2012 OI Wu, Ying/0000-0003-3410-3094 NR 18 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 063812 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.063812 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 889BQ UT WOS:000226418900132 ER PT J AU Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW Gopalakrishnan, J Ramesha, K AF Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW Gopalakrishnan, J Ramesha, K TI Crystal structures and magnetic order of La(0.5+delta)A(0.5-delta)Mn(0.5+epsilon)Ru(0.5-epsilon)O(3) (A=Ca,Sr,Ba): Possible orbital glass ferromagnetic state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE PEROVSKITES; OXIDES; METALLICITY; SYSTEM AB The crystallographic and magnetic properties of La(0.5+delta)A(0.5-delta)Mn(0.5+epsilon)Ru(0.5-epsilon)O(3) (A=Ca,Sr,Ba) were investigated by means of neutron powder diffraction. All studied samples show the orthorhombic perovskite crystal structure, space group Pnma, with regular (Mn,Ru)O-6 octahedra and no chemical ordering of the Mn3+ and Ru4+ ions. Ferromagnetic spin structures were observed below T(c)similar to200-250 K, with an average ordered moment of similar to1.8-2.0mu(B)/(Mn,Ru). The observation of long-range ferromagnetism and the absence of orbital ordering are rationalized in terms of a strong Mn-Ru hybridization, which may freeze the orbital degree of freedom and broaden the e(g) valence band, leading to an orbital glass state with carrier-mediated ferromagnetism. C1 UNICAMP, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Solid State & Struct Chem Unit, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RP Granado, E (reprint author), UNICAMP, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, Caixa Postal 6165, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. EM egranado@ifi.unicamp.br RI Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012; Ramesha, K/F-5769-2013; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 21 AR 214416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.214416 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 884UF UT WOS:000226111400078 ER PT J AU Kiryukhin, V Borissov, A Ahn, JS Huang, Q Lynn, JW Cheong, SW AF Kiryukhin, V Borissov, A Ahn, JS Huang, Q Lynn, JW Cheong, SW TI Uncorrelated and correlated nanoscale lattice distortions in the paramagnetic phase of magnetoresistive manganites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PEROVSKITE MANGANITES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; POLARON FORMATION; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; CHARGE; LA1-XSRXMNO3; LA0.7CA0.3MNO3; LA1-XCAXMNO3; MAGNETISM AB Neutron scattering measurements on a magnetoresistive manganite La-0.75(Ca0.45Sr0.55)(0.25)MnO3 show that uncorrelated dynamic polaronic latice distortions are present in both the orthorhombic (O) and rhombohedral (R) paramagnetic phases. The uncorrelated distortions do not exhibit any significant anomaly at the O-R transition. Thus, both the paramagnetic phases are inhomogeneous on the nanometer scale, as confirmed further by strong damping of the acoustic phonons and by the anomalous Debye-Waller factors in these phases. In contrast, recent x-ray measurements and our neutron data show that polaronic correlations are present only in the O phase. In optimally doped manganites, the R phase is metallic, while the O paramagnetic state is insulating (or semiconducting). These measurements therefore strongly suggest that the correlated lattice distortions are primarily responsible for the insulating character of the paramagnetic state in magnetoresistive manganites. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kiryukhin, V (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 21 AR 214424 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.214424 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 884UF UT WOS:000226111400086 ER PT J AU Lawler, HM Shirley, EL AF Lawler, HM Shirley, EL TI Anharmonic effects on infrared spectra of GaAs and GaP: First-principles calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONAL PERTURBATION-THEORY; NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; ELECTRON-GAS; CRYSTALS; SEMICONDUCTORS; ABSORPTION; SCATTERING; POLARIZATION; TEMPERATURE; NEUTRONS AB With a study of bulk GaAs and GaP, we report detailed infrared spectra and their temperature dependence from first principles. Fine features and low-temperature trends in the calculated response are confirmed by experiment. The spectra are calculated from the far-infrared through twice the frequency of the zone-center optical phonon. The treatment relies on recent developments in the theories of dielectric polarization and the phonon-phonon interaction. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 24 AR 245209 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.245209 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 884UN UT WOS:000226112300052 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E Udovic, TJ Isnard, O Rush, JJ AF Mamontov, E Udovic, TJ Isnard, O Rush, JJ TI Neutron scattering study of hydrogen dynamics in Pr2Fe17H5 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MOSSBAUER-SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; POWDER DIFFRACTION; MOTION; ND; HYDRIDES; SPECTROMETER; SPECTRA; NIST; CE AB Pr2Fe17H5 is an interesting compound where isolated hexagons formed by the tetrahedral sites of the host metal lattice are filled with hydrogen atoms. A localized jump diffusion of hydrogen atoms in Pr2Fe17H5 over the vertices of the hexagons is observed using quasielastic neutron scattering. The hydrogen hopping occurs despite the repulsive interaction due to the presence of two hydrogen atoms per hexagon. The residence time of hydrogen atoms between jumps follows an Arrhenius-type law with an activation energy of 0.14 eV. The hydrogen atoms in the octahedral sites are found to be immobile on the time scale of the measurement. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Cristallog, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Maison Univ, Inst Univ France, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 21 AR 214305 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.214305 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 884UF UT WOS:000226111400060 ER PT J AU Protasenko, VV Labardi, M Gallagher, A AF Protasenko, VV Labardi, M Gallagher, A TI Conservative and dissipative forces measured by self-oscillator atomic force microscopy at constant-drive amplitude SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-DISSIPATION; NONCONTACT-MODE; DYNAMIC AFM; RESOLUTION; SURFACE AB The fundamental-mode oscillation of an atomic force microscope cantilever, operated in the self-oscillator (SO) mode, is analyzed to interpret resonant frequency (f(r)) and oscillation amplitude (A) in terms of probe-sample conservative and dissipative forces. Measurements of f(r) and A versus probe-surface gap, for a H-terminated silicon probe and surface in air, have been carried out in the constant-excitation (CE), SO mode for a variety of SO phases. We provide the full z dependence of A and Deltaf due to both conservative and dissipative forces, evidencing a minimum value of tip-sample closest approach distance expected from theory. The existence of such a minimum preserves tips from destructive interaction in CE mode. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Protasenko, VV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 24 AR 245414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.245414 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 884UN UT WOS:000226112300097 ER PT J AU Strzalka, J Gibney, BR Satija, S Blasie, JK AF Strzalka, J Gibney, BR Satija, S Blasie, JK TI Specular neutron reflectivity and the structure of artificial protein maquettes vectorially oriented at interfaces SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MODEL MEMBRANES; X-RAY-SCATTERING; PEPTIDE MONOLAYERS; DIFFRACTION; INTERFEROMETRY; CONFORMATION; SCAFFOLD; SYSTEMS; STATE AB Artificial peptides can be designed to possess a variety of functionalities. If these peptides can be ordered in an ensemble, the functionality can impart macroscopic material properties to the ensemble. Neutron reflectivity is shown to be an effective probe of the intramolecular structures of such peptides vectorially oriented at an interface, key to ensuring that the designed molecular structures translate into the desired material properties of the interface. A model-independent method is utilized to analyze the neutron reflectivity from an alkylated, di-alpha-helical peptide, containing perdeuterated leucine residues at one or two pre-selected positions, in mixed Langmuir monolayers with a phospholipid. The results presented here are more definitive than prior work employing x-ray reflectivity. They show explicitly that the di-helical peptide retains its designed alpha-helical secondary structure at the interface, when oriented perpendicular to the interface at high surface pressure, with the helices projecting into the aqueous subphase without penetrating the layer of phospholipid headgroups. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strzalka, J (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD DEC PY 2004 VL 70 IS 6 AR 061905 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.061905 PN 1 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 887IH UT WOS:000226298700071 ER PT J AU Mighell, A Piermarini, G Wong-Ng, W AF Mighell, A Piermarini, G Wong-Ng, W TI Howard F. McMurdie (1905-2004) - An appreciation SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mighell, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 388 EP 389 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 881GU UT WOS:000225852200017 ER PT J AU Simpson, AGB Gill, EE Callahan, HA Litaker, RW Roger, AJ AF Simpson, AGB Gill, EE Callahan, HA Litaker, RW Roger, AJ TI Early evolution within kinetoplastids (Euglenozoa), and the late emergence of trypanosomatids SO PROTIST LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENETIC TREE SELECTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; LEISHMANIA-MAJOR; GENES SUGGESTS; BODO-SALTANS; PROTEIN; DIVERSITY; DNA AB Many important relationships amongst kinetoplastids, including the position of trypanosomatids, remain uncertain, with limited taxon sampling of markers other than small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA). We report gene sequences for cytosolic heat shock proteins 90 and/or 70 (HSP90, HSP70) from the potentially early-diverging kinetoplastids Ichthyobodo necator and Rhynchobodo sp., and from bodonid clades '2' (Parabodonidae) and '3' (Eubodonidae). Some of the new cytosolic HSP70 sequences represent a distinct paralog family (HSP70-B), which is related to yet another paralog known from trypanosomatids (HSP70-C). The (HSP70-B, HSP70-C) clade seemingly diverged before the separation between kinetoplastids and diplonemids. Protein phylogenies support the basal placement of Ichthyobodo within kinetoplastids. Unexpectedly, Rhynchobodo usually forms the next most basal group, separated from the clade '1' bodonids with which it has been allied. Bootstrap support is often weak, but the possibility that Rhynchobodo represents a separate early-diverging lineage within core kinetoplastids deserves further testing. Trypanosomatids always fall remote from the root of kinetoplastids, forming a specific relationship with bodonid clades 2 (and 3), generally with strong bootstrap support. These protein trees with improved taxon sampling provide the best evidence to date for a 'late' emergence of trypanosomatids, contradicting recent SSUrRNA-based proposals for a relatively early divergence of this group. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada. USDA ARS, Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Simpson, AGB (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. EM alastair.simpson@dal.ca NR 51 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 13 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1434-4610 J9 PROTIST JI Protist PD DEC PY 2004 VL 155 IS 4 BP 407 EP 422 DI 10.1078/1434461042650389 PG 16 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 881XR UT WOS:000225903300003 PM 15648721 ER PT J AU Mumm, HP Garcia, A Grout, L Howe, M Parazzoli, LP Robertson, RGH Sundqvist, KM Wilkerson, JF Freedman, SJ Fujikawa, BK Lising, LJ Dewey, MS Nico, JS Thompson, AK Chupp, TE Cooper, RL Coulter, KP Hwang, SR Welsh, RC Broussard, LJ Trull, CA Wietfeldt, FE Jones, GL AF Mumm, HP Garcia, A Grout, L Howe, M Parazzoli, LP Robertson, RGH Sundqvist, KM Wilkerson, JF Freedman, SJ Fujikawa, BK Lising, LJ Dewey, MS Nico, JS Thompson, AK Chupp, TE Cooper, RL Coulter, KP Hwang, SR Welsh, RC Broussard, LJ Trull, CA Wietfeldt, FE Jones, GL TI emiT: An apparatus to test time reversal invariance in polarized neutron decay SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID BETA-DECAY; T-VIOLATION; SUPERMIRRORS; SEARCH; BEAM AB We describe an apparatus used to measure the triple-correlation term (D (σ) over cap (n).p(e)xp(nu)) in the beta decay of polarized neutrons. The D coefficient is sensitive to possible violations of time reversal invariance. The detector has an octagonal symmetry that optimizes electron-proton coincidence rates and reduces systematic effects. A beam of longitudinally polarized cold neutrons passes through the detector chamber, where a small fraction undergo beta decay. The final-state protons are accelerated and focused onto arrays of cooled semiconductor diodes, while the coincident electrons are detected using panels of plastic scintillator. Details regarding the design and performance of the proton detectors, beta detectors, and the electronics used in the data collection system are presented. The neutron beam characteristics, the spin-transport magnetic fields, and polarization measurements are also described. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Washington, CENPA, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Hamilton Coll, Dept Phys, Clinton, NY 13323 USA. RP Mumm, HP (reprint author), Univ Washington, CENPA, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM pieter.mumm@nist.gov OI Wilkerson, John/0000-0002-0342-0217; Broussard, Leah/0000-0001-9182-2808; Garcia, Alejandro/0000-0001-6056-6645 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 75 IS 12 BP 5343 EP 5355 DI 10.1063/1.1821628 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 876FX UT WOS:000225483100044 ER PT J AU Bui, SH Renegar, TB Vorburger, TV Raja, J Malburg, MC AF Bui, SH Renegar, TB Vorburger, TV Raja, J Malburg, MC TI Internet-based surface metrology algorithm testing system SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces CY SEP 10-11, 2003 CL Halmstad, SWEDEN DE surface; topography; textures; parameters; filtering; software; database AB This paper presents the development of an Internet-based surface metrology algorithm testing system. The system includes peer-reviewed surface analysis tools and a surface texture specimen database for parameter evaluation and algorithm verification. The system runs from a web site at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. Companies, universities, and instrument manufacturers have Internet access to standard data sets and analysis tools located on a NIST server. The system serves to validate the accuracy of algorithms as well as the calculation of surface parameters in industry. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Digital Metrol Solut Inc, Columbus, IN 47203 USA. RP Bui, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM son.bui@nist.gov NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD DEC PY 2004 VL 257 IS 12 BP 1213 EP 1218 DI 10.1016/j.wear.2004.05.023 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 879WU UT WOS:000225750700003 ER PT J AU Orji, NG Dixson, RG Fu, J Vorburger, TV AF Orji, NG Dixson, RG Fu, J Vorburger, TV TI Traceable pico-meter level step height metrology SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces CY SEP 10-11, 2003 CL Halmstad, SWEDEN DE step height; atomic force microscope; single atomic steps ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; PHASE-SEPARATION; VICINAL SI(111) AB The atomic force microscope (AFM) increasingly being used as a metrology tool in the semiconductor industry where the features measured are at the nanometer level and continue to decrease. Usually the height sensors of the AFM are calibrated using step height specimens ranging from 8 nm to a few mum, however there are no calibration standards at the sub-nanometer level. Recently we have explored the use of stepped silicon single atom specimens as sub-nanometer height calibration artifacts. We have also developed a calibrated atomic force microscope (C-AFM), an AFM with direct traceability to the definition of length to calibrate standards for other AFMs. Earlier, we evaluated the step height of silicon single atomic steps along the (111) direction (with native oxide) using the C-AFM and obtained a value 304 +/- 8 pm (k = 2). To validate the utility of these specimens and the applicability of our analysis technique, we conducted an industry comparison to determine the reproducibility of results obtained when using our procedure. The comparison included AFM vendors and semiconductor device manufacturers. The average standard deviation was 6 pm, and indicates that these specimens and our procedure could be used for sub-nanometer height calibrations. In this paper we will present our evaluation procedure, results of the comparison, and derivation of a value for Si(111) step height. We will also explore the trends in each participant's data, its effect on the calculation of the mean value, and implications on the reproducibility of our technique. Finally, we will outline the procedure for use of these specimens. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Mech Engn, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Orji, NG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Mech Engn, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. EM ngorji@nist.gov NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD DEC PY 2004 VL 257 IS 12 BP 1264 EP 1269 DI 10.1016/j.wear.2004.04.009 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 879WU UT WOS:000225750700012 ER PT J AU Novak, DR Bosart, LF Keyser, D Waldstreicher, JS AF Novak, DR Bosart, LF Keyser, D Waldstreicher, JS TI An observational study of cold season-banded precipitation in northeast US cyclones SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; CONTINENTAL WINTER CYCLONE; UNITED-STATES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; EVOLUTION; FRONTOGENESIS; STABILITY; REANALYSIS; SNOWSTORM AB A climatological and composite study of banded precipitation in the northeast United States during the cold season (October - April) is presented. Precipitation systems in the northeast United States in April 1995 and from October 1996 to April 2001 that exhibited greater than 25.4 mm (1 in.) of rainfall, or 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) liquid equivalent, were identified as cases for study. A total of 111 cases were identified during this period, of which 88 had available radar data. Of these cases, 75 exhibited banded structure whereas 13 did not. A band classification scheme was developed from a subset of study cases. Application of the classification scheme to the 88 cases revealed that banded cases can exhibit a variety of banded events during their evolution. Single-banded events were the most common ( 48), followed by transitory ( 40), narrow cold frontal ( 36), multi ( 29), and undefined ( 9). Further investigation of the single-banded events highlighted banded structure in the comma-head portion of storms, with 81% of these events exhibiting a majority of their length in the northwest quadrant of the surface cyclone. Composites were calculated for cases exhibiting single-banded events in the northwest quadrant of the surface cyclone and for nonbanded cases to distinguish synoptic and mesoscale flow regimes associated with banded events and nonbanded cases. The banded composite was marked by cyclogenesis and the development of a closed midlevel circulation. This flow configuration was associated with deformation and strong midlevel frontogenesis northwest of the surface cyclone center, which coincided with the mean band position. The nonbanded composite exhibited a much weaker cyclone located in the confluent entrance region of an upper-level jet. The absence of a closed midlevel circulation in the nonbanded composite limited deformation and associated frontogenesis northwest of the surface cyclone. Cross-section analysis through the respective composite frontogenesis maxima showed that the banded composite frontal zone exhibited stronger and deeper frontogenesis and weaker conditional stability than the nonbanded composite frontal zone. Case studies from the northeast United States confirm the composite results, highlighting the importance of deep-layer frontogenesis coincident with weak conditional stability. These results are in qualitative agreement with the Sawyer - Eliassen equation, which predicts that the frontogenetical response will be enhanced ( reduced) in the presence of small ( large) moist symmetric stability. C1 NOAA, NWS Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP NOAA, NWS Eastern Reg Headquarters, Sci Serv Div, 630 Johnson Ave, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. EM david.novak@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 993 EP 1010 DI 10.1175/815.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800003 ER PT J AU Jurewicz, ML Evans, MS AF Jurewicz, ML Evans, MS TI A comparison of two banded, heavy snowstorms with very different synoptic settings SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL VORTICITY; CONTINENTAL WINTER CYCLONE; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; FRONTOGENESIS; MESOSCALE; ORGANIZATION; STABILITY AB Two banded, heavy snowstorms that occurred over the northern mid-Atlantic region are compared and contrasted. On 6 - 7 January 2002, a narrow, intense band of heavy snow was observed, along with several other weaker bands, embedded within a large area of moderate snow. On 19 - 20 January 2002, a single, broader band of heavy snow was observed, embedded within a broken area of light snow. The synoptic-scale settings associated with these two storms were strikingly dissimilar. In the first case, strong quasigeostrophic (QG) forcing for ascent was present just to the south of the heavy snowfall area. A highly amplified longwave trough was located over the Mississippi River valley, while a compact shortwave trough moved northward, up the east side of the longwave trough. The result was robust cyclogenesis off of the midAtlantic coast. In the second case, the relatively weaker QG forcing for ascent was located much farther southwest of the snowband. The flow aloft was much less amplified, with weaker cyclogenesis occurring off of the midAtlantic coast. Analysis of the frontal scale environments for both cases indicated that the snowbands were each associated with the collocation of midtropospheric frontogenesis and reduced stability. In the first case, evidence is shown that a layer of potential symmetric instability ( PSI) was located just above a deep, sloping zone of frontogenesis, in the presence of deep near-saturated conditions. In the second case, evidence is shown that a layer of potential instability ( PI), associated with rapidly decreasing relative humidity with height, was located just above a shallow, sloping zone of frontogenesis. In addition, it is shown that a particularly favorable thermal environment for snowflake growth and accumulation became collocated with the heavy snowband. It is hypothesized that the differences in the intensity and horizontal extent of the bands observed with these two events resulted from differing atmospheric responses associated with the areal extent of large-scale and frontogenetical forcing, moisture availability, degree of instability, and specific thermal profiles. C1 NOAA, NWS Forecast Off, Binghamton, NY USA. RP NWS Forecast Off, 32 Dawes Dr, Johnson City, NY 13790 USA. EM michael.evans@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1011 EP 1028 DI 10.1175/WAF-823.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800004 ER PT J AU Dyer, JL Garza, RC AF Dyer, JL Garza, RC TI A comparison of precipitation estimation techniques over Lake Okeechobee, Florida SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLORIDA; CONVECTION; RADAR AB Lake Okeechobee, located in southern Florida, is an important component in the regional hydrologic system. Currently, the Southeast River Forecast Center (SERFC) is setting up a forecasting scheme for Lake Okeechobee and its major inflows. An important aspect in calibrating the system is estimating the depth of direct precipitation over the water surface. Within this project, National Weather Service (NWS) and South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) surface gauges, along with stage III multisensor precipitation estimates, are used to create time series of mean areal precipitation ( MAP). The computed MAP values are compared in order to find the relative differences between them, and to determine the utility of using each data source for calibration and in future operations. It was found that the SFWMD gauge-based MAP was the most useful data source, because it had a suitable period of record and the SFWMD gauges had a better spatial sampling of precipitation over the lake surface. The radar-based stage III estimates were not found to be a useful source of data, despite the superior spatial sampling resolution, because they had too short a period of record and a number of changes in the processing algorithms made the associated MAP nonhomogeneous and inappropriate for model calibration. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, SE River Forecast Ctr, Peachtree City, GA USA. RP Dyer, JL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Climatol Res Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dyerlive@uga.edu NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1043 DI 10.1175/824.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800005 ER PT J AU Blake, ES Gray, WM AF Blake, ES Gray, WM TI Prediction of August Atlantic basin hurricane activity SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY; STORM FORMATION; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; FREQUENCY; ANOMALIES AB Although skillful seasonal hurricane forecasts for the Atlantic basin are now a reality, large gaps remain in our understanding of observed variations in the distribution of activity within the hurricane season. The month of August roughly spans the first third of the climatologically most active part of the season, but activity during the month is quite variable. This paper reports on an initial investigation into forecasting year-to-year variability of August tropical cyclone (TC) activity using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction - National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. It is shown that 55% - 75% of the variance of August TC activity can be hindcast using a combination of 4 - 5 global predictors chosen from a 12-predictor pool with each of the predictors showing precursor associations with TC activity. The most prominent predictive signal is the equatorial July 200-mb wind off the west coast of South America. When this wind is anomalously strong from the northeast during July, Atlantic TC activity in August is almost always enhanced. Other July conditions associated with active Augusts include a weak subtropical high in the North Atlantic, an enhanced subtropical high in the northwest Pacific, and low pressure in the Bering Sea region. The most important application of the August-only forecast is that predicted net tropical cyclone (NTC) activity in August has a significant relationship with the incidence of U. S. August TC landfall events. Better understanding of August-only TC variability will allow for a more complete perspective of total seasonal variability and, as such, assist in making better seasonal forecasts. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Blake, ES (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami Beach, FL 33165 USA. EM Eric.S.Blake@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1044 EP 1060 DI 10.1175/814.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800006 ER PT J AU Burke, PC Schultz, DM AF Burke, PC Schultz, DM TI A 4-yr climatology of cold-season bow echoes over the continental United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; LIVED SQUALL LINES; EVOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTS; WSR-88D; STORM AB A search of radar mosaics and level-II Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data revealed 51 cold-season ( October - April) bow echoes that occurred in the contiguous United States from 1997 - 98 to 2000 - 01. Proximity soundings indicated mean 0 - 2.5-, 0 - 5-, and 5 - 10-km shear values of 14, 23, and 19 m s(-1), respectively. Mean CAPE was 1366 J kg(-1). Most bow echoes developed from squall lines, groups of cells, or squall lines overtaking cells that originated in the path of the squall line. Overall, cell mergers occurred just prior to the development of 34 (67%) of the 51 bow echoes, and embedded supercells were present in the mature stage of 22 (43%) bow echoes. Nine severe, long-lived bow echoes (LBEs) were identified, and seven of these had damage paths that met derecho criteria. LBEs developed in strongly forced, dynamic synoptic patterns with low to moderate instability. As in previous observational studies, proximity soundings suggested that LBEs are possible within much wider ranges of sampled CAPE and shear than idealized numerical modeling studies have indicated. Cold-season bow echoes formed overwhelmingly ( 47 of 51) in southwesterly 500-mb flow. Twenty (39%) bow echoes formed in a Gulf coast synoptic pattern that produced strong shear and moderate instability over the southeastern United States. Nineteen (37%) and seven (14%) bow echoes, respectively, formed in the plains and east synoptic patterns, which resemble classic severe weather outbreak patterns. Four (8%) bow echoes developed in a northwest flow synoptic pattern that produced strong shear and moderate instability over the southern plains. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Burke, PC (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 920 Armory Rd, Goodland, KS 67735 USA. EM patrick.burke@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1061 EP 1074 DI 10.1175/811.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800007 ER PT J AU Pietrycha, AE Rasmussen, EN AF Pietrycha, AE Rasmussen, EN TI Finescale surface observations of the dryline: A mobile mesonet perspective SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; CONVECTIVE STORMS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOIL-MOISTURE; INITIATION; SENSITIVITY; ENVIRONMENT; EVOLUTION; COPS-91; WSR-88D AB Mobile mesonet line normal, time-to-space converted data analysis on three meridional drylines that occurred in west Texas on 10 June 1999 and 5 May 2000 are presented herein; two occurred in a quiescent environment on 5 May 2000. Based on the data, the mixing zone across the dryline was composed of a series of large horizontal moisture differentials that were highly variable in width, ranging from 5 km down to several hundred meters. The largest dewpoint differential sampled was 10.0degreesC over 185 m. Concurrent with a deceleration of dryline movement to nearly stationary, and while moisture differentials strengthened, surface-based mesoscale vertical circulations with horizontal diameters of 2 km down to less than 300 m were resolved in the data, and visual observations were made of numerous, strongly rotating dust devils. The estimated diameters of the largest dust devils were similar to80 - 100 m and similar to1 km deep, and these persisted for tens of minutes. All vortices were found to move along or adjacent to the zones of moisture differential. Additionally, when the circulations were observed, spatially isolated cumulus clouds located along the dryline exhibited rapid vertical development. It is plausible that the vortices protect an ascending air parcel by inhibiting mixing, thus allowing the parcel to reach its local lifting condensation level and level of free convection with relatively greater buoyancy than parcels not contained in vortices. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Amarillo, TX USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP 333 W Univ Dr, Romeoville, IL 60446 USA. EM albert.pietrycha@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1075 EP 1088 DI 10.1175/819.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 879PX UT WOS:000225730800008 ER PT J AU Cook, BD Davis, KJ Wang, WG Desai, A Berger, BW Teclaw, RM Martin, JG Bolstad, PV Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Heilman, W AF Cook, BD Davis, KJ Wang, WG Desai, A Berger, BW Teclaw, RM Martin, JG Bolstad, PV Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Heilman, W TI Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE eddy correlation; deciduous forest; carbon cycle; nocturnal boundary layer; evapotranspiration; stomatal closure ID ECOSYSTEM-ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE; ENTHALPY-ENTROPY COMPENSATION; EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEM; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; TRACE GAS-EXCHANGE; SOIL RESPIRATION; TALL TOWER AB Turbulent fluxes of carbon, water vapor, and temperature were continuously measured above an upland forest in north central Wisconsin during 1999 and 2000 using the eddy covariance method. Maple (Acer saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) species found in this forest also comprise a substantial portion of the landscape in the northern Great Lakes region and area, and it has been hypothesized that forests of this age (60-80 years) are responsible for net uptake of atmospheric CO2 over North America. Mean CO,, water vapor, and temperature profile measurements were used to improve flux estimates during periods of low turbulence, and were effective for friction velocities (u(*)) >0.3 m s(-1). Unique observations at this site included nighttime and early morning venting anomalies that seemed to originate from a seemingly homogenous area within the forest. These elevated NEE measurements, some as high as 80 mol m- s, appeared in valid turbulent flux observations for hours at a time, and provided circumstantial evidence for preferential venting and/or existence of pooled CO2 in low-lying areas. We observed that the forest was a moderate sink for atmospheric carbon, and cumulative NEE of CO2 was estimated to be -334 g C m(-2) year(-1) during 2000. Sensitivity to low-turbulence flux corrections was very small (21 g C m(-2) year(-1)), and discrepancies between annual estimates of NEE and NEP were similar to other sites. A normalized measure of ecosystem respiration, the free energy of activation, was presented and its seasonal variations were analyzed. Gross ecosystem production (GEP) was high (1165 g C m(-2) year(-1)) and ecosystem respiration (ER) was low (817 g C m(-2) year(-1)) in comparison to spatially integrated, landscape-scale observations from WLEF (914 and 1005 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively), a 477 m tower located 22 km to the northeast [Glob. Change Biol. 9 (2003) 1278]. Forest transpiration was responsible for most of the water released to the atmosphere. Stomata closed under intense sunlight and high vapor pressure deficits (VPD > 1.5 kPa). Effect of stomotal closure on annual CO2 uptake was minimal due to adequate soil moisture and moderate VPD during the growing season. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Copper Mt Community Coll, Joshua Tree, CA 92252 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. CMDLI, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Cook, BD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 1530 N Cleveland Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM bcook@essc.psu.edu RI Wang, Weiguo/B-4948-2009; Martin, Jonathan/G-4558-2010; Cook, Bruce/M-4828-2013; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Desai, Ankur/A-5899-2008 OI Cook, Bruce/0000-0002-8528-000X; Desai, Ankur/0000-0002-5226-6041 NR 94 TC 141 Z9 144 U1 7 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 3-4 BP 271 EP 295 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008 PG 25 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877WX UT WOS:000225606900006 ER PT J AU Lelieveld, J Dentener, FJ Peters, W Krol, MC AF Lelieveld, J Dentener, FJ Peters, W Krol, MC TI On the role of hydroxyl radicals in the self-cleansing capacity of the troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PEM-TROPICS-B; METHYL CHLOROFORM; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OH CONCENTRATIONS; EMISSIONS; HO2; LIFETIME; METHANE; TREND; STRATOSPHERE AB Thousands of megatons natural and anthropogenic gases are released and subsequently removed from the troposphere each year. Photochemical reactions, initiated by hydroxyl (OH) radicals, oxidise most gases to products which are more easily removed by precipitation and dry deposition at the earth's surface. Since human-induced pollution emissions strongly affect OH formation and loss, large global changes in OH concentrations are possible. Global models and observations of trace gas distributions from global networks have been used to study geographical and temporal changes in tropospheric OH. Here we present a synopsis of recent studies, indicating that global mean OH has changed remarkably little in the past century, even though regional changes have probably been substantial. Globally, depletion of OH by reactive carbon gases has been compensated by increased OH formation by nitrogen oxides, an act of "inadvertent geo-engineering". However, OH analyses for the past 1-2 decades, partly based on methyl chloroform measurements, are inconclusive. Some work, assuming that methyl chloroform emissions have largely ceased, suggests a very strong downward global OH trend in the 1990s, inconsistent with modelling studies. The discrepancy could be much reduced by assuming continued small emissions of methyl chloroform. We recommend the continuation of high precision monitoring of this compound and improved analyses based on detailed meteorological-chemical models. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Va, Italy. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Lelieveld, J (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. EM lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; NR 51 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 5 U2 35 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 4 BP 2337 EP 2344 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 875GM UT WOS:000225408300001 ER PT J AU Phair, JW Livingston, RA Brown, CM Benesi, AJ AF Phair, JW Livingston, RA Brown, CM Benesi, AJ TI Investigation of the state of water in hydrating layered sodium disilicate in crystalline and amorphous forms by quasi-elastic neutron scattering SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ALKALI-SILICA REACTION; REACTION-PRODUCT GELS; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; KANEMITE; SPECTROSCOPY; KINETICS; BEHAVIOR; SURFACE; ICE AB The structure and state of water within hydrating crystalline and amorphous sodium disilicate were monitored for the first time using quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The QENS kinetic data collected for the first 12 h of the reaction were fitted to a model consisting of a Lorentzian and a Gaussian function each convoluted with the energy resolution of the instrument. This allowed the QENS signal from water to be associated with two states that included bound and free water, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses and H-2 NMR. In situ QENS data were collected for a set of sodium disilicate and silica mixtures at a series of discrete temperatures between 20 and 40 degreesC. The bound water was successfully modeled with first-order reaction kinetics to quantify the hydration of the layered silicate structure within kanemite. First-order reaction kinetics was also used to model the reaction using amorphous starting material, which may also suggest the presence of hydrated layered structure in the reaction product. The presence of the hydrated layered structure in amorphous material was confirmed by XRD analyses. The consequences of this for the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and its swelling mechanism are discussed. On the basis of these results, a standard test for ASR reactivity of aggregates could be developed using natrosilite as a reagent, and the kinetic parameters as a scale of reactivity. C1 Fed Highway Adm, Off Infrastruct Res & Dev, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Phair, JW (reprint author), Fed Highway Adm, Off Infrastruct Res & Dev, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. EM John.Phair@fhwa.dot.gov RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 24 BP 5042 EP 5050 DI 10.1021/cm049820r PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 874QV UT WOS:000225365800030 ER PT J AU Kollias, P Fairall, CW Zuidema, P Tomlinson, J Wick, GA AF Kollias, P Fairall, CW Zuidema, P Tomlinson, J Wick, GA TI Observations of marine stratocumulus in SE Pacific during the PACS 2003 cruise SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; CYCLE AB [ 1] In November 2003, the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) conducted measurements of Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) stratocumulus clouds, thermodynamic structure, surface fluxes and meteorology in the southeastern Pacific stratocumulus region. The observations were part of a field program to replace the WHOI Ocean Reference Station buoy at 20 S Latitude 85 W Longitude. During the cruise the MBL structure was characterized by a strong capping inversion, periods with well mixed conditions and marine stratus, clear sky periods and periods with moderate vertical gradients of potential temperature and mixing ratio that overlap with periods of small cloud fractional coverage, decoupled layers and low cloud base shallow cumuli clouds. The lifting condensation level (LCL) showed strong variability consistent with the variability of the MBL. Clouds with thickness more that 250 m had drizzle below the cloud base especially during nighttime. Large periods of clear skies were observed at the buoy location, especially just after the solar flux maximum. The aerosol size distribution measurements generally exhibited a bimodal structure. However, abrupt changes in the aerosol size distribution were also recorded, corresponding either with the presence of drizzle ( and a depletion of the accumulation mode) or the presence of clear skies ( and an increase in the Aitken mode). The stratocumulus observed during the 5-day station at the buoy location revealed a far more complex picture from the one captured during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) cruise to this same location in 2001. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kollias, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway,R-ET6, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM kollias@rsmas.miami.edu RI Tomlinson, Jason/C-6566-2009; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 22 AR L22110 DI 10.1029/2004GL020751 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 877PR UT WOS:000225583000002 ER PT J AU Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Pinczewski, WV Martys, NS AF Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Pinczewski, WV Martys, NS TI Virtual permeametry on microtomographic images SO JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; FONTAINEBLEAU SANDSTONE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; FLOW AB We show that accurate numerical micropermeametry measurements can be performed on three-dimensional (3D) digitized images of sedimentary rock. The sample size can be very small, making it possible to predict properties from core material not suited for laboratory testing (e.g., drill cuttings, sidewall core and damaged core plugs). Simulation of fluid permeability on microtomographic images of Fontainebleau sandstone on sample sizes of less than I mm(3) are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of porosities. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Math, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sch Petr Engn, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arns, CH (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Math, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM chfistoph.arns@anu.edu.au RI Arns, Christoph/A-5036-2009 OI Arns, Christoph/0000-0003-1721-3996 NR 26 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-4105 J9 J PETROL SCI ENG JI J. Pet. Sci. Eng. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.05.001 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 879GZ UT WOS:000225705700005 ER PT J AU Schlenoff, C Uschold, M AF Schlenoff, C Uschold, M TI Knowledge engineering and Ontologies for Autonomous Systems 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boeing, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Schlenoff, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.schlenoff@nist.gov; michael.f.uschold@boeing.com NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.08.004 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500001 ER PT J AU Balakirsky, S Messina, E Schlenoff, C Smith, S Uschold, M AF Balakirsky, S Messina, E Schlenoff, C Smith, S Uschold, M TI Knowledge representation for a trash collecting robot: results from the 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-for-Artificial-Intelligence CY MAR 22-24, 2004 CL Palo Alto, CA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence DE challenge problem; AAAI spring symposium; knowledge representation; ontology; autonomous systems AB The attendees of the Knowledge Representation and Ontologies for Autonomous Systems Symposium(1) applied their collective intelligence in an attempt to solve one of the universe's great challenges: how do you autonomously collect garbage from an airport facility? The attendees divided into three pre-selected, cross-disciplinary groups that were headed by Stephen Balakirsky (NIST), Elena Messina (NIST), and Scott Smith (Boeing). The teams were given limited direction and 3 h to develop a solution to the problem. Results from the groups were briefed the following morning at a plenary session. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boeing, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Balakirsky, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen@nist.gov; elena.messina@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov; scott.d.smith@boeing.com; michael.f.uschold@boeing.com OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.07.013 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500002 ER PT J AU Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C AF Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C TI Knowledge representation and planning for on-road driving SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-for-Artificial-Intelligence CY MAR 22-24, 2004 CL Palo Alto, CA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence DE knowledge representation; planning; autonomous road driving; RCS AB This paper presents a cost-based adaptive planning agent and knowledge layers that is operating at one level of a deliberative hierarchical planning system for autonomous road driving. At this level, the planning agent is responsible for developing fundamental driving maneuvers that allow a vehicle to travel safely amongst moving and stationary objects. This is facilitated through the application of knowledge to the graph creation process and the use of dynamic cost function within the incrementally created planning graph. The cost function varies to comply with particular road, regional, or event driven situations, and when coupled with the incremental graph expansion allows for the agent to implement hard and soft system constraints. Further discussion will be provided that details one of the expert systems that is implemented to provide the planning system with this knowledge in real-time. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Balakirsky, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.balakirsky@nist.gov; christopher.scrapper@nist.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.07.016 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500006 ER PT J AU Barbera, T Albus, J Messina, E Schlenoff, C Horst, J AF Barbera, T Albus, J Messina, E Schlenoff, C Horst, J TI How task analysis can be used to derive and organize the knowledge for the control of autonomous vehicles SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-for-Artificial-Intelligence CY MAR 22-24, 2004 CL Palo Alto, CA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence DE 4D/RCS methodology; autonomous vehicle; task analysis; control system; task decomposition AB The real-time control system (RCS) methodology has evolved over a number of years as a technique to capture task knowledge and organize it in a framework conducive to implementation in computer control systems. The fundamental premise of this methodology is that the present state of the task activities sets the context that identifies the requirements for all the support processing. In particular, the task context at any time determines what is to be sensed in the world, what world model states are to be evaluated, which situations are to be analyzed, what plans should be invoked, and which behavior generation knowledge is to be accessed. This results in a methodology that concentrates first and foremost on the task definition. It starts with the definition of the task knowledge in the form of a decision tree that clearly represents the branching of tasks into layers of simpler and simpler subtask sequences. This task decomposition framework is then used to guide the search for and to emplace all of the additional knowledge. This paper explores this process in some detail, showing how this knowledge is represented in a task context-sensitive relationship that supports the very complex real-time processing the computer control systems will have to do. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barbera, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barbera@nist.gov; james.albus@nist.gov; elena.messina@nist.gov; craig.schlenoff@nist.gov; john.horst@nist.gov OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.07.017 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500007 ER PT J AU Henninger, AE Madhavan, R AF Henninger, AE Madhavan, R TI Empirical comparison of predictive models for mobile agents SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-for-Artificial-Intelligence CY MAR 22-24, 2004 CL Palo Alto, CA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence DE autonomous agents; trajectory prediction AB The need to predict an agent's intents or future actions has been well documented in multi-agent system's literature and has been motivated by both systematically practical and psychologically principled concerns. However, little effort has focused on the comparison of predictive modeling techniques. This paper compares the performance of three predictive models all developed for the same, well-defined modeling task. Specifically, this paper compares the performance of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based model, a neural network based model and a Newtonian-based dead-reckoning model, all used to predict an agent's trajectory and position. After introducing the background and motivation for the research, this paper reviews the form of the algorithms, the integration of the models into a large-scale simulation environment, and the means by which the performance measures are generated. Performance measures are presented over increasing levels of error tolerance. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Soar Technol Inc, Orlando, FL 32817 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Henninger, AE (reprint author), Soar Technol Inc, 3361 Rouse Rd Suite 175, Orlando, FL 32817 USA. EM amy@soartech.com; raj.madhavan@ieee.org NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.07.023 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500009 ER PT J AU Provine, R Schlenoff, C Balakirsky, S Smith, S Uschold, M AF Provine, R Schlenoff, C Balakirsky, S Smith, S Uschold, M TI Ontology-based methods for enhancing autonomous vehicle path planning SO ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Symposium of the American-Association-for-Artificial-Intelligence CY MAR 22-24, 2004 CL Palo Alto, CA SP Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence DE ontology; autonomous vehicle; agent architectures; 4D/RCS; obstacle theory; description logic; path planning; protege AB We report the results of a first implementation demonstrating the use of an ontology to support reasoning about obstacles to improve the capabilities and performance of on-board route planning for autonomous vehicles. This is part of an overall effort to evaluate the performance of ontologies in different components of an autonomous vehicle within the 4D/RCS system architecture developed at NIST. Our initial focus has been on simple roadway driving scenarios where the controlled vehicle encounters potential obstacles in its path. As reported elsewhere [C. Schlenoff, S. Balakirsky, M. Uschold, R. Provine, S. Smith, Using ontologies to aid navigation planning in autonomous vehicles, Knowledge Engineering Review 18 (3) (2004) 243-255], our approach is to develop an ontology of objects in the environment, in conjunction with rules for estimating the damage that would be incurred by collisions with different objects in different situations. Automated reasoning is used to estimate collision damage; this information is fed to the route planner to help it decide whether to plan to avoid the object. We describe the results of the first implementation that integrates the ontology, the reasoner and the planner. We describe our insights and lessons learned and discuss resulting changes to our approach. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Boeing Co, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Provine, R (reprint author), Boeing Co, Phantom Works, POB 3707,M-S 7L-43, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. EM ronald.c.provine@boeing.com; craig.schlenof@nist.gov; stephen@nist.gov NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8890 J9 ROBOT AUTON SYST JI Robot. Auton. Syst. PD NOV 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1016/j.robot.2004.07.020 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA 872BA UT WOS:000225179500012 ER PT J AU Syed, TH Lakshmi, V Paleologos, E Lohmann, D Mitchell, K Famiglietti, JS AF Syed, TH Lakshmi, V Paleologos, E Lohmann, D Mitchell, K Famiglietti, JS TI Analysis of process controls in land surface hydrological cycle over the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrological cycle; land surface; principal components ID SOIL-MOISTURE; PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; RAINFALL; PARAMETERIZATION; SCALES AB The paper uses two years (1997-1999) of data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System at National Centers for Environmental Prediction to analyze the variability of physical variables contributing to the hydrological cycle over the conterminous United States. The five hydrological variables considered in this study are precipitation, top layer soil moisture (0-10 cm), total soil moisture (0-200 cm), runoff, and potential evaporation. There are two specific analyses carried out in this paper. In the first case the principal components of the hydrological cycle are examined with respect to the loadings of the individual variables. This helps to ascertain the contribution of physical variables to the hydrological process in decreasing order of process importance. The results from this part of the study had revealed that both in annual and seasonal timescales the first two principal components account for 70-80% of the variance and that precipitation dominated the first principal component, the most dominant mode of spatial variability. It was followed by the potential evaporation as the secondmost dominant process controlling the spatial variability of the hydrologic cycle over the continental United States. In the second case each hydrological variable was examined individually to determine the temporal evolution of its spatial variability. The results showed the presence of heterogeneity in the spatial variability of hydrologic variables and the way these patterns of variance change with time. It has also been found that the temporal evolution of the spatial patterns did not resemble white noise; the time series of the scores of the principal components showed proper cyclicity at seasonal to annual timescales. The northwestern and the southeastern parts of the United States had been found to have contributed significantly toward the overall variability of potential evaporation and soil moisture over the United States. This helps in determining the spatial patterns expected from hydrological variability. More importantly, in the case of modeling as well as designing observing systems, these studies will lead to the creation of efficient and accurate land surface measurement and parameterization schemes. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92687 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, NOAA, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Syed, TH (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, 701 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM vlakshmi@geol.sc.edu RI Syed, Tajdarul/G-6731-2014 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D22 AR D22105 DI 10.1029/2004JD004640 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 875OO UT WOS:000225430300002 ER PT J AU Beckman, BR Shimizu, M Gadberry, BA Parkins, PJ Cooper, KA AF Beckman, BR Shimizu, M Gadberry, BA Parkins, PJ Cooper, KA TI The effect of temperature change on the relations among plasma IGF-1, 41-kDa IGFBP, and growth rate in postsmolt coho salmon SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE temperature; growth; IGF-I; IGFBP; salmon ID BREAM SPARUS-AURATA; FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; SOMATOTROPIC AXIS RESPONSIVENESS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; COD GADUS-MORHUA; FACTOR-I; RAINBOW-TROUT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON AB The effect of temperature change on the relations between growth and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and 41-kDa insulin-like growth factor binding protein (41-kDa IGFBP) were assessed in postsmolt coho salmon. An experiment was initiated by reducing the temperature from 11 to 7 degreesC for two groups of fish that were subsequently fed at either 0.5% or 1.0% body weight per day. Two additional groups of fish were maintained at 11 degreesC and fed either 1.0% or 1.75% body weight per day. Fish were weighed and measured, and plasma samples were obtained on four dates: 12, 27, 47, and 63 days after the temperature change. Plasma IGF-I values were significantly lower in cool water groups than warm water groups for the first sample, by the last sampling, there were no significant differences between groups. There were no significant differences between treatment groups for plasma 41-kDa IGFBP levels for the first sampling. Subsequently, significant differences in plasma 41-kDa IGFBP levels between fish fed at different levels, regardless of temperature, were found. On all dates, significant associations were found between growth, plasma IGF-1, and 41-kDa IGFBP for fish held in warm water; however, no such relations were found for fish held in cool water for the first two sampling dates. After 47 and 63 days in cool water, significant relations between growth, plasma IGF-I, and 41-kDa IGFBP were reestablished. These data suggest that associations between growth, plasma IGF-I, and 41-kDa IGFBP were disrupted by a temperature decrease for at least 4 weeks. However, significant relations were reestablished after 47 days of temperature acclimation. These results support further investigation of plasma IGF-I and 41-kDa IGFBP as growth indicators in fish. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Beckman, BR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Integrat Fish Biol Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Brian.Beckman@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 26 PY 2004 VL 241 IS 1-4 BP 601 EP 619 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.08.013 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 870PR UT WOS:000225070700043 ER PT J AU McKinley, GA Rodenbeck, C Gloor, M Houweling, S Heimann, M AF McKinley, GA Rodenbeck, C Gloor, M Houweling, S Heimann, M TI Pacific dominance to global air-sea CO2 flux variability: A novel atmospheric inversion agrees with ocean models SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SINK; TRANSPORT AB We address an ongoing debate regarding the geographic distribution of interannual variability in ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange. We find that, for 1983-1998, both novel high-resolution atmospheric inversion calculations and global ocean biogeochemical models place the primary source of global CO2 air-sea flux variability in the Pacific Ocean. In the model considered here, this variability is clearly associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycle. Both methods also indicate that the Southern Ocean is the second-largest source of air-sea CO2 flux variability, and that variability is small throughout the Atlantic, including the North Atlantic, in contrast to previous studies. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07747 Jena, Germany. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP McKinley, GA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM galen@aos.wisc.edu RI Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 22 AR L22308 DI 10.1029/2004GL021069 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 875OD UT WOS:000225429100003 ER PT J AU Fisher, R Wilson, SK AF Fisher, R Wilson, SK TI Maximum sustainable swimming speeds of late-stage larvae of nine species of reef fishes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; coral reef; endurance; larval fish; swimming speed; U-crit ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; LATE PELAGIC STAGES; ENERGETIC COST; PERFORMANCE; ABILITIES; VERTEBRATES; BEHAVIOR; WATER; POPULATIONS AB We examined the maximum sustainable swimming speed of late-stage larvae of nine species of tropical reef fishes from around Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Larvae were captured in light traps and were swum in flumes at different experimental swimming speeds (of 5 cm s(-1) intervals) continuously for 24 h. Logistic regression was used to determine the speed at which 90% of larvae were able to maintain swimming, and this was used to indicate the maximum sustainable swimining speed for each species. Maximum Sustainable swimming speeds varied among the species examined, with the lethrinid maintaining the fastest sustainable swimming speed (24 cm s(-1)), followed by the Pomacentridae (10-20 cm s(-1)) and the Apogonidae (8-12 cm s(-1)). U-crit (maximum speed) explained 64% of the variation in sustainable speed among species, whereas total length only explained 33% of the variation in sustained swimming. A regression fitted across species suggests that 50% U-crit is a good approximation of the speed able to be maintained by these larvae for 24 h. A model based on a cubic relationship between sustained swimming time and speed was found to be more successful than either length or U-crit as a method of estimating sustainable swimming speed for most of the species examined. Overall, we found that swimming speed is an important factor when considering the potential for active swimming behaviour to influence dispersal patterns, recruitment success and levels of self-recruitment in reef fish larvae and needs to be carefully considered in models of larval dispersal. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Sch Field Studies, Ctr Marine Resource Studies, S Caicos, Turks and Caico, Micronesia. RP Fisher, R (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz Labs, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rebecca.fisher@noaa.gov RI Fisher, Rebecca/C-5459-2011; OI Fisher, Rebecca/0000-0001-5148-6731 NR 48 TC 32 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 312 IS 1 BP 171 EP 186 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.009 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 862QN UT WOS:000224506000010 ER PT J AU Benkovitz, CM Schwartz, SE Jensen, MP Miller, MA Easter, RC Bates, TS AF Benkovitz, CM Schwartz, SE Jensen, MP Miller, MA Easter, RC Bates, TS TI Modeling atmospheric sulfur over the Northern Hemisphere during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2 experimental period SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE sulfate; modelling; CTM ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; GLOBAL SULFATE DISTRIBUTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS; UNITED-STATES; POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; DIMETHYL DISULFIDE AB A high-resolution (1degrees x 1degrees, 27 vertical levels) Eulerian chemical transport and transformation model for sulfate, SO2, and related species driven by analyzed forecast meteorological data has been run for the Northern Hemisphere for June-July 1997 and extensively evaluated with observational data, mainly from air quality and precipitation chemistry networks. For similar to5000 evaluations, 50% of the modeled sulfate 24-hour mixing ratios were within a factor of 1.85 of the observations; 50% of similar to328 concurrent subgrid observations were within a factor of 1.33. Much greater subgrid variation for 24-hour SO2 mixing ratios (50% of similar to3552 observations were within a factor of 2.32) reflects high variability of this primary species; for similar to12600 evaluations, 50% of modeled mixing ratios were within a factor of 2.54 of the observations. These results indicate that a substantial fraction of the modeled and observed differences is due to subgrid variation and/or measurement error. Sulfate mixing ratios are identified by source type (biogenic, volcanic, and anthropogenic) and production mechanism (primary and by gas-phase and aqueous-phase oxidation). Examination of key diagnostics showed substantial variation for the different types of sulfur, e.g., SO2 aqueous-phase oxidation rates of 29-102% d(-1) and sulfate residence times of 4-9 days. Volcanic emissions contributed 10% of the sulfate burden and 6% of emissions, because the elevated release allows large fractional conversion of SO2 and long residence time. Biogenic SO2 was generally at lower concentrations than H2O2, resulting in efficient aqueous-phase oxidation; this source type contributed 13% of emissions but only 5% of sulfate burden. Anthropogenic sources were the dominant contributors to sulfur emissions (80%) and sulfate burden (84%). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Benkovitz, CM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM cmb@bnl.gov RI Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016 OI Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; NR 99 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D22 AR D22207 DI 10.1029/2004JD004939 PG 34 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 875OM UT WOS:000225430100002 ER PT J AU Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP AF Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP TI Direct combined ab initio/transition state theory study of the kinetics of the abstraction reactions of halogenated methanes with hydrogen atoms SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID QUADRATIC CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; COUPLED-CLUSTER SINGLES; FUKUI FUNCTIONS; REACTION-RATES; H-ATOMS; APPROXIMATION; FLUOROMETHANES; MOLECULES; RESONANCE; HARDNESS AB Theoretical calculations were carried out on the H-, Cl-, and F-atom abstraction reactions from a series of seven substituted halogenated methanes (CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, CHF3, CHF2Cl, and CHFCl2) by H atom attacks. Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequency calculations were performed using unrestricted Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (UMP2) with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Single-point energy calculations were performed with the highly correlated ab initio coupled cluster method in the space of single, double and triple (pertubatively) electron excitations CCSD(T) using the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. Canonical transition-state theory with a simple tunneling correction was used to predict the rate constants as a function of temperature (700-2500 K), and three-parameter Arrhenius expressions were obtained by fitting to the computed rate constants for elementary channels and overall reaction. C1 Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, Ctr Etudes & Rech Lasers & Appl, CNRS, UMR 8522,FR 2416, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Louis, F (reprint author), Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, Ctr Etudes & Rech Lasers & Appl, CNRS, UMR 8522,FR 2416, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. EM florent.louis@univ-lille1.fr; carlos.gonzalez@nist.pv OI Louis, Florent/0000-0002-9533-557X NR 56 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 47 BP 10586 EP 10593 DI 10.1021/jp047305a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 872RY UT WOS:000225227300027 ER PT J AU Tang, F Meeks, H Spowart, JE Gnaeupel-Herold, T Prask, H Anderson, IE AF Tang, F Meeks, H Spowart, JE Gnaeupel-Herold, T Prask, H Anderson, IE TI Consolidation effects on tensile properties of an elemental Al matrix composite SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE metal matrix composites; powder metallurgy; residual stress; strengthening mechanism ID ALUMINUM-ALLOY; MICROSTRUCTURE; REINFORCEMENT; DUCTILITY; BEHAVIOR; FRACTURE; DEFORMATION; INTERFACES; STRESS AB In a simplified composite design, an unalloyed Al matrix was reinforced by spherical Al-Cu-Fe alloy particles (30 vol.%), using either commercial purity (99.7%) or high purity (99.99%) fine powders (diameter < 10 mum). This composite material was consolidated by either vacuumhot pressing (VHP) or quasi-isostatic forging. The spatial distribution of reinforcement particles in both VHP and forged samples was shown to be almost the same by quantitative characterization with a multi-scale area fraction analysis technique. The tensile properties of all composite samples were tested and the forged materials showed significantly higher strength, while the elastic modulus values of all composite materials were close to the upper bound of theoretical predictions. Neutron diffraction measurements showed that there were high compressive residual stresses in the Al matrix of the forged samples and relatively low Al matrix residual stresses (predominantly compressive) in the VHP samples. By tensile tests and neutron diffraction measurements of the forged samples after annealing, it was shown that the high compressive residual stresses in the Al matrix were relieved and that tensile strength was also reduced to almost the same level as that of the VHP samples. Therefore, it was deduced that increased compressive residual stresses and enhanced dislocation densities in the forged composites raised the tensile strength to higher values than those of the VHP composites. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Ceracon Inc, Carmichael, CA 95628 USA. UES Inc, AFRL, MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Mat & Engn Phys Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Tang, F (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Bldg 4515,MS 6064, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM tangf@ornl.gov OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 386 IS 1-2 BP 194 EP 204 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2004.07.040 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 871JP UT WOS:000225127800024 ER PT J AU Arbic, BK Macayeal, DR Mitrovica, JX Milne, GA AF Arbic, BK Macayeal, DR Mitrovica, JX Milne, GA TI Palaeoclimate - Ocean tides and Heinrich events SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Univ Durham, Sci Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Arbic, BK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM arbic@splash.princeton.edu OI Arbic, Brian K/0000-0002-7969-2294 NR 13 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 432 IS 7016 BP 460 EP 460 DI 10.1038/432460a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 874AA UT WOS:000225322100032 PM 15565143 ER PT J AU Stoliarov, SI Lyon, RE Nyden, MR AF Stoliarov, SI Lyon, RE Nyden, MR TI A reactive molecular dynamics model of thermal decomposition in polymers. II. Polyisobutylene SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics; thermal decomposition; polyisobutylene ID DEGRADATION MECHANISM; VOLATILE OLIGOMERS; PRODUCTS; DEPENDENCE; PROVIDES; YIELDS; MELT AB An improved version of the reactive molecular dynamics method is presented. The method, which extends conventional (force-field-based) molecular dynamics to modeling chemical reactions, is used to simulate the thermal decomposition of polyisobutylene. The results of the simulations are generally consistent with experimental observations. A quantitative analysis of the results shows that the rate constant of the key initiation reaction, backbone scission, depends on the size of the molecular model of the polymer. This implies that the kinetics of some elementary reactions that take place in a polymer melt are affected by the macromolecular nature of the environment. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Galaxy Sci Corp, Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 USA. WJ Hughes FAA Tech Ctr, Fire Safety Branch AAR440, Atlantic City, NJ 08405 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Galaxy Sci Corp, 3120 Fire Rd, Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 USA. EM stanislav.ctr.stoliarov@faa.gov NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD NOV 25 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 25 BP 8613 EP 8621 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.023 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 876OX UT WOS:000225507800036 ER PT J AU Gettelman, A Weinstock, EM Fetzer, EJ Irion, FW Eldering, A Richard, EC Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Pittman, JV Webster, CR Herman, RL AF Gettelman, A Weinstock, EM Fetzer, EJ Irion, FW Eldering, A Richard, EC Rosenlof, KH Thompson, TL Pittman, JV Webster, CR Herman, RL TI Validation of Aqua satellite data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with in situ aircraft instruments SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; OZONE; SPECTROMETER; CLOUDS; WATER AB Aircraft observations from a recent campaign spanning 0-40N latitude are compared to coincident observations from satellite sensors on board the Aqua satellite of temperature, ozone, water vapor and cloud properties in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Satellite observations compare well to aircraft data; temperature is generally within +/-1.5 K and water vapor is within +/-25% of aircraft observations for pressures above 150 hPa and mixing ratios above similar to10 ppmv. Satellite ozone has a positive bias in the upper troposphere, and clouds observed by the aircraft are qualitatively well represented in the satellite data. These data and analyses provide critical validation of satellite observations, which promise new global insights into this region of the atmosphere. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gettelman, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM andrew@ucar.edu; elliot@huarp.harvard.edu; eric.j.fetzer@jpl.nasa.gov; bill.irion@jpl.nasa.gov; annmarie.eldering@jpl.nasa.gov; erik.c.richard@noaa.gov; karen.h.rosenlof@noaa.gov; thomas.l.thompson@noaa.gov; vellovic@fas.harvard.edu; chris.r.webster@jpl.nasa.gov; robert.l.herman@jpl.nasa.gov RI Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270 NR 14 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 24 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 22 AR L22107 DI 10.1029/2004GL020730 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 875OB UT WOS:000225428900001 ER PT J AU Basu, S Richardson, MI AF Basu, S Richardson, MI TI Simulation of the Martian dust cycle with the GFDL mars GCME SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE climate; dust; Mars ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; WATER ICE CLOUDS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ORBITER CAMERA; INFRARED MEASUREMENTS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; MGS TES; PATHFINDER AB The Martian seasonal dust cycle is examined with a general circulation model (GCM) that treats dust as a radiatively and dynamically interactive trace species. Dust injection is parameterized as being due to convective processes (such as dust devils) and model-resolved wind stresses. Size-dependent dust settling, transport by large-scale winds and subgrid scale diffusion, and radiative heating due to the predicted dust distribution are treated. Multiyear Viking and Mars Global Surveyor air temperature data are used to quantitatively assess the simulations. Varying the three free parameters for the two dust injection schemes (rate parameters for the two schemes and a threshold for wind-stress lifting), we find that the highly repeatable northern spring and summer temperatures can be reproduced by the model if the background dust haze is supplied by either convective lifting or by stress lifting with a very low threshold and a low injection rate. Dust injection due to high-threshold, high-rate stress lifting must be added to these to generate spontaneous and variable dust storms. In order to supply the background haze, widespread and ongoing lifting is required by the model. Imaging data provide a viable candidate mechanism for convective lifting, in the form of dust devils. However, observed nonconvective lifting systems (local storms, etc.) appear insufficiently frequent and widespread to satisfy the role. On the basis of the model results and thermal and imaging data, we suggest that the background dust haze on Mars is maintained by convective processes, specifically, dust devils. Combining the convective scheme and high-threshold stress lifting, we obtain a '`best fit'' multiyear simulation, which produces a realistic thermal state in northern spring and summer and, for the first time, spontaneous and interannually variable global dust storms. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Basu, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MC 150-21 Caltech,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM shabari@gps.caltech.edu NR 75 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD NOV 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS E11 AR 11006 DI 10.1029/2004JE002243 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 875OQ UT WOS:000225430500001 ER PT J AU Voigt, O Collins, AG Pearse, VB Pearse, JS Ender, A Hadrys, H Schierwater, B AF Voigt, O Collins, AG Pearse, VB Pearse, JS Ender, A Hadrys, H Schierwater, B TI Placozoa - no longer a phylum of one SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID TRICHOPLAX-ADHAERENS; METAZOAN EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY C1 Inst Anim Ecol & Cell Biol, Div Ecol & Evolut, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dept Mol Plant Physiol, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, Natl Systemat Lab, NMFS, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Katharinen Hosp, Zent Inst Transfus Med & Blutspendedienst, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Voigt, O (reprint author), Inst Anim Ecol & Cell Biol, Div Ecol & Evolut, Bunteweg 17D, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. EM CollinsA@Sl.edu RI Collins, Allen/A-7944-2008; Voigt, Oliver/A-7449-2011 OI Collins, Allen/0000-0002-3664-9691; Voigt, Oliver/0000-0001-8708-0872 NR 12 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0960-9822 J9 CURR BIOL JI Curr. Biol. PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 14 IS 22 BP R944 EP R945 DI 10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.036 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 874LV UT WOS:000225352800006 PM 15556848 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Morris, RA AF Work, TM Balazs, GH Rameyer, RA Morris, RA TI Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003 SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE green turtle; Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomatosis; pathology; epizootiology ID CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; MARINE TURTLES; TRANSMISSION; HERPESVIRUS; SPIRORCHIDIASIS; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATION; MALIGNANCY; FLORIDA; MARKER AB We necropsied 255 stranded green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) from the Hawaiian Islands, North Pacific, from August 1993 through May 2003. Of these, 214 (84%) were euthanized due to advanced FP and the remainder were found dead in fresh condition. Turtles were assigned a standardized tumor severity score ranging from 1 (lightly tumored) to 3 (heavily tumored). Tumors were counted and measured and categorized as external, oral, or internal and tissues evaluated by light microscopy. Turtles in tumor score 2 and 3 categories predominated, and tumor score 3 turtles were significantly larger than the other 2 categories. More juveniles stranded than subadults or adults. Total cross-sectional area of tumors increased significantly with straight carapace length (SCL). Frequency distribution of total number of external tumors per turtle was significantly skewed to the right, and there were significantly more tumors at the front than Fear of turtles. Eighty percent of turtles had oral tumors, and 51% of turtles with oral tumors had tumors in the glottis. Thirty-nine percent of turtles had internal tumors, most of them in the lung, kidney and heart. Fibromas predominated in lung, kidney and musculoskeletal system whereas myxofibromas were more common in intestines and spleen. Fibrosarcomas of low-grade malignancy were most frequent in the heart, and heart tumors had a predilection for the right atrium. Turtles with FP had significant additional complications including inflammation with vascular flukes. bacterial infections, poor body condition, and necrosis of salt gland. Turtles with oral tumors were more likely to have secondary complications such as pneumonia. Most turtles came from the island of Oahu (74%) followed by Maui (20%), Hawaii, Molokai, and Lanai (<3% each). On Oahu, significantly more turtles we necropsied stranded along the northwestern and northeastern shores. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Makai Anim Clin, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. EM thierry_work@usgs.gov RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 58 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 62 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.3354/dao062163 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 892WO UT WOS:000226680900018 PM 15648843 ER PT J AU Andruzzi, L Hexemer, A Li, XF Ober, CK Kramer, EJ Galli, G Chiellini, E Fischer, DA AF Andruzzi, L Hexemer, A Li, XF Ober, CK Kramer, EJ Galli, G Chiellini, E Fischer, DA TI Control of surface properties using fluorinated polymer brushes produced by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE; ORIENTATION; ENERGY; METHACRYLATE); PARTICLES; STYRENE; FILMS AB Surface-grafted styrene-based homopolymer and diblock copolymer brushes bearing semifluorinated alkyl side groups were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization on planar silicon oxide surfaces. The polymer brushes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and time-dependent water contact angle measurements. Angle-resolved XPS studies and water contact angle measurements showed that, in the case of the diblock copolymer brushes, the second block to be added was always exposed at the polymer-air interface regardless of its surface energy. Values of z*/R-g were estimated based on the radius of gyration, R-g, of the grafted homopolymer or block copolymer chains for the grafted brushes and thickness of the brush, z*. The fact that z*/R-g > 1 suggests that all these brushes are stretched. These results support the idea that after grafting the first block onto the surface the nitroxide-end capped polymer chains were able to polymerize the second block in a "living" fashion and the stretched brush so formed was dense enough that the outermost block in all cases completely covers the surface. NEXAFS analysis showed a relationship between the surface orientation of the fluorinated side chains and brush thickness with thicker brushes having more oriented side chains. Time-dependent water contact angle measurements revealed that the orientation of the side chains of the brush improved the surface stability toward reconstruction upon prolonged exposure to water. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Chim & Chim Ind, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 36 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 23 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 24 BP 10498 EP 10506 DI 10.1021/la049264f PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 872KZ UT WOS:000225207400021 PM 15544378 ER PT J AU Struthers, H Kreher, K Austin, J Schofield, R Bodeker, G Johnston, P Shiona, H Thomas, A AF Struthers, H Kreher, K Austin, J Schofield, R Bodeker, G Johnston, P Shiona, H Thomas, A TI Past and future simulations of NO2 from a coupled chemistry-climate model in comparison with observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; NEW-ZEALAND; OZONE; TRENDS; LAUDER; VARIABILITY; ANTARCTICA; ABSORPTION; EXPLICIT; N2O AB Trends in NO2 derived from a 45 year integration of a chemistry-climate model (CCM) run have been compared with ground-based NO2 measurements at Lauder (45degrees S) and Arrival Heights (78degrees S). Observed trends in NO2 at both sites exceed the modelled trends in N2O, the primary source gas for stratospheric NO2. This suggests that the processes driving the NO2 trend are not solely dictated by changes in N2O but are coupled to global atmospheric change, either chemically or dynamically or both. If CCMs are to accurately estimate future changes in ozone, it is important that they comprehensively include all processes affecting NOx (NO+NO2) because NOx concentrations are an important factor affecting ozone concentrations. Comparison of measured and modelled NO2 trends is a sensitive test of the degree to which these processes are incorporated in the CCM used here. At Lauder the 1980-2000 CCM NO2 trends (4.2% per decade at sunrise, 3.8% per decade at sunset) are lower than the observed trends (6.5% per decade at sunrise, 6.0% per decade at sunset) but not significantly different at the 2sigma level. Large variability in both the model and measurement data from Arrival Heights makes trend analysis of the data difficult. CCM predictions (2001-2019) of NO2 at Lauder and Arrival Heights show significant reductions in the rate of increase of NO2 compared with the previous 20 years (1980-2000). The model results indicate that the partitioning of oxides of nitrogen changes with time and is influenced by both chemical forcing and circulation changes. C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Omakau, New Zealand. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Struthers, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Private Bag 50061, Omakau, New Zealand. EM h.struthers@niwa.co.nz RI Schofield, Robyn/A-4062-2010; Bodeker, Greg/A-8870-2008 OI Schofield, Robyn/0000-0002-4230-717X; Bodeker, Greg/0000-0003-1094-5852 NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 22 PY 2004 VL 4 BP 2227 EP 2239 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 873HF UT WOS:000225269800001 ER PT J AU Lister, GG Curry, JJ Lawler, JE AF Lister, GG Curry, JJ Lawler, JE TI Power balance in highly loaded fluorescent lamps SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL FREQUENCY REDISTRIBUTION; LOW-PRESSURE-DISCHARGE; ARGON POSITIVE-COLUMN; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; LIGHTING PURPOSES; MERCURY; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; PARAMETERS; FORMULA AB Discrepancies reported in the literature between numerical predictions and experimental measurements in low-pressure Hg discharges at high current densities are considered. Elements of a one-dimensional fluid model and recent spectroscopic and Langmuir probe measurements are combined in a semi-empirical way to individually examine components of the positive column power balance and the discharge conductivity. At a Hg vapour pressure of 0.81 Pa (6.1 mTorr) and a current density of 300 mA cm(-2), previous discrepancies in the power balance and discharge conductivity are simultaneously resolved by assuming a higher electron density than that obtained from the Langmuir probe measurements. This conclusion is supported by independent measurements of ion density reported in a companion paper. The importance of radial cataphoresis under these conditions, particularly with regard to radiation transport, is highlighted. This work is of particular interest for the design of fluorescent lamps operating at high current densities. C1 Osram Sylvania, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Lister, GG (reprint author), Osram Sylvania, 71 Cherry Hill Dr, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD NOV 21 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 22 BP 3099 EP 3106 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/37/22/007 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 877HE UT WOS:000225557800009 ER PT J AU Gilmanov, TG Johnson, DA Saliendra, NZ Svejcar, TJ Angell, RF Clawson, KL AF Gilmanov, TG Johnson, DA Saliendra, NZ Svejcar, TJ Angell, RF Clawson, KL TI Winter CO2 fluxes above sagebrush-steppe ecosystems in Idaho and Oregon SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE winter CO2; flux; sagebrush steppe; artemisia; intermountain west; rangeland ecosystems; carbon cycle ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; SOIL RESPIRATION; ARCTIC TUNDRA; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; WATER-VAPOR; FROZEN SOIL; EXCHANGE; SNOW; GRASSLAND AB Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems cover more than 36 million ha in North America and represent an important economic and ecological resource. These ecosystems have a climate with an extended cold period that can last more than five months. The CO2 fluxes during this protracted cold period likely play an important role in determining annual fluxes in these ecosystems; however, few studies have measured continuous CO2 fluxes in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems during the winter. The objective of our study was to obtain continuous measurements Of CO2 fluxes during winter at representative sagebrush-steppe sites in the western USA and to study their relationships to environmental factors. Measurements Of CO2 fluxes were obtained using Bowen ratio/energy balance (BREB) techniques during the winter at two locations in Idaho and one location in Oregon. Average daily ecosystem respiration during the winter period (November 1-March 15) was 1.31 +/- 0.80 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) and 1.23 +/- 1.19 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) at the two Idaho sites and 0.68 +/- 0.56 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) at the Oregon site. These values are well within the range of previously published results for similar ecosystems. Multivariate analyses showed that soil temperature, wind speed, and snow depth were the environmental factors most closely related to winter CO2 effluxes. Based on testing of empirical flux models, additional research will be required to develop mathematical models that reliably predict winter CO2 effluxes across a wide range of sagebrush-steppe sites. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Utah State Univ, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Burns, OR 97720 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Field Res Duv, Air Resources Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Gilmanov, TG (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Box 2207B,Ag Hall 304, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM tagir_gilmanov@sdstate.edu RI Clawson, Kirk/C-5910-2016 OI Clawson, Kirk/0000-0002-8789-9607 NR 78 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 88 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.05.007 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877WW UT WOS:000225606700006 ER PT J AU Schweikhard, V Coddington, I Engels, P Tung, S Cornell, EA AF Schweikhard, V Coddington, I Engels, P Tung, S Cornell, EA TI Vortex-lattice dynamics in rotating spinor Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We observe interlaced square vortex lattices in rotating dilute-gas spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). After preparing a hexagonal vortex lattice in a one-component BEC in an internal atomic state |1>, we coherently transfer a fraction of the superfluid to a different state |2>. The subsequent evolution of this pseudo-spin-1/2 superfluid towards a state of offset square lattices involves an intriguing interplay of phase-separation and -mixing dynamics, both macroscopically and on the length scale of the vortex cores, and a stage of vortex turbulence. The stability of the square structure is proved by its response to applied shear perturbations. An interference technique shows the spatial offset between the two vortex lattices. Vortex cores in either component are filled by fluid of the other component, such that the spin-1/2 order parameter forms a Skyrmion lattice. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schweikhard, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 23 TC 135 Z9 137 U1 7 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 21 AR 210403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.210403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 872PU UT WOS:000225220500003 PM 15600987 ER PT J AU Diddams, SA Bergquist, JC Jefferts, SR Oates, CW AF Diddams, SA Bergquist, JC Jefferts, SR Oates, CW TI Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID PHASE-CONTROL; LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; UNCERTAINTY; OSCILLATOR; GENERATION; CONTINUUM; HG-199(+); FOUNTAIN; PTB AB After 50 years of development, microwave atomic clocks based on cesium have achieved fractional uncertainties below 1 part in 10(15), a level unequaled in all of metrology. The past 5 years have seen the accelerated development of optical atomic clocks, which may enable even greater improvements in timekeeping. Time and frequency standards with various levels of performance are ubiquitous in our society, with applications in many technological fields as well as in the continued exploration of the frontiers of basic science. We review state-of-the-art atomic time and frequency standards and discuss some of their uses in science and technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Diddams, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 56 TC 142 Z9 156 U1 7 U2 39 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 19 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5700 BP 1318 EP 1324 DI 10.1126/science.1102330 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 873SP UT WOS:000225301600038 PM 15550659 ER PT J AU Gianola, AJ Ichino, T Hoenigman, RL Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC AF Gianola, AJ Ichino, T Hoenigman, RL Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Lineberger, WC TI Thermochemistry and electronic structure of the pyrrolyl radical SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Review ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; JET-COOLED NO2; ION PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; BOND-DISSOCIATION ENERGIES; TRANSITION-STATE SPECTROSCOPY; VISIBLE EXCITATION SPECTRUM; REFERENCE WAVE-FUNCTIONS; COUPLED-CLUSTER THEORY; AB-INITIO; SYMMETRY-BREAKING AB The 364-nm photoelectron spectrum of pyrrolide anion, prepared by deprotonation of pyrrole, has been measured. The electron affinity (EA) of pyrrolyl radical has been determined to be 2.145 +/- 0.010 eV. Harmonic vibrational frequencies of 925 +/- 65, 1012 +/- 25, and 1464 +/- 20 cm(-1) are observed in the spectrum of the (2)A(2) ground state of pyrrolyl. This spectrum is well reproduced by Franck-Condon fitting on the basis of the optimized geometries and the vibrational frequencies of the anion and the radical obtained at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT). The observed vibrational modes involve large displacements along the ring coordinates. While the Franck-Condon analysis also predicts a very similar spectrum for the B-2(1) first excited state, only a broad, featureless, weak spectrum is observed near the calculated binding energy. The DFT calculations find a transition state for B-2(1) electronic symmetry as a result of strong vibronic coupling between the (2)A(2) and B-2(1) states. The transition state is located very close to a conical intersection of these states. The absence of distinctive features for the 2 B, transition state in the spectrum arises from the associated lifetime broadening. Using the EA of pyrrolyl together with the N-H bond dissociation energy (BDE) of pyrrole recently determined by Ashfold, the gas-phase acidity of pyrrole is Delta(acid)G(298)(RH) = 351.9 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1) and Delta(acid)H(298)(RH) = 359.4 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1). The gas-phase acidity of pyrrole was also independently determined relative to methanethiol using a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube. These measurements now provide a much more accurate set of benchmark acidities for pyrrole and methanethiol, a frequently employed reference acid. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Biochem & Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Veronica.Bierbaum@Colorado.edu; wcl@jila.colorado.edu NR 101 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 18 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 46 BP 10326 EP 10335 DI 10.1021/jp047790+ PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 870SU UT WOS:000225079100037 ER PT J AU Diaz, JG Planelles, J Bryant, GW Aizpurua, J AF Diaz, JG Planelles, J Bryant, GW Aizpurua, J TI Tight-binding method and multiband effective mass theory applied to CdS nanocrystals: Single-particle effects and optical spectra fine structure SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; GAP; SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE; STATES; CHAINS AB Optical spectra of US nanocrystals are interpreted by using both the atomistic tiaht-bindin- method and multiband effective mass theory. Both methods correctly describe the energy splitting between the two lowest optically active transitions and their relative strengths, providing the same labeling of the two main absorption peaks of the spectrum. Our calculations unambiguously show that these peaks correspond to the 1S(3/2) --> 1(S) and 1P(3/2) --> 1p transitions. Both zinc blende and wurtzite-type structures for US nanocrystals are considered. Similar optical spectra are predicted for the two lattice structures. We also study how the spectrum, and in particular, the 1S(3/2) --> 1S(1/2) splitting, is changed by modifying parameters, within the experimental uncertainties, including size and shape fluctuations, surface passivation and spin-orbit coupling. Our results are robust to small variations in all of these parameters. C1 Univ Jaume 1, Dept Ciencies Expt, E-12080 Castellon de La Plana, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Donostia Int Phys Ctr, San Sebastian 20018, Spain. RP Planelles, J (reprint author), Univ Jaume 1, Dept Ciencies Expt, Box 224, E-12080 Castellon de La Plana, Spain. EM planelle@exp.uji.es RI Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CTR., DIPC/C-3171-2014 OI Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 18 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 46 BP 17800 EP 17804 DI 10.1021/jp047658+ PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 870SW UT WOS:000225079300016 ER PT J AU Montzka, SA Aydin, M Battle, M Butler, JH Saltzman, ES Hall, BD Clarke, AD Mondeel, D Elkins, JW AF Montzka, SA Aydin, M Battle, M Butler, JH Saltzman, ES Hall, BD Clarke, AD Mondeel, D Elkins, JW TI A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmosphere composition; carbonyl sulfide; stratosphere sulfate aerosol ID GAS CONCENTRATIONS; POLAR FIRN; TRENDS; MASS; OCS; HALOCARBONS; DISULFIDE; GREENLAND; LIFETIMES; SPECTRA AB [1] Carbonyl sulfide ( COS) and other trace gases were measured in firn air collected near South Pole (89.98degreesS) and from air trapped in ice at Siple Dome, Antarctica (81.65degreesS). The results, when considered with ambient air data and previous ice core measurements, provide further evidence that atmospheric mixing ratios of COS over Antarctica between 1650 and 1850 A. D. were substantially lower than those observed today. Specifically, the results suggest annual mean COS mixing ratios between 300 and 400 pmol mol(-1) (ppt) during 1650 - 1850 A. D. and increases throughout most of the twentieth century. Measurements of COS in modern air and in the upper layers of the firn at South Pole indicate ambient, annual mean mixing ratios between 480 and 490 ppt with substantial seasonal variations. Peak mixing ratios are observed during austral summer in ambient air at South Pole and Cape Grim, Tasmania (40.41degreesS). Provided COS is not produced or destroyed in firn, these results also suggest that atmospheric COS mixing ratios have decreased 60 - 90 ppt ( 10 - 16%) since the 1980s in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. The history derived for atmospheric mixing ratios of COS in the Southern Hemisphere since 1850 is closely related to historical anthropogenic sulfur emissions. The fraction of anthropogenic sulfur emissions released as COS ( directly or indirectly) needed to explain the secular changes in atmospheric COS over this period is 0.3 - 0.6%. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Bowdoin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Montzka, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephen.a.montzka@noaa.gov OI Montzka, Stephen/0000-0002-9396-0400 NR 39 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 17 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D22 AR D22302 DI 10.1029/2004JD004686 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 875DO UT WOS:000225400100002 ER PT J AU Ogasawara, Y Nakayama, K Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Molldrem, JJ Levin, BC Kajigaya, S Young, NS AF Ogasawara, Y Nakayama, K Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Molldrem, JJ Levin, BC Kajigaya, S Young, NS TI Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heterogeneity among and within single human CD34 cells, T cells, B cells and granulocytes SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Hematology CY DEC 04-07, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Soc Hematol C1 NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Flow Cytometry Core Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Sect Transplant Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2004 VL 104 IS 11 MA 3217 BP 879A EP 879A PN 1 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 871JM UT WOS:000225127503219 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Revermann, T Hall, B AF Helmig, D Revermann, T Hall, B TI Characterization of a pressurized C-5-C-16 hydrocarbon gas calibration standard for air analysis SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; INTERCOMPARISON EXPERIMENT NOMHICE; DESORPTION-CAPILLARY GC; RESPONSE FACTORS; AMBIENT AIR; INDOOR AIR; SYSTEM; CANISTERS; STABILITY; CARBON AB A compressed gas standard containing parts-per-billion (ppb) amounts of the volatile hydrocarbons methylpentadiene (isoprene, 540 ppb) and isooctane (259 ppb) and a series of less volatile C-12-C-16 n-alkanes (n-dodecane, 349 ppb; n-tridecane, 340 ppb; n-tetradecane, 202 ppb; n-pentadecane, 271 ppb; and n-hexadecane, 308 ppb) was prepared by a one-step (no further gas dilution) microgravimetric method. The gravimetric mixing ratios were confirmed by referencing to a capillary diffusion method. The cylinder was heated to 75 degreesC to minimize condensation losses of analytes to the cylinder walls. Mixing ratios were monitored over a 2.5-year period. Some initial analyte losses (similar to3 to 20%) were observed for the heavier C-14-C-16 n-alkanes. Subsequently, analyte loss rates were found to be in the range of <1.0% per year for n-dodecane to n-hexadecane. The developed guidelines for preparation, storage, and retrieval of these semivolatile analytes enable the use of compressed gas standards for calibration and method development purposes in the environmental gas-phase analysis of these and related compounds. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Detlev.Helmig@instaar.colorado.edu NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 22 BP 6528 EP 6534 DI 10.1021/ac049113h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 870RU UT WOS:000225076400002 PM 15538772 ER PT J AU Soriano, S Dufour, C Dumesnil, K Borchers, JA Mangin, P AF Soriano, S Dufour, C Dumesnil, K Borchers, JA Mangin, P TI Clamping effects in the Al2O3(11(2)over-bar0)/Nb(110)/Eu(110) epitaxial system SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS R; X-RAY; DYSPROSIUM; NIOBIUM; GROWTH; DY; TB; ER; SUPERLATTICES; TRANSITION AB In-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters of Nb and Eu have been measured as a function of temperature between 10 and 300 K in the Al2O3(11 (2) over bar0)/Nb(110)/Eu(110) epitaxial system. It is shown that the Nb lattice is clamped in the growth plane to the sapphire substrate, in the whole temperature range. On its own, the Eu lattice is totally free to expand isotropically above a clamping temperature T-cl, below which in-plane parameters also freeze to an almost constant value. This well-defined clamping temperature strongly depends on the Eu thickness and likely is related to the thermal mobility of interface defects. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nancy 1, Phys Mat Lab, UMR CNRS 7556, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soriano, S (reprint author), Univ Nancy 1, Phys Mat Lab, UMR CNRS 7556, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. EM dufour@lpm.u-nancy.fr NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 20 BP 4636 EP 4638 DI 10.1063/1.1821658 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 871WD UT WOS:000225166400026 ER PT J AU Doriese, WB Beall, JA Deiker, S Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y AF Doriese, WB Beall, JA Deiker, S Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y TI Time-division multiplexing of high-resolution x-ray microcalorimeters: Four pixels and beyond SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERFERENCE DEVICE MULTIPLEXER; TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; ARRAYS AB We present experimental results from a four-pixel array of transition-edge-sensor, x-ray microcalorimeters read out through a single amplifier channel via a time-division superconducting quantum interference device multiplexer. We map the dependence of the x-ray energy resolution of the microcalorimeters on multiplexer timing parameters. We achieve multiplexed, four-pixel resolution of 6.94+/-0.05 eV full width at half maximum of the Mn Kalpha complex near 5.9 keV, which is a degradation of only 0.44 eV from nonmultiplexed operation. An analysis of straightforward upgrades to the multiplexer predicts that a linear array of 32 of these pixels could be multiplexed with a degradation in resolution of only 0.1 eV. These results, the first demonstration of a time-division multiplexer for x-ray detectors, establish a clear path to the instrumentation of a kilopixel microcalorimeter array. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Doriese, WB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MC 817-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM doriese@boulder.nist.gov NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 20 BP 4762 EP 4764 DI 10.1063/1.1823041 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 871WD UT WOS:000225166400068 ER PT J AU Lamaze, GP Chen-Mayer, HH Soni, KK AF Lamaze, GP Chen-Mayer, HH Soni, KK TI Analyses of thin films and surfaces by cold neutron depth profiling SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Meeting on Applied Physics (APHYS-2003) CY OCT 15-18, 2003 CL Badajoz, SPAIN SP Dept Phys Univ Extremadura, Junta Extremadura & Consejer Educ, Cienc Tecnol, INNOVA DE neutrons; depth profiling; lithium niobate; boron; borosilicate glass ID OPTICAL WAVE-GUIDES AB Neutron depth profiling (NDP) has been employed to examine manufacturing processes and starting materials for several high-technology applications. NDP combines nuclear and atomic physics processes to determine the concentration profile of several light elements in the near surface region (similar to1-8 mum) of smooth surfaces. The method is both quantitative and non-destructive. Analyses are performed at the Center for Neutron Research at NIST on samples prepared at Coming Incorporated. Two types of samples have been analyzed: (1) Boron profiles are measured in glasses to determine B loss due to its volatilization during manufacturing. Surface depletion of B is a key characteristic of borosilicate materials for both chemical vapor deposition and conventional melting processes. (2) For lithium niobate, a quantitative measure of Li concentration can differentiate congruent and stoichiometric compositions and any surface depletion in commercial wafers. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Corning Inc, Div Sci & Technol, Corning, NY 14831 USA. RP Lamaze, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Stop 8395, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.lamaze@nist.gov; sonikk@coming.com NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 238 IS 1-4 BP 108 EP 112 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.05.192 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 864TG UT WOS:000224655200020 ER PT J AU McClanahan, TR McLaughlin, SM Davy, JE Wilson, WH Peters, EC Price, KL Maina, J AF McClanahan, TR McLaughlin, SM Davy, JE Wilson, WH Peters, EC Price, KL Maina, J TI Observations of a new source of coral mortality along the Kenyan coast SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology CY JUL 06-11, 2003 CL Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS HO Univ Kansas DE Astreopora; Echinopora; coral disease; coral histology; marine fungi; Montipora ID PORITES-LUTEA; DISEASE; FUNGI; REEFS; SKELETON; ECOLOGY AB In early 2002 coral mortality occurred along 600 kin of coastline from Tanzania to Kenya. Astreopora, Echinopora, and Montipora species were severely affected, with Montipora being nearly eliminated from Kenyan reefs. Acropora, Platygyra, Goniopora, and massive Porites were also affected; however, Porites and Goniopora rarely died and often recovered, whereas death for most other species occurred within 2 weeks. In Echinopora and Montipora, a dull ashy tissue color and brittle skeletons characterized the early stages of this event with a mucus layer on the tissue surface in intermediate stages. Mucus and embedded debris then disappeared and surfaces were left covered in a white calcareous dust that sometimes capped a black layer. Astreopora tissues became dull and pale, and seldom produced mucus; eventually the skeleton became bare and white. Either a colorless translucent or brownish thin margin of tissue was visible between living tissue and bare skeleton, depending on species. Scanning electron micrographs of affected corals revealed the presence of fungi. Histology and staining showed that the fungi were mostly in the three genera that died from the syndrome and it may be that fungi invaded and killed corals weakened by another unidentified pathogen. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. NOAA, NOS, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Marine Biol Assoc UK, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. Tetra Tech Inc, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Coral Reef Conservat Project, Mombasa, Kenya. RP McClanahan, TR (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. EM tmcclanahan@wcs.org OI McClanahan, Timothy/0000-0001-5821-3584 NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 530 SI SI BP 469 EP 479 DI 10.1007/s10750-004-2672-6 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 889AU UT WOS:000226416700054 ER PT J AU Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Girard, JE AF Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Girard, JE TI The influence of matrix and laser energy on the molecular mass distribution of synthetic polymers obtained by MALDI-TOF-MS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE molecular mass distribution; MALDI-TOF-MS; synthetic polymers ID ELECTROSPRAY SAMPLE PREPARATION; TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS; GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DESORPTION IONIZATION; POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS; WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS; SPECTRAL ANALYSIS; SPECTROMETRY; DESORPTION/IONIZATION; POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE) AB The molecular mass distribution (MMD) obtained in synthetic polymer characterization by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) may be biased by preferential desorption/ionization of low mass polymer molecules, preferential ion attachment to larger polymers, or degradation and fragmentation due to the desorption process. In this study we focus on the effect of matrix and laser energy on the MMD of four synthetic polymers of low polydispersity with varying thermal stabilities. The four polymers considered were polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF). The matrix in which the polymer is analyzed may also influence the laser energy effect of MALDI and was also considered in this paper. Three common matrixes were considered, dithranol, all trans-retinoic acid (RA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). Statistical analyses of the molecular mass distributions, obtained by varying laser energy and matrixes, reveal trends that can be used to describe the influences of matrix and laser energy on MALDI-TOF-MS data measurement of synthetic polymers. The statistical analysis revealed that the matrix has a greater effect on the polymer MMD than was expected. Polymers analyzed in DHB yielded lower mass moments than polymers analyzed in RA and dithranol. The effects of laser power on the MMD of the polymers were found to be matrix dependent. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wetzel, SJ (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. EM wetzels@duq.edu NR 29 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 6 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 238 IS 3 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2004.04.019 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 879SU UT WOS:000225740000003 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Lawn, BR Rekow, ED Thompson, VP AF Zhang, Y Lawn, BR Rekow, ED Thompson, VP TI Effect of sandblasting on the long-term performance of dental ceramics SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental ceramics; crowns; fatigue; radial cracks; sandblasting ID HERTZIAN CONTACT DAMAGE; SHEAR BOND STRENGTH; Y-TZP CERAMICS; SURFACE-TREATMENT; LAYER STRUCTURES; BIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONS; TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA; BRITTLE COATINGS; MACHINING DAMAGE; LUTING CEMENTS AB A study has been made of the effects of sandblasting on the strength of Y-TZP and alumina ceramic layers joined to polymeric substrates and loaded at the top surfaces by a spherical indenter, in simulation of occlusal contact in ceramic crowns on tooth dentin. The sandblast treatment is applied to the ceramic bottom surface before bonding to the substrate, as in common dental practice. Specimens with polished surfaces are used as a control. Tests are conducted with monotonically increasing (dynamic) and sinusoidal (cyclic) loading on the spherical indenter, up to the point of initiation of a radial fracture at the ceramic bottom surface immediately below the contact. For the polished specimens, data from the dynamic and cyclic tests overlap, consistent with a dominant slow crack growth mode of fatigue. Strengths of sandblasted specimens show significant reductions in both dynamic and cyclic tests, indicative of larger starting Haws. However, the shift is considerably greater in the cyclic data, suggesting some mechanically assisted growth of the sandblast flaws. These results have implications in the context of lifetimes of dental crowns. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NYU, Coll Dent, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov OI Thompson, Van P/0000-0003-0033-0344 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 49 TC 191 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1552-4973 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 71B IS 2 BP 381 EP 386 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.30097 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 867MM UT WOS:000224846700021 PM 15386395 ER PT J AU Meier, K Laesecke, A Kabelac, S AF Meier, K Laesecke, A Kabelac, S TI Transport coefficients of the Lennard-Jones model fluid. II Self-diffusion SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; 2ND VIRIAL-COEFFICIENT; HARD-SPHERE TREATMENT; NMR SPIN-ECHO; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; MODERATE DENSITIES; ATTRACTIVE FORCES; SHEAR VISCOSITY AB In an extensive computer simulation study, the transport coefficients of the Lennard-Jones model fluid were determined with high accuracy from equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations. In the frame of time-correlation function theory, the generalized Einstein relations were employed to evaluate the transport coefficients. This second of a series of four papers presents the results for the self-diffusion coefficient, and discusses and interprets the behavior of this transport coefficient in the fluid region of the phase diagram. The uncertainty of the self-diffusion data is estimated to be 1% in the gas region and 0.5% at high-density liquid states. With the very accurate data, even fine details in the shape of the self-diffusion isotherms are resolved, and the previously little-investigated behavior of the self-diffusion coefficient at low-density gaseous states is analyzed in detail. Finally, aspects of the mass transport mechanisms on the molecular scale are explored by an analysis of the velocity autocorrelation functions. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Helmut Schmidt Univ Univ Bundeswehr Hamburg, Inst Thermodynam, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Meier, K (reprint author), Helmut Schmidt Univ Univ Bundeswehr Hamburg, Inst Thermodynam, Holstenhofweg 85, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany. EM karsten.meier@hsuhh.de NR 66 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 19 BP 9526 EP 9535 DI 10.1063/1.1786579 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 868DT UT WOS:000224895000035 PM 15538874 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PD Satija, SK Karim, A Douglas, JF Fetters, LJ AF Gallagher, PD Satija, SK Karim, A Douglas, JF Fetters, LJ TI Swelling of a polymer brush by a poor solvent SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BLOCK COPOLYMER MELTS; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; WATER-ADSORPTION; LAYERS; INTERFACE; CHAINS; TRANSITION; COLLAPSE; MIXTURE; MODEL AB The addition of a small amount of a poor solvent impurity (methanol) to a theta solvent (cyclohexane) is found to cause appreciable swelling (approximate to30% increase of the average brush height) in a model end-grafted polystyrene (PS) brush layer. This unusual type of swelling is not observed if octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) is first grafted to the portion of the silicon substrate uncovered by the grafting end-groups of the PS chains. Brush swelling in the absence of OTS surface protection is interpreted as arising from a segregation of methanol to the solid substrate and the resulting modification of the polymer-surface interaction. We also observe that the addition of a small amount of methanol to an adsorbed PS layer exposed to cyclohexane causes rapid film delamination from the silicon substrate. Together these observations imply a strong influence of surface active impurities on the structure and adhesive stability of polymer layers. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gallagher, PD (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM patrick.Gallagher@nist.gov NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 42 IS 22 BP 4126 EP 4131 DI 10.1002/polb.20257 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 867BS UT WOS:000224817700010 ER PT J AU Liu, JT Morris, JG AF Liu, JT Morris, JG TI Recrystallization microstructures and textures in AA 5052 continuous cast and direct chill cast aluminum alloy SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE aluminum alloy; recrystallization; texture ID ORIENTATION DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; PURITY ALUMINUM; POLE FIGURES; NUCLEATION; ANISOTROPY; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH; MN AB Commercially produced hot bands of AA 5052 continuous cast (CC) and direct chill (DC) cast aluminum alloys were cold rolled to (thickness) reductions of 70%, 80%, and 90% followed by annealing at different conditions. The recrystallization kinetics are found equivalent for both the CC and DC materials. Recrystallization microstructures are different between the CC and DC materials. Evolution of recrystallization texture in the CC and DC materials were investigated by using three-dimensional orientation distribution functions (ODFs) that were determined by X-ray diffraction. The recrystallization texture was correlated with cold rolling reduction (prior to annealing), annealing temperature, and annealing time. Results showed that the R {124} <211> and cube {001} <100> are dominant recrystallization texture components in both CC and DC materials. During annealing, the intensity and volume fraction of the cube component strongly depend on the prior cold rolling history. In contrast, the intensity and volume fraction of the R component remains almost constant regardless of the different cold rolling reductions prior to annealing. After complete recrystallization, the intensity and volume fraction of both R and cube components appear to be independent of the annealing temperature and annealing time. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Liu, JT (reprint author), Alcoa Tech Ctr, 100 Tech Dr, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15069 USA. EM jiantao.liu@alcoa.com NR 25 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 385 IS 1-2 BP 342 EP 351 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.070 PG 10 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 867DI UT WOS:000224822000043 ER PT J AU Nugent-Glandorf, L Perkins, TT AF Nugent-Glandorf, L Perkins, TT TI Measuring 0.1-nm motion in 1 ms in an optical microscope with differential back-focal-plane detection SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION; MOLECULES; TWEEZERS; TRACKING; LIGHT AB Back-focal-plane detection of micrometer-sized beads offers subnanometer resolution for single-molecule, optical trapping experiments. However, laser beam-pointing instability and mechanical drift of the microscope limit the resolution of optical-trapping experiments. By combining two infrared lasers with improved differential beam-pointing stability (<0.05 murad), we simultaneously measure and subtract the motion of the microscope stage, leading to a resolution of <0.1 nm in 1 ms and stability of 0.5 nm over 60 s. Repeated steps of 0.4 nm at 1 Hz are resolved with a signal-to-noise ratio of 25. C1 JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nugent-Glandorf, L (reprint author), JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM tperkins@jila.colorado.edu NR 13 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 17 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 22 BP 2611 EP 2613 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002611 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 867AV UT WOS:000224815400011 PM 15552661 ER PT J AU Gaudiosi, DM Lytle, AL Kohl, P Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Backus, S AF Gaudiosi, DM Lytle, AL Kohl, P Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Backus, S TI 11-W average power Ti : sapphire amplifier system using downchirped pulse amplification SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER-PULSES; COMPRESSION; GENERATION; EXPANSION; PHASE AB We demonstrate a high-power laser system that employs a new scheme in which pulses with negative chirp are amplified and then recompressed by dispersion in a block of transparent material. This scheme has significant advantages for amplification of intermediate energy pulses at high average power, including insensitivity to small misalignments of the pulse compressor, elimination of compressor gratings and their thermal loading issues, low compressor energy and bandwidth throughput losses, and a simplified optical design. Using this scheme, we demonstrate what we believe is the highest-average-power single-stage Ti:sapphire amplifier system with 11-W compressed output. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gaudiosi, DM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gaudiosi@colorado.edu RI Backus, Sterling/C-2506-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Lytle, Amy/B-8483-2015 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; NR 16 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 22 BP 2665 EP 2667 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002665 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 867AV UT WOS:000224815400029 PM 15552679 ER PT J AU Goldstein, T Mazet, JAK Gulland, FMD Rowles, T Harvey, JT Allen, SG King, DP Aldridge, BM Stott, JL AF Goldstein, T Mazet, JAK Gulland, FMD Rowles, T Harvey, JT Allen, SG King, DP Aldridge, BM Stott, JL TI The transmission of phocine herpesvirus-1 in rehabilitating and free-ranging Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in California SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; phocine herpesvirus; viral transmission; PCR; ELISA ID TYPE-1 INFECTIONS; RICHARDSII; DISEASE; AGE AB Phocine herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) causes regular outbreaks of disease in neonatal harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at rehabilitation centers in Europe and in the U.S. To investigate transmission of this virus samples were collected from harbor seal pups during exposure studies at a Californian rehabilitation center from 1999 to 2002 and from free-ranging harbor seals off central California during the same period. The exposure studies provided evidence that PhHV-1 can be transmitted horizontally between animals most likely through direct contact with oro-nasal secretions. However vertical transmission may also occur, as adult female harbor seals were found to be shedding the virus in vaginal and nasal secretions, and premature newborn pups had evidence of early infection. Results also indicated that PhHV-1 infections were common in both free-ranging (40%, 49/121) and rehabilitating (54%, 46/85) young harbor seals, during the spring and early summer. This timing, which correlated with pupping and weaning, suggested that the majority of animals were infected and infective with PhHV-1 between pupping and breeding. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 95695 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Point Reyes Natl Seashores, Natl Pk Serv, Point Reyes Stn, CA 94956 USA. RP Goldstein, T (reprint author), Alaska SeaLife Ctr, 301 Railway Ave,POB 1329, Seward, AK 99664 USA. EM tracey_goldstein@alaskasealife.org RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012; OI King, Donald/0000-0002-6959-2708 NR 30 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 15 PY 2004 VL 103 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 141 DI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.017 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 871EG UT WOS:000225111500001 PM 15504584 ER PT J AU Williams, JE Nikuni, T Nygaard, N Clark, CW AF Williams, JE Nikuni, T Nygaard, N Clark, CW TI Atom-molecule equilibration in a degenerate Fermi gas with resonant interactions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FESHBACH RESONANCE; CONDENSATION; COLLISIONS AB We present a nonequilibrium kinetic theory describing atom-molecule population dynamics in a two-component Fermi gas with a Feshbach resonance. Key collision integrals emerge that govern the relaxation of the atom-molecule mixture to chemical and thermal equilibrium. Our focus is on the pseudogap regime where molecules form above the superfluid transition temperature. In this regime, we formulate a simple model for the atom-molecule population dynamics. The model predicts the saturation of molecule formation that has been observed in recent experiments, and indicates that a dramatic enhancement of the atom-molecule conversion efficiency occurs at low temperatures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sci Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. RP Williams, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD NOV 14 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 21 BP L351 EP L357 AR PII S0953-4075(04)86882-2 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/37/21/L01 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 877SD UT WOS:000225589500001 ER PT J AU Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, E Murphy, PC Fehsenfeld, FC Meagher, J AF Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, E Murphy, PC Fehsenfeld, FC Meagher, J TI Nonmethane hydrocarbon and oxy hydrocarbon measurements during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nonmethane hydrocarbons; oxy hydrocarbons; biogenic hydrocarbons ID GULF-OF-MAINE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OZONE; METEOROLOGY; SEAWATER; COASTAL; TUNNEL; OCEAN AB [1] Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxy hydrocarbons ( oxy HCs) were measured aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research vessel Ronald H. Brown during the New England Air Quality Study from 13 July to 10 August 2002 by an online dual gas chromatographic instrument with two separate analytical columns equipped, respectively, with flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors. Measurements, taken each half hour, included C2 to C10 alkanes, C2 to C5 alkenes, alcohols and ketones, C6 to C9 aromatics, and biogenic volatile compounds including six monoterpenes, isoprene and its immediate oxidation products methacrolein and methylvinylketone. All compounds have been categorized by their contribution to the OH loss rate calculated for 298K and 1 atm. Large temporal variability was observed for all compounds. Airflow from the Providence, Rhode Island/Boston, Massachusetts, urban corridor northeast to the New Hampshire coast was usually heavily laden with NMHCs and oxy HCs of anthropogenic origin. Comparison of specific compound ratios with automotive tunnel studies suggested that these were predominantly mobile source emissions. When such flow occurred during daylight hours, these urban plumes were accompanied by increases in ozone in the 80 to 120 ppbv range. About equally as often, much less chemically mature NMHC plumes were encountered near the New Hampshire coast. Ozone was titrated out of these latter plumes, and the unusually high mixing ratios of C4 and C5 alkenes suggested that their source was partly gasoline vapor release rather than mobile source emissions. In the New England coastal region explored, in spite of the large anthropogenic NMHC input during periods of offshore flow, OH loss with hydrocarbons was frequently dominated by compounds of biogenic origin. During periods of cleaner marine air inflow the OH loss rate was dominated by reaction with methane and with oxy HCs, predominantly acetone, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. C1 US Dept Commerce, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Goldan, PD (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-E-AL7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM Paul.D.Goldan@al.noaa.gov; bkuster@al.noaa.gov; Eric.J.Williams@noaa.gov; pcmurphy@al.noaa.gov; Fred.C.Fehsenfeld@noaa.gov; James.F.Meagher@noaa.gov RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 24 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 12 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D21 AR D21309 DI 10.1029/2003JD004455 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 872EM UT WOS:000225190500002 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Kondo, Y Cooper, OR Brock, CA Jaffe, DA Trainer, M Ogawa, T Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC AF Parrish, DD Kondo, Y Cooper, OR Brock, CA Jaffe, DA Trainer, M Ogawa, T Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC TI Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) and Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission (PEACE) experiments: An overview of the 2002 winter and spring intensives SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE intercontinental transport; long-range transport; ozone; aerosols; ITCT 2K2; PEACE B ID OBSERVATORY PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; NITRIC-ACID; ACE-ASIA; INSTRUMENT; AIRCRAFT; PLUMES AB [1] In the winter and spring of 2002, airborne and ground-based measurements of O-3, aerosols, and their precursors were made in the eastern and western North Pacific regions. Three field studies were conducted by an international team of scientists collaborating as part of the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) program, an activity of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). Previous measurements have indicated that the transport of Asian emissions across the North Pacific Ocean influences the concentrations of trace tropospheric species over the Pacific and even the west coast of North America. In this special section, the recently acquired data are used to better characterize the contribution of continental sources to the aerosol, ozone, and related trace species concentrations over the North Pacific. This overview is aimed at providing the operational and logistical context of the study and introducing the principal findings and conclusions that have been drawn from the results. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Earth Observ Res & Applicat Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1046023, Japan. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway R-AL4, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM parrish@al.noaa.gov; kondo@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp; ocooper@al.noaa.gov; cbrock@al.noaa.gov; djaffe@u.washington.edu; trainer@al.noaa.gov; ogawa.toshihiro@jaxa.jp; gerd@al.noaa.gov; fcf@al.noaa.gov RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; NR 81 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 12 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D23 AR D23S01 DI 10.1029/2004JD004980 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 872EN UT WOS:000225190600001 ER PT J AU Yue, AF Papandrew, AB Delaire, O Fultz, B Chowdhuri, Z Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA AF Yue, AF Papandrew, AB Delaire, O Fultz, B Chowdhuri, Z Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA TI Vibrations of micro-eV energies in nanocrystalline microstructures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-OF-STATES; PHONONS; MODES; NI3FE; IRON; PD AB The phonon density of states of nanocrystalline bcc Fe and nanocrystalline fcc Ni3Fe were measured by inelastic neutron scattering in two different ranges of energy. As has been reported previously, the nanocrystalline materials showed enhancements in their phonon density of states at energies from 2 to 15 meV, compared to control samples composed of large crystals. The present measurements were extended to energies in the micro-eV range, and showed significant, but smaller, enhancements in the number of modes in the energy range from 5 to 18 mueV. These modes of micro-eV energies provide a long-wavelength limit that bounds the fraction of modes at milli-eV energies originating with the cooperative dynamics of the nanocrystalline microstructure. C1 CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Yue, AF (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 20 AR 205501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.205501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 870PB UT WOS:000225068800035 PM 15600935 ER PT J AU Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Lovas, FJ AF Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Lovas, FJ TI Microwave spectrum of Ne : HBr: structural perspectives on Rg : HX, Rg = Ne, Ar, Kr; X = F, Cl, Br, I SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; AB-INITIO; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; HCN-HF; HYDROGEN; DYNAMICS; SCATTERING; INVERSION AB Microwave spectra of ground state Ne-20:(HBr)-H-1-Br-79, Ne-20:(HBr)-H-1-Br-81, Ne-22:(HBr)-H-1-Br-79, Ne-22:(HBr)-H-1-Br-81, and their corresponding deuterated isotoporners are obtained using pulsed-nozzle Fourier Transform microwave spectroscopy. The Ne-20:(HBr)-H-1-Br-79 ground state . = 0.09025(11) is characteristic of a nearly free rotor. The available Ne-20:(HBr)-H-1-Br-79, Ne-20:(HBr)-H-2-Br-79, Ne-22:(HBr)-H-1-Br-79 and Ne-22:(HBr)-H-2-Br-79 data are analyzed and used to determine an initial ground vibrational state morphed potential for the dimer. This resulting intermolecular potential indicates a global minimum Ne:BrH linear isomeric structure with R-cm 3.42 Angstrom. These analyses also provide structural perspectives. on the prototypical homologous series Rg:HX (Rg = Ne, Ar, Kr; X = F, Cl, Br, I). (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bevan, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Bldg 3255, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM bevan@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Bevan, John/B-6529-2015; Lucchese, Robert/O-4452-2014 OI Bevan, John/0000-0003-0264-6596; Lucchese, Robert/0000-0002-7200-3775 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 11 PY 2004 VL 398 IS 4-6 BP 544 EP 552 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.145 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 867OV UT WOS:000224852800049 ER PT J AU Codrescu, MV Fuller-Rowell, TJ Minter, CF AF Codrescu, MV Fuller-Rowell, TJ Minter, CF TI An ensemble-type Kalman filter for neutral thermospheric composition during geomagnetic storms SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Kalman filter; data assimilation; thermosphere composition ID HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; DATA ASSIMILATION; F-LAYER; MODEL AB Global circulation models (GCMs) for the thermosphere ionosphere system have been in use for more than 20 years. In the beginning the GCMs were run on supercomputers, were expensive to run, and were used mainly to provide insight into the physics of the region and to interpret measurements. Advances in computer technology have made it possible to run GCMs on desktops and to compare their results with real-time or near-real-time measurements. Today's models are capable of reproducing generic geomagnetic storm effects, but modeling specific storms is still a challenge because accurate descriptions of the energy input during storms are not easy to obtain. One way to compensate for the uncertainty in model inputs for a given period is to assimilate measurements into the model results. In this way, meteorologists have been improving their ability to model tropospheric weather for the last few decades. Data assimilation algorithms have seen an explosive growth in the last few years, and the time has come to apply such techniques to the thermospheric storm effects problem. We present results from an ensemble Kalman filter scheme that determines the best estimate of the global height-integrated O/N-2 ratio by combining GCM results and uncertainties with measurements and their errors. We describe the differences that result from the application of an ensemble Kalman filter to an externally forced system (neutral chemical composition) versus a system dominated by the initial condition and internal dynamics ( tropospheric weather and ocean models). The results demonstrate that an ensemble of 10 members is able to characterize the state covariance matrix with sufficient fidelity to enable the Kalman filter to operate in a stable mode. Some information about the external forcing was extracted from the estimate of the state. The general trend of the forcing was followed by the filter, but departures were present over some periods. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mihail.codrescu@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD NOV 11 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 11 AR S11002 DI 10.1029/2004SW000088 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 909IG UT WOS:000227853000001 ER PT J AU Moon, YJ Cho, KS Smith, Z Fry, CD Dryer, M Park, YD AF Moon, YJ Cho, KS Smith, Z Fry, CD Dryer, M Park, YD TI Flare-associated coronal mass ejections with large accelerations SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Sun : corona; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : flares ID 2 DYNAMICAL TYPES; EVOLUTION; STREAMER; LASCO AB It is well known that while flare-associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) show higher speeds and little acceleration in the corona, filament-associated CMEs have lower speeds and large accelerations. In this paper, we examine three flare-associated CMEs with relatively large accelerations as counterexamples of the former tendency. The estimated accelerations are all larger than 45 m s(-2) below 15 R-circle dot. By analyzing SOHO EIT, SOHO LASCO, and GOES data, we attempt to find out what kind of physical characteristics control such strong accelerations. The first event is the 1999 July 9 event associated with a C1.1 flare. Considering the fact that its CME appearance, seen in the LASCO running difference imagery, is quite similar to the shape of a helmet streamer, we speculate that its eruption is related to the destabilization of a helmet streamer, which may induce the weak X-ray flare. The second event is the 1999 August 17 event associated with a C2.6 flare. The CME speed abruptly increased from 232 to 909 km s(-1) for 1 hr, and the strong acceleration is coincident with the occurrence of a subsequent flare/CME. The third event is the 2000 November 24 event associated with a C4.1 flare. The CME speed first decreased and then constantly accelerated for 3 hr. The start of such an acceleration is also coincident with a subsequent CME/flare event. For the last two CME events, the Lorentz forces acting on the subsequent events may play an important role in accelerating CMEs. Our results show that large accelerations of flare-associated CMEs, as counterexamples of the two classes of CMEs, seem to be caused by other solar activities, such as helmet streamer disruptions or subsequent CMEs/flares. C1 Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. New Jersey Inst Technol, Big Bear Solar Observ, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Moon, YJ (reprint author), Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. EM yjmoon@kao.re.kr RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013; xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD NOV 10 PY 2004 VL 615 IS 2 BP 1011 EP 1020 DI 10.1086/424682 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 870GT UT WOS:000225046300040 ER PT J AU Petron, G Granier, C Khattatov, B Yudin, V Lamarque, JF Emmons, L Gille, J Edwards, DP AF Petron, G Granier, C Khattatov, B Yudin, V Lamarque, JF Emmons, L Gille, J Edwards, DP TI Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000-2001 MOPITT satellite data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; EMISSIONS; RETRIEVAL; ASIA AB This paper presents results of the inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface sources on a monthly and regional basis using the MOPITT (Measurement Of the Pollution In The Troposphere) CO retrievals. The targeted time period is from April 2000 to March 2001. A sequential and time-dependent inversion scheme is implemented to correct an a priori set of monthly mean CO sources. The a posteriori estimates for the total anthropogenic (fossil fuel + biofuel + biomass burning) surface sources of CO in TgCO/yr are 509 in Asia, 267 in Africa, 140 in North America, 90 in Europe and 84 in Central and South America. Inverting on a monthly scale allows one to assess a corrected seasonality specific to each source type and each region. Forward CTM simulations with the a posteriori emissions show a substantial improvement of the agreement between modeled CO and independent in situ observations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. RP Petron, G (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Adv Study Program, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM gap@ucar.edu RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 15 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 10 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 21 AR L21107 DI 10.1029/2004GL020560 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 872EG UT WOS:000225189900002 ER PT J AU Zheng, QN Shen, SSP Yuan, YL Huang, NE Klemas, V Yan, XH Shi, FY Zhang, XB Zhao, ZX Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P AF Zheng, QN Shen, SSP Yuan, YL Huang, NE Klemas, V Yan, XH Shi, FY Zhang, XB Zhao, ZX Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P TI Evidence of the coexistence of upstream and downstream solitary wavetrains in the real atmosphere SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID APERTURE-RADAR IMAGE; COASTAL LEE WAVES; STRATIFIED FLOW; SAR IMAGES; TOPOGRAPHY; SPACE AB From a true colour image of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) onboard the Orbview-2 satellite, we observed two packets of orderly wave clouds on two sides of Hainan Island in the South China Sea. A packet of 23 wave clouds stretches southward from the island. A second packet of more than 20 wave clouds stretches north-eastward off the north-east coast of the island. The concave orientation of the wave cloud lines implies that both packets are propagating away from the island. A chart of geopotential height and velocity at 850 mbar shows a south-westerly air flow over the island; hence the two wave cloud packets propagate upstream and downstream, simultaneously. Thus, we have found new evidence of the coexistence of both upstream and downstream solitary wavetrains generated in the real atmosphere by land topographic disturbances. Comparison with theoretical results supports this conclusion. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Math Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. SOA, Inst Oceanog 1, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans & Ice Branch, Greenbelt, MD 29771 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Civil Engn, Ctr Appl Coastal Res, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zheng, QN (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM quanan@atmos.umd.edu RI Zheng, Quanan/F-9025-2010; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Zhao, Zhongxiang/A-1918-2012; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 10 PY 2004 VL 25 IS 21 BP 4433 EP 4440 DI 10.1080/01431160310001609716 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 873ZY UT WOS:000225321900001 ER PT J AU Cabral, JT Hudson, SD Harrison, C Douglas, JF AF Cabral, JT Hudson, SD Harrison, C Douglas, JF TI Frontal photopolymerization for microfluidic applications SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID THIOL-ENE PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION; GRAY-SCALE PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY; PATTERN-FORMATION; POLYMERIZATION; SYSTEMS; KINETICS; POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE); DEVICES; MICROCHANNELS; FABRICATION AB Frontal photopolymerization (FPP) offers numerous advantages for the rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices. Quantitative utilization of this method, however, requires a control of the vertical dimensions of the patterned resist material. To address this fundamental problem, we study the ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization of a series of multifunctional thiolene resists through a combination of experiments and analytical modeling of the polymerization fronts. We describe this nonlinear spatio-temporal growth process in terms of a "minimal" model involving an order parameter phi(x, t) characterizing the extent of monomer-to-polymer conversion, the optical attenuation T(x, t), and the solid front position h(t). The latter exhibits an induction time (or equivalent critical UV dose) characterizing the onset of frontal propagation. We also observe a novel transition between two logarithmic rates of growth, determined by the Beer-Lambert attenuation constants mu(0) and mu(infinity) of the monomer and fully polymerized material, respectively. The measured frontal kinetics and optical transmission of the thiolene resist materials are consistent with our photopolymerization model, exhibiting both "photodarkening" and "photoinvariant" polymerization. This is apparently the first observation of photodarkening reported in FPP. On the basis of these results, multilevel fluidic devices with controlled height are readily fabricated with modulated illumination. A representative two-level microfluidic device, incorporating a chaotic mixer, a T junction, and a series of controlled flow constrictions, illustrates the practical versatility of this fabrication method. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cabral, JT (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joao.cabral@nist.gov; jack.douglas@nist.gov RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 59 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 9 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 23 BP 10020 EP 10029 DI 10.1021/la049501e PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 869KK UT WOS:000224981600024 PM 15518489 ER PT J AU Hawa, T Zachariah, MR AF Hawa, T Zachariah, MR TI Internal pressure and surface tension of bare and hydrogen coated silicon nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; METAL-OXIDE PARTICLES; GAS-PHASE REACTION; THIN-FILM GROWTH; AMORPHOUS-SILICON; INTERATOMIC POTENTIALS; STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SI NANOCRYSTALS; POROUS SILICON AB We present a study of internal pressure and surface tension of bare and hydrogen coated silicon nanoparticles of 2-10 nm diameter as a function of temperature, using molecular dynamics simulations employing a reparametrized Kohen-Tully-Stillinger interatomic potential. The internal pressure was found to increase with decreasing particle size but the density was found to be independent of the particle size. We showed that for covalent bond structures, changes in surface curvature and the associated surface forces were not sufficient to significantly change bond lengths and angles. Thus, the surface tension was also found to be independent of the particle size. Surface tension was found to decrease with increasing particle temperature while the internal pressure did not vary with temperature. The presence of hydrogen on the surface of a particle significantly reduces surface tension (e.g., drops from 0.83 J/m(2) to 0.42 J/m(2) at 1500 K). The computed pressure of bare and coated particles was found to follow the classical Laplace-Young equation. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zachariah, MR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 63 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 8 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 18 BP 9043 EP 9049 DI 10.1063/1.1797073 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 866UM UT WOS:000224798900042 PM 15527370 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E AF Mamontov, E TI Dynamics of surface water in ZrO2 studied by quasielastic neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; MODIFIED ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE; YTTRIA-DOPED ZIRCONIA; SUPERCOOLED WATER; RELAXATIONAL DYNAMICS; METHANOL SYNTHESIS; DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS; PROTON DIFFUSION; HYDRATION WATER; PURPLE MEMBRANE AB A quasielastic neutron scattering experiment has revealed the dynamics of surface water in a high surface area zirconium oxide in the temperature range of 300-360 K. The characteristic times of the rotational (picoseconds) and translational (tens of picoseconds) components of diffusion motion are well separated. The rotational correlation time shows an Arrhenius-type behavior with an activation energy of 4.48 kJ/mol, which is lower compared to bulk water. The rotational diffusion at room temperature is slower by about a factor of 2 compared to bulk water, whereas the translational diffusion slows down by a factor of 40. In contrast to bulk water, the translational correlation time exhibits an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence with an activation energy of 11.38 kJ/mol. Comparison of different models for jump diffusion processes suggests that water molecules perform two-dimensional jumps at a well-defined, almost temperature-independent distance of 4.21-4.32 Angstrom. Such a large jump distance indicates a low molecular density of the layer of diffusing molecules. We argue that undissociated water molecules on an average form two hydrations layers on top of the surface layer of hydroxyl groups, and all the layers have similar molecular density. Quasielastic neutron scattering experiment assesses the dynamics of the outermost hydration layer, whereas slower motion of the water molecules in the inner hydration layer contributes to the elastic signal. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mamontov@nist.gov RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 66 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 8 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 18 BP 9087 EP 9097 DI 10.1063/1.1804152 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 866UM UT WOS:000224798900047 PM 15527375 ER PT J AU Mamontov, E AF Mamontov, E TI Comment on "Quasielastic neutron scattering of two-dimensional water in a vermiculite clay" [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2873 (2000)] and "A neutron spin-echo study of confined water" [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 11299 (2001)] SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID MOLECULES; DYNAMICS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mamontov, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mamontov@nist.gov RI Mamontov, Eugene/Q-1003-2015 OI Mamontov, Eugene/0000-0002-5684-2675 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 8 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 18 BP 9193 EP 9194 DI 10.1063/1.1797091 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 866UM UT WOS:000224798900064 PM 15527392 ER PT J AU Fonseca, CA Goni, GJ Johns, WE Campos, EJD AF Fonseca, CA Goni, GJ Johns, WE Campos, EJD TI Investigation of the North Brazil Current retroflection and North Equatorial Countercurrent variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CURRENT RINGS; ANNUAL CYCLE; SHIP DRIFTS; ALTIMETRY; WARM AB [ 1] Eight years of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter-derived sea height anomaly and climatological hydrographic data are used to investigate the temporal and spatial variability of the North Brazil Current ( NBC) retroflection and the North Equatorial Countercurrent ( NECC). The NBC retroflection exhibits a mean position of 6.6degreesN+/-2.0degrees, with a strong annual signal and year-to-year variability. The annual cycle of its location follows the meridional migration of the ITCZ and the strength of the wind stress curl over the equatorial Atlantic. A marked shift in the annual mean location of the NBC retroflection is observed in 1998-1999 that appears to be linked to an increase in wind stress curl during this period. The mean latitude of the NECC is estimated to be 6.0degreesN +/- 1.3degrees, with a semiannual cycle showing maximum northerly locations in February and August. The baroclinic transport of the NECC varies predominantly on an annual cycle with maximum transport of 12 Sv occurring in November. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, Lab Modelagem Proc Ocean, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Fonseca, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM carlos.fonseca@noaa.gov RI Campos, edmo/G-6995-2012; Goni, Gustavo/D-2017-2012 OI Goni, Gustavo/0000-0001-7093-3170 NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 21 AR L21304 DI 10.1029/2004GL020054 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 870CE UT WOS:000225030800001 ER PT J AU McNatt, RA Rice, JA AF McNatt, RA Rice, JA TI Hypoxia-induced growth rate reduction in two juvenile estuary-dependent fishes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brevoortia tyrannus; growth; hypoxia; Leiostomus xanthurus ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; CAPE-FEAR RIVER; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE; NORTH-CAROLINA; RESPONSES; FLOUNDER AB As eutrophication of coastal waters increases, water quality issues such as hypoxia have come to the forefront of environmental concerns for many estuarine systems. Chronic hypoxia during the summer has become a common occurrence in numerous estuaries, degrading nursery habitat and increasing the potential for exposure of juvenile fish to low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO). We conducted a laboratory study to investigate how hypoxic conditions and temperature affect growth rates of two juvenile estuary-dependent fish: the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). For a 2-week period, we exposed the fish to one of four constant DO levels (6.0, 4.0, 2.0 or 1.5 mg O-2 1(-1)), at one of two temperatures (25 or 30 degreesC). A fifth DO treatment, included for spot at 30 degreesC, allowed DO to fluctuate from 10.0 mg O-2 1(-1) during the day, to 2.0 mg O-2 1(-1) at night. This diel fluctuation approximated the natural DO cycle in tidal estuarine creeks. Size measurements were recorded at the beginning, middle and end of experiments. Growth rates were generally unaffected by low DO until concentrations dropped to 1.5 Mg O-2 1(-1), resulting in 31-89% growth reductions. Our results suggest that DO levels must be severely depressed, and in fact, approaching lethal limits, to negatively impact growth of juvenile spot and Atlantic menhaden. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McNatt, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM regan.mcnatt@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 311 IS 1 BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.05.006 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 861UN UT WOS:000224444200010 ER PT J AU Dutton, Z Ruostekoski, J AF Dutton, Z Ruostekoski, J TI Transfer and storage of vortex states in light and matter waves SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; CORRELATED PHOTON STATES; PHASE DIFFUSION; RELATIVE PHASE; ENTANGLEMENT; VORTICES; PULSES AB We theoretically explore the transfer of vortex states between atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and optical pulses using ultraslow and stopped light techniques. We find shining a coupling laser on a rotating two-component ground state condensate with a vortex lattice generates a probe laser field with optical vortices. We also find that optical vortex states can be robustly stored in the atomic superfluids for times, in Rb-87 condensates, limited only by the ground state coherence time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Astron & Math, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. RP Dutton, Z (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 19 AR 193602 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.193602 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 868PG UT WOS:000224924900023 PM 15600834 ER PT J AU Porcar, L Hamilton, WA Butler, PD Warr, GG AF Porcar, L Hamilton, WA Butler, PD Warr, GG TI Topological relaxation of a shear-induced lamellar phase to sponge equilibrium and the energetics of membrane fusion SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; MICROEMULSIONS; TRANSITION; BILAYERS; SYSTEM; STALK; CELL AB We report time-resolved small angle neutron scattering (t-SANS) measurements of the topological relaxation of Couette shear-induced stacked L-alpha lamellar states to their multiconnected isotropic L-3 sponge equilibrium phases in a surfactant bilayer membrane system. Comparison of this structural relaxation time to the interval between diffusive membrane contacts, as determined from dynamic light scattering or estimated from the shear rates required for L-alpha saturation, allows us to determine the activation energy barrier to the membrane fusion process reestablishing the solution channel handles that characterize the sponge phase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Porcar, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 19 AR 198301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.198301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 868PG UT WOS:000224924900080 PM 15600891 ER PT J AU Cook, ER Woodhouse, CA Eakin, CM Meko, DM Stahle, DW AF Cook, ER Woodhouse, CA Eakin, CM Meko, DM Stahle, DW TI Long-term aridity changes in the western United States SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE REGIMES; FIRE HISTORY; DROUGHT; CLIMATE; USA; CALIFORNIA; FREQUENCY; RECONSTRUCTION; VEGETATION; PACIFIC AB The western United States is experiencing a severe multiyear drought that is unprecedented in some hydroclimatic records. Using gridded drought reconstructions that cover most of the western United States over the past 1200 years, we show that this drought pales in comparison to an earlier period of elevated aridity and epic drought in AD 900 to 1300, an interval broadly consistent with the Medieval Warm Period. If elevated aridity in the western United States is a natural response to climate warming, then any trend toward warmer temperatures in the future could lead to a serious long-term increase in aridity over western North America. C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Geosci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Cook, ER (reprint author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM drdendro@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Eakin, C. Mark/F-5585-2010 NR 29 TC 792 Z9 828 U1 30 U2 231 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5698 BP 1015 EP 1018 DI 10.1126/science.1102586 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 869RG UT WOS:000225001100038 PM 15472040 ER PT J AU Pencheva, M Petrov, G Petrova, T Benova, E AF Pencheva, M Petrov, G Petrova, T Benova, E TI A collisional-radiative model of an argon surface-wave-sustained plasma at atmospheric pressure SO VACUUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies CY SEP 15-19, 2003 CL Varna, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Elect, Inst Ion Beam Phys & Mat Res, Res Ctr Rossendorf, FZR, Fdn Evrika DE microwave discharges; atmospheric pressure plasma; plasma kinetic modelling ID DISCHARGES; COLUMN AB A collisional-radiative model of argon plasma column at atmospheric pressure sustained in capillary tube by high-frequency electromagnetic wave is presented. The model is based on simultaneously solving the electron Boltzmann equation, the set of particle balance equations for electrons and heavy particles, and the electron energy balance equation. Six blocks of excited levels are included in the model. The electron energy distribution function (EEDF), the mean energy, the axial electric field, the mean absorbed power per electron, the ion densities, the densities of excited atoms are obtained as functions of the electron number density. The model predicts that the excited levels are not in local thermodynamic equilibrium, which is in agreement with the experimental data. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sofia, Sofia 1111, Bulgaria. Univ Sofia, Fac Phys, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria. USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benova, E (reprint author), Univ Sofia, 27 Kosta Loulchev Str, Sofia 1111, Bulgaria. EM benova@deo.uni-sofia.bg NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0042-207X J9 VACUUM JI Vacuum PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 2-3 BP 409 EP 412 DI 10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.07.048 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 868CL UT WOS:000224890100066 ER PT J AU Iordanova, E Petrova, T Benova, E AF Iordanova, E Petrova, T Benova, E TI Dominant processes for excited atomic states population in argon surface-wave plasma at low and intermediate pressure SO VACUUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies CY SEP 15-19, 2003 CL Varna, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Elect, Inst Ion Beam Phys & Mat Res, Res Ctr Rossendorf, FZR, Fdn Evrika DE microwave discharges; surface-wave-sustained plasma; self-consistent plasma modelling AB A self-consistent numerical model recently reported is applied to investigate an argon plasma column sustained by a travelling electromagnetic wave in the pressure range of 26.6-1330 Pa. Surface-wave-sustained discharges (SWDs) are axially inhomogeneous: the characteristics of the wave and the plasma it produces change along the plasma column. The plasma density and the population of excited states decreases from the wave launcher to the column end. The dominant processes for sustaining the discharge and for populating and depopulating of the excited states also vary axially. The partial contribution of the main populating/depopulating processes in particle balance is calculated along the column. It is found that the role of the elementary processes changes from the wave launcher to the column end and with the gas-discharge conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sofia, Sofia 1111, Bulgaria. Univ Sofia, Fac Phys, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benova, E (reprint author), Univ Sofia, 27 Kosta Loulchev Str, Sofia 1111, Bulgaria. EM benova@deo.uni-sofia.bg NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0042-207X J9 VACUUM JI Vacuum PD NOV 5 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 2-3 BP 413 EP 416 DI 10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.07.049 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 868CL UT WOS:000224890100067 ER PT J AU Opstad, I Rust, MB AF Opstad, I Rust, MB TI Effect of recovery salinity on survival of acutely stressed halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L) larvae SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE salinity; stress; halibut larvae; survival ID YOLK-SAC LARVAE; ATLANTIC HALIBUT; EGGS; GROWTH; FISH AB First-feeding halibut larvae (245-day degrees; 40 days post hatch), reared at 34 g L-1 salinity and 7degreesC, were subjected to handling and allowed to recover in a range of salinities (0-34 g L-1) and at 10degreesC. Survival of the unfed larvae was determined daily for 18 days. Mortality rates approached 0 after 4 days in all treatments and presumed starvation-induced mortality started at about 11 days post handling. By 20 days post treatments, all larvae had died. Salinities in the range of 10-20 g L-1 produced significantly (ANOVA, P<0.01) higher initial survival (71-95%) than salinities above 20 g L-1 (24-48%) or below 10 g L-1 (0-19%) and this survival pattern changed little in unfed larvae for the first 10 days following the stressor. For example, 24 hour post handling, survival of halibut was improved from 28.7+/-16.5% (mean+/-standard error, n=3) at 34.0 g L-1 to 95.2+/-4.8% at 13 g L-1. A second-order polynomial regression of 4-day post-handling survival data (y=-0.002 (x) under bar (2)+0.0603x+0.0699, r(2)=0.3936) predicted a maximum survival at 15.1 g L-1 salinity. These results have important implications for halibut aquaculture and research when handling of larvae is unavoidable. For practical applications, we recommend reducing salinity of receiving waters to 15-20 g L-1 with a slow (3-4 days) reacclimation to ambient conditions. C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5392 Storebo, Norway. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Opstad, I (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, N-5392 Storebo, Norway. EM ingegjerd.opstad@imr.no NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD NOV 4 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 13 BP 1286 EP 1291 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01154.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 861UL UT WOS:000224444000014 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Pitchford, AM AF Gillette, DA Pitchford, AM TI Sand flux in the northern Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, USA, and the influence of mesquite-dominated landscapes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE dust emissions; desert vegetation; sand transport; Chihuahuan desert; mesquite ID UNITED-STATES; DUST; VEGETATION; SALTATION; TRANSPORT; WIND AB [ 1] Measurements of sand flux over areas with different vegetation in the Chihuahuan desert show that mean, height-integrated, horizontal flux values for mesquite-dominated sites were higher than those for other kinds of vegetation. Sand transport over mesquite areas displayed seasonal variability for most years. This seasonal variability roughly followed the variability of strong winds. Sand transport rates for collectors within a short distance downwind of mesquite bushes were small compared to those for collectors at the end of streets ( elongated patches of bare soil) aligned with wind direction. The increased rate of sand transport ( wind erosion) associated with mesquite is important because mesquite-dominated areas are increasing in the northern Chihuahuan desert and are therefore responsible for increasing land degradation ( desertification). C1 NOAA, Air Surface Proc Modeling Branch, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Air Surface Proc Modeling Branch, Air Resources Lab, Page Rd,1-40,79 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gillette.dale@epa.gov; pitchford.ann@epa.gov NR 16 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD NOV 3 PY 2004 VL 109 IS F4 AR F04003 DI 10.1029/2003JF000031 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 870CN UT WOS:000225031700001 ER PT J AU Pizzo, VJ Biesecker, DA AF Pizzo, VJ Biesecker, DA TI Geometric localization of STEREO CMEs SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [ 1] We describe a straightforward methodology for determining the location and other gross properties of CMEs within the coronagraph field of view in the upcoming STEREO mission observations. We use geometric triangulation upon a series of lines-of-sight taken from two spacecraft views that are locally tangent to the apparent edges of a CME. From the intersections of these lines-of-sight, we construct a set of stacked quadrilaterals that fully bound the structure and convey something of its location, shape, and size; a time sequence of such determinations can be used to determine the velocity. The technique is relatively robust and promises a substantial improvement in our capability to locate and characterize CMEs for research as well as forecasting purposes. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pizzo, VJ (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM vic.pizzo@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 2 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 21 AR L21802 DI 10.1029/2004GL021141 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 870CA UT WOS:000225030400006 ER PT J AU Anderson, D Anghel, A Chau, J Veliz, O AF Anderson, D Anghel, A Chau, J Veliz, O TI Daytime vertical E x B drift velocities inferred from ground-based magnetometer observations at low latitudes SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; electrodynamics; equatorial electrojet; magnetometer; neural network; space weather ID EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; JULIA RADAR; REGION; FIELD; IRREGULARITIES; PENETRATION; ECHOES AB The daytime equatorial electrojet is a narrow band of enhanced eastward current flowing in the 100-120 km altitude region within +/- 2 degrees latitude of the dip equator. A unique way of determining the daytime strength of the electrojet is to observe the difference in the magnitudes of the horizontal ( H) component between a magnetometer placed directly on the magnetic equator and one displaced 6 degrees-9 degrees away. The difference between these measured H values provides a direct measure of the daytime electrojet current and, in turn, the magnitude of the vertical E x B drift velocity in the F region ionosphere. This paper discusses a recent study where 27 months of magnetometer H component observations and daytime, vertical E x B drift velocities were obtained in the Peruvian longitude sector between August 2001 and December 2003. In order to establish the relationships between Delta H and E x B drift velocities for the 270 days of observations, three approaches were chosen: (1) a linear regression analysis, (2) a multiple regression approach, and (3) a neural network approach. The neural network method gives slightly lower RMS error values compared with the other two methods. The relationships for all three techniques are validated using an independent set of E x B drift observations from the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar (ISR) located at Jicamarca, Peru. The techniques presented here will be incorporated into a recently developed, real-time Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima 13, Peru. RP Anderson, D (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM david.anderson@noaa.gov RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892 NR 26 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD NOV 2 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 11 AR S11001 DI 10.1029/2004SW000095 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 909ID UT WOS:000227852700001 ER PT J AU Xu, GY Gehring, PM Ghosh, VJ Shirane, G AF Xu, GY Gehring, PM Ghosh, VJ Shirane, G TI High-q-resolution neutron scattering technique using triple-axis spectrometers SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; CRYSTAL; DIFFRACTION; TRANSITION; CUGEO3 AB A new technique is presented that gives a substantial increase in the wavevector q resolution of triple-axis spectrometers by matching the measurement wavevector q to the reflection tau(a) of a perfect-crystal analyzer. A relative Bragg width of deltaq/Q similar to 10(-4) can be achieved with reasonable collimation settings. This technique is very useful in measuring small structural changes and line broadenings that cannot be accurately measured with conventional set-ups, while keeping all the strengths of a triple-axis spectrometer. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, GY (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM gxu@bnl.gov RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0108-7673 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR A JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 60 BP 598 EP 603 DI 10.1107/S0108767304022652 PN 6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 865IP UT WOS:000224696200012 PM 15507743 ER PT J AU Parsons, JF Calabrese, K Eisenstein, E Ladner, JE AF Parsons, JF Calabrese, K Eisenstein, E Ladner, JE TI Structure of the phenazine biosynthesis enzyme PhzG SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PYRIDOXINE 5'-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; MECHANISM; PATHWAY; ACID AB PhzG is a flavin-dependent oxidase that is believed to play a role in phenazine antibiotic synthesis in various bacteria, including Pseudomonas. Phenazines are chorismic acid derivatives that provide the producing organisms, including the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa, with a competitive growth advantage. Here, the crystal structures of PhzG from both P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens solved in an unliganded state at 1.9 and 1.8 Angstrom resolution, respectively, are described. Although the specific reaction in phenazine biosynthesis catalyzed by PhzG is unknown, the structural data indicates that PhzG is closely related to pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase, the Escherichia coli pdxH gene product, which catalyzes the final step in pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) biosynthesis. A previous proposal suggested that the physiological substrate of PhzG to be 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (DHHA), a phenazine precursor produced by the sequential actions of the PhzE and PhzD enzymes on chorismate, and that two DHHA molecules dimerized in another enzyme-catalyzed reaction to yield phenazine-1-carboxylate. However, it was not possible to demonstrate any in vitro activity upon incubation of PhzG and DHHA. Interestingly, analysis of the in vitro activities of PhzG in combination with PhzF suggests that PhzF acts on DHHA and that PhzG then reacts with a non-aromatic tricyclic phenazine precusor to catalyze an oxidation/aromatization reaction that yields phenazine-1-carboxylate. It is proposed that phzG arose by duplication of pdxH and that the subtle differences seen between the structures of PhzG and PdxH correlate with the loss of the ability of PhzG to catalyze PLP formation. Sequence alignments and superimpositions of the active sites of PhzG and PdxH reveal that the residues that form a positively charged pocket around the phosphate of PLP in the PdxH-PLP complex are not conserved in PhzG, consistent with the inability of phosphorylated compounds to serve as substrates for PhzG. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. RP Eisenstein, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, NIST, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM edd@carb.nist.gov NR 15 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 60 BP 2110 EP 2113 DI 10.1107/S0907444904022474 PN 11 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 863WW UT WOS:000224595200046 PM 15502343 ER PT J AU Dhaniyala, S Wennberg, PO Flagan, RC Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Gao, RS Bui, TP AF Dhaniyala, S Wennberg, PO Flagan, RC Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Gao, RS Bui, TP TI Stratospheric aerosol sampling: Effect of a blunt-body housing on inlet sampling characteristics SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; REACTIVE NITROGEN; WINTER; CLOUD; SIMULATION; DEPLETION; GROWTH; WATER AB During a campaign to study ozone loss mechanisms in the Arctic stratosphere ( SOLVE), several instruments on NASA's ER-2 aircraft observed a very low number density ( 0.1 1(-1)) of large, nitric-acid-containing particles that form the polar stratospheric clouds ( PSCs). For effective physical and chemical characterization of these particles, the measurements from these instruments have to be intercompared and integrated. In particular, proper interpretation requires knowledge of the sampling characteristics of the particles into the instruments. Here, we present the calculation of the sampling characteristics of the one of the instruments on the ER-2, the NOAA NOy instrument. This instrument sampled ambient particles and gas from two forward-facing inlets located fore and aft on a particle-separation housing ( the football) and measured total NOy in the sample. In recent studies, ambient aerosol mass has been estimated by the difference of the measurements of the two inlets with the assumption that the rear inlet observations represent the gas-phase NOy and small particles and the front inlet samples represent gas-phase NOy and all particle sizes with varied efficiency ( anisokinetic sampling). This knowledge was derived largely from semiempirical relations and potential flow studies of the housing. In our study, we used CFD simulations to model the compressible flow conditions and considered noncontinuum effects in calculating particle trajectories. Our simulations show that the blunt body housing the inlets has a strong and complex interaction with the flow and particles sampled by the two inlets. The simulations show that the front inlet characteristics are influenced by the effect of the blunt body on the upstream pressure field. The rear inlet sampling characteristics are influenced both by the shape and size of the inlet and its location on the blunt body. These interactions result in calculated inlet characteristics that are significantly different from previously assumed values. Analysis of the SOLVE data, considering the ambient conditions and the calculated inlet sampling characteristics, in conjunction with thermodynamic growth modeling of super-cooled ternary solution ( STS) particles, provides validation of the CFD results. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Clarkson Univ, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Box 5725, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. EM sdhaniya@clarkson.edu RI Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1080 EP 1090 DI 10.1080/027868290885818 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 869NP UT WOS:000224991600005 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA Vaishnav, K Sieber, JR AF Margolis, SA Vaishnav, K Sieber, JR TI Measurement of water by oven evaporation using a novel oven design. 2. Water in motor oils and motor oil additives SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE water; Karl Fischer; oven evaporation; motor oils; motor oil additives ID FISCHER,KARL METHOD AB The measurement of water in lubricating oils is important because water accelerates the corrosion of metal parts and bearings in motors. Some of the additives added to lubricating oils to improve their performance react with the Karl Fischer reagent (KFR) causing a positive bias in the water measurement. A new oven evaporation technique for measuring water in oils has been developed that is automated, requires less sample handling, is easily calibrated, and is capable of measuring relatively small mass fractions of water (greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg sample). A series of motor oils was analyzed with the standard KFR, a reagent that detects interfering substances that reduce iodine, and the aldehyde ketone reagent that does not detect substances that react with methanol and form water. The oil samples were heated to 107 degreesC and then reheated to 160 degreesC. At both temperatures, material was measured by both KFRs, but only zinc dithiophosphate released sulfur compounds that would react with the reagent that detects interfering substances. Mass fractions of between 20 and 70% of the volatile material released at either temperature were measured with the standard KFR but not with the aldehyde - ketone reagent. These results demonstrate that there are a number of sources of positive bias in the measurement of water in motor oils and that the standard KFR cannot be used to measure water in motor oils and motor oil additives. These results also indicate that some of the material reacts with methanol to form water. Finally, these results suggest that some of the material that is volatile at 160 degreesC and not at 107 degreesC may be water that is physically occluded or may be substances that react with diethyleneglycol monomethylether to produce water. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), 5902 Roosevelt St, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. EM sam.margolis@worldnet.att.net NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 380 IS 5-6 BP 843 EP 852 DI 10.1007/s00216-004-2829-1 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 875IZ UT WOS:000225415000018 PM 15551075 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LD Coady, AM Deinhard, RK AF Rhodes, LD Coady, AM Deinhard, RK TI Identification of a third msa gene in Renibactetium salmoninarum and the associated virulence phenotype SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; CELL-SURFACE; EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS; CAUSATIVE AGENT; PROTEIN P57; PATHOGEN; FISH AB Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus, causes bacterial kidney disease, a condition that can result in extensive morbidity and mortality among stocks of fish. An immunodominant extracellular protein, called major soluble antigen (MSA), is encoded by two identical genes, msal and msa2. We found evidence for a third msa gene, msa3, which appears to be a duplication of msal. Unlike msal and msa2, msa3 is not present in all isolates of R. salmoninarum. The presence of the msa3 locus does not affect total MSA production in culture conditions. In a challenge study, isolates possessing the msa3 locus reduced median survival in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by an average of 34% at doses of less than or equal to10(5) cells per fish compared to isolates lacking the msa3 locus. In contrast, no difference in survival was observed at the highest dose, 10(6) cells per fish. The phenotype associated with the msa3 locus and its nonuniform distribution may contribute to observed differences in virulence among R. salmoninarum isolates. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rhodes, LD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, REUT Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Linda.Rhodes@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 11 BP 6488 EP 6494 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.11.6488-6494.2004 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 870RR UT WOS:000225076100019 PM 15528510 ER PT J AU Harrison, C Stafford, CM Zhang, WH Karim, A AF Harrison, C Stafford, CM Zhang, WH Karim, A TI Sinusoidal phase grating created by a tunably buckled surface SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS AB We investigate a buckling instability by both small angle light scattering and atomic force microscopy, demonstrating that a tunable phase grating can be created with a mechanical instability. The instability is realized in a prestressed silicone sheet coated with a glassy polymer film. Compression of the sample results in a sinusoidally wrinkled surface where the amplitude is controlled by the degree of compression and the wavelength by film thickness. We model the system with Fourier optics, explaining the positions and relative intensities of the diffraction orders. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harrison, C (reprint author), Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, Sensor Phys Dept, 36 Old Quarry Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA. NR 9 TC 176 Z9 180 U1 8 U2 49 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 18 BP 4016 EP 4018 DI 10.1063/1.1809281 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 868DS UT WOS:000224894900020 ER PT J AU Woodhouse, CA AF Woodhouse, CA TI A paleo perspective on hydroclimatic variability in the western United States SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Aquatic Resources in Arid Lands CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2003 CL Las Cruces, NM DE paleoclimatology; drought; western US ID NEBRASKA SAND HILLS; GREAT-PLAINS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; BISON ECOLOGY; DROUGHT; CALIFORNIA; HOLOCENE; USA; DRY; COLD AB Aquatic resources management has become increasingly challenging as human demands on water supplies compete with the needs of natural ecosystems, particularly in arid lands. A wide range of factors, both natural and human, influence aquatic environments, but an important underlying component is climate variability. Instrumental records of hydroclimatic variability from precipitation, streamflow, and snowpack are limited to 100 years or less in most areas of the western U. S., and are too short to provide more than a subset of the full range of natural climate variability. Paleoclimatic proxy data from a variety of sources can be used to extend instrumental records of climate back centuries to tens of thousands of years and longer. In this review, four drought events over the past three millennia, each documented with a number of proxy records, illustrate natural hydroclimatic variability characteristics over the western U. S. Although a small sample of paleoclimate data, these four events exemplify the wide range of natural hydroclimatic variability over space and time. Climate is now, and will continue to be, impacted by human activities, but natural climatic variability will likely be an important underlying factor in future climate variability and change. C1 NOAA, Paleoclimatol Branch, Natl Climat Data Ctr E CC23, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Woodhouse, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Paleoclimatol Branch, Natl Climat Data Ctr E CC23, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM connie.woodhouse@noaa.gov NR 61 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-1621 J9 AQUAT SCI JI Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 66 IS 4 BP 346 EP 356 DI 10.1007/s00027-004-0723-8 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 868BV UT WOS:000224888400003 ER PT J AU Northway, MJ de Gouw, JA Fahey, DW Gao, RS Warneke, C Roberts, JM Flocke, F AF Northway, MJ de Gouw, JA Fahey, DW Gao, RS Warneke, C Roberts, JM Flocke, F TI Evaluation of the role of heterogeneous oxidation of alkenes in the detection of atmospheric acetaldehyde SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acetaldehyde; artifact; ozone; PTR-MS; heterogeneous reaction ID REACTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REACTIVE UPTAKE; OZONE; HYDROCARBONS; AEROSOLS; OH; MONOTERPENES; SENSITIVITY; TROPOSPHERE AB Unexpectedly high values for acetaldehyde have been observed in airborne measurements using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry instrument. The acetaldehyde values increase with increasing ambient ozone levels with a ratio up to 5 pptv acetaldehyde per ppbv of ozone in the free troposphere. The elevated values of acetaldehyde cannot easily be explained from known tropospheric chemistry. Here, we investigate the possibility that the elevated acetaldehyde signals are due to a sampling artifact. Laboratory experiments show that the elevated signals are not due to changes of the ion chemistry in the instrument, or from the instrument materials reacting with ozone. The heterogeneous oxidation of a number of unsaturated organic compounds is investigated as a possible source for a chemical artifact produced in the instrument inlet. The products of the heterogeneous reactions are consistent with gas phase chemistry, and the ozonolysis of some alkenes does produce acetaldehyde when they have the appropriate hydrocarbon structure. The amount of reactive material in the free troposphere expected to accumulate in the aircraft inlet is unknown, and the exact origin of reactive compounds that contribute to the artifact production remains unresolved. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Northway, MJ (reprint author), Aerodyne Res Inc, 45 Manning Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM mnorthway@aerodyne.com RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 37 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 38 IS 35 BP 6017 EP 6028 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.039 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 864SV UT WOS:000224654100013 ER PT J AU Lewis, CW Klouda, GA Ellenson, WD AF Lewis, CW Klouda, GA Ellenson, WD TI Radiocarbon measurement of the biogenic contribution to summertime PM-2.5 ambient aerosol in Nashville, TN SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE radiocarbon; PM-2.5; biogenic; source apportionment ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; UNITED-STATES; PM2.5; TENNESSEE; TRACERS; OZONE; TEXAS; C-14 AB Radiocarbon (C-14) measurements performed on PM-2.5 samples collected near Nashville, TN from June 21 to July 133 1999, showed high levels of modern carbon, ranging from 56% to 80% of the total carbon in the samples. Radiocarbon measurements performed on dichloromethane extracts of a subset of the samples showed modern carbon levels that were on average only 9% smaller than those for total carbon. A new approach based on the Chapman-Richards model of tree growth was used to define the quantitative relationship between measurements of 'percent modern carbon' and inferred 'percent biogenic carbon'. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of evidence (including measurements of radiocarbon, organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios and organic tracer species, as well as results from chemical mass balance and air quality simulation modeling) in support of the importance of biogenic secondary organic aerosol in the Southeastern US during summer. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lewis, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD E205-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lewis.charlesw@epa.gov NR 26 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 4 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 38 IS 35 BP 6053 EP 6061 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.011 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 864SV UT WOS:000224654100016 ER PT J AU Gorman, S Widmann, JF AF Gorman, S Widmann, JF TI Investigation of multiphase particle image velocimetry using Monte Carlo simulations SO ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY-MEASUREMENTS; TRACKING VELOCIMETRY; SPECKLE VELOCIMETRY; SPRAY STRUCTURE; PULSED SYSTEMS; LIQUID FLOWS; 2-PHASE FLOW; GAS; OPTIMIZATION; INJECTION AB Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in polydisperse sprays have been investigated wing Monte Carlo simulations. The objective of the study was to determine how using droplets with a wide size distribution for the "seed" particles in PIV measurements affects the mean velocity obtained from the cross-correlation of the image pairs. Simulations were conducted using a variety of droplet size distributions, including a uniform distribution (in which the probability density function is a constant value for all allowable droplet sizes), log-normal size distributions, Rosin-Rammler size distributions, and a size distribution determined experimentally using phase Doppler interferometry. It was found that polydispersity has a strong effect on the measured velocity field, with the measured mean velocities being weighted toward the velocities of the larger droplets. The estimated mean velocity resulting from the cross-correlation algorithm was found to be approximately equal to the mean velocity weighted by the droplet surface area for all of the size distributions investigated. Signal saturation in the images was also found to affect the cross-correlation of the image pairs and the resulting mean velocities. C1 Univ W Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gorman, S (reprint author), Univ W Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1044-5110 J9 ATOMIZATION SPRAY JI Atom. Sprays PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 14 IS 6 BP 525 EP 543 DI 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v14.i6.30 PG 19 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 885HR UT WOS:000226148200003 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB Bhat, TN AF Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB Bhat, TN TI Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions - a database for quantitative biochemistry SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article AB The Thermodynamics of Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions Database (TECRDB) is a comprehensive collection of thermodynamic data on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The data, which consist of apparent equilibrium constants and calorimetrically determined molar enthalpies of reaction, are the primary experimental results obtained from thermodynamic studies of biochemical reactions. The results from 1000 published papers containing data on 400 different enzyme-catalyzed reactions constitute the essential information in the database. The information is managed using Oracle and is available on the Web. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bhat, TN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.goldberg@nist.gov; bhat@nist.gov NR 24 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 16 BP 2874 EP 2877 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth314 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 873AD UT WOS:000225250100056 PM 15145806 ER PT J AU Fisher, R AF Fisher, R TI Nocturnal vertical distribution of late-stage larval coral reef fishes off the leeward side of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEE-STOCKING ISLAND; PELAGIC LARVAE; SWIMMING ABILITIES; CARIBBEAN PANAMA/; NEARSHORE WATERS; COASTAL WATERS; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; REPLENISHMENT; PACIFIC AB Vertical migration is a key factor affecting the extent to which reef fish larvae can actively influence their dispersal and the energetic expenditure required for locating and settling on a reef. This study used light traps to examine the nocturnal vertical distribution of late-stage reef fish larvae 1.5 km off the SW (leeward) side of Lizard Island. The largest numbers of late-stage reef fish larvae were found in the upper layers suggesting that many larvae may migrate into surface waters prior to settlement, at least on the leeward side of Lizard Island. All of the most abundant reef fish families were found throughout the water column. This broad depth distribution within families was not due to species-specific depth preference. There were consistent size-specific vertical distributions across several of the most abundant families, with larger individuals within each species near the surface and smaller individuals in the middle of the water column. The presence of structured vertical distributions in late-stage reef fish larvae, both among families and different sized individuals within species, provides evidence of differential water column use by settlement stage reef fish larvae. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Fisher, R (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz Labs, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rebecca_fisher76@yahoo.com.au RI Fisher, Rebecca/C-5459-2011; OI Fisher, Rebecca/0000-0001-5148-6731 NR 42 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 75 IS 3 BP 439 EP 451 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 878XX UT WOS:000225681900007 ER PT J AU Chenoweth, M Landsea, C AF Chenoweth, M Landsea, C TI The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858 SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB On 2 October 1858, estimated sustained hurricane-force winds produced by a tropical cyclone located a short distance offshore were felt in San Diego, California. Unprecedented damage was done in the city and was described as the severest gale ever felt to that date, and it has not been matched or exceeded in severity since. A "southeaster" and high seas from the diminishing tropical cyclone were also felt in the night of 2-3 October at San Pedro (the port serving Los Angeles), California, with shipping interests lightly damaged. The hurricane-force winds at San Diego are the first and only documented instance of winds of this strength from a tropical cyclone in the recorded history of the state. Available evidence suggests that the hurricane tracked just offshore from San Diego, without the eye coming inland, but close enough to produce damaging winds along the entire coast from San Diego to Long Beach, California. The rediscovery of this storm is relevant to climate change issues and the insurance-emergency management communities risk assessment of rare and extreme events in the region. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33156 USA. RP Landsea, C (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33156 USA. EM chris.landsea@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1689 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1689 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877GZ UT WOS:000225557200010 ER PT J AU Landsea, CW Franklin, JL McAdie, CJ Beven, JL Gross, JM Jarvinen, BR Pasch, RJ Rappaport, EN Dunion, JP Dodge, PP AF Landsea, CW Franklin, JL McAdie, CJ Beven, JL Gross, JM Jarvinen, BR Pasch, RJ Rappaport, EN Dunion, JP Dodge, PP TI A reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's intensity SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE WIND FIELDS; TROPICAL CYCLONES; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; SOUTH FLORIDA; ATLANTIC; LANDFALL; SEASON AB Hurricane Andrew of 1992 caused unprecedented economic devastation along its path through the Bahamas, southeastern Florida, and Louisiana. Damage in the United States was estimated to be $26 billion (in 1992 dollars), making Andrew one of the most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history. This hurricane struck southeastern Florida with maximum 1-min surface winds estimated in a 1992 poststorm analysis at 125 kt (64 m s(-1)). This original assessment was primarily based on an adjustment of aircraft reconnaissance flight-level winds to the surface. Based on recent advancements in the understanding of the eyewall wind structure of major hurricanes, the official intensity of Andrew was adjusted upward for five days during its track across the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico by the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee. In particular, Andrew is now assessed by the National Hurricane Center to be a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale category-5 hurricane (the highest intensity category possible) at its landfall in southeastern Florida, with maximum 1-min winds of 145 kt (75 m s(-1)). This makes Andrew only the third category-5 hurricane to strike the United States since at least 1900. Implications for how this change impacts society's planning for such extreme events are discussed. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA NWS TPC, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM chris.landsea@noaa.gov RI Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014; dodge, peter/A-9808-2017 OI Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569; NR 31 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1699 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 877GZ UT WOS:000225557200011 ER PT J AU Witting, DA Chambers, RC Bosley, KL Wainright, SC AF Witting, DA Chambers, RC Bosley, KL Wainright, SC TI Experimental evaluation of ontogenetic diet transitions in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), using stable isotopes as diet tracers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; CARBON; LARVAE; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-N-15; DELTA-C-13; TURNOVER; GROWTH; SETTLEMENT; TISSUES AB We examined the rate of isotopic change of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and isotopic fractionation at two temperatures during several ontogenetic diet transitions in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). We examined prefeeding larvae as they metabolize the maternal source of nutrition and evaluated three diet transitions in the early life stages of this species: (i) yolk dependency to first feeding on zooplankton, (ii) one zooplankton (rotifers) to another (Artemia), and (iii) zooplanktivory to piscivory. We used experimental results and simulations to contrast time- versus growth-based models for estimating parameters of isotopic change and fractionation. All rates of isotopic change were lowest for the transition between zooplanktivory and piscivory, most rapid for the transition from yolk dependency to first feeding, and generally lower at cooler temperatures. Estimates of fractionation were greater for N (2.8e-3.8e) than for C (0.23e-0.91e) but appeared to be unaffected by water temperature or fish life stage. Simulation results suggested that parameter estimates of isotopic change and fractionation may be compromised when growth rates are low unless sampling design is modified to address slow growth rates. We conclude that sampling strategy and the model used can influence the accuracy and precision of estimates of isotopic change and fractionation. C1 Howard Marine Sci Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. US Coast Guard Acad, New London, CT 06320 USA. RP Witting, DA (reprint author), Howard Marine Sci Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM david.witting@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 61 IS 11 BP 2069 EP 2084 DI 10.1139/F04-156 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 898JO UT WOS:000227073300004 ER PT J AU Hastings, KK Frost, KJ Simpkins, MA Pendleton, GW Swain, UG Small, RJ AF Hastings, KK Frost, KJ Simpkins, MA Pendleton, GW Swain, UG Small, RJ TI Regional differences in diving behavior of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; SPATIAL SCALE; PATTERNS; PREY; ISLAND; FISH; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS AB Adult and subadult harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii (Gray, 1864); n = 108) from Southeast Alaska (SE), Kodiak Island (KO), and Prince William Sound (PWS) were instrumented with satellite data recorders to examine dive parameters for harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska at regional and annual scales. Most dives (40%-80%) were <20 in in depth and <4 min in duration; however, dives from 50 to 150 in depth were not uncommon and dives to 508 in were recorded. PWS seals spent less time in the water during the prebreeding and breeding seasons than SE and KO seals. SE seals used a greater diversity of depths than KO and PWS seals. Only seals in PWS and SE (i) dived deeper and longer and spent more time diving in winter than during spring and summer and (ii) dived deepest during the day only in winter. Seals in all regions and seasons dived most frequently and spent the most time diving at night. Subadult seals spent more time diving, dived more often, displayed a stronger diurnal pattern with deepest dives during the day in the winter, and dived deeper than adults. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hastings, KK (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. EM kelly_hastings@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 64 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 15 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1755 EP 1773 DI 10.1139/Z04-145 PG 19 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 904KO UT WOS:000227497100010 ER PT J AU Snyder, KA Bentz, DP AF Snyder, KA Bentz, DP TI Suspended hydration and loss of freezable water in cement pastes exposed to 90% relative humidity SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; curing; degree of hydration (nominated); humidity; microstructure ID TEMPERATURE CURED PASTES; CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATE; ICE FORMATION; MODEL; MICROSTRUCTURE; PERCOLATION AB Degree of hydration (DOH) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements are used to characterize the effect of early exposure to a 90% relative humidity (RH) environment on cement paste hydration. Early exposure to a 90% RH environment can lead to the consumption of freezable water and altered microstructural development. The minimum duration of 100% RH curing required to eliminate the effects of an unsaturated environment on microstructural development coincides with the appearance of a DSC peak near - 30 degreesC that occurs in the range 1-14 days for the pastes studied. The Jennings colloidal microstructural model is used to argue that the - 30 degreesC peak coincides with the cessation of capillary pore percolation. Alternatively, all samples cured under 100% RH conditions for 7 days prior to 90% RB exposure hydrated at the same rate as those continuously exposed to 100% RE. The application of these results to the formulation of separate curing practices for durability and strength is discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Snyder, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kenneth.snyder@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 34 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2045 EP 2056 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.007 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 862EW UT WOS:000224474200011 ER PT J AU Stutzman, P AF Stutzman, P TI Scanning electron microscopy imaging of hydraulic cement microstructure SO CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE cement; clinker; image processing; image analysis; microstructure; phase; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray powder diffraction AB Use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-ray microanalysis allows study of clinker and cements; permitting measuring bulk phase abundance and surface areas of the phases, as well as bulk chemistry of constituent phases can be carried out. Direct imaging of hydraulic cements by SEM yields a more complete picture of both bulk and surface phase compositions. Mass percentages obtained by SEM imaging are in good agreement with percentages based upon QXRD and may differ significantly from those estimated by the Bogue calculations. The finer-grained phases (gypsum, tricalcium aluminate, and ferrite) show much higher surface areas per unit mass than the coarser-grained phases such as alite and belite. Such data are being applied to develop better relationships between the cement material properties and performance properties and to provide starting images for a cement hydration simulation model being developed at NIST. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stutzman, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.stutzman@nist.gov NR 16 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-9465 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP JI Cem. Concr. Compos. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 26 IS 8 BP 957 EP 966 DI 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.043 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 864JQ UT WOS:000224630200005 ER PT J AU Wang, MY Overland, JE AF Wang, MY Overland, JE TI Detecting arctic climate change using Koppen climate classification SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; VEGETATION INDEX; SATELLITE DATA; VARIABILITY AB Ecological impacts of the recent warming trend in the Arctic are already noted as changes in tree line and a decrease in tundra area with the replacement of ground cover by shrubs in northern Alaska and several locations in northern Eurasia. The potential impact of vegetation changes to feedbacks on the atmospheric climate system is Substantial because of the large land area impacted and the multi-year persistence of the vegetation cover. Satellite NDVI estimates beginning in 1981 and the Koppen climate classification, which relates Surface types to monthly mean air temperatures from 1901 onward, track these changes on an Arctic-wide basis. Temperature fields from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and CRU analysis serve as proxy for vegetation cover over the century. A downward trend in the coverage of tundra group for the first 40 yr of the twentieth century was followed by two increases during 1940s and early 1960s, and then a rapid decrease in the last 20 yr. The decrease of tundra group in the 1920-40 period was localized, mostly over Scandinavia; whereas the decrease since 1990 is primarily pan-Arctic, but largest in NW Canada, and eastern and coastal Siberia. The decrease in inferred tundra coverage from 1980 to 2000 was 1.4 x 10(6) km(2), or about a 20% reduction in tundra area based oil the CRU analyses. This rate of decrease is confirmed by the NDVI data. These tundra group changes in the last 20 yr are accompanied by increase in the area of both the boreal and temperate groups. During the tundra group decrease in the first half of the century boreal group area also decreased while temperate group area increased. The calculated minimum coverage of tundra group from both the Koppen classification and NDVI indicates that the impact of warming on the spatial coverage of the tundra group in the 1990s is the strongest in the century, and will have multi-decadal consequences for the Arctic. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wang, MY (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Wang, Muyin/K-4006-2014 NR 23 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 43 EP 62 DI 10.1007/s10584-004-4786-2 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890NH UT WOS:000226517600004 ER PT J AU Meinen, CS Garzoli, SL Johns, WE Baringer, MO AF Meinen, CS Garzoli, SL Johns, WE Baringer, MO TI Transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current and the Antilles Current off Abaco Island, Bahamas SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID LABRADOR SEA-WATER; ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; SUBTROPICAL NORTH-ATLANTIC; INVERTED ECHO SOUNDERS; 26.5 DEGREES N; GULF-STREAM; EAST; 26.5-DEGREES-N; CIRCULATION; OCEAN AB Hydrography is combined with 1-year-long Inverted Echo Sounder (IES) travel-time records and bottom pressure observations to estimate the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) transport east of Abaco Island, the Bahamas (near 26.5degreesN); comparison of the results to a more traditional line of current meter moorings demonstrates that the IESs and pressure gauges, combined with hydrography, can accurately monitor the DWBC transport to within the accuracy of the current meter array estimate at this location. Between 800 and 4800 dbar, bounded by two IES moorings 82 km apart, the enclosed portion of the DWBC is shown to have a mean southward transport of about 25 Sv (I Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) and a standard deviation of 23 Sv. The DWBC transport is primarily barotropic (where barotropic is defined as the near-bottom velocity rather than the vertical average velocity); geostrophic transports relative to an assumed level of no motion do not accurately reflect the actual absolute transport variability (correlation coefficient is 0.30). The IES-pressure gauge absolute transport within 1200-4800 dbar agrees well with the current meter absolute transports (upper integration limit based on shallowest current meter level); the standard deviation of the difference is 12 Sv and the mean difference is 0.2 Sv. The correlation coefficient between these two time series is 0.76. The northward flowing Antilles Current (AC) east of Abaco Island has a mean baroclinic transport of 6 Sv as estimated by the IESs and a standard deviation of 3 Sv. The AC variations observed during 1996-1997 are uncorrelated with the Florida Current transport variations west of Abaco Island in the Florida Straits, however, the AC transport variations bear some resemblance to the historical estimates of the AC annual cycle. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, NOAA, AOML, PHOD,Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmosphere Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Univ Miami, NOAA, AOML, PHOD,Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmosphere Studies, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM christopher.meinen@noaa.gov; silvia.garzoli@noaa.gov; wjohns@rsmas.miami.edu; molly.baringer@noaa.gov RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010; Meinen, Christopher/G-1902-2012; Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253; Meinen, Christopher/0000-0002-8846-6002; Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 EI 1879-0119 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 51 IS 11 BP 1397 EP 1415 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.007 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 871ID UT WOS:000225123100001 ER PT J AU Helser, TE Lai, HL AF Helser, TE Lai, HL TI A Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis of fish growth: with an example for North American largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE fish growth; Micropterus salmoides; meta-analysis; Bayesian inference; non-linear mixed models; hierarchical models; von Bertalanffy ID INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC COD; MODEL; PARAMETERS; POPULATIONS; FISHERIES; CONSUMPTION; EQUATION; COAST AB Variability in animal growth from one population to another is of keen interest to population ecologists wishing to understand the inherent within species variability and explore meaningful environmental covariates. Yet most studies investigating growth of animals within a population are usually analyzed in isolation from, or at best, compared qualitatively across populations. Here, we introduce statistical methods that permit simultaneous quantitative analysis of the growth of 245 populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across the North American Continent. Growth in length at age is modeled using a nonlinear mixed effect model and we used Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis as a natural approach to estimate parameters, investigate growth variability among populations and to elucidate meaningful biological covariates for this species. Growth of M. salmoides across North America varied by more than 120% in terms of maximum attainable size (L-infinity; 36-80 cm) and by more than 88% in terms of instantaneous growth rates (K; 0.091 to 0.670 per year). Results from this method also confirm the theoretical, but often untested, view that growth parameters L-infinity and K are negatively correlated in fish populations; Bayesian credibility intervals ranged from -0.56 to -0.72 with the posterior mode of -0.65. The Bayesian hierarchical growth model showed less variability in growth parameters and lower correlations among parameters than those from standard techniques used in population ecology suggesting that the absolute value of the correlation between Linfinity and K may be lower than the general perception in the ecological literature, often in the range of -0.8 to -0.9. Finally, growth parameters were negatively correlated with latitude suggesting that population productivity most likely declines the higher in latitude a population is found for this species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Helser, TE (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM thomas.helser@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 178 IS 3-4 BP 399 EP 416 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.013 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 846FW UT WOS:000223302000009 ER PT J AU Keith, DA McCarthy, MA Regan, H Regan, T Bowles, C Drill, C Craig, C Pellow, B Burgman, MA Master, LL Ruckelshaus, M Mackenzie, B Andelman, SJ Wade, PR AF Keith, DA McCarthy, MA Regan, H Regan, T Bowles, C Drill, C Craig, C Pellow, B Burgman, MA Master, LL Ruckelshaus, M Mackenzie, B Andelman, SJ Wade, PR TI Protocols for listing threatened species can forecast extinction SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE conservation decisions; extinct species; IUCN Red List; missing data; model testing; NatureServe; operator error; risk assessment; threatened species lists; uncertainty ID SETTING PRIORITIES; CONSERVATION; UNCERTAINTY; HEURISTICS; CRITERIA; PLANTS; RISK AB Risk-ranking protocols are used widely to classify the conservation status of the world's species. Here we report on the first empirical assessment of their reliability by using a retrospective study of 18 pairs of bird and mammal species (one species extinct and the other extant) with eight different assessors. The performance of individual assessors varied substantially, but performance was improved by incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and consensus among the assessors. When this was done, the ranks from the protocols were consistent with the extinction outcome in 70-80% of pairs and there were mismatches in only 10-20% of cases. This performance was similar to the subjective judgements of the assessors after they had estimated the range and population parameters required by the protocols, and better than any single parameter. When used to inform subjective judgement, the protocols therefore offer a means of reducing unpredictable biases that may be associated with expert input and have the advantage of making the logic behind assessments explicit. We conclude that the protocols are useful for forecasting extinctions, although they are prone to some errors that have implications for conservation. Some level of error is to be expected, however, given the influence of chance on extinction. The performance of risk assessment protocols may be improved by providing training in the application of the protocols, incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and using consensus among multiple assessors, including some who are experts in the application of the protocols. Continued testing and refinement of the protocols may help to provide better absolute estimates of risk, particularly by re-evaluating how the protocols accommodate missing data. C1 New S Wales Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. Royal Bot Gardens Melbourne, Australian Res Ctr Urban Ecol, S Yarra, Vic 3141, Australia. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92181 USA. Univ Queensland, Ecol Ctr Life Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Phys Sci & Engn Lib, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2253, Australia. NatureServe, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Keith, DA (reprint author), New S Wales Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia. EM david.keith@npws.nsw.gov.au NR 22 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 7 IS 11 BP 1101 EP 1108 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00663.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 861ER UT WOS:000224399400010 ER PT J AU Ross, D Ivory, CF Locascio, LE Van Cott, KE AF Ross, D Ivory, CF Locascio, LE Van Cott, KE TI Peak compression and resolution for electrophoretic separations in diverging microchannels SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE electrokinetic flow; microchannels; miniaturization ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTRIC-FIELD; GRADIENT; MICROCHIP; PRESSURE AB We report the results of experiments and simulations on electrokinetic flow in diverging microchannels (with cross-sectional area that increases with distance along the channel). Because of conservation of mass and charge, the velocity of an analyte in the channel decreases as the channel cross-section increases. Consequently, the leading edge of a band of sample moves more slowly than the trailing edge and the sample band is compressed. Sample peak widths, rather than increasing diffusively with time, can then be controlled by the geometry of the channel and can even be made to decrease with time. We consider the possibility of using this peak compression effect to improve the resolution of electrophoretic separations. Our results indicate that for typical separations that are dispersion limited, this peak compression effect is more than offset by the decreased distance between peaks, and the separation resolution in diverging channels is worse than that found for straight channels at the same applied voltage. For separations in very short channels or at very high field strengths, however, when the separation efficiency is injection limited, the peak compression effect is dominant and diverging channels can then be used to achieve improved separation resolution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Chem Engn, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.ross@nist.gov RI Ivory, Cornelius/A-9407-2011 OI Ivory, Cornelius/0000-0001-8602-1176 NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD NOV PY 2004 VL 25 IS 21-22 BP 3694 EP 3704 DI 10.1002/elps.200406119 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 878WV UT WOS:000225679000019 PM 15565692 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Photoassociative formation of ultracold polar KRb molecules SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID GROUND-STATE; SPECTROSCOPY AB We investigate the effectiveness of creating polar ground-state KRb molecules by two-color photoassociative spectroscopy. In this process the molecules are formed from ultra-cold samples of K and Rb. Focusing on spin-polarized atoms we show that an effective pathway exists. In addition, we investigate the stability of the polar molecules in the presence of a thermal black-body radiation field. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM svetiana@nist.gov RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD NOV PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 189 EP 194 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2004-00136-9 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 882IW UT WOS:000225933600004 ER PT J AU Koelemeij, JCJ Leduc, M AF Koelemeij, JCJ Leduc, M TI Prospects for measurement and control of the scattering length of metastable helium using photoassociation techniques SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; RESONANT LIGHT; ATOMS; GAS; COLLISIONS; STATE AB A numerical investigation of two-laser photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy on spin-polarized metastable helium (He*) atoms is presented within the context of experimental observation of the least-bound energy level in the scattering potential and subsequent determination of the s-wave scattering length. Starting out from the model developed by Bohn and Julienne [Phys. Rev. A 60, 414 (1999)], PA rate coefficients are obtained as a function of the parameters of the two lasers. The rate coefficients are used to simulate one- and two-laser PA spectra. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a spectroscopic determination of the binding energy of the least-bound level. The simulated spectra may be used as a guideline when designing such an experiment, whereas the model may also be employed for fitting experimentally obtained PA spectra. In addition, the prospects for substantial modification of the He* scattering length by means of optical Feshbach resonances are considered. Several experimental issues relating to the numerical investigation presented here are discussed. C1 Ecole Normale Super, F-75231 Paris 05, France. Coll France, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris, France. RP Koelemeij, JCJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM leduc@physique.ens.fr NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD NOV PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2004-00154-7 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 882IW UT WOS:000225933600011 ER PT J AU Hudson, ER Bochinski, JR Lewandowski, HJ Sawyer, BC Ye, J AF Hudson, ER Bochinski, JR Lewandowski, HJ Sawyer, BC Ye, J TI Efficient Stark deceleration of cold polar molecules SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D LA English DT Article AB Stark deceleration has been utilized for slowing and trapping several species of neutral; ground-state polar molecules generated in a supersonic beam expansion. Due to the finite physical dimension of the electrode array and practical limitations of the applicable electric fields; only molecules within a specific range of velocities and positions can be efficiently slowed and trapped. These constraints result in a restricted phase space acceptance of the decelerator in directions both transverse and parallel to the molecular beam axis; hence, careful modeling is required for understanding and achieving efficient Stark decelerator operation. We present work on slowing of the hydroxyl radical (OH) elucidating the physics controlling the evolution of the molecular phase space packets both with experimental results and model calculations. From these results we deduce experimental conditions necessary for efficient operation of a Stark decelerator. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hudson, ER (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Eric.Hudson@colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6060 J9 EUR PHYS J D JI Eur. Phys. J. D PD NOV PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 351 EP 358 DI 10.1140/epjd/e2004-00138-7 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 882IW UT WOS:000225933600019 ER PT J AU Emmett, RL Brodeur, RD Orton, PM AF Emmett, RL Brodeur, RD Orton, PM TI The vertical distribution of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and associated fishes in the Columbia River plume SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Columbia River; depth distribution; diel; Pacific salmon; surface trawling; tides ID COHO SALMON; CHINOOK; TSHAWYTSCHA; MIGRATION; KISUTCH AB Simultaneous trawling at surface and at depth at one location off the Columbia River, Oregon, in June 2000 identified the depth distribution of juvenile salmonids and associated fishes. Juvenile salmon off the Columbia River were distributed primarily near the surface, within the upper 12 m. Highest densities of subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) off the Columbia River were associated with high surface currents and decreasing tidal levels, with time of day possibly a co-factor. Densities of yearling chinook salmon increased with higher turbidity. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) was the most abundant and commonly caught forage fish, with density increasing at night, probably related to diel vertical migration. Catches of juvenile salmonids were not associated with catches of forage fishes. Daytime surface trawling appears to be an appropriate method for assessing the distribution and abundance of juvenile salmonids in marine habitats. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Emmett, RL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM robert.emmett@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 13 IS 6 BP 392 EP 402 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00294.x PG 11 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 865TY UT WOS:000224727300004 ER PT J AU Lauth, RR Ianelli, J Wakefield, WW AF Lauth, RR Ianelli, J Wakefield, WW TI Estimating the size selectivity and catching efficiency of a survey bottom trawl for thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp. using a towed video camera sled SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE video camera sled; catching efficiency; size selectivity; survey trawl; line transect; catchability; stock assessment ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ABUNDANCE AB Data from a video camera sled and research survey trawl were used to estimate size-specific trawl selectivity for Sebastolobus spp. Sizes from the camera sled video were extracted using an oblique grid plane and image analysis software. Thornyhead mean densities were 3-5 times higher with the camera sled than the survey trawl. Experimental selectivity patterns failed to conform to traditional parametric selectivity functions so a new non-parametric model was derived. The estimates of catchability for 20-25 cm thornyheads were 0.25-0.75. Catchability estimates for thornyheads larger than 30 cm were much lower (<0.10). A reason for low catchability at larger sizes remains unclear but may be a size-dependent interaction with the trawl, an artifact caused by low sample size of large fish in the study area, an unresolved bias in the video measurement system, or any combination of these factors. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, RACE Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, REFM Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, FRAM Div,Newport Res Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lauth, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, RACE Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bob.lauth@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.010 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SK UT WOS:000224722900003 ER PT J AU Lauth, RR Wakefield, WW Smith, K AF Lauth, RR Wakefield, WW Smith, K TI Estimating the density of thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp., using a towed video camera sled SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE video camera sled; line transect; oblique grid plane; fish movement; density estimates ID ABUNDANCE; ALTIVELIS; ALASCANUS; ROCKFISH; PACIFIC AB A video camera sled was used to obtain an independent estimate of the density of Sebastolobus spp. (thornyheads) at three different depths (450, 750, and 1150m) within a given space and time. Camera sled video footage was processed using an oblique grid plane and line transect methods. Thornyheads were randomly distributed across the seafloor within the sampling area, and variation in the dispersion over increasing spatial scales (10-1280m) and depths was not significant. Thornyhead density estimates were derived using the program Distance. Densities ranged from 344 to 1005 thornyheads km(-2) and CVs from 10 to 18%. Underlying assumptions necessary for obtaining unbiased density estimates using a camera sled and line transect sampling are discussed, including a methodology to account for fish movement in response to the camera sled. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, RACE Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, FRAM Div,Newport Res Stn, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lauth, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, RACE Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bob.lauth@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 39 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.009 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SK UT WOS:000224722900004 ER PT J AU Laursen, AE Seitzinger, SP AF Laursen, AE Seitzinger, SP TI Diurnal patterns of denitrification, oxygen consumption and nitrous oxide production in rivers measured at the whole-reach scale SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE denitrification; membrane inlet mass spectrometry; nitrate; nitrous oxide; oxygen consumption ID COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; FRESH-WATER; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; SEA SEDIMENTS; NITRIFICATION; STREAM; NITRATE; MICROSENSOR; N2O; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB 1. Denitrification, net oxygen consumption and net nitrous oxide flux to the atmosphere were measured in three small rivers (discharge approximately 2-27 m(3) s(-1)) at the whole reach scale during Spring and Summer, 2002. Two of these rivers (Iroquois River and Sugar Creek in north-west Indiana - north-east Illinois, U.S.A.) drained agricultural catchments and the other (Millstone River in central New Jersey, U.S.A.) drained a mixed suburban-agricultural catchment. 2. Denitrification, oxygen consumption and N(2)O flux were measured based on net changes in dissolved gas concentrations (N(2), O(2), and N(2)O) during riverine transport, correcting for atmospheric exchange. On each date, measurements were made during both light and dark periods. 3. Denitrification rates in these rivers ranged from 0.31 to 15.91 mmol N m(-2) h(-1), and rates within each river reach were consistently higher during the day than during the night. This diurnal pattern could be related to cyclic patterns of nitrification driven by diurnal variations in water column pH and temperature. 4. Oxygen consumption ranged from 2.56 to 241 mmol O(2) m(-2) h(-1). In contrast to denitrification, net oxygen consumption was generally higher during the night than during the day. 5. River water was consistently supersaturated with N(2)O, ranging from 102 to 209% saturated. Net flux of N(2)O to the atmosphere ranged from 0.4 to 60 mumol N m(-2) h(-1). Net flux of N(2)O was generally higher at night than during the day. The high flux of N(2)O from these rivers strengthens the argument that rivers are an important contributor to anthropogenic emissions of this greenhouse gas. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Environm Sci & Technol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Laursen, AE (reprint author), Ryerson Univ, Dept Biol & Chem, 350 Victoria Ave, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. EM alaursen@ryerson.ca NR 55 TC 87 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 45 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 49 IS 11 BP 1448 EP 1458 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01280.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 861QY UT WOS:000224434500006 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, YACC AF Lautenbacher, YACC TI Building an earth observation system SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Lautenbacher, YACC (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD NOV PY 2004 VL 49 IS 11 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 869TG UT WOS:000225006600009 ER PT J AU Caron, DA Gobler, CJ Lonsdale, DJ Cerrato, RM Schaffner, RA Rose, JM Buck, NJ Taylor, G Boissonneault, KR Mehran, R AF Caron, DA Gobler, CJ Lonsdale, DJ Cerrato, RM Schaffner, RA Rose, JM Buck, NJ Taylor, G Boissonneault, KR Mehran, R TI Microbial herbivory on the brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens: results from natural ecosystems, mesocosms and laboratory experiments SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE brown tide; Aureococcus anophagefferens; herbivory; feeding selectivity; protozoa; protists; algal mortality; dilution technique ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; COASTAL WATERS; GRAZING IMPACT; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; MICROZOOPLANKTON; CHRYSOPHYCEAE; ZOOPLANKTON; INITIATION; ABUNDANCE AB Experiments were conducted with natural plankton assemblages from two areas in Great South Bay (GSB) and the Peconic Bays Estuary System, NY, to compare the rates of growth and pelagic grazing mortality of Aureococcus anophagefferens with co-occurring phytoplankton. We hypothesized that A. anophagefferens would experience low mortality rates by Microbial herbivores (relative to feeding pressure on other algae) thus providing it with a competitive advantage within the phytoplankton community. In fact, substantial rates of mortality were observed in nearly every experiment in our study. However, mortality rates of A. anophagefferens were less than intrinsic growth rates of the alga during late spring and early summer in Great South Bay, resulting in positive net growth rates for the alga during that period. This timing coincided with the development of a brown tide in this estuary. Similarly, growth rates of the alga also exceeded mortality rates during bloom development in natural plankton assemblages from the Peconic Bays Estuary System held in mesocosms. In contrast to the situation for A. anophagefferens, growth rates of the total phytoplankton assemblage, and another common picoplanktonic phytoplankter (Synechococcus slip.), were frequently less than their respective mortality rates. Mortality rates of A. anophagefferens in both systems were similar to growth rates of the alga during later stages of the bloom. Laboratory studies confirmed that species of phagotrophic protists that consume A. anophagefferens (at least in culture) are present during brown tides but preference for or against the alga appears to be species-specific among phagotrophic protists. We conclude that two scenarios may explain our results: (1) protistan species capable of consuming the brown tide alga were present at low abundances during bloom initiation and thus not able to respond rapidly to increases in the intrinsic growth rate of the alga, or (2) the brown tide alga produced substance(s) that inhibited or retarded protistan grazing activities during the period of bloom initiation. The latter scenario seems less likely given that significant mortality of A. anophagefferens was measured during our field study and mesocosm experiment. However, even a minor reduction in mortality rate due to feeding selectivity among herbivores might result in a mismatch between growth and grazing of A. anophagefferens that could give rise to significant net population growth of this HAB species. Either scenario infers an important role for trophic interactions within the plankton as a factor explaining the development of brown tides in natural ecosystems. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Long Isl Univ, Southampton Coll, Div Nat Sci, Southampton, NY 11968 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. NOAA, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, New York, NY 10007 USA. RP Caron, DA (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, 3616 Trousdale Pkwy,AHF 301, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM dcaron@usc.edu RI Taylor, Gordon/A-6735-2009 OI Taylor, Gordon/0000-0002-6925-7571 NR 43 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD NOV PY 2004 VL 3 IS 4 BP 439 EP 457 DI 10.1016/j.hal.2004.06.011 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 876VE UT WOS:000225525500012 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS Brederlow, R Costa, J Huang, M Immorlica, AA Mueller, JE Racanelli, M Weitzel, CE Zhao, B AF Bennett, HS Brederlow, R Costa, J Huang, M Immorlica, AA Mueller, JE Racanelli, M Weitzel, CE Zhao, B TI RF and AMS - Radio-frequency and analog/mixed-signal circuits and devices for wireless communications. SO IEEE CIRCUITS & DEVICES LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Infineon Technol, Munich, Germany. RF Micro Devices, Greensboro, NC USA. Freescale Semicond, Tempe, AZ USA. BAE Syst, Nashua, NH USA. Jazz Semicond, Newport Beach, CA USA. Skyworks Solut, Irvine, CA USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM herbert.bennett@nist.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 8755-3996 J9 IEEE CIRCUITS DEVICE JI IEEE Circuits Devices PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 20 IS 6 BP 38 EP 51 DI 10.1109/MCD.2004.1364774 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 874ZX UT WOS:000225390400006 ER PT J AU Gibson, EA Zhang, XS Popmintchev, T Paul, A Wagner, N Lytle, A Christov, IP Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Gibson, EA Zhang, XS Popmintchev, T Paul, A Wagner, N Lytle, A Christov, IP Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC TI Extreme nonlinear optics: Attosecond photonics at short wavelengths SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE frequency conversion; nonlinear optics; ultrafast optics; waveguides; X-ray production ID HIGH-HARMONIC-GENERATION; HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS; SOFT X-RAYS; PHASE-MATCHED GENERATION; RARE-GASES; ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; 1064-NM RADIATION; COHERENT-LIGHT; LASER-PULSES; WAVE-GUIDES AB We discuss coherent up-conversion of near-infrared femtosecond laser light into the extreme ultraviolet and soft-X-ray regions of the spectrum using the process of high-harmonic generation. We show that by using concepts from visible wavelength photonics, it is now possible to extend nonlinear optics well into the X-ray region of the spectrum. By manipulating the dynamics of the high harmonic process using optimized waveguide structures and pulse shapes, and on attosecond timescales, we can control the energy of the emitted photons, as well as increase the efficiency of the up-conversion process. Use of these optimized waveguide structures and pulse shapes can also improve the spatial and temporal coherence of the light. This work demonstrates that sophisticated concepts from nonlinear-optical photonics; and coherent control can be applied to "extreme" nonlinear optics. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Sofia, Dept Phys, BU-1126 Sofia, Bulgaria. RP Gibson, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Popmintchev, Tenio/B-6715-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Christov, Ivan/D-4446-2014; Lytle, Amy/B-8483-2015 OI Popmintchev, Tenio/0000-0002-2023-2226; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Christov, Ivan/0000-0002-9146-6708; NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1339 EP 1350 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.838078 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 897DS UT WOS:000226984800013 ER PT J AU Kabos, P Arz, U Williams, DF AF Kabos, P Arz, U Williams, DF TI Multiport investigation of the coupling of high-impedance probes SO IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE high-impedance probes (HIPs); invasiveness; three-port measurements AB We used an on-wafer measurement technique that combines two- and three-port frequency-domain mismatch corrections in order to characterize the influence of a high-impedance probe on a device under test. The procedure quantifies the probe's load of the circuit, and the coupling between the probe and the device. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, DE-38023 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Kabos, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1531-1309 J9 IEEE MICROW WIREL CO JI IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 14 IS 11 BP 510 EP 512 DI 10.1109/LMWC.2004.837071 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 868FW UT WOS:000224900500004 ER PT J AU Dennis, T Williams, PA AF Dennis, T Williams, PA TI Chromatic dispersion measurement error caused by source amplified spontaneous emission SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE calibration; chromatic dispersion; measurement errors; optical communication; optical fiber measurements AB We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically the degrading effect of noise from source amplified spontaneous emission on measurements of chromatic dispersion using the modulation phase-shift method. We show that dramatic performance improvements can be realized simply by using a narrow-band tracking filter. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dennis, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tasshi@boulder.nist.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2532 EP 2534 DI 10.1109/LPT.2004.834877 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 863MR UT WOS:000224566500044 ER PT J AU Berendes, TA Berendes, DA Welch, RM Dutton, EG Uttal, T Clothiaux, EE AF Berendes, TA Berendes, DA Welch, RM Dutton, EG Uttal, T Clothiaux, EE TI Cloud cover comparisons of the MODIS daytime cloud mask with surface instruments at the North Slope of Alaska ARM site SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE clouds; laser radar; measurement; remote sensing ID MICROPULSE LIDAR AB This paper compares daytime cloud fraction derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), an imager on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aqua and Terra platforms, to observations from a suite of surface-based instrumentation located at the Department of Energy's atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Clouds and Radiation Testbed site. In this systematic comparison of satellite-to-surface measurements, 3650 cases are analyzed from February through September 2001. The surface instruments used in these comparisons include the Vaisala Ceilometer (VCEIL), the Micropulse Lidar (MPL), the Active Remote Sensing of Clouds (ARSCL) composite laser-derived data product, the Whole-Sky Imager (WSI), and the Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP). In terms of the active sensors, VCEIL cloud cover results compare to within +/- 20% of MODIS results 77% of the time. As expected, VCEIL is found to be insensitive to optically thin high-level clouds. MPL results are consistent with MODIS in 83% of the cases; however, the MPL preliminary_cbh variable reports spurious clouds in clear-sky conditions. The ARSCL composite laser-derived data product agrees with MODIS in 81% of the cases, improving upon high cloud detection of the VCEIL, while eliminating the spurious clear-sky cloud detections in the MPL preliminary_cbh variable. For the passive WSI, cloud cover agrees with the MODIS cloud fraction in 74% of the cases, with the difference primarily caused by the insensitivity of the WSI to thin clouds. Detailed analysis of individual cases shows that the MODIS cloud mask generally detects more thin cirrus than the surface-based instruments, but it sometimes fails to detect low-level cumulus and fog over the ARM NSA site. C1 Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Berendes, TA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM todd.berendes@nsstc.uah.edu NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2004 VL 42 IS 11 BP 2584 EP 2593 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.835226 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 871YG UT WOS:000225171900022 ER PT J AU Remley, KA Williams, DE Schreurs, DMMP Wood, J AF Remley, KA Williams, DE Schreurs, DMMP Wood, J TI Simplifying and, interpreting two-tone measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 06-11, 2004 CL Ft Worth, TX SP IEEE, Microwave Theory & Tech Soc DE gain modulation; intermodulation (IM) distortion; large-signal network analyzer; memory effects; nonlinear vector network analyzer (NVNA); two-tone measurements ID POWER-AMPLIFIERS; INTERMODULATION; DISTORTION; IMPEDANCE; BIAS AB We develop a mathematical description of the response of weakly nonlinear systems to second-order memory mechanisms. Our description is based on a time-varying gain-modulation function. We show that intermodulation (IM) products arising from interactions at baseband have phase symmetries different from both interactions at second harmonic frequencies and gain compression and, thus, may be readily distinguished through measurement. We also demonstrate a technique for measuring and aligning the phase of IM products outside the measurement bandwidth of our instrumentation to identify contributions to memory with broad frequency response. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Automat & Technol Telecommun & Microwave Div, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Agilent Technol Inc, Santa Rosa, CA 94306 USA. RP Remley, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 52 IS 11 BP 2576 EP 2584 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2004.837195 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 868RQ UT WOS:000224931100017 ER PT J AU Lovejoy, NR Iranpour, M Collette, BB AF Lovejoy, NR Iranpour, M Collette, BB TI Phylogeny and jaw ontogeny of beloniform fishes SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Patterns and Processes in the Evolution of Fishes CY JAN 04-08, 2003 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol ID NEEDLEFISHES TELEOSTEI; EVOLUTION; EXOCOETIDAE; SYSTEMATICS; HETEROCHRONY; BELONIDAE; DNA AB To investigate jaw evolution in beloniform fishes, we reconstructed the phylogeny of 54 species using fragments of two nuclear (RAG2 and Tmo-4C4) and two mitochondrial (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) genes. Our total molecular evidence topology refutes the monophyly of needlefishes (Belonidae) and half-beaks (Hemiramphidae), but supports the monophyly of flyingfishes (Exocoetidae) and sauries (Scomberesocidae). Flyingfishes are nested within halfbeaks, and sauries are nested within needlefishes. Optimization of jaw characters on the tree reveals a diverse array of evolutionary changes in ontogeny. During their development, needlefishes pass through a "halfbeak" stage that closely resembles the adult condition in the hemiramphid halfbeaks. The reconstruction of jaw transitions falsifies the hypothesis that halfbeaks are paedomorphic derivatives of needlefishes. Instead, halfbeaks; make up a basal paraphyletic grade within beloniforms, and the needlefish jaw morphology is relatively derived. The parallel between needlefish ontogeny and beloniform phylogeny is discussed, and clades amenable to future morphological analysis are proposed. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Lovejoy, NR (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Z320 Duff Roblin Bldg, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. EM nate_lovejoy@umanitoba.ca NR 40 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 44 IS 5 BP 366 EP 377 DI 10.1093/icb/44.5.366 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 881GJ UT WOS:000225851100005 PM 21676722 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yozgatligil, A Choi, MY AF Manzello, SL Yozgatligil, A Choi, MY TI An experimental investigation of sootshell formation in microgravity droplet combustion SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE microgravity combustion; droplet burning; soot ID PARTICLES; HEPTANE; SOOT; FLAMES AB Spherically symmetric droplet combustion experiments were performed at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 2.2 second drop tower in Cleveland, OH in an effort to better understand the mechanism leading to sootshell format on. Rapid insertion of a blunt plunger was used to remove the symmetric sootshell that formed during the period of quasi-steady burning. This allowed for the observation of sootshell re-formation. Soot particles were formed near the flame front and migrated towards the droplet to ultimately reside at the sootshell location. These experiments helped to bring about a better understanding of soot transport in microgravity droplet combustion.. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19014 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov RI Yozgatligil, Ahmet/A-9682-2016 OI Yozgatligil, Ahmet/0000-0002-7655-7695 NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 47 IS 24 BP 5381 EP 5385 DI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.07.008 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 861WX UT WOS:000224450400020 ER PT J AU Li, J Menzel, WP Zhang, WJ Sun, FY Schmit, TJ Gurka, JJ Weisz, E AF Li, J Menzel, WP Zhang, WJ Sun, FY Schmit, TJ Gurka, JJ Weisz, E TI Synergistic use of MODIS and AIRS in a variational retrieval of cloud parameters SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GOES SOUNDER DATA; CIRRUS CLOUDS; ATMOSPHERIC-TEMPERATURE; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SIMULATION; PRODUCTS; ALTITUDE; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; RADIANCES; CLIMATE AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS) measurements from the Earth Observing System's (EOS's) Aqua satellite enable global monitoring of the distribution of clouds. MODIS is able to provide a cloud mask, surface and cloud types, cloud phase, cloud-top pressure (CTP), effective cloud amount (ECA), cloud particle size, and cloud optical thickness at high spatial resolution ( 1 - 5 km). The combined MODIS - AIRS system offers the opportunity for improved cloud products, better than from either system alone; this improvement is demonstrated in this paper with both simulated and real radiances. A one-dimensional variational (1DVAR) methodology is used to retrieve the CTP and ECA from AIRS longwave ( 650 - 790 cm(-1) or 15.38 - 12.65 mum) cloudy radiance measurements ( hereinafter referred to as MODIS - AIRS 1DVAR). The MODIS - AIRS 1DVAR cloud properties show significant improvement over the MODIS-alone cloud properties and slight improvement over AIRS-alone cloud properties in a simulation study, while MODIS - AIRS 1DVAR is much more computationally efficient than the AIRS-alone 1DVAR; comparisons with radiosonde observations show that CTPs improve by 10 - 40 hPa for MODIS - AIRS CTPs over those from MODIS alone. The 1DVAR approach is applied to process the AIRS longwave cloudy radiance measurements; results are compared with MODIS and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite sounder cloud products. Data from ground-based instrumentation at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Test Bed in Oklahoma are used for validation; results show that MODIS - AIRS improves the MODIS CTP, especially in low-level clouds. The operational use of a high-spatial-resolution imager, along with information from a high-spectral-resolution sounder will be possible with instruments planned for the next-generation geostationary operational instruments. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Madison, WI USA. Natl Satellite Meteorol Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. NOAA, Off Syst Dev, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM Jun.Li@ssec.wisc.edu RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010; Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 44 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1619 EP 1634 DI 10.1175/JAM2166.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 880RJ UT WOS:000225806600006 ER PT J AU Otte, TL Lacser, A Dupont, S Ching, JKS AF Otte, TL Lacser, A Dupont, S Ching, JKS TI Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; HEAT-STORAGE; SURFACE; CITIES; DISPERSION; TURBULENCE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION AB An urban canopy parameterization (UCP) is implemented into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to improve meteorological fields in the urban boundary layer for finescale (similar to1-km horizontal grid spacing) simulations. The UCP uses the drag-force approach for dynamics and a simple treatment of the urban thermodynamics to account for the effects of the urban environment. The UCP is evaluated using a real-data application for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The simulations show that the UCP produces profiles of wind speed, friction velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and potential temperature that are more consistent with the observations taken in urban areas and data from idealized wind tunnel studies of urban areas than do simulations that use the roughness approach. In addition, comparisons with meteorological measurements show that the UCP simulations are superior to those that use the roughness approach. This improvement of the treatment of the urban areas in the meteorological model could have implications for simulating air chemistry processes at this scale. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Israel Inst Biol Res, IL-70450 Ness Ziona, Israel. RP US EPA, NERL, AMD, Mail Drop E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM otte.tanya@epa.gov OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 49 TC 56 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1648 EP 1665 DI 10.1175/JAM2164.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 880RJ UT WOS:000225806600008 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, NM Hourdakis, E Ono, Y Fujiwara, A Takahashi, Y AF Zimmerman, NM Hourdakis, E Ono, Y Fujiwara, A Takahashi, Y TI Error mechanisms and rates in tunable-barrier single-electron turnstiles and charge-coupled devices SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DOT; ACTIVATED CONDUCTION; CURRENT QUANTIZATION; COULOMB-BLOCKADE; TRANSISTOR; ACCURACY; PUMP; TRANSPORT AB Si-based single-electron tunneling (SET) devices have of late become an important alternative to the metal-based ones, both for ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) electronics and for electrical metrology. We have very recently been designing, fabricating, and measuring SET turnstiles, pumps, and charge-coupled devices using tunable barriers in silicon. Having shown the potential of these devices, we wish to understand the error mechanisms which may manifest themselves, and to predict the level of these errors, in order to decide how feasible these devices will be. In this paper, we devote a substantial amount of analysis to the consideration of the "dynamical" error mechanism. This particular error considers how electrons split up as the barrier is raised, or alternatively how the Coulomb blockade is formed. We then consider a wide variety of other errors, including thermal, frequency, leakage, and heating errors. We show the dependence of the error rate on each of those mechanisms, and predict maxima or minima for the corresponding parameters. In the conclusion, we discuss the various advantages Si-based turnstiles or pumps would offer with respect to the metal-based ones. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. RP US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neilz@mailaps.org RI Ono, Yukinori/D-4741-2011; Takahashi, Yasuo/H-4799-2011; Fujiwara, Akira/A-6648-2012 NR 32 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 96 IS 9 BP 5254 EP 5266 DI 10.1063/1.1791758 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 866UQ UT WOS:000224799300083 ER PT J AU Ziegler, CL Kennedy, D Rasmussen, EN AF Ziegler, CL Kennedy, D Rasmussen, EN TI A wireless network for collection and synthesis of mobile mesoscale weather observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESONET AB This paper reports the development of a wireless network of instrumented vehicles and aircraft for the real-time collection and synthesis of their mobile weather observations in mesoscale field experiments. The mobile digital network (MDN) utilizes 900-MHz radio frequency modem technology, enabling real-time data transmissions at up to 115 kbit s(-1) across a domain of about 40 km on a side. The effective throughput of the network of multiple mobile units is about 40 kbit s(-1) due to overhead from data quality checking and acknowledgment that data have been received. After gathering data from mobile observing platforms at a centrally located mobile command post, both image products and data are then uplinked via geostationary satellite at about 80 kbit s(-1) and served to the Internet. The first application of the MDN was to mobile field observations obtained during the International H2O Project (IHOP). C1 NOAA, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ziegler, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM conrad.ziegler@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1659 EP 1669 DI 10.1175/JTECH1678.1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZW UT WOS:000225099300002 ER PT J AU Schafer, R Avery, SK Gage, KS Johnston, PE Carter, DA AF Schafer, R Avery, SK Gage, KS Johnston, PE Carter, DA TI Improving wind profiler-measured winds using coplanar spectral averaging SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER SPECTRA; RADAR AB A method is presented that increases the detectability of weak clear-air signals by averaging Doppler spectra from coplanar wind profiler beams. The method, called coplanar spectral averaging (CSA), is applied to both simulated wind profiler spectra and to 1 yr of archived spectra from a UHF profiler at Christmas Island (1 October 1999-30 September 2000). A collocated 50-MHz wind profiler provides a truth for evaluating the CSA technique. In the absence of precipitation, it was found that CSA, when combined with a fuzzy logic quality control, increases the height coverage of the 1-hourly averaged UHF profiler winds by over 600 m (two range gates). CSA also increased the number of good wind estimates at each observation range by about 10%-25% over the standard consensus method. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schafer, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Room 318, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Robert.Schafer@colorado.edu RI Johnston, Paul/E-1914-2016 OI Johnston, Paul/0000-0002-4046-9351 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1671 EP 1678 DI 10.1175/JTECH1672.1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZW UT WOS:000225099300003 ER PT J AU Anderson, DN Reinisch, B Valladare, C Chau, J Veliz, O AF Anderson, DN Reinisch, B Valladare, C Chau, J Veliz, O TI Forecasting the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation activity in the equatorial ionosphere on a day-to-day basis SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Jicamarca 40th Anniversary Workshop CY MAY, 2002 CL Jicamarca, PERU DE scintillation; equatorial ionosphere; spread-F AB In the low-latitude ionospheric F region, ambient conditions after sunset are often conducive to the generation of small-scale plasma density structures by the Rayleigh Taylor instability mechanism. Radio wave signals passing through these electron density irregularities experience amplitude fluctuations that lead to radio wave "scintillation". The scintillation index, S4, is a measure of the severity of these amplitude fluctuations. It is well known that the occurrence frequency of scintillation activity depends on solar cycle, season, longitude and local time, with a large day-to-day variability. In this paper, we present the results of a continuing study that utilizes a ground-based digital sounder at the magnetic equator to provide a "forecast" of the subsequent occurrence of scintillation activity and a network of UHF and L-band receivers that measure the S4 index, on a night-to-night basis. To establish the "forecasting" relationship, observations were carried out in 1998 and 1999 in the Peruvian/Chilean longitude sector. The relationship between the magnitude of the vertical E x B drift velocity enhancement just after sunset as determined by the Jicamarca Digisonde and the magnitude of the S4 index subsequently observed an hour or two later by the scintillation receivers at Ancon, Peru and Antofagasta, Chile was established. In most cases at both UHF and L-band frequencies, this relationship is not linear, but there appears to be a "threshold" in E x B drift of similar to 20 m/s. On nights when E x B drift was less than 20 m/s, the UHF S4 index generally was less than 0.5, while on nights when E x B drift exceeded 20 m/s, the S4 index was greater than 0.5. The day-to-day variability of this relationship will be presented and discussed. Since October 1, 2001, the Jicamarca Digisonde has been used to "forecast" the occurrence of UHF S4 > 0.5 or S4 < 0.5 on a night-to-night basis. The validity of the "forecast" is subsequently confirmed by UHF S4 observations at Ancon, Peru and Antofagasta. Chile. The resulting statistics for these nightly S4 forecasts from November 1, 2001 to April 30, 2002 will be presented and discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Atmospher Res, Lowell, MA USA. Boston Coll, Space Res Inst, Boston, MA USA. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima, Peru. RP Anderson, DN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM david.anderson@noaa.gov RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892 NR 7 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 66 IS 17 BP 1567 EP 1572 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.010 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870IO UT WOS:000225051000006 ER PT J AU Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Sarikaya, E Pullalarevu, S Krajewski, W Galkin, A Howard, AJ Herzberg, O Gilliland, GL AF Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Sarikaya, E Pullalarevu, S Krajewski, W Galkin, A Howard, AJ Herzberg, O Gilliland, GL TI Crystal structure of the YgfZ protein from Escherichia coli suggests a folate-dependent regulatory role in one-carbon metabolism SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-CLEAVAGE SYSTEM; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GCV OPERON; DIMETHYLGLYCINE; SEQUENCE; DATABASE; TETRAHYDROFOLATE; BALANCE; COMPLEX; BINDING AB The ygrZ gene product of Escherichia coli represents a large protein family conserved in bacteria to eukaryotes. The members of this family are uncharacterized proteins with marginal sequence similarity to the T-protein (aminomethyltransferase) of the glycine cleavage system. To assist with the functional assignment of the YgfZ family, the crystal structure of the E. coli protein was determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction. The protein molecule has a three-domain architecture with a central hydrophobic channel. The structure is very similar to that of bacterial dimethylglycine oxidase, an enzyme of the glycine betaine pathway and a homolog of the T-protein. Based on structural superposition, a folate-binding site was identified in the central channel of YgfZ, and the ability of YgfZ to bind folate derivatives was confirmed experimentally. However, in contrast to dimethylglycine oxidase and T-protein, the YgfZ family lacks amino acid conservation at the folate site, which implies that YgfZ is not an aminomethyltransferase but is likely a folate-dependent regulatory protein involved in one-carbon metabolism. C1 Univ Maryland, Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Rockville, MD USA. Illinois Inst Technol, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat Res & Instrumentat Biol Ch, Chicago, IL USA. RP Teplyakov, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM teplyako@umbi.umd.edu; gilliland@nist.gov RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014; OI Teplyakov, Alexey/0000-0003-0296-0016 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM 57890, P01 GM057890] NR 38 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 186 IS 21 BP 7134 EP 7140 DI 10.1128/JB.186.21.7134-7140.2004 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 863QA UT WOS:000224575500010 PM 15489424 ER PT J AU Burguera, EF Guitian, F Chow, LC AF Burguera, EF Guitian, F Chow, LC TI A water setting tetracalcium phosphate-dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cement SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; dicalcium phosphate dihydrate; hydroxyapatite; mechanical properties; porosity ID DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEM; MIXING SOLUTION VOLUME; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; APATITE CEMENT; LOADED CEMENT; BONE-CEMENT; RELEASE; SIZE AB The development of a calcium phosphate cement, comprising tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), that hardens in 14 min with water as the liquid or 6 min with a 0.25 mol/L sodium phosphate solution as the liquid, without using hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds as setting accelerator, is reported. It was postulated that reduction in porosity would increase cement strength. Thus, the effects of applied pressure during the initial stages of the cement setting reaction on cement strength and porosity were studied. The cement powder comprised an equimolar mixture of TTCP and DCPD (median particle sizes 17 and 1.7 mum, respectively). Compressive strengths (CS) of samples prepared with distilled water were 47.6 +/- 2.4 MPa, 50.7 +/- 4.2 MPa, and 52.9 +/- 4.7 MPa at applied pressures of 5 MPa, 15 MPa, and 25 MPa, respectively. When phosphate solution was used, the CS values obtained were 41.5 +/- 2.3 MPa, 37.9 +/- 1.7 MPa, and 38.1 +/- 2.3 MPa at the same pressure levels. Statistical analysis of the results showed that pressure produced an improvement in CS when water was used as liquid but not when the phosphate solution was used. Compared to previously reported TTCP-DCPD cements, the greater CS values and shorter setting times together with a simplified formulation should make the present TTCP-DCPD cement a useful material as a bone substitute for clinical applications. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, ADA Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Ceram Galicia, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. RP Burguera, EF (reprint author), NIST, ADA Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM elena.burguera@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 11789] NR 25 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 71A IS 2 BP 275 EP 282 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30153 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 861LW UT WOS:000224419000011 PM 15386489 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, MM Akhmedova-Azizova, LA Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, MM Akhmedova-Azizova, LA Azizov, ND TI Thermal conductivity of binary aqueous NaBr and KBr and ternary H2O+NaBr+KBr solutions at temperatures from (294 to 577) K and pressures up to 40 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; SR(NO3)(2); RANGE; NACL; LICL; KCL AB The thermal conductivity of four binary aqueous NaBr solutions of (10, 20, 30, and 38) mass %, three binary aqueous KBr solutions of (10, 20, and 30) mass %, and three ternary aqueous NaBr + KBr solutions of (10NaBr + 5KBr, 10NaBr + 10KBr, and 10NaBr + 20KBr) mass % have been measured with a concentric-cylinder (steady-state) technique. Measurements were made near the saturation curve of (0.1 to 2) MPa and at two isobars of (10 and 40) MPa. The range of temperature was (294 to 577) K. The total uncertainty in the thermal conductivity, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements was estimated to be less than 2%, 0.05%, 30 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. The temperature, pressure, and concentration dependence of the thermal conductivity of binary and ternary solutions were studied. The measured values of thermal conductivity were compared with data and correlations reported in the literature. The reliability and accuracy of the experimental method was confirmed with measurements on pure water with well-known thermal conductivity values. The experimental and calculated values of thermal conductivity for pure water from the IAPWS formulation show excellent agreement within their experimental uncertainties (AAD within 0.51%) in the temperature range from (290 to 575) K and at pressures up to 40 MPa. Correlation equations for the thermal conductivity of the binary solutions studied were obtained as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition by a least-squares method from the experimental data. The AAD between measured and calculated values from this correlation for the thermal conductivity was 1.5%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, MM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 49 IS 6 BP 1727 EP 1737 DI 10.1021/je049814b PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 870YW UT WOS:000225096000049 ER PT J AU Rohac, V Ruzicka, K Ruzicka, V Zaitsau, DH Kabo, GJ Diky, V Aim, K AF Rohac, V Ruzicka, K Ruzicka, V Zaitsau, DH Kabo, GJ Diky, V Aim, K TI Vapour pressure of diethyl phthalate SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE correlation; diethyl phthalate; enthalpy of vaporisation; experimental data; vapour pressure ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; THERMAL DATA; ESTERS; GAS; TEMPERATURES; TOXICITY; HEAT; TEREPHTHALATE; VAPORIZATION; COEFFICIENTS AB Measurements of vapour pressure in the liquid phase and of enthalpy of vaporisation and results of calculation of ideal-gas properties for diethyl phthalate are reported. The method of comparative ebulliometry, the static method, and the Knudsen mass-loss effusion method were employed to determine the vapour pressure. A Calvet-type differential microcalorimeter was used to measure the enthalpy of vaporisation. Simultaneous correlation of vapour pressure, of enthalpy of vaporisation and of difference in heat capacities of ideal gas and liquid/solid phases was used to generate parameters of the Cox equation that cover both the (vapour + solid) equilibrium (approximate temperature range from 220 K to 270 K) and (vapour + liquid) equilibrium (from 270 K to 520 K). Vapour pressure and enthalpy of vaporisation derived from the fit are reported at the triple-point temperature T = 269.92 K (p = 0.0029 Pa, Delta(vap)H(m) = 85.10 kJ . mol(-1)), at T = 298.15 K (p = 0.099 Pa, Delta(vap)H(m) = 82.09 kJ . mol(-1)), and at the normal boiling temperature T = 570.50 K (Delta(vap)H(m) = 56.49 kJ . mol(-1)). Measured vapour pressures and measured and calculated enthalpies of vaporisation are compared with literature data. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Chem Technol, Dept Phys Chem, CR-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic. Belarussian State Univ, Dept Chem, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Chem Proc Fundamentals, E Hala Lab Thermodynam, CR-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic. RP Ruzicka, V (reprint author), Inst Chem Technol, Dept Phys Chem, CR-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic. EM vlastimil.ruzicka@vscht.cz RI Ruzicka, Kvetoslav/B-1071-2008; Ruzicka, Vlastimil/B-8905-2008; Aim, Karel/C-2542-2013; Zaitsau, Dzmitry/E-5874-2016 OI Ruzicka, Kvetoslav/0000-0001-9048-1036; NR 58 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 36 IS 11 BP 929 EP 937 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2004.07.025 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 865ZM UT WOS:000224742700002 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Waliser, DE Stern, WF Jones, C AF Zheng, Y Waliser, DE Stern, WF Jones, C TI The role of coupled sea surface temperatures in the simulation of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; TIME SCALES; TOGA-COARE AB This study compares the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) variability in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) and the stand-alone atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). For the AGCM simulation, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were specified using those from the CGCM simulation. This was done so that any differences in the TISO that emerged from the two simulations could be attributed to the coupling process and not to a difference in the mean background state. The comparison focused on analysis of the rainfall, 200-mb velocity potential, and 850-mb zonal wind data from the two simulations, for both summer and winter periods, and included comparisons to analogous diagnostics using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) rainfall data. The results of the analysis showed three principal differences in the TISO variability between the coupled and uncoupled simulations. The first was that the CGCM showed an improvement in the spatial variability associated with the TISO mode, particularly for boreal summer. Specifically, the AGCM exhibited almost no TISO variability in the Indian Ocean during boreal summer-a common shortcoming among AGCMs. The CGCM, on the other hand, did show a considerable enhancement in TISO variability in this region for this season. The second was that the wavenumber-frequency spectra of the AGCM exhibited an unrealistic peak in variability at low wavenumbers (1-3, depending on the variable) and about 3 cycles yr(-1) (cpy). This unrealistic peak of variability was absent in the CGCM, which otherwise tended to show good agreement with the observations. The third difference was that the AGCM showed a less realistic phase lag between the TISO-related convection and SST anomalies. In particular, the CGCM exhibited a near-quadrature relation between precipitation and SST anomalies, which is consistent with observations, while the phase lag was reduced in the AGCM by about 1.5 pentads (similar to1 week). The implications of the above results, including those for the notions of "perfect SST'' and "two tier'' experiments, are discussed, as are the caveats associated with the study's modeling framework and analysis. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-505,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM duane.waliser@jpl.nasa.gov RI Zheng, Yangxing/B-7965-2013; Jones, Charles/I-4574-2012 OI Zheng, Yangxing/0000-0003-2039-1494; Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 96 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 17 IS 21 BP 4109 EP 4134 DI 10.1175/JCLI3202.1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZT UT WOS:000225099000001 ER PT J AU Zeng, XB Brunke, MA Zhou, MY Fairall, C Bond, NA Lenschow, DH AF Zeng, XB Brunke, MA Zhou, MY Fairall, C Bond, NA Lenschow, DH TI Marine atmospheric boundary layer height over the eastern Pacific: Data analysis and model evaluation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; MIXED-LAYER; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; PART I; VARIABILITY; RADIOSONDE; ERRORS; OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; DIFFUSION AB The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height (h) is a crucial parameter for the treatment of the ABL in weather and climate models. About 1000 soundings from 11 cruises between 1995 and 2001 over the eastern Pacific have been analyzed to document the large meridional, zonal, seasonal, and interannual variations of h. In particular, its latitudinal distribution in August has three minima: near the equator, in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and over the subtropical stratus/stratocumulus region near the west coast of California and Mexico. The seasonal peak of h in the ITCZ zone (between 5.6degrees and 11.2degreesN) occurs in the spring (February or April), while it occurs in August between the equator and 5.6degreesN. Comparison of these data with the 10-yr monthly output of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2) reveals that overall the model underestimates h, particularly north of 20degreesN in August and September. Directly applying the radiosonde data to the CCSM2 formulation for computing h shows that, at the original vertical resolution (with the lowest five layers below 2.1 km), the CCSM2 formulation would significantly underestimate h. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the computed and observed h values is only 0.06 for cloudy cases. If the model resolution were doubled below 2.1 km, however, the performance of the model formulation would be significantly improved with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 for cloudy cases. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. State Ocean Adm, Natl Res Ctr Marine Environm Forecasts, Beijing, Peoples R China. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Zeng, XB (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM zeng@atmo.arizona.edu OI Zeng, Xubin/0000-0001-7352-2764; LENSCHOW, DONALD/0000-0003-4353-0098 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 17 IS 21 BP 4159 EP 4170 DI 10.1175/JCLI3190.1 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZT UT WOS:000225099000004 ER PT J AU Free, M Angell, JK Durre, I Lanzante, J Peterson, TC Seidel, DJ AF Free, M Angell, JK Durre, I Lanzante, J Peterson, TC Seidel, DJ TI Using first differences to reduce inhomogeneity in radiosonde temperature datasets SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB The utility of a "first difference'' method for producing temporally homogeneous large-scale mean time series is assessed. Starting with monthly averages, the method involves dropping data around the time of suspected discontinuities and then calculating differences in temperature from one year to the next, resulting in a time series of year-to-year differences for each month at each station. These first difference time series are then combined to form large-scale means, and mean temperature time series are constructed from the first difference series. When applied to radiosonde temperature data, the method introduces random errors that decrease with the number of station time series used to create the large-scale time series and increase with the number of temporal gaps in the station time series. Root-mean-square errors for annual means of datasets produced with this method using over 500 stations are estimated at no more than 0.03 K, with errors in trends less than 0.02 K decade(-1) for 1960-97 at 500 mb. For a 50-station dataset, errors in trends in annual global means introduced by the first differencing procedure may be as large as 0.06 K decade(-1) (for six breaks per series), which is greater than the standard error of the trend. Although the first difference method offers significant resource and labor advantages over methods that attempt to adjust the data, it introduces an error in large-scale mean time series that may be unacceptable in some cases. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab R ARL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Free, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab R ARL, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM melissa.free@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 17 IS 21 BP 4171 EP 4179 DI 10.1175/JCLI3198.1 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZT UT WOS:000225099000005 ER PT J AU Yang, S Lau, KM Yoo, SH Kinter, JL Miyakoda, K Ho, CH AF Yang, S Lau, KM Yoo, SH Kinter, JL Miyakoda, K Ho, CH TI Upstream subtropical signals preceding the Asian summer monsoon circulation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; EURASIAN SNOW COVER; TROPICAL-WIDE TELECONNECTION; SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; TIBETAN PLATEAU; EL-NINO; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION AB In this study, the authors address several issues with respect to the antecedent signals of the large-scale Asian summer monsoon that were earlier identified by Webster and Yang. In particular, they revisit the changes in the subtropical upper-tropospheric westerlies preceding the monsoon, depict the detailed structure of the monsoon's antecedent signals, and investigate the physical processes from the signals to the monsoon. They also explore the teleconnection of these signals to various large-scale climate phenomena and emphasize the importance of the upstream location of the signals relative to the Tibetan Plateau and the monsoon. Before a strong (weak) Asian summer monsoon, the 200-mb westerlies over subtropical Asia are weak (strong) during the previous winter and spring. A significant feature of these signals is represented by the variability of the Middle East jet stream whose changes are linked to the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and other climate phenomena. When this jet stream intensifies and shifts southeastward, cold air intrudes frequently from eastern Europe into the Middle East and southwestern Asia. As a result, in subtropical Asia, snow and precipitation increase, the ground wetness increases, and surface temperature decreases. A strengthening Middle East jet stream is also accompanied by increases in both stationary wave activity flux and higher-frequency eddy activities. The Tibetan Plateau acts to block these westerly activities propagating eastward and increase the persistence of the low-temperature anomalies, which in turn prolongs the atmospheric signals from winter to spring. A strong link is found between the persistent low-temperature anomalies and the decrease in geopotential height over southern Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau, in spring. The latter indicates a late establishment of the South Asian high, and implies a delay in the atmospheric transition from winter to summer conditions and in the development of the summer monsoon. The preceding scenario for a strong Middle East jet stream and a weaker Asian monsoon can be applied accordingly for the discussion of the physical processes from a weak jet stream to a strong monsoon. The current results of the relationship between the extratropical process and Asian monsoon resemble several features of the tropical-extratropical interaction mechanism for the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO). While the role of tropical heating is emphasized in the TBO mechanism, compared to the variability of the sea surface temperature related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation, the extratropical process examined in this study is more strongly linked to the Asian summer monsoon. C1 NCEP NWS NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NCEP NWS NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM song.yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ho, Chang-Hoi/H-8354-2015; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 72 TC 66 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 17 IS 21 BP 4213 EP 4229 DI 10.1175/JCLI3192.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZT UT WOS:000225099000008 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Vera, CS Carvalho, LMV Camilloni, IA Hoerling, MP Allured, D Barros, VR Baez, J Bidegain, M AF Liebmann, B Vera, CS Carvalho, LMV Camilloni, IA Hoerling, MP Allured, D Barros, VR Baez, J Bidegain, M TI An observed trend in central South American precipitation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC CONVERGENCE ZONE; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; CIRCULATION; RAINFALL; EVENTS; SEASON; IMPACT; BASIN; RIVER AB Seasonal linear trends of precipitation from South American station data, which have been averaged onto grids, are examined, with emphasis on the central continent. In the period 1976-99, the largest trend south of 20degreesS occurs during the January-March season, is positive, and is centered over southern Brazil. From 1948 to 1975 the trend is also positive, but with less than half the slope. The trend is not due to a systematic change in the timing of the rainy season, which almost always starts before January and usually ends after March, but rather results from an increase in the percent of rainy days, and an increase in the rainy day average. The dynamic causes of the trend are not obvious. It does not appear to be accounted for by an increase in synoptic wave activity in the region. The precipitation trend is related to a positive sea surface temperature trend in the nearby Atlantic Ocean, but apparently not causally. The trend in the Atlantic seems to result from a decrease in mechanical stirring and coastal upwelling associated with a decrease in the strength of the western edge of the circulation associated with the South Atlantic high. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Ctr Invest Mar & Atmosfera, CONICET, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron & Geophys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Direcc Meteorol & Hidrol, Luque, Paraguay. Direcc Nacl Aeronaut Civil DINAC, Luque, Paraguay. Univ Republica, Fac Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Brant.Liebmann@NOAA.gov RI Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012 NR 24 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 17 IS 22 BP 4357 EP 4367 DI 10.1175/3205.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 874YF UT WOS:000225385900005 ER PT J AU Allen, AJ McLaughlin, JC Neumann, DA Livingston, RA AF Allen, AJ McLaughlin, JC Neumann, DA Livingston, RA TI In situ quasi-elastic scattering characterization of particle size effects on the hydration of tricalcium silicate SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PORTLAND-CEMENT HYDRATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; KINETICS; PASTES; MODEL; WATER; TEMPERATURE; NUCLEATION; STATE AB The effects of different particle size distributions on the real-time hydration of tricalcium silicate cement paste were studied in situ by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. The changing state of water in the cement system was followed as a function both of cement hydration time and of temperature for different initial particle size distributions. It was found that the length of the initial, dormant, induction period, together with the kinetics of hydration product nucleation and growth, depends on the hydration temperature but not on the particle size distribution. However, initial particle size does affect the total amount of cement hydrated, with finer particle size producing more hydrated cement. Furthermore, the diffusion-limited rate of hydration at later hydration time is largely determined by the initial tricalcium silicate particle size distribution. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Off Infrastruct Res & Dev, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.allen@nist.gov NR 45 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 3242 EP 3254 DI 10.1557/JMR.2004.0415 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 867LI UT WOS:000224843700017 ER PT J AU Tsai, CS Lee, S Nguyen, T AF Tsai, CS Lee, S Nguyen, T TI Transport kinetics of methanol in hydroxyethyl methacrylate homopolymer and its copolymers SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VAPOR AB The kinetics of methanol transport in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) homopolymer and 75/25 and 50150 mol fraction HEMA/DHPMA (2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) copolymers at five different temperatures has been investigated using the sorption experiment technique. A combined case I and case II diffusion model was used to describe the transport processes. Four replicates for each temperature of each material having a nominal thickness of 0.1 mm were immersed in methanol maintained at 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 degreesC, and the mass uptake as a function of time was measured gravimetrically. Experimental results are found to be in good agreement with model prediction at all temperatures and for all three materials. Both the diffusion coefficients of case I transport and velocity of case II transport increase with increasing temperature. D values at low temperatures (35 and 40 degreesC), which are in the 10(-9) cm(2)/s range, of the HEMA homopolymer are less than those of the copolymers. On the other hand, the activation energies of case I transport of the copolymers are substantially higher than those of the HEMA homopolymer; however, the level of DHPMA loading in the copolymer does not seem to affect the activation energy. In addition, thermodynamic heat and free energy of mixing values indicate heat is released when HEMA/DHPMA copolymers are exposed to methanol and that the solvent/copolymer systems exist as a continuous phase. In contrast, the methanol/HEMA homopolymer system exists as separate phases. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, CS (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 3359 EP 3363 DI 10.1557/JMR.2004.0443 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 867LI UT WOS:000224843700030 ER PT J AU Simon, CG AF Simon, CG TI Imaging cells on polymer spherulites SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE biomaterial; birefringence; fluorescence microscopy; osteoblast; polymer; poly(lactic acid); spherulite; thin film; tissue engineering ID CRYSTALLINITY AB Polymers are commonly used to construct tissue-engineered medical products and the conditions used to process these polymeric materials can affect their biological performance. For semi-crystalline polymers, thermal processing conditions can induce crystallization of the polymer chains into spherulites, which cause the polymer surface to become roughened. This change in surface topology can influence cell behaviours such as adhesion, morphology and proliferation. Herein, a simple microscope technique is presented, which combines fluorescence microscopy with transmitted white light microscopy using crossed polarizers. This technique allows simultaneous imaging of cells and polymer spherulites, which enables the biomaterials researcher to observe the effects of spherulites on cell alignment and morphology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carl.simon@nist.gov NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 216 BP 153 EP 155 DI 10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01401.x PN 2 PG 3 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 866WL UT WOS:000224804000006 PM 15516226 ER PT J AU Bright, DS Newbury, DE AF Bright, DS Newbury, DE TI Maximum pixel spectrum: a new tool for detecting and recovering rare, unanticipated features from spectrum image data cubes SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE data cubes; data mining; electron probe X-ray microanalysis; energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry; image processing; maximum pixel spectrum; scanning electron microscopy; spectrum imaging; summation spectrum; X-ray mapping AB A new software tool, the maximum pixel spectrum, detects rare events within a spectrum image data cube, such as that generated with electron-excited energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry in a scanning electron microscope. The maximum pixel spectrum is a member of a class of 'derived spectra' that are constructed from the spectrum image data cube. Similar to a conventional spectrum, a derived spectrum is a linear array of intensity vs. channel index that corresponds to photon energy. A derived spectrum has the principal characteristics of a real spectrum so that X-ray peaks can be recognized. A common example of a derived spectrum is the summation spectrum, which is a linear array in which the summation of all pixels within each energy plane gives the intensity value for that channel. The summation spectrum is sensitive to the dominant features of the data cube. The maximum pixel spectrum is constructed by selecting the maximum pixel value within each X-ray energy plane, ignoring the remaining pixels. Peaks corresponding to highly localized trace constituents or foreign contaminants, even those that are confined to one pixel of the image, can be seen at a glance when the maximum pixel spectrum is compared with the summation spectrum. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 216 BP 186 EP 193 DI 10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01412.x PN 2 PG 8 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 866WL UT WOS:000224804000010 PM 15516230 ER PT J AU Pupillo, G Rey, AN Brennen, G Williams, CJ Clark, CW AF Pupillo, G Rey, AN Brennen, G Williams, CJ Clark, CW TI Scalable quantum computation in systems with Bose-Hubbard dynamics SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics CY JAN 04-08, 2004 CL Snowbird, UT ID MOTT INSULATOR; ATOMS AB Several proposals for quantum computation utilize a lattice-type architecture with qubits trapped by a periodic potential. For systems under-going many-body interactions described by the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, the ground state carries number fluctuations that scale with the number of qubits. This process degrades the initialization of the quantum computer register. In an earlier manuscript we proposed a solution to this problem tailored to the loading of cold atoms into an optical lattice via the Mott insulator phase transition. It was shown that, by introducing an inhomogeneity to the lattice and performing a continuous measurement, the unit filled state suitable for a quantum computer register can be maintained. Here, we give a more rigorous derivation of the register fidelity in homogeneous and inhomogeneous lattices and provide evidence that the protocol is effective in the finite temperature regime. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gavin.brennan@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 EI 1362-3044 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 51 IS 16-18 SI SI BP 2395 EP 2404 DI 10.1080/09500340408231798 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 885MI UT WOS:000226160700006 ER PT J AU Chen, B Amos, JA Beck, JC Barton, DE Chan, MM Farkas, DH Lebo, RV O'Connell, CD Richards, CS Roa, BB Silverman, LM Lubin, IM Boone, DJ AF Chen, B Amos, JA Beck, JC Barton, DE Chan, MM Farkas, DH Lebo, RV O'Connell, CD Richards, CS Roa, BB Silverman, LM Lubin, IM Boone, DJ TI Developing a sustainable process to make quality control (QC) materials available in response to the needs of the genetic testing community SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Molecular-Pathology CY NOV 10-13, 2004 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Assoc Mole Pathol C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Specialty Labs, Santa Monica, CA USA. Coriell Inst Med Res, Camden, NJ USA. Our Ladys Hosp Sick Children, CRMGEN Consortium, Dublin 12, Ireland. Our Ladys Hosp Sick Children, Natl Ctr Med Genet, Dublin 12, Ireland. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Akron, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA. RI Barton, David/B-9460-2008 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3993 USA SN 1525-1578 J9 J MOL DIAGN JI J. Mol. Diagn. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 6 IS 4 MA G34 BP 412 EP 412 PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 885XG UT WOS:000226190000047 ER PT J AU Henning, CC Vallis, GK AF Henning, CC Vallis, GK TI The effects of mesoscale eddies on the main subtropical thermocline SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BETA-PLANE; VENTILATED THERMOCLINE; HEAT-TRANSPORT; OCEAN; ENERGY; EQUILIBRATION; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; SUBDUCTION AB The effects of mesoscale eddies on the main subtropical thermocline are explored using a simply configured wind- and buoyancy-driven primitive equation numerical model in conjunction with transformed Eulerian mean diagnostics and simple scaling ideas and closure schemes. If eddies are suppressed by a modest but nonnegligible horizontal diffusion and vertical diffusion is kept realistically small, the model thermocline exhibits a familiar two-regime structure with an upper, advectively dominated ventilated thermocline and a lower, advective-diffusive internal thermocline, and together these compose the main thermocline. If the horizontal resolution is sufficiently high and the horizontal diffusivity is sufficiently low, then a vigorous mesoscale eddy field emerges. In the mixed layer and upper-mode-water regions, the divergent eddy fluxes are manifestly across isopycnals and so have a diabatic effect. Beneath the mixed layer, the mean structure of the upper (i.e., ventilated) thermocline is still found to be dominated by mean advective terms, except in the "mode water'' region and close to the western boundary current. The eddies are particularly strong in the mode-water region, and the low-potential-vorticity pool of the noneddying case is partially eroded away as the eddies try to flatten the isopycnals and reduce available potential energy. The intensity of the eddies decays with depth more slowly than does the mean flow, leading to a three-way balance among eddy flux convergence, mean flow advection, and diffusion in the internal thermocline. Eddies subduct water along isopycnals from the surface into the internal thermocline, replenishing its water masses and maintaining its thickness. Just as in the noneddying case, the dynamics of the internal thermocline can be usefully expressed as an advective-diffusive balance, but where advection is now by the residual (eddy-induced plus Eulerian mean) circulation. The eddy-induced advection partially balances the mean upwelling through the base of the thermocline, and this leads to a slightly thicker thermocline than in the noneddying case. The results suggest that as the diffusivity goes to zero, the residual circulation will go to zero but the thickness of the internal thermocline may remain finite, provided eddy activity persists. C1 Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Vallis, GK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM gkv@princeton.edu NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2428 EP 2443 DI 10.1175/JPO2639.1 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 877QK UT WOS:000225584900007 ER PT J AU Aizpurua, J Blanco, L Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Kall, M Bryant, GW de Abajo, FJG AF Aizpurua, J Blanco, L Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Kall, M Bryant, GW de Abajo, FJG TI Light scattering in gold nanorings SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE extinction cross section; light emission; light scattering; nanoparticles; surface plasmons ID PLASMON RESONANCE; EMISSION; SPECTROSCOPY; LITHOGRAPHY; ARRAYS AB The optical response of gold nanoparticles of disk-like and ring-like shape is studied by analyzing their extinction cross section in the visible and near infrared regions. A strong dependence of the excitation modes on the actual geometry of the nanoparticles is found for particle diameters of approximate to120 nm. The nanorings exhibit pronounced extinction peaks at much larger wavelengths than the nanodisks. We present both experimental results and numerical calculations, which are in excellent agreement when the geometry is correctly described. Nanorings are also shown to enhance the spontaneous emission at the resonance, where the emission is focused primarily along the ring axis. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chalmers, Dept Appl Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. UPV, EHU, CSIC, Ctr Mixto, San Sebastian 20080, Spain. DIPC, San Sebastian 20080, Spain. RP Aizpurua, J (reprint author), Donostia Int Phys Ctr, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, Donostia San Sebastian 20016, Spain. EM aizpurua@sc.ehu.es RI Kall, Mikael/A-2732-2008; Sutherland, Duncan/E-4385-2010; Garcia de Abajo, Javier/A-6095-2009; Kall, Mikael/A-6753-2012; CSIC-UPV/EHU, CFM/F-4867-2012; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CTR., DIPC/C-3171-2014 OI Sutherland, Duncan/0000-0002-5045-9915; Garcia de Abajo, Javier/0000-0002-4970-4565; Kall, Mikael/0000-0002-1163-0345; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 89 IS 1-4 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.007 PG 6 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 856HP UT WOS:000224036600003 ER PT J AU Outcalt, SL Lee, BC AF Outcalt, SL Lee, BC TI A small-volume apparatus for the measurement of phase equilibria SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE butane; phase equilibria; propane; propane plus butane; vapor pressure ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; NORMAL-BUTANE SYSTEM; N-BUTANE; THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES; HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS; ALKANE SYSTEMS; BINARY SYSTEMS; HIGH-PRESSURES; PROPANE; MIXTURES AB An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the pressure measurement is 9.8 x 10(-4) MPa. An automated data acquisition system is used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a standard mixture of propane + butane. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Outcalt, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stephanie.outcalt@boulder.nist.gov NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 109 IS 6 BP 525 EP 531 DI 10.6028/jres.109.039 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 897WO UT WOS:000227036900001 PM 27366631 ER PT J AU Song, J Whitenton, E Kelley, D Clary, R Ma, L Ballou, S Ols, M AF Song, J Whitenton, E Kelley, D Clary, R Ma, L Ballou, S Ols, M TI SRM 2460/2461 standard bullets and casings project SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ballistics; bullet signature; standard reference material; SRM; standard bullet; standard casing ID SPECIMENS; SYSTEM AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2460/2461 standard bullets and casings project will provide support to firearms examiners and to the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) in the United States. The SRM bullet is designed as both a virtual and a physical bullet profile signature standard. The virtual standard is a set of six digitized bullet profile signatures originally traced from six master bullets fired at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). By using the virtual signature standard to control the tool path on a numerically controlled diamond turning machine, 40 SRM bullets were produced. A profile signature measurement system was established for the SRM bullets. The profile signature differences are quantified by the maximum of the cross correlation function and by the signature difference between pairs of compared profile signatures measured on different SRM bullets. Initial measurement results showed high reproducibility for both the measurement system and production process of the SRM bullets. A traceability scheme has been proposed to establish the measurement traceability for nationwide bullet signature measurements to NIST, ATF and FBI. Prototype SRM casings have also been developed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Manufacturing Metrol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fabricat Technol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Law & Enforcement Stand, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms, Ammendale, MD 20705 USA. RP Song, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jun-feng.song@nist.gov RI Shaffer, Stephen/C-6170-2011 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 109 IS 6 BP 533 EP 542 DI 10.6028/jres.109.040 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 897WO UT WOS:000227036900002 PM 27366632 ER PT J AU Chow, LC Sun, LM Hockey, B AF Chow, LC Sun, LM Hockey, B TI Properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite prepared by a spray drying technique SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioactive materials; carbonated apatite; hydroxyapatite; nanostructured; spray drying ID CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE; NANOCRYSTALLINE HYDROXYAPATITE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; NANO-COMPOSITE; POWDERS; NANOCOMPOSITES; SURFACTANT; MORPHOLOGY; PARTICLES; EMULSIONS AB In previous studies nano sized hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared by sol-gel or precipitation methods, in which the products were washed by aqueous or nonaqueous liquids to remove impurities or undesired components. The washing is know to modify the surfaces of the cystalline particles. This study evaluated properties of nano HA materials prepared by a spray drying method in which the HA product was not exposed to any liquid after its formation. The spray drying apparatus consisted of a nozzle that sprayed an acidic calcium phosphate solution in the form of a fine mist into a stream of filtered air flowing through a heated glass column. The water and volatile acid were evaporated by the time the mist reached the end of the column, and the fine particles were collected by an electrostatic precipitator. Powder x ray diffraction patterns suggested the material was amorphous, exhibiting a single broad peak at 30.5degrees2theta.. However, high resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that the particles, some of which were 5 nm in size, exhibited well ordered HA lattice fringes. Small area diffraction patterns were indicative of HA. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy showed patterns of typical of HA with small amounts of HPO42-. The thermodynamic solubility product of the nano HA was 3.3 x 10(-94) compared to 1 x 10(-117) for macro scale crystalline HA. These results showed that a spray drying technique can be used to prepare nanometer sized crystalline HA that have significantly different physicochemical properties than those of its bulk-scale counterpart. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chow, LC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM laurence.chow@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE011789] NR 38 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 8 U2 31 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 109 IS 6 BP 543 EP 551 DI 10.6028/jres.109.041 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 897WO UT WOS:000227036900003 PM 27366633 ER PT J AU Markovic, M Fowler, BO Tung, MS AF Markovic, M Fowler, BO Tung, MS TI Preparation and comprehensive characterization of a calcium hydroxyapatite reference material SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical analysis; crystal size; crystallinity; hydroxyapatite; infrared; morphology; preparation; Raman; solubility; surface area; thermal analysis; unit-cell parameters; x-ray diffraction ID LASER-RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; BARIUM HYDROXYAPATITES; OCTACALCIUM PHOSPHATE; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; APATITES; STRONTIUM; ADSORPTION; ENAMEL AB Numerous biological and chemical studies involve the use of calcium hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca-10(PO4)(6)(OH)(2). In this study detailed physicochemical characterization of HA, prepared from an aqueous solution, was carried out employing different methods and techniques: chemical and thermal analyses, x-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, scanning and transmission microscopies, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface-area method. The contents of calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (PO43-), hydroxide (OH-), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42-), water (H2O), carbonate (CO32-), and trace constituents, the Ca/P molar ratio, crystal size and morphology, surface area, unit-cell parameters, crystallinity, and solubility of this HA were determined. This highly pure, homogeneous, and highly crystalline HA is certified as a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material, SRM 2910. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res,Mat Sci & Engn, NIH,Dent & Med Mat Grp,Polymers Div, Skeletal Dis Branch Res Associate Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Markovic, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE011789] NR 38 TC 185 Z9 189 U1 9 U2 60 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 109 IS 6 BP 553 EP 568 DI 10.6028/jres.109.042 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 897WO UT WOS:000227036900004 PM 27366634 ER PT J AU Mighell, AD AF Mighell, AD TI Ambiguities in powder indexing: Conjunction of a ternary and binary lattice metric singularity in the cubic system SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambiguities in powder indexing; derivative lattices; d-spacings; figure of merit; indexing programs; lattice metric singularity; powder indexing; specialized lattices ID DIFFRACTION PATTERNS; RELIABILITY; CRITERION; SYMMETRY AB A lattice metric singularity occurs when unit cells defining two (or more) lattices yield the identical set of unique calculated d-spacings. The existence of such singularities, therefore, has a practical and theoretical impact on the indexing of powder patterns. For example, in experimental practice an indexing program may find only the lower symmetry member of a singularity. Obviously, it is important to recognize such cases and know how to proceed. Recently, we described: (1) a binary singularity involving a monoclinic and a rhombohedral lattice in a subcell-supercell relationship and (2) a second type of singularity - a ternary singularity - in which two of the three lattices are in a derivative composite relationship. In this work, we describe a ternary lattice metric singularity involving a cubic P, a tetragonal P, and an orthorhombic C lattice. Furthermore, there is a binary singularity, involving a hexagonal P and orthorhombic P lattice, which is characterized by a set of unique d-spacings very close to that of the ternary singularity. The existence of such singularities is more common than once thought and requires a paradigm shift in experimental practice. In addition singularities provide opportunities in material design as they point to highly specialized lattices that may be associated with unusual physical properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mighell, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.mighell@nist.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 109 IS 6 BP 569 EP 579 DI 10.6028/jres.109.043 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 897WO UT WOS:000227036900005 PM 27366635 ER PT J AU Berg, RF AF Berg, RF TI Fluids near a critical point obey a generalized Cox-Merz rule SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEAR VISCOSITY; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE; MICELLAR SOLUTION; CRITICAL-DYNAMICS; FLOW; RENORMALIZATION; TEMPERATURE; MIXTURES; CLUSTERS AB Upon approaching the liquid-vapor critical point, the spontaneous density fluctuations in a small-molecule fluid increase in both size and lifetime. Similar increases of the concentration fluctuations occur near the critical mixing point of a binary liquid mixture. The presence of these large fluctuations leads to an increase of the zero-shear viscosity, and their persistence in time leads to viscoelasticity and shear thinning. These rheological phenomena, which are already supported by theory and experiment, are shown here to obey a generalized form of the Cox-Merz rule. This relation formally equates the shear viscosity eta(gamma) measured at shear rate gamma with the magnitude of the linear complex viscosity eta*(omega) measured at frequency omega. Comparisons of theoretical results and experimental data obtained elsewhere demonstrate that fluids near a critical point obey the somewhat generalized form eta(k(CMgamma) = omega) = \eta*(omega)\, with k(CM) = 0.4. The demonstration is simplified by showing that the Carreau-Yasuda model in the form (1 + bA (gamma)\gammatau\)(-P) represents the theories for eta(gamma) and \eta*(omega)\ near critical points. (The product bAgammatau is a time constant, and p = 0.022 is a universal critical exponent.). (C) 2004 The Society of Rheology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Berg, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.berg@nist.gov NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1365 EP 1373 DI 10.1122/1.1807843 PG 9 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 872XP UT WOS:000225243000010 ER PT J AU Pinelli, JP Simiu, E Gurley, K Subramanian, C Zhang, L Cope, A Filliben, JJ Hamid, S AF Pinelli, JP Simiu, E Gurley, K Subramanian, C Zhang, L Cope, A Filliben, JJ Hamid, S TI Hurricane damage prediction model for residential structures SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The paper reports progress in the development of a practical probabilistic model for the estimation of expected annual damage induced by hurricane winds in residential structures. The estimation of the damage is accomplished in several steps. First, basic damage modes for components of specific building types are defined. Second, the damage modes are combined in possible damage states, whose probabilities of occurrence are calculated as functions of wind speeds from Monte Carlo simulations conducted on engineering numerical models of typical houses. The paper describes the conceptual framework for the proposed model, and illustrates its application for a specific building type with hypothetical probabilistic input. Actual probabilistic input must be based on laboratory studies, postdamage surveys, insurance claims data, engineering analyses and judgment, and Monte Carlo simulation methods. The proposed component-based model is flexible and transparent. It is therefore capable of being readily scrutinized. The model can be used in conjunction with historical loss data, to which it can readily be calibrated. C1 Florida Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Civil & Coastal Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Finance, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Pinelli, JP (reprint author), Florida Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, 150 W Univ Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. EM pinelli@fit.edu; kgurl@ce.ufl.edu; subraman@fit.edu; lzhang@fit.edu; copead@ufl.edu OI Pinelli, Jean-Paul/0000-0002-6663-9486; Subramanian, Chelakara S./0000-0003-4149-2972 NR 19 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2004 VL 130 IS 11 BP 1685 EP 1691 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1685) PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 869TL UT WOS:000225007100006 ER PT J AU Oswald, JN Rankin, S Barlow, J AF Oswald, JN Rankin, S Barlow, J TI The effect of recording and analysis bandwidth on acoustic identification of delphinid species SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; BLUE WHALES; DOLPHIN; VOCALIZATIONS; WATERS; COMMUNICATION; CETACEANS; ABUNDANCE AB Because many cetacean species produce characteristic calls that propagate well under water, acoustic techniques can be used to detect and identify them. The ability to identify cetaceans to species using acoustic methods varies and may be affected by recording and analysis bandwidth. To examine the effect of bandwidth on species identification, whistles were recorded from four delphinid species (Delphinus delphis, Stenella attenuata, S. coeruleoalba, and S. longirostris) in the eastern tropical Pacific ocean. Four spectrograms, each with a different upper frequency limit (20, 24, 30, and 40 kHz), were created for each whistle (n = 484). Eight variables (beginning, ending, minimum, and maximum frequency; duration; number of inflection points; number of steps; and presence/absence of harmonics) were measured from the fundamental frequency of each whistle. The whistle repertoires of all four species contained fundamental frequencies extending above 20 kHz. Overall correct classification using discriminant function analysis ranged from 30% for the 20-kHz upper frequency limit data to 37% for the 40-kHz upper frequency limit data. For the four species included in this study, an upper bandwidth limit of at least 24 kHz is required for an accurate representation of fundamental whistle contours. (C) 2004 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Oswald, JN (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM joswald@ucsd.edu NR 38 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 116 IS 5 BP 3178 EP 3185 DI 10.1121/1.1804635 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 874DQ UT WOS:000225331500047 PM 15603163 ER PT J AU Lane, TP Doyle, JD Plougonven, R Shapiro, MA Sharman, RD AF Lane, TP Doyle, JD Plougonven, R Shapiro, MA Sharman, RD TI Observations and numerical simulations of inertia-gravity waves and shearing instabilities in the vicinity of a jet stream SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE; PREDICTION SYSTEM COAMPS; UPPER BOUNDARY-CONDITION; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; UNITED-STATES; MESOSCALE; GENERATION; MODEL; FRONTOGENESIS; STRATOSPHERE AB The characteristics and dynamics of inertia-gravity waves generated in the vicinity of an intense jet stream/upper-level frontal system on 18 February 2001 are investigated using observations from the NOAA Gulfstream-IV research aircraft and numerical simulations. Aircraft dropsonde observations and numerical simulations elucidate the detailed mesoscale structure of this system, including its associated inertia-gravity waves and clear-air turbulence. Results from a multiply nested numerical model show inertia-gravity wave development above the developing jet/front system. These inertia-gravity waves propagate through the highly sheared flow above the jet stream, perturb the background wind shear and stability, and create bands of reduced and increased Richardson numbers. These bands of reduced Richardson numbers are regions of likely Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and a possible source of the clear-air turbulence that was observed. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. RP Lane, TP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM lane@ucar.edu RI Lane, Todd/A-8804-2011 OI Lane, Todd/0000-0003-0171-6927 NR 39 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 61 IS 22 BP 2692 EP 2706 DI 10.1175/JAS3305.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 874YC UT WOS:000225385600003 ER PT J AU Haertel, PT Kiladis, GN AF Haertel, PT Kiladis, GN TI Dynamics of 2-day equatorial waves SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FORCED GRAVITY-WAVES; COUPLED KELVIN WAVES; TOGA COARE; WESTERN PACIFIC; STRATIFORM INSTABILITY; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; DEEP CONVECTION; WARM POOL; MODEL; DISTURBANCES AB The dynamics of the 2-day wave, a type of convectively coupled disturbance that frequents the equatorial western Pacific, is examined using observations and a linear primitive equation model. A statistical composite of the wave's kinematic and thermodynamic structure is presented. It is shown that 1) the wave's wind and temperature perturbations can be modeled as linear responses to convective heating and cooling, and 2) the bulk of the wave's dynamical and convective structure can be represented with two vertical modes. The observations and model results suggest that the 2-day wave is an n = 1 westward-propagating inertio-gravity wave with a shallow equivalent depth (14 m) that results from the partial cancelation of adiabatic temperature changes due to vertical motion by convective heating and cooling. C1 Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Haertel, PT (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 9006, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. EM haertel@aero.und.edu NR 39 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 61 IS 22 BP 2707 EP 2721 DI 10.1175/JAS3352.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 874YC UT WOS:000225385600004 ER PT J AU Synowicki, RA Pribil, GK Cooney, G Herzinger, CM Green, SE French, RH Yang, MK Burnett, JH Kaplan, S AF Synowicki, RA Pribil, GK Cooney, G Herzinger, CM Green, SE French, RH Yang, MK Burnett, JH Kaplan, S TI Fluid refractive index measurements using rough surface and prism minimum deviation techniques SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th International Conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication CY JUN 01-04, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, IEEE Electron Device Soc, Opt Sco Amer ID THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; 193 NM AB Two techniques are presented for measuring the refractive index of fluids. The first is a reflective technique where liquid is applied to a rough surface to hold the, liquid during measurement. Ellipsometric psi and delta data are acquired and analyzed to determine the fluid refractive index. The second technique is refractive and uses a hollow prism cell to contain the liquid. The fluid index is then determined using the prism minimum deviation technique. Both techniques have been applied over a very wide spectral range from the vacuum ultraviolet to the infrared and have been implemented on a research spectroscopic ellipsometer system (VUV-VASE(R)) with continuously variable angle of incidence. The refractive index of several candidate immersion fluids for 157 and 193 nm immersion lithography are reported over the spectral range from 156 to 1700 nm in a nitrogen-purged environment. The advantages and disadvantages of both techniques are discussed. Results were checked against values measured on very accurate prism minimum deviation equipment at NIST, and agreement with NIST has been found to be good on all fluids measured. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 JA Woollam Co Inc, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Cent Res, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Synowicki, RA (reprint author), JA Woollam Co Inc, 645 M St,Suite 102, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. EM rsynowicki@jawoollam.com RI French, Roger/E-1986-2011 OI French, Roger/0000-0002-6162-0532 NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2004 VL 22 IS 6 BP 3450 EP 3453 DI 10.1116/1.1813455 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 889JR UT WOS:000226439800173 ER PT J AU Smith, JE Smith, CM Vroom, PS Beach, KL Miller, S AF Smith, JE Smith, CM Vroom, PS Beach, KL Miller, S TI Nutrient and growth dynamics of Halimeda tuna on Conch Reef, Florida Keys: Possible influence of internal tides on nutrient status and physiology SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MACROALGA SARGASSUM BACCULARIA; CORAL-REEF; LIMITED PRODUCTIVITY; NITROGEN LIMITATION; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; ALGA HALIMEDA; PHASE-SHIFTS; TIDAL BORES; HERBIVORY AB We conducted a manipulative nutrient enrichment study to examine the physiological and growth dynamics of the common tropical reef alga Halimeda tuna from shallow and deep coral reef environments on Conch Reef, in the Florida Keys. Paradoxically, H. tuna exhibited higher growth rates at depth (low light and below saturating irradiances) than at shallow sites (high light and at or above saturating irradiances). We hypothesized that the differences in growth rates were caused by differing nutrient environments at the two sites potentially caused by the influence of internal tidal bores that elevate nutrient concentrations with depth on Conch Reef. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating nutrients in a 10-d field experiment, after which we assessed growth, photosynthetic pigments, tissue nutrients, and other physiological parameters. H. tuna from the shallow back reef site exhibited nutrient limitation, as indicated by increases in growth rates, pigmentation, tissue nutrients, segment size, and photosynthetic rates, after enrichment. At the deep site, growth rates were not significantly different between controls and nutrient-enriched algae. Shallow enriched samples achieved levels of growth that were not significantly different from deep control or enriched samples. Algae from the deep site responded positively to enrichment for some physiological parameters; this suggests an opportunistic strategy in an environment that is known to experience frequent and significant pulses of nutrients from internal tides. Our results document differential nutrient limitation for H. tuna from two sites on Conch Reef where, in general, algae from the shallow site were more nutrient limited than those from the deep site. Finally, this provides some evidence that tropical reef communities may be adapted to large-scale physical processes such as internal tides. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Tampa, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33606 USA. Univ N Carolina, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jesmith@hawaii.edu RI Smith, Jennifer/E-5207-2013 NR 73 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 49 IS 6 BP 1923 EP 1936 PG 14 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 871MF UT WOS:000225137100003 ER PT J AU Schmitz, TL Burns, TJ Ziegert, JC Dutterer, B Winfough, WR AF Schmitz, TL Burns, TJ Ziegert, JC Dutterer, B Winfough, WR TI Tool length-dependent stability surfaces SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE milling; stability; tool tuning; receptance coupling ID ANALYTICAL PREDICTION; CHATTER STABILITY; PART 1; DYNAMICS AB This article describes the development of three-dimensional stability surfaces, or maps, that combine the traditional dependence of allowable (chatter-free) chip width on spindle speed with the inherent dependence on tool overhang length, due to the corresponding changes in the system dynamics with overhang. The tool point frequency response, which is required as input to existing stability lobe calculations, is determined analytically using Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA). In this method, a model of the tool, which includes overhang length as a variable, is coupled to an experimental measurement of the holder/ spindle substructure through empirical connection parameters. The assembly frequency response at the tool point can then be predicted for variations in tool overhang length. Using the graphs developed in this study, the technique of tool tuning, described previously in the literature, can then be carried out to select a tool overhang length for maximized material removal rate. Experimental results for both frequency response predictions and milling stability are presented. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fabricat Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bourne & Koch Machine Tool Co, Rockford, IL USA. RP Schmitz, TL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM tschmitz@ufl.edu NR 49 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 8 IS 3 BP 377 EP 397 DI 10.1081/LMST-200038989 PG 21 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 873BO UT WOS:000225254000003 ER PT J AU Swanson, RL Bortman, ML O'Connor, TP Stanford, HM AF Swanson, RL Bortman, ML O'Connor, TP Stanford, HM TI Science, policy and the management of sewage materials. The New York City experience SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE sewage; land application; ocean dumping; biosolids; sewage sludge ID ABATEMENT; DOLPHIN; SLUDGE; SITE AB Development of national policy on sewage sludge management is a classic example of incremental policy formulation [Fiorino, D.J. 1995. Making Environmental Policy. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. p. 269]. Consequently, policy has developed piecemeal, and results are, in some ways, different than intended. Land application of sewage sludge has not been a panacea. Many of the same types of policy are now being raised about it. We demonstrate this by examining the management of sewage materials by New York City from near the turn of the 20th century, when ocean dumping was viewed as a means to alleviate some of the gross pollution in New York Harbor, to when ocean dumping was banned, and thence to the present when sludge is applied to land as "biosolids." Lessons learned during this long, sometimes contentious history can be applied to present situations-specifically not understanding the long-term consequences of land-based reuse and disposal technologies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Waste Reduct & Management Inst, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Nature Conservancy, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. NOAA, NSCI1, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Waste Reduct & Management Inst, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 54 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 49 IS 9-10 BP 679 EP 687 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.025 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 875KT UT WOS:000225419800013 PM 15530510 ER PT J AU Simon, CG Eidelman, N Washburn, NR AF Simon, CG Eidelman, N Washburn, NR TI Effect of nanoscale surface roughness of polymeric biomaterials on cell function SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 04-08, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2004 VL 15 SU S MA 990 BP 178A EP 178A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 864QU UT WOS:000224648801335 ER PT J AU Bailey, LO Washburn, NR Wang, FW AF Bailey, LO Washburn, NR Wang, FW TI Quantification of inflammatory responses using real-time PCR SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 04-08, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2004 VL 15 SU S MA 2073 BP 375A EP 375A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 864QU UT WOS:000224648803143 ER PT J AU Washburn, N Weir, MD Prabhu, V Yamada, KM AF Washburn, N Weir, MD Prabhu, V Yamada, KM TI Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy investigation of growth factor dynamics in three-dimensional extracellular matrices SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 04-08, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2004 VL 15 SU S MA 2294 BP 414A EP 414A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 864QU UT WOS:000224648803363 ER PT J AU Ramakrishnan, U Storz, JF Taylor, BL Lande, R AF Ramakrishnan, U Storz, JF Taylor, BL Lande, R TI Estimation of genetically effective breeding numbers using a rejection algorithm approach SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bats; effective number of breeding males; effective population size; individual-based model; mating system; polygyny; rejection algorithm and microsatellite DNA ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; TEMPORALLY SPACED SAMPLES; MALE MATING SUCCESS; SIB PROGENY ARRAY; INDIAN FRUIT BAT; CYNOPTERUS-SPHINX; SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; HETEROZYGOTE-EXCESS; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; LIKELIHOOD AB Polygynous mating results in nonrandom sampling of the adult male gamete pool in each generation, thereby increasing the rate of genetic drift. In principle, genetic paternity analysis can be used to infer the effective number of breeding males (N-ebm). However, this requires genetic data from an exhaustive sample of candidate males. Here we describe a new approach to estimate N-ebm using a rejection algorithm in association with three statistics: Euclidean distance between the frequency distributions of maternally and paternally inherited alleles, average number of paternally inherited alleles and average gene diversity of paternally inherited alleles. We quantify the relationship between these statistics and N-ebm using an individual-based simulation model in which the male mating system varied continuously between random mating and extreme polygyny. We evaluate this method using genetic data from a natural population of highly polygynous fruit bats (Cynopterous sphinx). Using data in the form of mother-offspring genotypes, we demonstrate that estimates of N-ebm are very similar to independent estimates based on a direct paternity analysis that included data on candidate males. Our method also permits an evaluation of uncertainty in estimates of N-ebm and thus facilitates inferences about the mating system from genetic data. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity of our method to sample size, model assumptions, adult population size and the mating system. These analyses demonstrate that the rejection algorithm provides accurate estimates of N-ebm across a broad range of demographic scenarios, except when the true N-ebm is high. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Ramakrishnan, U (reprint author), Bldg 360-361D, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM uramakri@stanford.edu NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 13 IS 11 BP 3283 EP 3292 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02326.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 862XF UT WOS:000224524000003 PM 15487989 ER PT J AU Gilmore, MS Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN AF Gilmore, MS Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN TI Precipitation uncertainty due to variations in precipitation particle parameters within a simple microphysics scheme SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID BULK ICE SCHEME; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CONVECTIVE STORMS; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; ISOLATED MICROBURST; MULTICELL STORM; HAIL GROWTH; PHASE; CLOUDS AB This work reports on the sensitivity of accumulated precipitation to the microphysical parameterization in simulations of deep convective storms using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic cloud model with a simple liquid-ice microphysics scheme. Various intercept parameters from an assumed Marshall-Palmer exponential size distribution are tested along with two particle densities for the hail/graupel (qh) category. These variations allow testing of unique qh distributions that have been observed and documented in previous literature. Tests are conducted for a single thermodynamic profile and three idealized wind shear profiles. The amount of accumulated precipitation at the ground is very sensitive to the way the qh category is parameterized. Distributions characterized by larger intercepts and/or smaller particle density have a smaller mass-weighted mean terminal fall velocity and produce smaller qh mixing ratios spread over a larger area. For example, for a qh category weighted toward graupel, only a fourth as much precipitation accumulates on the ground over 2 h (and none is hail) compared to a qh category weighted toward large hail (with baseball-sized stones common). The inherent uncertainty within the qh distribution for this simple cloud-scale three-class ice microphysics scheme suggests limited usefulness in the forecasting of ground-accumulated precipitation and damaging hail. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gilmore, MS (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM gilmore@atmos.uiuc.edu NR 62 TC 140 Z9 143 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 132 IS 11 BP 2610 EP 2627 DI 10.1175/MWR2810.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZS UT WOS:000225098900006 ER PT J AU Weissmann, MD Mayr, GJ Banta, RM Gohm, A AF Weissmann, MD Mayr, GJ Banta, RM Gohm, A TI Observations of the temporal evolution and spatial structure of the gap flow in the Wipp Valley on 2 and 3 October 1999 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON CASCADE MOUNTAINS; BREAKING INTERNAL WAVES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; DOWNSLOPE WINDS; DOPPLER LIDAR; SOUTH FOEHN; STRATIFIED FLOW; COMPLEX TERRAIN; ALPINE VALLEY; KNIGHT INLET AB The investigation of gap flow in the Wipp Valley (GAP project) is one of the objectives of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). The valley runs south-north across the Brenner Pass, from Italy to Austria. The pass is the lowest one of the main Alpine ridge and is therefore a favorable location for a gap flow, which is called foehn. Based on the extensive dataset of MAP, this study gives a detailed analysis of foehn on 2 and 3 October 1999 [intensive observation period 5 (IOP 5)]. The foehn event began as a gap flow that was separated from midlevel winds by a strong temperature inversion during the night of 1-2 October 1999. On the next night (2- October) the inversion dissipated, and the gap flow was combined with strong midlevel cross-ridge flow on 3 October 1999. This study shows that the existence of a temperature inversion above the gap flow has a crucial impact on the flow structure. Another emphasis of the study was the investigation of the small-scale flow structure downstream of the gap. Jumplike features and regions with flow reversals, which were interpreted as "rollers'' (reversed rotors), could be observed in the Wipp Valley. A jet layer with a wavy structure indicated a gravity wave in the southern part of the valley. In the northern part the flow showed strong asymmetry with wind speeds nearly twice as strong on the eastern side as on the western one. C1 DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. Univ Innsbruck, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weissmann, MD (reprint author), DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. EM martin.weissmann@dlr.de RI Weissmann, Martin/C-9084-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Gohm, Alexander/B-5086-2016 OI Gohm, Alexander/0000-0003-4505-585X NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 132 IS 11 BP 2684 EP 2697 DI 10.1175/MWR2817.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZS UT WOS:000225098900010 ER PT J AU Koo, SM Fujiwara, A Han, JP Vogel, EM Richter, CA Bonevich, JE AF Koo, SM Fujiwara, A Han, JP Vogel, EM Richter, CA Bonevich, JE TI High inversion current in silicon nanowire field effect transistors SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTORS; SELF-LIMITING OXIDATION; EFFECTIVE QUANTUM DOTS; MOBILITY; SUPPRESSION; MOSFETS; DEVICES; STRAIN AB Silicon nanowire (SiNW) field effect transistors (FETs) with channel widths down to 20 nm have been fabricated by a conventional "top-down" approach by using electron-beam lithography. The SiNW device shows higher inversion channel current density than the control devices. The extracted electron inversion mobility of the 20 nm width nanowire channel (approximate to1000 cm(2)/Ns) is found to be 2 times higher than that of the reference MOSFET (approximate to480 cm(2)Vs) of large dimension (W greater than or equal to 1 mum). We attribute this mobility increase to strain-induced changes in the band structure of the SiNW after oxidation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koo, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smkoo@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Fujiwara, Akira/A-6648-2012 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; NR 21 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 4 IS 11 BP 2197 EP 2201 DI 10.1021/nl0486517 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 871FR UT WOS:000225115700023 ER PT J AU Shen, KZ Hurey, DC Turner, JA AF Shen, KZ Hurey, DC Turner, JA TI Dynamic behavior of dagger-shaped cantilevers for atomic force microscopy SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY; FREQUENCY AB Experimental techniques based on the atomic force microscope (AFM) have been developed for characterizing mechanical properties at the nanoscale and applied to a variety of materials and structures. Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is one such technique that uses spectral information of the AFM cantilever as it vibrates in contact with a sample. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of AFM cantilevers that have a dagger shape is investigated using a power-series method. Dagger-shaped cantilevers have plan-view geometry consisting of a rectangular section at the clamped end and a triangular section at the tip. Their geometry precludes modelling using closed-form expressions. The convergence of the series is demonstrated and the convergence radius is shown to be related to the given geometry. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are investigated by comparison with finite element results for several different cases. AFAM experiments are modelled by including a linear spring at the tip that represents the contact stiffness. The technique developed is shown to be very effective for inversion of experimental frequency information into contact stiffness results for AFAM. In addition, the sensitivities of the frequencies to the contact stiffness are discussed in terms of the various geometric parameters of the problem including the slope, the ratio of the rectangular to triangular lengths and the tip location. Calculations of contact stiffness from experimental data using this model are shown to be very good in comparison with other models. It is anticipated that this approach may be useful for other cantilever geometries as well, such that AFAM accuracy may be improved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat Res & Anal, Dept Engn Mech, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Natl Standards & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Turner, JA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat Res & Anal, Dept Engn Mech, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM jaturner@unl.edu RI Turner, Joseph/F-5165-2010 NR 12 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD NOV PY 2004 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1582 EP 1589 AR PII S0957-4484(04)81781-1 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/15/11/036 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 876PK UT WOS:000225509200036 ER PT J AU Keefer, ML Peery, CA Jepson, MA Tolotti, KR Bjornn, TC Stuehrenberg, LC AF Keefer, ML Peery, CA Jepson, MA Tolotti, KR Bjornn, TC Stuehrenberg, LC TI Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; PACIFIC SALMON; SNAKE RIVERS; FRESH-WATER; STEELHEAD; FISHERIES; RATES AB An understanding of the migration timing patterns of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss is important for managing complex mixed-stock fisheries and preserving genetic and life history diversity. We examined adult return timing for 3,3 17 radio-tagged fish from 38 stocks of Columbia River basin spring-smumer Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha over 5 years. Stock composition varied widely within and between years depending on the strength of influential populations. Most individual stocks migrated at similar times each year relative to overall runs, supporting the hypotheses that run timing is predictable, is at least partially due to genetic adaptation, and can be used to differentiate between some conspecific populations. Arrival timing of both aggregated radio-tagged stocks and annual runs was strongly correlated with river discharge; stocks arrived earlier at Bonneville Dam and at upstream dams in years with low discharge. Migration timing analyses identified many between-stock and between-year differences in anadromous salmonid return behavior and should aid managers interested in protection and recovery of evolutionarily significant populations. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Keefer, ML (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Biol Resources Div, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM mkeefer@uidaho.edu NR 53 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1145 EP 1162 DI 10.1577/M03-170.1 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 884JL UT WOS:000226080800005 ER PT J AU MacKenzie, CL Pikanowski, R AF MacKenzie, CL Pikanowski, R TI Gear effects on marine habitats: Harvesting northern quahogs in a shallow sandy bed at two levels of intensity with a short rake SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID IMPACTS AB We Studied the effects on invertebrate infauna and grain size of harvesting northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria with a short rake. The substrate was a mixture of medium-coarse sand (phi values, 0.847-1.159) that was covered by 0.5 m of water at low tide. Two experimental areas (I + II) in Raritan Bay, New Jersey, were subdivided into six 5.5-m X 5.5-m plots. We raked alternate plots, the unraked plots serving as controls. In area L we raked the treatment plots, once (in June 2000) and then sampled all plots for effects on invertebrates and grain size. The number of invertebrates in the five taxa we counted and the mean grain size did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between treatment and control. In area II, we raked the treatment plots three times, one month apart (in July, August, and September 2000) and then sampled all plots. The results for invertebrates and grain size were similar to those for area I. This study suggests that short raking once or repeatedly during a harvesting season in a shallow sandy substrate does not measurably alter numbers of invertebrates or sediment grain size. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP MacKenzie, CL (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM clyde.mackenzie@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 24 IS 4 BP 1221 EP 1227 DI 10.1577/M03-127.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 884JL UT WOS:000226080800011 ER PT J AU Mackey, EA Anderson, DL Liposky, PJ Lindstrom, RM Chen-Mayer, H Lamaze, GP AF Mackey, EA Anderson, DL Liposky, PJ Lindstrom, RM Chen-Mayer, H Lamaze, GP TI New thermal neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis instrument at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE gamma-ray spectrometry; neutron beam; neutron capture; prompt gamma activation analysis; prompt gamma-rays ID SCATTERING; HYDROGEN; ELEMENTS AB A new thermal neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) instrument was designed and built to replace the original PGAA system at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. By placing a sapphire filter in the neutron beam shutter assembly, the fast neutron fluence rate was reduced by a factor of 5 and low-energy (50-200 keV) gamma-ray intensities were reduced by factors of 5-10. The thermal neutron fluence rate was reduced by only a factor of 1.13. A new external beam tube, sample chamber, beam stop, and support structure were built and a new detection system installed. The new beam tube is made of two cylindrical aluminum sections lined with a lithiated polymer. Both sections are kept under vacuum to reduce the number of neutrons scattered by air into the beam tube walls. The sample chamber is also fabricated from aluminum and lined with lithiated polymer, and may be evacuated to minimize the number of neutrons scattered and absorbed by air. The beam tube and sample chamber assembly is suspended from the aluminum support structure. The detection system consists of a 40% efficient (relative) germanium detector (resolution 2.0 at 1332.5 keV) and a bismuth germanate Compton suppressor. The detection system is shielded by lead, surrounded by borated and lithiated polyethylene, and placed on a table attached to the support structure. The new, more compact beam stop is welded to the support structure. Capture gamma-ray photopeaks from H, B, C, N, Na, Al, Fe, Ge, I and Pb in the background spectrum were either of lower intensity or eliminated with the new PGAA instrument. The more efficient detection system, positioned closer to the sample, yielded element sensitivity increases of 5-50%. Limits of detection have been greatly reduced compared with those of the original instrument due to reduced Compton and scattered gamma-ray backgrounds (especially in the low-energy region), increased sensitivities, and reduction of background gamma-ray photopeak intensities. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Elemental Res Branch, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mackey, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lmackey@nist.gov NR 10 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD NOV PY 2004 VL 226 IS 3 BP 426 EP 440 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.05.038 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 872MV UT WOS:000225212200020 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Cundiff, ST Lima, IT Marks, BS Menyuk, CR Windeler, RS AF Fortier, TM Cundiff, ST Lima, IT Marks, BS Menyuk, CR Windeler, RS TI Nonlinear polarization evolution of ultrashort pulses in microstructure fiber SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BIREFRINGENT OPTICAL FIBERS; PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS; CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; CONTINUUM GENERATION; PROPAGATION; DISPERSION; SOLITONS; AMPLITUDES; STABILITY AB We present experimental and numerical results for nonlinear polarization evolution of femtosecond pulses during propagation in microstructure fiber. Numerical modeling shows that fiber dispersion permits a long interaction length between the components polarized along the two principal axes, thereby enhancing the effective nonlinear polarization evolution in microstructure fiber. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. OFS Fitel Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Fortier, TM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 21 BP 2548 EP 2550 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002548 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 863YR UT WOS:000224600000030 PM 15584290 ER PT J AU Brennen, GK Bullock, SS AF Brennen, GK Bullock, SS TI Stability of global entanglement in thermal states of spin chains SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We investigate the entanglement properties of a one-dimensional chain of qubits coupled via nearest-neighbor spin-spin interactions. The entanglement measure used is the n-concurrence, which is distinct from other measures on spin chains such as bipartite entanglement in that it can quantify "global" entanglement across the spin chain. Specifically, it computes the overlap of a quantum state with its time-reversed state. As such, this measure is well suited to study ground states of spin-chain Hamiltonians that are intrinsically time-reversal-symmetric. We study the robustness of n-concurrence of ground states when the interaction is subject to a time-reversal antisymmetric magnetic field perturbation. The n-concurrence in the ground state of the isotropic XX model is computed and it is shown that there is a critical magnetic field strength at which the entanglement experiences a jump discontinuity from the maximum value to zero. The n-concurrence for thermal mixed states is derived and a threshold temperature is computed below which the system has nonzero entanglement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gavin.brennen@nist.gov; stephen.bullock@nist.gov RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 5 AR 052303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052303 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 876EM UT WOS:000225479000035 ER PT J AU Du, SW Squires, MB Imai, Y Czaia, L Saravanan, RA Bright, V Reichel, J Hansch, TW Anderson, DZ AF Du, SW Squires, MB Imai, Y Czaia, L Saravanan, RA Bright, V Reichel, J Hansch, TW Anderson, DZ TI Atom-chip Bose-Einstein condensation in a portable vacuum cell SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID GUIDING NEUTRAL ATOMS; MICROCHIP TRAPS; BEAM SPLITTER; VAPOR; WIRES AB A Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is produced in a portable atom-chip system less than 30x30x15 cm, where the ultrahigh vacuum is maintained by a small, 8 L/s, ion pump and nonevaporable getter. An aluminum nitride chip with lithographically patterned copper is used to seal the vacuum system, provide the electrical feedthroughs, and create the magnetic trap potentials. All cooling and trapping processes occur 0.6-2.5 mm from ambient laboratory air. A condensate of about 2000 Rb-87 atoms in F=2,m(F)=2 is achieved after 4.21 s of rf forced evaporation. A magneto-optical trap lifetime of 30 s indicates the vacuum near the chip surface is about 10(-10) torr. This work suggests that a chip-based BEC-compatible vacuum system can occupy a volume of less than 0.5 L. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sony Corp, Photon Res Dept, Core Technol Dev Grp, MSNC, Tokyo 1410001, Japan. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-80799 Munich, Germany. RP Du, SW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Du, Shengwang/B-4475-2011; OI Du, Shengwang/0000-0002-7174-4571 NR 19 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 5 AR 053606 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.053606 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 876EM UT WOS:000225479000110 ER PT J AU Dutton, Z Hau, LV AF Dutton, Z Hau, LV TI Storing and processing optical information with ultraslow light in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; BINARY-MIXTURES; RELATIVE PHASE; GROUP-VELOCITY; ATOMIC VAPOR; GAS; PULSES; STATES; SCATTERING; COLLISIONS AB We theoretically explore coherent information transfer between ultraslow light pulses and Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC's) and find that storing light pulses in BEC's allows the coherent condensate dynamics to process optical information. We consider BEC's of alkali atoms with a Lambda energy level configuration. In this configuration, one laser (the coupling field) can cause a pulse of a second pulsed laser (the probe field) to propagate with little attenuation (electromagnetically induced transparency) at a very slow group velocity (similar to10 m/s) and be spatially compressed to lengths smaller than the BEC. These pulses can be fully stopped and later revived by switching the coupling field off and on. Here we develop a formalism, applicable in both the weak- and strong-probe regimes, to analyze such experiments and establish several results: (1) We show that the switching can be performed on time scales much faster than the adiabatic time scale for electromagnetically induced transparancy even in the strong-probe regime. We also study the behavior of the system changes when this time scale is faster than the excited state lifetime. (2) Stopped light pulses write their phase and amplitude information onto spatially dependent atomic wave functions, resulting in coherent two-component BEC dynamics during long storage times. We investigate examples relevant to Rb-87 experimental parameters and see a variety of novel dynamics occur, including interference fringes, gentle breathing excitations, and two-component solitons, depending on the relative scattering lengths of the atomic states used and the probe to coupling intensity ratio. We find that the dynamics when the levels \F=1,M-F=-1> and \F=2,M-F=+1> are used could be well suited to designing controlled processing of the information input on the probe. (3) Switching the coupling field on after the dynamics writes the evolved BEC wave functions density and phase features onto a revived probe pulse, which then propagates out. We establish equations linking the BEC wave function to the resulting output probe pulses in both the strong- and weak-probe regimes. We then identify sources of deviations from these equations due to absorption and distortion of the pulses. These deviations result in imperfect fidelity of the information transfer from the atoms to the light fields and we calculate this fidelity for Gaussian-shaped features in the BEC wave functions. In the weak-probe case, we find that the fidelity is affected both by absorption of very-small-length-scale features and absorption of features occupying regions near the condensate edge. We discuss how to optimize the fidelity using these considerations. In the strong-probe case, we find that when the oscillator strengths for the two transitions are equal the fidelity is not strongly sensitive to the probe strength, while when they are unequal the fidelity is worse for stronger probes. Applications to distant communication between BEC's, squeezed light generation, and quantum information are anticipated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Opt Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Opt Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 52 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 5 AR 053831 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.053831 PG 19 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 876EM UT WOS:000225479000157 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD AF Jentschura, UD TI Two-Loop Bethe logarithms for higher excited S levels SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; SELF-ENERGY CORRECTIONS; SINGLY IONIZED HELIUM; 2ND-ORDER LAMB SHIFT; HYDROGENLIKE ATOMS; RADIATIVE DECAY; 2-PHOTON TRANSITIONS; 1S-2S TRANSITION; ELECTRIC-FIELD; 22S1/2 STATE AB Processes mediated by two virtual low-energy photons contribute quite significantly to the energy of hydrogenic S states. The corresponding level shift is of the order of (alpha/pi)(2) (Zalpha)(6) m(e)c(2) and may be ascribed to a two-loop generalization of the Bethe logarithm. For 1S and 2S states, the correction has recently been evaluated by Pachucki and Jentschura [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 113005 (2003)]. Here, we generalize the approach to higher excited S states, which in contrast to the 1S and 2S states can decay to P states via the electric-dipole (E1) channel. The more complex structure of the excited-state wave functions and the necessity to subtract P-state poles lead to additional calculational problems. In addition to the calculation of the excited-state two-loop energy shift, we investigate the ambiguity in the energy level definition due to squared decay rates. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. NR 76 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 5 AR 052108 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052108 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 876EM UT WOS:000225479000022 ER PT J AU McCall, BJ Huneycutt, AJ Saykally, RJ Djuric, N Dunn, GH Semaniak, J Novotny, O Al-Khalili, A Ehlerding, A Hellberg, F Kalhori, S Neau, A Thomas, RD Paal, A Osterdahl, F Larsson, M AF McCall, BJ Huneycutt, AJ Saykally, RJ Djuric, N Dunn, GH Semaniak, J Novotny, O Al-Khalili, A Ehlerding, A Hellberg, F Kalhori, S Neau, A Thomas, RD Paal, A Osterdahl, F Larsson, M TI Dissociative recombination of rotationally cold H-3(+) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; STORAGE-RING EXPERIMENTS; ABSOLUTE CROSS-SECTIONS; ELECTRON-IMPACT; DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION; LOW-TEMPERATURE; MOLECULAR-IONS; HYDROGEN; SPECTROSCOPY; IONIZATION AB This paper presents the first dissociative recombination (DR) measurement of electrons with rotationally and vibrationally cold H-3(+) ions. A dc discharge pinhole supersonic jet source was developed and characterized using infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy before installation on the CRYRING ion storage ring for the DR measurements. Rotational state distributions (T(rot)similar to30 K) produced using the source were comparable to those in the diffuse interstellar medium. Our measurement of the electron energy dependence of the DR cross section showed resonances not clearly seen in experiments using rotationally hot ions, and allowed calculation of the thermal DR rate coefficient for ions at interstellar temperatures, alpha(DR)(23 K)=2.6x10(-7) cm(3) s(-1). This value is in general agreement with recent theoretical predictions by Kokoouline and Greene [Phys. Rev. A 68, 012703 (2003)]. The branching fractions of the two breakup channels, H+H+H and H+H-2, have also been measured for rotationally and vibrationally cold H-3(+). C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Jan Kochanowski Univ Humanities & Sci, Inst Phys, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland. Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys, Albanova, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Manne Siegbahn Inst, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Dept Elect & Vacuum Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic. RP Univ Illinois, Sch Chem Sci, Dept Chem, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI McCall, Benjamin/A-3136-2008; Novotny, Oldrich/K-6691-2013 OI Novotny, Oldrich/0000-0003-2520-343X NR 59 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 5 AR 052716 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052716 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 876EM UT WOS:000225479000086 ER PT J AU Aguirre-Tostado, FS Herrera-Gomez, A Woicik, JC Droopad, R Yu, Z Schlom, DG Zschack, P Karapetrova, E Pianetta, P Hellberg, CS AF Aguirre-Tostado, FS Herrera-Gomez, A Woicik, JC Droopad, R Yu, Z Schlom, DG Zschack, P Karapetrova, E Pianetta, P Hellberg, CS TI Elastic anomaly for SrTiO3 thin films grown on Si(001) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SILICON; TITANATE; PHASE AB X-ray diffraction measurements have revealed a negative Poisson's ratio for SrTiO3 thin films grown on Si(001). X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements demonstrate that this elastic anomaly is driven by the interfacial polarization of the SrTiO3 layers. First-principles density-functional calculations support these conclusions. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be common for heteroepitaxial growth of materials that possess an ionic polarizability. C1 CINVESTAV Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Motorola Labs, Microelect & Phys Sci Labs, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Illinois, Argonne Natl Lab, APS UNICAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Aguirre-Tostado, FS (reprint author), CINVESTAV Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000,Real Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. RI Hellberg, C. Stephen/E-5391-2010; Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013 OI Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 20 AR 201403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.201403 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 876EI UT WOS:000225478600019 ER PT J AU Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Rosov, N Erwin, RW Petrovic, C AF Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Rosov, N Erwin, RW Petrovic, C TI Spin-spin correlations in Yb2Ti2O7: A polarized neutron scattering study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; TRANSITION AB Polarized neutron diffraction and neutron spin echo have been employed to investigate the low-temperature (T<2 K) magnetic correlations in the frustrated magnet Yb2Ti2O7. Several studies have reported a phase transition at 240 mK, however, the low-temperature phase is still under debate. It has been reported that Yb2Ti2O7 enters a frozen ferromagnetic phase, however, studies of the spin dynamics suggest otherwise. Our results conclusively rule out a frozen ferromagnetic state and confirm that the majority of the spin system continues to fluctuate below 240 mK. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Gardner, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Petrovic, Cedomir/A-8789-2009; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Petrovic, Cedomir/0000-0001-6063-1881; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 24 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 18 AR 180404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.180404 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 876DX UT WOS:000225477300006 ER PT J AU Hiraka, H Lee, SH Gehring, PM Xu, GY Shirane, G AF Hiraka, H Lee, SH Gehring, PM Xu, GY Shirane, G TI Cold neutron study on the diffuse scattering and phonon excitations in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LEAD MAGNESIUM NIOBATE; PEROVSKITES AB Cold neutron scattering experiments have been performed to explore the energy, temperature, and wave-vector dependence of the diffuse scattering and the transverse acoustic (TA) phonons in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3. We have observed a weak diffuse scattering cross section above the Burns temperature T(d)similar to600 K. This cross section, which is most likely caused by chemical short-range order, persists down to 100 K, and coexists with the much stronger diffuse scattering that is attributed to the polar nanoregions. A systematic study of the TA phonon around (1, 1, 0) has also been carried out. The phonon is well defined for small wave-vectors q, but broadens markedly around q=(0.1,-0.1,0). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hiraka, H (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM hiraka@imr.tohoku.ac.jp RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 25 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2004 VL 70 IS 18 AR 184105 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.184105 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 876DX UT WOS:000225477300018 ER PT J AU Huang, Q Foo, ML Pascal, RA Lynn, JW Toby, BH He, T Zandbergen, HW Cava, RJ AF Huang, Q Foo, ML Pascal, RA Lynn, JW Toby, BH He, T Zandbergen, HW Cava, RJ TI Coupling between electronic and structural degrees of freedom in the triangular lattice conductor NaxCoO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE AB The ambient temperature crystal structures of compounds in the NaxCoO2 family, for 0.348 nmol NSS m(-3); the normal cloudiness coarse aerosols contained <3 nmol NSS m(-3). Data were obtained during high wind speeds (U similar to 11 m s(-1)), minimizing coarse aerosol lifetimes and thus cloud interaction. Both clear-sky and normal cloudiness coarse aerosols contained Ca excesses that contributed >200 and 35-40 times, respectively, more alkalinity than did bulk seawater ( equivalents basis). Consequently, aqueous phase, O-3 oxidation in sea-salt aerosols was markedly enhanced and may account for essentially all observed coarse aerosol NSS. Satellite data indicate the Southern Ocean upwind of Baring Head contains similar to3 times the annual primary productivity ( with associated biogenic Ca enhancement) of open ocean surface waters. The large and variable upwind biogenic Ca source plus the high wind speeds encountered at Baring Head make this site atypical of many RMBL regions. More typical RMBL conditions, found during western Pacific Ocean shipboard measurements, indicate that similar to1 to similar to2.5 times additional alkalinity (beyond that from bulk seawater) is likely to be found in sea-salt aerosols due to seawater biogenic sources. Coarse aerosols, laden with NSS, experience large dry deposition rates which results in rapid recycling of ocean-derived sulfur. This process has been overlooked or understated in RMBL sulfur budget analyses and models. One major consequence is that new particle production from biogenically derived oceanic sulfur is severely limited in the RMBL since ubiquitous O-3 oxidation in sea-salt aerosols is energetically favored over homogeneous nucleation. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Long Term Ecol Res Program, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, CB 172,PO 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA. EM hsieveri@carbon.cudenver.edu RI Harvey, Mike/A-5354-2010; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Harvey, Mike/0000-0002-0979-0227; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 54 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 14 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19317 DI 10.1029/2003JD004315 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863RF UT WOS:000224578700001 ER PT J AU Slusher, DL Huey, LG Tanner, DJ Flocke, FM Roberts, JM AF Slusher, DL Huey, LG Tanner, DJ Flocke, FM Roberts, JM TI A thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PAN; N2O5; CIMS ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE NO2; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RATE COEFFICIENT; ALKYL-NITRATES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CH3C(O)O-2+NO REACTION; UNPOLLUTED ATMOSPHERE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB We have developed a thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for fast measurements of a series of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide. Thermally generated acylperoxy radicals react with I- to produce a carboxylate ion that is unique for each parent species. NO3 resulting from the decomposition of N2O5 reacts with I- to form NO3-. The measurement technique was verified for PAN and PPN during an informal comparison with a gas chromatograph ( GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD) in Boulder, Colorado, during October 2002. Good agreement was obtained between the two instruments with R-2 = 0.91 for PAN (n = 657) and R-2 = 0.89 for PPN (n = 655). Detection limits of 7 pptv and 4 pptv were determined for PAN and PPN, respectively, for a 1 s integration period and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The TD-CIMS simultaneously detected ambient PiBN and N2O5 + NO3 in addition to PAN and PPN during the intercomparison period. We estimate a detection limit of 3 pptv in 1 s for PiBN. PnBN would be detected at the same mass, so we cannot rule out a contribution from PnBN to our PiBN estimate. Sensitivity to MPAN was found to be lower than to PAN in laboratory experiments, but a detection limit of 10 pptv can still be achieved by integrating for 15 s. Assuming the same sensitivity as for PAN, the detection limit for the sum of N2O5 and NO3 was estimated to be 12 pptv in 1 s. The fast time response of the TD-CIMS combined with a sensitivity and limit of detection comparable to the GC/ECD make this a promising technique for PAN flux measurements by eddy covariance. PAN uptake by different types of vegetation could be important input for global and regional ozone models, and PAN deposition to snow is of interest in polar regions. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Slusher, DL (reprint author), Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, POB 261954, Conway, SC 29528 USA. EM greg.huey@eas.gatech.edu RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172 NR 87 TC 124 Z9 125 U1 7 U2 64 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 14 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19315 DI 10.1029/2004JD004670 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863RF UT WOS:000224578700002 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, RD Yao, Y Tour, JM AF Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, RD Yao, Y Tour, JM TI Fermi level alignment and electronic levels in "molecular wire" self-assembled monolayers on au SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE; ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION; 2-PHOTON PHOTOEMISSION; INVERSE-PHOTOEMISSION; CHARGE-TRANSFER; STATES; FILMS; SPECTROSCOPY; ADSORPTION; INTERFACES AB One- and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopies were used to determine the electronic structure around the Fermi level for self-assembled monolayers of a prototypical "molecular wire", 4,4'-(ethynylphenyl)-1-benzenethiol (C6H5-CdropC-C6H4-CdropC-C6H5-SH), on An. One-photon ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy indicated a separation between the Fermi level and the peak of the occupied delocalized pi levels of 1.9 eV, thus providing a representative value for the hole injection barrier. Two states were identified in two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy measurements corresponding to excitation to the lowest exciton and excitation to an unoccupied final state derived from the e(2u) levels of benzene. The separation between the Fermi level and the corresponding unoccupied pi* states is estimated to be 3.2 eV, giving a transport gap of similar to1.9 + 3.2 = 5.1 eV. Occupied states associated with Au-S interactions are observed near the Fermi level for comparison studies on benzenethiol monolayers. Charge transfer associated with the formation of these levels, and their unoccupied counterparts, is suggested to produce the approximately 0.7 eV shift of the Fermi level toward the highest occupied orbitals on the oligomer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Rice Univ, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Robey, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 56 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 14 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 41 BP 16187 EP 16193 DI 10.1021/jp048134c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 860NB UT WOS:000224349200030 ER PT J AU Bourbigot, S Vanderhart, DL Gilman, JW Bellayer, S Stretz, H Paul, DR AF Bourbigot, S Vanderhart, DL Gilman, JW Bellayer, S Stretz, H Paul, DR TI Solid state NMR characterization and flammability of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer montmorillonite nanocomposite SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE solid state nuclear magnetic resonance; nanocomposite; styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; NYLON-6 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; THERMAL-STABILITY; POLYMER; POLYSTYRENE; MORPHOLOGY; HYBRID; RELAXATION; DISPERSION AB This work investigates the melt-processing of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) with organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays and the influence of the clay on mechanical properties and on fire performance of SAN. The nanodispersion of MMT is evaluated qualitatively by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and quantitatively by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). SAN/MMT nanocomposites reveal an intermediate morphology, an intercalated structure with some exfoliation and with the presence of small tactoids, whatever the loading in MMT is. The polymer-clay interfacial area is estimated at 0.5 and the degree of homogeneity characterizing the distribution of MMT platelets is about 40%. The presence of clay in SAN-25 leads to a 'filler effect' increasing the stiffness but decreasing tensile strength of the nanocomposites. It also leads to a significant decrease of peak of heat release rate measured by mass loss calorimetry. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas State Univ, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Bourbigot, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM serge.bourbigot@ensc-lille.fr OI Bourbigot, Serge/0000-0003-1536-2015 NR 33 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD OCT 13 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 22 BP 7627 EP 7638 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.057 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 862NO UT WOS:000224497900027 ER PT J AU Fletcher, SEM Tans, PP Bruhwiler, LM Miller, JB Heimann, M AF Fletcher, SEM Tans, PP Bruhwiler, LM Miller, JB Heimann, M TI CH4 sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH4 and its C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios: 2. Inverse modeling of CH4 fluxes from geographical regions SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE C-13/(12) C isotopic ratios; inverse modeling; methane sources ID METHANE SOURCES; CARBON; CYCLE; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; OXIDATION; ADJOINT; BUDGET; C-13; OH AB We present a time-dependent inverse modeling approach to estimate the magnitude of CH4 emissions and the average isotopic signature of the combined source processes from geographical regions based on the observed spatiotemporal distribution of CH4 and C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios in CH4. The inverse estimates of the isotopic signature of the sources are used to partition the regional source estimates into three groups of source processes based on their isotopic signatures. Compared with bottom-up estimates, the inverse estimates call for larger CH4 fluxes in the tropics (266 +/- 25 Tg CH4/yr) and southern extratropics (98 +/- 15 Tg CH4/yr) and reduced fluxes in the northern extratropics (252 +/- 18 Tg CH4/yr). The observations of C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios in CH4 indicate that the large a posteriori CH4 source in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere is attributable to a combination both bacterial sources and biomass burning and support relatively low estimates of fossil CH4 emissions. C1 NOAA, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-0771 Jena, Germany. RP Fletcher, SEM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 5839 Slichter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM fletcher@igpp.ucla.edu; pieter.tans@noaa.gov; lori.bruhwiler@.noaa.gov; john.b.miller@cmdl.noaa.gov; martin.heimann@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 40 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 12 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 AR GB4005 DI 10.1029/2004GB002224 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863QX UT WOS:000224577900002 ER PT J AU Fletcher, SEM Tans, PP Bruhwiler, LM Miller, JB Heimann, M AF Fletcher, SEM Tans, PP Bruhwiler, LM Miller, JB Heimann, M TI CH4 sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH4 and its C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios: 1. Inverse modeling of source processes SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE inverse model; isotopic signature; methane ID INTERANNUAL GROWTH-RATE; CARBON-DIOXIDE DATA; STRATOSPHERIC METHANE; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; CO; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; CYCLE; DELTA-C-13; BIOMASS AB A time-dependent inverse modeling approach that estimates the global magnitude of atmospheric methane sources from the observed spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric CH4, C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios, and a priori estimates of the source strengths is presented. Relative to the a priori source estimates, the inverse model calls for increased CH4 flux from sources with strong spatial footprints in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere and decreases in sources in the Northern Hemisphere. The CH4 and C-13/C-12 isotopic ratio observations suggest an unusually high CH4 flux from swamps (similar to200 +/- 44 Tg CH4/yr) and biomass burning (88 +/- 18 Tg CH4/yr) with relatively low estimates of emissions from bogs (similar to20 +/- 14 Tg CH4/yr), and landfills (35 +/- 14 Tg CH4/yr). The model results support the hypothesis that the 1998 CH4 growth rate anomaly was caused in part by a large increase in CH4 production from wetlands, and indicate that wetland sources were about 40 Tg CH4/yr higher in 1998 than 1999. C1 NOAA, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-0771 Jena, Germany. RP Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 5839 Slichter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. EM fletcher@igpp.ucla.edu; pieter.tans@noaa.gov; lori.bruhwiler@noaa.gov; john.b.miller@cmdl.noaa.gov; martin.heimann@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 71 TC 117 Z9 120 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 12 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 AR GB4004 DI 10.1029/2004GB002223 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863QX UT WOS:000224577900001 ER PT J AU Kazil, J Lovejoy, ER AF Kazil, J Lovejoy, ER TI Tropospheric ionization and aerosol production: A model study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; cosmic rays; ionization; troposphere ID MOLECULAR CLUSTERS; LOWER ATMOSPHERE; COSMIC-RAYS; NUCLEATION; CLIMATE; H2SO4; H2O; CLOUDS; IONS; AIR AB [1] Recent observations of ultrafine aerosol production in the atmosphere support the hypothesis of ions acting as nucleation agents. We use a numerical model of ion-induced aerosol formation based on experimental cluster ion thermodynamics to study the production of ultrafine aerosol in the troposphere and its response to variations in background ionization. An analytical model is used to explain the findings. Our results show a considerable ultrafine particle and surface area production due to ion-induced nucleation. Both particle and surface area production readily respond to variations in ionization, such as resulting from the modulation of the galactic cosmic ray intensity by the 11 year solar cycle. However, this response may be positive or negative, depending on ambient conditions. We explain the mechanism responsible for this behavior. The large particle production seen in our simulations suggests that ion-induced nucleation is an important atmospheric process, which may promote the solar cycle signal to the troposphere. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Atmospher Chem Kinet Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kazil, J (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Adv Study Program, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM kazil@ucar.edu; nlovejoy@al.noaa.gov RI Kazil, Jan/B-7652-2013 OI Kazil, Jan/0000-0003-3271-2451 NR 20 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 12 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19206 DI 10.1029/2004JD004852 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863RD UT WOS:000224578500006 ER PT J AU Peters, W Krol, MC Dlugokencky, EJ Dentener, FJ Bergamaschi, P Dutton, G von Velthoven, P Miller, JB Bruhwiler, L Tans, PP AF Peters, W Krol, MC Dlugokencky, EJ Dentener, FJ Bergamaschi, P Dutton, G von Velthoven, P Miller, JB Bruhwiler, L Tans, PP TI Toward regional-scale modeling using the two-way nested global model TM5: Characterization of transport using SF6 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE regional inversions; SF6; transport modeling ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRACER TRANSPORT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; CO2; SIMULATION; TRENDS; TIME; EMISSIONS; EXCHANGE AB [1] We present an evaluation of transport of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the two-way nested chemistry-transport model "Tracer Model 5'' (TM5). Modeled SF6 values for January 2000 to November 2003 are compared with NOAA CMDL observations. This includes new high-frequency SF6 observations, frequent vertical profiles, and weekly flask data from more than 60 sites around the globe. This constitutes the most extensive set of SF6 observations used in transport model evaluation to date. We find that TM5 captures temporal variability on all timescales well, including the relatively large SF6 signals on synoptic scales ( 2 - 5 days). The model overestimates the meridional gradient of SF6 by 19%, similar to previously used transport models. Vertical profiles are reproduced to within the standard error of the observations, and do not reveal large biases. An important area for future improvements is the mixing of the planetary boundary layer which is currently too slow, leading to modeled SF6 mixing ratios that are too large over the continents. Increasing the horizontal resolution over North America from 6 x 4degrees, to 3 x 2degrees, to even 1 x 1degrees ( lon x lat) does not affect the simulated global scale SF6 distribution and potentially minimizes representation errors for continental sites. These results are highly relevant for future CO2 flux estimates with TM5, which will be briefly discussed. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. IMAU, NL-3584 Utrecht, Netherlands. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Peters, W (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway R-CMDL-1, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM wouter.peters@noaa.gov RI Peters, Wouter/B-8305-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013 OI Peters, Wouter/0000-0001-8166-2070; NR 51 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 12 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19314 DI 10.1029/2004JD005020 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863RD UT WOS:000224578500008 ER PT J AU Lai, D Liu, WH Wang, WC Glinka, CJ Worcester, DL Lin, Y Huang, HW AF Lai, D Liu, WH Wang, WC Glinka, CJ Worcester, DL Lin, Y Huang, HW TI Diffraction techniques for nonlamellar phases of phospholipids SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID FUSION INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURE; LIPID-BILAYER-MEMBRANES; HEXAGONAL HII PHASE; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; DIPHYTANOYL PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; STALK MODEL; SCATTERING; POLYMORPHISM; TRANSITIONS AB A neutron diffraction method applicable to nonlamellar phases of substrate-supported lipid membranes is described and validated. When prepared on a flat substrate, the resulting nonlamellar phases have layered symmetry which provides some advantages over powder diffraction for detailed structure determination. This approach recently led to the detection of a rhombohedral phase and a distorted hexagonal phase of lipids. Here the determination of intensity and phase information for such phases is demonstrated by application to the hexagonal phase of diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPhPC). The hexagonal symmetry is used to verify the data reduction procedure for the intensities of the diffraction peaks. Diffraction intensities measured while varying the D2O/H2O ratio in the relative humidity was used to solve the phase problem. The neutron scattering length density distribution of the hexagonal phase was constructed and analyzed to elucidate the packing of the lipid molecules. The structure of DPhPC in the hexagonal phase is of interest in connection with its stalk structure in the rhombohedral phase. We also found that the incorporation of tetradecane into the DPhPC hexagonal phase is limited, similar to the case for dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Huang, HW (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. EM hwhuang@rice.edu NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD OCT 12 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 21 BP 9262 EP 9269 DI 10.1021/la048720x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 861BR UT WOS:000224391600048 ER PT J AU Hanke, M Grigoriev, D Schmidbauer, M Schafer, P Kohler, R Sellin, RL Pohl, UW Bimberg, D AF Hanke, M Grigoriev, D Schmidbauer, M Schafer, P Kohler, R Sellin, RL Pohl, UW Bimberg, D TI Vertical composition gradient in InGaAs/GaAs alloy quantum dots as revealed by high-resolution x-ray diffraction SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING AB Shape and composition profiles of self-organized In0.6Ga0.4As/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) were investigated using diffuse x-ray scattering of a fivefold QD stack. To reveal the QD morphology, numerical scattering simulations of QDs with different morphologies were performed based on three-dimensional strain fields calculated by the finite element methods. Comparing our simulations to the data, we proved that the In concentration increases from the wetting layer to the top of the quantum dots. Moreover, we conclude that the In concentration of the wetting layers is significantly lower than the average value in the QDs. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle Saale, Saale, Germany. Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Festkorperphys, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. RP Hanke, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanke@physik.uni-halle.de NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 11 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 15 BP 3062 EP 3064 DI 10.1063/1.1803938 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 865CE UT WOS:000224679300022 ER PT J AU Nikoobakht, B Michaels, CA Stranick, SJ Vaudin, MD AF Nikoobakht, B Michaels, CA Stranick, SJ Vaudin, MD TI Horizontal growth and in situ assembly of oriented zinc oxide nanowires SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES; ARRAYS; ORGANIZATION; FABRICATION; SURFACES AB The positioning and directed assembly, of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is of considerable current interest for "bottom-up" approaches to the engineering of intricate structures from nanoscale building blocks. We report a horizontal growth mode for ZnO NWs on the (11 (2) over bar0) sapphire surface in which NWs grow in the [1 (1) over bar 00](sap) direction. This growth mode strictly depends on the size and spacing of the Au nanodroplet catalysts and competes with the vertical growth of the NWs. An approach is presented which promotes the horizontal growth, in situ alignment, and predictable positioning of ZnO NWs. This strategy allows for the large scale assembly of NWs, width control, and production of quantum wires. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stranick, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephan.stranick@nist.gov RI Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 NR 16 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 11 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 15 BP 3244 EP 3246 DI 10.1063/1.1803951 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 865CE UT WOS:000224679300083 ER PT J AU Wagner, MS Graham, DJ Ratner, BD Castner, DG AF Wagner, MS Graham, DJ Ratner, BD Castner, DG TI Maximizing information obtained from secondary ion mass spectra of organic thin films using multivariate analysis SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INternational Conference on BIOSURF V - Functional Polymeric Surfaces in Biotechnology CY SEP 25-26, 2003 CL Univ Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND HO Univ Zurich DE biological compounds; self-assembly; secondary ion mass spectroscopy ID ADSORBED PROTEIN FILMS; PARTIAL LEAST-SQUARES; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; PLASMA-DEPOSITED FILMS; SPECTROMETRY TOF-SIMS; OF-FLIGHT SIMS; SURFACE-ANALYSIS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); MOLECULAR-WEIGHT AB Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can give a detailed description of the surface chemistry and structure of organic materials. The high mass resolution and high mass range mass spectra obtainable from modern ToF-SIMS instruments offer the ability to rapidly obtain large amounts of data. Distillation of that data into usable information presents a significant problem in the analysis of ToF-SIMS data from organic materials. Multivariate data analysis techniques have become increasingly common for assisting with the interpretation of complex ToF-SIMS data sets. This study presents an overview of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) for analyzing the ToF-SIMS spectra of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) adsorbed onto gold substrates and polymer molecular depth profiles obtained using an SF(5)(+) primary ion beam. The effect of data pretreatment on the information obtained from multivariate analysis of these data sets has been explored. Multivariate analysis is an important tool for maximizing the information obtained from the ToF-SIMS spectra of organic thin films. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Natl ESCA & Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Natl ESCA & Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wagner, MS (reprint author), Procter & Gamble Co, 11810 E Miami River Rd, Cincinnati, OH 45252 USA. EM wagner.ms@pg.com NR 90 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD OCT 10 PY 2004 VL 570 IS 1-2 BP 78 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2004.06.184 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 863DH UT WOS:000224540300008 ER PT J AU Pichler, M Chen, HM Stwalley, WC AF Pichler, M Chen, HM Stwalley, WC TI Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold Cs below the 6P(3/2) limit SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; LONG-RANGE MOLECULES; ATTRACTIVE INTERACTIONS; ALKALI ATOMS; COLD; STATES; FORCES; VAPOR; COLLISIONS; DISPERSION AB High precision photoassociation spectroscopy is performed in ultracold cesium gas, with detunings as large as 51 cm-1 below the Cs(6S(1/2))+Cs(6P(3/2)) asymptote. Trap-loss fluorescence detection is used for detecting the photoassociation to excited state ultracold molecules. Long vibrational progressions are assigned to electronic states of 0(g)(-), 0(u)(+), and 1(g) symmetry. The spectral data are fitted to a LeRoy-Bernstein equation, in order to obtain the effective coefficients of the leading long-range interaction term (C-3/R-3) and the relative vibrational quantum numbers measured down from dissociation. Additionally we present evidence for perturbations between the 0(g)(-) state and the dark 2(u) state. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Pichler, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM w.stwalley@uconn.edu NR 36 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 8 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 14 BP 6779 EP 6784 DI 10.1063/1.1788657 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 859MV UT WOS:000224269200024 PM 15473735 ER PT J AU Goremychkin, EA Osborn, R Bauer, ED Maple, MB Frederick, NA Yuhasz, WM Woodward, FM Lynn, JW AF Goremychkin, EA Osborn, R Bauer, ED Maple, MB Frederick, NA Yuhasz, WM Woodward, FM Lynn, JW TI Crystal field potential of PrOs4Sb12: Consequences for superconductivity SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-FERMION SUPERCONDUCTOR; METALS; STATE AB The results of inelastic neutron scattering provide a solution for the crystal field level scheme in PrOs4Sb12, in which the ground state in the cubic crystal field potential of T-h symmetry is a Gamma(1) singlet. The conduction electron mass enhancement is consistent with inelastic exchange scattering, and we propose that inelastic quadrupolar, or aspherical Coulomb, scattering is responsible for enhancing the superconducting transition temperature. PrOs4Sb12 appears to be the first compound in which aspherical Coulomb scattering is strong enough to overcome magnetic pair breaking and increase T-c. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM ROsborn@anl.gov RI Yuhasz, William/C-9418-2009; Bauer, Eric/D-7212-2011; Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140 NR 26 TC 115 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 8 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 15 AR 157003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.157003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 860KD UT WOS:000224341600074 PM 15524926 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Louca, D Ueda, H Park, S Sato, TJ Isobe, M Ueda, Y Rosenkranz, S Zschack, P Iniguez, J Qiu, Y Osborn, R AF Lee, SH Louca, D Ueda, H Park, S Sato, TJ Isobe, M Ueda, Y Rosenkranz, S Zschack, P Iniguez, J Qiu, Y Osborn, R TI Orbital and spin chains in ZnV2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-METAL OXIDE; PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; PHASE-TRANSITION; SYSTEM CDV2O4; LIV2O4; DISTORTION; LIQUID AB Our powder inelastic neutron scattering data indicate that ZnV2O4 is a system of spin chains that are three-dimensionally tangled in the cubic phase above 50 K due to randomly occupied t(2g) orbitals of V3+ (3d(2)) ions. Below 50 K in the tetragonal phase, the chains become straight due to antiferro-orbital ordering. This is evidenced by the characteristic wave vector dependence of the magnetic structure factor that changes from symmetric to asymmetric at the cubic-to-tetragonal transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan. Korea Atom Energy Res Inst, HANARO Ctr, Taejon, South Korea. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011; Iniguez, Jorge/B-6856-2009; Isobe, Masahiko/B-5616-2015; Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383; Iniguez, Jorge/0000-0001-6435-3604; Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998 NR 30 TC 160 Z9 161 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 8 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 15 AR 156407 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.156407 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 860KD UT WOS:000224341600063 PM 15524915 ER PT J AU Stroscio, JA Celotta, RJ AF Stroscio, JA Celotta, RJ TI Controlling the dynamics of a single atom in lateral atom manipulation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; SWITCH; TIP AB We studied the dynamics of a single cobalt (Co) atom during lateral manipulation on a copper (111) surface in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The Co binding site locations were revealed in a detailed image that resulted from lateral Co atom motion within the trapping potential of the scanning tip. Random telegraph noise, corresponding to the Co atom switching between hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and face-centered cubic (fcc) sites, was seen when the tip was used to try to position the Co atom over the higher energy hcp site. Varying the probe tip height modified the normal copper (111) potential landscape and allowed the residence time of the Co atom in these sites to be varied. At low tunneling voltages (less than similar to5 millielectron volts), the transfer rate between sites was independent of tunneling voltage, current, and temperature. At higher voltages, the transfer rate exhibited a strong dependence on tunneling voltage, indicative of vibrational heating by inelastic electron scattering. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stroscio, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.stroscio@nist.gov NR 23 TC 170 Z9 172 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 8 PY 2004 VL 306 IS 5694 BP 242 EP 247 DI 10.1126/science.1102370 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 861MC UT WOS:000224419700030 PM 15358867 ER PT J AU Pfister, G Petron, G Emmons, LK Gille, JC Edwards, DP Lamarque, JF Attie, JL Granier, C Novelli, PC AF Pfister, G Petron, G Emmons, LK Gille, JC Edwards, DP Lamarque, JF Attie, JL Granier, C Novelli, PC TI Evaluation of CO simulations and the analysis of the CO budget for Europe SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbon monoxide; emissions; chemistry transport model; MOPITT; intercontinental transport ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; CARBON-MONOXIDE; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; MOPITT INSTRUMENT; MIXING RATIOS; EMISSIONS; PACIFIC; CHEMISTRY; PATHWAYS AB CO is a well-suited indicator for the transport of pollutants in the troposphere on a regional and global scale. For the study presented here, simulations of CO concentrations from a global chemistry transport model (MOZART-2), with the CO being tagged according to the emission type and the source region, have been used to diagnose the contributions of different processes and regions to the CO burden over Europe. Model simulations have been performed with both a priori emissions and an optimized set of CO surface emissions derived from the inversion of CO retrievals of the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) remote sensing instrument. The annual mean difference between the modeled and the observed CO at 850 hPa over Europe is -38 +/- 13 ppb with the a priori set of emissions and -7 +/- 7 ppb when the optimized emissions are employed in the model. The general difficulties arising from an intercomparison of remote sensing data with model simulations are discussed. Besides data from MOPITT, ground-based CO measurements have been employed in the evaluation of the model and its emissions. The comparisons show that the model represents the background conditions as well as large-scale transport relatively well. The budget analysis reveals the predominant impact of the European emissions on CO concentrations near the surface, and a strong impact of sources from Asia and North America on the CO burden in the free troposphere over Europe. On average, the largest contribution (67%) to the anthropogenic (fossil and biofuel sources, biomass burning) CO at the surface originates from regional anthropogenic sources, but further significant impact is evident from North America (14%) and Asia (15%). With increasing altitude, anthropogenic CO from Asia and North America gains in importance, reaching maximum contributions of 32% for North American CO at 500 hPa and 50% for Asian CO at 200 hPa. The impact of European emissions weakens with increasing altitude (8% at 500 hPa). C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, Graz, Austria. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pfister, G (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM pfister@ucar.edu RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 37 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 6 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19304 DI 10.1029/2004JD004691 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861PO UT WOS:000224429700007 ER PT J AU Gehring, PM Chen, W Ye, ZG Shirane, G AF Gehring, PM Chen, W Ye, ZG Shirane, G TI The non-rhombohedral low-temperature structure of PMN-10% PT SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID GLASSY POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; PB(MG1/3NB2/3)O3; PB(ZN1/3NB2/3)O3; CERAMICS; SYSTEM; PMN AB The phase diagram of the Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 and PbTiO3 solid solution (PMN-xPT) depicts a boundary between cubic and rhombohedral phases for x less than or equal to 0.32. X-ray powder measurements reported by Dkhil et al show a rhombohedrally split (222) Bragg peak for PMN-10% PT at 80 K that is consistent with this phase boundary. Remarkably, our neutron data taken on a single crystal of the same compound with comparable q-resolution reveal a single resolution-limited (111) peak down to 50 K, and thus no rhombohedral distortion. Given the marked difference in penetration depths between x-rays and neutrons in these lead-oxide relaxor materials, our results suggest that the bulk structure, which is nearly cubic, differs from that of the outer layer in PMN-10% PT, a situation that has also recently been observed in PZN by Xu et al. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gehring, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 30 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 14 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD OCT 6 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 39 BP 7113 EP 7121 AR PII S0953-8984(04)76487-5 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/16/39/042 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 866JB UT WOS:000224768700045 ER PT J AU Parsons, JF Song, FH Parsons, L Calabrese, K Eisenstein, E Ladner, JE AF Parsons, JF Song, FH Parsons, L Calabrese, K Eisenstein, E Ladner, JE TI Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS 2-79; DIAMINOPIMELATE EPIMERASE; SUBSTITUTED PHENAZINES; PATHWAY; MODEL; ACID AB Phenazines, including pyocyanin and iodonin, are biologically active compounds that are believed to confer producing organisms with a competitive growth advantage, and also are thought to be virulence factors in certain diseases including cystic fibrosis. The basic, tricyclic phenazine ring system is synthesized in a series of poorly characterized steps by enzymes encoded in a seven-gene cistron in Pseudomonas and other organisms. Despite the biological importance of these compounds, and our understanding of their mode of action, the biochemistry and mechanisms of phenazine biosynthesis are not well resolved. Here we report the 1.8 Angstrom crystal structure of PhzF, a key enzyme in phenazine biosynthesis, solved by molecular replacement. PhzF is structurally similar to the lysine biosynthetic enzyme diaminopimelate epimerase, sharing an unusual fold consisting of two nearly identical domains with the active site located in an occluded cleft between the domains. Unlike diaminopimelate epimerase, PhzF is a dimer in solution. The two apparently independent active sites open toward opposite sides of the dimer and are occupied by sulfate ions in the structure. In vitro experiments using a mixture of purified PhzF, -A, -B, and -G confirm that phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is readily produced from trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (DHHA) without aid of other cellular factors. PhzA, -B, and -G have no activity toward DHHA. However, in the presence of PhzF, individually or in combinations, they accelerate the formation of PCA from DHHA and therefore appear to function after the action of PhzF. Surprisingly, PhzF is itself capable of producing PCA, albeit slowly, from DHHA. These observations suggest that PhzF catalyzes the initial step in the conversion of DHHA to PCA, probably via a rearrangement reaction yielding the more reactive 3-oxo analogue of DHHA, and that subsequent steps can occur spontaneously. A hypothetical model for how DHHA binds to the PhzF active site suggests that Glu45 and Asp208 could act as general acid-base catalysts in a rearrangement reaction. Given that four reactions lie between DHHA and PCA, ketone formation, ring formation, decarboxylation, and oxidation, we hypothesize that the similar PhzA and -B proteins catalyze ring formation and thus may be more than noncatalytic accessory proteins. PhzG is almost certainly an oxidase and is predicted to catalyze the final oxidation/aromatization reaction. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biochem, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. RP Eisenstein, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM edd@carb.nist.gov; jane.ladner@nist.gov NR 25 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD OCT 5 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 39 BP 12427 EP 12435 DI 10.1021/bi049059z PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 858ZN UT WOS:000224231500004 PM 15449932 ER PT J AU Tigerstrom, A Schwarz, F Karlsson, G Okvist, M Alvarez-Rua, C Maeder, D Robb, FT Sjolin, L AF Tigerstrom, A Schwarz, F Karlsson, G Okvist, M Alvarez-Rua, C Maeder, D Robb, FT Sjolin, L TI Effects of a novel disulfide bond and engineered electrostatic interactions on the thermostability of azurin SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA AZURIN; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT; THERMAL-DENATURATION; PROTEIN MODELS; STABILITY; REFINEMENT; EXPRESSION; RESOLUTION AB Identification and evaluation of factors important for thermostability in proteins is a growing research field with many industrial applications. This study investigates the effects of introducing a novel disulfide bond and engineered electrostatic interactions with respect to the thermostability of holo azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four mutants were selected on the basis of rational design and novel temperature-dependent atomic displacement factors from crystal data collected at elevated temperatures. The atomic displacement parameters describe the molecular movement at higher temperatures. The thermostability was evaluated by optical spectroscopy as well as by differential scanning calorimetry. Although azurin has a high inherent stability, the introduction of a novel disulfide bond connecting a flexible loop with small alpha-helix (D62C/K74C copper-containing mutant), increased the T-m by 3.7 degreesC compared with the holo protein. Furthermore, three mutants were designed to introduce electrostatic interactions, K24R, D23E/K128R, and D23E/K128R/K24R. Mutant K24R stabilizes loops between two separate P-strands and D23E/K128R was selected to stabilize the C-terminus of azurin. Furthermore, D23E/K128R/K24R was selected to reflect the combination of the electrostatic interactions in D23E/K128R and K24R. The mutants involving electrostatic interactions had a minor effect on the thermostability. The crystal structures of the copper-containing mutants D62C/K74C and K24R have been determined to 1.5 and 1.8 Angstrom. resolution. In addition the crystal structure of the zinc-loaded mutant D62C/K74C has also been completed to 1.8 Angstrom resolution. These structures support the selected design and provide valuable information for evaluating effects of the modifications on the thermostability of holo azurin. C1 Gothenburg Univ, Lundberg Inst, Dept Chem, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Mol Biotechnol, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Oviedo, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Fis & Analit, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain. Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, Ctr Struct Biol, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Sjolin, L (reprint author), Gothenburg Univ, Lundberg Inst, Dept Chem, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM Sjolin@chem.gu.se RI Sjolin, Lennart/B-2619-2010; Karlsson, Goran/E-8686-2011; OI Robb, Frank/0000-0001-5833-6496 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD OCT 5 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 39 BP 12563 EP 12574 DI 10.1021/bi048926x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 858ZN UT WOS:000224231500018 PM 15449946 ER PT J AU Kahn, R Anderson, J Anderson, TL Bates, T Brechtel, F Carrico, CM Clarke, A Doherty, SJ Dutton, E Flagan, R Frouin, R Fukushima, H Holben, B Howell, S Huebert, B Jefferson, A Jonsson, H Kalashnikova, O Kim, J Kim, SW Kus, P Li, WH Livingston, JM McNaughton, C Merrill, J Mukai, S Murayama, T Nakajima, T Quinn, P Redemann, J Rood, M Russell, P Sano, I Schmid, B Seinfeld, J Sugimoto, N Wang, J Welton, EJ Won, JG Yoon, SC AF Kahn, R Anderson, J Anderson, TL Bates, T Brechtel, F Carrico, CM Clarke, A Doherty, SJ Dutton, E Flagan, R Frouin, R Fukushima, H Holben, B Howell, S Huebert, B Jefferson, A Jonsson, H Kalashnikova, O Kim, J Kim, SW Kus, P Li, WH Livingston, JM McNaughton, C Merrill, J Mukai, S Murayama, T Nakajima, T Quinn, P Redemann, J Rood, M Russell, P Sano, I Schmid, B Seinfeld, J Sugimoto, N Wang, J Welton, EJ Won, JG Yoon, SC TI Environmental snapshots from ACE-Asia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; environmental snapshots; dust; pollution; atmospheric closure ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SUN PHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; LOWER TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; AIRBORNE IN-SITU; WATER-VAPOR; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; PARTICLE-SIZE; MAUNA-LOA AB On five occasions spanning the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) field campaign in spring 2001, the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer spaceborne instrument took data coincident with high-quality observations by instruments on two or more surface and airborne platforms. The cases capture a range of clean, polluted, and dusty aerosol conditions. With a three-stage optical modeling process, we synthesize the data from over 40 field instruments into layer-by-layer environmental snapshots that summarize what we know about the atmospheric and surface states at key locations during each event. We compare related measurements and discuss the implications of apparent discrepancies, at a level of detail appropriate for satellite retrieval algorithm and aerosol transport model validation. Aerosols within a few kilometers of the surface were composed primarily of pollution and Asian dust mixtures, as expected. Medium- and coarse-mode particle size distributions varied little among the events studied; however, column aerosol optical depth changed by more than a factor of 4, and the near-surface proportion of dust ranged between 25% and 50%. The amount of absorbing material in the submicron fraction was highest when near-surface winds crossed Beijing and the Korean Peninsula and was considerably lower for all other cases. Having simultaneous single-scattering albedo measurements at more than one wavelength would significantly reduce the remaining optical model uncertainties. The consistency of component particle microphysical properties among the five events, even in this relatively complex aerosol environment, suggests that global, satellite-derived maps of aerosol optical depth and aerosol mixture (air-mass-type) extent, combined with targeted in situ component microphysical property measurements, can provide a detailed global picture of aerosol behavior. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA 94544 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Tokai Univ, Sch High Technol Human Welf, Numazu 4100395, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, CIRPAS, Marina, CA 93933 USA. Korea Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul 156720, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Fac Marine Engn, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1358533, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Div Atmospher Environm, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kahn, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ralph.kahn@jpl.nasa.gov; janderson@asu.edu; tadand@atmos.washington.edu; tim.bates@noaa.gov; fredb@bnl.gov; carrico@lamar.colostate.edu; tclarke@soest.hawaii.edu; edutton@cmdl.noaa.gov; flagan@caltech.edu; rfrouin@ucsd.edu; hajime@fksh.fc.u-tokai.ac.jp; brent@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov; showell@soest.hawaii.edu; huebert@hawaii.edu; anne.jefferson@noaa.gov; hjonsson@nps.navy.mil; olga.v.kalashnikova@jpl.nasa.gov; jykim@metri.re.kr; kimsw@air.snu.ac.kr; pinarkus@uiuc.edu; wli@sdsio-mail.jpl.nasa.gov; jlivingston@mail.arc.nasa.gov; cameronm@soest.hawaii.edu; jmerrill@boreas.gso.uri.edu; mukai@im.kindai.ac.jp; murayama@ipc.tosho-u.ac.jp; teruyuki@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp; quinn@pmel.noaa.gov; redemann@atmos.ucla.edu; mrood@uiuc.edu; philip.b.russell@nasa.gov; sano@im.kindai.ac.jp; bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; seinfeld@caltech.edu; nsugimot@nies.go.jp; jian@bnl.gov; welton@virl.gsfc.nasa.gov; wonjg@air.snu.ac.kr; yoon@snu.ac.kr RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Sugimoto, Nobuo/C-5189-2015; Doherty, Sarah/D-5592-2015; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Sugimoto, Nobuo/0000-0002-0545-1316; Doherty, Sarah/0000-0002-7796-6968; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 88 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 5 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19S14 DI 10.1029/2003JD004339 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897XA UT WOS:000227038200001 ER PT J AU Yang, CSC Wilson, PT Richter, LJ AF Yang, CSC Wilson, PT Richter, LJ TI Structure of polystyrene at the interface with various liquids SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-ORIENTATION; SURFACE; WATER; SFG; MONOLAYERS; BANDS; AIR AB Vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation (VR-SFG) is used to determine the structure of the phenyl side groups of deuterated polystyrene at the liquid/solid interface for the nonsolvent liquids hexane, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, and water. The structure for the three low-surface-tension (gamma) liquids-hexane, methanol, and ethanol-is similar and only slightly perturbed from that of the air/solid interface. The air interface is ordered with the phenyl rings oriented away from the polymer bulk. The structure for the two high-gamma liquids, water and glycerol, differs significantly from the low-gamma liquids and reflects a near flat orientation of the phenyl ring. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, LJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lee.richter@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 33 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD OCT 5 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 20 BP 7742 EP 7746 DI 10.1021/ma049692s PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 858NC UT WOS:000224197500041 ER PT J AU Miyoshi, YS Jordanova, VK Morioka, A Evans, DS AF Miyoshi, YS Jordanova, VK Morioka, A Evans, DS TI Solar cycle variations of the electron radiation belts: Observations and radial diffusion simulation SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE radiation belts; solar cycle variation; relativistic electrons; inner magnetosphere; radial diffusion; numerical simulation ID PITCH-ANGLE DIFFUSION; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; GEOMAGNETIC-ACTIVITY; ENERGETIC ELECTRONS; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETIC STORM; SEMIANNUAL VARIATION; WIND; ACCELERATION AB Long-term variations of energetic particles in the radiation belts were examined using data from the NOAA (1979-2003) satellites. A significant flux variation with solar cycle was detected together with both semiannual and recurrent flux variations. It was revealed that the phase of flux variations for the solar cycle depends on both particle energy and distance from the Earth; the outer belt shifted inward during the solar active period and outward during the solar quiet period. The numerical simulation for radial diffusion reproduced the flux variation and the outer belt shift qualitatively and suggested that radial diffusion is a major control parameter for the long-term variations of the inner portion of the outer belt. On the other hand, the simulation did not reproduce the variation of the outer portion of the outer belt, suggesting that further physical processes should be considered. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Tohoku Univ, Planetary Plasma & Atmospher Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. RP Miyoshi, YS (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. EM miyoshi@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; vania.jordanova@unh.edu; morioka@pparc.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp; david.s.evans@noaa.gov RI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/B-5834-2015 OI Miyoshi, Yoshizumi/0000-0001-7998-1240 NR 51 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD OCT 5 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 10 AR S10S02 DI 10.1029/2004SW000070 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 909HS UT WOS:000227851600001 ER PT J AU Nguyen, NV Maslar, JE Kim, JY Han, JP Park, JW Chandler-Horowitz, D Vogel, EM AF Nguyen, NV Maslar, JE Kim, JY Han, JP Park, JW Chandler-Horowitz, D Vogel, EM TI Crystalline quality of bonded silicon-on-insulator characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; AMORPHOUS-SILICON; THIN-FILMS; SCATTERING; SI; MICROCRYSTALLINE; LAYERS AB The crystalline quality of silicon-on-insulator fabricated by a wafer bonding technique was examined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy. The detailed modeling of the experimental ellipsometric data yields information about structural defects in the silicon-on-insulator layer. The dielectric function of the silicon on insulator that best models the experimental ellipsometric data includes a physical mixture of crystalline silicon and about 4%-7% of amorphous silicon, suggesting a slight lack of long-range order of the silicon atoms in the silicon-on-insulator layer. The use of a dielectric function other than that of pure crystalline silicon is supported by Raman spectroscopic results that indicate the presence of structural defects in the silicon-on-insulator layer. These structural defects may be due to the effects of hydrogen implantation used in the fabrication process of silicon-on-insulator, and/or the strain imposed by the lattice mismatch between the buried layer and the silicon substrate, and subsequently relaxed under high-temperature annealing. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nguyen, NV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nhan.nguyen@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 4 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 14 BP 2765 EP 2767 DI 10.1063/1.1800277 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 863FV UT WOS:000224547300030 ER PT J AU Washburn, BR Fox, RW Newbury, NR Nicholson, JW Feder, K Westbrook, PS Jorgensen, CG AF Washburn, BR Fox, RW Newbury, NR Nicholson, JW Feder, K Westbrook, PS Jorgensen, CG TI Fiber-laser-based frequency comb with a tunable repetition rate SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; PHASE AB A phase-locked, self-referenced frequency comb generated by a mode-locked fiber soliton laser with a tunable repetition rate is presented. The spacing of the frequency comb is set by the laser's repetition rate, which can be scanned from 49.3 MHz to 50.1 MHz while one tooth of the comb is held phase-locked to a stable RF source. This variable repetition-rate frequency comb should be useful for wavelength and length metrology, synchronization of different fiber laser-based frequency combs, and the generation of precise swept wavelength sources. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. OFS Fitel Denmark IS, DK-2605 Brondby, Denmark. RP Washburn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM brianw@boulder.nist.gov RI Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 17 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 16 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD OCT 4 PY 2004 VL 12 IS 20 BP 4999 EP 5004 DI 10.1364/OPEX.12.004999 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 859HL UT WOS:000224253900038 PM 19484055 ER PT J AU McCarthy, MA Keith, D Tietjen, J Burgman, MA Maunder, M Master, L Brook, BW Mace, G Possingham, HP Medellin, R Andelman, S Regan, H Regan, T Ruckelshaus, M AF McCarthy, MA Keith, D Tietjen, J Burgman, MA Maunder, M Master, L Brook, BW Mace, G Possingham, HP Medellin, R Andelman, S Regan, H Regan, T Ruckelshaus, M TI Comparing predictions of extinction risk using models and subjective judgement SO ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE extinction; population dynamics; population viability analysis; risk assessment; stochasticity; subjective judgement ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; ACCURACY; STOCHASTICITY; PROBABILITY; RELIABILITY; HEURISTICS; MEANINGFUL; FOREST AB Models of population dynamics are commonly used to predict risks in ecology, particularly risks of population decline. There is often considerable uncertainty associated with these predictions. However, alternatives to predictions based on population models have not been assessed. We used simulation models of hypothetical species to generate the kinds of data that might typically be available to ecologists and then invited other researchers to predict risks of population declines using these data. The accuracy of the predictions was assessed by comparison with the forecasts of the original model. The researchers used either population models or subjective judgement to make their predictions. Predictions made using models were only slightly more accurate than subjective judgements of risk. However, predictions using models tended to be unbiased, while subjective judgements were biased towards over-estimation. Psychology literature suggests that the bias of subjective judgements is likely to vary somewhat unpredictably among people, depending on their stake in the outcome. This will make subjective predictions more uncertain and less transparent than those based on models. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. Australia Res Ctr Urban Ecol, Royal Bot Gardens Melbourne, S Yarra, Vic, Australia. New S Wales Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Hurstville, NSW, Australia. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NatureServe, Boston, MA 02111 USA. No Terr Univ, Key Ctr Trop Wildlife Management, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP McCarthy, MA (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. EM mamcca@unimelb.edu.au RI Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008; Brook, Barry/G-2686-2011; Mace, Georgina/I-3072-2016; OI Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X; Brook, Barry/0000-0002-2491-1517; Mace, Georgina/0000-0001-8965-5211; McCarthy, Michael/0000-0003-1039-7980 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 16 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1146-609X J9 ACTA OECOL JI Acta Oecol.-Int. J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 26 IS 2 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.actao.2004.01.008 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 862HW UT WOS:000224482600002 ER PT J AU Gayle, FW Banovic, SW Foecke, T Fields, RJ Luecke, WE McColskey, JD McCowan, C Siewert, TA AF Gayle, FW Banovic, SW Foecke, T Fields, RJ Luecke, WE McColskey, JD McCowan, C Siewert, TA TI The structural steel of the World Trade Center towers SO ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gayle, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. EM frank.gayle@nist.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 0882-7958 J9 ADV MATER PROCESS JI Adv. Mater. Process. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 162 IS 10 BP 37 EP 39 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 863CE UT WOS:000224537100005 ER PT J AU Kiffney, PM Volk, CJ Beechie, TJ Murray, GL Pess, GR Edmonds, RL AF Kiffney, PM Volk, CJ Beechie, TJ Murray, GL Pess, GR Edmonds, RL TI A high-severity disturbance event alter community and ecosystem properties in West Twin Creek, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID PAIRED INTERVENTION ANALYSIS; STREAM ECOSYSTEM; REJECTION RATES; DEBRIS FLOW; RESPONSES; PERIPHYTON; OREGON; MACROINVERTEBRATES; CHANNELS; RECOVERY AB Debris flows are mass movements of sediment, wood and water down stream channels that profoundly impact streams and adjacent riparian areas and are a major erosion process in many steep mountainous terrains. Their impact on aquatic ecosystems, however, is poorly understood. In this report, we describe the ecological effects of a debris flow on a headwater stream in old-growth temperate forest that occurred in December 1999. This geomorphic disturbance scoured our study reach to bedrock and removed live trees 5 to 15 m into the adjacent riparian forest. Summer water temperature was higher in the affected reach after the debris flow than before; these changes have persisted through 2002. Algal biomass after the debris flow was similar to before; however, we speculate that algal growth was constrained by herbivory, as the abundance of two insect herbivores Chironomidae and Baetis spp. increased 380 and 9300%, respectively, within the first year after the debris flow. Overall, these data show that a rare disturbance event can mediate the population dynamics of stream herbivores in small, headwater streams such as those found in Olympic National Park likely via increased primary production and water temperature. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. Univ Washington, Div Ecosyst Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Kiffney, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. EM peter.kiffney@noaa.gov RI Volk, Carol/I-2824-2012 NR 49 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 152 IS 2 BP 286 EP 303 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0286:AHDEAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 861FW UT WOS:000224402500009 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA Vaishnav, K Sieber, JR AF Margolis, SA Vaishnav, K Sieber, JR TI Measurement of water by oven evaporation using a novel oven design. 1. Water in water-saturated 1-octanol, coal, cement, and refined oils SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE water; Karl Fischer; oven evaporation; coal; Portland cement; solvent neutral oils ID FISCHER,KARL METHOD AB Using an automated oven evaporation technique combined with the coulometric Karl Fischer method, the mass fraction of water has been measured in cement, coal, and refined oil samples. The accuracy of this method was established by using SRM 2890, water-saturated I-octanol that was added to white oil. The samples were analyzed for total reactive Karl Fischer reagent (KFR) material, for interfering materials, and for material that does not react with the aldehyde-ketone KFR. All of the samples yielded volatile material that reacted with the standard KFR. None of the samples contained significant masses of material that reacted with iodine. The cement and coal SRMs contained no material that reacted with methanol and very little material that did not volatilize at 107degreesC. The refined oils contained some material that was volatile at 107degreesC and some at 160degreesC. However, none of this material reacted with the aldehyde-ketone reagent. These results show that the material in the solid samples is water and that the material in the refined oils is a material other than water which reacts with methanol to form water. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), 5902 Roosevelt St, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. EM sam.margolis@worldnet.att.net NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 380 IS 3 BP 556 EP 562 DI 10.1007/s00216-004-2778-8 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 867SR UT WOS:000224863000023 PM 15365678 ER PT J AU Zinn-Justin, J Jentschura, UD AF Zinn-Justin, J Jentschura, UD TI Multi-instantons and exact results II: specific cases, higher-order effects, and numerical calculations SO ANNALS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE general properties of perturbation theory; asymptotic problems and properties ID PERTURBATION-THEORY; ANHARMONIC-OSCILLATOR; EXPANSION; SERIES; FIELD AB In this second part of the treatment of instantons in quantum mechanics, the focus is on specific calculations related to a number of quantum mechanical potentials with degenerate minima. We calculate the leading multi-instanton contributions to the partition function, using the formalism introduced in the first part of the treatise [Ann. Phys. (N. Y.) (previous issue) (2004)]. The following potentials are considered: (i) asymmetric potentials with degenerate minima, (ii) the periodic cosine potential, (iii) anharmonic oscillators with radial symmetry, and (iv) a specific potential which bears an analogy with the Fokker-Planck equation. The latter potential has the peculiar property that the perturbation series for the ground-state energy vanishes to all orders and is thus formally convergent (the ground-state energy, however, is non-zero and positive). For the potentials (ii), (iii), and (iv), we calculate the perturbative B-function as well as the instanton A-function to fourth order in g. We also consider the double-well potential in detail, and present some higher-order analytic as well as numerical calculations to verify explicitly the related conjectures up to the order of three instantons. Strategies analogous to those outlined here could result in new conjectures for problems where our present understanding is more limited. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CEA, Ctr Saclay, DAPNIA DSM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Paris 07, Inst Math Jussieu Chevaleret, Paris, France. Univ Freiburg, Phys Inst, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP CEA, Ctr Saclay, DAPNIA DSM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM jentschura@physik.uni-freiburg.de; zinn@spht.saclay.cea.fr NR 32 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-4916 EI 1096-035X J9 ANN PHYS-NEW YORK JI Ann. Phys. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 313 IS 2 BP 269 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.aop.2004.04.003 PG 57 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 858IG UT WOS:000224184900001 ER PT J AU Vinje, J Oudejans, SJG Stewart, JR Sobsey, MD Long, SC AF Vinje, J Oudejans, SJG Stewart, JR Sobsey, MD Long, SC TI Molecular detection and genotyping of male-specific coliphages by reverse transcription-PCR and reverse line blot hybridization SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; RNA BACTERIOPHAGES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; FECAL CONTAMINATION; ENTERIC VIRUSES; Q-BETA; WATER; PHAGE; DNA; ENUMERATION AB In recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of male-specific or F+ coliphages as indicators of microbial inputs to source waters. Sero- or genotyping of these coliphages can also be used for microbial source tracking (MST). Among the male-specific coliphages, the F+ RNA (FRNA) viruses are well studied, while little is known about the F+ DNA (FDNA) viruses. We have developed a reverse line blot hybridization (RLB) assay which allows for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of both FRNA as well as FDNA coliphages. These assays included a novel generic duplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for FRNA viruses as well as a generic PCR for FDNA viruses. The RT-PCR assays were validated by using 190 field and prototype strains. Subsequent DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of RT-PCR products revealed the classification of six different FRNA clusters, including the well-established subgroups I through IV, and three different FDNA clusters, including one (CH) not previously described. Within the leviviruses, a potentially new subgroup (called JS) including strains having more than 40% nucleotide sequence diversity with the known levivirus subgroups (MS2 and GA) was identified. We designed subgroup-specific oligonucleotides that were able to genotype all nine (six FRNA, three FDNA) different clusters. Application of the method to a panel of 351 enriched phage samples from animal feces and wastewater, including known prototype strains (MS2, GA, Qbeta, M11, FI, and SP for FRNA and M13, f1, and fd for FDNA), resulted in successful genotyping of 348 (99%) of the samples. In summary, we developed a novel method for standardized genotyping of F+ coliphages as a useful tool for large-scale MST studies. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Vinje, J (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM janvinje@email.unc.edu OI Vinje, Jan/0000-0002-1530-3675 NR 43 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 10 BP 5996 EP 6004 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5996-6004.2004 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 860PT UT WOS:000224356200038 PM 15466543 ER PT J AU Jacobson, DL Allman, BE McMahon, J Nugent, KA Paganin, D Arif, M Werner, SA AF Jacobson, DL Allman, BE McMahon, J Nugent, KA Paganin, D Arif, M Werner, SA TI Thermal and cold neutron phase-contrast radiography SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Topical Meeting on Neutron Radiography CY JUN 03-06, 2001 CL State Coll, PA SP Aerotest Operat Inc, Penn State, Dept Mech & Nucl Engn, Penn State, Radiat Sci & Engn Ctr, ASTM Comm E07 DE neutron; phase; contrast; imaging; crack detection ID HARD X-RAYS; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; TOMOGRAPHY AB In this paper, we will discuss a phase-contrast imaging method that avoids the complications of interferometry to provide phase contrast in weakly absorbing samples. A transversely coherent neutron beam is used with the traditional radiography scheme. Images taken with this scheme show dramatic intensity variations due to sharp changes in the neutron wave refractive index. With some numerical processing these images may be used to reconstruct a quantitative phase radiograph of specimens imaged with this technique. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Jacobson, DL (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Burwau Dr,Bldg 235,RM B-185, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.jacobson@nist.gov RI paganin, david/B-9717-2009; Nugent, Keith/J-2699-2012; Nugent, Keith/I-4154-2016 OI Nugent, Keith/0000-0003-1522-8991; Nugent, Keith/0000-0002-4281-3478 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 547 EP 550 DI 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.03.080 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 842QZ UT WOS:000223020400020 PM 15246397 ER PT J AU Millstein, J Gilliland, F Berhane, K Gauderman, WJ McConnell, R Avol, E Rappaport, EB Peters, JM AF Millstein, J Gilliland, F Berhane, K Gauderman, WJ McConnell, R Avol, E Rappaport, EB Peters, JM TI Effects of ambient air pollutants on asthma medication use and wheezing among fourth-grade school children from 12 southern California communities enrolled in the children's health study SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE air pollution; asthma; children; ozone; particulate matter; wheeze ID RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; AMERICAN CHILDREN; PM10 POLLUTION; LOS-ANGELES; OZONE; VISITS; EMERGENCY; EXPOSURE; TIME AB To investigate the effects of 12 monthly average air pollution levels on monthly prevalence of respiratory morbidity, the authors examined retrospective questionnaire data on 2034 4th-grade children from 12 Southern California communities that were enrolled in The Children's Health Study. Wheezing during the spring and summer months was associated with community levels of airborne particulate matter with a diameter <= 10 mu m (PM10) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46-5.80), but was not associated with community levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 (diameter <= 2.5), nitric acid, or formic acid. Logistic regression was performed on data stratified into two seasonal groups, spring/summer and fall/winter. Among asthmatics, the monthly prevalence of asthma medication use was associated with monthly levels of ozone, nitric acid, and acetic acid (OR = 1.80 [95%Cl = 1.19-2.70]; OR = 1.80 [95%Cl = 1.23-2.651; OR = 1.57] [95% Cl = 1.11-2.21]; respectively). Asthma medication use was more prevalent among children who spent more time outdoors-with consequential exposure to ozone-than among children who spent more time indoors (OR = 3.07 [95%Cl = 1.61-5.861] OR = 1.31 [95%Cl = 0.47- 2.711] respectively). The authors concluded that monthly variations in some ambient air pollutants were associated with monthly respiratory morbidity among school children. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alasak Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Millstein, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alasak Fisheries Sci Ctr, Bld 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Josh.Millstein@noaa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 P01 ES0939581-08] NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD OCT PY 2004 VL 59 IS 10 BP 505 EP 514 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 002QX UT WOS:000234627400002 PM 16425660 ER PT J AU Golubchina, OA Tokhchukova, SK Bogod, VM Garcia, HA Garaimov, VI AF Golubchina, OA Tokhchukova, SK Bogod, VM Garcia, HA Garaimov, VI TI Synchronous microwave brightenings of solar active regions from RATAN-600 spectral observations SO ASTRONOMY LETTERS-A JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND SPACE ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE sun; solar flares; radio emission from solar active regions ID FLARES; SITES; SOFT AB The observations of the solar radio emission on September 11, 2001, with the RATAN-600 radio telescope (southern sector) at four centimeter wavelengths (1.92, 2.24, 2.74, and 3.21 cm) revealed synchronous brightenings in solar radio sources. These were identified on the solar photosphere with active regions that were spaced up to similar to10(6) km apart (AR 9608 and AR 9616). We discuss manifestations of the possible mechanisms of synchronous brightenings in solar sources in a narrow microwave spectral band. The significant linear correlation (rho(c) = 0.84-0.92) between the relative fluxes of AR 9610 and AR 9608 at 1.92 and 2.24 cm and the significant linear correlation (rho(c) = 0.65-0.84) between the relative fluxes of AR 9606 and AR 9608 at 3.21 cm in a two-hour interval of observations are indicative of the interconnection between these active regions not only during flares and bursts, but also in the periods of their absence. This confirms the existence of a large-scale temporal component in the dynamics of the radio flux variations for these active regions. We found a difference between the temporal variations of the radio emission from the halo and the solar radio sources under consideration. The times of increase in the total solar soft X-ray (0.5-4.0 Angstrom, 1.0-8.0 Angstrom; GOES 8, GOES 10) flux are shown to coincide with the times of increase in the fluxes from the solar radio sources at short centimeter wavelengths. (C) 2004 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica". C1 Russian Acad Sci, Special Astrophys Observ, St Petersburg Branch, St Petersburg 196140, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Pulkovo Astron Observ, St Petersburg 196140, Russia. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Golubchina, OA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Special Astrophys Observ, St Petersburg Branch, St Petersburg 196140, Russia. EM oag@OG4466.spb.edu RI Bogod, Vladimir/A-2315-2017 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PUBL PI MELVILLE PA C/O AMERICAN INST PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUANDRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1063-7737 J9 ASTRON LETT+ JI Astron. Lett.-J. Astron. Space Astrophys. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 30 IS 10 BP 715 EP 727 DI 10.1134/1.1808218 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 869XP UT WOS:000225018200008 ER PT J AU Redfield, S Linsky, JL AF Redfield, S Linsky, JL TI The structure of the local interstellar medium. III. Temperature and turbulence SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : atoms; ISM : clouds; ISM : structure; line : profiles; ultraviolet : ISM; ultraviolet : stars ID LINE-OF-SIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; CA-II; THERMAL PRESSURES; 100 PARSECS; SOLAR-WIND; GAS; CLOUD; ABSORPTION AB We present 50 individual measurements of the gas temperature and turbulent velocity in the local interstellar medium (LISM) within 100 pc. By comparing the absorption line widths of many ions with different atomic masses, we can satisfactorily discriminate between the two dominant broadening mechanisms, thermal broadening and macroscopic nonthermal, or turbulent, broadening. We find that the successful use of this technique requires a measurement of a light ion, such as D I, and an ion at least as heavy as Mg II. However, observations of more lines provide an important consistency check and can also improve the precision and accuracy of the measurement. Temperature and turbulent velocity measurements are vital to understanding the physical properties of the gas in our local environment and can provide insight into the three-dimensional morphological structure of the LISM. The weighted mean gas temperature in the LISM warm clouds is 6680 K and the dispersion about the mean is 1490 K. The weighted mean turbulent velocity is 2.24 km s(-1) and the dispersion about the mean is 1.03 km s(-1). The ratio of the mean thermal pressure to the mean turbulent pressure is P-T/P-xi similar to 26. Turbulent pressure in LISM clouds cannot explain the difference in the apparent pressure imbalance between warm LISM clouds and the surrounding hot gas of the Local Bubble. Pressure equilibrium among the warm clouds may be the source of a moderately negative correlation between temperature and turbulent velocity in these clouds. However, significant variations in temperature and turbulent velocity are observed. The turbulent motions in the warm partially ionized clouds of the LISM are definitely subsonic, and the weighted mean turbulent Mach number for clouds in the LISM is 0.19 with a dispersion of 0.11. These measurements provide important constraints on models of the evolution and origin of warm partially ionized clouds in our local environment. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM sredfield@astro.as.utexas.edu OI Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 42 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 613 IS 2 BP 1004 EP 1022 DI 10.1086/423311 PN 1 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 859YB UT WOS:000224303200029 ER PT J AU Middlebrook, A Turner, J Solomon, PA AF Middlebrook, A Turner, J Solomon, PA TI Special issue of Atmospheric environment for particulate matter: Atmospheric sciences, exposure, and the fourth colloquium on PM and human health SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Middlebrook, A (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011 OI Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304 NR 2 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 38 IS 31 SI SI BP 5179 EP 5181 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.007 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 856HS UT WOS:000224036900001 ER PT J AU Yu, SC Dennis, RL Bhave, PV Eder, BK AF Yu, SC Dennis, RL Bhave, PV Eder, BK TI Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Colloquium on PM and Human Health CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2003 CL Pittsburgh, PA DE primary and secondary organic aerosols; air quality model; primary OC/EC ratio; observation; USA ID PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; LOS-ANGELES; TRACERS; ATLANTA AB The temporal and spatial distributions of primary and secondary organic carbon aerosols (OC) over the continental US from 15 June-31 August 1999, were estimated by using observational OC and elemental carbon (EC) data from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization project (SEARCH) networks, coupled with the primary OC/EC ratios, (OC/EC)(pri), obtained from an emission/transport-model (i.e., US EPA Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model). It was found that the mean primary OC concentrations over the Northeast, Southeast, Central, West and West Pacific regions were 0.39 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- standard deviation), 1.02 +/- 0.55, 0.47 +/- 0.34, 0.51 +/-0.24, and 0.96 +/- 0.68 mugCm(-3) respectively, while the mean secondary OC concentrations were 1.27 +/- 0.15, 1.52 +/- 0.59, 0.90 +/- 0.51, 0.51 +/- 0.29, and 0.94 +/- 0.52 mug Cm-3 respectively. The contribution of secondary OC to the measured OC ranged from 48 +/- 16% over the West to 77 +/- 3% over the Northeast. The mean values of modeled (OC/EC)(pri) ratios ranged from 1.16 +/- 0.13 over the Northeast to 3.49 +/- 1.22 over the West Pacific. The results at the SEARCH sites indicate that the daily mean values of modeled (OC/EC)pri ratios ranged from 0.84 to 2.99 at Yorkville and the contributions of secondary OC to OC ranged from 0% to 66% at North Birmingham. Our results indicate significant temporal and geographic variability in the relative contributions of primary and secondary OC and that the use of a constant value to represent the (OC/EC)pri ratio at a location is not appropriate over the time scales studied here. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM yu.shaocai@epa.gov RI yu, shaocai/G-7806-2011; Bhave, Prakash/L-1958-2013; yu, shaocai/F-1394-2014 OI Bhave, Prakash/0000-0002-2573-951X; NR 20 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 38 IS 31 SI SI BP 5257 EP 5268 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.064 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 856HS UT WOS:000224036900009 ER PT J AU Swanson, AL Davis, DD Arimoto, R Robert, P Atlas, EL Flocke, F Meinardi, S Rowland, FS Blake, DR AF Swanson, AL Davis, DD Arimoto, R Robert, P Atlas, EL Flocke, F Meinardi, S Rowland, FS Blake, DR TI Organic trace gases of oceanic origin observed at South Pole during ISCAT 2000 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE oceanic emissions; DMS; South Pole; methyl iodide; bromoform; alkyl nitrates; photochemistry ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SALT SULFATE; EXPERIMENT ACE 1; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; BIOGENIC SULFUR; METHYL HALIDES; ALKYL NITRATES; AIR SAMPLES AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at the South Pole (SP) from late Austral spring to mid-summer 2000 as part of the Investigation of Sulfur Chemistry in the Antarctic Troposphere Program (ISCAT-2000). This paper focuses on VOCs that are directly emitted from the ocean, specifically dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methyl nitrate (CH3ONO2),. methyl iodide (CH3I) and bromoform (CHBr3). A partial seasonal cycle of these gases was also recorded during the year following ISCAT-2000. During he summer, the SP periodically receives relatively fresh marine air containing short-lived oceanic trace gases, such as DMS (iota approximate to 1 day). However, DMS was not detected at the SP until January even though DMS emissions from the Southern Ocean typically start peaking in November and elevated levels of other ocean-derived VOCs, including CH3ONO2 and CHBr3, were observed in mid-November. We speculate that in November and December most of the DMS is oxidized before it reaches the SP: a strong correlation between CH3ONO2 and methane sulfonate (MSA), an oxidation product of DMS, supports this hypothesis. Based on a limited number of samples taken over the course of one year, CH3ONO2 apparently accumulates to a quasi-steady-state level over the SP in winter, most likely due to continuing emissions of the compound coupled with a lower rate of photochemical destruction. Oceanic emissions were concluded to be the dominant source of alkyl nitrates at the SP; this is in sharp contrast to northern high latitudes where total alkyl nitrate mixing ratios are dominated by urban sources. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Carlsbad, NM 88220 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Blake, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM drblake@uci.edu RI Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 38 IS 32 BP 5463 EP 5472 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.072 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QQ UT WOS:000224283400009 ER PT J AU Dupont, S Otte, TL Ching, JKS AF Dupont, S Otte, TL Ching, JKS TI Simulation of meteorological fields within and above urban and rural canopies with a mesoscale model (MM5) SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eddy diffusivity; energy budget; Mesoscale Models; rural and urban canopies; urban boundary layer ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; AIR-FLOW; VEGETATION CANOPIES; CLOSURE-MODEL; PLANT-CANOPY; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; 1ST-ORDER CLOSURE; REYNOLDS STRESS; KINETIC-ENERGY AB Accurate simulation of air quality at neighbourhood scales ( on order of 1-km horizontal grid spacing) requires detailed meteorological fields inside the roughness sub-layer (RSL). Since the assumptions of the roughness approach, used by most of the mesoscale models, are unsatisfactory at this scale, a detailed urban and rural canopy parameterisation, called DA-SM2-U, is developed inside the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate the meteorological fields within and above the urban and rural canopies. DA-SM2-U uses the drag-force approach to represent the dynamic and turbulent effects of the buildings and vegetation, and a modified version of the soil model SM2-U, called SM2-U(3D), to represent the thermodynamic effects of the canopy elements. The turbulence length scale is also modified inside the canopies. SM2-U( 3D) assesses the sensible and latent heat fluxes from rural and urban surfaces in each of the computational layers inside the canopies by considering the shadowing effect, the radiative trapping by the street canyons, and the storage heat flux by the artificial surfaces. DA-SM2-U is tested during one simulated day above the city of Philadelphia, U. S. A. It is shown that DA-SM2-U is capable of simulating the important features observed in the urban and rural RSL, as seen in the vertical profiles of the shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy budget components, eddy diffusivity, potential air temperature, and specific humidity. Within the canopies, DA-SM2-U simulates the decrease of the wind speed inside the dense canopies, the skirting of the flow around the canopy blocks, warmer air inside the vegetation canopy than above open areas during the night and conversely during the day, and constantly warmer air inside the urban canopy. The comparison with measurements shows that the surface air temperature above rural and urban areas is better simulated by DA-SM2-U than by the 'standard version' of MM5. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Dupont, S (reprint author), Sylvain Dupont, INRA, EPHYSE, BP 81, F-33883 Villenauve Dornon, France. EM sdupont@bordeaux.inra.fr NR 50 TC 101 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 113 IS 1 BP 111 EP 158 DI 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000037327.19159.ac PG 48 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 844RI UT WOS:000223176900004 ER PT J AU Diner, DJ Ackerman, TP Anderson, TL Bosenberg, J Braverman, AJ Charlson, RJ Collins, WD Davies, R Holben, BN Hostetler, CA Kahn, RA Martonchik, JV Menzies, RT Miller, MA Ogren, JA Penner, JE Rasch, PJ Schwartz, SE Seinfeld, JH Stephens, GL Torres, O Travis, LD Wielicki, BA Yu, B AF Diner, DJ Ackerman, TP Anderson, TL Bosenberg, J Braverman, AJ Charlson, RJ Collins, WD Davies, R Holben, BN Hostetler, CA Kahn, RA Martonchik, JV Menzies, RT Miller, MA Ogren, JA Penner, JE Rasch, PJ Schwartz, SE Seinfeld, JH Stephens, GL Torres, O Travis, LD Wielicki, BA Yu, B TI PARAGON - An integrated approach for characterizing aerosol climate impacts and environmental interactions SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POLLUTION; ALBEDO AB Aerosols exert myriad influences on the earth's environment and climate, and on human health. The complexity of aerosol-related processes requires that information gathered to improve our understanding of climate change must originate from multiple sources, and that effective strategies for data integration need to be established. While a vast array of observed and modeled data are becoming available, the aerosol research community currently lacks the necessary tools and infrastructure to reap maximum scientific benefit from these data. Spatial and temporal sampling differences among a diverse set of sensors, nonuniform data qualities, aerosol mesoscale variabilities, and difficulties in separating cloud effects are some of the challenges that need to be addressed. Maximizing the long-term benefit from these data also requires maintaining consistently well-understood accuracies as measurement approaches evolve and improve. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of how aerosol physical, chemical, and radiative processes impact the earth system can be achieved only through a multidisciplinary, inter-agency, and international initiative capable of dealing with these issues. A systematic approach, capitalizing on modern measurement and modeling techniques, geospatial statistics methodologies, and high-performance information technologies, can provide the necessary machinery to support this objective. We outline a framework for integrating and interpreting observations and models, and establishing an accurate, consistent, and cohesive long-term record, following a strategy whereby information and tools of progressively greater sophistication are incorporated as problems of increasing complexity are tackled. This concept is named the Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON). To encompass the breadth of the effort required, we present a set of recommendations dealing with data interoperability; measurement and model integration; multisensor synergy; data summarization and mining; model evaluation; calibration and validation; augmentation of surface and in situ measurements; advances in passive and active remote sensing; and design of satellite missions. Without an initiative of this nature, the scientific and policy communities will continue to struggle with understanding the quantitative impact of complex aerosol processes on regional and global climate change and air quality. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov RI Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009; Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 OI Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409; Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; NR 22 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1491 EP 1501 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1491 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865GF UT WOS:000224689900010 ER PT J AU Seinfeld, JH Kahn, RA Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Davies, R Diner, DJ Ogren, JA Schwartz, SE Wielicki, BA AF Seinfeld, JH Kahn, RA Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Davies, R Diner, DJ Ogren, JA Schwartz, SE Wielicki, BA TI Scientific objectives, measurement needs, and challenges motivating the PARAGON aerosol initiative SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DEPTH; CLOUD COVER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SULFATE AEROSOLS; AIR-POLLUTION; SATELLITE; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVAL; RESOLUTION; OCEAN AB Aerosols are involved in a complex set of processes that operate across many spatial and temporal scales. Understanding these processes, and ensuring their accurate representation in models of transport, radiation transfer, and climate, requires knowledge of aerosol physical, chemical, and optical properties and the distributions of these properties in space and time. To derive aerosol climate forcing, aerosol optical and microphysical properties and their spatial and temporal distributions, and aerosol interactions with clouds, need to be understood. Such data are also required in conjunction with size-resolved chemical composition in order to evaluate chemical transport models and to distinguish natural and anthropogenic forcing. Other basic parameters needed for modeling the radiative influences of aerosols are surface reflectivity and three-dimensional cloud fields. This large suite of parameters mandates an integrated observing and modeling system of commensurate scope. The Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON) concept, designed to meet this requirement, is motivated by the need to understand climate system sensitivity to changes in atmospheric constituents, to reduce climate model uncertainties, and to analyze diverse collections of data pertaining to aerosols. This paper highlights several challenges resulting from the complexity of the problem. Approaches for dealing with them are offered in the set of companion papers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov RI Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009; Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409; Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 40 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1503 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1503 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865GF UT WOS:000224689900011 ER PT J AU Kahn, RA Ogren, JA Ackerman, TP Bosenberg, J Charlson, RJ Diner, DJ Holben, BN Menzies, RT Miller, MA Seinfeld, JH AF Kahn, RA Ogren, JA Ackerman, TP Bosenberg, J Charlson, RJ Diner, DJ Holben, BN Menzies, RT Miller, MA Seinfeld, JH TI Aerosol data sources and their roles within PARAGON SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; RESEARCH SCANNING POLARIMETER; OPTICAL DEPTH; UNITED-STATES; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SATELLITE DATA; SAHARAN DUST; RETRIEVAL AB We briefly but systematically review major sources of aerosol data, emphasizing suites of measurements that seem most likely to contribute to assessments of global aerosol climate forcing. The strengths and limitations of existing satellite, surface, and aircraft remote sensing systems are described, along with those of direct sampling networks and ship-based stations. It is evident that an enormous number of aerosol-related observations have been made, on a wide range of spatial and temporal sampling scales, and that many of the key gaps in this collection of data could be filled by technologies that either exist or are expected to be available in the near future. Emphasis must be given to combining remote sensing and in situ active and passive observations and integrating them with aerosol chemical transport models, in order to create a more complete environmental picture, having sufficient detail to address current climate forcing questions. The Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON) initiative would provide an organizational framework to meet this goal. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM djd@jord.ipl.nasa.gov RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 86 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1511 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1511 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865GF UT WOS:000224689900012 ER PT J AU Diner, DJ Menzies, RT Kahn, RA Anderson, TL Bosenberg, J Charlson, RJ Holben, BN Hostetler, CA Miller, MA Ogren, JA Stephens, GL Torres, O Wielicki, BA Rasch, PJ Travis, LD Collins, WD AF Diner, DJ Menzies, RT Kahn, RA Anderson, TL Bosenberg, J Charlson, RJ Holben, BN Hostetler, CA Miller, MA Ogren, JA Stephens, GL Torres, O Wielicki, BA Rasch, PJ Travis, LD Collins, WD TI Using the PARAGON framework to establish an accurate, consistent, and cohesive long-term aerosol record SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MICROPHYSICAL PARTICLE PARAMETERS; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; OPTICAL-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; SUN PHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SATELLITE RETRIEVAL; PHASE FUNCTION AB A comprehensive and cohesive aerosol measurement record with consistent, well-understood uncertainties is a prerequisite to understanding aerosol impacts on long-term climate and environmental variability. Objectives to attaining such an understanding include improving upon the current state-of-the-art sensor calibration and developing systematic validation methods for remotely sensed microphysical properties. While advances in active and passive remote sensors will lead to needed improvements in retrieval accuracies and capabilities, ongoing validation is essential so that the changing sensor characteristics do not mask atmospheric trends. Surface-based radiometer, chemical, and lidar networks have critical roles within an integrated observing system, yet they currently undersample key geographic regions, have limitations in certain measurement capabilities, and lack stable funding. In situ aircraft observations of size-resolved aerosol chemical composition are necessary to provide important linkages between active and passive remote sensing. A planned, systematic approach toward a global aerosol observing network, involving multiple sponsoring agencies and surface-based, suborbital, and spaceborne sensors, is required to prioritize trade-offs regarding capabilities and costs. This strategy is a key ingredient of the Progressive Aerosol Retrieval and Assimilation Global Observing Network (PARAGON) framework. A set of recommendations is presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 76 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1535 EP 1548 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1535 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865GF UT WOS:000224689900014 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Witte, JC Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ AF Thompson, AM Witte, JC Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ TI Shadoz - A tropical ozonesonde-radiosonde network for the atmospheric community SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; MAPPING SPECTROMETER TOMS; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; GTE TRACE-A; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; SATELLITE DATA AB This article describes the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network of ozonesonde-radiosonde stations in the southern Tropics and subtropics. SHADOZ was initiated in 1998 by NASA, NOAA, and a team of international meteorological services and space agencies to remedy a paucity of ozone profile data in a region of intense natural variability and anthropogenic change. SHADOZ augments launches at selected sites and provides a public archive of ozonesonde and radiosonde data (see additional information online at http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz). Ozone is important because of its role as an atmospheric UV shield, surface pollutant, oxidant, and greenhouse gas. Ozone profile data are essential for the detection of ozone trends and for verification of satellite ozone retrievals. Instrumentation, data, and a summary of the first scientific findings from SHADOZ are presented. A zonal view shows that troposphere ozone accumulates over the south tropical Atlantic and adjacent continents throughout the year, consistent with large-scale atmospheric motion. At individual stations, week-to-week variations in tropospheric ozone profiles reflect episodic meteorology, for example, convection or advected pollution. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SSAI, Lanham, MD USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM thompson@gator1.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 64 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1549 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1549 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865GF UT WOS:000224689900015 ER PT J AU James, MC Martin, K Dutton, PH AF James, MC Martin, K Dutton, PH TI Hybridization between a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, and loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, and the first record of a green turtle in Atlantic Canada SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Green turtle; Chelonia mydas; hybrid; Loggerhead Turtle; Caretta carena; Atlantic Canada ID SEA-TURTLES; MARINE TURTLES; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; WATERS; CONSERVATION AB The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) principally occupies tropical and subtropical waters, although juveniles are known to occur seasonally in temperate coastal waters. Collaboration with commercial fishers in eastern Canada yielded the most northerly records of this species in the northwest Atlantic. Here we report on the first confirmed record of a Green Turtle in eastern Canada and on the occurrence of a rare Green Turtle-Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) hybrid. Hybridization between the Carettini and Chelonini is extraordinary given that these groups have been genetically distinct for 50 million years or more. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Nova Scotia Leatherneck Turtle Working Grp, Halifax, NS B3L 2T2, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP James, MC (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2004 VL 118 IS 4 BP 579 EP 582 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 023OU UT WOS:000236136900008 ER PT J AU Jiang, L Islam, S Carlson, TN AF Jiang, L Islam, S Carlson, TN TI Uncertainties in latent heat flux measurement and estimation: implications for using a simplified approach with remote sensing data SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; SENSED DATA; GREAT-PLAINS; BOWEN-RATIO; DAILY EVAPORATION; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; FIFE AB Accurate estimation of surface energy fluxes is essential for various hydrological, meteorological, agricultural, and ecological applications. Over the years, a wide variety of instrument systems and estimation methodologies have been developed to measure and estimate surface fluxes. Comparisons of various scale field experimental data and different model estimates show a large degree of scatter with a wide range of root mean square error. We explore and evaluate analytically the error property of the traditionally used energy balance residual method for latent heat flux estimation in an attempt to identify the possible existence of an irreducible error bound for latent heat flux measurement and estimation over large areas. Our analysis shows that the error is typically on the order of 10%-20% or larger for surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. A simplified remote sensing latent heat flux estimation approach is proposed and its error properties are evaluated. Results suggest that a similar or better error bound can be achieved using primarily remotely sensed data over large areas for the estimation of latent heat flux using this alternative approach. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati Earth Syst Sci Program, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Syst Grp IMSG, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Islam, S (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati Earth Syst Sci Program, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Shafiqul.Islam@uc.edu RI Islam, Shaheen/E-3288-2011 NR 54 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 30 IS 5 BP 769 EP 787 PG 19 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 876EW UT WOS:000225480100011 ER PT J AU Sterling, JT Ream, RR AF Sterling, JT Ream, RR TI At-sea behavior of juvenile male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; MARINE PREDATOR; MIGRATION; ECOLOGY AB The at-sea behavior of juvenile male northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus (L., 1758), captured at two haul-out sites on St. Paul Island, Alaska, during the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons (July-September) was studied. To compare at-sea locations, dive behavior, and changes in body mass, 31 juveniles between the estimated ages of 3-6 years were captured, instrumented, and released. Individuals behaved like central-place foragers by making trips to sea and returning to the Pribilof Islands. Trip durations ranged between 8.74 and 29.81 d, whereas distances from departure site ranged between 171.27 and 680.68 km (maximum straight-line distance). Differences in maximum straight-line distance traveled and trip duration were not observed when comparing years or departure site. Diving tended to reflect patterns associated with different bathymetric domains; shallow nighttime diving was common in similar to3000 m deep waters, whereas deeper diving was generally observed in <200 m deep waters. Proportion of body mass gained over a single trip to sea averaged 27.8% (range 3%-65%, n = 19). Mass gain was similar between individuals that dove in shallow waters (over the continental shelf; 10.9 +/- 1.8 kg (mean +/- 1 SE), n = 11) versus individuals that dove in pelagic waters (8.5 +/- 1.0 kg, n = 8). These results demonstrate that the at-sea behavior of juvenile males can extend farther from the Pribilof Islands when compared with previous reports of parturient female at-sea behavior, thus revealing important variation within this species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sterling, JT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jeremy.sterling@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 82 IS 10 BP 1621 EP 1637 DI 10.1139/Z04-136 PG 17 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 887LU UT WOS:000226308400009 ER PT J AU Feng, X Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP Stutzman, PE Mason, TO AF Feng, X Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP Stutzman, PE Mason, TO TI Estimation of the degree of hydration of blended cement pastes by a scanning electron microscope point-counting procedure SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydration; blended cement; fly ash; granulated blast-fumace slag; point counting ID SLAG AB A scanning electron microscope (SEM) point-counting technique was employed to study the hydration of plain portland and blended cement pastes containing fly ash or slag. For plain portland cement pastes, the results for the degree of cement hydration obtained by the SEM point-counting technique were consistent with the results from the traditional loss-on-ignition (LOI) of nonevaporable water-content measurements; agreement was within +/-10%. The standard deviation in the determination of the degree of cement hydration via point counting ranged from +/-1.5% to +/-1.8% (one operator, one sample). For the blended cement pastes, it is the first time that the degree of hydration of cement in blended systems has been studied directly. The standard deviation for the degree of hydration of cement in the blended cement pastes ranged from +/-1.4% to +/-2.2%. Additionally, the degrees of reaction of the mineral admixtures (MAs) were also measured. The standard deviation for the degree of fly ash reaction was +/-4.6% to +/-5.0% and +/-3.6% to +/-4.3% for slag. All of the analyses suggest that the SEM point-counting technique can be a reliable and effective analysis tool for use in studies of the hydration of blended cement pastes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Mason, Thomas/B-7528-2009; Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 14 TC 56 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1787 EP 1793 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.014 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 857FJ UT WOS:000224101300002 ER PT J AU Garboczi, EJ Bullard, JW AF Garboczi, EJ Bullard, JW TI Shape analysis of a reference cement SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fineness; image analysis; surface area; cement; cement manufacture AB Recently, techniques for acquiring, analyzing, and using 3-D shape information for aggregates (sand, gravel) have been developed and demonstrated. These mathematical techniques, based on spherical harmonic coefficient analysis, have been applied to X-ray computed tomography images. X-ray microtomographic images of cement particles are required to be able to apply these same mathematical techniques to analyze Portland cement particle shape. Such images are available in the Visible Cement Database for a single reference cement. Actual cement images, as well as some quantitative results on the nonsphericity of the particles, are given here. Three-dimensional cement particle shapes have never been available before. A demonstration of how real cement particle shapes will change the CEMHYD3D cement hydration model is also given. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 9 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1933 EP 1937 DI 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.006 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 857FJ UT WOS:000224101300020 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK Read, DT AF Tewary, VK Read, DT TI Integrated Green's function molecular dynamics method for multiscale modeling of nanostructures: Application to Au nanoisland in Cu SO CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE multiscale modeling; lattice statics Green's functions; molecular dynamics; strain field; nanoislands; Au in Cu ID BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; SIMULATIONS; MECHANICS; DEFECTS; SOLIDS AB An integrated Green's function and molecular dynamics technique is developed for multiscale modeling of a nanostructure in a semi-infinite crystal lattice. The equilibrium configuration of the atoms inside and around the nanostructure is calculated by using molecular dynamics that accounts for nonlinear interatomic forces. The molecular dynamics is coupled with the lattice statics Green's function for a large crystallite containing a million or more atoms. This gives a fully atomistic description of a nanostructure in a large crystallite that includes the effect of nonlinear forces. The lattice statics Green's function is then related to the anisotropic continuum Green's function that is used to model the free surface and also to relate the discrete lattice distortion to measurable parameters such as the displacement and the strain fields at the free surface. Thus the model seamlessly links the length scales from sub-nano in the core of the nanostructure to macroscopic parameters at the free surface. The model is applied to calculate the equilibrium configuration of atoms in and around an Au nanoisland embedded in fcc Cu, and the displacement and the strain fields on a free (0,0,1) surface in fcc Cu in which the nanoisland is embedded. C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU TECH SCIENCE PRESS PI ENCINO PA 4924 BALBOA BLVD, # 488, ENCINO, CA 91316 USA SN 1526-1492 J9 CMES-COMP MODEL ENG JI CMES-Comp. Model. Eng. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 6 IS 4 BP 359 EP 371 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 861OD UT WOS:000224425400004 ER PT J AU Sterr, U Degenhardt, C Stoehr, H Lisdat, C Schnatz, H Helmcke, J Riehle, F Wilpers, G Oates, C Hollberg, L AF Sterr, U Degenhardt, C Stoehr, H Lisdat, C Schnatz, H Helmcke, J Riehle, F Wilpers, G Oates, C Hollberg, L TI The optical calcium frequency standards of PTB and NIST SO COMPTES RENDUS PHYSIQUE LA English DT Article DE optical frequency standard; atomic clock; laser spectroscopy ID FEMTOSECOND-LASER; RADIATION-PRESSURE; 1S-2S TRANSITION; CA ATOMS; PHASE; SPECTROSCOPY; HYDROGEN; CLOCK; INTERFEROMETRY; UNCERTAINTY AB We describe the current status of the Ca optical frequency standards with laser-cooled neutral atoms realized in two different laboratories for the purpose of developing a possible future optical atomic clock. Frequency measurements performed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) make the frequency of the clock transition of Ca-40 one of the best known optical frequencies (relative uncertainty 1.2 x 10(-14)) and the measurements of this frequency in both laboratories agree to well within their respective uncertainties. Prospects for improvement by orders of magnitude in the relative uncertainty of the standard look feasible. (c) 2004 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Quantenopt, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. EM uwe.sterr@ptb.de; oates@boulder.nist.gov NR 51 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1631-0705 EI 1878-1535 J9 CR PHYS JI C. R. Phys. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 5 IS 8 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 917BJ UT WOS:000228430600007 ER PT J AU Stafford, KM Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Chapp, E Mellinger, DK Moore, SE AF Stafford, KM Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Chapp, E Mellinger, DK Moore, SE TI Antarctic-type blue whale calls recorded at low latitudes in the Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE blue whale; Balaenoptera musculus intermedia; bioacoustics; vocalization behavior; Antarctic; Indian Ocean; eastern tropical Pacific ID SEA-ICE EXTENT; BALAENOPTERA-MUSCULUS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; UNDERWATER SOUNDS; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA AB Blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, were once abundant around the Antarctic during the austral summer, but intensive whaling during the first half of the 20th century reduced their numbers by over 99%. Although interannual variability of blue whale occurrence on the Antarctic feeding grounds was documented by whalers, little was known about where the whales spent the winter months. Antarctic blue whales produce calls that are distinct from those produced by blue whales elsewhere in the world. To investigate potential winter migratory destinations of Antarctic blue whales, we examined acoustic data for these signals from two low-latitude locales: the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Antarctic-type blue whale calls were detected on hydrophones in both regions during the austral autumn and winter (May-September), with peak detections in July. Calls occurred over relatively brief periods in both oceans, suggesting that there may be only a few animals migrating so far north and/or producing calls. Antarctic blue whales appear to use both the Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans concurrently, indicating that there is not a single migratory destination. Acoustic data from the South Atlantic and from mid-latitudes in the Indian or Pacific Oceans are needed for a more global understanding of migratory patterns and destinations of Antarctic blue whales. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stafford, KM (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE F-AKC4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 59 TC 47 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1337 EP 1346 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.007 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 855CC UT WOS:000223949500004 ER PT J AU De Boer, AM Nof, D AF De Boer, AM Nof, D TI The Bering Strait is grip on the northern hemisphere climate SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE North Atlantic; Bering Strait; Southern Ocean winds; thermohaline; interglacial climate stability ID ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; LAST INTERGLACIAL PERIOD; GLACIAL CLIMATE; SEA-LEVEL; OCEAN CIRCULATION; RAPID CHANGES; WORLD OCEAN; MODEL; STABILITY; ICE AB The last 10,000 years have been characterized by distinctly stable climates. For the earlier glacial period (up to 125,000 years ago), climate records show long-lasting large-amplitude oscillations, generally known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) or Heinrich events. These fluctuations are believed to be a result of freshwater anomalies in the North Atlantic which dramatically reduce the transport of the meridional overturning cell (MOC). They are followed by a recovery of the MOC. Here, we propose that such long lasting instabilities in the meridional circulation are only possible during glacial periods when the Bering Strait (BS) is closed. An analytical ocean model which includes both wind and thermohaline processes) is used to show that, during interglacial periods (when the BS is open) perturbations in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation are quickly damped out. This new mechanism involves the strong winds in the Southern Ocean (SO) which, with an open BS, quickly [O(1-10 years)] flush any large low salinity anomalies out of the Atlantic and into the Pacific Ocean. During glacial periods, the stabilizing effect is prevented by the closure of the BS which traps the anomalies within the Atlantic, causing long lasting perturbations. We also show that no continuous fresh-water flux is needed in order to keep the collapsed MOC from a recovery in the closed basin case, but a relatively large continuous flux of 0.19 Sv is required in order to keep the collapsed state in the open BS case. With a smaller freshwater transport, the open MOC quickly recovers. This also indicates that an open BS is more stable than the closed BS case. Process-oriented numerical simulations using idealized geometry in a two-layer ocean support our analytical solutions and show that the flushing mechanism is active even when the shallow BS sill is included. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Princeton Univ, GFDL, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Florida State Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Inst, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Nof, D (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, 4320, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM nof@ocean.fsu.edu RI De Boer, Agatha/H-4202-2012 OI De Boer, Agatha/0000-0002-3943-7694 NR 67 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1347 EP 1366 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.05.003 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 855CC UT WOS:000223949500005 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Werner, EE AF Peacor, SD Werner, EE TI How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE food web; higher-order interaction; indirect interaction; interaction coefficient; interaction strength; nonlethal; phenotypic plasticity; trait-mediated ID CAPITA INTERACTION STRENGTH; PREDATION RISK; ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; LIFE-HISTORY; GROWTH-RATE; HABITAT USE; TRADE-OFFS; PREY AB In ecological theory species interaction strengths are typically described by constants or functions that depend on the densities of the two interacting species. However, if species' traits (phenotypes) are plastic, then modifications in these traits (induced by the presence of another species) could affect interaction strengths of the focal species with a number of other species in the system. The magnitudes of such higher-order effects on interaction strengths have not been reported and are not straightforward to measure. We present a methodology to quantify changes in consumer-resource interaction coefficients (a metric of interaction strength) due to effects of predators on consumer (i.e., the prey of the predator) phenotype (e.g., nonlethal or trait-mediated effects). Application of this method to studies in diverse systems indicates that predators can strongly reduce consumer-resource interaction coefficients, often in the range of 20-80%. We use analytic and simulation models to show that effects on interaction coefficients of this magnitude can lead to trait-mediated effects that contribute more strongly than density-mediated effects to the net effects of predators on consumers and their resources, and even qualitatively change model predictions. Our results strengthen previous claims that trait-mediated effects strongly influence species interactions and suggest that recent calls to quantify interaction strengths must be broadened to include examination of the variation in interaction strengths due to their dependence on densities of other species (most notably predators) in food webs. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM peacor@msu.edu NR 46 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 10 BP 2754 EP 2763 DI 10.1890/03-0662 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 867LS UT WOS:000224844700015 ER PT J AU Peterson, MS Comyns, BH Rakocinski, CF Fulling, GL AF Peterson, MS Comyns, BH Rakocinski, CF Fulling, GL TI Defining the fundamental physiological niche of young estuarine fishes and its relationship to understanding distribution, vital metrics, and optimal nursery conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE growth; otolith; physiological niche; salinity; Sciaenidae; temperature ID WEAKFISH CYNOSCION REGALIS; JUVENILE SUMMER FLOUNDER; LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; MUGIL-CEPHALUS; MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; ROUTINE METABOLISM; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL AB Because estuarine nekton are 'integrators of the environment' abiotic and biotic factors can influence or constrain the relative value of estuarine nursery zones. Recent laboratory experiments on young spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, indicate that both water temperature and salinity significantly affect somatic growth. These experimental data contrast with previous work on young Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, white trout, Cynoscion arenarius, and mullet, Mugil sp. Together these results suggest that quantifying vital metrics of nekton, such as survival and growth, along realistic environmental gradients through critical laboratory experiments, allows a more accurate definition of constraints on habitat use. Our studies of factors influencing recruitment success in both winter- and spring/summer-spawning fishes illustrate seasonal as well as intrafamilial differences in growth. Effective management of coastal ecosystems must take into account both variability in abiotic conditions and the nested habitat component, both of which can be modified by coastal development, which could lead to reduced productivity and sustainability of these estuarine landscapes. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. NMFS, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Peterson, MS (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, 703 E Beach Dr, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. EM mark.peterson@usm.edu RI Rakocinski, Chet/B-1240-2009 OI Rakocinski, Chet/0000-0002-1552-358X NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2004 VL 71 IS 2 BP 143 EP 149 DI 10.1007/s10641-003-0302-1 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865KP UT WOS:000224701900005 ER PT J AU Driggers, WB Carlson, JK Cullum, B Dean, JM Oakley, D Ulrich, G AF Driggers, WB Carlson, JK Cullum, B Dean, JM Oakley, D Ulrich, G TI Age and growth of the blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus, in the western North Atlantic Ocean with comments on regional variation in growth rates SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE life history; Carcharhinidae; small coastal shark; elasmobranch ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; RHIZOPRIONODON-TERRAENOVAE; NORTHWESTERN GULF; BONNETHEAD SHARK; SHARPNOSE SHARK; SPHYRNA-TIBURO; SPINY DOGFISH; SANDBAR SHARK; LIFE-HISTORY; SOUTH-AFRICA AB We examined the age and growth of the blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus, in the western North Atlantic Ocean by obtaining direct age estimates using vertebral centra. We verified annual deposition of growth increments with marginal increment analysis and validated it by analyzing vertebrae marked with oxytetracycline from a female blacknose shark held in captivity. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters indicated that female blacknose sharks have a lower growth constant (k), a larger theortical maximum size (L-infinity), and are longer lived than males. We compared these growth parameters for blacknose sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean to growth parameters for blacknose sharks collected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico to test for di.ffrences between regions. Females in the western North Atlantic Ocean have a significantly lower L 1, lower k, and a higher theoretical longevity than females in the Gulf of Mexico. Males in the western North Atlantic Ocean have a higher L-infinity, lower k, and higher theoretical longevity than males in the Gulf of Mexico. The significant differences between these life history parameters for blacknose sharks suggest that, when possible, future management initiatives concerning blacknose sharks should consider managing the populations in the western North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico as separate stocks. C1 Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine Biol & Coastal Res, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Div, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Driggers, WB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. EM William.Driggers@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2004 VL 71 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1007/s10641-004-0105-z PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865KP UT WOS:000224701900008 ER PT J AU Wirth, EF Pennington, PL Lawton, JC DeLorenzo, ME Bearden, D Shaddrix, B Sivertsen, S Fulton, MH AF Wirth, EF Pennington, PL Lawton, JC DeLorenzo, ME Bearden, D Shaddrix, B Sivertsen, S Fulton, MH TI The effects of the contemporary-use insecticide (fipronil) in an estuarine mesocosm SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE fipronil; mesocosm; toxicity; grass shrimp; sheepshead minnow ID TOXICITY; ENDOSULFAN; FATE AB To examine the effects of environmentally realistic fipronil concentrations on estuarine ecosystems, replicated mesocosms containing intact marsh plots and seawater were exposed to three treatments of fipronil (150, 355, and 5000 ng/L) and a Control. Juvenile fish (Cyprinidon variegatus), juvenile clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were added prior to fipronil in an effort to quantify survival, growth, and the persistence of toxicity during the planned 28-day exposure. Results indicated that there were no fipronil-associated effects on the clams, oysters, or fish. Shrimp were sensitive to the highest two concentrations (40% survival at 355 ng/L and 0% survival at 5000 ng/L). Additionally, the highest fipronil treatment (5000 ng/L) was toxic to shrimp for 6 weeks post dose. These results suggest that tipronil may impact shrimp populations at low concentrations and further use in coastal areas should be carefully assessed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Wirth, EF (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM ed.wirth@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 131 IS 3 BP 365 EP 371 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.012 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 843PV UT WOS:000223097600004 PM 15261399 ER PT J AU Sheridan, P AF Sheridan, P TI Comparison of restored and natural seagrass beds near Corpus Christi, Texas SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID HALODULE-WRIGHTII ASCHERS; FISH AGGREGATION DEVICES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SALT-MARSH; TAMPA-BAY; HABITATS; MEADOWS; USA; COMPONENTS; ESTUARIES AB Structural equivalence between seagrass restoration sites and adjacent natural seagrass beds on the mid Texas coast was assessed six times between April 1995 and May 1997. Throw traps and corers were used for quantitative sampling. Restoration sites were 2.7 to 6.6 yr old when first sampled and 3.7 to 8.2 yr old when last sampled. There were few significant differences in water column, seagrass, or sediment characteristics, in fish and decapod (nekton) densities, or in nekton and benthos community compositions between restored and natural seagrass habitats at any time during the study period. Differences in densities of dominant benthic invertebrates were regularly observed, with greater densities of more taxa observed in natural seagrasses than in restored beds. Densities of Class Oligochaeta and the polychaete Prionospio heterobranchiata are proposed as potential indicators of structural equivalence in restored seagrasses. This study indicates that seagrass restorations in the vicinity of Corpus Christi, Texas, exhibit minimal quantitative differences in community structure (except for benthos) relative to adjacent natural seagrass beds after 3 to 5 yr. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Sheridan, P (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM pete.sheridan@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 23 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2004 VL 27 IS 5 BP 781 EP 792 DI 10.1007/BF02912040 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 873TX UT WOS:000225305100003 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Kelly, SR Flaim, GM Giuseppetti, AA AF Dickens, SH Kelly, SR Flaim, GM Giuseppetti, AA TI Dentin adhesion and microleakage of a resin-based calcium phosphate pulp capping and basing cement SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE adhesion; calcium phosphates; dental cements; microleakage; resin-modified ID MICROTENSILE BOND STRENGTH; COMPOSITE RESTORATION; LINING MATERIALS; ORAL MICROFLORA; HYDROXIDE; ACID; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; DIFFERENTIATION; MONOMERS; MONKEY AB An experimental resin-based bioactive calcium phosphate cement, intended as a pulp capping and basing material, was evaluated for dentin shear bond strength and microleakage. The interfacial morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For microleakage, dentin cavities without (Group A) or after (Group B) acid etching were restored with the calcium phosphate cement. A resin-based calcium hydroxide (VLC Dycal; Group C) was used as control material according to the manufacturer's instructions. After water storage and thermocycling, the microleakage was scored using a AgNO3 staining procedure. For the shear bond strength, flat exposed dentin surfaces were treated as for the microleakage test. Metal irises pressed against the dentin surface were filled with the cements, which were photocured. Both tests were carried out after 1 wk. While acid etching did not result in significantly greater microleakage, it led to higher shear bond strength, and allowed, as shown by SEM, the formation of a hybrid layer and resin tags. Both groups treated with the calcium phosphate cement had significantly lower microleakage scores and higher mean shear bond strength values than the groups treated with the control material. C1 Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sabine.dickens@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 013298] NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0909-8836 J9 EUR J ORAL SCI JI Eur. J. Oral Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 112 IS 5 BP 452 EP 457 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00163.x PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 858GI UT WOS:000224179900011 PM 15458506 ER PT J AU von Szalay, PG AF von Szalay, PG TI The effect of improved footrope contact measurements on trawl area swept estimates SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE trawl surveys; bottom trawls; bottom contact sensor; tow distance; haul effort; abundance estimates ID TOW DURATION AB Various net monitoring instruments have been used during the evolution of the Gulf of Alaska demersal trawl survey conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center in an attempt to reduce haul-to-haul variability in estimates of relative density due to variation in trawl efficiency and swept area. The introduction of a bottom contact sensor greatly enhanced our ability to identify important haul events and has resulted in altered definitions of the start and end of a tow. An unintended consequence of these changed definitions is that the tow distances are longer which, in turn, has affected the time series because no corrections have been made to tow distances of hauls conducted prior to the introduction of the bottom contact sensor. The mean additional distance fished since the introduction of the bottom contact sensor was 223 m, or 8.0% of the total length of a standard 30 min haul. The challenges of correcting the time series, including differences in capture efficiencies during various stages of a tow and the need for further standardization of operating procedures are discussed. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP von Szalay, PG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM paul.von.szalay@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.05.010 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 864BE UT WOS:000224607000009 ER PT J AU Calambokidis, J Steiger, GH Ellifrit, DK Troutman, BL Bowlby, CE AF Calambokidis, J Steiger, GH Ellifrit, DK Troutman, BL Bowlby, CE TI Distribution and abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and other marine mammals off the northern Washington coast SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA; OREGON AB We examined the summer distribution of marine mammals off the northern Washington coast based on six ship transect surveys conducted between 1995 and 2002, primarily from the NOAA ship McArthur. Additionally, small boat surveys were conducted in the same region between 1989 and 2002 to gather photographic identification data on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) to examine movements and population structure. In the six years of ship survey effort, 706 sightings of 15 marine mammal species were made. Humpback whales were the most common large cetacean species and were seen every year and a total of 232 sightings of 402 animals were recorded during ship surveys. Highest numbers were observed in 2002, when there were 79 sightings of 139 whales. Line-transect estimates for humpback whales indicated that about 100 humpback whales inhabited these waters each year between 1995 and 2000; in 2002, however, the estimate was 562 (CV=0.21) whales. A total of 191 unique individuals were identified photographically and mark-recapture estimates also indicated that the number of animals increased from under 100 to over 200 from 1995 to 2002. There was only limited interchange of humpback whales between this area and feeding areas off Oregon and California. Killer whales were also seen on every ship survey and represented all known ecotypes of the Pacific Northwest, including southern and northern residents, transients, and offshore-type killer whales. Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) were the most frequently sighted small cetacean: abundance was estimated at 181-291 individuals, except for 2002 when we observed dramatically higher numbers (876, CV=0.30). Northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were the most common pinnipeds observed. There were clear habitat differences related to distance offshore and water depth for different species. C1 Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NOAA, Olymp Coast Natl Marine Sanctuary, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Calambokidis, J (reprint author), Cascadia Res Collect, Waterst Bldg,218 1-2 W 4th Ave, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 18 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 563 EP 580 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000001 ER PT J AU FitzGerald, JL Thorrold, SR Bailey, KM Brown, AL Severin, KP AF FitzGerald, JL Thorrold, SR Bailey, KM Brown, AL Severin, KP TI Elemental signatures in otoliths of larval walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the northeast Pacific Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ELECTRON-PROBE MICROANALYSIS; FISH OTOLITHS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BERING SEA; MARINE FISH; JUVENILE; POPULATION; METAPOPULATION; IDENTIFICATION AB The population structure of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean remains unknown. We examined elemental signatures in the otoliths of larval and juvenile pollock from locations in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska to determine if there were significant geographic variations in otolith composition that may be used as natural tags of population affinities. Otoliths were assayed by using both electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elements measured at the nucleus of otoliths by EPMA and laser ablation ICP-MS differed significantly among locations. However, geographic groupings identified by a multivariate statistical approach from EPMA and ICP-MS were dissimilar, indicating that the elements assayed by each technique were controlled by separate depositional processes within the endolymph. Elemental profiles across the pollock otoliths were generally consistent at distances up to 100 pm from the nucleus. At distances beyond 100 pin, profiles varied significantly but were remarkably consistent among individuals collected at each location. These data may indicate that larvae from various spawning locations are encountering water masses with differing physicochemical properties through their larval lives, and at approximately the same time. Although our results are promising, we require a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling otolith chemistry before it will be possible to reconstruct dispersal pathways of larval pollock based on probe-based analyses of otolith geochemistry. Elemental signatures in otoliths of pollock may allow for the delineation of fine-scale population structure in pollock that has yet to be consistently revealed by using population genetic approaches. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP FitzGerald, JL (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, MS 35, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jfitzgerald@whoi.edu RI Thorrold, Simon/B-7565-2012 OI Thorrold, Simon/0000-0002-1533-7517 NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 604 EP 616 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000004 ER PT J AU Maxwell, MR Henry, A Elvidge, CD Safran, J Hobson, VR Nelson, I Tuttle, BT Dietz, JB Hunter, JR AF Maxwell, MR Henry, A Elvidge, CD Safran, J Hobson, VR Nelson, I Tuttle, BT Dietz, JB Hunter, JR TI Fishery dynamics of the California market squid (Loligo opalescens), as measured by satellite remote sensing SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; EL-NINO; VULGARIS-REYNAUDII; GROWTH; CEPHALOPODA; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; PACIFIC; SYSTEM AB Novel data on the spatial and temporal distribution of fishing effort and population abundance are presented for the market squid fishery (Loligo opalescens) in the Southern California Bight, 1992-2000. Fishing effort was measured by the detection of boat lights by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). Visual confirmation of fishing vessels by nocturnal aerial surveys indicated that lights detected by satellites are reliable indicators of fishing effort. Overall, fishing activity was concentrated off the following Channel Islands: Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Catalina. Fishing activity occurred at depths of 100 m or less. Landings, effort, and squid abundance (measured as landings per unit of effort, LPUE) markedly declined during the 1997-98 El Ni ($) over tildeo; landings and LPUE increased afterwards. Within a fishing season, the location of fishing activity shifted from the northern shores of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands in October, the typical starting date for squid fishing in the Bight, to the southern shores by March, the typical end of the squid season. Light detection by satellites offers a source of fine-scale spatial and temporal data on fishing effort for the market squid fishery off California, and these data can be integrated with environmental data and fishing logbook data in the development of a management plan. C1 Univ Calif, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Maxwell, MR (reprint author), Univ San Diego, Dept Biol, 5998 Alcala Pk, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. EM maxwellm@sandiego.edu RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 661 EP 670 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000008 ER PT J AU Murray, KT AF Murray, KT TI Magnitude and distribution of sea turtle bycatch in the sea scallop (Placopecten magellankus) dredge fishery in two areas of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, 2001-2002 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ADDITIVE-MODELS; LOGGERHEAD; ABUNDANCE AB In May 2001, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) opened two areas in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean that had been previously closed to the U.S. sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) dredge fishery. Upon reopening these areas, termed the "Hudson Canyon Controlled Access Area" and the "Virginia Beach Controlled Access Area," NMFS observers found that marine turtles were being caught incidentally in scallop dredges. This study uses the generalized linear model and the generalized additive model fitting techniques to identify environmental factors and gear characteristics that influence bycatch rates, and to predict total bycatch in these two areas during May-December 2001 and 2002 by incorporating environmental factors into the models. Significant factors affecting sea turtle bycatch were season, time-of-day, sea surface temperature, and depth zone. In estimating total bycatch, rates were stratified according to a combination of all these factors except time-of-day which was not available in fishing logbooks. Highest bycatch rates occurred during the summer season, in temperatures greater than 19degreesC, and in water depths from 49 to 57 m. Total estimated bycatch of sea turtles during May-December in 2001 and 2002 in both areas combined was 169 animals (CV=55.3), of which 164 (97%) animals were caught in the Hudson Canyon area. From these findings, it may be possible to predict hot spots for sea turtle bycatch in future years in the controlled access areas. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Murray, KT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Kimberly.Murray@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 671 EP 681 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000009 ER PT J AU Snover, ML Hohn, AA AF Snover, ML Hohn, AA TI Validation and interpretation of annual skeletal marks in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AGE-DETERMINATION; SKELETOCHRONOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; RANA-SYLVATICA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; BONE-HISTOLOGY; GROWTH; LONGEVITY; FROGS; ENVIRONMENT; AMPHIBIANS AB Numerous studies have applied skeletochronology to sea turtle species. Because many of the studies have lacked validation, the application of this technique to sea turtle age estimation has been called into question. To address this concern, we obtained humeri from 13 known-age Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and two loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles for the purposes of examining the growth marks and comparing growth mark counts to actual age. We found evidence for annual deposition of growth marks in both these species. Corroborative results were found in Kemp's ridley sea turtles from a comparison of death date and amount of bone growth following the completion of the last growth mark (n=76). Formation of the lines of arrested growth in Kemp's ridley sea turtles consistently occurred in the spring for animals that strand dead along the mid- and south U.S. Atlantic coast. For both Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles, we also found a proportional allometry between bone growth (humerus dimensions) and somatic growth (straight carapace length), indicating that size-at-age and growth rates can be estimated from dimensions of early growth marks. These results validate skeletochronology as a method for estimating age in Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles from the southeast United States. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Snover, ML (reprint author), Pacific Fisheries Evnironm Lab, 1352 Lighrhouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM melissa.snover@noaa.gov RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 48 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 682 EP 692 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000010 ER PT J AU Stehlik, LL Pikanowski, RA McMillan, DG AF Stehlik, LL Pikanowski, RA McMillan, DG TI The Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a crossroads for distribution of blue (Callinectes sapidus), lady (Ovalipes ocellatus), and Atlantic rock (Cancer irroratus) crabs SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; PREY SIZE-SELECTION; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY; TIDAL-MARSH CREEK; NEW-YORK BIGHT; FEEDING-HABITS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; NICHE SEGREGATION; BRACHYURAN CRABS; NATURAL DIET AB Blue (Callinectes sapidus) (Portunidae), lady (Ovalipes ocellatus) (Portunidae), and Atlantic rock (Cancer irroratus) (Cancridae) crabs inhabit estuaries on the northeast United States coast for parts or all of their life cycles. Their distributions overlap or cross during certain seasons. During a 1991-94 monthly otter trawl survey in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary between New York and New Jersey, blue and lady crabs were collected in warmer months and Atlantic rock crabs in colder months. Sex ratios, male: female, of mature crabs were 1:2.0 for blue crabs, 1:3.1 for lady crabs, and 21.4:1 for Atlantic rock crabs. Crabs, 1286 in total, were sub-sampled for dietary analysis, and the dominant prey taxa for all crabs, by volume of foregut contents, were mollusks and crustaceans. The proportion of amphipods and shrimp in diets decreased as crab size increased. Trophic niche breadth was widest for blue crabs, narrower for lady crabs, and narrowest for Atlantic rock crabs. Trophic overlap was lowest between lady crabs and Atlantic rock crabs, mainly because of frequent consumption of the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis) by the former and the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) by the latter. The result of cluster analysis showed that size class and location of capture of predators in the estuary were more influential on diet than the species or sex of the predators. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Stehlik, LL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM Linda.Stehlik@noaa.gov NR 71 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 693 EP 710 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000011 ER PT J AU Weinberg, KL Otto, RS Somerton, DA AF Weinberg, KL Otto, RS Somerton, DA TI Capture probability of a survey trawl for red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NET EFFICIENCY; SELECTIVITY AB The relative abundance of Bristol Bay red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) is estimated each year for stock assessment by using catch-per- swept- area data collected on the Alaska Fisheries Science Center's annual eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey. To estimate survey trawl capture efficiency for red king crab, an experiment was conducted with an auxiliary net (fitted with its own heavy chain-link footrope) that was attached beneath the trawl to capture crabs escaping under the survey trawl footrope. Capture probability was then estimated by fitting a model to the proportion of crabs captured and crab size data. For males, mean capture probability was 72% at 95 mm (carapace length), the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model; 84.1% at 135 mm, the legal size for the fishery; and 93% at 184 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. For females, mean capture probability was 70% at 90 mm, the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model, and 77% at 162 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. The precision of our estimates for each sex decreased for juveniles under 60 mm and for the largest crab because of small sample sizes. In situ data collected from trawl-mounted video cameras were used to determine the importance of various factors associated with the capture of individual crabs. Capture probability was significantly higher when a crab was standing when struck by the footrope, rather than crouching, and higher when a crab was hit along its body axis, rather than from the side. Capture probability also increased as a function of increasing crab size but decreased with increasing footrope distance from the bottom and when artificial light was provided for the video camera. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Weinberg, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM ken.weinberg@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 740 EP 749 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000015 ER PT J AU Kerstetter, DW Polovina, JJ Graves, JE AF Kerstetter, DW Polovina, JJ Graves, JE TI Evidence of shark predation and scavenging on fishes equipped with pop-up satellite archival tags SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MARLIN MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; CARCHARODON-CARCHARIAS; WHITE SHARKS; MOVEMENTS; SURVIVAL; TEMPERATURE; TELEMETRY; BEHAVIOR; DEPTH C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Kerstetter, DW (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM bailey@vims.edu NR 20 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 102 IS 4 BP 750 EP 756 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 865SV UT WOS:000224724000016 ER PT J AU Huber, ML Laesecke, A Xiang, HW AF Huber, ML Laesecke, A Xiang, HW TI Viscosity correlations for minor constituent fluids in natural gas: n-octane, n-nonane and n-decane SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE alkanes; decane; natural gas constituents; nonane; octane; viscosity ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; LIQUID HYDROCARBONS; BINARY-MIXTURES; HIGH-PRESSURES; 298.15 K; 25 MPA; TEMPERATURE; METHANE; DENSITY; COEFFICIENTS AB Natural gas, although predominantly comprised of methane, often contains small amounts of heavier hydrocarbons that contribute to its thermodynamic and transport properties. In this manuscript, we review the current literature and present new correlations for the viscosity of the pure fluids n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane that are valid over a wide range of fluid states, from the dilute gas to the dense liquid. The new correlations represent the viscosity to within the uncertainty of the best experimental data and will be useful for engineers working on viscosity models for natural gas and other hydrocarbon mixtures. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Huber, ML (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Div 838-08,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marcia.huber@nist.gov NR 65 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 224 IS 2 BP 263 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.fluid.2004.07.012 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 859RV UT WOS:000224286500013 ER PT J AU Macneale, KH Peckarsky, BL Likens, GE AF Macneale, KH Peckarsky, BL Likens, GE TI Contradictory results from different methods for measuring direction of insect flight SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aquatic insects; colonisation cycle; flight direction; mark-recapture; stonefly ID ADULT STONEFLIES PLECOPTERA; AQUATIC INSECTS; MOUNTAIN STREAM; DRIFT PARADOX; MOVEMENTS; TRICHOPTERA; EPHEMEROPTERA; OVIPOSITION; DISPERSAL; MAYFLIES AB 1. Stream ecologists have been puzzled by the apparent paradox that invertebrate populations persist in headwater streams despite the high frequency with which individuals drift downstream. To resolve this 'drift paradox', directions and distances of both larval and adult movement must be identified. Using over 50 interception traps in combination with results from several mark-capture experiments using N-15 as a label, we tested the assumption that interception traps accurately represent the ultimate direction of adult insect flight. 2. In several streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 76% of N-15-labelled stoneflies (Leuctra ferruginea) had flown upstream from where they emerged to where they were captured. In contrast, over 60% of stoneflies were flying downstream when captured, i.e. on the upstream side of an interception trap. 3. The instantaneous direction, as indicated by the side of the interception trap on which they were captured, indicated the ultimate flight direction for fewer than 1/3 of the individuals captured. Thus, such traps did not accurately reflect the ultimate flight patterns of individuals, as indicated by mark-capture data. 4. Conclusions drawn from interception trap counts regarding the direction of movement and the distribution and persistence of populations may need to be re-evaluated. We suggest that better tracking methods, including mass mark-capture studies using stable isotopes, be used to evaluate the potentially complex patterns of adult insect movement and the consequences of that movement for individuals and populations. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Macneale, KH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kate.macneale@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1260 EP 1268 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01266.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 854MA UT WOS:000223906000002 ER PT J AU Larsen, DA Shimizu, M Cooper, KA Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW AF Larsen, DA Shimizu, M Cooper, KA Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW TI Androgen effects on plasma GH, IGF-I, and 41-kDa IGFBP in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE testosterone; II-ketotestosterone; insulin-like growth factor-I; insulin-like growth factor binding protein; growth hormone; coho salmon ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; GONADAL-STEROID HORMONES; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; ACID-LABILE SUBUNIT; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT AB Among many species of salmonids, fast growing fish mature earlier than slow growing fish, and maturing males grow faster than non-maturing ones. To study the potential endocrine basis for this reciprocal relationship we examined the in vivo effects of the androgens, testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), on plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and 41-kDa IGF binding protein (41-kDa IGFBP) (putative IGFBP-3) in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Immature male and female, two-year old fish (avg. wt. 31.7 +/- 0.63 g) were injected with coconut oil containing T or 11-KT at a dose of 0. 1, 0.25, or 1 mug/g body weight. Blood samples were taken 1 and 2 weeks postinjection, and analyzed by immunoassay for T, 11-KT, GH, IGF-I, and 41-kDa IGFBP. Steroid treatments elevated the plasma T and 11-KT levels to physiological ranges typical of maturing fish. Plasma IGF-I and 41-kDa IGFBP levels increased in response to both T and 11-KT in a significant and dose-dependent manner after 1 and 2 weeks, but GH levels were not altered. These data suggest that during reproductive maturation, in addition to the previously demonstrated effects of the IGFs on steroidogenesis, the gonadal steroids may in turn play a significant role in regulating IGF-I and its binding proteins in fish. The interaction between the reproductive and growth axes may provide a regulatory mechanism for bringing about the dimorphic growth patterns observed between maturing and non-maturing salmonids and other species of fish. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Larsen, DA (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, 2727 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM don.larsen@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 139 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.007 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 865SH UT WOS:000224722600004 PM 15474533 ER PT J AU Fukada, H Ozaki, Y Pierce, AL Adachi, S Yamauchi, K Hara, A Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW AF Fukada, H Ozaki, Y Pierce, AL Adachi, S Yamauchi, K Hara, A Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW TI Salmon growth hormone receptor: molecular cloning, ligand specificity, and response to fasting SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE salmon; growth hormone; growth hormone receptor; insulin-like growth factor-I; cloning; binding assay ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GILTHEAD SEA BREAM; I MESSENGER-RNA; TIME RT-PCR; RAINBOW-TROUT; EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN; SPARUS-AURATA; COHO SALMON; BINDING-PROTEIN; GH RECEPTOR AB To better understand the role of growth hormone in regulating fish growth, the cDNA of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was cloned from the liver of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and characterized. The masu salmon GHR (msGHR) sequence revealed common features of a GHR, including a (Y/F)GEFS motif in the extracellular domain, a single transmembrane region, and Box 1 and Box 2 in the intracellular domain. However, the amino acid sequence identity was low (less than or equal to49%) compared to GHRs of other vertebrates including seven teleosts, and the putative msGHR protein lacked one pair of cysteine residues in the extracellular domain. To verify the identity of the msGHR, the recombinant protein of the extracellular domain was expressed with a histidine tag protein (His-msGHR-ECD), refolded and purified for analysis of its ligand specificity. In competition experiments, the specific binding between His-msGHR-ECD and radioiodine-labeled salmon GH was displaced completely by only salmon GH, and not by salmon prolactin or somatolactin. A real-time RT-PCR assay was used to measure salmon GHR mRNA in the liver of fed and fasted coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The levels of hepatic GHR mRNA were lower in fasted fish compared to fed fish after 3 weeks, suggesting that GHR gene expression is reduced following a long-term fast. These results confirm the identity of the salmon GHR based on ligand specificity and response to fasting. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Div Marine Biosci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Dickhoff, WW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM walton.w.dickhoff@noaa.gov RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 39 TC 70 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 139 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.001 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 865SH UT WOS:000224722600008 PM 15474537 ER PT J AU Wilson, CK Jones, CH Molnar, P Sheehan, AF Boyd, OS AF Wilson, CK Jones, CH Molnar, P Sheehan, AF Boyd, OS TI Distributed deformation in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath a continental strike-slip fault zone: Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE strike-slip faults; rheology; tectonics; lower crust; seismic anisotropy; ductile deformation ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; ANISOTROPY; SUBDUCTION; REGION; TRANSITION; CALIFORNIA; BOUNDARY; PLATE; WAVES AB Converted phases from telleseisms recorded by a seismic array spanning the northern half of the Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand, show a continuous unbroken Moho underlying a seismically anisotropic lower crust beneath the two northernmost faults of the fault system. These observations suggest that distributed deformation, not slip on a narrow vertical fault, accommodates displacement in the lower crust below the 120-480 km of right-lateral slip across the Wairau fault, one splay of the Marlborough fault system, and the northward continuation of the Alpine fault. Beneath the Wairau fault, the Moho dips 25 degrees-30 degrees southeast from a depth of similar to 26 km northwest of the fault to a depth of similar to 34 km southeast of the fault. Farther to the southeast, Ps conversions from the Moho continue under the Awatere fault (34 +/- 10 km of slip) with a constant amplitude and depth of similar to 34 km. Across the two faults, converted energy from 16-20 km depth varies with back-azimuth in a manner suggesting the presence of anisotropy in the lower crust. These observations imply that one of the tenets of plate tectonics, that faults defining plate boundaries pass through both crust and upper mantle, does not apply to New Zealand, or to continents in general. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wilson, CK (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Sheehan, Anne/B-3954-2014; OI Jones, Craig/0000-0002-1698-0408 NR 24 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 8 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2004 VL 32 IS 10 BP 837 EP 840 DI 10.1130/G20657.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 861LD UT WOS:000224417100002 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH AF Ryer, CH TI Laboratory evidence for behavioural impairment of fish escaping trawls: a review SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Fish Behaviour in Exploited Ecosystems CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE by-catch; predation; stress; trawl ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; JUVENILE WALLEYE POLLOCK; PREDATOR-AVOIDANCE; RAINBOW-TROUT; HABITAT STRUCTURE; LIGHT-INTENSITY; COHO SALMON; COD-END; CODENDS; VULNERABILITY AB It is now widely accepted that for some species a proportion of the undersized fish escaping trawl codends die as a direct result of stress, with 10% to 30% mortality commonly cited. It has also been suggested that there may be indirect or behaviourally mediated mortality; fish that encounter and escape the trawl, only to experience stress-induced behavioural deficits and succumb to predators in the hours or days afterwards. The goal of this review was to evaluate the plausibility of this behaviourally mediated, yet unobserved mortality. Three laboratory studies utilizing cod (Gadus morhua), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) have assayed for behavioural impairment in fish following application of stressors designed to simulate entrainment and escape from trawls. Where impairments in anti-predator capabilities occurred, it was determined that trawl-stressed fish exhibited reduced swimming speed, reduced shoal cohesion, and reduced predator vigilance compared to control fish. Although stressed fish appeared to rapidly recover their ability to avoid being eaten by predators, measurements of more subtle aspects of escapee behaviour suggest that impairments may persist for days after stressor application. Although these studies demonstrate that more investigation is required, when combined with a more extensive literature demonstrating that a variety of stressors can impair fish anti-predator behaviour, it is reasonable to conclude that many fish species escaping trawl codends will likely suffer behavioural deficits that subject them to elevated predation risk. As such, there is probably mortality associated with trawl fisheries that is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock assessment models. Further, these studies demonstrate that behavioural competency needs to be considered in the design and implementation of by-catch reduction devises and strategies. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 61 IS 7 BP 1157 EP 1164 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.004 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 869QH UT WOS:000224998600020 ER PT J AU Somerton, DA AF Somerton, DA TI Do Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) lack a herding response to the doors, bridles, and mudclouds of survey trawls? SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Fish Behaviour in Exploited Ecosystems CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL Bergen, NORWAY SP Int Council Explorat Sea DE bridle herding; Pacific cod; trawl efficiency; trawl survey; walleye pollock ID EFFICIENCY; LENGTH; BOTTOM AB Pacific cod and walleye pollock were subjected to herding experiments in which trawl hauls are conducted repeatedly in an area with the bridles varied among three distinct lengths. For the flatfishes in these studies, catch per unit of area swept (cpue) by the trawls increased greatly with increasing bridle length, indicating that flatfish are stimulated to herd into the path of the net by the action of the bridles. In contrast, the cpue of Pacific cod and walleye pollock did not increase significantly with increasing bridle length. This lack of significance indicates that these two species respond only weakly to any herding stimuli produced by the 83-112 Eastern and Poly Nor'eastern trawls used to conduct groundfish trawl surveys in the North Pacific Ocean. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn, Seattle, WA USA. RP Somerton, DA (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA USA. EM david.somerton@noaa.gov NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 61 IS 7 BP 1186 EP 1189 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.003 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 869QH UT WOS:000224998600024 ER PT J AU Lynch, JF Ramp, SR Chin, CS Tang, TY Yang, YJ Simmen, JA AF Lynch, JF Ramp, SR Chin, CS Tang, TY Yang, YJ Simmen, JA TI Research highlights from the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment in the South China Sea SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE acoustic propagation; Asian Seas International; Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX); internal waves; ocean currents; South China Sea ID OCEAN; DYNAMICS; TAIWAN; MODEL; TIDE AB The Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX) included two major field programs, one in the South China Sea (SCS) and the other in the East China Sea (ECS). This paper summarizes results from the work conducted during April and May 2000 and 2001 over the continental shelf and slope in the northeastern South China Sea, just east of Dongsha Island (Pratis Reef). The primary emphasis of the field program was on water-column variability and its impact on acoustic propagation loss. The reader is steered to the appropriate paper within this Special Issue when more information on a specific topic is desired. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. USN, Off Naval Res, Arlington, VA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Yang, Yiing-Jang/0000-0002-6637-9311 NR 32 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 29 IS 4 BP 1067 EP 1074 DI 10.1109/JOE.2005.843162 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 893PW UT WOS:000226732700018 ER PT J AU Bhobe, AU Holloway, CL Piket-May, M Hall, R AF Bhobe, AU Holloway, CL Piket-May, M Hall, R TI Wide-band slot antennas with CPW feed lines: Hybrid and log-periodic designs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed; slot antennas; wide-band antennas ID ARRAY AB In microwave and millimeter wave applications, slot antennas fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines are receiving increasing attention. These antennas have several useful properties, such as a wider impedance bandwidth compared to microstrip patch antennas, and easier integration of solid-state active devices. In this paper novel CPW-fed wideband slot antennas are presented. The design procedure of CPW-fed hybrid slot antennas (HSA) having impedance bandwidths (VSWR < 2) up to 57% is described. Theoretical and measured results are shown. We also describe the design procedure of a CPW-fed log-periodic slot antenna (LPSA). The impedance matching and the radiation characteristics of these structures were studied using a method of moment technique. Simulated and measured results for different dielectrics are presented. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Dept Commerce, NIST, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Ansoft Corp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bhobe, AU (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM bhobe@colorado.edu NR 13 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 52 IS 10 BP 2545 EP 2554 DI 10.1109/TAP.2004.834425 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 861CH UT WOS:000224393200006 ER PT J AU You, HI Garrison, JL Heckler, G Zavorotny, VU AF You, HI Garrison, JL Heckler, G Zavorotny, VU TI Stochastic voltage model and experimental measurement of ocean-scattered GPS signal statistics SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP IEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Naval Res, eesa, NPOESS, NASDA, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, uRSi DE global positioning system (GPS); multistatic scattering; remote sensing ID WIND-SPEED; REFLECTED SIGNALS; SEA-SURFACE; RETRIEVAL AB Information about the roughness of the ocean surface and related geophysical parameters, such as wind speed, is present in the shape of the code-correlation waveform of forward-scattered global positioning system (GPS) signals. A model is developed for the statistics of this waveform to be used in designing retrieval algorithms and predicting their accuracy in the estimation of geophysical parameters. One potential application of this model is to assess the feasibility of bistatic GPS measurements from satellite orbits. Time and frequency domain models for the complex "voltage" correlation waveform are developed and compared against experimental results. The voltage model can be applied to determine the upper limit for predetection integration time. The resulting temporal and spatial correlation function has a form similar to the van Cittert-Zernike theorem in that it can be expressed in terms of two-dimensional Fourier transform. The fast Fourier transform is, thus, used for efficient computation. Waveforms were generated from measurements of reflected GPS signals recorded in 1999 from an airborne receiver at an altitude of 3200 in during a flight near Puerto Rico. Complex voltage correlations were produced using the coarse-acquisition code with a 1-ms integration time over a range of code delay "bins:" The Doppler compensation frequency was set equal to the Doppler frequency obtained by tracking the direct line-of-sight GPS signal. The resulting spectra and derived correlation times of the voltage signal time series in each delay bin were compared with the predictions of the model. The model agreed well with the experimental data, near the specular point, showing correlation times between 4-6 ms. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP You, HI (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM jgarriso@ecn.purdue.edu NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2004 VL 42 IS 10 BP 2160 EP 2169 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.834628 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 863ZP UT WOS:000224602600015 ER PT J AU Bergman, DI AF Bergman, DI TI Dynamic error correction of a digitizer for time-domain metrology SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE analog-to-digital converter; distortion; error model; linear regression; phase plane ID SAMPLING APPLICATIONS; COMPARATOR AB A method for numerical correction of distortion in a digitizer used for metrology applications is described. Investigation of the digitizer's error behavior in the phase plane leads to the development of an analytic error model that describes the digitizer's distortion behavior. Of particular significance is the model's ability to describe nonlinear error in the fundamental spectral component manifested as amplitude and frequency-dependent gain and phase error. When fitted only to the harmonic distortion content of the digitizer's output data, the model generates an amount of fundamental that correctly accounts for the error in the digitizer's gain that is not due to linear system response. The model is therefore able to improve not just the total harmonic distortion (THD) performance of the digitizer but its ac root mean square measurement accuracy as well. At 1 MHz, the model linearizes the digitizer to 70 muV/V over a range of 1 to 8 V and reduces harmonic distortion by >20 dB. It is believed that this is the first time that results of this nature have been reported in the literature. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EEEL, Technol Adm, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bergman, DI (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dbergman@nist.gov NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 53 IS 5 BP 1384 EP 1390 DI 10.1109/TIM.2004.834095 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 856HB UT WOS:000224035200005 ER PT J AU VanLandingham, MR Sung, LP Chang, NK Wu, TY Chang, SH Jardret, VD AF VanLandingham, MR Sung, LP Chang, NK Wu, TY Chang, SH Jardret, VD TI Measurement approaches to develop a fundamental understanding of scratch and mar resistance SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 12-14, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Federat Soc Coatings Tech DE hardness; scratch resistance; rheology; confocal microscopy; instrumented indentation; appearance; mechanical properties; epoxy; PMMA ID POLYMER-FILMS; COATINGS; DEFORMATION; POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE); INDENTATION; SURFACE; MICROSCOPE; BEHAVIOR; HARDNESS; CONTACT AB Instrumented indentation and confocal microscopy were used to characterize the surface mechanical response of polymeric materials. Viscoelastic behavior was measured using instrumented indentation. A model based on the contact between a rigid probe and a viscoelastic material was used to calculate values for the creep compliance and stress relaxation modulus for two polymeric materials, epoxy and poly(methyl methacrylate) or PAMA. Scratch testing was performed on these materials with various probes under a variety of conditions, and confocal microscopy was used to characterize the resulting deformation. Relationships among viscoelastic behavior, scratch damage, and appearance are currently being explored using these methods along with finite element modeling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. Tribometrix Inc, Knoxville, TN 37918 USA. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8615,Bldg 226,Rm B366, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lipiin@nist.gov NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 1 IS 4 BP 257 EP 266 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 863NQ UT WOS:000224569100002 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Jasmin, J Gu, XH Nguyen, T Martin, JW AF Sung, LP Jasmin, J Gu, XH Nguyen, T Martin, JW TI Use of laser scanning confocal microscopy for characterizing changes in film thickness and local surface morphology of UV-exposed polymer coatings SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 12-14, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Federat Soc Coatings Tech DE atomic force microscopy; FTIR; laser scanning confocal microscopy; photodegradation; durability; physical properties; weatherability; surface roughness; surface morphology ID DEGRADATION; MODEL AB Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has been used to characterize the changes in film thickness and local surface morphology of polymer coatings during the UV degradation process. With the noninvasive feature of LSCM, one can obtain thickness information directly and nondestructively at various exposure times without destroying the specimens or deriving the thickness values from IR measurement by assuming uniform film ablation. Two acrylic polymer coatings were chosen for the study, and the physical and chemical changes of the two systems at various exposure times were measured and analyzed. Those measurable physical changes caused by UV exposure include film ablation, formation of pits and other surface defects, and increases in surface roughness. It was found in both coatings that changes in measured film thickness by LSCM were not correlated linearly to the predicted thickness loss using the changes in the CH band obtained by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements in the later degradation stages. This result suggested it was not a uniform film ablation process during the UV degradation. At later stages, where surface deformation became severe, surface roughness and profile information using LSCM were also proven to be useful for analyzing the surface degradation process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 1 IS 4 BP 267 EP 276 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 863NQ UT WOS:000224569100003 ER PT J AU Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Huckans, JH Anderlini, M Porto, JV Rolston, SL Phillips, WD AF Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Huckans, JH Anderlini, M Porto, JV Rolston, SL Phillips, WD TI Study of a 1D interacting quantum Bose gas SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Gases in Low Dimensions CY APR 15-25, 2003 CL Houches, FRANCE ID ATOMS; TRAPS AB The loading of a Bose-Einstein condensate into a deep two-dimensional optical lattice provides a unique way to study one-dimensional Bose gases: the strong radial confinement freezes any motion in two dimensions, and for deep enough lattices, the system can be seen as an array of independent 1D "tubes." For Our experimental parameters, the 1D gas is predicted to be in an intermediate regime between the Tonks-Girardeau and the Thomas-Fermi regimes. We performed experiments showing that some long range phase coherence is present in this regime. We investigated correlation properties of these gases by studying their collective oscillations. In addition, we investigated the 1D Mott transition by adiabatically loading the 1D gases into a 1D optical lattice. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Tolra, BL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2004 VL 116 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1051/jp4:2004116010 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 866OQ UT WOS:000224783200011 ER PT J AU Levine, LE Long, GG AF Levine, LE Long, GG TI X-ray imaging with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering as a contrast mechanism SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB A new transmission X-ray imaging technique using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) as a contrast mechanism is described. USAXS imaging can sometimes provide contrast in cases where radiography and phase-contrast imaging are unsuccessful. Images produced at different scattering vectors highlight different microstructural features within the same sample volume. When used in conjunction with USAXS scans, USAXS imaging provides substantial quantitative and qualitative three-dimensional information on the sizes, shapes and spatial arrangements of the scattering objects. The imaging technique is demonstrated on metal and biological samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lyle.levine@nist.gov RI USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 37 BP 757 EP 765 DI 10.1107/S0021889804016073 PN 5 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 853WE UT WOS:000223858900010 ER PT J AU Gibson, WM Schultz, AJ Richardson, JW Carpenter, JM Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Miller, ME Maxey, ER Youngman, R AF Gibson, WM Schultz, AJ Richardson, JW Carpenter, JM Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Miller, ME Maxey, ER Youngman, R TI Convergent-beam neutron crystallography SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID OF-FLIGHT NEUTRON; X-RAY OPTICS; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; LAUE DIFFRACTION; PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DATA-COLLECTION; SYSTEM AB Two monolithic polycapillary optics of different focal length and beam convergence are employed to investigate the use of focusing lenses for the neutron convergent-beam method for time-of-flight crystallography with a broad neutron wavelength bandwidth. The optic of short output focal length ( 15.5 mm) with a beam convergence of 16.8 (10)degrees has a focal spot diameter of similar to 100 mum for 3.2 Angstrom neutrons. For an MnF2 single-crystal sample of this diameter on a pulsed neutron source, this lens gives an expected integrated intensity gain of similar to 100 for a 020 Bragg peak. Further measurements on a powder diffractometer show that the expected diffracted beam intensities for Ni have gains in excess of 500 for powder samples of this diameter. The degradation of resolution is minimized in the backscattering geometry. C1 Xray Opt Syst Inc, E Greenbush, NY 12061 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. RP Gibson, WM (reprint author), Xray Opt Syst Inc, 15 Tech Valley Dr, E Greenbush, NY 12061 USA. EM wgibson@xos.com NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 37 BP 778 EP 785 DI 10.1107/S0021889804015882 PN 5 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 853WE UT WOS:000223858900013 ER PT J AU Banta, RM Darby, LS Fast, JD Pinto, JO Whiteman, CD Shaw, WJ Orr, BW AF Banta, RM Darby, LS Fast, JD Pinto, JO Whiteman, CD Shaw, WJ Orr, BW TI Nocturnal low-level jet in a mountain basin complex. part I: Evolution and effects on local flows SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER EVOLUTION; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; METEOROLOGICALLY RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS; DOPPLER LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; IMPROVED MOMENT ESTIMATION; DRAINAGE FLOWS; CANYONLAND BASIN; CLOSURE-MODEL; GRAND-CANYON; VALLEY AB A Doppler lidar deployed to the center of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) basin during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign in October 2000 found a diurnal cycle of the along-basin winds with northerly up-basin flow during the day and a southerly down-basin low-level jet at night. The emphasis of VTMX was on stable atmospheric processes in the cold-air pool that formed in the basin at night. During the night the jet was fully formed as it entered the GSL basin from the south. Thus, it was a feature of the complex string of basins draining toward the Great Salt Lake, which included at least the Utah Lake basin to the south. The timing of the evening reversal to down-basin flow was sensitive to the larger-scale north-south pressure gradient imposed on the basin complex. On nights when the pressure gradient was not too strong, local drainage flow (slope flows and canyon outflow) was well developed along the Wasatch Range to the east and coexisted with the basin jet. The coexistence of these two types of flow generated localized regions of convergence and divergence, in which regions of vertical motion and transport were focused. Mesoscale numerical simulations captured these features and indicated that updrafts on the order of 5 cm s(-1) could persist in these localized convergence zones, contributing to vertical displacement of air masses within the basin cold pool. C1 NOAA, ET2, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Banta, RM (reprint author), NOAA, ET2, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM robert.banta@noaa.gov RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643 NR 64 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1348 EP 1365 DI 10.1175/JAM2142.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZV UT WOS:000225099200002 ER PT J AU Liu, S Qiu, CJ Xu, Q Zhang, PF AF Liu, S Qiu, CJ Xu, Q Zhang, PF TI An improved time interpolation for three-dimensional Doppler wind analysis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR DATA; THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVAL; MOVING FRAME; PHOENIX-II; VARIATIONAL METHOD; MICROBURST WINDS; ADJOINT-METHOD; FIELDS; ERRORS; SUPERCELL AB A temporal interpolation is required for three-dimensional Doppler wind analysis when the precise measurement time is counted for each radar beam position. The time interpolation is traditionally done by a linear scheme either in the measurement space or in the analysis space. Because a volume scan often takes 5-10 min, the linear time interpolation is not accurate enough to capture the rapidly changing winds associated with a fast-moving and fast-growing storm. Performing the linear interpolation in a frame moving with the storm can reduce the error, but the analyzed wind field is traditionally assumed to be stationary in the moving frame. The stationary assumption simplifies the computation but ignores the time variation of the true wind field in the moving frame. By incorporating a linear time interpolation into the moving frame wind analysis, an improved scheme is developed. The merits of the new scheme are demonstrated by idealized examples and numerical experiments with simulated radar observations. The new scheme is also applied to real radar data for a supercell storm. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Lanzhou Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Lanzhou Univ, Atmosphere Dept, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM qin.xu@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1379 EP 1391 DI 10.1175/JAM2150.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZV UT WOS:000225099200004 ER PT J AU Angevine, WM Senff, CJ White, AB Williams, EJ Koermer, J Miller, STK Talbot, R Johnston, PE McKeen, SA Downs, T AF Angevine, WM Senff, CJ White, AB Williams, EJ Koermer, J Miller, STK Talbot, R Johnston, PE McKeen, SA Downs, T TI Coastal boundary layer influence on pollutant transport in New England SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC REGIONAL EXPERIMENT; GULF-OF-MAINE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE; OFFSHORE FLOW; NOVA-SCOTIA; OZONE; FIELD; FLUX; METEOROLOGY AB Air pollution episodes in northern New England often are caused by transport of pollutants over water. Two such episodes in the summer of 2002 are examined (22-23 July and 11-14 August). In both cases, the pollutants that affected coastal New Hampshire and coastal southwest Maine were transported over coastal waters in stable layers at the surface. These layers were at least intermittently turbulent but retained their chemical constituents. The lack of deposition or deep vertical mixing on the overwater trajectories allowed pollutant concentrations to remain strong. The polluted plumes came directly from the Boston, Massachusetts, area. In the 22-23 July case, the trajectories were relatively straight and dominated by synoptic-scale effects, transporting pollution to the Maine coast. On 11-14 August, sea breezes brought polluted air from the coastal waters inland into New Hampshire. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Plymouth State Univ, Plymouth, NH USA. Univ New Hampshire, AIRMAP, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Maine Dept Environm Protect, Augusta, ME USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM wangevine@al.noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Johnston, Paul/E-1914-2016 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Johnston, Paul/0000-0002-4046-9351 NR 28 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1425 EP 1437 DI 10.1175/JAM2148.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZV UT WOS:000225099200007 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Sen, MK Jackson, CS Stoffa, PL AF Xia, YL Sen, MK Jackson, CS Stoffa, PL TI Multidataset study of optimal parameter and uncertainty estimation of a land surface model with Bayesian stochastic inversion and multicriteria method SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE TRANSFER SCHEME; ENERGY BALANCE COMPLEXITY; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; PART II; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; STOMATAL-RESISTANCE; HYDROLOGIC-MODELS; PILPS PHASE-2(E) AB This study evaluates the ability of Bayesian stochastic inversion (BSI) and multicriteria (MC) methods to search for the optimal parameter sets of the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM) using prescribed forcing to simulate observed sensible and latent heat fluxes from seven measurement sites representative of six biomes including temperate coniferous forests, tropical forests, temperate and tropical grasslands, temperate crops, and semiarid grasslands. Calibration results with the BSI and MC show that estimated optimal values are very similar for the important parameters that are specific to the CHASM model. The model simulations based on estimated optimal parameter sets perform much better than the default parameter sets. Cross-validations for two tropical forest sites show that the calibrated parameters for one site can be transferred to another site within the same biome. The uncertainties of optimal parameters are obtained through BSI, which estimates a multidimensional posterior probability density function (PPD). Marginal PPD analyses show that nonoptimal choices of stomatal resistance would contribute most to model simulation errors at all sites, followed by ground and vegetation roughness length at six of seven sites. The impact of initial root-zone soil moisture and nonmosaic approach on estimation of optimal parameters and their uncertainties is discussed. C1 Univ Texas, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov RI Stoffa, Paul/C-4980-2008; Jackson, Charles/A-2202-2009; Sen, Mrinal/G-5938-2010; Sen, Mrinal /B-5426-2011 OI Jackson, Charles/0000-0002-2870-4494; NR 59 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1477 EP 1497 DI 10.1175/JAM2145.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870ZV UT WOS:000225099200011 ER PT J AU Smith, BC Persson, A AF Smith, BC Persson, A TI Dinoflagellate cyst production in one-liter containers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alexandrium; cyst; dinoflagellate; gamete; mating; Scrippsiella ID GONYAULAX-TAMARENSIS AB Methods for the production of dinoflagellate cysts in two types of 1 L containers have been developed. Using these methods, dinoflagellate cysts can be produced in amounts large enough for shellfish grazing experiments or whenever large amounts of cysts are needed. The species used were Scrippsiella lachrymosa (B-10) and toxic Alexandrium fundyense (CB501 and GTM25). Cultures of S. lachrymosa yielded 628 +/- 74 cysts mL(-1) and A. fundyense cultures yielded 350 +/- 98 cysts mL(-1). Findings suggest that aspects of the boundary layer between the media and the wall of the container are important for gamete mating; especially, the slope of the container wall appears to be relevant, which offers some explanation of previous observations that the shape of the container is important in the formation of dinoflagellate resting cysts. These observations may support the theory that physical interfaces in nature facilitate dinoflagellate encystment. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Smith, BC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM barry.smith@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8971 J9 J APPL PHYCOL JI J. Appl. Phycol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 16 IS 5 BP 401 EP 405 DI 10.1023/B:JAPH.0000047951.72497.53 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 870FF UT WOS:000225042300007 ER PT J AU Arge, CN Luhmann, JG Odstrcil, D Schrijver, CJ Li, Y AF Arge, CN Luhmann, JG Odstrcil, D Schrijver, CJ Li, Y TI Stream structure and coronal sources of the solar wind during the May 12th, 1997 CME SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE heliosphere; solar wind; solar corona; magnetic fields ID MASS EJECTIONS CMES; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; INTERPLANETARY; PREDICTION; ELECTRONS; STRENGTH; STARS; SPEED AB We report on our efforts to model the ambient solar wind out to I AU around the time of the May 12, 1997 halo coronal mass ejection (CME) and to identify its coronal source regions. We use the simple physics and empirical based Wang-Sheeley-Arge (WSA) model driven by two different sets of updated photospheric field synoptic maps to accomplish this: daily updated maps from Mount Wilson Solar Observatory and updated SOHO/MDI maps constructed with the Schrijver et al. flux transport data assimilation algorithm. The results generated by the WSA model are then compared with the WIND satellite observations near Earth, as well as with each other. We find that the model describes the observed ambient solar wind stream structure around the time of the May 12, 1997 CME generally well, except for the ejecta itself. Our results suggest that the source of the high-speed stream that followed the CME is a coronal hole extension located south of the Sun's equator. We conclude that the northern active region associated with the May 12th CME did not play a role in the formation of the small southern coronal hole extension that produced the high-speed stream, which followed and eventually compressed the ICME from behind. Overall, this analysis suggests how the solar wind context of CME-related events can be analyzed and understood using coronal and solar wind models. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 AFRL, VSBXS, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Dept L9 41, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Arge, CN (reprint author), AFRL, VSBXS, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM nick.arge@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 66 IS 15-16 BP 1295 EP 1309 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2004.03.018 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865AN UT WOS:000224674900006 ER PT J AU Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ Linker, JA Riley, P Lionello, R Mikic, Z AF Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ Linker, JA Riley, P Lionello, R Mikic, Z TI Initial coupling of coronal and heliospheric numerical magnetohydrodynamic codes SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE solar corona; heliosphere; solar wind; coronal mass ejection; interplanetary shock; magnetohydrodynamic model; numerical simulation ID SOLAR-WIND; MASS EJECTIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ALFVEN WAVES; PROPAGATION; DISRUPTION; SHOCK AB Coupling of coronal and heliospheric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) codes represents an efficient modular approach to numerical simulations of physical phenomena occurring on different spatial and temporal scales. Using specialized models makes it possible to: (1) treat efficiently the very different physics relevant in coronal and interplanetary regimes; (2) deal with different time-step constraints for coronal and heliospheric simulations; and (3) optimize and update individual system components with the latest understanding. We present results on the coupling of coronal and heliospheric numerical MHD codes developed within the Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling. We discuss 2-D) parametric studies conducted to verify the computational coupling procedure and to assess the accuracy of merging physically and numerically different models. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Odstrcil, D (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dusan.odstrcil@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 66 IS 15-16 BP 1311 EP 1320 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2004.04.007 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865AN UT WOS:000224674900007 ER PT J AU Riley, P Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Hidalgo, MA Cid, C Hu, Q Lepping, RP Lynch, BJ Rees, A AF Riley, P Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Hidalgo, MA Cid, C Hu, Q Lepping, RP Lynch, BJ Rees, A TI Fitting flux ropes to a global MHD solution: a comparison of techniques SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coronal mass ejection; magnetic cloud; magnetic flux rope; magnetohydrodynamic simulation; solar wind; sun; heliosphere ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOPAUSE TRANSECTS; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; CONSTANT-ALPHA; SPACECRAFT; FIELD; PROPAGATION AB Flux rope fitting (FRF) techniques are an invaluable tool for extracting information about the properties of a subclass of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the solar wind. However, it has proven difficult to assess their accuracy since the underlying global structure of the CME cannot be independently determined from the data. In contrast, large-scale MHD simulations of CME evolution can provide both a global view as well as localized time series at specific points in space. In this study we apply five different fitting techniques to two hypothetical time series derived from MHD simulation results. Independent teams performed the analysis of the events in ''blind tests", for which no information, other than the time series, was provided. From the results, we infer the following: (1) Accuracy decreases markedly with increasingly glancing encounters; (2) Correct identification of the boundaries of the flux rope can be a significant limiter; and (3) Results from techniques that infer global morphology must be viewed with caution. In spite of these limitations, FRF techniques remain a useful tool for describing in situ observations of flux rope CMEs. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Integrated Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. Univ Alcala de Henares, Dept Fis, Madrid, Spain. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BW, England. RP Riley, P (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM pete.riley@saic.com RI Lynch, Benjamin/B-1300-2013; Hidalgo, Miguel/L-5826-2014; OI Hidalgo, Miguel/0000-0003-1617-2037; Lynch, Benjamin/0000-0001-6886-855X; CID, CONSUELO/0000-0002-2863-3745 NR 31 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 66 IS 15-16 BP 1321 EP 1331 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2004.03.019 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 865AN UT WOS:000224674900008 ER PT J AU Steele, WV Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Nguyen, A AF Steele, WV Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Nguyen, A TI Possible precursors and products of deep hydrodesulfurization of gasoline and distillate fuels IV. Heat capacities, enthalpy increments, vapor pressures, and derived thermodynamic functions for dicyclohexylsulfide between the temperatures (5 and 520) K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE dicyclohexylsulfide; enthalpy of combustion; heat capacity; vapor pressure; density; thermodynamic functions; ideal-gas properties ID 3RD VIRIAL-COEFFICIENT; XYLENE ISOMERIZATION; RECOMMENDED VALUES; PART 2; EQUILIBRIA; DENSITIES; DIBENZOTHIOPHENE; RECONCILIATION; BENZENE AB Measurements leading to the calculation of the standard thermodynamic properties for gaseous dicyclohexylsulfide (Chemical Abstracts registry number [7133-46-2]) are reported. Experimental methods include adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, and inclined-piston gauge manometry combined with earlier reported measurements of combustion calorimetry, vibrating-tube densitometry, comparative ebulliometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Critical properties are estimated for dicyclohexylsulfide. Standard molar entropies, standard molar enthalpies, and standard molar Gibbs free energies of formation are derived at selected temperatures between (298.15 and 520) K. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem Engn, Phys Properties Res Facil, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. BDM Petr Technol, Bartlesville Thermodynam Grp, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. RP Steele, WV (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem Engn, Phys Properties Res Facil, 327 Dougherty Engn Bldg,1512 Middle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM steelewv@ornl.gov; chirico@boulder.nist.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 36 IS 10 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2003.11.012 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 858UP UT WOS:000224217800002 ER PT J AU Soden, BJ Broccoli, AJ Hemler, RS AF Soden, BJ Broccoli, AJ Hemler, RS TI On the use of cloud forcing to estimate cloud feedback SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE FEEDBACKS AB Uncertainty in cloud feedback is the leading cause of discrepancy in model predictions of climate change. The use of observed or model-simulated radiative fluxes to diagnose the effect of clouds on climate sensitivity requires an accurate understanding of the distinction between a change in cloud radiative forcing and a cloud feedback. This study compares simulations from different versions of the GFDL Atmospheric Model 2 (AM2) that have widely varying strengths of cloud feedback to illustrate the differences between the two and highlight the potential for changes in cloud radiative forcing to be misinterpreted. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Soden, BJ (reprint author), Natl Atmospher & Ocean Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM brian.soden@noaa.gov RI Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434 NR 15 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3661 EP 3665 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3661:OTUOCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100001 ER PT J AU Compo, GP Sardeshmukh, PD AF Compo, GP Sardeshmukh, PD TI Storm track predictability on seasonal and decadal scales SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; MEAN FLOW; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; REANALYSIS DATA; SST ANOMALIES; EL-NINO; CIRCULATION; ENSO; PACIFIC AB This paper is concerned with estimating the predictable variation of extratropical daily weather statistics ("storm tracks'') associated with global sea surface temperature (SST) changes on interannual to interdecadal scales, and its magnitude relative to the unpredictable noise. The SST-forced storm track signal in each northern winter in 1950 - 99 is estimated as the mean storm track anomaly in an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) integrations for that winter with prescribed observed SSTs. Two sets of ensembles available from two modeling centers, with anomalous SSTs prescribed either globally or only in the Tropics, are used. Since the storm track signals cannot be derived directly from the archived monthly AGCM output, they are diagnosed from the SST-forced winter-mean 200-mb height signals using an empirical linear storm track model (STM). For two particular winters, the El Nino of January - February - March (JFM) 1987 and the La Nina of JFM 1989, the storm track signals and noise are estimated directly, and more accurately, from additional large ensembles of AGCM integrations. The linear STM is remarkably successful at capturing the AGCM's storm track signal in these two winters, and is thus also suitable for estimating the signal in other winters. The principal conclusions from this analysis are as follows. A predictable SST-forced storm track signal exists in many winters, but its strength and pattern can change substantially from winter to winter. The correlation of the SST-forced and observed storm track anomalies is high enough in the Pacific - North America (PNA) sector to be of practical use. Most of the SST-forced signal is associated with tropical Pacific SST forcing; the central Pacific (Nino-4) is somewhat more important than the eastern Pacific (Nino-3) in this regard. Variations of the pattern correlation of the SST-forced and observed storm track anomaly fields from winter to winter, and among five-winter averages, are generally consistent with variations of the signal strength, and to that extent are identifiable a priori. Larger pattern correlations for the five-winter averages found in the second half of the 50-yr record are consistent with the stronger El Nino SST forcing in the second half. None of these conclusions, however, apply in the Euro-Atlantic sector, where the correlations of the SST-forced and observed storm track anomalies are found to be much smaller. Given also that they are inconsistent with the estimated signal-to-noise ratios in this region, substantial AGCM error in representing the regional response to tropical SST forcing, rather than intrinsically lower Euro-Atlantic storm track predictability, is argued to be behind these lower correlations. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr RCDC1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM compo@colorado.edu OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 NR 48 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3701 EP 3720 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3701:STPOSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100004 ER PT J AU Lu, J Greatbatch, RJ Peterson, KA AF Lu, J Greatbatch, RJ Peterson, KA TI Trend in Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric circulation during the last half of the twentieth century SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES; NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EL-NINO; ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; PACIFIC-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; MODEL; TELECONNECTIONS AB During the last half century, the trend in the Northern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation has been associated with a deepening of both the Aleutian and Icelandic lows, a pattern akin to the "Cold Ocean Warm Land'' ( COWL) pattern. A simplified dynamical model is used to show that the observed simultaneous deepening trend in both the Aleutian and Icelandic lows can be largely explained as a hemispheric planetary wave response to tropical diabatic forcing in the Indo - Pacific region. In the model, the extratropical storm tracks play a role in modulating the wave train, tending to enhance ( weaken) the anomalous Icelandic ( Aleutian) low in the North Atlantic ( North Pacific) sector. The model results also suggest two ways in which the circulation trend over the North Atlantic sector could have been influenced by tropical forcing: one a direct, linear planetary wave response from the eastern tropical Pacific and the other an indirect response of the North Atlantic storm track to tropical forcing over the western Indo - Pacific region. The possible role of tropical SST warming and anthropogenic forcing is also discussed. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Lu, J (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, US Rt 1 N,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM jian.lu@gfdl.noaa.gov NR 58 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3745 EP 3760 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3745:TINHWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100007 ER PT J AU Phelps, MW Kumar, A O'Brien, JJ AF Phelps, MW Kumar, A O'Brien, JJ TI Potential predictability in the NCEP CPC dynamical seasonal forecast system SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; NATURAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; PATTERNS; TELECONNECTIONS; PREDICTIONS; HEIGHTS AB Monthly and seasonal predictions of mean atmospheric states have traditionally been viewed as a boundary forcing problem, with little regard for the role of atmospheric initial conditions (IC). The potential predictability of these mean states is investigated using hindcasted monthly mean January (JAN) and seasonal mean January-February-March (JFM) 200-hPa geopotential heights from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center (NCEP CPC) Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System along with the corresponding data from the NCEP - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis for the period 1980 - 2000. With lead times ranging from 1 to 4 months, analyses of variance tests are employed to separate the total variability into an unpredictable internal component, due to atmospheric dynamics, and a potentially predictable external component, due to the boundary forcing. These components represent the noise and signal, respectively, and areas where the signal exceeds the noise designate where time averages could be potentially predicted with some degree of skill. Temporal anomaly correlations (ACs) between ensemble- averaged model height anomalies and reanalysis height anomalies also provide a measure of the model skill. Comparisons between the results of these tests for the different initialization times confirm that, for this model, the atmospheric initial conditions have little effect on the monthly and seasonal means for lead times of one month or more. The model proves to be highly skillful in the Tropics, as expected. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and ACs also show four areas in the extratropics displaying significant skill: the South Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific - North America (PNA) region. The skill found in the extratropics outside of the PNA region is highly encouraging. SNRs for JFM are approximately twice those for JAN, suggesting that seasonal forecasts are more reliable than monthly forecasts. Anomaly correlations for El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm and cold events are markedly higher than correlations for both the period 1980 - 2000 and the subset of ENSO neutral events. The model's ability to accurately capture changes in the atmosphere in response to changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) suggests that accurate forecasting of SSTs in the ocean could lead to more accurate forecasts of atmospheric conditions associated with ENSO warm and cold events. C1 Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Phelps, MW (reprint author), Jacobs Sverdrup Adv Syst Grp, NRL Code 7331,Bldg 1009,Rm A138, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM phelps@nrlssc.navy.mil NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3775 EP 3785 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3775:PPITNC>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100009 ER PT J AU Sun, DZ Zhang, T Shin, SI AF Sun, DZ Zhang, T Shin, SI TI The effect of subtropical cooling on the amplitude of ENSO: A numerical study SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL OCEAN; MODEL; TELECONNECTIONS; CLIMATE; UNDERCURRENT; VARIABILITY; THERMOCLINE; TROPICS AB The effect of an enhanced subtropical surface cooling on El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through the "ocean tunnel'' is investigated using a coupled model. Here, the term "ocean tunnel'' refers to the water pathway that connects the equatorial upwelling water to the subtropical/ extratropical surface water. The subtropical cooling is introduced through a reduction of the radiative - convective equilibrium SST ( SST p) in that region. The SST p for the equatorial region is kept fixed. It is found that an enhanced cooling in the subtropics results in a regime with stronger ENSO. This is because an enhanced subtropical cooling reduces the temperature of the water feeding the equatorial undercurrent through the ocean tunnel. The resulting larger difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial thermocline water - the source water for the equatorial upwelling - tends to increase the equatorial zonal SST contrast between the western and the eastern Pacific. In response to this destabilizing forcing to the coupled equatorial ocean - atmosphere, a stronger ENSO develops. ENSO is found to regulate the time-mean difference between the warm-pool SST and the temperature of the equatorial undercurrent. The findings provide further support for the "heat pump'' hypothesis for ENSO, which states that ENSO is an instability driven by the meridional differential heating over the Pacific Ocean and that ENSO regulates the long-term stability of the coupled equatorial Pacific climate. The results also substantiate the notion that surface variability from higher latitudes may influence equatorial SST variability through the ocean tunnel. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RP Sun, DZ (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. EM dezheng.sun@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3786 EP 3798 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3786:TEOSCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100010 ER PT J AU Liebmann, B Kiladis, GN Vera, CS Saulo, AC Carvalho, LMV AF Liebmann, B Kiladis, GN Vera, CS Saulo, AC Carvalho, LMV TI Subseasonal variations of rainfall in South America in the vicinity of the low-level jet east of the Andes and comparison to those in the South Atlantic convergence zone SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; SUMMER CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; OSCILLATION; TEMPERATURE; CONVECTION; NCEP/NCAR; BEHAVIOR AB Regional and large-scale circulation anomalies associated with variations in rainfall downstream of the South American low-level jet are identified and compared to those in the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ). Composites of precipitation associated with strong jets reveal an approximate doubling of the quantities one would expect from climatology, with an evolution of the rainfall pattern from south to north. The occurrence of extreme precipitation events follows a similar pattern. Meridional cross sections of composite wind reveal a distinct low-level jet near 20degreesS and a baroclinic development farther south that appears to force the jet. Geopotential height, temperature, and large-scale wind composites suggest that this developing disturbance is tied to a wave train that originates in the midlatitude Pacific and turns equatorward as it crosses the Andes Mountains. Similar composites based on SACZ rainfall reveal similar features, but of opposite sign, suggesting that the phase of the wave as it crosses the Andes Mountains determines whether rainfall will be enhanced downstream of the jet or in the SACZ. The alternate suppression or enhancement of rainfall in these adjacent regions results in a precipitation "dipole.'' Many previous studies have found a similar out-of-phase relationship over many time scales. The phase of the Madden - Julian oscillation (MJO) is composited relative to anomalous precipitation events, revealing statistically relevant amplitudes associated with rainfall both downstream of the jet and in the SACZ. The MJO is a particularly interesting intraseasonal oscillation because it has some predictability. It is speculated that the slowly varying dipole that has been observed is a consequence of the preferred phasing of synoptic waves due to variations of the planetary-scale basic-state flow, which is at times associated with the MJO. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Ctr Invest Mar & Atmosfera, CONICET, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Liebmann, B (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Brant.Liebmann@noaa.gov RI Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012 NR 43 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 19 BP 3829 EP 3842 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3829:SVORIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860RZ UT WOS:000224362100013 ER PT J AU Vazquez-Cuervo, J Armstrong, EM Harris, A AF Vazquez-Cuervo, J Armstrong, EM Harris, A TI The effect of aerosols and clouds on the retrieval of infrared sea surface temperatures SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; ELIMINATION; BIAS AB Comparisons are performed between spatially averaged sea surface temperatures (ASST2) as derived from the second Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-2) on board the second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) and the NOAA-NASA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Oceans Pathfinder dataset (MPFSST). Difference maps, MPFSST 2 ASST2, along with the application of a simple statistical regression model to aerosol and cloud data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS), are used to examine the impact of possible aerosol and cloud contamination. Differences varied regionally, but the largest biases were seen off western Africa. Nighttime and daytime differences off western Africa were reduced from -0.5degrees to -0.2degreesC and from -0.1degrees to 0degreesC, respectively. Significant cloud flagging, based on the model, occurred in the Indian Ocean, the equatorial Pacific, and in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream. Comparisons of the MPFSST and the ASST2 with in situ data from the 2002 version of the World Oceanic Database (WOD02) off western Africa show larger mean differences for the MPFSST. The smallest mean differences occurred for nighttime ASST2 - WOD02 with a value of 0.0degrees +/- 0.4degreesC. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vazquez-Cuervo, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-323,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jv@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 20 BP 3921 EP 3933 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3921:TEOAAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 863UE UT WOS:000224588000004 ER PT J AU Yozzo, DJ Wilber, P Will, RJ AF Yozzo, DJ Wilber, P Will, RJ TI Beneficial use of dredged material for habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration in New York-New Jersey Harbor SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dredging; beneficial use; habitat restoration; New York; New Jersey ID ARTIFICIAL REEFS; SETTLEMENT; LARVAE AB A comprehensive Dredged Material Management Plan (DMMP) has been developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (USACE-NYD) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANY/NJ). The primary objective of the DMMP is to identify cost-effective and environmentally acceptable alternatives for the placement of dredged material derived from ongoing and proposed navigation improvements within the PANY/NJ. A significant portion of this dredged material is classified as unsuitable for open-ocean disposal. One suite of alternatives presented within the DMMP is the beneficial use of dredged material for habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration within the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary. Proposed beneficial use/habitat development projects include the use of dredged material for construction of artificial reefs, oyster reef restoration, intertidal wetland and mudflat creation, bathymetric recontouring, filling dead-end canals/basins, creation of bird/wildlife islands, and landfill/brownfields reclamation. Preliminary screening of the proposed beneficial use alternatives identified advantages, disadvantages, potential volumes, and estimated costs associated with each project type. Continued study of the proposed beneficial use alternatives has identified areas of environmental research or technology development where further investigation is warranted. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Barry A Vittor & Associates Inc, Lake Katrine, NY 12449 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. USA, Corp Engn, New York, NY 10278 USA. RP Yozzo, DJ (reprint author), Barry A Vittor & Associates Inc, 1973 Ulster Ave, Lake Katrine, NY 12449 USA. EM dyozzo@bvaenviro.com; pace.wilber@noaa.gov; robert.j.will@nan02.usace.army.mil NR 54 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 31 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 73 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.05.008 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 861CZ UT WOS:000224395000004 PM 15327845 ER PT J AU Keefer, ML Peery, CA Jepson, MA Stuehrenberg, LC AF Keefer, ML Peery, CA Jepson, MA Stuehrenberg, LC TI Upstream migration rates of radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon in riverine habitats of the Columbia River basin SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adult; Chinook salmon; migration; Oncorhynchus; radiotelemetry ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; RETURN MIGRATION; PACIFIC SALMON; BEHAVIOR; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; GAIRDNERI AB Upstream migration rates were assessed for 1801 radio-tagged adult spring-summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha through 12 unimpounded river reaches in the Columbia River basin front 1997 to 2002. Reaches were 36 to 241 km long (mean = 130 km) and included sections of the large Columbia and Snake Rivers and smaller free-flowing tributaries. Median Chinook salmon migration rates ranged from < 10 km day(-1) in the Deschutes and Clearwater Rivers to > 35 km day(-1) in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Using multivariate analyses, migration date explained the most variance in Chinook salmon migration rates while river discharge, migration year and migration reach were secondary. Both within and between years, Chinook salmon migrated more rapidly as migration date increased and more slowly when discharge was high. Arrival at high elevation spawning grounds at appropriate times and increased metabolic activity and reproductive maturation may explain the greater power of migration date, relative to river discharge, in predicting migration rates of Columbia basin spring-summer Chinook salmon. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Keefer, ML (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM mkeefer@uidaho.edu NR 49 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 65 IS 4 BP 1126 EP 1141 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00522.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 860WH UT WOS:000224374000017 ER PT J AU Olivier, JA Liebenberg, L Kedzierski, MA Meyer, JP AF Olivier, JA Liebenberg, L Kedzierski, MA Meyer, JP TI Pressure drop during refrigerant condensation inside horizontal smooth, helical microfin, and herringbone microfin tubes SO JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article DE refrigerant condensation; smooth tube; helical microfin tube; herringbone microfin tube; pressure drop; flow regime ID HEAT-TRANSFER; FLOW AB This paper presents a study of pressure drops during condensation inside a smooth, an 18-deg helical microfin, and a herringbone microfin tube. Measurements were conducted with refrigerant flowing through the tube of a concentric heat exchanger with water flowing in a counterflow direction in the annulus. Each tube was part of a condenser consisting of eight subcondensers with instrumentation preceding each subcondenser Three refrigerants were used, namely, R-22, R-407C, and R-134a, all operating at a saturation temperature of 40 degreesC with mass fluxes ranging from 400 to 800 kg/m(2) S. Inlet qualities ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 and outlet qualities ranged from 0.05 to 0.15. The test results showed that on average for the three refrigerants the pressure gradients of the herringbone microfin tube were about 79% higher than that of the smooth tube and about 27% higher than that of the helical microfin tube. Further a correlation from the literature for predicting pressure drops inside a helical microfin tube was modified for the herringbone microfin tube. The modified correlation predicted the data to within an error of 1% and had an absolute mean deviation of 6.8%. This modified correlation compared well with a correlation from the literature that predicted the data to within an error of 7%. C1 Univ Pretoria, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meyer, JP (reprint author), Univ Pretoria, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. EM jonathan.olivier@up.ac.za; lieb@up.ac.za; mark.kedzierski@nist.gov; jmeyer@up.ac.za RI LIEBENBERG, LEON/B-6738-2009; Meyer, Josua/A-2148-2008; OI Meyer, Josua/0000-0002-3675-5494 NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0022-1481 J9 J HEAT TRANS-T ASME JI J. Heat Transf.-Trans. ASME PD OCT PY 2004 VL 126 IS 5 BP 687 EP 696 DI 10.1115/1.1795240 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 876BZ UT WOS:000225472000003 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Georgakakos, KP Liang, X AF Smith, MB Georgakakos, KP Liang, X TI The distributed model intercomparison project (DMIP) SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov; KGeorgakakos@hrc-lab.org; liang@ce.berkeley.edu NR 0 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 298 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.05.001 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 851GF UT WOS:000223672900001 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Seo, DJ Koren, VI Reed, SM Zhang, Z Duan, Q Moreda, F Cong, S AF Smith, MB Seo, DJ Koren, VI Reed, SM Zhang, Z Duan, Q Moreda, F Cong, S TI The distributed model intercomparison project (DMIP): motivation and experiment design SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrologic model; distributed model; rainfall-runoff; model comparison; lumped model; forecast; simulation ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; RADAR RAINFALL DATA; REAL-TIME ESTIMATION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGICAL MODELS; FLOOD PROGRAM; RIVER-BASIN; SOUTHERN PLAINS; UNITED-STATES; RUNOFF MODEL AB The distributed model intercomparison project (DMIP) was formulated as a broad comparison of many distributed models amongst themselves and to a lumped model used for operational river forecasting in the US. DMIP was intended to provide guidance on research and implementation directions for the US National Weather Service as well as to address unresolved questions on the variability of rainfall and its effect on basin response. Twelve groups participated, including groups from Canada, China, Denmark, New Zealand, and the US. Numerous data sets including seven years of concurrent radar-rainfall and streamflow data were provided to participants through web access. Detailed modeling instructions specified calibration and verification periods and modeling points. Participating models were run in 'simulation' mode without a forecast component. DMIP proved to be a successful endeavour, providing the hydrologic research and forecasting communities with a wealth of results. This paper presents the background and motivations for DMIP and describes the major project elements. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov RI Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011 OI Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512 NR 94 TC 181 Z9 184 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 298 IS 1-4 BP 4 EP 26 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.040 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 851GF UT WOS:000223672900002 ER PT J AU Reed, S Koren, V Smith, M Zhang, Z Moreda, F Seo, DJ AF Reed, S Koren, V Smith, M Zhang, Z Moreda, F Seo, DJ CA DMIP Participants TI Overall distributed model intercomparison project results SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE distributed hydrologic modeling; model intercomparison; radar precipitation; rainfall-runoff; hydrologic simulation ID RADAR RAINFALL DATA; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; VALIDATION; BASIN; BIAS AB This paper summarizes results from the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP) study. DMIP simulations from twelve different models are compared with both observed streamflow and lumped model simulations. The lumped model simulations were produced using the same techniques used at National Weather Service River Forecast Centers (NWS-RFCs) for historical calibrations and serve as a useful benchmark for comparison. The differences between uncalibrated and calibrated model performance are also assessed. Overall statistics are used to compare simulated and observed flows during all time steps, flood event statistics are calculated for selected storm events, and improvement statistics are used to measure the gains from distributed models relative to the lumped models and calibrated models relative to uncalibrated models. Although calibration strategies for distributed models are not as well defined as strategies for lumped models, the DMIP results show that some calibration efforts applied to distributed models significantly improve simulation results. Although for the majority of basin-distributed model combinations, the lumped model showed better overall performance than distributed models, some distributed models showed comparable results to lumped models in many basins and clear improvements in one or more basins. Noteworthy improvements in predicting flood peaks were demonstrated in a basin distinguishable from other basins studied in its shape, orientation, and soil characteristics. Greater uncertainties inherent to modeling small basins in general and distinguishable inter-model performance on the smallest basin (65 km(2)) in the study point to the need for more studies with nested basins of various sizes. This will improve our understanding of the applicability and reliability of distributed models at various scales. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Reed, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev,WOHD 12, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM seann.reed@noaa.gov RI Ivanov, Valeriy/B-4510-2013 NR 47 TC 238 Z9 241 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 298 IS 1-4 BP 27 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.031 PG 34 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 851GF UT WOS:000223672900003 ER PT J AU Georgakakos, KP Seo, DJ Gupta, H Schaake, J Butts, MB AF Georgakakos, KP Seo, DJ Gupta, H Schaake, J Butts, MB TI Towards the characterization of streamflow simulation uncertainty through multimodel ensembles SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE multimodel ensemble prediction; distributed hydrologic modeling; parameter uncertainty; forecast reliability; flow forecasting ID SEASONAL CLIMATE; MODEL CONSENSUS; FORECASTS; WEATHER AB Distributed hydrologic modeling holds significant promise for improved estimates of streamflow with high spatial resolution. However, uncertainty in model structure and parameters, which are distributed in space, and in operational weather radar rainfall estimates, which comprise the main input to the models, contributes to significant uncertainty in distributed model streamflow simulations over a wide range of space and time scales. Using the simulations produced for the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP), this paper develops and applies sample-path methods to characterize streamflow simulation uncertainty by diverse distributed hydrologic models. The emphasis in this paper is on the model parameter and structure uncertainty given radar rainfall forcing. Multimodel ensembles are analyzed for six application catchments in the Central US to characterize model structure uncertainty within the sample of models (both calibrated and uncalibrated) participating in DMIP. Ensembles from single distributed and lumped models are also used for one of the catchments to provide a basis to characterize the impact of parametric uncertainty versus model structure uncertainty in flow simulation statistics. Two main science questions are addressed: (a) what is the value of multimodel streamflow ensembles in terms of the probabilistic characterization of simulation uncertainty? And (b) how do probabilistic skill measures of multimodel versus single-model ensembles compare? Discussed also are implications for the operational use of streamflow ensembles generated by distributed hydrologic models. The results support the serious consideration of ensemble simulations and predictions created by diverse models in real time flow prediction. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Hydrol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Danish Hydraul Inst, Div Water Resources, River & Flood Management Dept, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. RP Georgakakos, KP (reprint author), Hydrol Res Ctr, 12780 High Bluff Dr,Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92130 USA. EM kgeorgakakos@hrc-lab.org RI Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010 OI Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839 NR 22 TC 176 Z9 179 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 298 IS 1-4 BP 222 EP 241 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.037 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 851GF UT WOS:000223672900011 ER PT J AU Smith, MB Koren, VI Zhang, Z Reed, SM Pan, JJ Moreda, F AF Smith, MB Koren, VI Zhang, Z Reed, SM Pan, JJ Moreda, F TI Runoff response to spatial variability in precipitation: an analysis of observed data SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rainfall; spatial variability; dampening; hydrologic response; streamflow variability; NEXRAD; radar; precipitation; wavelet transformation; distributed model ID WAVELET TRANSFORM; CATCHMENT RESPONSE; SPECTRAL-ANALYSES; KARSTIC SPRINGS; WEATHER RADAR; TIME-SCALE; RAINFALL; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; BASIN AB We examine the hypothesis that basins characterized by (1) marked spatial variability in precipitation, and (2) less of a filtering effect of the input rainfall signal will show improved outlet simulations from distributed versus lumped models. Basin outflow response to observed spatial variability of rainfall is examined for several basins in the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project. The study basins are located in the Southern Great Plains and range in size from 795 to 1645 km(2). We test our hypothesis by studying indices of rainfall spatial variability and basin filtering. Spatial variability of rainfall is measured using two indices for specific events: a general variability index and a locational index. The variability of basin response to rainfall event is measured in terms of a dampening ratio reflecting the amount of filtering performed on the input rainfall signal to produce the observed basin outflow signal. Analysis of the observed rainfall and streamflow data indicates that all basins perform a range of dampening of the input rainfall signal. All basins except one had a very limited range of rainfall location index. Concurrent time series of observed radar rainfall estimates and observed streamflow are analyzed to avoid model-specific conclusions. The results indicate that one basin contains complexities that suggest the use of distributed modeling approach. Furthermore, the analyses of observed data support the calibrated results from a distributed model. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Ctr Medicare & Medicaid Serv, Baltimore, MD 21244 USA. RP Smith, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, WOHD-12,1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.smith@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 298 IS 1-4 BP 267 EP 286 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.039 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 851GF UT WOS:000223672900013 ER PT J AU Yang, FL Kumar, A Lau, KM AF Yang, FL Kumar, A Lau, KM TI Potential predictability of US summer climate with "perfect'' soil moisture SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY; SEASONAL PREDICTION; FORECAST SYSTEM; NORTH-AMERICA; MODEL; PACIFIC; LAND; TELECONNECTIONS AB The potential predictability of surface-air temperature and precipitation over the United States was assessed for a GCM forced by observed sea surface temperatures and an estimate of observed soil-moisture content. The latter was obtained by substituting the GCM-simulated precipitation, which is used to drive the GCM's land surface component, with observed pentad-mean precipitation at each time step of the model's integration. With this substitution, the simulated soil moisture correlates well with an independent estimate of observed soil moisture in all seasons over the entire U. S. continent. Significant enhancements for the predictability of surface-air temperature and precipitation were found in boreal late spring and summer over the U. S. continent. Anomalous pattern correlations of precipitation and surface-air temperature over the U. S. continent in the June - August season averaged for the 1979 - 2000 period increased from 0.01 and 0.06 for the GCM simulations without precipitation substitution to 0.23 and 0.31, respectively, for the simulations with precipitation substitution. The results provide an estimate for the limits of potential predictability if soil-moisture variability is to be perfectly predicted. However, this estimate may be model dependent and needs to be substantiated by other modeling groups. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, GEST UMBC,Lab Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, GEST UMBC,Lab Atmospheres, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM fyang@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 5 IS 5 BP 883 EP 895 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0883:PPOUSC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 867MT UT WOS:000224847400013 ER PT J AU Mizroch, SA Herman, LM Straley, JM Glockner-Ferrari, DA Jurasz, C Darling, J Cerchio, S Gabriele, CM Salden, DR Von Ziegesar, O AF Mizroch, SA Herman, LM Straley, JM Glockner-Ferrari, DA Jurasz, C Darling, J Cerchio, S Gabriele, CM Salden, DR Von Ziegesar, O TI Estimating the adult survival rate of central North Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE adult survival; capture-recapture; demography; humpback whale; marine mammal; Megaptera novaeangliae; North Pacific; photo identification; Program MARK ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MARKED ANIMALS; MODEL; MOVEMENTS AB We used photo-identification records to estimate annual survival of adult humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) for the central North Pacific stock using models within the software application Program MARK. The analysis is based on 10,567 photographs of 2,400 individual whales taken from 1979 to 1996. The central North Pacific stock winters in Hawai'i and migrates to discrete feeding areas in Alaska for the summer and autumn. The Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) estimate of annual survival based on annual sightings in Hawai'i was 0.963 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.944-0.978) and the Pradel estimate was 0.963 (95% CI: 0.944-0.976), with a population rate of increase of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03-1.16). The best survival estimate for southeastern Alaska whales, based on Barker's model, was 0.957 (95% Cl: 0.943-0.967). The best survival estimate for Prince William Sound whales, also based on Barker's model, was 0.984 (95% CI: 0.954-0.995). Whales from the central North Pacific stock mix in Hawai'i; therefore, the best apparent survival estimate for the entire stock is from the pooled Hawai'i data. However, this analysis also demonstrated that we could reduce heterogeneity with Barker's model and obtain more plausible estimates of survival for the whales in discrete feeding areas using semiannual sightings in Hawai'i as opportunistic resightings. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Lab, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Alaska, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. Ctr Whale Studies, Covington, LA 70433 USA. SeaSearch, Faro, YT Y0B 1K0, Canada. W Coast Whale Res Fdn, Tofino, BC V04 2Z0, Canada. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Glacier Bay Natl Pk & Preserve, Humpback Whale Monitoring Program, Gustavus, AK 99826 USA. Hawaii Whale Res Fdn, Maryville, IL 62062 USA. Eye Whale, Fritz Creek, AK USA. RP Mizroch, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM sally.mizroch@noaa.gov RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 39 TC 40 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 13 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 963 EP 972 DI 10.1644/BOS-123 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 864XU UT WOS:000224667300015 ER PT J AU Jung, YG Lawn, BR Martyniuk, M Huang, H Hu, XZ AF Jung, YG Lawn, BR Martyniuk, M Huang, H Hu, XZ TI Evaluation of elastic modulus and hardness of thin films by nanoindentation SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WEAR-RESISTANT COATINGS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CONTACT AB Simple equations are proposed for determining elastic modulus and hardness properties of thin films on substrates from nanoindentation experiments. An empirical formulation relates the modulus E and hardness H of the film/substrate bilayer to corresponding material properties of the constituent materials via a power-law relation. Geometrical dependence of E and H is wholly contained in the power-law exponents, expressed here as sigmoidal functions of indenter penetration relative to film thickness. The formulation may be inverted to enable deconvolution of film properties from data on the film/substrate bilayers. Berkovich nanoindentation data for dense oxide and nitride films on silicon substrates are used to validate the equations and to demonstrate the film property deconvolution. Additional data for less dense nitride films are used to illustrate the extent to which film properties may depend on the method of fabrication. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Engn, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. Univ Western Australia, Sch Mech Engn, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Huang, Han/A-6025-2011; Martyniuk, Mariusz/C-2420-2013; Hu, Xiaozhi /H-4353-2011 NR 15 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 27 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 10 BP 3076 EP 3080 DI 10.1557/JMR.2004.0380 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 858TE UT WOS:000224213900038 ER PT J AU Ilyushin, VV Alekseev, EA Dyubko, SF Kleiner, I Hougen, JT AF Ilyushin, VV Alekseev, EA Dyubko, SF Kleiner, I Hougen, JT TI Ground and first excited torsional states of acetamide SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE internal rotation; rho-axis-method; millimeter wave spectrum ID MICROWAVE-SPECTRUM; INTERNAL-ROTATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ACETIC-ACID; METHANOL; MILLIMETER; VIBRATIONS; ROTOR AB We present a first global study involving rotational levels in the lowest three torsional states of acetamide (CH3CONH2). New measurements of this spectrum, consisting of approximately 1600 lines and involving torsion-rotation transitions with J up to 20 and K-alpha up to 11, have been carried out between 49 and 149 GHz using the millimeter-wave spectrometer in Kharkov. After removing the observed quadrupole hyperfine splittings, the new data were combined with previously published measurements and fitted using a rho-axis-method (RAM) torsion-rotation Hamiltonian in conjunction with a new computer-automated v(t) and K labeling algorithm. The final fit used 48 parameters to give an overall weighted standard deviation of 0.72 for 759, 587, and 265 lines belonging, respectively, to the ground, first, and second excited torsional states and 95 lines corresponding to Deltav(t) = 1 transitions falling in the millimeter wave range. Separate root-mean-square (rms) deviations for the A (25 kHz) and E (27 kHz) species, as well as for the v(t) = 0 state (26 kHz), v(t) = 1 (25 kHz), v(t) = 2 (22 kHz), and Deltav(t) = 1 transitions (35 kHz) indicate a similar quality of the fit for the two symmetry species and for the three torsional states. The RAM Hamiltonian was found to have rather good predictive ability when fits of only v(t) = 0 (or only v(t) = 0 and 1) transitions were used to calculate v(t) = 1 (or v(t) = 2) lines. In addition, the combination of this Hamiltonian and the computer-automated v(t) and K labeling algorithm seems to provide a rather powerful tool for the precise assignment and fitting of torsion-rotation transitions in C-3v internal-rotor molecules with low torsional potential barriers. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NASU, Inst Radio Astron, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UPR 3361, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ilyushin, VV (reprint author), NASU, Inst Radio Astron, Chervonopraporna 4, UA-61002 Kharkov, Ukraine. EM ilyushin@rian.ira.kharkov.ua NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 227 IS 2 BP 115 EP 139 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.05.014 PG 25 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 857JI UT WOS:000224112100001 ER PT J AU Arbic, BK Flierl, GR AF Arbic, BK Flierl, GR TI Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom Ekman friction: Application to midocean eddies SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; GULF-STREAM; BETA-PLANE; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; KINETIC-ENERGY; NONLINEAR EQUILIBRATION; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; OCEAN CIRCULATION; EDDY TRANSPORTS; TIME-SERIES AB This paper examines the plausibility of mesoscale eddy generation through local baroclinic instability of weak midocean gyre flows. The main tool is a statistically steady, two-layer quasigeostrophic turbulence model driven by an imposed, horizontally homogeneous, vertically sheared mean flow and dissipated by bottom Ekman friction. A wide range of friction strengths is investigated. In the weakly damped limit, flow is nearly barotropic, and the horizontal length scale of barotropic energy increases with decreasing friction, consistent with previous studies. The strongly damped limit, explored here for the first time, is equivalent barotropic (lower-layer velocities are nearly zero) and features an increase in the horizontal scale of potential energy with increasing friction. Current-meter data suggest that midocean eddies lie between the barotropic and equivalent barotropic limits. In accord with this suggestion, the moderately damped regime of the model compares well to observations of eddy amplitude, vertical structure, and horizontal scale, especially when stratification is surface intensified. A review of pertinent observations suggests that mesoscale eddies may indeed lie in the moderately damped limit. These arguments are first developed in f-plane simulations. Previous studies of beta-plane turbulence have had eastward mean flows, and in this case eddy energy has little sensitivity to friction. However, midocean gyre flows are generally nonzonal, and this nonzonality appears to be a significant factor in the production of energetic eddies. Beta-plane turbulence driven by nonzonal mean flows is sensitive to bottom friction, such that moderate damping is required for model eddies to compare well to observations, as on the f plane. A heuristic argument is presented in support of this similarity. C1 MIT, WHOI Joint Program Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Arbic, BK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM arbic@splash.princeton.edu OI Arbic, Brian K/0000-0002-7969-2294 NR 84 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2257 EP 2273 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<2257:BUGTIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 866FV UT WOS:000224760200009 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Huang, Q Cook, LP Levin, I Kaduk, JA Mighell, AD Suh, J AF Wong-Ng, W Huang, Q Cook, LP Levin, I Kaduk, JA Mighell, AD Suh, J TI Crystal chemistry and crystallography of the Aurivillius phase Bi5AgNb4O18 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aurivillius phase; structure of Bi5AgNb4O18 neutron and X-ray Rietveld refinements; X-ray reference diffraction pattern; structure comparison of Bi(5)ANb(4)O(18) (A= K, Ag; Na) ID BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES; BISMUTH SESQUIOXIDE; SILVER ELECTRODES; CERAMICS; CA; SR AB Bi5AgNb4O18 is a new phase, which was discovered during the phase equilibrium study of the Bi2O3-Ag2O-Nb2O5 System. Bi5AgNb4O18 was prepared at 750degreesC and is stable in air up to its melting temperature of 1160.1 +/- 5.0degreesC (standard error of estimate). Results of a Rietveld refinement using neutron powder diffraction confirmed that Bi5AgNb4O18 is isostructural with Bi3TiNbO9, Bi5NaNb4O18, and Bi5KNb4O18. The structure was refined in the orthorhombic space group A2(1)am, Z = 2, and the lattice parameters are a = 5.4915(2) Angstrom, b = 5.4752(2) Angstrom, c = 24.9282(8) Angstrom, and V = 749.52(4) Angstrom(3). The structure can be described as the m = 2 member of the Aurivillius family, (Bi2O2)(2+) (A(m-1)B(m)O(3m+1))(2-) (where A =Bi and B=Ag, Nb), which is characterized by perovskite-like (A(m-1)B(m)O(3m+1))(2-) slabs regularly interleaved with (Bi2O2)(2+) layers. The octahedral [NbO6] units are distorted with Nb-O distances ranging from 1.856(4) to 2.161(2) Angstrom and the O-Nb-O angles ranging from 82.6(3)degrees to 98.5(3)degrees. These octahedra are tilted about the a- and c-axis by about 10.3degrees and 12.4degrees, respectively. Ag was found to substitute exclusively into the Bi-site that is located in the layer between the two distorted [NbO6] units. Although the Ag substitutes into the Bi-site with the Bi:Ag ratio of 1:1, the existence of a superlattice was not detected using electron diffraction. A comparison of (Bi2O2)(2+) (A(m-1)Nb(m)O(3m+1))(2-) structures (where A = Ag, Na, and K) revealed a relation between the pervoskite tolerance factor, t, and structural distortion. The reference pattern for Bi5AgNb4O18 has been submitted to the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. British Petr Chem, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Mat Bldg,Rm A-207, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 177 IS 10 BP 3359 EP 3367 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.05.040 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 862BV UT WOS:000224465500017 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND TI Densities and apparent molar volumes of aqueous H3BO3 solutions at temperatures from 296 to 573 K and at pressures up to 48 MPa SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; apparent molar volume; density; equation of state; partial molar volume; boric acid; water ID BORIC-ACID; WATER AB Densities of four aqueous H3BO3 solutions (0.062, 0.155, 0.315, and 0.529 mol-kg(-1)) have been measured in the liquid phase with a constant volume piezometer immersed in a precisely controlled liquid thermostat. Measurements were made at temperatures between 296 and 573 K and pressures from 0.82 to 48 MPa. The total uncertainties of the density, pressure, temperature, and molality measurements were estimated to be less than 0.06%, 0.05%, 10 mK, and 0.0005 mol-kg(-1), respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by PVT measurements on pure water for two isobars (30 and 39 MPa) at temperatures from 313 to 573 K. The experimental and calculated (IAPWS formulation) densities for pure water show excellent agreement which is within their experimental uncertainties (average absolute deviation, AAD = 0.012%). Apparent and partial molar volumes were derived using the measured densities for solutions and pure water, and these results were extrapolated to zero concentration to yield the partial molar volumes of the electrolyte (H3BO3) at infinite dilution. The temperature, pressure, and concentration dependencies of the apparent and partial molar volumes were studied. Small pressure and concentration effects on the apparent molar volumes were found at temperatures up to 500 K. The parameters of a polynomial type of equation of state for the specific volume V-sol(P, T, m) as a function of pressure, temperature, and molality were obtained with a least-squares method using the experimental data. The root-mean-square deviation between measured and calculated values from this polynomial equation of state is +/-0.2 kg-m(-3) for density. Measured values of the solution densities and the apparent and partial molar volumes are compared with data reported in the literature. C1 Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1305 EP 1331 DI 10.1007/s10953-004-7142-2 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 885DK UT WOS:000226137100008 ER PT J AU Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE Collier, SL AF Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE Collier, SL TI Time-domain equations for sound propagation in rigid-frame porous media (L) SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS; MODELS AB A general set of time-domain equations describing linear sound propagation in a rigid-frame, gas-saturated porous medium is derived. The equations, which are valid for all frequencies, are based on a relaxational model for the viscous and thermal diffusion processes occuring in the pores. The dissipative terms in the equations involve convolutions of the acoustic fields with the impulse response of the medium. It is shown that the equations reduce to previously known results in the limits of low and high frequencies. Alternative time-domain equations are also derived based on a Pade approximation. C1 US Army Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Phys Dept, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NOAA Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. US Army Res Lab, AMSRD ARL CI EE, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Wilson, DK (reprint author), US Army Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM d.keith.wilson@erdc.usace.army.mil RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 14 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 116 IS 4 BP 1889 EP 1892 DI 10.1121/1.1785691 PN 1 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 864TK UT WOS:000224655600001 ER PT J AU Booth, DB Karr, JR Schauman, S Konrad, CP Morley, SA Larson, MG Burges, SJ AF Booth, DB Karr, JR Schauman, S Konrad, CP Morley, SA Larson, MG Burges, SJ TI Reviving urban streams: Land use, hydrology, biology, and human behavior SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; flow; index of biological integrity (IBI); homeowner behavior; residential conditions; stream rehabilitation; urban water management ID WATER-QUALITY; URBANIZATION; MITIGATION; REGIME; VARIABILITY; INTEGRITY; ECOLOGY; SYSTEMS; SCALES AB Successful stream rehabilitation requires a shift from narrow analysis and management to integrated understanding of the links between human actions and changing river health. At study sites in the Puget Sound lowlands of western Washing-ton State, landscape, hydrological, and biological conditions were evaluated for streams flowing through watersheds with varying levels of urban development. At all spatial scales, stream biological condition measured by the benthic index of biological integrity (B-IBI) declined as impervious area increased. Impervious area alone, however, is a flawed surrogate of river health. Hydrologic metrics that reflect chronic altered streamflows, for example, provide a direct mechanistic link between the changes associated with urban development and declines in stream biological condition. These measures provide a more sensitive understanding of stream basin response to urban development than do treatment of each increment of impervious area equally. Land use in residential backyards adjacent to streams also heavily influences stream condition. Successful stream rehabilitation thus requires coordinated diagnosis of the causes of degradation and integrative management to treat the range of ecological stressors within each urban area, and it depends on remedies appropriate at scales from backyards to regional storm water systems. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Water & Watershed Studies, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. City New York Parks & Recreat, Nat Resources Grp, New York, NY 10029 USA. RP Booth, DB (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dbooth@u.washington.edu RI Booth, Derek/B-6379-2014; OI Booth, Derek/0000-0002-5242-4089; Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X NR 54 TC 112 Z9 125 U1 6 U2 112 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1351 EP 1364 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01591.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 865SA UT WOS:000224721900018 ER PT J AU Moon, IJ Hara, T Ginis, I Belcher, SE Tolman, HL AF Moon, IJ Hara, T Ginis, I Belcher, SE Tolman, HL TI Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange. Part I: Effect of mature and growing seas SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WIND STRESS; OPEN-OCEAN; HEAT-FLUX; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; EQUILIBRIUM RANGE; DRAG; DEPENDENCE; FLOW; ROUGHNESS; IMPACT AB The effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange over mature and growing seas is investigated by combining ocean wave models and a wave boundary layer model. The combined model estimates the wind stress by explicitly calculating the wave-induced stress. In the frequency range near the spectral peak, the NOAA/NCEP surface wave model WAVEWATCH-III is used to estimate the spectra, while the spectra in the equilibrium range are determined by an analytical model. This approach allows for the estimation of the drag coefficient and the equivalent surface roughness for any surface wave fields. Numerical experiments are performed for constant winds from 10 to 45 m s(-1) to investigate the effect of mature and growing seas on air-sea momentum exchange. For mature seas, the Charnock coefficient is estimated to be about 0.01similar to0.02 and the drag coefficient increases as wind speed increases, both of which are within the range of previous observational data. With growing seas, results for winds less than 30 m s(-1) show that the drag coefficient is larger for younger seas, which is consistent with earlier studies. For winds higher than 30 m s(-1), however, results show a different trend; that is, very young waves yield less drag. This is because the wave-induced stress due to very young waves makes a small contribution to the total wind stress in very high wind conditions. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. NOAA, SAIC GSO, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Moon, IJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mij@gso.uri.edu RI Hara, Tetsu/G-9779-2011; Belcher, Stephen/G-2911-2011 NR 47 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 61 IS 19 BP 2321 EP 2333 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2321:EOSWOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857UU UT WOS:000224145100001 ER PT J AU Drobinski, P Carlotti, P Newsom, RK Banta, RM Foster, RC Redelsperger, JL AF Drobinski, P Carlotti, P Newsom, RK Banta, RM Foster, RC Redelsperger, JL TI The structure of the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer (vol 61, pg 699, 2004) SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 Ecole Polytech, Meteorol Dynam Lab, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Ctr Etud Tunnels, Bron, France. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France. RP Drobinski, P (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, Meteorol Dynam Lab, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. EM philippe.drobinski@aero.jussieu.fr RI Jean-Luc, Redelsperger/L-4021-2015 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 61 IS 19 BP 2400 EP 2400 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2400:C>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857UU UT WOS:000224145100007 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, EL TI Diffraction corrections in radiometry: spectral and total power and asymptotic properties SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article AB Wolf's result for integrated flux in the case of diffraction by a circular lens or aperture in the scalar, paraxial Fresnel approximation is considered anew. Compact integral formulas for pertinent infinite sums are derived, and the result's generalizations to extended sources and Planckian sources and asymptotic aspects at small wavelength and high temperature are all considered. Simplification of calculations for an actual absolute radiometer is demonstrated. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirley, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1895 EP 1906 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 858IS UT WOS:000224186100008 PM 15497417 ER PT J AU Diefenbach, DR Laake, JL Alt, GL AF Diefenbach, DR Laake, JL Alt, GL TI Spatio-temporal and demographic variation in the harvest of black bears: Implications for population estimation SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black bear; capture; harvest rate; harvest vulnerability; Horvitz-Thompson estimator; Lincoln-Petersen estimator; mark-recapture; Pennsylvania; Ursus americanus ID CAPTURE EXPERIMENTS; AGE; FOOD AB Biologists have monitored black bear (Ursus americanus) populations using annual Lincoln-Petersen (L-P) estimates of population size derived from the fraction of marked bears recovered in the harvest. Although spatial, temporal, and demographic factors have been linked to variation in harvest rates of black bears, the effect of this heterogeneity on mark-recapture population estimates has not been evaluated. Failure to incorporate heterogeneity in harvest rates can result in biased population estimates and poor precision, which may lead to inappropriate management decisions. We used records of 6,982 bears captured during 1983-2001 in Pennsylvania, USA, to estimate the probability of harvest related to spatiotemporal, environmental, and demographic characteristics associated with individual bears. Harvest rates varied according to sex, age class, hunter density, and snow cover. In addition, harvest rates varied temporally (by year and month of capture) and spatially across Pennsylvania. Model selection based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) supported a more complex harvest model based on a Horvitz-Thompson (H-T) estimator than the simpler model implicitly assumed by a series of annual L-P estimates. The H-T estimates of population size, which incorporated heterogeneity in harvest rates, were consistently lower than the annual L-P estimates because the H-T estimates accounted for mortality that occurred prior to the hunting season in addition to other sources of harvest heterogeneity. However, significant heterogeneity among breeding-age females could not be incorporated because we did not know the reproductive status (pregnant or with cubs) of each tagged and harvested female bear. Additional predictive variables of harvest rates of breeding-age females could further improve our model; however, an extension of our model that incorporates data from tagged cohorts may be an alternative means to improve the accuracy and precision of population estimates. C1 Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Merkle Lab 113, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Penn Game Commiss, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. RP Diefenbach, DR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, US Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Merkle Lab 113, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ddiefenbach@psu.edu NR 37 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 68 IS 4 BP 947 EP 959 DI 10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0947:SADVIT]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 887RI UT WOS:000226322800019 ER PT J AU Kargapoltsev, SV Kitching, J Hollberg, L Taichenachev, AV Velichansky, VL Yudin, VI AF Kargapoltsev, SV Kitching, J Hollberg, L Taichenachev, AV Velichansky, VL Yudin, VI TI High-contrast dark resonance in sigma(+)-sigma(-) optical field SO LASER PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE coherent population trapping; optical pumping; frequency stabilization ID VAPOR AB The amplitude of Lambda resonance in alkali atoms is limited by perturbing cycling transitions in the case of D2 line or by existence of additional trapping states in the case of D1 line. We propose to eliminate these extra trapping states by using two counter-propagating bichromatic fields of orthogonal circular polarizations. The experiment is in accordance with the theoretical proposal. The result refers to small-size cells and is important for applications in miniaturized atomic clocks. C1 PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. SD RAS, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk, Russia. RP Velichansky, VL (reprint author), PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Leninsky Prospect 53, Moscow 117924, Russia. EM llf@laser.nsc.ru; vlvlab@fs11.lpi.troitsk.ru RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015; Velichansky, Vladimir/M-4861-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066; NR 11 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1612-2011 EI 1612-202X J9 LASER PHYS LETT JI Laser Phys. Lett. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 1 IS 10 BP 495 EP 499 DI 10.1002/lapl.200410107 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 899YG UT WOS:000227181100003 ER PT J AU Ditty, JG Shaw, RF Cope, JS AF Ditty, JG Shaw, RF Cope, JS TI Distribution of carangid larvae (Teleostei : Carangidae) and concentrations of zooplankton in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with illustrations of early Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus and Caranx spp. larvae SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SERIOLA-DUMERILI; CHLOROSCOMBRUS-CHRYSURUS; DECAPTERUS-PUNCTATUS; JUVENILE FISH; ROUND SCAD; ATLANTIC; COASTAL; GROWTH; AMBERJACK; SHELF AB We examined 1,825 bongo-net samples collected during Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) ichthyoplankton surveys of United States Gulf of Mexico waters (1982-1986) for carangid larvae. Objectives were to describe the distribution of carangid larvae and to examine distribution patterns relative to areas of higher zooplankton volumes in order to reveal areas that may be important nurseries. Samples contained about 29,200 carangid larvae from 13 species or species complexes in 11 genera. Chloroscombrus chrysurus and Decapterus punctatus accounted for 91.7% of all larvae. We found that the 'scads' (D. punctatus, Trachurus lathami, and Selar crumenophthalmus) utilize temporally and/or spatially distinct spawning strategies to reduce co-occurrence of larvae. Samples contained fewer larvae than expected of the amberjacks (Seriola spp.), Caranx crysos, and C. hippos/latus given the abundance of adults in the survey area, possibly due to inadequate sampling at appropriate times and locations, gear avoidance, or gear bias. Zooplankton displacement volumes (ZDVs) differed among regions and seasons and were inversely related to surface salinity and station depth. Differences among years were not significant. ZDVs were consistently highest near the Mississippi River delta and along the western Louisiana/eastern Texas shelf, and moderately high during summer and fall along the shelf break, with localized pockets of elevated volumes over the eastern Gulf shelf. We suggest that Chloroscombrus chrysurus, D. punctatus, T. lathami, and possibly Oligoplites saurus, Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus and Caranx crysos spawn in frontal areas and/or along other hydrographic features that promote higher productivity. We provide new illustrations and descriptive information for the larvae of H. amblyrhynchus and discuss characters that separate early larvae of several species of Caranx. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Taxon & Ecol Lab, Fishery Ecol Branch, Galveston Lab,SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Ctr Coastal Energy & Environm Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Ditty, JG (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Taxon & Ecol Lab, Fishery Ecol Branch, Galveston Lab,SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM Jim.Ditty@NOAA.gov RI Ditty, Jim/B-6686-2009 NR 67 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 145 IS 5 BP 1001 EP 1014 DI 10.1007/s00227-004-1381-z PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 864EI UT WOS:000224616200016 ER PT J AU Balazs, GH Chaloupka, M AF Balazs, GH Chaloupka, M TI Spatial and temporal variability in somatic growth of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) resident in the Hawaiian Archipelago SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; FORAGING AREA; ISLANDS; RATES; FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS; MODELS AB The somatic growth dynamics of green turtles ( Chelonia mydas) resident in five separate foraging grounds within the Hawaiian Archipelago were assessed using a robust non-parametric regression modelling approach. The foraging grounds range from coral reef habitats at the north-western end of the archipelago, to coastal habitats around the main islands at the southeastern end of the archipelago. Pelagic juveniles recruit to these neritic foraging grounds from ca. 35 cm SCL or 5 kg ( similar to 6 years of age), but grow at foraging-ground-specific rates, which results in quite different size- and age-specific growth rate functions. Growth rates were estimated for the five populations as change in straight carapace length ( cm SCL year) 1) and, for two of the populations, also as change in body mass ( kg year) 1). Expected growth rates varied from ca. 0 - 2.5 cm SCL year) 1, depending on the foraging-ground population, which is indicative of slow growth and decades to sexual maturity, since expected size of first-time nesters is greater than or equal to 80 cm SCL. The expected size- specific growth rate functions for four populations sampled in the southeastern archipelago displayed a non-monotonic function, with an immature growth spurt at ca. 50 - 53 cm SCL ( similar to 18 - 23 kg) or ca. 13 - 19 years of age. The growth spurt for the Midway atoll population in the northwestern archipelago occurs at a much larger size ( ca. 65 cm SCL or 36 kg), because of slower immature growth rates that might be due to a limited food stock and cooler sea surface temperature. Expected age-at-maturity was estimated to be ca. 35 - 40 years for the four populations sampled at the south-eastern end of the archipelago, but it might well be > 50 years for the Midway population. The Hawaiian stock comprises mainly the same mtDNA haplotype, with no differences in mtDNA stock composition between foraging-ground populations, so that the geographic variability in somatic growth rates within the archipelago is more likely due to local environmental factors rather than genetic factors. Significant temporal variability was also evident, with expected growth rates declining over the last 10 - 20 years, while green turtle abundance within the archipelago has increased significantly since the mid-1970s. This inverse relationship between somatic growth rates and population abundance suggests a density-dependent effect on somatic growth dynamics that has also been reported recently for a Caribbean green turtle stock. The Hawaiian green turtle stock is characterised by slow growth rates displaying significant spatial and temporal variation and an immature growth spurt. This is consistent with similar findings for a Great Barrier Reef green turtle stock that also comprises many foraging-ground populations spanning a wide geographic range. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 55 TC 65 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 145 IS 5 BP 1043 EP 1059 DI 10.1007/s00227-004-1387-6 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 864EI UT WOS:000224616200020 ER PT J AU Reeves, RR Smith, TD Josephson, EA Clapham, PJ Woolmer, G AF Reeves, RR Smith, TD Josephson, EA Clapham, PJ Woolmer, G TI Historical observations of humpback and blue whales in the North Atlantic Ocean: Clues to migratory routes and possibly additional feeding grounds SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humpback whale; Megaptera novaeangliae; blue whale; Balaenoptera musculus; migration; North Atlantic; Mid-Atlantic Ridge ID BAY; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS AB The seasonal distributions of humpback and blue whales (Megaptera novaeangliae and Balaenoptera musculus, respectively) in the North Atlantic Ocean are not fully understood. Although humpbacks have been studied intensively in nearshore or coastal feeding and breeding areas, their migratory movements between these areas have been largely inferred. Blue whales have only been studied intensively along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and their seasonal occurrence and movements elsewhere in the North Atlantic are poorly known. We investigated the historical seasonal distributions of these two species using sighting and catch data extracted from American 18th and 19th century whaling logbooks. These data suggest that humpback whales migrated seasonally from low-latitude calving/ breeding grounds over a protracted period, and that some of them traveled far offshore rather than following coastal routes. Also, at least some humpbacks apparently fed early in the summer west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, well south of their known present-day feeding grounds. In assessing the present status of the North Atlantic humpback population, it will be important to determine whether such offshore feeding does in fact occur. Blue whales were present across the southern half of the North Atlantic during the autumn and winter months, and farther north in spring and summer, but we had too few data points to support inferences about these whales' migratory timing and routes. C1 Okapi Wildlife Assoc, Hudson, PQ J0P 1H0, Canada. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. RP Reeves, RR (reprint author), Okapi Wildlife Assoc, 27 Chandler Lane, Hudson, PQ J0P 1H0, Canada. EM rrreeves@total.net NR 35 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 25 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 774 EP 786 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01192.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000006 ER PT J AU Mullin, KD Fulling, GL AF Mullin, KD Fulling, GL TI Abundance of cetaceans in the oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico, 1996-2001 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE abundance; assessment; cetacean; Gulf of Mexico; line-transect; ship survey ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; DOLPHIN HABITATS; WATERS; ECOSYSTEMS; SUMMER; AERIAL; POWER AB The Gulf of Mexico is a Subtropical marginal sea of the western North Atlantic Ocean with a diverse cetacean community. Ship-based, line-transect abundance surveys were conducted in oceanic waters ( > 200 m deep) of the northern Gulf within U.S. waters (380,432 km(2)) during spring from 1996 to 1997 and from 1999 to 2001. Data from these five Surveys were pooled and minimum abundance estimates were based on 12,162 km of effort and 512 sightings of at least 19 species. The most commonly sighted species (number of groups) were pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata (164); sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus (67); dwarf/pygmy sperm whale, Kogia sima/breviceps (58); Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus (38); and bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (24). The most abundant species (number of individuals; coefficient of variation) were S. attenuata (91,321; 0.16); Clymene dolphin, S. clymene (17,355; 0.65); spinner dolphin, S. longirostris (11,971; 0.71); and striped dolphin, S. coeruleoalba (6,505; 0.43). The only large whales sighted were P macrocephalus (1,349; 0.23) and Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni (40; 0.61). Abundances for other species or genera ranged from 95 to 2,388 animals. Cetaceans were sighted throughout the oceanic northern Gulf and, whereas many species were widely distributed, some had more regional distributions. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. EM keith.d.mullin@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 36 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 787 EP 807 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01193.x PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000007 ER PT J AU Noren, SR AF Noren, SR TI Buffering capacity of the locomotor muscle in cetaceans: Correlates with postpartum development, dive duration, and swim performance SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cetaceans; skeletal muscle; anaerobic; buffering capacity; diving; swimming; development ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; FORAGING ENERGETICS; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; HARBOR PORPOISES; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BOWHEAD WHALES AB Skeletal muscles of marine mammals must support the metabolic demands of exercise during periods of reduced blood flow associated with the dive response. Enhanced muscle buffering could support anaerobic metabolic processes during apnea, yet this has not been fully investigated in cetaceans. To assess the importance of this adaptation in the diving and swimming performance of cetaceans, muscle buffering capacity due to non-bicarbonate buffers was measured in the longissimus dorsi of ten species of odontocete and one mysticete. Immature specimens from a subset of these species were studied to assess developmental trends. Fetal and neonatal cetaceans have low buffering capacities (range: 34.8-53.9 slykes) that are within the range measured for terrestrial mammals. A lengthy developmental period, independent of muscle myoglobin postnatal development, is required before adult levels are attained. Adult cetacean buffering capacities (range: 63.7-94.5 slykes) are among the highest values recorded for mammals. Cetacean species that demonstrate extremely long dive durations or high burst speed swimming tend to have greater buffering capacities. However, the wide range of body size across cetaceans may complicate these trends. Enhanced muscle buffering capacity may enable small-bodied species to extend breath-hold beyond short aerobic dive limits for foraging or predator evasion when necessary. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Noren, SR (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM shawn.noren@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 21 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 808 EP 822 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01194.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000008 ER PT J AU Reif, JS Bachand, A Aguirre, AA Borjesson, DL Kashinsky, L Braun, RR Antonelis, G AF Reif, JS Bachand, A Aguirre, AA Borjesson, DL Kashinsky, L Braun, RR Antonelis, G TI Morphometry, hematology, and serum chemistry in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; hematology; serum chemistry; free-ranging; health AB We studied morphometric, hematology, and serum chemistry variables in 140 Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) to establish normal baseline values for these variables among free-living seals. We compared seals at French Frigate Shoals (FFS), Midway Atoll (MID), and Pearl and Hermes Reef (PHR) because these subpopulations differ in their rates Of Population recovery. Dorsal standard length and axillary girth differed significantly between immature (1-4 yr old) and adult ( greater than or equal to 5 yr old) seals among sex and island subgroups. Immature seals at FFS were shorter than those at MID and PHR; adult seals at FFS had smaller dorsal standard lengths and axillary girths compared to the other subpopulations. The differences in size were more pronounced among adult females. Significant differences were also found for hematology and serum chemistry variables among seals at FFS, MID, and PHR. Monk seals at FFS had an absolute lymphopenia and eosinopenia compared to those at MID and PHR, compatible with a stress response. Seals at FFS also had lower blood urea nitrogen than seals at PHR, and a lower plasma potassium than seals at MID or PHR. Monk seals had an absolute and relative eosinophilia compared to previously published values. Analysis of subpopulation differences is useful for population health assessment and for long-term monitoring of an endangered species. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Columbia Univ, Wildlife Trust, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Reif, JS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM john.reif@colostate.edu NR 13 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 851 EP 860 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01196.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000010 ER PT J AU Mellinger, DK Stafford, KM Moore, SE Munger, U Fox, CG AF Mellinger, DK Stafford, KM Moore, SE Munger, U Fox, CG TI Detection of North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) calls in the Gulf of Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUNDS C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Mellinger, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM david.mellinger@oregonstate.edu NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 872 EP 879 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01198.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000012 ER PT J AU Harting, A Baker, J Becker, B AF Harting, A Baker, J Becker, B TI Non-metrical digital photoidentification system for the Hawaiian monk seal SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DOLPHIN IDENTIFICATION C1 Harting Biol Consulting, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Harting, A (reprint author), Harting Biol Consulting, 8898 Sandy Creek Lane, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM harting@mcn.net NR 13 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 4 BP 886 EP 895 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01200.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 862KH UT WOS:000224489000014 ER PT J AU Cole, MW Geyer, RG AF Cole, MW Geyer, RG TI The dependence of dielectric properties on compositional variation for tunable device applications SO MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials CY DEC 01-03, 2004 CL Perth, SOUTH AFRICA DE dielectric properties; deposition process; microwave measurements; film micro structure ID THIN-FILMS; MICROWAVE PROPERTIES; MICROSTRUCTURE; TEMPERATURE; CAPACITORS AB The materials properties of undoped and low concentration Mg doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin films are reported. The films were fabricated on single crystal (1 0 0) MgO and Pt coated Si substrates via the metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) technique using carboxylate-alkoxide precursors and post-deposition annealed at 800 degreesC (film/MgO substrates) and 750 degreesC (film/Pt-Si substrates). The dielectric properties were measured at 10 GHz using unpatterned/non-metallized films via a tuned coupled/split dielectric resonator system and at 100 kHz using metal-insulator-metal capacitors. The structure, microstructure, surface morphology and film/substrate compositional quality were analyzed and correlated to the films dielectric and insulating properties. The Mg doped BST films exhibited improved dielectric loss and insulating characteristics compared to the undoped BST thin films. The improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good tunability of the low level Mg doped BST thin films merits strong potential for utilization in microwave tunable devices. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cole, MW (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM mcole@arl.army.mil NR 15 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6636 J9 MECH MATER JI Mech. Mater. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1017 EP 1026 DI 10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.04.001 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 830EE UT WOS:000222103600010 ER PT J AU Teklu, A Ledbetter, H Kim, S Boatner, LA McGuire, M Keppens, V AF Teklu, A Ledbetter, H Kim, S Boatner, LA McGuire, M Keppens, V TI Single-crystal elastic constants of Fe-15Ni-15Cr alloy SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STAINLESS-STEEL AB Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and pulse-echo (PE) superposition techniques have been used to determine the three independent elastic-stiffness constants C(11), C(12), and C(44) as a function of temperature for single crystals of 70Fe-15Ni-15Cr alloy. The values of the elastic moduli determined using RUS and PE are in very good agreement within the range of uncertainties. This particular ternary composition of Fe, Ni, and Cr undergoes an fcc-bcc structural phase transformation near 190 K resulting in a low-temperature ferromagnetic phase. The Debye characteristic temperature was determined to be 447 K from PE and 451 K from RUS measurements. The Zener elastic anisotropy A = 2C(44)/(C(11)-C(12)) is nearly constant: A = 3.53 +/- 0.16 in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys with similar compositions. For these alloys, only small variations are observed in the Griineisen parameter, gamma approximate to 2.08, and in the Poisson ratio, nu([hkl]) = 0.293 +/- 0.013. C1 Univ Mississippi, Natl Ctr Phys Acoust, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Phys, University, MS 38677 USA. Coll Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Cornell Univ, Natl Ctr Phys Acoust, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Tennessee, Natl Ctr Phys Acoust, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Teklu, A (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Natl Ctr Phys Acoust, University, MS 38677 USA. EM teklua@cofc.edu RI McGuire, Michael/B-5453-2009; OI McGuire, Michael/0000-0003-1762-9406; Boatner, Lynn/0000-0002-0235-7594 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 35A IS 10 BP 3149 EP 3154 DI 10.1007/s11661-004-0059-y PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 858NA UT WOS:000224197300010 ER PT J AU Dabberdt, WF Frederick, GL Hardesty, RM Lee, WC Underwood, K AF Dabberdt, WF Frederick, GL Hardesty, RM Lee, WC Underwood, K TI Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency response SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; SINGLE-DOPPLER RADAR; ADJOINT-METHOD RETRIEVALS; ALTITUDE WIND FIELDS; WATER-VAPOR; MICROPHYSICAL RETRIEVAL; DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; COMPLEX TERRAIN; WEATHER RADAR; RAMAN LIDAR AB Air quality forecasting and emergency response are receiving increasing emphasis in the US and elsewhere; both share similar but not identical needs for advanced meteorological observations. At the same time, there has been a steady increase in the performance characteristics of ground-based remote sensing systems as well as ground-based and airborne in situ measurement systems. The structure of the planetary boundary layer is summarized in the context of implications for transport and diffusion, along with the measurement requirements for dispersion modeling. We then review the current state-of-the-art of operational and quasi-operational measurement systems with a focus on boundary layer measurements. Measurement systems discussed include: meteorological radar, radar wind profilers, radio acoustic sounding systems, lidar, sodar, GPS receivers, microwave radiometers, radiosonde systems, commercial aircraft measurements, and traditional near-surface in situ sensors. C1 Vaisala Inc, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. AeroVironment Inc, Monrovia, CA 91016 USA. RP Dabberdt, WF (reprint author), Vaisala Inc, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM walter.dabberdt@vaisala.com RI Zhang, YIng/F-5751-2011; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013 NR 135 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 57 EP 88 DI 10.1007/s00703-003-0061-8 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 862YX UT WOS:000224528500005 ER PT J AU Speer, MS Leslie, LM Qi, L Buckley, BW AF Speer, MS Leslie, LM Qi, L Buckley, BW TI Urban scale modelling: The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999 SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; STORM AB The aim of this study is to point to the very large improvements that are taking place in a range of modelling applications in the urban areas. The particular phenomenon chosen in this study is a supercell, but it could well have been any other aspect of urban modelling. The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999 was a long-lived, high precipitation supercell that produced a massive damage bill of over 2 billion Australian dollars from its hail swath. The Sydney hailstorm was poorly forecast for a number of reasons including: the severe weather season had officially ended so there were no specialist staff on duty when the hailstorm struck Sydney; the storm proved very difficult to predict and it was expected to continue heading out to sea; and the forecast guidance from all available operational numerical models was inadequate at the resolution required for a supercell simulation. Here, our interest is on the last of the problems, namely, the quality of the operational numerical model guidance, especially given the impact it had on a densely populated urban region. In this study, we compare the numerical guidance available at the time with current modeling capability which, although in research mode at present, will soon be available in real-time mode. The operational models were hydrostatic models run at horizontal resolutions of 25 km at best, compared with 1 km horizontal resolution for the non-hydrostatic research model. The research model also had a high-order differencing scheme and a sophisticated six phase cloud physics scheme compared with the much simpler parameterized convection in the operational models. The operational model produced very little convective precipitation and it was displaced well to the north of Sydney. The research model generated a supercell with a track and a hail size distribution that was encouragingly close to the observed. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Bur Meteorol, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sch Math, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Bur Meteorol, Perth, WA, Australia. RP Speer, MS (reprint author), Bur Meteorol, POB 413, Darlinghurst, NSW 1300, Australia. EM m.speer@bom.gov.au NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1007/s00703-003-0069-0 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 862YX UT WOS:000224528500013 ER PT J AU Cinzano, P Elvidge, CD AF Cinzano, P Elvidge, CD TI Night sky brightness at sites from DMSP-OLS satellite measurements SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE scattering; atmospheric effects; light pollution; site testing ID OPERATIONAL LINESCAN SYSTEM; HUMAN-SETTLEMENTS; ILLUMINATION; EMISSIONS; LIGHTS; WORLD; DUST; BAND AB We apply the sky brightness modelling technique introduced and developed by Roy Garstang to high-resolution satellite measurements of upward artificial light flux carried out with the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System and to GTOPO30 (a global digital elevation model by the US Geological Survey's EROS Data Centre) digital elevation data in order to predict the brightness distribution of the night sky at a given site in the primary astronomical photometric bands for a range of atmospheric aerosol contents. This method, based on global data and accounting for elevation, Earth curvature and mountain screening, allows the evaluation of sky glow conditions over the entire sky for any site in the world, to evaluate its evolution, to disentangle the contribution of individual sources in the surrounding territory and to identify the main contributing sources. Sky brightness, naked eye stellar visibility and telescope limiting magnitude are produced as three-dimensional arrays, the axes of which are the position on the sky and the atmospheric clarity. We compare our results with available measurements. C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy. Ist Sci & Tecnol Inquinamento Luminoso, I-36016 Thiene, Italy. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, Vicolo Osservatorio 2, I-35122 Padua, Italy. EM cinzano@pd.astro.it RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 64 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 EI 1365-2966 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 353 IS 4 BP 1107 EP 1116 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08132.x PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 860ZL UT WOS:000224385800012 ER PT J AU Lin, SJ AF Lin, SJ TI A "vertically Lagrangian'' finite-volume dynamical core for global models SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; PRESSURE-GRADIENT FORCE; PARABOLIC METHOD PPM; INTEGRATION METHOD; TRANSPORT SCHEMES; CHEMISTRY; SPHERE AB A finite-volume dynamical core with a terrain-following Lagrangian control-volume discretization is described. The vertically Lagrangian discretization reduces the dimensionality of the physical problem from three to two with the resulting dynamical system closely resembling that of the shallow water system. The 2D horizontal-to-Lagrangian-surface transport and dynamical processes are then discretized using the genuinely conservative flux-form semi-Lagrangian algorithm. Time marching is split-explicit, with large time steps for scalar transport, and small fractional steps for the Lagrangian dynamics, which permits the accurate propagation of fast waves. A mass, momentum, and total energy conserving algorithm is developed for remapping the state variables periodically from the floating Lagrangian control-volume to an Eulerian terrain-following coordinate for dealing with "physical parameterizations'' and to prevent severe distortion of the Lagrangian surfaces. Deterministic baroclinic wave-growth tests and long-term integrations using the Held-Suarez forcing are presented. Impact of the monotonicity constraint is discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Lin, SJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM Shian-Jiann.Lin@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 465 Z9 471 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2293 EP 2307 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2293:AVLFDC>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200001 ER PT J AU Nutter, P Stensrud, D Xue, M AF Nutter, P Stensrud, D Xue, M TI Effects of coarsely resolved and temporally interpolated lateral boundary conditions on the dispersion of limited-area ensemble forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC PREDICTABILITY; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL-MODELS; MESOSCALE-MODEL; ERROR GROWTH; SKILL; FLOW; VERIFICATION; UNCERTAINTY; SENSITIVITY AB This work examines the impact of coarsely resolved and temporally interpolated lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the dispersion of limited-area-model ( LAM) ensemble forecasts. An expression is developed that links error variance spectra to ensemble spread while accounting for spatial and ensemble mean errors. The balances required by this expression are used to show that LBC constraints on small-scale error variance growth are sufficient to help cause underdispersive LAM ensemble simulations. The hypothesis is tested in a controlled and efficient manner using a modified barotropic channel model. Ten-member ensemble simulations are produced over many cases on a "global'' periodic channel domain and each of four smaller nested LAM domains. Lateral boundary effects are specifically isolated since all simulations are perfect except for initial condition perturbations and the use of coarsely resolved and/or temporally interpolated "one-way'' LBCs. This configuration excludes other analysis and external model system errors that are not caused directly by the implementation of LBCs. Statistical results accumulated over 100 independent cases demonstrate that LAM ensembles remain underdispersive even when using a complete set of LBCs from an external ensemble forecast. The small-scale constraints on error growth are present in any modeling system using coarsely resolved or temporally interpolated one-way LBC forcing. Although not tested here, similar limitations may apply to global variable-resolution models because of insufficient small-scale variance outside the perimeter of higher-resolution subdomains. The results of this work suggest the need to apply statistically consistent, small-scale LBC perturbations at every time step throughout the LAM simulations. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Nutter, P (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd St,Rm 1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM Paul.Nutter@unco.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 56 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2358 EP 2377 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2358:EOCRAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200005 ER PT J AU Nutter, P Xue, M Stensrud, D AF Nutter, P Xue, M Stensrud, D TI Application of lateral boundary condition perturbations to help restore dispersion in limited-area ensemble forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ERROR GROWTH; PREDICTABILITY EXPERIMENTS; MODEL; VERIFICATION; PREDICTION AB In a companion paper, the authors showed that lateral boundary condition (LBC) constraints on small-scale error variance growth are sufficient to limit dispersion in limited-area-model ( LAM) ensemble simulations. The error growth constraints result from the use of coarsely resolved and temporally interpolated LBCs. The effect is present in any modeling system using "one-way'' LBC forcing unless the forcing model has the same resolution as the LAM and the LBCs are updated at every time step. This limitation suggests the need to apply statistically consistent, finescale LBC perturbations at every time step during LAM simulations. In this paper, a new method for implementing LBC perturbations is developed to help counter the above effect by creating a statistically consistent source of error growth along the lateral boundaries. The LBC perturbations are designed to amplify with time while coherently propagating into the domain. The procedure is tested in a controlled and efficient manner using a modified barotropic channel model. Ten-member ensemble simulations are produced over many cases on a periodic channel domain and each of four smaller nested domains. Lateral boundary effects are specifically isolated since the simulations are perfect except for initial and lateral boundary condition perturbations and the use of coarsely resolved and/or temporally interpolated one-way LBCs. Statistical results accumulated over 100 independent cases demonstrate that the application of LBC perturbations capably restores ensemble dispersion, especially on smaller domains where LBC effects propagate quickly through the domain. The paper closes with some comments on the relevance of the LBC perturbation procedure in practical settings. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Nutter, P (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, 100 E Boyd St,Rm1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM pnutter@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 24 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2378 EP 2390 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2378:AOLBCP>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200006 ER PT J AU Yussouf, N Stensrud, DJ Lakshmivarahan, S AF Yussouf, N Stensrud, DJ Lakshmivarahan, S TI Cluster analysis of multimodel ensemble data over New England SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MEDIUM-RANGE ENSEMBLES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MODEL; SYSTEMS; NMC; PARAMETERIZATION; PERTURBATIONS; SENSITIVITY; FORECASTS; SCHEMES AB An ensemble of 48-h forecasts from 23 cases during the months of July and August 2002, which was created as part of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pilot program on temperature and air quality forecasting, is evaluated using a clustering method. The ensemble forecasting system consists of 23 total forecasts from four different models: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta Model ( ETA), the NCEP Regional Spectral Model (RSM), the Rapid Update Cycle ( RUC) model, and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Forecasts of 2-m temperature, 850-hPa u-component wind speed, 500-hPa temperature, and 250-hPa u-component wind speed are bilinearly interpolated to a common grid, and a cluster analysis is conducted at each of the 17 output times for each of the case days using a hierarchical clustering approach. Results from the clustering indicate that the forecasts largely cluster by model, with these intramodel clusters occurring quite often near the surface and less often at higher levels in the atmosphere. Results also indicate that model physics diversity plays a relatively larger role than initial condition diversity in producing distinct groupings of the forecasts. If the goal of ensemble forecasting is to have each model forecast represent an equally likely solution, then this goal remains distant as the model forecasts too often cluster based upon the model that produces the forecasts. Ensembles that contain both initial condition and model dynamics and physics uncertainty are recommended. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, Norman, OK USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Nusrat.Yussouf@noaa.gov OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2452 EP 2462 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2452:CAOMED>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200011 ER PT J AU Zou, CZ Van Woert, ML Xu, CY Syed, K AF Zou, CZ Van Woert, ML Xu, CY Syed, K TI Assessment of the NCEP-DOE reanalysis-2 and TOVS Pathfinder A moisture fields and their use in Antarctic net precipitation estimates SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; WATER-VAPOR; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SATELLITE DATA; ECMWF ANALYSES; ARCTIC BASIN; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; BUDGET; ENERGY AB Moisture fields from the NCEP-DOE reanalysis-2 (R-2) and Television Infrared Observational Satellite ( TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder A are validated using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals over the Southern Ocean. It is shown that the spatial distributions of the annual mean statistics of the total precipitable water are similar among SSM/I, R-2, and TOVS Pathfinder A for both the eddy and mean components. However, transient statistics show that the R-2 total precipitable water agrees with SSM/I with a correlation of 0.77 over the Southern Ocean while the TOVS Pathfinder A moisture is almost uncorrelated with the SSM/I data. Total moisture transport convergence for 1988 over the Antarctic continent is further examined using the R-2 wind and moisture data as well as the moisture retrievals from TOVS Pathfinder A. To gain a better understanding of transient and mean processes on moisture transport, the total moisture transport was decomposed into mean and eddy components. The results suggest that a mass conservation correction is necessary for the mean component, but can safely be ignored for the eddy component. With the mass conservation correction, the mean moisture transport is about the same for both the R-2 estimate alone and the estimate based on the mixed TOVS Pathfinder A moisture-R-2 wind. The computed eddy and total moisture transport convergence over Antarctica for the R-2 data agrees within 10%-15% with previous surface-data-based estimates as well as estimates from other model analyses. However, the eddy component of the mixed TOVS moisture with R-2 wind is about 60%-70% lower than the R-2 result. These differences occur because the eddy moisture amplitude of the TOVS Pathfinder A is nearly 40% lower than the R-2 data and also because the TOVS moisture has a much lower correlation with the R-2 winds. These results reflect the difficulties with the TOVS sensor in quantifying synoptic moisture transients resulting from conditional sampling problems. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. US Natl Ice Ctr, Washington, DC USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP NOAA, Ctr Sci, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA NESDIS, Rm 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Cheng-Zhi.Zou@noaa.gov RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010 NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2463 EP 2476 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2463:AOTNRA>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200012 ER PT J AU Knaff, JA Seseske, SA DeMaria, M Demuth, JL AF Knaff, JA Seseske, SA DeMaria, M Demuth, JL TI On the influences of vertical wind shear on symmetric tropical cyclone structure derived from AMSU SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; SOUNDING UNIT AMSU; ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW; INTENSITY; ATLANTIC; HURRICANES; EVOLUTION AB Axisymmetric temperatures and gradient-balanced winds associated with tropical cyclones derived from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit are stratified by the 24-h averaged vector difference of the horizontal wind between 200 and 850 hPa ( or vertical wind shear). Using 186 total cases that are limited to tropical cyclones with intensities greater than 33 m s(-1) ( or mature) and are located over sea surface temperatures greater than 26.4degreesC, vertical wind shear-based composites are created. Results show that as the vertical wind shear increased, the upper-level warm-core structure associated with the tropical cyclone descended, resulting in a shallower balanced vortex. These observationally based results are presented in the context of recent mesoscale modeling results of the effect of shear on tropical cyclone structure. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. Natl Acad Sci, Board Atmospher Sci & Climate, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Knaff, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM knaff@cira.colostate.edu RI Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 28 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 132 IS 10 BP 2503 EP 2510 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2503:OTIOVW>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 859QE UT WOS:000224282200015 ER PT J AU Dao, N Donahue, MJ Dumitru, I Spinu, L Whittenburg, SL Lodder, JC AF Dao, N Donahue, MJ Dumitru, I Spinu, L Whittenburg, SL Lodder, JC TI Dynamic susceptibility of nanopillars SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Nanoscale Devices and System Integration Conference (NDSI-2004) CY FEB 15-19, 2004 CL Miami, FL ID PRECESSIONAL MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; SPIN-VALVE DEVICES; SWITCHING BEHAVIOR; PULSES AB We have calculated the dynamic susceptibility of patterned cobalt and Permalloy pillars with a diameter of 50 nm and different pillar heights using micromagnetic simulations. The resonance modes obtained from these simulations are compared to the results obtained from an analytical solution of Kittel's equation for spheroids. We also compared directly to Kittel's equation with the simulation of cobalt spheroids. C1 Univ Twente, MESA & Res Inst, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Dao, N (reprint author), Univ Twente, MESA & Res Inst, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. EM n.dao@el.utwente.nl RI Dumitru, Ioan/B-8639-2011 NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD OCT PY 2004 VL 15 IS 10 SI SI BP S634 EP S638 AR PII S0957-4484(04)77523-6 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/15/10/022 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 866ZP UT WOS:000224812200023 ER PT J AU Watson, C Casasent, D AF Watson, C Casasent, D TI Recognition of live-scan fingerprints with elastic distortions using correlation filters SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE biometric recognition; distortion-invariant filters; elastic distortions; fingerprint recognition; pattern recognition ID OPTICAL CORRELATION; COMPOSITE FILTER; MINIMUM NOISE; VERIFICATION; SYSTEM; IDENTIFICATION AB A special NIST database of live-scan fingerprints with elastic distortion was prepared. It is used to evaluate the effect of elastic and other distortions on correlation filters. The need for normalized and finely or coarsely rotationally aligned data is addressed, and performance gains for various cases noted. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Watson, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2274 EP 2282 DI 10.1117/1.1783278 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 867AP UT WOS:000224814800018 ER PT J AU Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L AF Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L TI Efficient multiwave mixing in the ultraslow propagation regime and the role of multiphoton quantum destructive interference SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR OPTICS; COHERENT MEDIA; GENERATION; ENTANGLEMENT AB analyze a lifetime-broadened four-state four-wave-mixing (FWM) scheme in the ultraslow propagation regime and show that the generated FWM field can acquire the same group velocity and pulse shape as those of an ultraslow pump field. We show that a new type of induced transparency resulted from multiphoton destructive interference that significantly reduced the pump field loss. Such induced transparency based on multphoton destructive interference may have important applications in other nonlinear optical processes. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Tech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. RP Wu, Y (reprint author), NIST, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Wu, Ying/B-2134-2012 OI Wu, Ying/0000-0003-3410-3094 NR 21 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 19 BP 2294 EP 2296 DI 10.1364/OL.29.002294 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 858LO UT WOS:000224193500028 PM 15524385 ER PT J AU Bochinski, JR Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Ye, J AF Bochinski, JR Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Ye, J TI Cold free-radical molecules in the laboratory frame SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONALLY INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS; DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION; ELECTRON-SCATTERING; SUPERSONIC BEAMS; DISCHARGE SOURCE; STATE-SELECTION; OH(X (2)PI)+AR; TOP MOLECULES; ORIENTATION AB A special class of molecules that are important to many subfields in molecular dynamics and chemical physics, namely free-radical molecules, now enjoy a significant degree of center-of-mass motion control in the laboratory frame. The example reported in this paper concerns the hydroxyl radical (OH), which, after the internal degrees of freedom are cooled in a supersonic expansion, has been bunched, accelerated, and slowed using time-varying inhomogeneous electric fields. In situ observations of laser-induced fluorescence along the beam propagation path allows for detailed characterization of the longitudinal phase-space manipulation of OH molecules by the electric fields. The creation of a pulse containing 103 106 molecules possessing a longitudinal velocity spread from 2 to 80 m/s around a mean laboratory velocity variable from 550 m/s to rest with only a few mm spatial extent represents an exciting and useful experimental capability for exploring free-radical dynamics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 60 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 AR 043410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.043410 PG 18 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 874AE UT WOS:000225322500073 ER PT J AU Boyer, V Lising, LJ Rolston, SL Phillips, WD AF Boyer, V Lising, LJ Rolston, SL Phillips, WD TI Deeply subrecoil two-dimensional Raman cooling SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PHOTON RECOIL ENERGY; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; OPTICAL LATTICE; LASER; ATOMS; CESIUM; TRANSITIONS; GENERATION; LOCKING AB We report the implementation of a two-dimensional Raman cooling scheme using sequential excitations along the orthogonal axes. Using square pulses, we have cooled a cloud of ultracold cesium atoms down to an rms velocity spread of 0.39(5) recoil velocities, corresponding to an effective transverse temperature of 30 nK (0.15T(rec)). This technique can be useful to improve cold-atom atomic clocks and is particularly relevant for clocks in microgravity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Towson Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geosci, Towson, MD 21252 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Boyer, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 AR 043405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.043405 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 874AE UT WOS:000225322500068 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Chiaramonte, R Holland, MJ AF Carr, LD Chiaramonte, R Holland, MJ TI End-point thermodynamics of an atomic Fermi gas subject to a Feshbach resonance SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SUPERFLUIDITY; CONDENSATION AB The entropy and kinetic, potential, and interaction energies of an atomic Fermi gas in a trap are studied under the assumption of thermal equilibrium for finite temperature. A Feshbach resonance can cause the fermions to pair into diatomic molecules. The entropy and energies of mixtures of such molecules with unpaired atoms are calculated, in relation to recent experiments on molecular Bose-Einstein condensates produced in this manner. It is shown that, starting with a Fermi gas of temperature T=0.1T(F)(0), where T-F(0) is the noninteracting Fermi temperature, an extremely cold degenerate Fermi gas of temperature Tless than or similar to0.01T(F)(0) may be produced without further evaporative cooling. This requires adiabatic passage of the resonance, subsequent sudden removal of unpaired atoms, and adiabatic return. We also calculate the ratio of the interaction energy to the kinetic energy, a straightforward experimental signal which may be used to determine the temperature of the atoms and indicate condensation of the molecules. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Carr, LD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 AR 043609 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.043609 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 874AE UT WOS:000225322500086 ER PT J AU Gerginov, V Tanner, CE Diddams, S Bartels, A Hollberg, L AF Gerginov, V Tanner, CE Diddams, S Bartels, A Hollberg, L TI Optical frequency measurements of 6s S-2(1/2)-6p P-2(3/2) transition in a Cs-133 atomic beam using a femtosecond laser frequency comb SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY; CESIUM; OSCILLATOR AB Optical frequencies of the hyperfine components of the D-2 line in Cs-133 are determined using high-resolution spectroscopy and a femtosecond laser frequency comb. A narrow-linewidth probe laser excites the 6s S-2(1/2) (F = 3, 4) --> 6p P-2(3/2)(F=2,3,4,5) transition in a highly collimated atomic beam. Fluorescence spectra are taken by scanning the laser frequency over the excited-state hyperfine structure. The laser optical frequency is referenced to a Cs fountain clock via a reference laser and a femtosecond laser frequency comb. A retroreflected laser beam is used to estimate and minimize the Doppler shift due to misalignment between the probe laser and the atomic beam. We achieve an angular resolution on the order of 5 X 10(-6) rad. The final uncertainties (similar to +/- 5 kHz) in the frequencies of the optical transitions are a factor of 20 better than previous results [T. Udem et al., Phys. Rev. A 62, 031801 (2000).]. We find the centroid of the 6s S-2(1/2) --> 6p P-2(3/2) transition to be f(D2) = 351 725 718.4744(51) MHz. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gerginov, V (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM Carol.E.Tanner.1@nd.edu RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 23 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 AR 042505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.042505 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 874AE UT WOS:000225322500041 ER PT J AU Adams, CP Lynn, JW Smolyaninova, VN Biswas, A Greene, RL Ratcliff, W Cheong, SW Mukovskii, YM Shulyatev, DA AF Adams, CP Lynn, JW Smolyaninova, VN Biswas, A Greene, RL Ratcliff, W Cheong, SW Mukovskii, YM Shulyatev, DA TI First-order nature of the ferromagnetic phase transition in (La-Ca)MnO3 near optimal doping SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETORESISTIVE OXIDE LA0.7CA0.3MNO3; SPIN DYNAMICS; OXYGEN-ISOTOPE; COLOSSAL-MAGNETORESISTANCE; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; PEROVSKITE MANGANITES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; POLARON FORMATION; MANGANESE OXIDES; DOPED MANGANITES AB Neutron scattering has been used to study the nature of the ferromagnetic transition in single crystals of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.8Ca0.2MnO3, and polycrystalline samples of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and La5/8Ca3/8MnO3 where the naturally occurring O-16 can be replaced with the O-18 isotope. Small angle neutron scattering on the x=0.3 single crystal reveals a discontinuous change in the scattering at the Curie temperature for wave vectors below approximate to0.065 A(-1). Strong relaxation effects are observed for this domain scattering, for the magnetic order parameter, and for the quasielastic scattering, demonstrating that the transition is not continuous in nature, in good agreement with the temperature dependence of the central component of the magnetic fluctuation spectrum, the polaron correlations, and the spin stiffness reported previously. This behavior contrasts with the continuous behavior observed for the x=0.2 crystal, which is well away from optimal doping. There is a large oxygen isotope effect observed for the T-C in the polycrystalline samples, and the Curie temperature is decreased by 7 K by substituting 50% O-18 in the x=0.33 sample. For the optimally doped x=3/8 sample we observed T-C(O-16)=266.5 K and T-C(O-18)=261.5 K at 90% O-18 substitution. Although T-C is decreased by 5 K for the x=3/8 sample the temperature dependence of the spin-wave stiffness is found to be identical for the two samples. These results indicate that T-C is not solely determined by the magnetic subsystem, but instead the ferromagnetic phase is truncated by the formation of polarons which cause an abrupt transition to the paramagnetic, insulating state. The application of uniaxial stress in the x=0.3 single crystal sharply enhances the polaron scattering at room temperature. Measurements of the phonon density-of-states show only modest differences above and below T-C and between the two different isotopic samples. C1 Moscow Steel & Alloys Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. RP Adams, CP (reprint author), St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. EM cadams@stfx.ca RI Shulyatev, Dmitry/M-7278-2014 OI Shulyatev, Dmitry/0000-0002-7642-0277 NR 87 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 13 AR 134414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134414 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 867PR UT WOS:000224855000065 ER PT J AU Hiraka, H Boni, P Yamada, K Park, S Lee, SH Shirane, G AF Hiraka, H Boni, P Yamada, K Park, S Lee, SH Shirane, G TI Characterization of low-energy magnetic excitations in chromium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-DENSITY-WAVE; FINCHER-BURKE EXCITATIONS; POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE; MODES; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; DYNAMICS; ALLOYS; METAL; CR AB The low-energy excitations of Cr, i.e., the Fincher-Burke (FB) modes, have been investigated in the transversely polarized spin-density-wave phase by inelastic neutron scattering using a single-Q(+/-) crystal with a propagation vector Q(+/-) parallel to [001]. The constant-momentum-transfer scans show that the energy spectra consist of two components, namely dispersive FB modes and an almost energy-independent cross section. Most remarkably, we find that the spectrum of the FB modes exhibits one peak at 140 K near Q=(0,0,0.98) and two peaks near Q=(0,0,1.02), respectively. This is surprising because Cr crystallizes in a centrosymmetric bcc structure. The asymmetry of those energy spectra decreases with increasing temperature. In addition, the observed magnetic peak intensity is independent of Q, suggesting a transfer of spectral weight between the upper and lower FB modes. The energy-independent cross section is localized only between the incommensurate peaks and develops rapidly with increasing temperature. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E21, D-85747 Garching, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hiraka, H (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Yamada, Kazuyoshi/C-2728-2009 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 14 AR 144413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.144413 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 867PX UT WOS:000224855600052 ER PT J AU Huang, Q Khaykovich, B Chou, FC Cho, JH Lynn, JW Lee, YS AF Huang, Q Khaykovich, B Chou, FC Cho, JH Lynn, JW Lee, YS TI Structural transition in NaxCoO2 with x near 0.75 due to Na rearrangement SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article AB We report neutron powder diffraction measurements on a series of NaxCoO2 samples with x near 0.75 which were prepared under different synthesis conditions. Two different crystal structures for the samples are observed at room temperature. The two structures belong to the space group P6(3)/mmc and differ primarily by a shift of a large fraction of the Na ions from a high-symmetry position to a lower-symmetry position. Close inspection of the refinement parameters indicates that the presence of either structure depends sensitively on the Na content x, with xsimilar or equal to0.75 as the critical concentration separating the two phases. By raising the temperature to around Tsimilar or equal to323 K, the high-symmetry structure can be converted to the lower-symmetry structure. The transition is reversible, but there is significant hysteresis. We discuss the effects of this structural transition on the bulk magnetic and transport properties. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Huang, Q (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Khaykovich, Boris/A-7376-2012 OI Khaykovich, Boris/0000-0002-9490-2771 NR 12 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 13 AR 134115 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134115 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 867PR UT WOS:000224855000043 ER PT J AU Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, BP Kamba, S Petzelt, J Yuzyuk, Y Katiyar, RS Vakhrushev, SB AF Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, BP Kamba, S Petzelt, J Yuzyuk, Y Katiyar, RS Vakhrushev, SB TI Lattice dynamics in PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LEAD MAGNESIUM NIOBATE; INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; 1ST PRINCIPLES; ORDER; CERAMICS; CRYSTALS AB Lattice dynamics for five ordered PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 supercells were calculated from first principles by the frozen phonon method. Maximal symmetries of all supercells are reduced by structural instabilities. Lattice modes corresponding to these instabilities, equilibrium ionic positions, and infrared reflectivity spectra were computed for all supercells. Results are compared with our experimental data for a chemically disordered PMN single crystal. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Phys, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vakhrushev, Sergey/A-9855-2011; Yuzyuk, Yury/A-1285-2009; Petzelt, Jan/G-6142-2014; Kamba, Stanislav/G-5332-2014 OI Vakhrushev, Sergey/0000-0003-4867-1404; Yuzyuk, Yury/0000-0002-2616-2572; Petzelt, Jan/0000-0001-8562-2148; Kamba, Stanislav/0000-0003-4699-869X NR 50 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT PY 2004 VL 70 IS 13 AR 134110 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134110 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 867PR UT WOS:000224855000038 ER PT J AU Wu, Y Deng, L AF Wu, Y Deng, L TI Ultraslow optical solitons in a cold four-state medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; NONLINEAR OPTICS; ATOMIC GAS AB We show the formation of ultraslow optical solitons in a lifetime broadened four-state atomic medium under Raman excitation. With appropriate conditions we demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that both bright and dark ultraslow optical solitons can occur in such a highly resonant medium with remarkable propagation characteristics. This work may open other research opportunities in condensed matter and may result in a substantial impact on technology. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Tech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. RP Wu, Y (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Lu.Deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Wu, Ying/B-2134-2012 OI Wu, Ying/0000-0003-3410-3094 NR 23 TC 419 Z9 430 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 14 AR 143904 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.143904 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 858SL UT WOS:000224211900025 PM 15524794 ER PT J AU Diniz, SMC Sadek, F Simiu, E AF Diniz, SMC Sadek, F Simiu, E TI Wind speed estimation uncertainties: effects of climatological and micrometeorological parameters SO PROBABILISTIC ENGINEERING MECHANICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computational Stochastic Mechanics CY JUN 09-SEP 12, 2002 CL Corfu, GREECE DE building technology; database-assisted design; Monte Carlo simulation; sampling errors; terrain roughness; uncertainties; wind speeds ID EXTREME-VALUE ANALYSIS; PEAKS AB To achieve structures that are risk-consistent, structural reliability methods must be used that account for uncertainties with respect to the relevant parameters affecting the estimation of wind effects. In this paper, we obtain measures of uncertainties in the estimation of the wind speeds upwind of structures. These uncertainties are due to incomplete knowledge with respect to the relevant extreme climatological and micrometeorological parameters. Advances in wind engineering and improvements in computational capabilities now make it possible to improve upon earlier estimates available in the literature. The work presented in this paper is a phase of a broader NIST project aimed at developing user-friendly software for the estimation of probabilities of failure of low-rise structures subjected to wind loads. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Struct Engn, BR-30110120 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. RP Sadek, F (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fahim.sadek@nist.gov NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8920 J9 PROBABILIST ENG MECH JI Probab. Eng. Eng. Mech. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.1016/j.probengmech.2004.03.003 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mechanics; Mathematics GA 862NM UT WOS:000224497700007 ER PT J AU Benz, SP Hamilton, CA AF Benz, SP Hamilton, CA TI Application of the Josephson effect to voltage metrology SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE digital; analog conversion; Josephson arrays; quantization; standards ID QUANTUM PHASE COHERENCE; WAVE-FORM SYNTHESIS; JUNCTION ARRAYS; WATT BALANCE; 1 V; STANDARD; AC; SUPERCONDUCTORS; CONVERTERS; ACCURACY AB The unique ability, of a Josephson junction to control the flow of magnetic flux quanta leads to a perfect relationship between frequency and voltage. Over the last 30 years, metrology laboratories have used this effect to greatly improve the accuracy of c voltage, standards. More recent research is focused on combining the ideas of digital signal processing with quantum voltage pulses to achieve similar gains in ac voltage metrology. The integrated circuits that implement these ideas are the only complex superconducting electronic tic devices that have found wide commercial application. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. VMetrix LLC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Benz, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 52 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD OCT PY 2004 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1617 EP 1629 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2004.833671 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 854PY UT WOS:000223917000008 ER PT J AU Radebaugh, R AF Radebaugh, R TI Refrigeration for superconductors SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE applications; cooling; cryocoolers; cryogenics; superconducting; devices; superconducting magnets; superconducting; power systems; superconductors AB Temperatures in the range of 0.05 to 80 K are required for most applications of superconductors. Refrigeration powers range from fractions of a watt for many electronic applications to kilowatts for some large magnet and power applications. This paper reviews the various types of refrigeration methods currently available to meet the needs of various applications of superconductors. The methods covered include mainly the gas cycles, which are divided into the recuperative types (steady flow), such as the Joule-Thomson, Brayton, and Claude cycles, and the regenerative types (oscillating flow), such as Stirling, Gifford-McMahon, and pulse tube cycles. Methods for reaching millikelvin temperatures are briefly mentioned as well. The operating principles of the various methods are described, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are given to help the user understand which approach may work best for a particular application. All cryogenic refrigeration methods have a common set of problems that have hindered many applications of superconductors. These problems and recent developments to overcome some of these problems are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Cryogen Technol Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Radebaugh, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Cryogen Technol Grp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM radebaugh@boulder.nist.gov NR 43 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 20 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD OCT PY 2004 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1719 EP 1734 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2004.833678 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 854PY UT WOS:000223917000015 ER PT J AU Blinov, BB Leibfried, D Monroe, C Wineland, DJ AF Blinov, B. B. Leibfried, D. Monroe, C. Wineland, D. J. TI Quantum Computing with Trapped Ion Hyperfine Qubits SO QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Ion trapping; hyperfine qubits; quantum gates; qubit detection; qubit initialization; entanglement AB We discuss the basic aspects of quantum information processing with trapped ions, including the principles of ion trapping, preparation and detection of hyperfine qubits, single-qubit operations and multi-qubit entanglement protocols. Recent experimental advances and future research directions are outlined. C1 [Blinov, B. B.; Monroe, C.] Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Blinov, B. B.; Monroe, C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Leibfried, D.; Wineland, D. J.] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Blinov, BB (reprint author), Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM bblinov@umich.edu RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011 NR 58 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1570-0755 J9 QUANTUM INF PROCESS JI Quantum Inf. Process. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1-5 BP 45 EP 59 DI 10.1007/s11128-004-9417-3 PG 15 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA V25UO UT WOS:000208503100004 ER PT J AU Devoret, MH Martinis, JM AF Devoret, Michel H. Martinis, John M. TI Implementing Qubits with Superconducting Integrated Circuits SO QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Quantum information; quantum computation; superconducting devices; Josephson tunnel junctions; integrated circuits AB Superconducting qubits are solid state electrical circuits fabricated using techniques borrowed from conventional integrated circuits. They are based on the Josephson tunnel junction, the only non-dissipative, strongly non-linear circuit element available at low temperature. In contrast to microscopic entities such as spins or atoms, they tend to be well coupled to other circuits, which make them appealling from the point of view of readout and gate implementation. Very recently, new designs of superconducting qubits based on multi-junction circuits have solved the problem of isolation from unwanted extrinsic electromagnetic perturbations. We discuss in this review how qubit decoherence is affected by the intrinsic noise of the junction and what can be done to improve it. C1 [Devoret, Michel H.] Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Martinis, John M.] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Devoret, MH (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM michel.devoret@yale.edu FU ARDA/ARO; Keck Fundation FX The authors have greatly benefited from discussions with I. Chuang, D. Esteve, S. Girvin, S. Lloyd, H. Mooij, R. Schoelkopf, I. Siddiqi, C. Urbina and D. Vion. They would like also to thank the participants of the Les Houches Summer School on Quantum Information Processing and Entanglement held in 2003 for useful exchanges. Finally, funding from ARDA/ARO and the Keck Fundation is gratefully acknowledged. NR 54 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1570-0755 EI 1573-1332 J9 QUANTUM INF PROCESS JI Quantum Inf. Process. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1-5 BP 163 EP 203 DI 10.1007/s11128-004-3101-5 PG 41 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA V25UO UT WOS:000208503100012 ER PT J AU Kumar, P Kwiat, P Migdall, A Nam, SW Vuckovic, J Wong, FNC AF Kumar, Prem Kwiat, Paul Migdall, Alan Nam, Sae Woo Vuckovic, Jelena Wong, Franco N. C. TI Photonic Technologies for Quantum Information Processing SO QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE Quantum dot; entanglement; down-conversion; single-photon detector AB The last several years have seen tremendous progress toward practical optical quantum information processing, including the development of single- and entangled-photon sources and high-efficiency photon counting detectors, covering a range of wavelengths. We review some of the recent progress in the development of these photonic technologies. C1 [Kumar, Prem] Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Kumar, Prem] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Kwiat, Paul] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Migdall, Alan] NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Nam, Sae Woo] NIST, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Vuckovic, Jelena] Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Wong, Franco N. C.] MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Kumar, P (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM kumarp@northwestern.edu FU MURI Center for Quantum Information Technology: Entanglement, Teleportation, and Quantum Memory (ARO) [DAAD19-00-1-0177]; MURI Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems (ARO/ARDA) [DAAD19-03-1-0199]; DARPA/QuIST FX P. Kumar and F. Wong would like to acknowledge support of the MURI Center for Quantum Information Technology: Entanglement, Teleportation, and Quantum Memory (ARO program DAAD19-00-1-0177); P. Kwiat, A. Migdall, Sae Woo Nam, and J. Vuckovic would like to acknowledge support by the MURI Center for Photonic Quantum Information Systems (ARO/ARDA program DAAD19-03-1-0199). A. Migdall would also like to acknowledge DARPA/QuIST support. NR 81 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1570-0755 J9 QUANTUM INF PROCESS JI Quantum Inf. Process. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1-5 BP 215 EP 231 DI 10.1007/s11128-004-3102-4 PG 17 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA V25UO UT WOS:000208503100014 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Bui, TP AF Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Bui, TP TI Scale invariance in jet streams: ER-2 data around the lower-stratospheric polar night vortex SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aircraft winds; multifractal ID ANTARCTIC OZONE EXPERIMENT; HEMISPHERE LOWER STRATOSPHERE; NITROUS-OXIDE; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; WINTER; DYNAMICS; MODEL; EDGE AB High altitude ER-2 aircraft observations in both hemispheres of the lower-stratospheric polar night jet stream reveal generalized scale invariance. The scaling exponent has systematic correlation with wind shear and temperature gradient showing across-jet persistence, along-jet anti-persistence, and an overall average value approximate to5/9. The analysis provides a natural connection between generalized scale invariance and traditional large-scale dynamical meteorology. For one mission in the southern hemisphere composite variograms could be constructed for nitrous oxide and ozone, from which it was deduced that the former is a true passive scalar in the lower stratosphere, while sources and sinks are operative for the latter. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM adrian.f.tuck@noaa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 130 IS 602 BP 2423 EP 2444 DI 10.1256/qj.03.191 PN A PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 868UI UT WOS:000224938100006 ER PT J AU Ma, J Waugh, DW Douglass, AR Kawa, SR Newman, PA Pawson, S Stolarski, R Lin, SJ AF Ma, J Waugh, DW Douglass, AR Kawa, SR Newman, PA Pawson, S Stolarski, R Lin, SJ TI Interannual variability of stratospheric trace gases: The role of extratropical wave driving SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ozone; polar vortex; stratospheric transport ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; OZONE; MODEL; GCM; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; MACCM2; FLUX; CCM2 AB The interannual variability of methane and ozone from a 35-year middle atmosphere climate model simulation with no interannual variations in external forcing or chemistry is examined. The internal dynamics in the model produces large tracer interannual variability, particularly in polar regions. During winter and spring the interannual standard deviation in the polar lower-middle stratosphere is about 30% of the climatological mean for methane and 15% for ozone. Global-scale, coherent interannual variations in temperature, residual circulation, and tracers are correlated with variability in the extratropical wave forcing. Statistically significant positive correlations between wave driving and polar tracer tendencies, including column ozone, occur from autumn to spring in both hemispheres. These positive correlations imply that interannual variations in polar tracers are dominated by variations in the horizontal eddy transport and not by variations in residual mean descent rates. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Waugh, DW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM waugh@jhu.edu RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Waugh, Darryn/K-3688-2016 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Waugh, Darryn/0000-0001-7692-2798 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 130 IS 602 BP 2459 EP 2474 DI 10.1256/qj.04.28 PN A PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 868UI UT WOS:000224938100008 ER PT J AU Homar, V Stensrud, DJ AF Homar, V Stensrud, DJ TI Sensitivities of an intense Mediterranean cyclone: Analysis and validation SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE adjoint model ID TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; MESOSCALE MODEL; ADJOINT; LINEARIZATION; CYCLOGENESIS; CONVECTION; FORECASTS; ACCURACY; FASTEX; FLOW AB On 10 and 11 November 2001 a deep cyclone moved northward across the western Mediterranean. Severe floods affected Algeria on 10 November and a mesoscale-sized region of strong damaging winds occurred over the Balearics and eastern Spain during the first hours of 11 November. These large intense cyclones, originating over north Africa and moving northward, are occasionally observed in the region. Numerical simulations of these types of events are potentially hampered by the lack of observations over the Mediterranean Sea, north Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. To evaluate more accurately the regions in which the model simulations are influenced by this lack of data, the MM5 adjoint system is used to determine the most sensitive areas within the initial conditions of the simulation of this 10-11 November event. Limitations of available adjoint models, such as their linear character, suggest that a test of the applicability of MM5 to the case under analysis is needed. In this study, the evaluation is performed by means of the tangent linear model and, despite finding that the adjoint has an acceptable accuracy, important nonlinear effects are found and attributed to the moist processes. The study tracks backward in time the sensitivities shown at different simulation times using parameters chosen to characterize the cyclone's intensity at 0000 UTC 11 November. Results reveal that the areas that show the largest sensitivities are located over north Africa for the 12 h and 24 h simulations, whereas south-western and western Europe emerge as areas with important sensitivities for the longer 36 h and 48 h simulations. Subsynoptic details regarding the shape and intensity of an upper-level trough, as well as a low-level cold front, are highlighted by the adjoint runs as the structures which influence most strongly the baroclinic development of the intense Mediterranean cyclone and the damaging surface winds it produces. The usefulness of the sensitivity fields in the nonlinear simulations is confirmed by perturbing the control model's initial conditions using the adjoint results as guidance. This analysis helps to quantify the limitations of the linear estimation when applied to the full nonlinear model, focusing on the nonlinearities introduced by the moist physics parametrizations. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Victor.Homar@noaa.gov RI Homar Santaner, Victor/K-2678-2014 OI Homar Santaner, Victor/0000-0003-1459-2003 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 130 IS 602 BP 2519 EP 2540 DI 10.1256/qj.03.85 PN A PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 868UI UT WOS:000224938100011 ER PT J AU Shen, WX AF Shen, WX TI Hurricane potential intensity from an energetics point of view SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE inner core; kinetic energy; thermodynamic efficiency ID SEA INTERACTION THEORY; TROPICAL CYCLONES; MODEL; DYNAMICS; AIR; COEFFICIENTS; SENSITIVITY; ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERE AB This article describes an approach to hurricane potential intensity with a model that considers total kinetic energy balance within a hurricane. The major kinetic energy source and sink are the kinetic energy converted from sea surface entropy flux and the surface dissipation, respectively, but the conversion efficiency is radius-dependent in this model. Also, the internal conversion due to convectively available potential energy (CAPE) as a source is considered. In contrast to previous potential intensity models, energy balance in the entire hurricane is used to get its steady state. With this model, the roles of environmental sea surface temperature (SST), CAPE and some features of the hurricane itself in determining hurricane potential intensity are investigated. The results indicate that existence of CAPE may lead to the steady state (or potential intensity) appreciably different from the otherwise surface entropy flux conversion and surface dissipation balanced state, although CAPE contribution to kinetic energy generation is usually much smaller than that of the surface flux. It is interesting that hurricane potential intensity seems less dependent on the underlying SST than was shown with previous theoretical models. The results also suggest that hurricane size may affect its potential intensity in that larger-sized hurricanes tend to have higher potential. intensities. C1 NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Shen, WX (reprint author), NCEP, Rom 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM weixing.shen@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 130 IS 602 BP 2629 EP 2648 DI 10.1256/qj.03.65 PN A PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 868UI UT WOS:000224938100015 ER PT J AU Xu, JJ Shuttleworth, WJ Gao, X Sorooshian, S Small, EE AF Xu, JJ Shuttleworth, WJ Gao, X Sorooshian, S Small, EE TI Soil moisture-precipitation feedback on the North American monsoon system in the MM5-OSU model SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE land surface processes; rainfall ID REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SUMMER RAINFALL; SNOW COVER; SENSITIVITY; REANALYSIS; VARIABILITY; DROUGHT AB In this study, the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) linked to the Oregon State University (OSU) land-surface scheme, is used to assess the strength of soil moisture-precipitation feedback in the region of influence of the North American monsoon (NAM). Two control simulations are made with external forcing taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction re-analysis, and with a nested horizontal resolution of 30 km, for the period I June to 30 September in wetter than average (1999) and drier than average (2000) monsoon seasons. These two model runs are then repeated with a prescribed precipitation rate anomaly in July over the entire NAM region, and comparisons made between atmospheric and land-surface states in the two control runs and the two runs with anomalous precipitation. The results show that size and importance of soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks in the NAM region have substantial interannual variability, and that the resulting behaviour has a strong dependency on the intensity of the prescribed precipitation anomaly. It is also shown that a marked precipitation anomaly in the NAM region results in modified soil moisture, rainfall, and surface temperature, which persist for about one month, and that a precipitation anomaly within the NAM region not only has an impact on soil moisture locally, but also causes a remote. downwind soil moisture anomaly one month later. Analysis of the modelled response to the soil moisture anomaly indicates that not only land-atmosphere interactions, but also the large-scale atmospheric circulation act to-ether to determine the modified precipitation and soil moisture fields in the NAM system. C1 WWB, UCAR, AFWA, JCSDA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Xu, JJ (reprint author), WWB, UCAR, AFWA, JCSDA, Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM jianjun.xu@noaa.gov RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Xu, Jianjun/E-7941-2011; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Small, eric/K-6007-2015 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 130 IS 603 BP 2873 EP 2890 DI 10.1256/qj.03.192 PN B PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 884JV UT WOS:000226081900010 ER PT J AU Kerwin, MW Overpeck, JT Webb, RS Anderson, KH AF Kerwin, MW Overpeck, JT Webb, RS Anderson, KH TI Pollen-based summer temperature reconstructions for the eastern Canadian boreal forest, subarctic, and Arctic SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LAST 18,000 YEARS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; BAFFIN-ISLAND; NORTH-AMERICA; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; PALYNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; VEGETATIONAL HISTORY; MARINE ENVIRONMENTS; JULY TEMPERATURES; ELLESMERE ISLAND AB Pollen-based paleoclimate reconstructions using response surface and modern analog methods reveal an 8000-year record of July temperature fluctuations for 25 eastern Canadian lake sites located from the forest tundra to the high Canadian Arctic. Postglacial conditions, characterized by warmer than present summer temperatures, prevailed in Baffin Island and NE Labrador beginning about 7500 and 7000 C-14 yr BP, respectively, resulting in warmer than present conditions throughout the region by 6000 C-14 yr BP (+0.5degreesC to 1degreesC). Further south, in Quebec and W Labrador, July temperatures were 1-2degreesC colder than present until after 6000 C-14 yr BP, and only reached modern values after all residual Laurentide ice had melted. Increased summertime insolation and the final disappearance of Laurentide Ice during the middle Holocene probably caused July temperatures throughout eastern Canada to peak between approximately 5000 and 3500 C-14 yr BP. Mid-Holocene warming relative to today was more pronounced in Baffin Island and NE Labrador (+ 1degreesC to 2degreesC) compared to the boreal and subarctic regions of Quebec and W Labrador (< + 1degreesC). Over the past 4000 years, decreasing summertime insolation and colder sea surface temperatures in the Davis Strait and Labrador Sea contributed to a decline in July temperatures of 1-2degreesC throughout Baffin Island, and the tundra regions of N Quebec and Labrador. The absence of similar cooling in the records from the boreal forest may support the notion that the mean position of the summertime polar front blocked the colder Arctic air during the late Holocene. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arct & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kerwin, MW (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Geog, 2050 E Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208 USA. EM mkerwin@du.edu NR 125 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 23 IS 18-19 BP 1901 EP 1924 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.03.013 PG 24 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 854ME UT WOS:000223906400004 ER PT J AU Chen, WC Gentile, TR O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Majkrzak, CF AF Chen, WC Gentile, TR O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Majkrzak, CF TI Polarized neutron reflectometry of a patterned magnetic film with a He-3 analyzer and a position-sensitive detector SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID GAS SPIN FILTER; X-RAY; SCATTERING; MULTILAYERS; DIODE; SURFACES; ARRAYS AB We have employed a polarized He-3 spin filter in conjunction with a position-sensitive detector (PSD) to perform efficient polarization analysis of neutron diffuse reflectivity. This work was carried out on the NG-1 polarized neutron reflectometer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research. We measured the specular and diffuse reflectivity of a patterned magnetic array that has periodic square holes in a Co film. Analysis of the data yielded spin-analyzed two-dimensional Q(x)-Q(z) reciprocal space maps for the sample in magnetized and demagnetized states. We compared the measurements obtained with a He-3 analyzer and a PSD with those obtained using a conventional supermirror analyzer and a He-3 proportional counter. The results are in good agreement. For this experiment, He-3 gas was polarized by the spin-exchange optical pumping method and stored in a uniform magnetic field provided by a shielded solenoid. Improved optical pumping using a spectrally narrowed diode laser array yielded an initial He-3 polarization of 70% in a He-3 cell volume of 280 cm(3). (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8461, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wcchen@nist.gov NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 75 IS 10 BP 3256 EP 3263 DI 10.1063/1.1791312 PN 1 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 866EE UT WOS:000224755800025 ER PT J AU May, EF Pitre, L Mehl, JB Moldover, MR Schmidt, JW AF May, EF Pitre, L Mehl, JB Moldover, MR Schmidt, JW TI Quasi-spherical cavity resonators for metrology based on the relative dielectric permittivity of gases SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; CROSS CAPACITORS; HELIUM; THERMOMETRY; STANDARD; CONSTANT; MODES AB We evaluate a quasi-spherical, copper, microwave cavity resonator for accurately measuring the relative dielectric permittivity epsilon(r)(p,T) of helium and argon. In a simple, crude approximation the cavity's shape is a triaxial ellipsoid with axes of length a,1.001a and 1.005a, with a=5 cm. The unequal axes of the quasi-sphere separated each of the triply degenerate microwave resonance frequencies of a sphere (f(11)(TM),f(12)(TM),...,f(11)(TE),f(12)(TE),...) into three nonoverlapping, easily measured, frequencies. The frequency splittings are consistent with the cavity's shape, as determined from dimensional measurements. We deduced epsilon(r)(p,T) of helium and of argon at 289 K and up to 7 MPa from the resonance frequencies f(ln)(sigma), the resonance half-widths g(ln)(sigma), and the compressibility of copper. Simultaneous measurements of epsilon(r)(p,T) with the quasi-spherical resonator and a cross capacitor agreed within 1x10(-6) for helium, and for argon they differed by an average of only 1.4x10(-6). This small difference is within the stated uncertainty of the capacitance measurements. For helium, the resonator results for epsilon(r)(p,T) were reproducible over intervals of days with a standard uncertainty of 0.2x10(-6), consistent with a temperature irreproducibility of 5 mK. We demonstrate that several properties of quasi-spherical cavity resonators make them well suited to epsilon(r)(p,T) determinations. Ultimately, a quasi-spherical resonator may improve dielectric constant gas thermometry and realize a proposed pressure standard based on epsilon(r)(p,T). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moldover, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.may@nist.gov; michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013; OI pitre, laurent/0000-0001-9885-7544 NR 25 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 75 IS 10 BP 3307 EP 3317 DI 10.1063/1.1791831 PN 1 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 866EE UT WOS:000224755800034 ER PT J AU Singh, R Hefner, AR AF Singh, R Hefner, AR TI Reliability of SiC MOS devices SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Reseaech Symposium (ISDRS 03) CY DEC 10-12, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Elect Device Soc, Univ Maryland, Natl Sci Fdn, Army Res Off, Army Res Lab DE MOSFET; SiC; reliability; tunneling; dielectric ID FOWLER-NORDHEIM CURRENT; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SILICON-CARBIDE; POLYTYPE; SIC/SIO2 AB Fundamental limitations to oxide reliability are analyzed in silicon carbide based devices. A barrier height primarily determined by band offsets between metal/SiC and the dielectric, and the electric field in the dielectric results in tunneling current into the dielectric, resulting in its degradation. Since band offsets for SiC to most dielectrics are smaller than those with respect to Si, a lower reliability is expected for SiC-dielectric based devices as compared to Si MOS devices. Other researchers have correlated interface states in the SiC-oxide as tunneling sites that increase gate leakage currents and influence the barrier to tunneling. Depending on the allowed maximum electric field in the gate oxide, there exists a trade-off between on-state resistance and SiC MOS reliability. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Singh, R (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ranbir@ieee.org NR 12 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 48 IS 10-11 BP 1717 EP 1720 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2004.05.005 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 853EO UT WOS:000223809700006 ER PT J AU Richter, CA Hacker, CA Richter, LJ Vogel, EM AF Richter, CA Hacker, CA Richter, LJ Vogel, EM TI Molecular devices formed by direct monolayer attachment to silicon SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Reseaech Symposium (ISDRS 03) CY DEC 10-12, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Elect Device Soc, Univ Maryland, Natl Sci Fdn, Army Res Off, Army Res Lab ID THERMAL-REACTIONS; SURFACES; ALCOHOLS AB We present the results of studies of solution-based attachment of long-chain aliphatic molecules to hydrogen-terminated Si(I 11) surfaces formed to determine the electrical properties of hybrid silicon-molecular nanoelectronic devices. We have applied an improved solution-based method for the direct attachment of organic molecules to Si. In this method, ultraviolet radiation is used to assist the covalent attachment of alcohols to the hydrogen-terminated Si(I 1 1) surface to successfully form molecular monolayers. To determine the quality of these organic monolayers, they were physically and chemically characterized with infrared spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. The electrical properties of these organic films were probed by using current-voltage (IV) and capacitance voltage (CV) measurements obtained from a metal-organic-silicon test structure fabricated by post-monolayer metal deposition. Devices containing monolayers of differing chain length have been studied, and the expected decrease in accumulation capacitance with longer molecules (which form thicker films) was observed. The measured CV's are in agreement with traditional theory for a metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, CA (reprint author), NIST, Semicond Elect Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM curt.richter@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008; Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361; Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 48 IS 10-11 BP 1747 EP 1752 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2004.05.009 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 853EO UT WOS:000223809700011 ER PT J AU McNutt, T Hefner, A Mantooth, A Berning, D Singh, R AF McNutt, T Hefner, A Mantooth, A Berning, D Singh, R TI Compact models for silicon carbide power devices SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS 03) CY DEC 10-12, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Elect Device Soc, Univ Maryland, Natl Sci Fdn, Army Res Off, Army Res Lab DE silicon carbide; semiconductor device model; circuit simulation; diode; MOSFET ID SIMULATION AB Compact silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductor device models for circuit simulation have been developed for power Schottky, merged-PiN-Schottky, PiN diodes, and MOSFETs. In these models, the static and dynamic performance of the power SiC devices requires specific attention to the low-doped, voltage blocking drift region; the channel transconductance in MOS devices; the relatively low-intrinsic carrier concentration; the incomplete ionization of dopants; and the temperature dependent material properties. The modeling techniques required to account for each of these characteristics are described. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Arkansas, BEC 3217, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM ty@ieee.org NR 8 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 EI 1879-2405 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 48 IS 10-11 BP 1757 EP 1762 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2004.05.059 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 853EO UT WOS:000223809700013 ER PT J AU Afridi, M Hefner, A Berning, D Ellenwood, C Varma, A Jacob, B Semancik, S AF Afridi, M Hefner, A Berning, D Ellenwood, C Varma, A Jacob, B Semancik, S TI MEMS-based embedded sensor virtual components for system-on-a-chip (SoC) SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Reseaech Symposium (ISDRS 03) CY DEC 10-12, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Elect Device Soc, Univ Maryland, Natl Sci Fdn, Army Res Off, Army Res Lab DE MEMS; CMOS; gas sensor; microhotplate; virtual component; SoC AB The design and implementation of a monolithic micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)-based gas sensor virtual component is described. The gas sensor virtual component encloses the sensor and its associated analog circuitry into a digital shell so that all interface connections to the virtual component are digital. The system architecture supports an array of gas sensor elements. System response time is limited by the sensor and is complex. Example gas sensor characterization results are presented showing isothermal response to carbon monoxide molecules with detection sensitivity better than 100 nanomoles/mole. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Afridi, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM afridi@nist.gov NR 10 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD OCT-NOV PY 2004 VL 48 IS 10-11 BP 1777 EP 1781 DI 10.1016/j.sse.2004.05.012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 853EO UT WOS:000223809700017 ER PT J AU Wang, L Gaigalas, AK Blasic, J Holden, MJ AF Wang, L Gaigalas, AK Blasic, J Holden, MJ TI Spectroscopic characterization of fluorescein- and tetramethylrhodamine-labeled oligonucleotides and their complexes with a DNA template SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE fluorescein; tetramethylrhodamine; DNA complexes; fluorescence quenching; fluorescence resonance energy transfer; melting temperature ID SINGLE-MOLECULE; QUANTITATION; ASSAY; CELLS; DYES; PCR AB We measured absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and melting temperature to characterize fluorescein- and tetramethylrhodamine (TMR)-labeled oligonucleotides in solution and when hybridized to a common DNA template. Upon hybridization to the template, both the absorption and emission spectra of TMR-labeled duplexes exhibited a shift with respect to those of labeled oligonucleotides, depending on the location of the TMR on the oligonucleotide. Measurements of quantum yield, anisotropy, and melting temperature indicated that TMR interacted with nucleotides within the duplexes in the order (T1 > T5 > T11, T16) that the oligonucleotide with TMR labeled at the 5' end (T1) is stronger than that labeled at position 5 from the 5' end (T5), which is also stronger than those labeled at the positions, 11 and 16, from the 5' end (T11, T16). In the case of the duplex formed between T1 and the template, fluorescence quenching was observed, which is attributed to the interaction between the dye molecule and guanosines located at the single-stranded portion of the template. A two-state model was suggested to describe the conformational states of TMR in the duplex. The melting temperatures of the four FRET complexes show the same pattern as those of TMR-labeled duplexes. We infer that the interactions between TMR and guanosine persist in the FRET complexes. This interaction may bring the donor and the acceptor molecules closely together, which could cause interaction between the two dye molecules shown in absorbance measurements of the FRET complexes. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1386-1425 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA A JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 60 IS 12 BP 2741 EP 2750 DI 10.1016/j.saa.2004.01.013 PG 10 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 856MV UT WOS:000224050200008 PM 15350908 ER PT J AU Riviere, G Hua, BL AF Riviere, G Hua, BL TI Predicting areas of sustainable error growth in quasigeostrophic flows using perturbation alignment properties SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; SINGULAR-VECTOR; GULF-STREAM; LYAPUNOV VECTORS; MODEL; PREDICTABILITY; DYNAMICS; TURBULENCE; FORECASTS; BLOCKING AB A new perturbation initialization method is used to quantify error growth due to inaccuracies of the forecast model initial conditions in a quasigeostrophic box ocean model describing a wind-driven double gyre circulation. This method is based on recent analytical results on Lagrangian alignment dynamics of the Perturbation velocity vector in quasigeostrophic flows. More specifically. it consists in initializing a unique perturbation from the sole knowledge of the control flow properties at the initial time of the forecast and whose velocity vector orientation satisfies a Lagrangian equilibrium criterion. This Alignment-based Initialization method is hereafter denoted as the AI method. In terms of spatial distribution of the errors, we have compared favorably the AI error forecast with the mean error obtained with a Monte-Carlo ensemble prediction. It is shown that the At forecast is on average as efficient as the error forecast initialized with the leading singular vector for the palenstrophy norm, and significantly more efficient than that for total energy and enstrophy norms. Furthermore, a more precise examination shows that the AI forecast is systematically relevant for all control flows whereas the palenstrophy singular vector forecast leads sometimes to very good scores and sometimes to very bad ones. A principal component analysis at the final time of the forecast shows that the AI mode spatial structure is comparable to that of the first eigenvector of the error covariance matrix for a "bred triode"ensemble. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of the AI mode grows at the same constant rate as that of the "bred modes" from the initial time to the final time of the forecast and is therefore characterized by a sustained phase of error growth. In this sense, the Al mode based on Lagrangian dynamics of the perturbation velocity orientation provides a rationale of the "bred mode" behavior. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75231 Paris 05, France. IFREMER, Lab Phys Oceans, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Riviere, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM griviere@princeton.edu NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 56 IS 5 BP 441 EP 455 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00078.x PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 869CT UT WOS:000224961700003 ER PT J AU Gates, RS Hsu, SM AF Gates, RS Hsu, SM TI Tribochemistry between water and Si3N4 and SiC: Induction time analysis SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ceramics; friction; gel formation; induction time; tribochemistry; water ID SELF-MATED SI3N4; SILICON-NITRIDE; SLIDING SPEED; FRICTION; WEAR; CERAMICS; LUBRICATION; SURFACES AB Under certain conditions, silicon nitride and silicon carbide ceramics can be lubricated by water; however, silicon carbide generally takes 5 - 6 times longer to enter the effective tribochemical regime than silicon nitride. Despite this, the operating range for silicon carbide is much larger once it enters into this regime. This paper examines the various explanations for why these two ceramics should exhibit different time constants for tribochemistry to occur. Using a ball-on-three-flat bench wear test in water, a preworn-in procedure was used to control surface roughness and tribochemical induction times were measured. It was found that wear-particle-induced third body effect prevented the successful entrance into the tribochemical regime for silicon carbide. It was postulated that the films formed are very susceptible to third body effect and require smooth surfaces for the tribochemical reaction films to be effective. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Nanotribol Grp, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Nanotribol Grp, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.gates@nist.gov NR 20 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 3 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044488.84437.68 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 861OX UT WOS:000224427800007 ER PT J AU Jahanmir, S Ozmen, Y Ives, LK AF Jahanmir, S Ozmen, Y Ives, LK TI Water lubrication of silicon nitride in sliding SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE water lubrication; silicon nitride; transition time; ceramics; friction; wear ID ATOMIC-SCALE FRICTION; WEAR; CERAMICS; DIAMOND; CARBIDE; SI3N4; FILMS; SPEED; TIP AB Several studies have shown that the coefficient of friction of self-mated silicon nitride in water decreases from an initially high value to about 0.002 after a certain run-in period. Since the worn surfaces become extremely smooth, the low friction is attributed to the initiation of hydrodynamic lubrication by a thin water film at the interface. The possibility of mixed lubrication, i.e., hydrodynamic lubrication by water and boundary lubrication due to the presence of colloidal silica on the wearing surfaces, has also been proposed. The purpose of our study is to investigate the influence of load, speed, and surface roughness on the duration of the run-in period. The results confirmed that a low coefficient of friction is obtained following a run-in period when a wear scar of sufficient size is developed to reduce the contact stress. The run-in period, during which the coefficient of friction is fairly high, was shorter for smoother surfaces and at higher loads and speeds. The low friction behavior was found to be unstable and occasional high friction spikes were observed. The surfaces of the wear tracks and wear scars contained a series of striations parallel to the sliding direction and exhibiting plastic deformation, delamination and fracture. The striations that appeared to be associated with the high friction spikes, could form as a result surface film breakdown. Although these results are consistent with the proposed mechanisms of hydrodynamic lubrication or mixed lubrication, it is proposed that the low friction behavior may be also related to fundamental interactions between two hard and elastically deforming surfaces covered with hydrogen-terminated oxide films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jahanmir, S (reprint author), MiTiHeart Corp, POB 83610, Gaithersburg, MD 20883 USA. EM sJahanmir@mitiheart.com RI Ozmen, Yilmaz/F-5254-2014 OI Ozmen, Yilmaz/0000-0002-5820-5987 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 17 IS 3 BP 409 EP 417 DI 10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044489.44053.be PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 861OX UT WOS:000224427800008 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK TI Green's-function method for modeling surface acoustic wave dispersion in anisotropic material systems and determination of material parameters SO WAVE MOTION LA English DT Article DE elastodynamic Green's function; materials' characterization; silicon; surface acoustic waves; titanium nitride ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; SOLIDS; FILM AB A Green's-function method for modeling propagation of surface acoustic waves in anisotropic nanolayered materials is reviewed. The mathematical model, developed at NIST, provides a computationally efficient inversion algorithm for determination of the material parameters of the film, such as its elastic constants and density, from observed dispersion of the surface acoustic waves. The application of the method to a 306 nm thick TiN film having transverse isotropy on a single crystal Si substrate is discussed as an example. The errors in the values of the parameters determined by using the inversion algorithm and the question of uniqueness of the values of the parameters are discussed in detail. It is suggested that, at least in the example considered in this paper, the SAW dispersion can be used to determine any two parameters of the film, provided other parameters are known by independent measurements. In particular, the values of c(11) and the density of the film, obtained from the measured SAW dispersion, are the most reliable and the value of c(44) is the least reliable. The method is extended to account for defective bonding between the film and the interface and the effect of an intermediate layer of silica between the film and the substrate. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tewary@boulder.nist.gov NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2125 J9 WAVE MOTION JI Wave Motion PD OCT PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 399 EP 412 DI 10.1016/j.wavemoti.2004.02.007 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics GA 854DQ UT WOS:000223881400009 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM Godin, OA AF Fuks, IM Godin, OA TI Probability distributions of travel time and intensity of the earliest arrivals of a short pulse backscattered by a rough surface SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL SHADOWING FUNCTIONS; SEA-ICE THICKNESS; SCATTERING; SIGNALS; OCEAN; RADAR AB Precise measurements of the travel times of backscattered waves, and especially the travel times of the first (i.e., earliest) arrivals, underlie a number of geophysical remote sensing techniques. In this paper, statistical properties of the travel time and intensity of pulses backscattered by a two-dimensional rough surface are investigated within the geometric optics approximation by adopting a method originally developed in the theory of excursions of a stochastic process. We assume a wave source located sufficiently far from a rough surface with Gaussian statistics, and show that the probability distribution functions of the normalized deviation of the travel time of the first and second backscattered pulses from the travel time in the absence of roughness, are functions of a single dimensionless parameter, T = gamma(0)(2)H/(2pisigma), where sigma(2) and gamma(0)(2) are the variances of the rough surface elevation and slope, and H is the source altitude. Signals from the rough surface return to the source location earlier than from the mean plane by O(2sigma/c), where c is the velocity of wave propagation. On average, the travel times of the first and second arrivals decrease as parameter T increases, with the travel time shift being proportional to rootlnT. The time delay between the first and the second arrivals is inversely proportional to rootlnT. The joint probability density functions (PDF) of the travel times and the intensities of the first two backscattered pulses are derived. This allows us to obtain the travel time PDF for signals exceeding the given intensity threshold. It is shown that the travel time and the intensity are strongly correlated: on average, earlier arrivals have smaller amplitudes. C1 Zel Technol, LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, ETL, R ET 0, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Zel Technol, LLC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 33 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD OCT PY 2004 VL 14 IS 4 BP 539 EP 562 AR PII S0959-7174(04)79615-9 DI 10.1088/0959-7174/14/4/005 PG 24 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 864IR UT WOS:000224627700006 ER PT J AU Wetzel, M Meyers, M Borys, R McAnelly, R Cotton, W Rossi, A Frisbie, P Nadler, D Lowenthal, D Cohn, S Brown, W AF Wetzel, M Meyers, M Borys, R McAnelly, R Cotton, W Rossi, A Frisbie, P Nadler, D Lowenthal, D Cohn, S Brown, W TI Mesoscale snowfall prediction and verification in mountainous terrain SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID EXPLICIT CLOUD MODEL; PRECIPITATION; STORM; MICROPHYSICS; EVOLUTION; DENSITY; GROWTH; WATER AB Short-term forecasting of precipitation often relies on meteorological radar coverage to provide information on the intensity, extent, and motion of approaching mesoscale features. However, in significant portions of mountainous regions, radar coverage is lacking because of topographic blocking, and the absence of radar signatures in sections of the radar scan produces uncertain or even misleading information to the public and operational forecasters. In addition, echo characteristics within the radar volume scan are often influenced by the vertical extent and type of precipitation. Each of these conditions limits the opportunity for accurate snowfall prediction and studies of precipitation climatology. To improve both short-term forecasting and postevent verification studies, much greater use can be made of specifically sited surface observations, tailored graphical output from mesoscale models, satellite remote sensing, and case study knowledge of local topographic influences. In this paper, methods to support snowfall forecasts and verification in radar-limited mountainous terrain are demonstrated that include matching the output parameters and graphics from high-resolution mesoscale models to surface mesonets and snowfall observations, analysis of continuous and event-based measurements of snow density, application of multispectral satellite data for verification and trend analysis, and characterization of orographic influences in different winter storm scenarios. The advantages of improved wintertime quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) in mountain regions include public safety responsibilities that are critical to National Weather Service (NWS) operations, and are relevant to any mountainous region with radar scan limitations or during periods of radar data outages. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Grand Junction, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Wetzel, M (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM wetzel@dri.edu NR 29 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 806 EP 828 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0806:MSPAVI>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861YR UT WOS:000224455000002 ER PT J AU Hadley, D Hufford, GL Simpson, JJ AF Hadley, D Hufford, GL Simpson, JJ TI Resuspension of relic volcanic ash and dust from Katmai: Still an aviation hazard SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ERUPTION; ALASKA; CLOUDS AB Northwest winds were strong enough to continuously resuspend relic volcanic ash from the Katmai volcano cluster and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes on 20 - 21 September 2003. The ash cloud reached over 1600 m and extended over 230 km into the Gulf of Alaska. Several factors influenced the resuspension of the ash: 1) the atmosphere and land surface were very dry prior to the event, further enabling the resuspension and subsequent atmospheric transport of the relic volcanic ash; 2) the production of winds strong enough to entrain and lift the ash over 1600 m into the atmosphere; 3) the complex terrain with numerous mountains interspersed with valleys, channels, and gaps; 4) the superadiabatic lapse rate for the troposphere below 850 mb; and 5) the presence of a strong subsidence inversion around 1400 - 1600 m. The authors propose that the strong winds are due to accelerations in a superadiabatic atmosphere below 850 mb that is buoyant to both upward and downward perturbations resulting in a hydraulic flow that exposes the lee side of the mountains to sweeping, high-speed turbulent winds near the base of the lee slope. Some unique features of the ash cloud are also examined, including its hazardous nature to aviation. Finally, this paper provides the forecaster with the ability to 1) recognize the conditions needed for relic volcanic ash resuspension and 2) respond immediately to such an event. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Alaska Reg, Alaska Aviat Weather Unit, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Hufford, GL (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Alaska Reg, Alaska Aviat Weather Unit, Box 23,222 W 7th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. EM gary.hufford@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 829 EP 840 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0829:RORVAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861YR UT WOS:000224455000003 ER PT J AU Sisson, PA Gyakum, JR AF Sisson, PA Gyakum, JR TI Synoptic-scale precursors to significant cold-season precipitation events in Burlington, Vermont SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID 1998 ICE STORM; UNITED-STATES AB Several classes of significant cold-season precipitation events occurring in Burlington, Vermont (KBTV), during the 33-yr period from 1963 to 1995, are studied with the objective of identifying large-scale circulation precursors to the more extreme events. Several physically interesting and unique features that correspond to 24-h totals of 25 to 50 mm of precipitation are found. Preferential southerly and more maritime surface geostrophic flow occur in the heavier cases, in association with a strong cyclone ( anticyclone) to the west ( east) of KBTV. The 1000 - 500-hPa positive thickness anomaly corresponds to a depth-mean virtual temperature anomaly of +10.5degreesC in the heavy events. Additionally, statistically significant negative thickness anomalies, responsible for triggering these significant precipitation events, can be traced westward to a position in the Pacific Ocean at least 6 days prior to the event. Significantly heavier precipitable water amounts and preferentially strong water vapor transports from maritime regions are also associated with the heavier cold-season precipitation events. C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Burlington, VT USA. McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Sisson, PA (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Burlington Int Airport,1200 Airport Dr, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. EM paul.sisson@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 841 EP 854 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0841:SPTSCP>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861YR UT WOS:000224455000004 ER PT J AU Metz, ND Schultz, DM Johns, RH AF Metz, ND Schultz, DM Johns, RH TI Extratropical cyclones with multiple warm-front-like baroclinic zones and their relationship to severe convective storms SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; UNITED-STATES; RETURN-FLOW; MEXICO; MODEL; GULF; EAST; ALOFT; AIR AB Extratropical cyclones over the central United States and southern Canada from the years 1982 and 1989 were examined for the presence of two or more ( multiple) warm-front-like baroclinic zones, hereafter called MWFL baroclinic zones. Of the 108 cyclones identified during this period, 42% were found to have MWFL baroclinic zones, where a baroclinic zone was defined as a magnitude of the surface temperature gradient of 8degreesF (4.4degreesC) 220 km(-1) over a length of at least 440 km. The largest frequency of cyclones with MWFL baroclinic zones occurred during April, May, August, and September. Ninety-four percent of all baroclinic zones were coincident with a magnitude of the dewpoint temperature gradient of at least 4degreesF (2.2degreesC) 220 km(-1), and 81% of all baroclinic zones possessed a wind shift of at least 208, suggesting that these baroclinic zones were significant airmass and airstream boundaries. Although cyclones with MWFL baroclinic zones formed in a variety of ways, two synoptic patterns dominated. Thirty-eight percent of cyclones with MWFL baroclinic zones formed as a cold or stationary front from a previous cyclonic system was drawn into the circulation of a cyclone center, forming the southern baroclinic zone. Twenty-two percent of cyclones with MWFL baroclinic zones formed as a cold front to the north of the cyclone center was drawn into the circulation of the cyclone, forming the northern baroclinic zone. Other synoptic patterns included outflow boundaries (9%), chinook fronts (4%), return flow from the Gulf of Mexico ( 4%), and unclassified (22%). Although the frequency of severe weather in cyclones was roughly the same for cyclones with and without MWFL baroclinic zones, the presence of the southern baroclinic zone provided a mechanism to focus the location of severe weather, showing their utility for severe weather forecasting. Despite the potential for severe convective storms along these southern baroclinic zones, 51% were not identified on the National Meteorological Center ( now known as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction) surface analyses, indicating the importance of performing real-time surface isotherm analysis. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Oklahoma Weather Ctr, Res Experiences Undergrad Program, Norman, OK USA. Valparaiso Univ, Valparaiso, IN USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Metz, ND (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 907 EP 916 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0907:ECWMWB>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861YR UT WOS:000224455000008 ER PT J AU Roebber, PJ Schultz, DM Colle, BA Stensrud, DJ AF Roebber, PJ Schultz, DM Colle, BA Stensrud, DJ TI Toward improved prediction: High-resolution and ensemble modeling systems in operations SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Review ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; PROSPECTUS DEVELOPMENT TEAM; LAKE-EFFECT SNOWSTORM; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MESOSCALE-MODEL; ETA-MODEL; PART II; EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION; PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS AB A large gap in skill between forecasts of the atmospheric circulation ( relatively high skill) and quantitative precipitation ( low skill) has emerged over the past three decades. One common approach toward closing this gap has been to try to simulate precipitation features directly by decreasing the horizontal grid spacing of the numerical weather prediction models. Also at this time, research has begun to explore the benefits of short-range ensemble forecast methods. The authors argue that each approach has benefits: high-resolution models assist in the development of a forecaster's conceptual model of various mesoscale phenomena, whereas ensembles help quantify forecast uncertainty. A thoughtful implementation of both approaches, in which this complementary nature is recognized, will improve the forecast process, empower human forecasters, and consequently add value relative to current trends. The science and policy issues that must be addressed in order to maximize this forecast potential are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Roebber, PJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, 3200 N Cramer Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. EM roebber@uwm.edu RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 106 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 936 EP 949 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0936:TIPHAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861YR UT WOS:000224455000010 ER PT J AU Kim, SW Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Won, JG Dutton, EG Ogren, JA Anderson, TL AF Kim, SW Yoon, SC Jefferson, A Won, JG Dutton, EG Ogren, JA Anderson, TL TI Observation of enhanced water vapor in Asian dust layer and its effect on atmospheric radiative heating rates SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MINERAL DUST; ACE-ASIA; AEROSOLS; IMPACTS AB This study investigates the effect of water vapor associated with mineral dust aerosols on atmospheric radiative heating rates using ground-based lidar, aircraft, radiosonde measurements and a radiation model during Asian dust events in the spring of 2001. We found enhanced levels of water vapor within the dust layer relative to the air above and below the dust layer. The water vapor led to an increase in the net radiative heating rate within the dust layer, changing the heating rate vertical structure. A net cooling was calculated above the dust layer as a result of low aerosol and drier conditions. Our finding suggests that the presence of water vapor within dust layer acts to enhance the temperature of this layer, potentially influencing the static stability of the dust layer. This finding is supported by an increase in the potential temperature at the top and bottom of the dust layer. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. EM anne.jefferson@noaa.gov RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 9 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 30 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 18 AR L18113 DI 10.1029/2004GL020024 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 861HZ UT WOS:000224408500001 ER PT J AU Sanabia, JE Goldner, LS Lacaze, PA Hawkins, ME AF Sanabia, JE Goldner, LS Lacaze, PA Hawkins, ME TI On the feasibility of single-molecule detection of the guanosine-analogue 3-MI SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; PTERIDINE NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS; 2-PHOTON EXCITATION; HIV-1 INTEGRASE; ONE-PHOTON; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; 2-AMINOPURINE; MICROSCOPY; OPTICS AB We present UV fluorescence fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements on the guanosine-analogue 3-MI [3-methyl-8-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)isoxanthopterin], a pteridine widely used in studies of DNA binding and dynamics. We measure the photon count rate and signal-to-background ratio per molecule, for both monomeric 3-MI and a 3-MI-containing oligonucleotide. For the monomer, we find a maximum photon count rate per molecule above 4 kHz and a maximum signal-to-background ratio of 5. For incorporated 3-MI, both parameters are a factor of 4 smaller. We discuss the triplet and photobleaching behavior of 3-MI and the possibilities of using this analogue in single-molecule studies of DNA dynamics. Comparisons are made to the behavior of stilbene 3, a brilliant laser dye with a similar fluorescence spectrum. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Pediat Oncol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Goldner, LS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lori.goldner@nist.gov NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD SEP 30 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 39 BP 15293 EP 15300 DI 10.1021/jp049901a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 856UI UT WOS:000224070200071 ER PT J AU Nicholls, ME Denning, AS Prihodko, L Vidale, PL Baker, I Davis, K Bakwin, P AF Nicholls, ME Denning, AS Prihodko, L Vidale, PL Baker, I Davis, K Bakwin, P TI A multiple-scale simulation of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide using a coupled biosphere-atmospheric model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbon budgets; carbon dioxide; biosphere; regional-scale modeling; missing sink; carbon dioxide fluxes ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; WATER-VAPOR; TALL TOWER; CO2; FOREST; FLUXES; EXCHANGE; VEGETATION; TURBULENCE; EQUATIONS AB [1] Variations of atmospheric CO2 at regional scales are becoming increasingly important in understanding regional carbon budgets, yet the processes that drive them remain relatively unexplored. A simulation was conducted to test a coupled biosphere-atmospheric model (SiB2-RAMS), by comparing with measurements made at the WLEFTV tower in Wisconsin, and to investigate some of the mechanisms leading to CO2 variability, both on local and regional scales. The simulation was run for a 5-day period from 26 to 30 July 1997. Multiple nested grids were employed, which enabled mesoscale features to be simulated and which resolved small-scale features in the vicinity of the WLEF tower. In many respects the model was successful at simulating observed meteorological variables and CO2 fluxes and concentrations. The two most significant deficiencies were that excessive nighttime cooling occurred on two of the nights and that late afternoon uptake of CO2 was larger than observed. Results of the simulation suggest that in addition to biological processes causing variations in CO2 concentrations at the WLEF site other factors, such as small nearby lakes, turbulence induced by vertical wind shear, boundary layer thermals, and clouds, also had significant impacts. These factors add to the difficulty of interpreting CO2 measurements. Regional-scale patterns of CO2 variability caused by meteorological processes were also identified. Katabatic winds had a significant effect by causing respired CO2 to pool in valleys and along the shores of the Great Lakes during the night. Furthermore, a large diurnal cycle of CO2 concentration occurred over the lakes, which appeared to be mainly due to the combined action of katabatic winds, ambient winds, and the lake breeze circulation. These results suggest that meteorological processes associated with the complex terrain in this region leads to substantial CO2 advection. Therefore meteorological as well as biological processes are likely to be important causes of regional-scale CO2 variability in the Great Lakes region. A sensitivity test conducted to examine the differences between using a turbulent kinetic energy based subgrid-scale scheme versus a deformation-type subgrid-scale scheme showed advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. Our results suggest that continuous records of CO2 variability measured over heterogeneous continental regions must be interpreted with caution because of the impact of mesoscale circulations on the concentration time series. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM nicholls@atmos.colostate.edu RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Vidale, Pier Luigi/0000-0002-1800-8460 NR 41 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 29 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D18 AR D18117 DI 10.1029/2003JD004482 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 861IG UT WOS:000224409200003 ER PT J AU Williams, JE Nygaard, N Clark, CW AF Williams, JE Nygaard, N Clark, CW TI Phase diagrams for an ideal gas mixture of fermionic atoms and bosonic molecules SO NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; FESHBACH RESONANCES; HARMONIC TRAP; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; COLLISIONS AB We calculate the phase diagrams for a harmonically trapped ideal gas mixture of fermionic atoms and bosonic molecules in chemical and thermal equilibrium, where the internal energy of the molecules can be adjusted relative to that of the atoms by use of a tunable Feshbach resonance. We plot the molecule fraction and the fraction of Bose-condensed molecules as functions of the temperature and internal molecular energy. We show the paths traversed in the phase diagrams when the molecular energy is varied either suddenly or adiabatically. Our model calculation helps to interpret the adiabatic phase diagrams obtained in recent experiments on the Bose-Einstein condensation to Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer crossover, in which the condensate fraction is plotted as a function of the initial temperature of the Fermi gas measured before a sweep of the magnetic field through the resonance region. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jamiew@nist.gov; nygaard@nist.gov; charles.clark@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 50 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1367-2630 J9 NEW J PHYS JI New J. Phys. PD SEP 29 PY 2004 VL 6 AR 123 DI 10.1088/1367-2630/6/1/123 PG 18 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 857YV UT WOS:000224157900001 ER PT J AU Gerber, MJ Kline, SR Walker, LM AF Gerber, MJ Kline, SR Walker, LM TI Characterization of rodlike aggregates generated from a cationic surfactant and a polymerizable counterion SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE; MICELLES; MICROEMULSION; SCATTERING AB The polymerization of elongated micellar structures offers a novel approach to the production of high-aspect-ratio, water-soluble amphiphilic nanorods. A cationic surfactant with a vinyl-containing counterion, cetyltrimethylammonium 4-vinylbenzoate, has been synthesized and polymerized to produce high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles which are insensitive to changes in solution conditions. Aggregates are polymerized over a range of initiator concentrations allowing for control of the product length. Small-angle neutron scattering and light scattering are used to characterize the dimensions of the polymerized aggregates, showing them to have a fixed radius of 2 nm and contour lengths varying from 96 to 340 nm. Proton NMR verifies the chemical structure and provides insight into the mobility of the aggregate components. Finally, gel permeation chromatography of the polymer extracted from the aggregates indicates that the polymerization reaction controls the aggregate dimensions. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, LM (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM lwalker@andrew.cmu.edu RI Walker, Lynn/I-2562-2016 OI Walker, Lynn/0000-0002-7478-9759 NR 27 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 28 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 20 BP 8510 EP 8516 DI 10.1021/la048929a PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 856IN UT WOS:000224039000017 PM 15379468 ER PT J AU Reyes, DR Perruccio, EM Becerra, SP Locascio, LE Gaitan, M AF Reyes, DR Perruccio, EM Becerra, SP Locascio, LE Gaitan, M TI Micropatterning neuronal cells on polyelectrolyte multilayers SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; ADHESION; GROWTH; FILMS; MONOLAYERS; ATTACHMENT; MORPHOLOGY; VIABILITY; ULTRATHIN; PROTEINS AB This paper describes an approach to adhere retinal cells on micropatterned polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) lines adsorbed on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces using microfluidic networks. PEMs were patterned on flat, oxidized PDMS surfaces by sequentially flowing polyions through a microchannel network that was placed in contact with the PDMS surface. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were the polyions used as the top layer cellular adhesion material. The microfluidic network was lifted off after the patterning was completed and retinal cells were seeded on the PEM/PDMS surfaces. The traditional practice of using blocking agents to prevent the adhesion of cells on unpatterned areas was avoided by allowing the PDMS surface to return to its uncharged state after the patterning was completed. The adhesion of rat retinal cells on the patterned PEMs was observed 5 h after seeding. Cell viability and morphology on the patterned PEMs were assayed. These materials proved to be nontoxic to the cells used in this study regardless of the number of stacked PEM layers. Phalloidin staining of the cytoskeleton revealed no apparent morphological differences in retinal cells compared with those plated on polystyrene or the larger regions of PEI and PAH; however, cells were relatively more elongated when cultured on the PEM lines. Cell-to-cell communication between cells on adjacent PEM lines was observed as interconnecting tubes containing actin that were a few hundred nanometers in diameter and up to 55 mum in length. This approach provides a simple, fast, and inexpensive method of patterning cells onto micrometer-scale features. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reyes, DR (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM darwin.reyes@nist.gov NR 39 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 28 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 20 BP 8805 EP 8811 DI 10.1021/la049249a PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 856IN UT WOS:000224039000059 PM 15379510 ER PT J AU Chen, SH Su, AC Chang, CS Chen, HL Ho, DL Tsao, CS Peng, KY Chen, SA AF Chen, SH Su, AC Chang, CS Chen, HL Ho, DL Tsao, CS Peng, KY Chen, SA TI Aging of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 '-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)/toluene solutions and subsequent effects on luminescence behavior of cast films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; INTERCHAIN INTERACTIONS; BULK POLY(2-METHOXY-5-(2'-ETHYLHEXYLOXY)-1,4-PHENYLENEVINYLENE); DEVICE PERFORMANCE; MORPHOLOGY; AGGREGATION; TRANSPORT; EFFICIENCY AB Morphological effects in luminescence properties of a representative semiconducting polymer, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV), has recently attracted much attention. Previous studies indicated that short-term heat treatment of solution-cast MEH-PPV films may result in the formation of mesomorphic order that is responsible for the "red" emission around 640 nm, in contrast to the single-chromophore "yellow" emission near 590 nm from the disordered matrix. On the basis of microscopic and spectroscopic evidence for films cast from freshly prepared and aged solutions, here we show that prolonged storage of MEHyellowPPV solutions at room temperature or lower may result in retardation of the thermally induced mesophase formation in the subsequently cast films. According to small-angle neutron scattering and differential scanning calorimetric observations over aged MEH-PPV/ toluene solutions, we propose that the suppressed transformation into mesomorphic order is due to further development of nanocrystalline aggregates that serve as physical cross-links among MEH-PPV chains in the solution state upon long-term storage. These solvent-induced nanocrystalline aggregates, however, do not exhibit new spectroscopic features beyond the suppression of "red" emission at 640 nm from the mesomorphic phase. C1 Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Mat Sci & Engn, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Nucl Energy Res, Lungtan 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan. RP Su, AC (reprint author), Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Mat Sci & Engn, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 28 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 20 BP 8909 EP 8915 DI 10.1021/la049083d PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 856IN UT WOS:000224039000075 PM 15379526 ER PT J AU Bacolla, A Jaworski, A Larson, JE Jakupciak, JP Chuzhanova, N Abeysinghe, SS O'Connell, CD Cooper, DN Wells, RD AF Bacolla, A Jaworski, A Larson, JE Jakupciak, JP Chuzhanova, N Abeysinghe, SS O'Connell, CD Cooper, DN Wells, RD TI Breakpoints of gross deletions coincide with non-B DNA conformations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CLASS-SWITCH RECOMBINATION; SHORT SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES; HUMAN INHERITED DISEASE; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; MISMATCH REPAIR; ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; MEDIATED MECHANISM; PLASMID DNA; TRANSLOCATION AB Genomic rearrangements are a frequent source of instability, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. A 2.5-kbp poly(purine-pyrimidine) sequence from the human PKD1 gene, known to form non-B DNA structures, induced long deletions and other instabilities in plasmids that were mediated by mismatch repair and, in some cases, transcription. The breakpoints occurred at predicted non-B DNA structures. Distance measurements also indicated a significant proximity of alternating purine-pyrimidine and oligo(purine-pyrimidine) tracts to breakpoint junctions in 222 gross deletions and translocations, respectively, involved in human diseases. In 11 deletions analyzed, breakpoints were explicable by non-B DNA structure formation. We conclude that alternative DNA conformations trigger genomic rearrangements through recombination-repair activities. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Texas Med Ctr, Ctr Genome Res,Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Lodz, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Dept Genet Microorganisms, PL-90237 Lodz, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Biostat & Bioinformat Unit, Cardiff CF14 4XN, S Glam, Wales. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Inst Med Genet, Cardiff CF14 4XN, S Glam, Wales. RP Wells, RD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Texas Med Ctr, Ctr Genome Res,Inst Biosci & Technol, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM rwells@ibt.tamushsc.edu RI Cooper, David/H-4384-2011; Bacolla, Albino/N-3877-2013; OI Cooper, David/0000-0002-8943-8484; Bacolla, Albino/0000-0003-0206-8423; Chuzhanova, Nadia/0000-0002-4655-3618 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES11347, R01 ES011347]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS37554] NR 47 TC 131 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 10 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 28 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 39 BP 14162 EP 14167 DI 10.1073/pnas.0405974101 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 858SG UT WOS:000224211400037 PM 15377784 ER PT J AU Muschinski, A Frehlich, RG Balsley, BB AF Muschinski, A Frehlich, RG Balsley, BB TI Small-scale and large-scale intermittency in the nocturnal boundary layer and the residual layer SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID 2-LEVEL MODEL SIMULATION; VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS; K(-5/3) ENERGY-SPECTRUM; HIGH REYNOLDS-NUMBER; ATMOSPHERIC-TURBULENCE; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; DISSIPATION RATES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; SHEAR FLOWS AB In high Reynolds-number turbulence, local scalar turbulence structure parameters, (C-theta(2))(r), local scalar variance dissipation rates, chi(r), and local energy dissipation rates, epsilon(r), vary randomly in time and space. This variability, commonly referred to as intermittency, is known to increase with decreasing r, where r is the linear dimension of the local averaging volume. Statistical relationships between chi(r), epsilon(r), and (C-theta(2))(r) are of practical interest, for example, in optical and radar remote sensing. Some of these relationships are studied here, both theoretically and on the basis of recent observations. Two models for the conditionally averaged local temperature structure parameter, are derived. The first model assumes that the joint probability density function (j.p.d.f.) of chi(r) and epsilon(r) is bivariate lognormal and that the Obukhov-Corrsin (C-theta(2))(r) = gammaepsilon(r)(-1/3) where gamma = 1.6, is locally valid. In the second model, small-scale intermittency is ignored and C-theta(2) and epsilon are treated traditionally, that is. as averages over many outer scale lengths, such that C-theta(2) and epsilon change only as a result of large-scale intermittency. Both models lead to power-law relationships of the form <(C-theta(2))>(r)\epsilon(r)> = c epsilon(r)(delta) where c is a constant. Both models make predictions for the value of the power-law exponent delta. The first model leads to delta = rho(xy)sigma(y)/sigma(x) - 1/3 where sigma(x) and sigma(y) are the standard deviations of the logarithms of epsilon(r) and chi(r), respectively, and rho(xy) is the correlation coefficient of the logarithms of chi(r) and epsilon(r). This model leads to delta = 1/3 if rho(xy) = 2/3 and if sigma(x) = sigma(y). The second model predicts delta = 2/3, regardless of whether (i) static stability and shear are statistically independent, or (ii) they are connected through a Richardson-number criterion. These theoretical predictions are compared to fine-wire measurements that were taken during the night of 20/21 October 1999, at altitudes of up to 500m in the nocturnal boundary layer and the overlying residual layer above Kansas. The fine-wire sensors were moved up and down with the University of Colorado's Tethered Lifting System (TLS). The data were obtained during the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study 1999 (CASES-99). An interesting side result is that the observed frequency spectra of the logarithms of epsilon(r) and chi(r) are described well by an f(-1) law. A simple theoretical explanation is offered. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Muschinski, A (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knowles Bldg,151 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 72 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 EI 1469-7645 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD SEP 25 PY 2004 VL 515 BP 319 EP 351 DI 10.1017/S0022112004000412 PG 33 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 861DS UT WOS:000224396900012 ER PT J AU VanderHart, DL Perez, E Bello, A Vasquez, J Quijada, R AF VanderHart, DL Perez, E Bello, A Vasquez, J Quijada, R TI Effect of tacticity on the structure of poly(1-octadecene) SO MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE crystal structures; NMR; poly(1-octadecene); tacticity; WAXS ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; C-13 CHEMICAL-SHIFTS; NMR; RESOLUTION; POLYMERS; POLYPROPYLENE; CRYSTALLINE; COPOLYMERS; SOLIDS; POLY(1-BUTENE) AB A sample of poly(1-octadecene), synthesized with a highly active heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst, has been fractioned with heptane, giving soluble and insoluble fractions. Both fractions and the original polymer have been characterized by size exclusion chromatography, solution and solid-state C-13 NMR, DSC and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the fractionation occurs on the basis of both molecular mass and tacticity differences, with the atactic content concentrated in the lower molecular mass chains. Thus, the soluble fraction, having a lower average molecular mass than the original sample, consists,predominantly of atactic chains, whereas the insoluble fraction is mainly isotactic. The analysis of the solid-state structure reveals that both atactic and isotactic fractions are able to crystallize, although their crystalline structures are different. The NMR and X-ray data together support the "most probable" structure for the isotactic polymer advanced by Turner-Jones. That structure is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal form, where a) the backbone crystallizes in a quaternary helical conformation, b) the sidechains are packed in a way analogous to orthorhombic polyethylene, and c) successive sidechains are conformationally inequivalent. Support for points b) and c) are respectively found in the chemical shift of the sidechains and in the splittings observed for backbone carbons and for some sidechain carbons located near the points of attachment. In addition, there is evidence that the mobility of sidechain sites at points near both the bonded and free ends are not uniform from chain to chain. On the other hand, the crystal form for the atactic polymer shows only sidechain order with some support for the notion that this order approximates the disordered hexagonal rotator phase of the alkanes. C1 CSIC, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Polimeros, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias Fis & Matemat, Dept Ingn Quim, Santiago, Chile. Ctr Invest Interdisciplinaria Avanzada Ciencia Ma, Santiago, Chile. RP Perez, E (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Polimeros, Juan Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. EM ernestop@ictp.csic.es RI Perez, Ernesto/G-3254-2016 OI Perez, Ernesto/0000-0002-5144-9268 NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1352 J9 MACROMOL CHEM PHYSIC JI Macromol. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 24 PY 2004 VL 205 IS 14 BP 1877 EP 1885 DI 10.1002/macp.200400010 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 859CI UT WOS:000224239400008 ER PT J AU Dery, SJ Wood, EF AF Dery, SJ Wood, EF TI Teleconnection between the Arctic Oscillation and Hudson Bay river discharge SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANNULAR MODE; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; IMPACTS; OCEAN AB Rising surface air temperatures in response to anthropogenic forcing are intensifying the global hydrologic cycle. Some of the more dramatic signs of climate change are increasing precipitation, evaporation, and freshwater discharge in continental river basins draining to high-latitude oceans. At regional scales, however, an acceleration of the hydrologic cycle is not always detected. In contrast to its major Eurasian counterparts, the North American Hudson Bay Basin experienced a 15% decline in river runoff between 1964 and 1994. It is shown that the Arctic Oscillation explains with statistical significance up to 90% of the recent variability in Hudson Bay river discharge. This study reveals the important role of large-scale atmospheric phenomena such as the Arctic Oscillation in regulating the terrestrial hydrologic budget. The ability of weather and climate models to represent these interannual to decadal scale phenomena governs their predictions of the surface water budget's future state in a changing climate. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Dery, SJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM sdery@princeton.edu OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 23 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 23 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 18 AR L18205 DI 10.1029/2004GL020729 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857OB UT WOS:000224126000005 ER PT J AU Lofgren, BM AF Lofgren, BM TI A model for simulation of the climate and hydrology of the Great Lakes basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric/lake interactions; regional climate modeling; hydroclimatology ID AGGREGATE MESOSCALE DISTURBANCES; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; REGIONAL CLIMATE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; IMPACTS; SYSTEM; SCALE; HEAT; MICHIGAN; INCREASE AB The Coupled Hydrosphere-Atmosphere Research Model (CHARM) was developed by coupling the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to models of the land hydrology of the Great Lakes basin and of the evaporation and thermodynamics of the Great Lakes. It is intended for running coupled atmosphere-surface climate scenarios for the Great Lakes basin, to gain a perspective that has been missed by running hydrologic models in off-line mode, driven by the output of global general circulation models. This paper presents validation of this model using historical atmospheric data to drive the regional embedded CHARM model. The current version of CHARM simulates the near-surface air temperature in the region quite well, with some positive bias during the winter and negative bias during the summer. Biases in the temperature averaged over 1 month and over the portion of the domain that is not directly forced by observations are less than or approximately 2 K. The annual precipitation has a positive bias of 6.6% and does well at placing the lake-effect precipitation areas, but may have too strong a west-east gradient. Simulation of annually averaged runoff meets well with expectations, but additional empirical fitting may be required to replicate the seasonal cycle. Aspects of the model that remain troublesome are the tendency for unrealistically low pressure at mean sea level and for persistent heavy low stratus clouds. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lofgren, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM brent.lofgren@noaa.gov OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 59 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 23 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D18 AR D18108 DI 10.1029/2004JD004602 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857OG UT WOS:000224126500003 ER PT J AU Xue, HW Feingold, G AF Xue, HW Feingold, G TI A modeling study of the effect of nitric acid on cloud properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cloud droplets; nitric acid; aerosol indirect effect ID STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; CONDENSATION COEFFICIENT; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES; THERMAL ACCOMMODATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; OPTICAL DEPTH; ALBEDO; AEROSOL; WATER; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The effect of nitric acid (HNO3) on cloud microphysical and radiative properties is studied using an adiabatic cloud parcel model for a range of aerosol size distributions, different water vapor mass accommodation coefficients, and HNO3 concentrations. Results show that HNO3 not only increases cloud drop number concentration N-d, but also leads to significantly broader droplet size spectra at both the small- and large-size ends. The broader spectra are generally the result of competition for H2O and HNO3 among the polydisperse droplets. The increase in the number of activated cloud droplets in the presence of HNO3, and the deactivation of some of the small cloud droplets due to the outgasing of HNO3, lead to spectral broadening at the small- size end. At the large-size end the broadening is caused by an increase in the driving force for growth. For small drops the driving force tends to be decreased by the presence of HNO3. Although N-d increases with increasing HNO3 concentration, the increases in cloud optical depth and albedo due to HNO3 cannot necessarily be predicted by the commonly used relationships for cloud optical properties. The dependence of the cloud optical depth on N-d to the one-third power is shown to be an overestimate because droplet spectra are significantly broadened by HNO3. We show that broadening effects due to HNO3 and other chemical or microphysical factors need to be considered when estimating cloud optical properties and their effect on climate. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Xue, HW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM huiwen.xue@noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 40 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 23 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D18 AR D18204 DI 10.1029/2004JD004750 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857OG UT WOS:000224126500009 ER PT J AU Forney, D Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Forney, D Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI Infrared absorptions of the H2O center dot center dot center dot center dot H-2 complex trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENTRANCE CHANNEL COMPLEX; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; MATRIX-ISOLATED HYDROGEN; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; LINE POSITIONS; ARGON MATRICES; AMORPHOUS ICE; SPECTROSCOPY; WATER; BANDS AB When a sample of neon to which have been added less than 1% each of H-2 and H2O is deposited at 4.3 K, the infrared spectrum of the resulting solid includes an absorption by the vibrational fundamental of H-2, which is normally infrared inactive. New absorptions are also associated with the vibrational fundamentals of the H2O in the sample. Similar results are obtained for deuterium-enriched samples. The new peaks are assigned to the van der Waals complex of H2O with H-2. As has been found in earlier theoretical, gas-phase, and solid-state studies of this and closely related systems, the infrared absorptions arise principally from complexes involving ortho-H-2, for which J=1. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Forney, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Young, Nigel/B-5472-2010 NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 22 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 12 BP 5977 EP 5984 DI 10.1063/1.1778387 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 854AJ UT WOS:000223872000048 PM 15367025 ER PT J AU Zhao, JJ Xie, RH AF Zhao, JJ Xie, RH TI Density functional study of onion-skin-like [As@Ni12As20]3(-) and [Sb@Pd12Sb20](3-) cluster ions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULES; C-60; FULLERENES; CHEMISTRY; CRYSTALS; C48N12; ENERGY AB A comprehensive study of the structural and electronic properties of the interesting onion-skin-like [As@Nil(12)AS(20)](3-) cluster ion, characterized by Moses et al. [Science 300 (2003) 778], was carried out using a plane-wave based density functional theory. The calculated interatomic distances agree well with experiment. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for [As@Ni(12)AS(20)](3-) are fivefold-degenerate with h(u) and h(g) symmetries, respectively, and its HOMO-LUMO gap is determined to be 0.2 eV lower than that Of C-60. The static dipole polarizability of [As@Nil(12)AS(20)](3-) is two times larger than that Of C-60. The optical gap of [As@Nil(12)AS(20)](3-) is redshifted by 1.4 eV relative to that Of C-60. The possibility of synthesis of [Sb@Pd12Sb20](3-) is proposed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Proc Grp, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Proc Grp, Atom Phys Div, Mail Stop 8423,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zhaojj@mailaps.org; rhxie@nist.gov RI Zhao, Jijun/I-6030-2015 NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 21 PY 2004 VL 396 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.07.021 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 855KO UT WOS:000223972300029 ER PT J AU Rajeevan, M McPhaden, MJ AF Rajeevan, M McPhaden, MJ TI Tropical Pacific upper ocean heat content variations and Indian summer monsoon rainfall SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION ANALYSIS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; ENSO; SYSTEM; MODEL AB Indian southwest monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has strong links with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during the pre-monsoon season do not have any predictive value for ensuing monsoon rainfalls. Recent studies have suggested that warm water volume (WWV) in the tropical Pacific Ocean in boreal winter is a good precursor of ENSO warm and cold events (El Nino and La Nina). In this study, we have analyzed inter-annual variations in the WWV in the tropical Pacific Ocean and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) using upper ocean thermal field analyses spanning 54 years (1950-2003). Significant negative correlations have been observed between WWV anomalies in the boreal winter and spring seasons and ISMR, with deficient (excess) monsoon years corresponding to positive (negative) WWV anomalies. This relationship provides a much longer lead time than ENSO SST indicators for prediction of ensuing monsoon rainfall. Twenty-one year moving correlations show that the correlation between WWV anomalies in boreal winter and spring and subsequent ISMR anomalies has strengthened since the mid-1980s. C1 Indian Meteorol Dept, Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rajeevan, M (reprint author), Indian Meteorol Dept, Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India. EM rajeevanm@hotmail.com RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; OI RAJEEVAN, Madhavan/0000-0002-3000-2459 NR 22 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 21 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 18 AR L18203 DI 10.1029/2004GL020631 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857NZ UT WOS:000224125800003 ER PT J AU Cahn, JW Taylor, JE AF Cahn, JW Taylor, JE TI A unified approach to motion of grain boundaries, relative tangential translation along grain boundaries, and grain rotation SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE grain boundary motion; sliding; shear; grain rotation ID ENERGY; GOLD; MISORIENTATION; SIMULATION; MOBILITY; GROWTH; DRIVEN AB We postulate that almost any motion of an interface between two crystals can produce a coupled tangential motion of the two crystals relative to each other which is proportional to the normal motion of the interface. Such translations can produce grain rotations; the special case of the rotations of shrinking included circular cylindrical grains which increase misorientation, as seen in the molecular dynamics simulations, is reinterpreted with this postulate. When this postulate is added to other principles of interface motion, several phenomena associated with grain boundary mechanics and motion are unified into a single theoretical formulation: normal motion of a grain boundary resulting from a shear stress applied tangential to it which results in tangential motion and its converse, tangential motion resulting from coupling to normal motion; rigid sliding of one grain with respect to the other along a "greased" boundary; grain rotation due to tangential motion along curved grain boundaries, produced by either by sliding or by coupling to the normal motion. When the motion is driven by the reduction in the total surface free energy integralgammadalpha, if the grain rotation is due to sliding alone, then gamma itself (the surface free energy per unit area) is reduced; if it is due to coupled motion, then increases in gamma can occur if there is a large enough decrease in area that integralgammadalpha is decreased. We explore the predictions for rotations of circular cylindrical grains moving to reduce total surface free energy. Among the surprising results is that certain combinations of coupling and surface free energy functions can result in increases rather than decreases in radii; these conditions, if achievable, can only occur far from small tilt misorientations. We also show that sliding alone must lead to misorientations with minimum gamma - or no misorientation - before the crystal shrinks to zero radius. For coupling alone, limiting misorientations (which need not, and often do not, coincide with minima in gamma) are never reached for non-zero radii. A more thorough exploration of sliding and coupling, including application to non-circular crystals and a variational model, is being published elsewhere. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NYU, CIMS, New York, NY USA. RP Cahn, JW (reprint author), NIST, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM john.cahn@nist.gov NR 27 TC 221 Z9 222 U1 11 U2 69 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD SEP 20 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 16 BP 4887 EP 4898 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.02.048 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 852YX UT WOS:000223794000016 ER PT J AU Meyers, TP Hollinger, SE AF Meyers, TP Hollinger, SE TI An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; surface energy balance; soybean; maize; surface energy balance closure ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; HEAT-FLUX; MODEL; TRANSPIRATION; VARIABILITY; PRAIRIE; WATER; CO2 AB Discrepancies in closure of the surface energy balance is often an issue for many land surface types. The role of canopy storage terms from canopy water content and photosynthesis is usually neglected in the surface energy balance of crops. Data from a research flux tower in central Illinois were used to evaluate these storage terms and their impact on the closure of the surface energy balance. When considered separately, the storage terms are generally a small fraction (<5%) of the net radiation. However, the combination of soil and canopy heat storage and the stored energy in the carbohydrate bonds from photosynthesis are shown to comprise roughly 15% of the total net radiation for maize and 7% for soybean during the morning hours from 06:00 to 12:00h when the canopy is fully developed. When all of the storage terms were considered, the slopes of the 1:1 line between net radiation and the partitioned fluxes (latent, sensible, ground, and storage) increased by 10% and the scatter about the 1:1 line decreased for both maize and soybean with the r(2) increasing by 0.05. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Meyers, TP (reprint author), NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM meyers@atdd.noaa.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 24 TC 198 Z9 209 U1 0 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD SEP 20 PY 2004 VL 125 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.03.001 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 853CY UT WOS:000223805100007 ER PT J AU Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ Remijan, A AF Hollis, JM Jewell, PR Lovas, FJ Remijan, A TI Green Bank Telescope observations of interstellar glycolaldehyde: Low-temperature sugar SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : individual (Sagittarius B2(N-LMH)); ISM : molecules; radio lines : ISM ID GALACTIC-CENTER; SGR B2; CALIBRATION; ABSORPTION; AMMONIA AB Interstellar glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO) has been detected with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) by means of the 1(10)-1(01), 2(11)-2(02), 3(12)-3(03), and 4(13)-4(04) rotational transitions at 13.48, 15.18, 17.98, and 22.14 GHz, respectively. An analysis of these four high signal-to-noise ratio rotational transitions yields a glycolaldehyde state temperature of similar to8 K. Previously reported emission-line detections of glycolaldehyde with the NRAO 12 m telescope at millimeter wavelengths (71-103 GHz) are characterized by a state temperature of similar to50 K. By comparison, the GBT detections are surprisingly strong and are seen in emission at 13.48 GHz, emission and absorption at 15.18 GHz, and absorption at 17.98 and 22.14 GHz. We attribute the strong absorption observed by the GBT at the higher frequencies to the correspondingly smaller GBT beams coupling better to the continuum source(s) in Sagittarius B2(N). A possible model for the two-temperature regions of glycolaldehyde is discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space & Earth Data Comp Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hollis, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space & Earth Data Comp Div, Code 930, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 20 PY 2004 VL 613 IS 1 BP L45 EP L48 DI 10.1086/424927 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 856VZ UT WOS:000224074700012 ER PT J AU Banerjee, S Hemraj-Benny, T Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Misewich, JA Wong, SS AF Banerjee, S Hemraj-Benny, T Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Misewich, JA Wong, SS TI Surface chemistry and structure of purified, ozonized, multiwalled carbon nanotubes probed by NEXAFS and vibrational spectroscopies SO CHEMPHYSCHEM LA English DT Article DE nanotechnology; nanotubes; surface chemistry; vibrational spectroscopy; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; SIDEWALL FUNCTIONALIZATION; CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION; FINE-STRUCTURE; PURIFICATION; OXIDATION; COMPOSITES; GROWTH; FILMS AB Understanding of oxidative processes such as solution-phase ozonolysis in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) is of funda mental importance in devising applications of these tubes as components in composite materials, as well as for development of cutting and filling protocols. We present here an evaluation of various spectroscopic tools to study the structure and composition of functionalized nanotubes. We demonstrate near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a particularly useful and effective technique for studying the surface chemistry of carbon nanotubes. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu NR 58 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1439-4235 EI 1439-7641 J9 CHEMPHYSCHEM JI ChemPhysChem PD SEP 20 PY 2004 VL 5 IS 9 BP 1416 EP 1422 DI 10.1002/cphc.200400122 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 857VQ UT WOS:000224147700017 PM 15499859 ER PT J AU Kuramochi, H Ando, K Tokizaki, T Yasutake, A Perez-Murano, F Dagata, JA Yokoyama, H AF Kuramochi, H Ando, K Tokizaki, T Yasutake, A Perez-Murano, F Dagata, JA Yokoyama, H TI Large scale high precision nano-oxidation using an atomic force microscope SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd European Conference on Surface Science (ECOSS 22) CY SEP 07-12, 2003 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Inst Phys Acad Sci Czecg Republic, European Phys Soc, Surface Interface Div, Surf Div Int Union Vacuum Sci, Tech & Applicat DE oxidation; atomic force microscopy; silicon ID SCANNED PROBE OXIDATION; HYDROGEN-PASSIVATED SILICON; FABRICATION; NANOLITHOGRAPHY; NANOSTRUCTURES; SURFACES; HUMIDITY AB Scanning probe microscope nano-oxidation is carried out on H-passivated Si(0 0 1) surfaces using a humidity control atomic force microscope (AFM) in contact and dynamic modes. To achieve high precision nano-oxidation at large scale, the original tube-scanner-based AFM unit is modified: horizontal movement of the whole sample block (sample stage and the scanner) is operated by an additional AT piezo stage, whilst its vertical movement is controlled by a piezo tube-scanner. The high linearity of the horizontal movement is demonstrated by high resolution oxide patterns which are fabricated after the instrumental modification using standard AFM cantilevers and a modified AFM cantilever with an added carbon nano-tube on tip. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NRI AIST, Tsukuba Cent 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Seiko Instruments Inc, Shizuoka 4101393, Japan. AIST, Nanotechnol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuramochi, H (reprint author), NRI AIST, Tsukuba Cent 4, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. EM hiromi.kuramochi@aist.go.jp RI Perez-Murano, Francesc/A-6384-2013 OI Perez-Murano, Francesc/0000-0002-4647-8558 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD SEP 20 PY 2004 VL 566 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2004.05.066 PN 1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 859BX UT WOS:000224238200061 ER PT J AU Ray, EA Rosenlof, KH Richard, EC Hudson, PK Cziczo, DJ Loewenstein, M Jost, HJ Lopez, J Ridley, B Weinheimer, A Montzka, D Knapp, D Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Gerbig, C Xueref, I Herman, RL AF Ray, EA Rosenlof, KH Richard, EC Hudson, PK Cziczo, DJ Loewenstein, M Jost, HJ Lopez, J Ridley, B Weinheimer, A Montzka, D Knapp, D Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Gerbig, C Xueref, I Herman, RL TI Evidence of the effect of summertime midlatitude convection on the subtropical lower stratosphere from CRYSTAL-FACE tracer measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE convection; mixing; stratosphere ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; FOREST-FIRE SMOKE; WATER-VAPOR; DEEP CONVECTION; TRANSPORT; TROPOSPHERE; PLUMES; OZONE; TROPOPAUSE; LAYER AB [1] Trace gas and particle measurements taken during the CRYSTAL-FACE mission are used to examine mixing in the summer subtropical lower stratosphere. Vigorous convection in the central and eastern United States injected a significant amount of tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere, which was subsequently advected over the region sampled during the CRYSTAL-FACE mission. Aerosols produced by biomass burning were observed over Florida during a time period with a large number of forest fires in the western United States and eastern Canada, providing evidence of convective injection of tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. The circumstances of the large-scale flow pattern in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, vigorous summertime convection, abundant forest fires, and the downstream sampling allow a unique view of mixing in the lower stratosphere. We calculate the fractions of midlatitude tropospheric air in the sampled lower stratosphere and mixing rates on the basis of consistency between a number of tracer-tracer correlations. The tropospheric endpoints to the mixing estimates give an indication of midlatitude continental convective input into the lower stratosphere. We also discuss the possible impact of summertime midlatitude convection on the composition of the stratosphere as a whole. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, MS R-AL6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eray@al.noaa.gov RI Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270 NR 38 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 18 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D18 AR D18304 DI 10.1029/2004JD004655 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857NH UT WOS:000224123700003 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Bates, TS Welton, EJ Covert, DS Miller, TL Johnson, JE Maria, S Russell, L Arimoto, R Carrico, CM Rood, MJ Anderson, J AF Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Bates, TS Welton, EJ Covert, DS Miller, TL Johnson, JE Maria, S Russell, L Arimoto, R Carrico, CM Rood, MJ Anderson, J TI Aerosol optical properties measured on board the Ronald H. Brown during ACE-Asia as a function of aerosol chemical composition and source region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol optical properties; aerosol chemical composition; ACE-Asia ID AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; ELEMENTAL CARBON; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; UNITED-STATES; URBAN AEROSOL; BLACK CARBON; INDOEX 1999 AB During the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive field campaign conducted in the spring of 2001, aerosol properties were measured on board the R/V Ronald H. Brown to study the effects of the Asian aerosol on atmospheric chemistry and climate in downwind regions. Aerosol properties measured in the marine boundary layer included chemical composition; number size distribution; and light scattering, hemispheric backscattering, and absorption coefficients. In addition, optical depth and vertical profiles of aerosol 180degrees backscatter were measured. Aerosol within the ACE-Asia study region was found to be a complex mixture resulting from marine, pollution, volcanic, and dust sources. Presented here as a function of air mass source region are the mass fractions of the dominant aerosol chemical components, the fraction of the scattering measured at the surface due to each component, mass scattering efficiencies of the individual components, aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo, Angstrorm exponents, optical depth, and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction. All results, except aerosol optical depth and the vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, are reported at a relative humidity of 55+/-5%. An overdetermined data set was collected so that measured and calculated aerosol properties could be compared, internal consistency in the data set could be assessed, and sources of uncertainty could be identified. By adjusting the measured size distribution to take into account nonsphericity of the dust aerosol, calculated and measured aerosol mass and scattering coefficients agreed within overall experimental uncertainties. Differences between measured and calculated aerosol absorption coefficients were not within reasonable uncertainty limits, however, and may indicate the inability of Mie theory and the assumption of internally mixed homogeneous spheres to predict absorption by the ACE-Asia aerosol. Mass scattering efficiencies of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol, sea salt, submicron particulate organic matter, and dust found for the ACE-Asia aerosol are comparable to values estimated for ACE 1, Aerosols99, and the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Unique to the ACE-Asia aerosol were the large mass fractions of dust, the dominance of dust in controlling the aerosol optical properties, and the interaction of dust with soot aerosol. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Carlsbad Environm Monitoring & Res Ctr, Carlsbad, NM 88220 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 66 TC 78 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 17 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D19 AR D19S01 DI 10.1029/2003JD004010 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 857NJ UT WOS:000224123900001 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG Hagley, EW AF Deng, L Payne, MG Hagley, EW TI Comment on "Opening optical four-wave mixing channels with giant enhancement using ultraslow pump waves" - Reply SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material AB A Reply to the Comment by Roberto Buffa, Stefano Cavalieri, and Marco V. Tognetti. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 17 PY 2004 VL 93 IS 12 AR 129402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.129402 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 854SO UT WOS:000223923800086 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Ban, K AF Gharavi, H Ban, K TI Rate adaptive video transmission over ad-hoc networks SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB A packet control mechanism via a cross-layer feedback to reduce bursts of packet drops for transmission of video over mobile multihop ad-hoc networks is presented. With this approach, the application layer would be capable of controlling the packet transmission flow in accordance with the multihop characteristics of the routing layer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, 100 Bur Dr,Stop8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD SEP 16 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 19 BP 1177 EP 1178 DI 10.1049/el:20045633 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 890BF UT WOS:000226486000012 ER PT J AU McPhaden, MJ Zhang, DX AF McPhaden, MJ Zhang, DX TI Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DECADAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; CLIMATE; MODEL AB Recent observations indicate that the shallow meridional overturning circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean has rebounded since 1998, following 25 years of significantly weaker flow. Convergence of cold interior ocean pycnocline water towards the equator increased to 24.1 +/- 1.8 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) during 1998 - 2003 from a low of 13.4 +/- 1.6 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) during 1992 - 98. Intensified circulation led to the development of anomalously cool tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, which may have affected Pacific marine ecosystems and global climate. The abruptness of the rebound also obscures presumed anthropogenic warming trends in the instrumental temperature record of the tropical Pacific. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McPhaden, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 21 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 16 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 18 AR L18301 DI 10.1029/2004GL020727 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857NA UT WOS:000224122900004 ER PT J AU Dugdale, RC Lyle, M Wilkerson, FP Chai, F Barber, RT Peng, TH AF Dugdale, RC Lyle, M Wilkerson, FP Chai, F Barber, RT Peng, TH TI Influence of equatorial diatom processes on Si deposition and atmospheric CO(2) cycles at glacial/interglacial timescales SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE diatoms; CO(2); silicate ID DIMENSIONAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL; PACIFIC UPWELLING SYSTEM; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SILICATE; NUTRIENT; NITROGEN; FLUX; VARIABILITY AB [1] The causes of the glacial cycle remain unknown, although the primary driver is changes in atmospheric CO(2), likely controlled by the biological pump and biogeochemical cycles. The two most important regions of the ocean for exchange of CO(2) with the atmosphere are the equatorial Pacific and the Southern Ocean ( SO), the former a net source and the latter a net sink under present conditions. The equatorial Pacific has been shown to be a Si(OH)(4)-limited ecosystem, a consequence of the low source Si(OH)(4) concentrations in upwelled water that has its origin in the SO. This teleconnection for nutrients between the two regions suggests an oscillatory relationship that may influence or control glacial cycles. Opal mass accumulation rate (MAR) data and delta(15)N measurements in equatorial cores are interpreted with predictions from a one- dimensional Si(OH)(4)-limited ecosystem model (CoSINE) for the equatorial Pacific. The results suggest that equatorial Pacific surface CO(2) processes are in opposite phase to that of the global atmosphere, providing a negative feedback to the glacial cycle. This negative feedback is implemented through the effect of the SO on the equatorial Si(OH)(4) supply. An alternative hypothesis, that the whole ocean becomes Si(OH)(4) poor during cooling periods, is suggested by low opal MAR in cores from both equatorial and Antarctic regions, perhaps as a result of low river input. terminations in this scenario would result from blooms of coccolithophorids triggered by low Si(OH)(4) concentrations. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Duke Univ, NSOE Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Dugdale, RC (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, 3152 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. EM rdugdale@sfsu.edu; mlyle@boisestate.edu; fwilkers@sfsu.edu; fchai@maine.edu; rbarber@duke.edu; peng@aoml.noaa.gov NR 56 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD SEP 16 PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 AR PA3011 DI 10.1029/2003PA000929 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 857NU UT WOS:000224125200001 ER EF