FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Tolimieri, N Haine, O Jeffs, A McCauley, R Montgomery, J AF Tolimieri, N Haine, O Jeffs, A McCauley, R Montgomery, J TI Directional orientation of pomacentrid larvae to ambient reef sound SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE reef fish; larvae; sound; orientation; directional hearing ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; SWIMMING ABILITIES; PELAGIC LARVAE; FISH; HEARING; TELEOST; LOCALIZATION; DAMSELFISHES; BEHAVIOR; STIMULI AB The mechanisms by which reef fish larvae locate settlement habitat at the end of their pelagic phase are unclear. We used an in situ binary choice chamber and an artificial source of reef sound to determine whether pomacentrid larvae can use ambient sound to locate reefs. Larvae were caught in light traps and then placed in a submerged binary choice chamber with an artificial source of reef sound similar to80 m from one end of the chamber. At night, larvae moved towards the sound source; during the day, larvae showed no preference. These results suggest that pomacentrid larvae can detect reef sound and are capable of directional hearing. While other studies have shown that reef fish larvae respond to reef sound, and that the adults of some species can localize underwater sound sources, the localization of underwater sound by fish larvae has not been demonstrated previously. C1 Leigh Marine Lab, Warkworth, New Zealand. Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Expt Biol Res Grp, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Auckland, New Zealand. Curtin Univ Technol, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. RP Tolimieri, N (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM nick.tolimieri@noaa.gov RI Montgomery, John/D-4310-2009; OI Montgomery, John/0000-0002-7451-3541; Jeffs, Andrew/0000-0002-8504-1949 NR 51 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 184 EP 191 DI 10.1007/s00338-004-0383-0 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 842PO UT WOS:000223016600002 ER PT J AU Gerena-Lopez, Y Nolan, J Wang, L Gaigalas, A Schwartz, A Fernandez-Repollet, E AF Gerena-Lopez, Y Nolan, J Wang, L Gaigalas, A Schwartz, A Fernandez-Repollet, E TI Quantification of EGFP expression on molt-4 T cells using calibration standards SO CYTOMETRY PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Congress of the International-Society-for-Analytical-Cytology CY MAY 04-09, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Int Soc Analyt Cytol, DB Biosci, Huang Fdn, NCI, Tree Star Inc, Guava Technol Inc, So Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Spherotech Inc, John Wiley & Sons DE EGFP; molt-4 T cells; fluorescence quantification; MESF ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; MUTANT AB Background: Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is used extensively to assess gene expression on cells; however, quantification of this expression by flow cytometry has been limited by the unavailability of calibration standards. Thus, we characterized the response of an experimental set of EGFP calibration standards to environmental changes and then quantitate the expression of EGFP, in molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) units, of a transfected Molt-4 T cell line by How cytometry. Methods: Characterization of the EGFP standards: EGFP standards were equilibrated in suspension solutions having a pH range of 5.0-9.0, temperatures of 37-80degreesC, and osmolalities of 100-600 mOsm/kg. Quantification of EGFP on cells: For transfections, Molt-4 T cells were incubated with two different concentrations (0.2 mug and 0.4 mug) of pEGFP-N2 vector and the EGFP expression was quantified after 48 h by flow cytometry using the EGFP standards and by the cytometry technique using a standard curve of known EGFP solutions. Results: The fluorescence intensity of the EGFP standards increased from pH 5.0 to 9.0 and remained relatively constant from 37degreesC to 65degreesC, and from 100 to 600 mOsm/ kg. After transfection, the expression of the populations with high and low EGFP expression averaged 8,098 +/- 584 MESF and 3,808 +/- 375 MESF respectively. No significant differences were observed after comparing the MESF values obtained by flow cytometry and the values obtained by Cytofluor technique (high: 8,791 +/- 492 MESF; low: 4,082 +/- 398 MESF). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using calibration standards to quantify EGFP expression on cells. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring the effects of environmental changes in the fluorescence intensity of both standards and samples when quantifying the expression of EGFP on living cells. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Biosci, Los Alamos, NM USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gerena-Lopez, Y (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Pharmacol, Lab A331, Med Sci Campus, Rio Piedras, PR 00935 USA. EM ygerena@rcm.upr.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12-RR-03051, RR-01315]; NIDDK NIH HHS [1F31-DK10188-02] NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOM PART A JI Cytom. Part A PD JUL PY 2004 VL 60A IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.1002/cyto.a.20019 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 834IM UT WOS:000222404800003 PM 15229854 ER PT J AU Hussain, LA Dickens, SH Bowen, RL AF Hussain, LA Dickens, SH Bowen, RL TI Effects of polymerization initiator complexation in methacrylated beta-cyclodextrin formulations SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cyclodextrin methacrylates; polymerization initiator complexation; dental composites ID FLAVOR SUBSTANCES; INCLUSION-COMPOUNDS; STABILIZATION; VOLATILE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYMERS AB Objectives. Methacrylated beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) is a candidate dental monomer that can complex molecules within its hydrophobic cavity. This study determined the effects of complexation of polymerization initiators such as camphorquinone (CQ) and ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (4E) with MCD on the flexural strength (FS) and degree of conversion (DC) of resulting dental composite formulations. Methods. Complexation of CQ and 4E with MCD was studied by thin Layer chromatography. A mass fraction of 44% 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate or triethylene-glycoldimethacrylate was mixed separately with a mass fraction of 56% MCD to produce a workable formulation. The mixture was activated with varied amounts of CQ and 4E. One part by mass of the activated resin formulation was mixed with three parts by mass of glass filter. Specimens for FS were prepared by fitting molds with composites and curing for 2 min. The cured specimens were immersed in 37degreesC water for 24 h and FS was measured with an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. DC in MCD-based resin formulations was measured with a differential photocatorimeter under nitrogen. Results. MCD appears to form inclusion complexes with CQ and 4E. As a result, FS and DC of MCD-based composites vary significantly as a function of the concentration of polymerization initiators used in the formulations. Significance. Complexation of polymerization initiators with MCD can influence the FS and DC in MCD-based dental formulations and should be taken into consideration when evaluating MCD as a dental monomer. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. ALL rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hussain, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM latiff.hussain@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01-DE05129] NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 20 IS 6 BP 513 EP 521 DI 10.1016/j.dental.2003.07.005 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 830NC UT WOS:000222128100001 PM 15134938 ER PT J AU Edwards, SF Link, JS Rountree, BP AF Edwards, SF Link, JS Rountree, BP TI Portfolio management of wild fish stocks SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE resource portfolios; ecosystem-based fisheries management; single-species management; property rights institutions ID NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; PROPERTY-RIGHTS; FISHERIES; EXPLOITATION; ENVIRONMENT; RESOURCES; MODELS; RECRUITMENT; PREDATION AB Managing fish stocks in terms of a portfolio of economic assets is likely to significantly increase benefits for society relative to single-species approaches. A portfolio framework systematically combines fish stocks that are joined by ecology (e.g., predation, competition) and unspecialized fishing technologies (e.g., mixed-species trawls) into a portfolio which balances expected aggregate returns against the risks associated with stock-attribute and other uncertainties. To be productive, however, this framework must be combined with property rights institutions that clearly state management,objectives, create long-run time-horizons among harvesters, internalize spillovers caused by ecological and technological jointness, and reduce uncertainty through research and adaptive management. Although the cost of reducing scientific uncertainty about ecological interactions may limit the portfolio approach to intensive management of relatively few species, its scope can be broadened to integrate tradeoffs among more types of marine resources, such as nature preserves and oil and gas deposits. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Edwards, SF (reprint author), USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM steve.edwards@noaa.gov NR 74 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 317 EP 329 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.04.002 PG 13 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 848VT UT WOS:000223496900006 ER PT J AU Mignone, BK Sarmiento, JL Slater, RD Gnanadesikan, A AF Mignone, BK Sarmiento, JL Slater, RD Gnanadesikan, A TI Sensitivity of sequestration efficiency to mixing processes in the global ocean SO ENERGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies CY OCT 01-04, 2002 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme, RITE, JSER ID CIRCULATION MODELS; CO2 SEQUESTRATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ABYSSAL OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; TRACER; PYCNOCLINE; CYCLE; BASIN AB A number of large-scale sequestration strategies have been considered to help mitigate rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here, we use an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to evaluate the efficiency of one such strategy currently receiving much attention, the direct injection of liquid CO2 into selected regions of the abyssal ocean. We find that currents typically transport the injected plumes quite far before they are able to return to the surface and release CO2 through air sea gas exchange. When injected at sufficient depth (well within or below the main thermocline), most of the injected CO2 outgasses in high latitudes (mainly in the Southern Ocean) where vertical exchange is most favored. Virtually all OGCMs that have performed similar simulations confirm these global patterns, but regional differences are significant, leading efficiency estimates to vary widely among models even when identical protocols are followed. In this paper, we make a first attempt at reconciling some of these differences by performing a sensitivity analysis in one OGCM, the Princeton Modular Ocean Model. Using techniques we have developed to maintain both the modeled density structure and the absolute magnitude of the overturning circulation while varying important mixing parameters, we estimate the sensitivity of sequestration efficiency to the magnitude of vertical exchange within the low-latitude pycnocline. Combining these model results with available tracer data permits us to narrow the range of model behavior, which in turn places important constraints on sequestration efficiency. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Mignone, BK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM bmignone@princeton.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-5442 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 29 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 1467 EP 1478 DI 10.1016/j.energy.2004.03.080 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA 831DO UT WOS:000222173600024 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW Huber, ML AF Lemmon, EW Huber, ML TI Thermodynamic properties of n-dodecane SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; BINARY-MIXTURES; NORMAL-ALKANES; CRITICAL-TEMPERATURES; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; HEAT-CAPACITIES; ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY; PRESSURE EQUATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DENSITY AB An equation of state has been developed to represent the thermodynamic properties of all liquid, vapor, and supercritical states of n-dodecane. Experimental data used to develop the equation included pressure-density-temperature state points, vapor pressures, isobaric and saturation heat capacities, heats of vaporization, and speeds of sound. The uncertainties of properties calculated using the equation are as follows: 0.2% in density at pressures up to 200 MPa, and 0.5% at higher pressures up to 500 MPa; 1% in heat capacity; 0.5% in the speed of sound; and 0.2% in vapor pressure. Deviations of calculated properties from available experimental data in the critical region are higher for all properties except vapor pressure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ericl@boulder.nist.gov NR 79 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 BP 960 EP 967 DI 10.1021/ef0341062 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 840YK UT WOS:000222896300009 ER PT J AU Huber, ML Laesecke, A Perkins, R AF Huber, ML Laesecke, A Perkins, R TI Transport properties of n-dodecane SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID BINARY-LIQUID MIXTURES; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; CRITICAL REGION; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; NORMAL-ALKANES; 70 MPA; 600 K; THERMODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS; SATURATED HYDROCARBONS; VISCOSITY CORRELATION AB We have surveyed literature data and developed correlations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of n-dodecane that are valid over a wide range of fluid states. The new correlations are applicable from the triple point (263.59 K) to 800 K, and at pressures up to 200 MPa. The viscosity correlation has an estimated uncertainty of 0.5% along the saturation boundary in the liquid phase, 3% in the compressed liquid region, and 3% in the vapor (where the uncertainties can be considered as estimates of a combined expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of 2). The thermal conductivity correlation has an estimated uncertainty of 4% along the liquid saturation boundary and in the compressed liquid, and similar to5% in the vapor region. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Huber, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM marcia.huber@nist.gov OI Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 93 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 BP 968 EP 975 DI 10.1021/ef034109e PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 840YK UT WOS:000222896300010 ER PT J AU Coglianese, C Allen, LK AF Coglianese, C Allen, LK TI Consensus on consensus? SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Coglianese, C (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Law, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 46 IS 6 BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 835CD UT WOS:000222456600005 ER PT J AU Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Stamper, MA Harms, CA McClellan-Green, PD AF Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Stamper, MA Harms, CA McClellan-Green, PD TI Associations between organochlorine contaminant concentrations and clinical health parameters in loggerhead sea turtles from North Carolina, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID KESTRELS FALCO-SPARVERIUS; GULLS LARUS-ARGENTATUS; TERNS STERNA-CASPIA; GREAT-LAKES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; HERRING-GULLS; GREEN TURTLES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; AROCLOR-1254 INGESTION AB Widespread and persistent organochlorine (OC) contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides, are known to have broad-ranging toxicities in wildlife. In this study we investigated, for the first time, their possible health effects on loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Nonlethal fat biopsies and blood samples were collected from live turtles for OC contaminant analysis, and concentrations were compared with clinical health assessment data, including hematology, plasma chemistry, and body condition. Concentrations of total PCBs (SigmaPCBs), SigmaDDTs, Sigmachlordanes, dieldrin, and mirex were determined in 44 fat biopsies and 48 blood samples. Blood concentrations of Sigmachlordanes were negatively correlated with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, indicative of anemia. Positive correlations were observed between most classes of OC contaminants and white blood cell counts and between mirex and SigmaTCDD-like PCB concentrations and the heterophil: lymphocyte ratio, suggesting modulation of the immune system. All classes of OCs in the blood except dieldrin were correlated positively with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, indicating possible hepatocellular damage. Mirex and SigmaTCDD-like PCB blood concentrations were negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Significant correlations to levels of certain OC contaminant classes also suggested possible alteration of protein (up arrow blood urea nitrogen, down arrow albumin:globulin ratio), carbohydrate (down arrow glucose), and ion (up arrow sodium, down arrow magnesium) regulation. These correlations suggest that OC contaminants may be affecting the health of loggerhead sea turtles even though sea turtles accumulate lower concentrations of OCs compared with other wildlife. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Duke Univ, Integrated Toxicol Program, Beaufort, NC USA. Nicholas Sch Environm Coastal Syst Sci & Policy, Beaufort, NC USA. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Keller, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jennifer.keller@noaa.gov RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 49 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 30 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 112 IS 10 BP 1074 EP 1079 DI 10.1289/ehp.6923 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 835KR UT WOS:000222482300027 PM 15238280 ER PT J AU Cohen, M Artz, R Draxler, R Miller, P Poissant, L Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Duval, R Laurin, R Slotnick, J Nettesheim, T McDonald, J AF Cohen, M Artz, R Draxler, R Miller, P Poissant, L Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Duval, R Laurin, R Slotnick, J Nettesheim, T McDonald, J TI Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of mercury to the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mercury; atmospheric deposition; Great Lakes; source-receptor modeling; emissions ID MICHIGAN MASS-BALANCE; GAS-PHASE REACTION; GASEOUS MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; EVENT PRECIPITATION; WET DEPOSITION; TRANSFORMATION; SIMULATION; EMISSIONS AB A special version of the NOAA HYSPLIT-4 model has been developed and used to estimate the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury in a North American modeling domain. Spatial and chemical interpolation procedures were used to expand the modeling results and provide estimates of the contribution of each source in a 1996 anthropogenic US/Canadian emissions inventory to atmospheric mercury deposition to the Great Lakes. While there are uncertainties in the emissions inventories and ambient data suitable for model evaluation are scarce, model results were found to be reasonably consistent with wet deposition measurements in the Great Lakes region and with independent measurement-based estimates of deposition to Lake Michigan. Sources up to 2000 km from the Great Lakes contributed significant amounts of mercury through atmospheric transport and deposition. While there were significant contributions from incineration and metallurgical sources, coal combustion was generally found to be the largest contributor to atmospheric mercury deposition to the Great Lakes. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Commiss Environm Cooperat, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Atmospher Tox Proc Serv, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Environm Canada, Pollutant Data Branch, Hull, PQ, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Environm Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Office, Chicago, IL USA. Int Joint Commiss, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. RP Cohen, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway R-ARL,Room 3316, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM mark.cohen@noaa.gov RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 64 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 29 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 3 BP 247 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2003.11.007 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 836OI UT WOS:000222564800003 PM 15220060 ER PT J AU Reiser, DW Greenberg, ES Helser, TE Branton, M Jenkins, KD AF Reiser, DW Greenberg, ES Helser, TE Branton, M Jenkins, KD TI In situ reproduction, abundance, and growth of young-of-year and adult largemouth bass in a population exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE largemouth bass; polychlorinated biphenyls; Housatonic river; reproduction; growth ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; EMBRYOS; FISH; DISTRIBUTIONS; TOXICITY; SURVIVAL; RIVER; SIZE; FRY AB We conducted a two-year field study (2000-2001) in the Housatonic River, Massachusetts (USA) to determine if we could detect in situ population-level effects on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Calculated whole-body PCB concentrations in adult bass in 2002 averaged 121 mg/kg (range 34-556 mg/kg). Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in young-of-year (YOY) composites in 2000 and 2002 averaged 28 mg/kg (range 21-41 mg/kg) and 19 mg/kg (range = 16-24 mg/kg), respectively. Laboratory studies of fish have reported PCB toxicity at exposure levels below and within the range of those found in the Housatonic River. We evaluated five field-derived metrics: reproductive activity, relative abundance of YOY, YOY growth rates, adult growth, and adult condition to determine whether we could detect effects of PCBs in the largemouth bass population. These computed metrics, when compared with data sets assembled for numerous largemouth bass populations in North America, provided no evidence of population-level impairment. Results of this study suggest that PCB tissue concentrations associated with effects in laboratory studies do not necessarily translate to detectable effects on largemouth bass populations in their natural environment. C1 R2 Resource Consultants, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Blasland Bouck & Lee, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. Branton Environm Consulting, Vancouver, BC V5N 2E2, Canada. RP Reiser, DW (reprint author), R2 Resource Consultants, 15250 NE 95th St, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. EM dreiser@r2usa.com NR 49 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1762 EP 1773 DI 10.1897/03-323 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 828TE UT WOS:000221995300022 PM 15230329 ER PT J AU Park, SK Oneill, M Stunder, B Vokonas, P Sparrow, D Koutrakis, P Schwartz, J AF Park, SK Oneill, M Stunder, B Vokonas, P Sparrow, D Koutrakis, P Schwartz, J TI Source location of air pollution and cardiac autonomic function SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Stunder, Barbara/C-3106-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S26 EP S27 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00054 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800055 ER PT J AU Barot, S Heino, M O'Brien, L Dieckmann, U AF Barot, S Heino, M O'Brien, L Dieckmann, U TI Estimating reaction norms for age and size at maturation when age at first reproduction is unknown SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE maturation dynamics; phenotypic plasticity; probability of maturing; reaction norm; robustness assessment ID NORTHEAST ARCTIC COD; LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS; SEA PLAICE; EVOLUTION; MATURITY; POPULATIONS; FISHERIES; LENGTH; TRENDS; MODEL AB We describe a novel method to estimate the probabilities of maturing at age as a function of size; these probabilities can often be interpreted as probabilistic reaction norms for age and size at maturation. Such estimations are useful for describing the maturation process independently of the processes of growth and mortality, and they can also help to disentangle phenotypic plasticity from evolutionary changes in maturation. The estimation method can be used when mature and immature individuals are representatively sampled over two consecutive seasons, even when maturing individuals are not distinguished. Confidence intervals are derived for the reaction norm parameters using a bootstrap approach. Using simulated data, the method is shown to be asymptotically unbiased and robust to moderate violations of the main simplifying assumptions. However, it is relatively sensitive to small sample sizes: the method is not robust when fewer than about 100 individuals (mature and immature) are sampled from a cohort at a certain age. The method is illustrated by an application to Georges Bank cod stock (Gadus morhua) but can be used for any type of organism. C1 IRD LEST, F-93143 Bondy, France. Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Barot, S (reprint author), IRD LEST, 32 Ave H Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy, France. EM barot@bondy.ird.fr RI Heino, Mikko/C-7241-2009; Dieckmann, Ulf/E-1424-2011; barot, sebastien/A-8447-2012 OI Heino, Mikko/0000-0003-2928-3940; Dieckmann, Ulf/0000-0001-7089-0393; barot, sebastien/0000-0002-5910-538X NR 37 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 11 PU EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, 321 BIOSCIENCES WEST, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1522-0613 J9 EVOL ECOL RES JI Evol. Ecol. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 6 IS 5 BP 659 EP 678 PG 20 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 833TK UT WOS:000222362000002 ER PT J AU Bigford, TE AF Bigford, TE TI AFS Draft Study Report and Policy Statement on Dam Removal SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 NOAA Fisheries, Off Habitat Conservat, Habitat Protect Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Bigford, TE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Off Habitat Conservat, Habitat Protect Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. EM thomas.bigford@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2004 VL 29 IS 7 BP 34 EP 35 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 834TH UT WOS:000222433300016 ER PT J AU Schick, RS Goldstein, J Lutcavage, ME AF Schick, RS Goldstein, J Lutcavage, ME TI Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) distribution in relation to sea surface temperature fronts in the Gulf of Maine (1994-96) SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE bluefin tuna; fronts; Gulf of Maine; Mantel test; northwest Atlantic; sea surface temperature; spatial analysis; Thunnus thynnus ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; MOVEMENTS; CATCH; FISH; REGRESSION; FEATURES; GROUNDS; SHELF AB Fishery-linked aerial surveys for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were conducted in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) from July through October, 1994-96. Each year, from 507 to 890 surface schools were detected and their locations examined in relation to oceanographic conditions. Correlations between bluefin tuna presence and environmental variables were explored for sea surface temperature (SST), distance to a SST front, frontal density (relative density of all SST fronts seen in a given 1 km area for 2 weeks prior to each tuna sighting), and bottom depth and slope. Mean SST associated with bluefin schools was 18.1degreesC (+/-2.8). Schools were located at a mean distance of 19.7 km (+/-19.6) from SST fronts, and in water masses with an average frontal density of 28.2 m km(-2) (+/-35.7). Mean bottom depth of detected schools was 139.0 m (+/-70.3), and mean bottom slope was 0.7% rise (+/-0.7). A binomial generalized linear model fit to these variables indicated that bluefin are seen closer to fronts than locations in which no tuna were seen. Using simple and partial Mantel tests, we investigated the spatial correlation between bluefin tuna presence and the environmental variables, controlling for spatial autocorrelation. For each day that schools were sighted, we performed 24 Mantel tests, on a combination of response and predictor variables. The spatial relationship between bluefin tuna and SST fronts was inconsistent. Our analysis identified significant spatial structure in the bluefin school locations that had no significant correlation with any of the measured environmental features, suggesting that other untested features, such as prey density, may be important predictors of bluefin distribution in the GOM. C1 New England Aquarium, Edgerton Res Lab, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02125 USA. RP Schick, RS (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM robert.schick@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 13 IS 4 BP 225 EP 238 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00290.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 831EJ UT WOS:000222175800001 ER PT J AU Fogarty, MJ Miller, TJ AF Fogarty, MJ Miller, TJ TI Impact of a change in reporting systems in the Maryland blue crab fishery SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blue crab; reporting systems; transfer function models; intervention analysis AB Reported landings of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay nearly doubled starting in 1981, coincident with a change from a self-reporting system for harvesters to an interview program with a randomized selection process. A peak in relative abundance as measured by a trapping survey in the Calvert Cliffs region also occurred in 1981 and persisted for several years. We developed time series models for the effects of abundance only (here referred to as transfer function models), the effects of the reporting requirement change (intervention models), and for both factors combined, on blue crab landings. Simple transfer models with consideration only of changes in abundance could not adequately account for changes in reported landings. Intervention models accounting for the change in reporting systems resulted in a considerable improvement in model performance relative to the simple transfer function model. A substantial improvement in fit was obtained with a model that included both transfer and intervention components. We conclude that the change in reporting methodology resulted in a major change in reported landings while changes in abundance account for a smaller but significant fraction of the fluctuations around the shift due to the change in statistical systems. The methods employed here provide an objective way of quantifying the effect of the reporting requirement change. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All tights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Fogarty, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM michael.fogarty@noaa.gov RI Miller, Thomas/C-2129-2008 OI Miller, Thomas/0000-0001-8427-1614 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 68 IS 1-3 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.02.006 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 831XU UT WOS:000222230900004 ER PT J AU Wagner, T Congleton, JL Marsh, DM AF Wagner, T Congleton, JL Marsh, DM TI Smolt-to-adult return rates of juvenile chinook salmon transported through the Snake-Columbia River hydropower system, USA, in relation to densities of co-transported juvenile steelhead SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE barge transportation; Columbia Basin; salmon recovery; Snake River dams; delayed mortality ID COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; MARINE SURVIVAL; TEMPERATURE; INDEXES; BASIN AB To reduce mortality associated with passage of migrating juvenile salmonids through the Snake-Columbia River Federal power system, a large percentage of smolts migrating from the Snake River basin are currently transported downstream through the hydropower system in fish-transport barges. It has recently been suggested that transportation-associated stressors may reduce the fitness of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and increase mortality after seawater entry. Because the major stressor for transported juvenile chinook salmon is believed to be co-transportation with larger and more aggressive juvenile steelhead O. mykiss, we tested the hypothesis that smolt-to-adult return rates (SARs) of transported yearling chinook salmon were negatively correlated with densities of co-transported steelhead. Our analysis, using SARs and barge loading data for groups of chinook salmon transported on a daily basis in 1995, 1998, and 1999, failed to confirm a relationship between chinook salmon survival and steelhead density. These results do not preclude the possibility of an undetected inverse relationship between post-release survival of transported chinook salmon and densities of co-transported steelhead, but do suggest that if such an effect exists it is less important than other factors, such as seasonal changes in estuarine and marine productivity or predator abundance. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Wagner, T (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM wagnerty@msu.edu NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 68 IS 1-3 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2003.11.006 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 831XU UT WOS:000222230900022 ER PT J AU Gao, YW Joner, SH Svec, RA Weinberg, KL AF Gao, YW Joner, SH Svec, RA Weinberg, KL TI Stable isotopic comparison in otoliths of juvenile sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) from waters off the Washington and Oregon coast SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE otoliths; zeta O-18 and zeta C-13; sablefish; stock structure; Pacific west coast ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; HIPPOGLOSSUS-STENOLEPIS; PACIFIC HALIBUT; FISH OTOLITHS; REGIME SHIFT; FRESH-WATER; OXYGEN; IDENTIFICATION; ATLANTIC; STOCKS AB Genetic methods have been extensively used in the examination of fish population composition and structure. However, it is generally not easy to determine the stock structure of marine fish using the genetic markers, particularly given the large population size and wide spread distribution of long-lived fish. As an alternative, sagittal otoliths of juvenile sablefish (Anoplopotna fimbria) along the Washington and Oregon coast were collected and analysed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios. 5180 values of the otolith nuclei ranged from -1.3 to +0.1 VPDB, whereas delta(13)C of the same otoliths ranged from -8.7 to -6.2%o VPDB. In contrast with the lower isotopic composition in early life, delta(18)O and delta(13)C values of sablefish otoliths at adult stage were levelled at about 2.0parts per thousand VPDB and -1.0parts per thousand VPDB, respectively. From north to south three different spawning stocks or subpopulations were recognized, with a gradual decrease in otolith delta(13)C and trophic level changes in sablefish's diet. Therefore, stable isotopic records of otoliths may be a potential supplement for genetic markers when studying the stock structure of marine fish. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Makah Fisheries Management, Neah Bay, WA 98357 USA. China Univ Geosci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gao, YW (reprint author), Makah Fisheries Management, POB 115, Neah Bay, WA 98357 USA. EM gaoy@olypen.com NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 68 IS 1-3 BP 351 EP 360 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2003.11.002 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 831XU UT WOS:000222230900030 ER PT J AU Dawson, S Slooten, E DuFresne, S Wade, P Clement, D AF Dawson, S Slooten, E DuFresne, S Wade, P Clement, D TI Small-boat surveys for coastal dolphins: line-transect surveys for Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; HARBOR PORPOISE; SHIP SURVEYS; ABUNDANCE; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY; CETACEANS AB Management of coastal species of small cetaceans is often impeded by a lack of robust estimates of their abundance. In the Austral summers of 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-2000 we conducted line-transect surveys of Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) abundance off the north, east, and south coasts of the South Island of New Zealand. Survey methods were modified for the use of a 15-m sailing catamaran, which was equipped with a collapsible sighting platform giving observers an eye-height of 6 m. Eighty-six percent of 2061 km of survey effort was allocated to inshore waters (4 nautical miles [nmi] or 7.4 km from shore), and the remainder to offshore waters (4-10 nmi or 7.4-18.5 km from shore). Transects were placed at 45degrees to the shore and spaced apart by 1, 2, 4, or 8 nmi according to pre-existing data on dolphin density. Survey effort within strata was uniform. Detection functions for sheltered waters and open coasts were fitted separately for each survey. The effect of attraction of dolphins to the survey vessel and the fraction of dolphins missed on the trackline were assessed with simultaneous boat and helicopter surveys in January 1999. Hector's dolphin abundance in the coastal zone to 4 nmi offshore was calculated at 1880 individuals (CV=15.7%, log-normal 95% CI=1384-2554). These surveys are the first line-transect surveys for cetaceans in New Zealand's coastal waters. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Marine Sci, Dunedin, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dawson, S (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Marine Sci, 340 Castle St, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM steve.dawson@stonebow.otago.ac.nz RI Slooten, Elisabeth/E-7425-2014; OI Slooten, Elisabeth/0000-0001-5384-511X; Dawson, Stephen/0000-0003-3182-0186 NR 24 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 16 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 102 IS 3 BP 441 EP 451 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 842UP UT WOS:000223030100004 ER PT J AU Laidig, TE Sakuma, KM Stannard, JA AF Laidig, TE Sakuma, KM Stannard, JA TI Description and growth of larval and pelagic juvenile pygmy rockfish (Sebastes wilsoni) (family Sebastidae) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME-B; BLACK ROCKFISH; GENUS SEBASTES; HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; SUBGENUS SEBASTOMUS; SCORPAENIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; MELANOPS; OREGON; DISTRIBUTIONS AB A developmental series of larval and pelagic juvenile pygmy rockfish (Sebastes wilsoni) from central California is illustrated and described. Sebastes wilsoni is a noncommercially, but ecologically, important rockfish, and the ability to differentiate its young stages will aid researchers in population abundance studies. Pigment patterns, meristic characters, morphometric measurements, and head spination were recorded from specimens that ranged from 8.1 to 34.4 mm in standard length. Larvae were identified initially by meristic characters and the absence of ventral and lateral midline pigment. Pelagic juveniles developed a prominent pigment pattern of three body bars that did not extend to the ventral surface. Species identification was confirmed subsequently by using mitochondrial sequence data of four representative specimens of various sizes. As determined from the examination of otoliths, the growth rate of larval and pelagic juvenile pygmy rockfish was 0.28 mm/day, which is relatively slow in comparison to the growth rate of other species of Sebastes. These data will aid researchers in determining species abundance. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla Lab, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Laidig, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM tom.laidig@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 102 IS 3 BP 452 EP 463 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 842UP UT WOS:000223030100005 ER PT J AU Taggart, SJ O'Clair, CE Shirley, TC Mondragon, J AF Taggart, SJ O'Clair, CE Shirley, TC Mondragon, J TI Estimating dungeness crab (Cancer magister) abundance: crab pots and dive transects compared SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; POPULATION BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS; CATCHES; TRENDS; TRAPS AB Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) were sampled with commercial pots and counted by scuba divers on benthic transects at eight sites near Glacier Bay, Alaska. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) from pots was compared to the density estimates from dives to evaluate the bias and power of the two techniques. Yearly sampling was conducted in two seasons: April and September, from 1992 to 2000. Male CPUE estimates from pots were significantly lower in April than in the following September; a step-wise regression demonstrated that season accounted for more of the variation in male CPUE than did temperature. In both April and September, pot sampling was significantly biased against females. When females were categorized as ovigerous and nonovigerous, it was clear that ovigerous females accounted for the majority of the bias because pots were not biased against nonovigerous females. We compared the power of pots and dive transects in detecting trends in populations and found that pots had much higher power than dive transects. Despite their low power, the dive transects were very useful for detecting bias in our pot sampling and in identifying the optimal times of year to sample so that pot bias could be avoided. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Glacier Bay Field Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Taggart, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Glacier Bay Field Stn, 3100 Natl Pk Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jim_taggart@usgs.gov NR 35 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 102 IS 3 BP 488 EP 497 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 842UP UT WOS:000223030100008 ER PT J AU Tollit, DJ Heaslip, SG Zeppelin, TK Joy, R Call, KA Trites, AW AF Tollit, DJ Heaslip, SG Zeppelin, TK Joy, R Call, KA Trites, AW TI A method to improve size estimates of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) consumed by pinnipeds: digestion correction factors applied to bones and otoliths recovered in scats SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEALS CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; BERING SEA; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; DIET COMPOSITION; FECAL SAMPLES; PREY; ISLAND; CONSUMPTION; SCOTLAND AB The lengths of otoliths and other skeletal structures recovered from the seats of pinnipeds, such as Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), correlate with body size and can be used to estimate the length of prey consumed. Unfortunately, otoliths are often found in too few scats or are too digested to usefully estimate prey size. Alternative diagnostic bones are frequently recovered, but few bone-size to prey-size correlations exist and bones are also reduced in size by various degrees owing to digestion. To prevent underestimates in prey sizes consumed techniques are required to account for the degree of digestion of alternative bones prior to estimating prey size. We developed a method (using defined criteria and photo-reference material) to assign the degree of digestion for key cranial structures of two prey species: walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius). The method grades each structure into one of three condition categories; good, fair or poor. We also conducted feeding trials with captive Steller sea lions, feeding both fish species to determine the extent of erosion of each structure and to derive condition-specific digestion correction factors to reconstruct the original sizes of the structures consumed. In general, larger structures were relatively more digested than smaller ones. Mean size reduction varied between different types of structures (3.3-26.3%), but was not influenced by the size of the prey consumed. Results from the observations and experiments were combined to be able to reconstruct the size of prey consumed by sea lions and other pinnipeds. The proposed method has four steps: 1) measure the recovered structures and grade the extent of digestion by using defined criteria and photo-reference collection; 2) exclude structures graded in poor condition; 3) multiply measurements of structures in good and fair condition by their appropriate digestion correction factors to derive their original size; and 4) calculate the size of prey from allometric regressions relating corrected structure measurements to body lengths. This technique can be readily applied to piscivore dietary studies that use hard remains of fish. C1 Univ British Columbia, Marine Mammal Res Unif, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Tollit, DJ (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Marine Mammal Res Unif, Fisheries Ctr, Room 18,Hut B-3,6248 Biol Sci Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM tollit@zoology.ubc.ca RI Heaslip, Susan/I-9137-2012 NR 34 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 102 IS 3 BP 498 EP 508 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 842UP UT WOS:000223030100009 ER PT J AU Zeppelin, TK Tollit, DJ Call, KA Orchard, TJ Gudmundson, CJ AF Zeppelin, TK Tollit, DJ Call, KA Orchard, TJ Gudmundson, CJ TI Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chakogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) consumed by the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1998 to 2000 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SKELETAL STRUCTURES; DIET COMPOSITION; FECAL SAMPLES; FISH; PREY; OTOLITHS AB Prey-size selectivity by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) is relevant for understanding the foraging behavior of this declining predator, but studies have been problematic because of the absence and erosion of otoliths usually used to estimate fish length. Therefore, we developed regression formulae to estimate fish length from seven diagnostic cranial structures of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius). For both species, all structure measurements were related with fork length of prey (r(2) range: 0.78-0.99). Fork length (FL) of walleye pollock and Atka mackerel consumed by Steller sea lions was estimated by applying these regression models to cranial structures recovered from scats (feces) collected between 1998 and 2000 across the range of the Alaskan western stock of Steller sea lions. Experimentally derived digestion correction factors were applied to take into account loss of size due to digestion. Fork lengths of walleye pollock consumed by Steller sea lions ranged from 3.7 to 70.8 cm (mean = 39.3 cm, SD = 14.3 cm, n = 666) and Atka mackerel ranged from 15.3 to 49.6 cm (mean = 32.3 cm, SD = 5.9 cm, n = 1685). Although sample sizes were limited, a greater proportion of juvenile (! 20 cm) walleye pollock were found in samples collected during the summer (June-September) on haul-out sites (64% juveniles, n = 11 scats) than on summer rookeries (9% juveniles, n = 132 scats) or winter (February-March) haul-out sites (3% juveniles, n = 69 scats). Annual changes in the size of Atka mackerel consumed by Steller sea lions corresponded to changes in the length distribution of Atka mackerel resulting from exceptionally strong year classes. Considerable overlap (>51%) in the size of walleye pollock and Atka mackerel taken by Steller sea lions and the sizes of these species caught by the commercial trawl fishery were demonstrated. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Marine Mammal Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Anthropol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. RP Zeppelin, TK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Tonya.Zeppelin@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 102 IS 3 BP 509 EP 521 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 842UP UT WOS:000223030100010 ER PT J AU Lupton, J Evans, L AF Lupton, J Evans, L TI The atmospheric helium isotope ratio: Is it changing? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 10-YEAR DECREASE AB We have compared the helium isotope ratio of samples of Pacific marine air collected over the 30-year period from 1973 to 2003 against a secondary geothermal gas standard and also against a running air standard. The results are consistent with zero rate of change for atmospheric He-3/He-4. When the errors are taken into account, the rate of change in the air He-3/He-4 ratio is between -0.0102 and +0.0019 %/year. At the most this corresponds to a 0.3% change in the air He-3/He-4 ratio over the past 3 decades, which is at or below the detection limit of most laboratories. While there may be a small decrease in air He-3/He-4 due to anthropogenic release of He-4 associated with use of fossil fuels, this decrease is not large enough to prevent the use of air helium as an isotopic standard. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lupton, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM john.e.lupton@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 13 AR L13101 DI 10.1029/2004GL020041 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 839JH UT WOS:000222779600006 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Fahnenstiel, GL Vanderploeg, HA AF Pothoven, SA Fahnenstiel, GL Vanderploeg, HA TI Spatial distribution, biomass and population dynamics of Mysis relicta in Lake Michigan SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Mysis relicta; Lake Michigan; Great Lakes; zooplankton; spatial variation ID LIFE-HISTORY; VERTICAL MIGRATION; GREAT-LAKES; ONTARIO; SIZE; ABUNDANCE; FISHES; PREY; FOOD; PRODUCTIVITY AB The abundance, biomass, and life history traits of Mysis relicta were evaluated in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2000 at 8 nearshore (45 m) and 8 offshore (75-110 m) stations throughout central and southern Lake Michigan. Abundance was also evaluated on a smaller scale during June 2000 at 4 nearshore and 4 offshore stations in southeastern Lake Michigan. For large-scale sampling, the abundance of M. relicta did not differ among locations in the spring. In the summer and autumn the abundance of M. relicta was similar among offshore stations with the exception of one station each season; for nearshore stations, abundance was generally highest off Pentwater, Michigan. The abundance of mysids was not consistently high for central or southern basin sites, although overall biomass was higher in the southern basin each season. Abundance of Mysis was positively correlated with bottom depth, but not with bottom water temperature, surface water temperature, or mean chlorophyll concentration. Within the smaller region in southeast Lake Michigan, the abundance of M. relicta differed among locations for both nearshore and offshore stations. Brood size and size of reproductive females did not differ among lake wide locations, but the proportion of females with broods and the size distribution of M. relicta did. C1 Univ Michigan, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM steve.pothoven@noaa.gov OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 34 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL PY 2004 VL 522 IS 1-3 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000029982.52263.c0 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 826CM UT WOS:000221806500017 ER PT J AU Chylek, P Borel, C Davis, AB Bender, S Augustine, J Hodges, G AF Chylek, Petr Borel, Christoph Davis, Anthony B. Bender, Steven Augustine, John Hodges, Gary TI Effect of Broken Clouds on Satellite-Based Columnar Water Vapor Retrieval SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Broken clouds; remote sensing; satellite; water vapor AB We investigate the effect of broken clouds on the satellite-based retrieval of columnar water vapor using a near-infrared radiance ratio technique. A typical difference between the retrieval using only pixels directly illuminated by the sun and pixels with mixed illumination containing direct sunlight as well as cloud shadows is found to be within 3%. C1 [Chylek, Petr; Borel, Christoph; Davis, Anthony B.; Bender, Steven] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Chylek, Petr] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 87545 USA. [Augustine, John] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Hodges, Gary] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chylek, P (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space & Remote Sensing Sci Grp, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM chylek@lanl.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 1 IS 3 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2004.830611 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA V23EE UT WOS:000208325300007 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V AF Lakshmanan, V. TI A Separable Filter for Directional Smoothing SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Image processing; orientation; radar data processing AB Anisotropic and directional filters can smooth noisy images while preserving object boundaries. Data from remote sensing instruments often have missing pixels due to geometric or power limitations. In such cases, these nonisotropic filters are very inefficient, because transform methods cannot be used when there is missing data or when logical operations need to be performed. A directional filter is introduced in this letter that retains the ability to handle missing data and is separable, making it computationally efficient. We demonstrate the directional filter on weather radar data where it can be used to smooth along fronts. Since the filter introduced here can be parameterized for scale, orientation, and aspect ratio, this filter can be used in any directional filtering application where transform methods cannot be used, but computational efficiency is desired. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73071 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73071 USA. EM lakshman@ou.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminsitration; University of Oklahoma [NA17RJ1227]; National Science Foundation [9982299, 0205628] FX This work was supported in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminsitration and the University of Oklahoma under Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1227 and in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants 9982299 and 0205628. NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 1 IS 3 BP 192 EP 195 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2004.828178 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA V23EE UT WOS:000208325300011 ER PT J AU Mahapakulchai, S Van Dyck, RE AF Mahapakulchai, S Van Dyck, RE TI Design of ring convolutional trellis codes for MAP decoding of MPEG-4 images SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st IEEE Electro/Information Technology Conference (EIT 00) CY JUN, 2000 CL CHICAGO, IL SP IEEE DE joint source-channel coding; maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding; ring convolutional codes; zerotree image transmission ID CONTINUOUS-PHASE MODULATION; CHANNELS; TRANSMISSION; ALGORITHM AB We propose a trellis-coded modulation system using continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) and ring convolutional codes for transmitting the bits generated by an embedded zerotree wavelet encoder. Improved performance is achieved by using maximum a posteriori decoding of the zerotree symbols, and ring convolutional trellis codes are determined for this decoding method. The CPFSK transmitter is decomposed into a memoryless modulator and a continuous phase encoder over the ring of integers modulo 4; the latter is combined with a polynomial convolutional encoder over the same ring. In the code design process, a search is made of the combined trellis, where the branch metrics are modified to include the source transition matrix. Simulation results of image transmission are provided using the optimized system, including mismatched channel cases. C1 Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. EM fengsjm@ku.ac.th; vandyck@antd.nist.gov NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0090-6778 EI 1558-0857 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 52 IS 7 BP 1033 EP 1037 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.831382 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 839CO UT WOS:000222761100001 ER PT J AU Younis, M Maurer, J Fortuny-Guasch, J Schneider, R Wiesbeck, W Gasiewski, AJ AF Younis, M Maurer, J Fortuny-Guasch, J Schneider, R Wiesbeck, W Gasiewski, AJ TI Interference from 24-GHz automotive radars to passive microwave earth remote sensing satellites SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE automotive radar; compatibility; Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS); interference; radiometry AB The automotive industry is currently considering the introduction of short-range radars (SRR) operating near 24 GHz for improving road traffic safety. SSRs are intended to observe the full azimuthal space cover around a vehicle using up to eight sensors. The sensors would operate in an ultrawideband (UWB) mode, occupying 3-5 GHz of bandwidth. Interference from SRR transmitters with passive microwave remote sensing satellites used for weather and climate monitoring could occur as the result of several coupling mechanisms, including direct coupling via the transmit antenna beam and scattering and diffraction of the transmitted signals from leading vehicles, buildings, and other nearby objects. In this study, we estimate the amount of coupling anticipated to occur from SRRs, including the direct and scattered contributions. The calculations are based on bistatic scattering measurements of a typical automobile and ray optical simulations of reflection and propagation in an urban environment. Using these calculations, the maximum allowable SRR transmitted power for interference levels acceptable for meteorological and climatological remote sensing applications are quantified. The study provides criteria for SRR operation with the Earth Exploration Satellite Service on a noninterference basis. C1 Univ Karlsruhe, IHE, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. Directorate Gen Joint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Protect & Secur Citizen, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. DaimlerChrysler Res & Technol, Radar Syst, D-89013 Ulm, Germany. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Younis, M (reprint author), Univ Karlsruhe, IHE, Kaiserstr 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM marwan.younis@ihe.uka.de; juergen.maurer@ihe.uka.de; joaquim.fortuny@jrc.it; robert.r.schneider@daimlerchrysler.com; werner.wiesbeck@ihe.uka.de; al.gasiewski@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUL PY 2004 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1387 EP 1398 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.830633 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 838OT UT WOS:000222723400004 ER PT J AU Shir, F Della Torre, E Bennett, LH Mavriplis, C Shull, RD AF Shir, F Della Torre, E Bennett, LH Mavriplis, C Shull, RD TI Modeling of magnetization and demagnetization in magnetic regenerative refrigeration SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA DE magnetic refrigeration; magnetization model; magnetocaloric effect ID TEMPERATURE AB A time-dependent model of temperature in magnetization and demagnetization processes is developed based on thermodynamic and heat transfer laws, material properties, and variable-field magnet parameters. Test results of a magnetic refrigeration test bed are compared with the model calculation. The model can be used to simulate optimum operating conditions and duty cycle of magnetic regenerative refrigeration. The effects of the thermal conductivity between the magnetocaloric material and the thermocouple on temperature measurements and thermal lag are presented. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Shir, F (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. EM shir@gwu.edu; edt@gwu.edu; lbennett@gwu.edu; mavripli@gwu.edu; robert.shull@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 2098 EP 2100 DI 10.1109/tmag.2004.832475 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 848DE UT WOS:000223446700036 ER PT J AU McCallum, AT Russek, SE AF McCallum, AT Russek, SE TI In situ observation of nano-oxide formation in magnetic thin films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA DE Co; giant magnetoresistance; oxide layers; specularity ID SPIN-VALVE STRUCTURES; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; SCATTERING; LAYERS AB In situ conductance and reflected high-energy electron diffraction (RUEED) measurements were taken during the oxidation of 20-nm-thick Co and CoFe layers. The conductance shows an initial drop with exposure to oxygen followed by a period of increasing conductance. This increase in conductance clearly indicates an increase in specular reflection of electrons at the oxide interfaces. The amount of conductance increase varied with deposition conditions. The sample with the highest increase in conductance showed an increase of 6.4 x 10(-4) Omega(-1) greater than the bare metal at 1.5 x 10(-3) Pa(.)s of oxygen exposure. This corresponds to a minimum increase in the specularity of 0.05. RHEED measurements show a blurring of the face centered cubic (fcc) (111) texture with exposure to oxygen, indicating the formation of an amorphous oxide during the initial conductance drop and conductance increase. After the conductance begins to fall again, a new diffraction pattern appears in the RHEED data, indicating the formation of CoO with an fcc (111) texture but with a different lattice spacing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McCallum, AT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mccallum@boulder.nist.gov; russek@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 2239 EP 2241 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.829170 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 848DE UT WOS:000223446700082 ER PT J AU Johnson, F Garmestani, H Chu, SY McHenry, ME Laughlin, DE AF Johnson, F Garmestani, H Chu, SY McHenry, ME Laughlin, DE TI Induced anisotropy in FeCo-based nanocrystalline ferromagnetic alloys (HITPERM) by very high field annealing SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA DE FeCo alloys; field annealing; magnetic anisotropy; nanocrystals; soft magnetic alloys ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; GRAIN-SIZE AB Very high magnetic field annealing is shown to affect the magnetic anisotropy in FeCo-base nanocrystalline soft ferro-magnetic alloys. Alloys of composition Fe44.5Co44.5Zr7B4 Were prepared by melt spinning into amorphous ribbons, then wound to form toroidal bobbin cores. One set of cores was crystallized in a zero field at 600 degreesC for 1 h, then, field annealed at 17 tesla (T) at 480 degreesC for 1 h. Another set was crystallized in a 17-T field at 480 degreesC for 1 h. Field orientation was transverse to the magnetic path of the toroidal cores. An induced anisotropy is indicated by a sheared hysteresis loop. Sensitive torque magnetometry measurements with a Si cantilever sensor indicated a strong, uniaxial, longitudinal easy axis in the zero-field-crystallized sample. The source is most likely magnetoelastic anisotropy, caused by the residual stress from nanocrystallization and the nonzero magnetostriction coefficient for this material. The magnetostrictive coefficient lambda(s) is measured to be 36 ppm by a strain gage technique. Field annealing reduces the magnitude of the induced anisotropy. Core loss measurements were made in the zero-field-crystallized, zero-field-crystallized-than-field-annealed, and field-crystallized states. Core loss is reduced 30%-50% (depending on frequency) by field annealing. X-ray diffraction reveals no evidence of crystalline texture or orientation that would cause the induced anisotropy. Diffusional pair ordering is thought to be the cause of the induced anisotropy. However, reannealing the samples in the absence of a magnetic field at 480 degreesC does not completely remove the induced anisotropy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Johnson, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM frank.johnson@nist.gov; hamid.garmestani@mse.gatech.edu; sc79@andrew.cmu.edu; mm7g@andrew.cmu.edu; dl0p@andrew.cmu.edu RI McHenry, Michael/B-8936-2009 NR 13 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 25 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 2697 EP 2699 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.832278 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 848DE UT WOS:000223446700231 ER PT J AU Okumura, H Um, CY Chu, SY McHenry, AE Laughlin, DE Kos, AB AF Okumura, H Um, CY Chu, SY McHenry, AE Laughlin, DE Kos, AB TI Structured and magnetic switching of thin-film a-HITPERM/SiO2 soft magnetic multilayers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA DE multilayers; PIMM; soft magnet; thermally activated switching AB Laminated (Fe0.7Co0.3)(88)Zr7B4Cu1 amorphous HITPERM/SiO2 multilayer thin films have been studied by room-temperature (RT) pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry (PIMM) in single, bilayer, and trilayer films. Switching has been measured in a multilayer film with six (50 nm) HITPERM layers, separated by five (2 nm) SiO2 layers. Films were investigated by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HREM), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. HREM and TEM show BCC FeCo nanocrystals to nucleate on top of SiO2 layers. Plan view TEM on the top layer reveals FCC nanocrystals that align in chains with spacing of similar to50-100 nm. SQUID magnetometry shows reversal to begin by rotation in a single layer for H < 14.4 kA/m (180 Oe) followed by nearly simultaneous reversal of several layers. A final switching event is thermally activated, requiring fields in excess of 8 kA/m (100 Oe) to switch at 2 K, but switching at the same field as other layers for elevated temperatures (RT). C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept SocioEnvironm Energy Sci, Kyoto, Japan. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Okumura, H (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept SocioEnvironm Energy Sci, Kyoto, Japan. EM okumura@energy.kyoto-u.jp; cyum@andrew.cmu.edu; sc79@andrew.cmu.edu; mm7g@andrew.cmu.edu; laughlin@cmu.edu; kos@boulder.nist.gov RI Um, Chung In/P-2241-2015; Okumura, Hideyuki/G-2772-2013 OI Okumura, Hideyuki/0000-0002-2576-7510 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 2700 EP 2702 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.832109 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 848DE UT WOS:000223446700232 ER PT J AU Taketomi, S Drew, RV Shull, RD AF Taketomi, S Drew, RV Shull, RD TI Anomalous magnetic aftereffect of a frozen magnetic fluid SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA DE magnetic after effect; magnetic fluid; magnetic spin entropy; micelle; surfactant ID COLLOIDAL PARTICLES AB A very stably dispersed magnetic fluid (MF) was zero-field-cooled from room temperature to 5 K followed by the application of a magnetic field of 2.86 MA/m for 300 s. After the field was removed (t = 0), its residual magnetization AT was measured as a function of time t for 80 000 s. After measurement, the MF sample was heated to room temperature, and the experiment was repeated after zero-field cooling to 5 K and again applying and removing the 2.86 MA/m field. We performed the same experiment several times, and obtained a different M versus t curve each time. With each cycle, the average AT (at t = 0) increased and the AT versus t curve converged to a universal curve. In the early cycles' experiments, M surprisingly increased with t during the later stages of the experiment. From other different experiments, it was concluded that the isolated surfactant molecules in the MF solvent played an important role. We propose a model wherein the magnetic colloids form closed magnetic flux circuits by forming collective micelle structures with temperature decrease. It is suggested that after application and removal of the field at 5 K, the micelles in the frozen MF break spontaneously, leading to an increase in the residual magnetization. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Co Ltd, Osaka 5810075, Japan. EM staketomi@hotmail.com; rdrew@nist.gov; shull@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9464 EI 1941-0069 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 3039 EP 3041 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.830619 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 848DE UT WOS:000223446700343 ER PT J AU Boult, TE Gao, X Micheals, R Eckmann, M AF Boult, TE Gao, X Micheals, R Eckmann, M TI Omni-directional visual surveillance SO IMAGE AND VISION COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE detection; tracking; background adaptation; real-time; frame-rate; hysteresis; connected-components; quasi-connected-components; omni-directional video ID TRACKING; CAMERA; CALIBRATION; DISTORTION; SYSTEMS AB Perimeter security generally requires watching areas that afford trespassers reasonable cover and concealment. By definition, such 'interesting' areas have limited visibility distance. Furthermore, targets of interest generally attempt to conceal themselves within the cover, sometimes adding camouflage to further reduce their visibility. Such targets are only visible while in motion. The combined result of limited visibility and target visibility severely reduces the usefulness of any approach using a standard Pan/Tilt/Zoom (PTZ) camera. As a result, these situations call for a very sensitive system with a wide field of view, and are a natural application for Omni-directional Video Surveillance and Monitoring. This paper describes a frame-rate, low-power, omni-directional tracking system (LOTS). The paper discusses related background work including resolution issues in omni-directional imaging. One of the novel system component details is quasi-connected-components (QCC). QCC combines gap filling, thresholding-with-hysteresis (TWH) and a novel region merging/cleaning approach. The multi-background modeling and dynamic thresholding make an ideal approach for difficult situations like outdoor tracking in high clutter. The paper also describes target geolocation and issues in the system user interface. The single viewpoint property of the omni-directional imaging system used simplifies the backprojection and unwarping. We end with a summary of an external evaluation of an early form of the system and comments about recent work and field tests. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Univ Colorado, 1420 Austin Pluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. EM tboult@cs.uccs.edu NR 60 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0262-8856 EI 1872-8138 J9 IMAGE VISION COMPUT JI Image Vis. Comput. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 7 BP 515 EP 534 DI 10.1016/j.imavis.2003.09.005 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA 821RT UT WOS:000221481000002 ER PT J AU Kulvatunyou, B Wysk, RA Cho, HB Jones, A AF Kulvatunyou, B Wysk, RA Cho, HB Jones, A TI Integration framework of process planning based on resource independent operation summary to support collaborative manufacturing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article AB In today's global manufacturing environment, manufacturing functions are distributed as never before. Design, engineering, fabrication, and assembly of new products are done routinely in many different enterprises scattered around the world. Successful business transactions require the sharing of design and engineering data on an unprecedented scale. This paper describes a framework that facilitates the collaboration of engineering tasks, particularly process planning and analysis, to support such globalized manufacturing activities. The information models of data and the software components that integrate those information models are described. The integration framework uses an Integrated Product and Process Data ( IPPD) representation called a Resource Independent Operation Summary (RIOS) to facilitate the communication of business and manufacturing requirements. Hierarchical process modelling, process planning decomposition and an augmented AND/OR directed graph are used in this representation. The Resource Specific Process Planning (RSPP) module assigns the required equipment and tools, selects process parameters, and determines manufacturing costs based on two-level hierarchical RIOS data. The shop floor knowledge ( resource and process knowledge) and a hybrid approach ( heuristic and linear programming) to linearize the AND/OR graph provide the basis for the planning. Finally, a prototype system is developed and demonstrated with an exemplary part. Java and XML ( Extensible Mark-up Language) are used to ensure software and information portability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSI Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Ind & Mfg Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ind Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. RP Kulvatunyou, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSI Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Cho, Hyunbo/F-6973-2013 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X J9 INT J COMP INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 17 IS 5 BP 377 EP 393 DI 10.1080/09511920310001607104 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 827EU UT WOS:000221882700001 ER PT J AU Kogan, F Stark, R Gitelson, A Jargalsaikhan, L Dugrajav, C Tsooj, S AF Kogan, F Stark, R Gitelson, A Jargalsaikhan, L Dugrajav, C Tsooj, S TI Derivation of pasture biomass in Mongolia from AVHRR-based vegetation health indices SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Early drought detection and impact assessment on the amount of pasture biomass are important in Mongolia, whose economy strongly depends on livestock production. The country's large area and a lack of information on grass availability due to the sparseness of biomass-observing and/or meteorological stations make it difficult to optimize nomadic livestock output in the Mongolian dry climate. The application of a new satellite-based method for drought detection and for assessment of wild biomass in Mongolia was investigated. Measurements of biomass at an experimental station in a semi-dry steppe ecosystem during 1985-1997 were compared with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-based vegetation health (VH) indices. The results showed the indices can be used as proxies for biomass production estimation (biomass anomaly, BA) applying the following equation BA=43.201+0.881 VHI (R-2 =0.658). C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Beer Sheva Kal Syst Engn Ltd, Netanya, Israel. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Mongolian Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep. RP Kogan, F (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. EM felix.kogan@noaa.gov RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Gitelson, Anatoly/G-3452-2012 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; NR 9 TC 46 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 25 IS 14 BP 2889 EP 2896 DI 10.1080/01431160410001697619 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 828UU UT WOS:000221999600017 ER PT J AU Boboridis, K Seifter, A Obst, AW Basak, D AF Boboridis, K Seifter, A Obst, AW Basak, D TI Radiance temperatures and normal spectral emittances (in the wavelength range of 1500 to 5000 nm) of tin, zinc, aluminum, and silver at their melting points by a pulse-heating technique SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 2003 CL Univ Colorado, BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO Univ Colorado DE aluminum; emissivity; emittance; melting; radiance temperature; silver; tin; zinc AB The radiance temperatures at four wavelengths (in the range of 1500 to 5000 nm) of tin, zinc, aluminum, and silver at their respective melting points were measured by a pulse-heating technique using a high-speed fiber-coupled four-wavelength infrared pyrometer. The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of a sample from room temperature to its melting point in less than 1 s while measuring the radiance emitted by it in four wavelength bands as a function of time. A plateau in the recorded radiance-versus-time traces indicates melting of the sample. The melting-point radiance temperatures for a given sample are determined by averaging the measured temperatures along the plateau at each wavelength. The melting-point radiance temperatures for each metal are, in turn, determined by averaging results for several samples. The normal spectral emittances at the melting transition of each metal are derived from the measured radiances at each wavelength and the published values of the thermodynamic (true) melting temperatures. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boboridis, K (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, P-23,MS H803, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM kboboridis@fastmail.fm NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 1187 EP 1202 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000038509.38360.8e PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 847NM UT WOS:000223402200016 ER PT J AU Gu, XH Nguyen, T Sung, LP VanLandingham, MR Fasolka, MJ Martin, JW Jean, YC Nguyen, D Chang, NK Wu, TY AF Gu, XH Nguyen, T Sung, LP VanLandingham, MR Fasolka, MJ Martin, JW Jean, YC Nguyen, D Chang, NK Wu, TY TI Advanced techniques for nanocharacterization of polymeric coating surfaces SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 12-14, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Federat Soc Coatings Tech DE atomic force; surface analysis; interface analysis; epoxy resins; fluorinated polymers; hardness; scratch resistance; service life prediction; surface chemistry; morphology ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ORGANIC COATINGS; BLENDS; ENRICHMENT; HETEROGENEITY; INDENTATION; SYSTEMS; OXIDE); FILMS AB Surface properties of a polymeric coating system have a strong influence on its performance and service life. However, the surface of a polymer coating may have different chemical, physical, and mechanical properties from the bulk. In order to monitor the coating property changes with environmental exposures from the early stages of degradation, nondestructive techniques with the ability to characterize surface properties with micro- to nanoscale spatial resolution are required. In this article, atomic force microscopy has been applied to study surface microstructure and morphological changes during degradation in polymer coatings. Additionally, the use of AFM with a controlled tip-sample environment to study nanochemical heterogeneity and the application of nanoindentation to characterize mechanical properties of coatings surfaces are demonstrated. The results obtained from these nanometer characterization techniques will provide a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms and a fundamental basis for predicting the service life of polymer coatings. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. PPG Ind Inc, Allison Pk, PA 15101 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. RP Gu, XH (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 1 IS 3 BP 191 EP 200 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 839UV UT WOS:000222811300003 ER PT J AU Allan, JD Delia, AE Coe, H Bower, KN Alfarra, MR Jimenez, JL Middlebrook, AM Drewnick, F Onasch, TB Canagaratna, MR Jayne, JT Worsnop, DR AF Allan, JD Delia, AE Coe, H Bower, KN Alfarra, MR Jimenez, JL Middlebrook, AM Drewnick, F Onasch, TB Canagaratna, MR Jayne, JT Worsnop, DR TI A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerosol mass spectrometry; data analysis; inversion techniques ID IUPAC TECHNICAL REPORT; ELEMENTS AB A generalised method for the deconvolution of mass spectral data from the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) is presented. In this instrument, the sampled ensemble of gas and non-refractory particle phase materials interfere with each other in the mass spectra and the data must be systematically analyzed to generate meaningful, quantitative and chemically resolved results. The method presented here is designed to arithmetically separate the raw data into partial mass spectra for distinct chemical species. This technique was developed as part of the AMS analysis tools introduced by Allan et al. (J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108 (2003) 4090) and is in use by most groups within the AMS users community. This technique employs a user-definable 'fragmentation table' for each chemical species or group of species, and examples of some tables designed for the interpretation of field data are given. The ongoing work being performed to develop and validate the tables will be presented in future publications. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Dept Cloud Phys & Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. RP Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, POB 88, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. EM james.allan@physics.org RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Worsnop, Douglas/D-2817-2009; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Alfarra, M. Rami/K-2156-2012; Allan, James/B-1160-2010; Coe, Hugh/C-8733-2013; OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Worsnop, Douglas/0000-0002-8928-8017; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Allan, James/0000-0001-6492-4876; Alfarra, Rami/0000-0002-3925-3780; Coe, Hugh/0000-0002-3264-1713 NR 9 TC 349 Z9 351 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 EI 1879-1964 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 35 IS 7 BP 909 EP 922 DI 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.02.007 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 840BU UT WOS:000222832800008 ER PT J AU Steffens, KL Sobolewski, MA AF Steffens, KL Sobolewski, MA TI A technique for temperature mapping in fluorocarbon plasmas using planar laser-induced fluorescence of CF SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; NEUTRAL GAS TEMPERATURE; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; SPATIAL UNIFORMITY; ETCHING PLASMAS; REFERENCE CELL; ARGON PLASMAS; DISCHARGES; DENSITY AB Planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of CF A (2)Sigma(+)-X (2)Pi(1,0) were used to determine two-dimensional maps of rotational temperature in CF4 plasmas. Measured rotational temperatures are expected to be in equilibrium with the gas temperature due to the long chemical lifetime of CF relative to the collision rate. Experiments were performed in the capacitively coupled Gaseous Electronics Conference rf reference cell at pressures from 26.7 Pa (200 mTorr) to 107 Pa (800 mTorr) and powers of 10 to 30 W deposited in the plasma. Temperatures, which ranged from 273+/-15 K to 480+/-15 K, were fairly axially symmetric and increased with pressure and power. All plasmas were coolest near the electrodes, which provided a substantial sink for heat in the plasma. Highest temperatures were found at a radial position near the edge of the electrodes. The strong temperature gradients observed in the plasmas can have serious effects on density measurements that probe a single rotational level, as well as on reaction rate constants and interpretation of density gradients. The effects of water-cooling the electrodes and the presence of a silicon wafer on temperature were also measured. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steffens, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kristen.steffens@nist.gov NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 71 EP 81 DI 10.1063/1.1757027 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 830AF UT WOS:000222093300012 ER PT J AU Josell, D Burkhard, C Li, Y Cheng, YW Keller, RR Witt, CA Kelley, DR Bonevich, JE Baker, BC Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Burkhard, C Li, Y Cheng, YW Keller, RR Witt, CA Kelley, DR Bonevich, JE Baker, BC Moffat, TP TI Electrical properties of superfilled sub-micrometer silver metallizations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; ELECTROMIGRATION RESISTANCE; COPPER; FILMS; LINES; ENCAPSULATION AB Electrical properties of damascene silver wires with widths between approximate to60 and 840 nm and heights between approximate to100 nm and 300 nm are presented. The superconformal electrodeposition process by which the seam-free and void-free metallizations were fabricated is summarized. The chemical-mechanical polishing plus oblique ion sputtering process by which metal overburden was removed from the field adjacent to the wires is detailed. The size-dependent resistivity of the wires is obtained and interpreted in terms of intrinsic resistivity, grain boundary reflection, and surface scattering. Quantitative analysis of the last is accomplished using a different implementation of the Fuchs-Sondheimer formalism for wires of rectangular geometry and nonzero surface specularity that is derived herein. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO USA. Cookson Elect Enthone, Orange, CT 06477 USA. Int Sematech, Austin, TX USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 30 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 759 EP 768 DI 10.1063/1.1757655 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 830AF UT WOS:000222093300121 ER PT J AU Zrnic, DS Ryzhkov, AV AF Zrnic, DS Ryzhkov, AV TI Polarimetric properties of chaff SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR; DIFFUSION AB Chaff contaminates estimates of precipitation amounts; hence, it is important to remove ( or censor) its presence from the fields of radar reflectivity. It is demonstrated that efficient and direct identification of chaff is possible with a polarimetric radar. Specifically considered are the horizontal and vertical polarization basis and covariances of corresponding returned signals. Pertinent polarimetric variables are the copolar correlation coefficient, differential reflectivity, and the linear depolarization ratio. Two models are used to compute the expected values of these variables. In one, chaff is approximated with a Hertzian dipole and, in the other, with a thin wire antenna. In these models chaff is assumed to have a uniform distribution of flutter angles (angle between the horizontal plane and chaff axis). The two models produce nearly equivalent results. Also shown are polarimetric signatures of chaff observed in the presence of precipitation. Inferences about chaff's orientation are made from comparisons between measured and observed differential reflectivity and the cross-correlation coefficient. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM dusan.zrnic@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1017 EP 1024 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1017:PPOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 835CT UT WOS:000222458300004 ER PT J AU Chilson, PB AF Chilson, PB TI The retrieval and validation of Doppler velocity estimates from range imaging SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; FREQUENCY-DOMAIN INTERFEROMETRY; VHF RADAR OBSERVATIONS; JET-STREAM; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FREE TROPOSPHERE; IRREGULARITIES; STRATOSPHERE; DIVERSITY; SOMARE-99 AB Range imaging ( RIM) is used to describe a constrained optimization signal-processing method that can be applied to wind profilers capable of operating over a small set of distinct transmitter frequencies. The results of the signal-processing method are typically high-resolution maps of the backscattered power as a function of range. In this paper it is discussed how RIM processing can be implemented in order to additionally obtain high-resolution estimates of the Doppler velocity. The method has been demonstrated using data from a 915-MHz tropospheric profiler located in Platteville, Colorado. Examples of data collected during an experiment conducted on 10 April 2001 are presented. In this experiment the radar was operated alternately in two different modes. The cycle time for the two modes was about 50 s. The particular operation of the radar allowed comparison of radar reflectivity (eta) and vertical velocity ( V) measurements collected using the two modes. In the first mode, 2-mus pulses were transmitted and RIM processing was used to produce estimates of eta and V on a grid with a separation of only 15 m. Without RIM processing the range resolution of the data would have been 300 m. In the second mode, 0.5-mus pulses were used, corresponding to a range resolution of 75 m. Estimates of eta and V were then obtained from these data through conventional Doppler spectral processing. A conditional averaging method was used to process the reflectivity and vertical velocity data from the two modes. It is shown that the RIM-processed data can be used to resolve structures in the height profiles of eta and V on scales less than those of the conventional range resolution of the radar as dictated by the pulse width. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Chilson, PB (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway,R-ET2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM phillip.chilson@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1033 EP 1043 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1033:TRAVOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 835CT UT WOS:000222458300006 ER PT J AU Wittenberg, AT AF Wittenberg, AT TI Extended wind stress analyses for ENSO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NCEP-NCAR REANALYSIS; BEAUFORT EQUIVALENT SCALE; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; IMPROVED COUPLED MODEL; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AB Surface wind stresses are fundamental to understanding El Nino, yet most observational stress products are too short to permit multidecadal ENSO studies. Two exceptions are the Florida State University subjective analysis (FSU1) and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1), which are widely used in climate research. Here, the focus is on the aspects of the stress most relevant to ENSO-namely, the climatological background, anomaly spectrum, response to SST changes, subannual "noise'' forcing, and seasonal phase locking-and how these differ between FSU1 and NCEP1 over the tropical Pacific for 1961-99. The NCEP1 stress climatology is distinguished from FSU1 by weaker equatorial easterlies, stronger off-equatorial cyclonic curl, stronger southerlies along the Peruvian coast, and weaker convergence zones with weaker seasonality. Compared to FSU1, the NCEP1 zonal stress anomalies (tau'(x)) are weaker, less noisy, and show less persistent westerly peaks during El Nino events. NCEP1 also shows a more stationary spectrum that more closely resembles that of equatorial east Pacific SST anomalies. After the 1970s, the equatorial trade winds and stress variability shift east and strengthen in FSU1, while the opposite occurs in NCEP1. Both products show increased mean convergence in the equatorial far west Pacific in recent decades, with weaker mean easterlies near the date line, an increased stress response to SST anomalies, and stronger interannual and subannual tau'(x) in the central equatorial Pacific (Nino-4; 5degreesN-5degreesS, 160degreesE-150degreesW). The variance of Nino-4 tau'(x) is highly seasonal in both datasets, with an interannual peak in October-November and a subannual peak in November-February; yet apart from interannual Nino-4 tau'(x) after 1980, stress anomalies are not well correlated between the products. Newer and more reliable stress estimates generally fall between NCEP1 and FSU1, with most closer to FSU1. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Wittenberg, AT (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM atw@gfdl.noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 128 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 17 IS 13 BP 2526 EP 2540 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2526:EWSAFE>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 838HJ UT WOS:000222703800002 ER PT J AU Yoo, SH Ho, CH Yang, S Choi, HJ Jhun, JG AF Yoo, SH Ho, CH Yang, S Choi, HJ Jhun, JG TI Influences of tropical western and extratropical Pacific SST on East and Southeast Asian climate in the summers of 1993-94 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; MONSOON RAINFALL; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; NORTHERN SUMMER; WINTER MONSOON; INDIAN MONSOON AB This study emphasizes the importance of sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical western Pacific and the ocean-atmosphere coupling in the extratropical Pacific for the climate in East and Southeast Asia. Specifically, it demonstrates that the anomalies of tropical SST explain many features of the climate variability in those regions during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Very different atmospheric circulation patterns appeared in East and Southeast Asia between 1993 and 1994. Many regions including northern China, Korea, and Japan suffered from extremely high temperatures and severe droughts in the summer of 1994 but experienced reverse climate anomalies in the summer of 1993. To the south of these regions, the opposite climate patterns occurred. These climate features do not really resemble those associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, which usually exerts a moderate impact on the East Asian climate. However, different SST anomalies have been observed in the tropical western and extratropical Pacific in the spring and summer between these two years. The authors carried out a series of simulations using an atmospheric circulation model and a slab oceanic model to understand the influences of these SST anomalies on the climate features. Both the uncoupled atmospheric and coupled oceanic-atmospheric experiments indicate that the tropical western Pacific SST affects the East and Southeast Asia climate significantly. Warming in the tropical western Pacific produces hot, dry conditions in northern China, Korea, and Japan, and opposite climate signals to their south. These climate anomalies produced by the local SST resemble the observed climate difference between the summers of 1994 and 1993 when positive and negative SST anomalies, respectively, existed in the tropical western Pacific. The coupled experiment also shows that the changes in extratropical atmospheric circulation caused by tropical SST anomalies generate changes in the extratropical Pacific SST, which, in turn, reinforces the climate signals produced by the tropical SST. On the other hand, the uncoupled experiments forced by the extratropical Pacific SST anomalies show that the extratropical SST exerts an insignificant impact on the East and Southeast Asian climate. The change in this SST between 1994 and 1993 generates unrealistic climate patterns in some East Asian regions, accompanying an unnatural shift of the atmospheric circulation. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NWS, NCEP, NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Ho, CH (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. EM hoch@cpl.snu.ac.kr RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ho, Chang-Hoi/H-8354-2015 NR 73 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 17 IS 13 BP 2673 EP 2687 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2673:IOTWAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 838HJ UT WOS:000222703800013 ER PT J AU Nakaegawa, T Kanamitsu, M Smith, TM AF Nakaegawa, T Kanamitsu, M Smith, TM TI Interdecadal trend of prediction skill in an ensemble AMIP-type experiment SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CANONICAL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS; SPACE-TIME CLIMATE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; PREDICTABILITY; VARIABILITY; FORECASTS; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATIONS; US AB This study addresses the interdecadal trend in potential skill score as estimated from the 500-hPa height temporal correlation coefficient (TCC), based on a 50-yr 10-member ensemble GCM integration with observed SST. The skill scores are based on the perfect model assumption, in which one of the members of the ensemble is assumed to be true. A distinct decadal positive trend in the TCC in boreal winter ( December - January - February) was found. This trend is shown to be consistent with the positive trend in the interdecadal time-scale temporal variance of SST. The geographical pattern of the differences of the TCC between each decade and the 50-yr period resembles the Matsuno-Gill pattern, suggesting that the increase in the TCC is due to the Rossby wave excitation induced by the anomalous diabatic heating caused by the anomalous SST. Similar interdecadal trends in the variance of the Southern Oscillation index and Pacific - North American pattern were found in both the observation and the simulation. The interdecadal trend in the variance of 500-hPa geopotential height over the continental United States, however, existed only in the simulation. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Maryland, NOAA, Natl Climate Data Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Nakaegawa, T (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr,MC 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM tnakaegawa@ucsd.edu RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 17 IS 14 BP 2881 EP 2889 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2881:ITOPSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839NF UT WOS:000222791100012 ER PT J AU Abudayyeh, O Cai, HB Fenves, SJ Law, K O'Neill, R Rasdorf, W AF Abudayyeh, O Cai, HB Fenves, SJ Law, K O'Neill, R Rasdorf, W TI Assessment of the computing component of civil engineering education SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE engineering education; computer application; information technology (IT); curricula; computer software AB This paper presents the results of two surveys conducted by the American Society of Civil Engineers' Task Committee on Computing Education of the Technical Council on Computing and Information Technology to assess the current computing component of the curriculum in civil engineering. Previous surveys completed in 1989 and 1995 have addressed the question of what should be taught to civil engineering students regarding computing. The surveys reported in this paper are a follow-up study to the two earlier surveys. Key findings of the study include: (1) the relative importance of the top four skills (spreadsheets, word processors, computer aided-design, electronic communication) has remained unchanged; (2) programming competence is ranked very low by practitioners; (3) the importance and use of geographic information system and specialized engineering software have increased over the past decade; (4) the importance and use of expert systems have significantly decreased over the past decade; and (5) the importance and use of equation solvers and databases have declined over the past decade. C1 Western Michigan Univ, Dept Civil & Construct Engn, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Roger Williams Univ, Sch Engn Comp & Construct Management, Bristol, RI 02809 USA. RP Abudayyeh, O (reprint author), Western Michigan Univ, Dept Civil & Construct Engn, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. EM abudayyeh@wmich.edu; sfenves@cme.nist.gov; law@ce.stanford.edu; roneill@rwu.edu NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0887-3801 J9 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG JI J. Comput. Civil. Eng. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 18 IS 3 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2004)18:3(187) PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 832OF UT WOS:000222276100002 ER PT J AU Thomas, SR Lee, SH Spencer, JD Tucker, RL Chapman, RE AF Thomas, SR Lee, SH Spencer, JD Tucker, RL Chapman, RE TI Impacts of design/information technology on project outcomes SO JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article AB This paper describes a collaborative effort by industry, government, and academia to evaluate the use of design/information technology (D/IT) and to relate the degree of use to project performance. A detailed statistical analysis of 297 projects in the Construction Industry Institute database is used to produce baseline measures of performance and D/IT use. The relationship between these measures is used to assess the economic value of using the technologies. A set of projects that excelled. in the use of WIT and that scored high on performance measures is then examined. These exemplary projects provide a basis for further in-depth analyses through on-site interviews with key project representatives. The results of this study establish that projects benefit from WIT use. Both owners and contractors can expect construction cost savings of approximately 4% by increasing the use of D/IT. For owners there is clear evidence of schedule compression as well. Although the statistical analyses do not support schedule compression benefits for contractors, findings from the on-site interviews provide anecdotal support. C1 Univ Texas, Construct Ind Inst, Austin, TX 78759 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Engn Technol, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Lower Colorado River Author, Austin, TX 78767 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Civil Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Appl Econ, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, SR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Construct Ind Inst, Austin, TX 78759 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9364 J9 J CONSTR ENG M ASCE JI J. Constr. Eng. Manage.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 130 IS 4 BP 586 EP 597 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:4(586) PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 842JT UT WOS:000223001000014 ER PT J AU Huey, BD Ramanujan, C Bobji, M Blendell, J White, G Szoszkiewicz, R Kulik, A AF Huey, BD Ramanujan, C Bobji, M Blendell, J White, G Szoszkiewicz, R Kulik, A TI The importance of distributed loading and cantilever angle in piezo-force microscopy SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCERAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Electroceramics (ICE 2003) CY AUG 03-07, 2003 CL MIT, Cambridge, MA HO MIT DE PFM; cantilever; piezoelectric; ferroelectric; AFM AB Piezo-force microscopy (PFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy that is widely applied to investigate piezoelectric thin films at the nanometer scale. Curiously, PFM experiments are found to be remarkably sensitive to the position along the cantilever at which deflection is detected, complicating attempts to use this technique to quantify surface actuation and thereby measure the converse piezoelectric coefficient. A straightforward analytical theory is proposed that accounts for this observation by combining standard PFM analyses with subtleties of the typical AFM detection mechanism as well as the concept of distributed loading. Corresponding simulations of PFM measurements indicate that these experimental artifacts can even lead to an apparent inversion of the detected domain orientation. To better understand the importance of these effects, simulations are used to qualitatively map the theoretical PFM response for a wide range of typical experimental parameters, as well as the relative difference between these measurements and true piezoactuation. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oxford Dept Mat, Oxford OX1 3PH, England. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Huey, BD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kulik, Andrzej/A-1236-2010; Huey, Bryan/G-7512-2014; Szoszkiewicz, Robert/I-3910-2013 OI Huey, Bryan/0000-0002-1441-1180; Bobji, M S/0000-0001-8703-928X; Szoszkiewicz, Robert/0000-0002-2770-8848 NR 9 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-3449 EI 1573-8663 J9 J ELECTROCERAM JI J. Electroceram. PD JUL-NOV PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1-3 BP 287 EP 291 DI 10.1007/s10832-004-5114-y PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 886NR UT WOS:000226236100047 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ TI Differential cross sections for elastic scattering of electrons by atoms and solids SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure CY JUN 30-JUL 04, 2003 CL Uppsala, SWEDEN DE differential cross sections; elastic scattering; electron transport ID MEAN FREE PATHS; STOPPING POWERS; ENERGY ELECTRONS; RARE-GASES; ARGON; NEON; COLLISIONS; NITROGEN; KRYPTON; MOMENTS AB Differential cross sections (DCSs) for elastic scattering of electrons by neutral atoms are extensively used in studies of electron transport in solids and liquids. A new NIST database has recently been released with DCSs calculated from a relativistic Dirac partial-wave analysis in which the potentials were obtained from Dirac-Hartree-Fock electron densities computed self-consistently for free atoms. We have compared calculated DCSs with measured DCSs for argon for electron energies between 50 eV and 3 keV, and found good agreement for electron energies above about 1 keV but with increasing deviations as the energy is reduced. These deviations are due to the neglect of absorption and polarizability effects in the calculations. Nevertheless, DCSs for neutral atoms have been successfully used in simulations of elastic backscattering of electrons by solid surfaces with energies down to 300 eV as well as for many other applications. It is suggested that this success might be due at least partially to the smaller absorption correction for the DCSs in solids on account of the smaller total inelastic scattering cross sections than for the corresponding free atoms. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, ECM, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM jablo@ichf.edu.pl RI Salvat, Francesc/F-8255-2016 OI Salvat, Francesc/0000-0002-6162-8841 NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 EI 1873-2526 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 137 SI SI BP 299 EP 303 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2004.02.028 PG 5 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 832FF UT WOS:000222251900045 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, EL TI Li 1s near-edge spectra in six lithium halides SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure CY JUN 30-JUL 04, 2003 CL Uppsala, SWEDEN ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; ELECTRON-GAS; SOLIDS; PHOTOABSORPTION; ABSORPTION; STATE AB Theoretical results are presented for Li Is near-edge absorption spectra in LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, and LiAt. These results are obtained using a realistic band structure and wave functions, and include effects of the electron-core hole attraction in detail. The spectra are compared and trends through the family of lithium halides are discussed. Appropriate improvements to be implemented in future theoretical work are also discussed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Opt Tech Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 EI 1873-2526 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 137 SI SI BP 579 EP 584 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2004.02.050 PG 6 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 832FF UT WOS:000222251900093 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK TI Elastostatic Green's function for advanced materials subject to surface loading SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE Boussinesq problem; carbon-fiber composite; elastic anisotropy; elastostatic Green's functions; silicon ID ANISOTROPIC HALF-SPACE; TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS; BOUSSINESQ PROBLEM; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; SOLIDS; BOUNDARY; FIELDS; FORCE; INTERFACE; REPRESENTATION AB This paper gives a brief review of the Green's function method for solution of the general three-dimensional Boussinesq problem for advanced materials that are highly anisotropic. The Boussinesq problem refers to calculation of stress and/or strain fields in semi-infinite solids, subject to surface loading by solving the equations of elastostatic equilibrium. Analytical and semi-analytical expressions are derived for the elastostatic Green's functions based upon the delta-function representation developed earlier. The Green's function provides a computationally efficient method for solving the anisotropic Boussinesq problem. The Green's function should be useful for modeling physical systems of topical interest such as nanostructures in semiconductors, interpretation of nanoindentation measurements, and application to the boundary-element method of stress analysis of advanced materials. Numerical results for displacement and stress fields are presented for carbon-fiber composites having general orthotropic, tetrahedral, and hexagonal symmetries, and single-crystal silicon having cubic symmetry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 57 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0833 J9 J ENG MATH JI J. Eng. Math. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 289 EP 304 DI 10.1023/B:ENGI.0000031191.64358.a8 PG 16 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 827VG UT WOS:000221930900008 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP AF Hurst, TP TI Temperature and state-dependence of feeding and gastric evacuation in juvenile Pacific halibut SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; gastric evacuation; Pacific halibut; state dependence; temperature effect ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; FOOD CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; MEAL SIZE; MORONE-SAXATILIS; STRIPED BASS; DAILY RATION; GROWTH-RATE; CONSUMPTION; FISH; RATES AB Relationships between nutritional state, behavioural response to prey and gastric evacuation rates were examined in juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis feeding on squid. Pacific halibut reared at 2, 6 and 10 degreesC were fasted for I or 7 days to generate variation in energetic state. The 7 day fast resulted in measurable declines in condition indices at 10degrees and 6degrees C but not at 2degrees C. At 10degrees C, all Pacific halibut consumed the first meal offered, but fish previously fasted for 7 days took significantly longer to locate and consume the meal than fish fasted for only I day. At 2degrees C, Pacific halibut fasted for 7 days did not generally consume the first meal offered, but resumed feeding 2.1 days sooner, on average, than fish fasted for only I day. The gastric evacuation rate of the squid meal was best described by a power model with near-exponential curvature (a = 1.011). The evacuation rate was strongly temperature-dependent (Q(10) = 3-65) but displayed the same degree of variability at each temperature. The evacuation rate in Pacific halibut was not affected by feeding history, body size or energetic state. Furthermore, individual variation in gastric evacuation rate was not correlated with feeding responsiveness at any temperature. These results indicate a general plasticity in the behavioural but not physiological aspects of energy acquisition. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Prog, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Prog, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 42 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 65 IS 1 BP 157 EP 169 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00440.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 840OO UT WOS:000222869000009 ER PT J AU Johnson, JB Belk, MC AF Johnson, JB Belk, MC TI Temperate Utah chub form valid otolith annuli in the absence of fluctuating water temperature SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desert fishes; Gila atraria; otolith annuli; Utah chub; water temperature ID INCREMENT FORMATION; GROWTH; AGE AB Utah chub Gila atraria, a temperate freshwater minnow, formed valid otolith annuli (annual growth rings), even when raised in a constant-temperature desert spring environment. This suggests that factors other than seasonal variation in water temperature control annual otolith marking. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, MLB Life Sci Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Johnson, JB (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, MLB Life Sci Museum, 401 W1DB, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM jerry_johnson@byu.edu NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 65 IS 1 BP 293 EP 298 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00437.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 840OO UT WOS:000222869000019 ER PT J AU Ma, L Song, J Whitenton, E Zheng, A Vorburger, T Zhou, J AF Ma, L Song, J Whitenton, E Zheng, A Vorburger, T Zhou, J TI NIST bullet signature measurement system for RM (Reference Material) 8240 standard bullets SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; ballistics measurement; bullet signature; cross-correlation function; CCF; reference material; RM; standard bullet AB A bullet signature measurement system based on a stylus instrument was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the signature measurements of NIST RM (Reference Material) 8240 standard bullets. The standard bullets are developed as a reference standard for bullet signature measurements and are aimed to support the recently established National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The RM bullets are designed as both a virtual and a physical bullet signature standard. The virtual standard is a set of six digitized bullet signatures originally profiled from six master bullets fired at ATF and FBI using six different guns. By using the virtual signature standard to control the tool path on a numerically controlled diamond turning machine at NIST, 40 RM bullets were produced. In this paper, a comparison parameter and an algorithm using auto- and cross-correlation functions are described for qualifying the bullet signature differences between the RM bullets and the virtual bullet signature standard. When two compared signatures are exactly the same (point by point), their cross-correlation function (CCF) value will be equal to 100%. The measurement system setup, measurement program, and initial measurement results are discussed. Initial measurement results for the 40 standard bullets, each measured at six land impressions, show that the CCF values for the 240 signature measurements are higher than 95%, with most of them even higher than 99%. These results demonstrate the high reproducibility for both the manufacturing process and the measurement system for the NIST RM 8240 standard bullets. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Ma, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM li.ma@nist.gov RI Shaffer, Stephen/C-6170-2011 NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 649 EP 659 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 836GN UT WOS:000222543900001 PM 15317178 ER PT J AU Vallone, PM Butler, JM AF Vallone, PM Butler, JM TI Y-SNP typing of U.S. African American and Caucasian samples using allele-specific hybridization and primer extension SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; Y-chromosome; single nucleotide polymorphism; SNP typing; Y-SNPs; SNaPshot; primer extension; Luminex; allele-specific hybridization ID HUMAN-POPULATIONS; SIMULTANEOUS AMPLIFICATION; CHROMOSOME SNPS; MULTIPLEX PCR; DNA; HAPLOTYPES; DIVERSITY; MARKERS; ORIGINS; LOCI AB Multiplex analysis of genetic markers has become increasingly important in a number of fields, including DNA diagnostics and human identity testing. Two methods for examination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a potential for a high degree of multiplex analysis of markers are primer extension with fluorescence detection, and allele-specific hybridization using flow cytometry. In this paper, we examined 50 different SNPs on the Y-chromosome using three primer extension multiplexes and five hybridization multiplex assays. For certain loci, the allele-specific hybridization method exhibited sizable background signal from the absent alternate allele. However, 100% concordance (>2000 alleles) was observed in ten markers that were typed using both methods. A total of 18 unique haplogroups out of a possible 45 were observed in a group of 229 U.S. African American and Caucasian males with the majority of samples being assigned into 2 of the 18 haplogroups. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vallone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM petev@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 31 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 723 EP 732 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 836GN UT WOS:000222543900009 PM 15317186 ER PT J AU Chung, DT Drabek, J Opel, KL Butler, JM McCord, BR AF Chung, DT Drabek, J Opel, KL Butler, JM McCord, BR TI A study on the effects of degradation and template concentration on the amplification efficiency of the STR miniplex primer sets SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Forensic-Sciences CY FEB 17-22, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Acad Forens Sci DE forensic science; DNA profiling; short tandem repeat; miniplex; degraded DNA; TH01; CSFIPO; TPOX; D5S818; D8S1179; D16S539; FGA; D21S11; D7S820; vWA; D18S51; D13S317; Penta D; Penta E; D2S1338 ID TANDEM REPEAT LOCI; FORENSIC CASEWORK; MASS DISASTER; DNA; VALIDATION; SAMPLES; MULTIPLEX; SYSTEM; AMPLICONS; SIZE AB In forensic DNA analysis, the samples recovered from the crime scene are often highly degraded leading to poor PCR amplification of the larger sized STR loci. To avoid this problem, we have developed STR markers with redesigned primer sequences called "Miniplexes" to produce smaller amplicons. To assess the effectiveness of these kits, we have tested these primer sets with enzymatically degraded DNA and compared the amplifications to a commercial kit. We also conducted sensitivity and peak balance studies of three Miniplex sets. Lastly, we report a case study on two human skeletal remain samples collected from different environmental conditions. In both types of degraded DNA, the Miniplex primer sets were capable of producing more complete profiles when compared to the larger sized amplicons from the commercial kit. Correct genotypes were obtained at template concentrations as low as 31 pg/25 muL. Overall, our data confirm that our redesigned primers can increase the probability of obtaining a usable profile in situations where standard kits fail. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McCord, BR (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Dept Chem, Clippinger Labs 136, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 24 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 733 EP 740 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 836GN UT WOS:000222543900010 PM 15317187 ER PT J AU Drabek, J Chung, DT Butler, JM McCord, BR AF Drabek, J Chung, DT Butler, JM McCord, BR TI Concordance study between Miniplex assays and a commercial STR typing kit SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Human Identification CY SEP 28-OCT 02, 2003 CL Phoenix, AZ DE forensic science; DNA profiling; short tandem repeats; DNA typing; STR; Miniplex; miniSTR; concordance; CSF1PO; FGA; TH01; TPOX; vWA,D5S818; D7S820; D8S1179; D13S317; Dl6S539; D18S51; D21S11 ID LOCI AB POPULATIONS: U.S. Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McCord, BR (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Dept Chem, 136 Clippinger Labs, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM mccord@ohio.edu RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011; Drabek, Jiri/A-6135-2008 OI Drabek, Jiri/0000-0002-5747-6478 NR 3 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 859 EP 860 PG 2 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 836GN UT WOS:000222543900040 PM 15317217 ER PT J AU Cooper, O Forster, C Parrish, D Dunlea, E Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, F Holloway, J Oltmans, S Johnson, B Wimmers, A Horowitz, L AF Cooper, O Forster, C Parrish, D Dunlea, E Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, F Holloway, J Oltmans, S Johnson, B Wimmers, A Horowitz, L TI On the life cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Intercontinental transport; stratosphere troposphere exchange; warm conveyor belt ID CROSS-TROPOPAUSE EXCHANGE; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; TRACE GAS-COMPOSITION; TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; 15-YEAR CLIMATOLOGY; WAVE BREAKING AB [1] The aircraft-based 2002 Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation experiment intercepted and chemically analyzed pollution plumes transported from Asia to the western United States. The research flight on 10 - 11 May 2002 detected mixing between polluted and stratospheric air at midtropospheric levels above the California coast. This study uses a Lagrangian domain-filling trajectory technique to illustrate that this event was the result of mixing between two warm conveyor belts (WCB) containing Asian pollution and the remnants of a deep tropopause fold from a downstream midlatitude cyclone ( referred to as the stratospheric component of a dry airstream or SCDA). Advection of the trajectory particles shows how the SCDA decayed over 7.5 days. One component dispersed into a downstream WCB, while another component descended into the lower troposphere and became entrained by an upwind WCB. After 7.5 days of transport 22% of the SCDA mass was transported into the troposphere. The portions of the SCDA that penetrated to the lowest altitudes had the greatest likelihood of being transported into the troposphere. For example, over 90% of the SCDA at altitudes below the 600 hPa level was transported to the troposphere, but none of the mass at the 200 hPa level was exchanged. More than half of the exchange occurred during the first 48 hours as the deepest portions of the tropopause fold decayed over the Pacific. The rest of the exchange occurred over the following 5.5 days as the remnants of the SCDA sheared apart along the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex and became entrained into subsequent tropopause folds and vortex breakaway features. Stratosphere to troposphere exchange resulted in the transport of 0.5 Tg of stratospheric ozone to the troposphere during the 7.5 day study period. Roughly half of the SCDA particles that entered the troposphere dispersed into the upwind and downwind WCBs. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM owen.r.cooper@noaa.gov RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 80 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D23 AR D23S09 DI 10.1029/2003JD004006 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839JS UT WOS:000222780800002 ER PT J AU Cooper, OR Forster, C Parrish, D Trainer, M Dunlea, E Ryerson, T Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, F Nicks, D Holloway, J de Gouw, J Warneke, C Roberts, JM Flocke, F Moody, J AF Cooper, OR Forster, C Parrish, D Trainer, M Dunlea, E Ryerson, T Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, F Nicks, D Holloway, J de Gouw, J Warneke, C Roberts, JM Flocke, F Moody, J TI A case study of transpacific warm conveyor belt transport: Influence of merging airstreams on trace gas import to North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE warm conveyor belt; pollution; transport; trajectories; aircraft measurements; airstreams ID ATLANTIC OCEAN; STRATOSPHERIC INTRUSIONS; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; AIR-POLLUTANTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC AB [ 1] The warm conveyor belt (WCB), the major cloud-forming airstream of midlatitude cyclones, is the primary mechanism for rapidly transporting air pollution from one continent to another. However, relatively little has been written on WCB transport across the North Pacific Ocean. To address this important intercontinental transport route, this study describes the life cycle of a WCB associated with the export of a highly polluted air mass from Asia to North America. This event was sampled using in situ measurements from an aircraft platform flying above the North American West Coast during the 2002 Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT 2K2) experiment on 5 May. Satellite imagery, trajectory ensembles, in situ measurements, and animations are used to illustrate the formation of the WCB near eastern Asia, its entrainment of polluted air masses, its transport path across the Pacific, and its decay above the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western North America. A major finding is that a WCB can entrain air from a variety of source regions and not just the atmospheric boundary layer. We estimate that 8% of the WCB's mass originated in the stratosphere and 44% passed through the lower troposphere, of which two thirds passed through the lower troposphere above the populated regions of eastern Asia. The remaining 48% traveled entirely within the middle and upper troposphere over the previous 5.5 days. Interestingly, an estimated 18% of the WCB's mass was entrained from an upwind and decaying WCB via a newly discovered but apparently common transport mechanism. Only 9% of the WCB's mass subsequently passed through the lower troposphere of the United States, with the remainder passing over North America in the middle and upper troposphere. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesa Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22093 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ocooper@al.noaa.gov; forster@tracy.fw.tum.de; parrish@al.noaa.gov; trainer@al.noaa.gov; dunlea@mit.edu; tryerson@al.noaa.gov; gerd@al.noaa.gov; fcf@al.noaa.gov; dnicks@ball.com; jholloway@al.noaa.gov; jdegouw@al.noaa.gov; cwarneke@al.noaa.gov; jr@al.noaa.gov; ffl@acd.ucar.edu; moody@virginia.edu RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; NR 57 TC 108 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D23 AR D23S08 DI 10.1029/2003JD003624 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839JS UT WOS:000222780800001 ER PT J AU Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Thomson, DS de Gouw, JA Warneke, C Holloway, J Jost, JR Hubler, G AF Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Thomson, DS de Gouw, JA Warneke, C Holloway, J Jost, JR Hubler, G TI Biomass-burning particle measurements: Characteristic composition and chemical processing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE biomass burning; single particle mass spectrometry; ITCT ID INDIVIDUAL AEROSOL-PARTICLES; FOREST-FIRE SMOKE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; SAVANNA FIRES; INSTRUMENT; COMBUSTION AB [1] The NOAA Lockheed Orion WP-3D aircraft intercepted a forest fire plume over Utah on 19 May 2002 during the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) mission. Large enhancements in acetonitrile (CH3CN), carbon monoxide ( CO) and particle number were measured during the fire plume interception. In the 100 s plume crossing, the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry ( PALMS) instrument acquired 202 positive mass spectra from ionizing single particles in the 0.2 - 5 mum size range. These particles contained carbon, potassium, organics, and ammonium ions. No pure soot particles were sampled directly from the plume. By characterizing these particle mass spectra, a qualitative biomass-burning particle signature was developed that was then used to identify biomass-burning particles throughout ITCT. The analysis was extended to identify biomass-burning particles in four other missions, without the benefit of gas-phase biomass-burning tracers. During ITCT, approximately 33% of the particles sampled in the North American troposphere and 37% of the particles transported from Asia, not influenced by North American sources, were identified as biomass-burning particles. During the WB-57 Aerosol Mission (WAM), Atmospheric Chemistry of Combustion Emissions near the Tropopause (ACCENT) and ACCENT 2000 missions, 7% of stratospheric particles were identified as biomass-burning particles. During the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers - Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) this percentage increased to 52% because the regional stratosphere was strongly affected by an active fire season. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM phudson@al.noaa.gov RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 45 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 8 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D23 AR D23S27 DI 10.1029/2003JD004398 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839JS UT WOS:000222780800003 ER PT J AU Lintner, BR Gilliland, AB Fung, IY AF Lintner, BR Gilliland, AB Fung, IY TI Mechanisms of convection-induced modulation of passive tracer interhemispheric transport interannual variability SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE interhemispheric transport; interannual variability; convection; tracer transport ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; HADLEY CIRCULATION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; MODEL; TROPOSPHERE; DISTRIBUTIONS; CLIMATE; PACIFIC; ENSO AB [1] Interannual variations of tropical convection impact atmospheric circulation and influence year-to-year variations of the transport of trace constituents in the troposphere. This study examines how two modes of convective variability, anomalous intensification and meridional displacement of centers of tropical convection, impact interhemispheric transport (IHT) interannual variability. Two modeling frameworks are employed, an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and a chemical transport model (CTM) forced with a realistic, interannually varying circulation field, to investigate the zonally averaged and regional-scale influences of the modes of convective variability on passive tracer IHT. Both convective modes are found to modulate IHT interannual variability. While convective displacement appears to be the more quantitatively significant mode within the AGCM framework, anomalous convective intensity and displacement are of equal importance in the CTM framework. The results suggest that the modeling of atmospheric tracer transport interannual variability requires accurate representation of multiple aspects of convective variability. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Atmospher Sci Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, 507 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ben@atmos.berkeley.edu NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D13 AR D13102 DI 10.1029/2003JD004306 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839JN UT WOS:000222780200002 ER PT J AU Pastor, T Garza, JC Allen, P Amos, W Aguilar, A AF Pastor, T Garza, JC Allen, P Amos, W Aguilar, A TI Low genetic variability in the highly endangered Mediterranean monk seal SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID RECENT POPULATION BOTTLENECKS; ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; MONACHUS-MONACHUS; INBREEDING DEPRESSION; MASS MORTALITY; MUTATION-RATES; DIFFERENTIATION; SIZE; DNA AB Genetic variability is an important component in the ability of populations to adapt in the face of environmental change. Here we report the first description of nuclear genetic variability in the only remaining sizable colony of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), located at Cap Blanc (Western Sahara, Mauritania), whose estimated size during the study period (1994-May 1997) was about 320 individuals. We tested 42 microsatellite loci isolated from five pinniped species in a sample of 52 pups. Three loci failed to give any product, and of the remaining 39, only 15 were polymorphic, with a maximum of 3 alleles detected. Three loci appeared to be X-linked. No departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected and no genetic structure was found between the two nursing caves currently occupied by the seals. Several analytical methods show that, as a consequence of a severe bottleneck, the population has suffered a decrease in genetic variability over the last few centuries. C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol, Barcelona 08028, Spain. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. RP Pastor, T (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol, Barcelona 08028, Spain. EM teresa_pastor@ub.edu RI Aguilar, Alex/L-1283-2014 OI Aguilar, Alex/0000-0002-5751-2512 NR 57 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 4 BP 291 EP 300 DI 10.1093/jhered/esh055 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 838RB UT WOS:000222729700003 PM 15247308 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Barker, P AF Xiao, Y Barker, P TI Detection of FISH probes with quantum dots SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 12th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry CY JUL 24-29, 2004 CL La Jolla, CA SP Histochem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI SEATTLE PA UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOSTRUCTURE, BOX 357420, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 52 SU 1 BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 833QI UT WOS:000222352900068 ER PT J AU Korotenko, KA Mamedov, RM Kontar, AE Korotenko, LA AF Korotenko, KA Mamedov, RM Kontar, AE Korotenko, LA TI Particle tracking method in the approach for prediction of oil slick transport in the sea: modelling oil pollution resulting from river input SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics CY MAY 06-10, 2002 CL Liege, BELGIUM DE Caspian Sea; oil spill; river discharge; particle tracking technique ID ARABIAN GULF AB A 3-D hybrid flow/transport model has been developed to predict the dispersal of oil pollution resulting from river discharges. The transport module of the model takes predetermined current and turbulent diffusivities and uses Lagrangian tracking to predict the motion of individual particles (droplets), the sum of which constitutes hypothetical oil spills. Currents and turbulent diffusivities used in the model have been generated by a numerical ocean circulation model (POM) implemented for the Caspian Sea. The basic processes affecting the fate of the oil spill are taken into account and parameterised in the transport model. The process of evaporation is modelled with a new technique based on the pseudo-component approach. The model is used to simulate a continuous oil release from the Volga river into the coastal waters of the north part of the Caspian Sea. Oil slick movement and risk of contamination of the coastline by beaching oil spills are illustrated for different wind conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia. Azerbaijan Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Baku 370143, Azerbaijan. RP Korotenko, KA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PhOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Csw, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Konstantin.Korotenko@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1-4 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.023 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 837GP UT WOS:000222617000011 ER PT J AU Ascani, F Wang, DL Moore, DW Firing, E McCreary, JP AF Ascani, F Wang, DL Moore, DW Firing, E McCreary, JP TI Comments on "A theory of equatorial deep jets" SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CIRCULATION; MODEL; OCEAN C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ascani, F (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM fascani@hawaii.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1781 EP 1790 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1781:COATOE>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 839NC UT WOS:000222790800020 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Gu, X Chen, H Zhang, J Li, Y Nguyen, T Sandreczki, TC Jean, YC AF Zhang, R Gu, X Chen, H Zhang, J Li, Y Nguyen, T Sandreczki, TC Jean, YC TI Study of the photodegradation of epoxy polymers with slow positron annihilation spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coatings; epoxy polymers; free volume; degradation; positron annihilation ID FREE-VOLUME; AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; DEGRADATION; SURFACES; DIFFUSION; COATINGS; FILMS AB The photodegradation of an amine-cured epoxy coating after exposure to accelerated UV-340 and LTV-313 irradiation was investigated with an atomic-level technique, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), which detected and characterized the free volumes and defects as a function of the depth. Significant changes in the subnanometer defect parameters S and W were observed as a function of the exposure time near the surface. This was interpreted as due to a loss of the free volume and hole fraction resulting from photodegradation. A dead layer near the surface, resulting from UV irradiation from the surface up to a thickness of 0.4 mum, at which there was nearly no positronium formation, was observed. Correlations between physical defects from PAS in terms of the free volumes and chemical defects from electron spin resonance spectroscopy in terms of free radicals and chemical structural changes measured by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were established. A high sensitivity of PAS for detecting the early stage of degradation, on the order of hours for UV-313 and on the order of days for UV-340 irradiation, was observed. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jean, YC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. EM jeany@umkc.edu NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 42 IS 13 BP 2441 EP 2459 DI 10.1002/polb.20135 PG 19 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 830LX UT WOS:000222124700003 ER PT J AU Cage, ME Shields, SH Jeffery, A AF Cage, ME Shields, SH Jeffery, A TI Initial NIST AC QHR measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ac quantum Hall effect; dc quantum Hall effect; frequency dependences; multifrequency bridge; quadruple-series connections; single-series connections ID QUANTIZED HALL RESISTANCE; FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; DC MEASUREMENTS; STANDARDS; LOSSES; BRIDGE AB We demonstrate that dc quantized Hall resistance (dc QHR) guideline properties and dc and ac QHR values can be measured without changing sample probe lead connections at the QHR device, and report ac QHR values that converge to the dc QHR value when using four-terminal-pair ac QHR measurements. This was accomplished during one cooldown using single-series and quadruple-series connections outside the sample probe. The QHR was measured from 0 Hz to 5500 Hz in 1: 1 ratio at 20 muA to +/- 1 part in 10(7) uncertainties with a poor-quality QHR device. A good device would allow an order of magnitude smaller uncertainties over this frequency range. We exchanged positions of the QHR device and reference resistor in the bridge and remeasured the resistance ratios to remove dominant ac bridge effects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marvin.cage@nist.gov; scott.shields@nist.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 109 IS 4 BP 391 EP 405 DI 10.6028/jres.109.028 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 882VA UT WOS:000225965700001 PM 27366620 ER PT J AU Jargon, JA DeGroot, DC Gupta, KC AF Jargon, JA DeGroot, DC Gupta, KC TI Frequency-domain models for nonlinear microwave devices based on large-signal measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE frequency-domain; large-signal; measurement; microwave; model; network analyzer; nonlinear; scattering parameter ID MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AB In this paper, we introduce nonlinear large-signal scattering ( S) parameters, a new type of frequency-domain mapping that relates incident and reflected signals. We present a general form of nonlinear large-signal S-parameters and show that they reduce to classic S-parameters in the absence of nonlinearities. Nonlinear large-signal impedance (Z) and admittance (Y) parameters are also introduced, and equations relating the different representations are derived. We illustrate how nonlinear large-signal S-parameters can be used as a tool in the design process of a nonlinear circuit, specifically a single-diode 1 GHz frequency-doubler. For the case where a nonlinear model is not readily available, we developed a method of extracting nonlinear large-signal S-parameters obtained with artificial neural network models trained with multiple measurements made by a nonlinear vector network analyzer equipped with two sources. Finally, nonlinear large-signal S-parameters are compared to another form of nonlinear mapping, known as nonlinear scattering functions. The nonlinear large-signal S-parameters are shown to be more general. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Adv Mfg & Packaging Microwave Opt & Digital E, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jargon@boulder.nist.gov; degroot@boulder.nist.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 109 IS 4 BP 407 EP 427 DI 10.6028/jres.109.029 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 882VA UT WOS:000225965700002 PM 27366621 ER PT J AU Li, XY Scott, T Yang, S Cromer, C Dowell, M AF Li, XY Scott, T Yang, S Cromer, C Dowell, M TI Nonlinearity measurements of high-power laser detectors at NIST SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attenuation method; calibration; calorimeter; chopper wheel; high-power laser; nonlinearity measurement; thermal detector AB We briefly explain the fundamentals of detector nonlinearity applicable to both electrical and optical nonlinearity measurements. We specifically discuss the attenuation method for optical nonlinearity measurement that the NIST system is based upon, and we review the possible sources of nonlinearity inherent to thermal detectors used with high-power lasers. We also describe, in detail, the NIST nonlinearity measurement system, in which detector responsivity can be measured at wavelengths of 1.06 mum and 10.6 mum, over a power range from 1 W to 1000 W. We present the data processing method used and show measurement results depicting both positive and negative nonlinear behavior. The expanded uncertainty of a typical NIST high-power laser detector calibration including nonlinearity characterization is about 1.3%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xiaoyu@boulder.nist.gov; tomrscott@wyoming.com; syang@boulder.nist.gov; cromer@boulder.nist.gov; mdowell@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 109 IS 4 BP 429 EP 434 DI 10.6028/jres.109.030 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 882VA UT WOS:000225965700003 PM 27366622 ER PT J AU Berg, RF Tison, SA AF Berg, RF Tison, SA TI Two primary standards for low flows of gases SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE constant pressure; gas flow meter; gravimetric; laminar flow meter; nitrogen; primary standard; volumetric AB We describe two primary standards for gas flow in the range from 0.1 to 1000 mumol/s. (1 mumol/s congruent to 1.3 cm(3)/min at 0 degreesC and 1 atmosphere.) The first standard is a volumetric technique in which measurements of pressure, volume, temperature, and time are recorded while gas flows in or out of a stainless steel bellows at constant pressure. The second standard is a gravimetric technique. A small aluminum pressure cylinder supplies gas to a laminar flow meter, and the integrated throughput of the laminar flow meter is compared to the weight decrease of the cylinder. The two standards, which have standard uncertainties of 0.019 %, agree to within combined uncertainties with each other and with a third primary standard at NIST based on pressure measurements at constant volume. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mykrolis Corp, Allen, TX 75013 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.berg@nist.gov NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 109 IS 4 BP 435 EP 450 DI 10.6028/jres.109.031 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 882VA UT WOS:000225965700004 PM 27366623 ER PT J AU Pibida, L Unterweger, M Karam, LR AF Pibida, L Unterweger, M Karam, LR TI Evaluation of handheld radionuclide identifiers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANSI N42.34; ANSI standards; gamma-ray detection; homeland security; isotope identifier; radionuclide identifier AB Characterization of commercially available instruments for measurement and identification of unknown radionuclides was carried out in support of the development and testing of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard, N42.34, "Performance Criteria for Hand-held Instruments for the Detection and Identification of Radionuclides." Measurements were based on the performance of the devices, i.e., the capability of the detectors to ensure a correct radionuclide identification in a given time interval for various radioactive sources. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leticia.pibida@nist.gov; michael.unterweger@nist.gov; lisa.karam@nist.gov NR 2 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 109 IS 4 BP 451 EP 456 DI 10.6028/jres.109.032 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 882VA UT WOS:000225965700005 PM 27366624 ER PT J AU Kulkarni, AA Goland, A Herman, H Allen, AJ Ilavsky, J Long, GG Johnson, CA Ruud, JA AF Kulkarni, AA Goland, A Herman, H Allen, AJ Ilavsky, J Long, GG Johnson, CA Ruud, JA TI Microstructure-property correlations in industrial thermal barrier coatings SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-SPRAYED COATINGS; STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; SPLAT FORMATION; ANGLE; SCATTERING; DEPOSITS AB This paper describes the results from multidisciplinary characterization/scattering techniques used for the quantitative characterization of industrial thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems used in advanced gas turbines. While past requirements for TBCs primarily addressed the function of insulation/ life extension of the metallic components, new demands necessitate a requirement for spallation resistance/strain tolerance, i.e., prime reliance, on the part of the TBC. In an extensive effort to incorporate these TBCs, a design-of-experiment approach was undertaken to develop tailored coating properties by processing under varied conditions. Efforts focusing on achieving durable/high-performance coatings led to dense vertically cracked (DVC) TBCs, exhibiting quasi-columnar microstructures approximating electron-beam physical-vapor-deposited (EB-PVD) coatings. Quantitative representation of the microstructural features in these vastly different coatings is obtained, in terms of porosity, opening dimensions, orientation, morphologies, and pore size distribution, by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) studies. Such comprehensive characterization, coupled with elastic modulus and thermal conductivity measurements of the coatings, help establish relationships between microstructure and properties in a systematic manner. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Gen Elect, Corp Res Div, Schenectady, NY 12309 USA. RP Kulkarni, AA (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013; USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900; NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 7 BP 1294 EP 1300 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07725.x PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 841KD UT WOS:000222927800018 ER PT J AU Krishnamurthy, S Reimanis, IE Berger, J Drexler, E AF Krishnamurthy, S Reimanis, IE Berger, J Drexler, E TI Fracture toughness measurement of chromium nitride films on brass SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM MOIRE; THIN-FILMS; CRACKING; STRESS; COATINGS; STRENGTH AB Two methods of measuring the fracture toughness of films are critically examined using well-characterized films of CrN and Cr2N similar to6 mum in thickness bonded to brass. The first method invokes a model developed by Beuth and Klingbeil in which the film fracture stress is related to the fracture energy through an expression that accounts for work hardening of the substrate. The second method is to directly measure the displacement field around the crack tip using electron-beam moire and, subsequently, to estimate the crack-tip stress intensity factor using full-field-displacement equations. The films are prepared by magnetron sputtering on brass substrates heat-treated at various temperatures, thereby altering the microstructure and, hence, the substrate yield stress. Unexpectedly, the same films deposited on various substrates lead to very, different in-plane compressive residual stresses. The effect on crack-driving force is discussed, and a comparison between these two methods is made. Both techniques agree reasonably well and reveal that CrN exhibits a higher toughness than Cr2N. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Krishnamurthy, S (reprint author), Exponent Failure Anal Associates, 3401 Market St,Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Berger, John/F-5169-2010 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 7 BP 1306 EP 1313 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 841KD UT WOS:000222927800020 ER PT J AU Lee, JS Wiederhorn, SM AF Lee, JS Wiederhorn, SM TI Effects of polarity on grain-boundary migration in ZnO SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ZINC-OXIDE; MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ZNO-BI2O3 CERAMICS; VARISTOR CERAMICS; GROWTH AB The migration of boundaries between single crystal and polycrystalline ZnO was investigated using single crystals with well-defined crystallographic faces. The migration rate of the basal (0001) planes through polycrystalline ZnO depended on the crystallographic polarity of the basal plane. Grain boundary migration in the [0001] direction was much faster than in the [0001] direction. Migration rates of boundaries in nonpolar directions were somewhat slower than that in the [0001] direction. Slow growth in the [0001] direction and rapid growth in nonpolar directions found in the present study help to explain the anisotropic growth of the grains that contain head-to-head inversion boundaries in ZnO varistor ceramics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, JS (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Stuttgart, Germany. RI Lee, Jong-Sook/D-1035-2013 OI Lee, Jong-Sook/0000-0002-2227-0808 NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 7 BP 1319 EP 1323 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07728.x PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 841KD UT WOS:000222927800022 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS AF Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS TI Baroclinic equilibration and the maintenance of the momentum balance. Part I: A barotropic analog SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WAVE-WAVE INTERACTION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; HEAT-TRANSPORT; INSTABILITY; ADJUSTMENT; TROPOPAUSE; STABILITY AB In this two-paper series the basic dynamics concerning the equilibration of a baroclinic jet are described, using as a reference the simple Charney-Boussinesq model. Though this problem has been studied in the past in more realistic configurations than considered here, this approach is novel. By describing the equilibration in terms of the eddy redistribution of momentum some insight is gained on the role of the momentum balance for thermal homogenization at the surface and, more generally, on why three-dimensionality is important for the equilibration of the baroclinic jet. Part I of this series introduces the basic formalism and provides a reference framework in which to understand the three-dimensional equilibration. A simple geometric constraint is derived that implies that there is a limit to the reduction of the negative potential vorticity (PV) gradient by short modes, and this constraint is shown to apply to the equilibration of the 2D problem. The maintenance of the momentum balance in the forced-dissipative case is also discussed. This is very simple for the 2D problem, as there is a local balance between the eddy forcing of momentum ( the PV flux) and the nonconservative forcing. This implies that, when the PV fluxes are everywhere downgradient, there must be a negative ( positive) PV gradient over those regions in which the mean flow acceleration is westerly ( easterly). C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,Rte 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 61 IS 13 BP 1469 EP 1482 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1469:BEATMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 835CV UT WOS:000222458500001 ER PT J AU Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS AF Zurita-Gotor, P Lindzen, RS TI Baroclinic equilibration and the maintenance of the momentum balance. Part II: 3D results SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SHEARED FLOWS; LIFE-CYCLES; ADJUSTMENT; INSTABILITY; TROPOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; WAVES; CIRCULATION; MODELS AB In this two-paper series the equilibration of a baroclinic jet is described, emphasizing the redistribution of momentum and the effects that this redistribution has on the steering level and the potential vorticity (PV) structure of the basic state. In Part I of this series the equilibration of the 2D problem is discussed, using as a model the barotropic point jet. In that problem, the zonal mean momentum is redistributed along the single direction: there is a westerly acceleration at the jet vertex and compensating easterly acceleration in the interior. Part II of this series describes the equilibration of the 3D problem. In this problem, momentum is not simply redistributed vertically, but there is also a horizontal redistribution of momentum. It is shown that this makes the dynamics very different from the 2D simulations described in Part I, and in particular that the geometrical constraints introduced there no longer apply. The results of this work give insight into why 3D effects are important to the baroclinic equilibration, and point to friction as a possible mechanism limiting thermal homogenization at the surface in the extratropical troposphere. C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zurita-Gotor, P (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,Rte 1, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pzurita@alum.mit.edu RI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/A-5045-2008 OI Zurita-Gotor, Pablo/0000-0002-6873-7645 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 61 IS 13 BP 1483 EP 1499 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1483:BEATMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 835CV UT WOS:000222458500002 ER PT J AU Lapeyre, G Held, IM AF Lapeyre, G Held, IM TI The role of moisture in the dynamics and energetics of turbulent baroclinic eddies SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-VORTICITY; GEOSTROPHIC TURBULENCE; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; HEAT-TRANSPORT; STORM TRACKS; LATENT-HEAT; BETA-PLANE; INSTABILITY; STABILITY AB The effects of moisture on nonlinear baroclinic eddies are examined in the context of a horizontally homogeneous two-layer quasigeostrophic model. Using an explicit equation for moisture and a simple parameterization of latent heat release, the present study focuses on how moisture affects the statistically steady state of a baroclinically unstable flow. It is shown that, when latent heating is weak, the flow is dominated by jets and baroclinic waves, just as in the corresponding dry model. In this regime, the concept of an effective static stability can be used, which allows one to interpret some aspects of the moist simulations in terms of an equivalent dry model. It is found that a useful way of diagnosing the effective static stability is by relating it to the eddy fluxes of moisture and moist potential vorticity; no a priori theory for its value is presented here. As the strength of latent heating is increased, the flow rather suddenly becomes vortex dominated, with an asymmetry between strong low-level cyclones and weak anticyclones that has no analog in the dry model. It is argued that this asymmetry develops because of a correlation between low-level vorticity and moisture that results from the correlated horizontal transports of moisture and vorticity. The energetics of the simulations and the efficiency of energy production by latent heat release are discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Lapeyre, G (reprint author), IFREMER, LPO, BP 70, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM glapeyre@ifremer.fr RI Lapeyre, Guillaume/B-8871-2008 OI Lapeyre, Guillaume/0000-0001-8187-8971 NR 47 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 61 IS 14 BP 1693 EP 1710 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1693:TROMIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 841CR UT WOS:000222907400004 ER PT J AU Song, YC Robinson, WA AF Song, YC Robinson, WA TI Dynamical mechanisms for stratospheric influences on the troposphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ZONAL FLOW FEEDBACK; POLAR NIGHT JET; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; PLANETARY-WAVES; ANNULAR MODES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SURFACE CLIMATE; ELIASSEN-PALM AB The dynamical mechanisms through which stratospheric forcing can influence tropospheric annular modes are explored. A torque is applied to the stratosphere of an idealized general circulation model, and, under some circumstances, a robust tropospheric response is observed. These tropospheric responses, while initiated by stratospheric forcing, are maintained locally by interactions with transient eddies, and they closely resemble the intrinsic annular modes of the model. Manipulations of the model are consistent in showing that planetary waves, and not only the zonally symmetric secondary circulations induced by stratospheric forcing, are important for transmitting dynamical signals to the troposphere. Specifically, it is found that the tropospheric response is significantly reduced when planetary waves are suppressed in the stratosphere by additional damping or when the strength of the stratospheric jet is increased. Wave diagnoses indicate that the confinement of these waves within the troposphere, when stratospheric winds are enhanced, leads to increased planetary wave deceleration of the zonal winds in the high-latitude upper troposphere. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NCEP, RSIS, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Robinson, WA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM robinson@atmos.uiuc.edu RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408 NR 33 TC 135 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 61 IS 14 BP 1711 EP 1725 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1711:DMFSIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 841CR UT WOS:000222907400005 ER PT J AU Murthy, AV Prokhorov, AV DeWitt, DP AF Murthy, AV Prokhorov, AV DeWitt, DP TI High heat-flux sensor calibration: A Monte Carlo modeling SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 37th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP AIAA ID EFFECTIVE EMISSIVITIES; CAVITIES AB Conventional calibration of heat-flux sensors uses high-temperature blackbody radiation and places the sensors away from the blackbody aperture. This approach limits the achievable calibration heat flux to about 50 kW/m(2). Recent interest in extension of the calibration to higher heat-flux levels requires placement the sensors inside the heated cavity under nearly hemispherical irradiation environment. The incident flux at the sensor location depends on the effective emissivity, which is a function of the combined cavity and sensor geometry, and the properties of the radiating surfaces. A scheme is presented to compute the effective emissivity for such measurement schemes by the use of the Monte Carlo technique. Typical results presented demonstrate the influence of the cavity wall surface emissivity and diffusity, nonuniform temperature distributions, and the sensor location on the calculated effective emissivity. The computations show that the optimum location for the sensor is at a distance of about one cavity radius from the cavity bottom. The effective emissivity at this location has a high value, even in the presence of a linear wall-temperature variation, and is relatively insensitive to the cavity-wall temperature gradient. The use of a reflecting shield to increase the effective emissivity is also investigated. C1 Aereo Tech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Aereo Tech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 EI 1533-6808 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JUL-SEP PY 2004 VL 18 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.2514/1.7119 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 838OQ UT WOS:000222723100007 ER PT J AU Bhushan, B Liu, HW Hsu, SM AF Bhushan, B Liu, HW Hsu, SM TI Adhesion and friction studies of silicon and hydrophobic and low friction films and investigation of scale effects SO JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article DE adhesion; friction; scale dependence; MEMS/NEMS; silicon; lubricant films; hydrophobic films ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SYSTEMS; THIN; NANOINDENTATION; MECHANISMS; WEAR AB Tribological properties are crucial to the reliability of microelectromechanical systems/ nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). In this study, adhesion and friction measurements are made at micro and nanoscales on single-crystal silicon (commonly used in MEMS/NEMS) and hydrophobic and low friction films. These include diamondlike carbon (DLC), chemically bonded perfluoropolyether (PFPE), and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films. Since MEMS/NEMS devices are expected to be used in various environments, measurements are made at a range of velocities, humidities, and temperatures. The relevant adhesion and friction mechanisms are discussed. It is found that solid films of DLC, PFPE, and SAM can reduce the adhesion and friction of silicon. These films can be used as anti-adhesion films,for MEMS/NEMS components under different environments and operating conditions. Finally, the adhesion and friction data clearly show scale dependence. The scale effects on adhesion and friction are also discussed in the paper. C1 Ohio State Univ, Nanotribol Lab Informat Storage, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, MEMS, NEMS, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bhushan, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Nanotribol Lab Informat Storage, 206 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM bhushan.2@osu.edu RI Bhushan, Bharat/A-9684-2013 OI Bhushan, Bharat/0000-0001-7161-6601 NR 31 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 15 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4787 J9 J TRIBOL-T ASME JI J. Tribol.-Trans. ASME PD JUL PY 2004 VL 126 IS 3 BP 583 EP 590 DI 10.1115/1.1739407 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 838GD UT WOS:000222700600023 ER PT J AU Aguirre-Tostado, FS Herrera-Gomez, A Woicik, JC Droopad, R Yu, Z Schlom, DG Karapetrova, J Zschack, P Pianetta, P AF Aguirre-Tostado, FS Herrera-Gomez, A Woicik, JC Droopad, R Yu, Z Schlom, DG Karapetrova, J Zschack, P Pianetta, P TI Displacive phase transition in SrTiO3 thin films grown on Si(001) SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th AVS International Symposium CY NOV 02-07, 2003 CL Baltimore, MD SP AVS ID ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; FINE-STRUCTURE; X-RAY; FERROELECTRICITY; SILICON; BATIO3 AB Polarization dependent near and extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (XANES and EXAFS), in combination with x-ray diffraction, has been used to study the structure of SrTiO3 (STO) ultra thin films grown on Si(001). For the in-plane direction (200), the x-ray diffraction data indicate that all films (from 40 to 200 Angstrom) are equally expanded. This is in contradiction to previous reports claiming that the growth is pseudomorphic and epitaxial (coherent), which would predict an inplane contraction. Even the thinnest films (40 A) grow in a relaxed mode (not coherent) at the deposition temperature (700 degreesC). As the system is brought to room temperature, the films (now anchored to the substrate) are not allowed to compress as much as bulk STO. The residual film expansion is quantitatively explained by the differential thermal expansion of Si and STO. For the out-of-plane direction (002), the x-ray diffraction data indicate that STO films are expanded for the thinnest films, and relaxed for a thickness of 200 Angstrom. The in-plane and out-of-plane EXAFS and XANES data show that the perpendicular expansion of the thinner films is accompanied by a displacive phase transition of SrTiO3 where the Ti atom moves toward the (002) direction. This ferroelectric-type behavior of the thinner films implies important potential applications in electronics. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 CINVESTAV, Queretaro 76001, Mexico. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Motorola Inc, Phys Sci Res Labs, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Illinois, Argonne Natl Lab, APS, UNICAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Aguirre-Tostado, FS (reprint author), CINVESTAV, Apartado Postal 1-798, Queretaro 76001, Mexico. EM saguirre@fis.cinvestav.mx RI Schlom, Darrell/J-2412-2013 OI Schlom, Darrell/0000-0003-2493-6113 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 11 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1356 EP 1360 DI 10.1116/1.1765657 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 846NI UT WOS:000223322000045 ER PT J AU Nazarov, AV da Silva, FCS Pappas, DP AF Nazarov, AV da Silva, FCS Pappas, DP TI Arrays of magnetoresistive sensors for nondestructive testing SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY NOV 02-07, 2003 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Vacuum Soc ID MAGNETIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS; PROBE; LINES AB Magnetic field distributions were measured for test stripline structures with anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR), thin film Permalloy sensors. Linear arrays of eight barber-pole-type AMR sensors were used to increase the speed of the imaging and stability of scanning. The magnetic field distributions were converted to the distribution of electric current density in a stripline by inverting Maxwell's equations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pappas, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM pappas@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1375 EP 1378 DI 10.1116/1.1743087 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 846NI UT WOS:000223322000048 ER PT J AU Farkas, N Tokash, JC Zhang, G Evans, EA Ramsier, RD Dagata, JA AF Farkas, N Tokash, JC Zhang, G Evans, EA Ramsier, RD Dagata, JA TI Local oxidation of metal and metal nitride films SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 50th AVS International Symposium CY NOV 02-07, 2003 CL Baltimore, MD SP AVS ID SCANNED PROBE OXIDATION; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; HF-N FILMS; THIN-FILMS; ELECTRON-BOMBARDMENT; ZIRCONIUM NITRIDES; ANODIC-OXIDATION; SPACE-CHARGE; KINETICS; TITANIUM AB Oxide growth on sputter-deposited thin films is studied on the local scale by atomic force microscope (AFM)-assisted lithography. We investigate the group IV reactive metals Zr, Hf, Ti, and their nitrides.-The nitrogen content of the deposition plasma affects the film crystal structure and electrical resistivity, which in turn alter the local oxidation rates. Mass transport plays an important role, producing features with heights ranging from a few nanometers up to hundreds of nanometers. The heights of the largest features are one to two orders of magnitude greater than observed in other material systems, and the growth is well controlled. We use various techniques to investigate the solid-state reaction and transport mechanisms involved in this oxidation driven by a highly localized electric field. Our results demonstrate the potential of AFM lithographic techniques for characterizing oxidation processes across a wide range of time and length scales. C 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ramsier, RD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM rex@uakron.edu OI Tokash, Justin/0000-0002-0459-9335 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1879 EP 1884 DI 10.1116/1.1723269 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 846NI UT WOS:000223322000139 ER PT J AU Lita, B Pluchery, O Opila, RL Chabal, YJ Bunea, G Holman, JP Bekos, EJ AF Lita, B Pluchery, O Opila, RL Chabal, YJ Bunea, G Holman, JP Bekos, EJ TI Wet chemical cleaning of plasma oxide grown on heated (001)InP surfaces SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; INP(100) SURFACES; THERMAL-OXIDATION; INDIUM-PHOSPHIDE; INP SURFACES; SPECTROSCOPY; GAAS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; INTERFACES; MICROSCOPY AB Wet chemical. cleaning is performed prior to most semiconductor processing steps, including epitaxial growth, metal and dielectric film deposition, and diffusion, with the purpose of removing unwanted chemical species that reside on the wafer surface. In this article we report the results of our investigations of a specific type of residue that is formed from the interaction between CF4/O-2 plasmas and heated (001) InP surfaces. Our studies indicate that these residues are homogeneous oxides, about 10 nm thick, and that they impede wafer processing. In addition, these "plasma oxides" do not show significant growth after removal of the wafer from the plasma and storage in ambient. Moreover, we identify several aqueous solutions, such as HF and HNO3, that can be used to remove plasma residues at room temperature and likely induce regrowth of oxides similar to those found on "epi-ready"-like surfaces. In general, chemical cleaning in aqueous acidic solutions tends to stabilize the surface, with little further growth of oxide occurring in the hours following the wet chemical cleaning. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Opt Solides, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Delaware, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. SunPower Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA. ATMI Inc, Allentown, PA 18013 USA. Schering Plough Res Inst, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA. RP Lita, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bogdanl@boulder.nist.gov RI Chabal, Yves/A-5998-2011; Pluchery, Olivier/A-9510-2010 OI Chabal, Yves/0000-0002-6435-0347; Pluchery, Olivier/0000-0003-2333-2967 NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1885 EP 1892 DI 10.1116/1.1774202 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 854TD UT WOS:000223925300045 ER PT J AU Harms, CA Lo Piccolo, R Rotstein, DS Hohn, AA AF Harms, CA Lo Piccolo, R Rotstein, DS Hohn, AA TI Struvite penile urethrolithiasis in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Kogia breviceps; pygmy sperm whale; struvite; urethrolith; urinary calculi ID MINERAL-COMPOSITION; UROLITHS; DOGS; CATS; AGE AB Massive urolithiasis of the penile urethra was observed in an adult pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded on Topsail Island, North Carolina, USA. Calculi occupied the urethra from just distal to the sigmoid flexure to the tip of the penis for a length of 43 cm. A urethral diverticulum was present proximal to the calculi. The major portion of the multinodular urolith weighed 208 g and was 16 cm long x 3.7 cm diameter at the widest point. The urolith was composed of 100% struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and on culture yielded Klebsiella, oxytoca, a urease-positive bacterium occasionally associated with struvite urolith formation in domestic animals. Reaction to the calculi was characterized histologically by moderate multifocal to coalescing plasmacytic balanitis and penile urethritis. Role of the urethrolithiasis in the whale's stranding is speculative but could have involved pain or metabolic perturbations such as uremia or hyperammonemia. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci & Environm Med Consortium, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Hlth & Pathobiol & Environm Med Consortiu, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Harms, CA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Clin Sci & Environm Med Consortium, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, 303 Coll Circle, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM craig_harms@ncsu.edu RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 40 IS 3 BP 588 EP 593 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 856IA UT WOS:000224037700030 PM 15465732 ER PT J AU Yao, H Michaels, CA Stranick, SJ Isohashi, T Kimura, K AF Yao, H Michaels, CA Stranick, SJ Isohashi, T Kimura, K TI Collapse and self-reconstruction of mesoscopic architectures of supramolecular J aggregates in solution: From strings to tubular rods SO LETTERS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE J aggregates; tubular rod; self-reconstruction; mesoscopic structure; atomic force microscopy (AFM); near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) ID FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; POLARITON; STATE; DYES AB This Letter reports the collapse and subsequent self-reassembly of mesoscopic architectures of supramolecular J aggregates in solution. Ultrasonication of the string-like 5,5'-dichloro-3,3'-disulfopropyl thiacyanine (TC) J aggregates caused fragmentation (collapse) of the initial morphology, followed by a prompt self-reconstruction into mesoscopic rod-like architectures. Fluorescence microscopy, polarized light microscopy, atomic force microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy revealed that the apparent rod-like morphology was a tubular architecture with a monomolecular wall (single-wall) and open ends. C1 Himeji Inst Technol, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mat Sci, Kamigori, Hyogo 6781297, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yao, H (reprint author), Himeji Inst Technol, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mat Sci, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Hyogo 6781297, Japan. EM yao@sci.himeji-tech.ac.jp NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI SHARJAH PA EXECUTIVE STE Y26, PO BOX 7917, SAIF ZONE, 1200 BR SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES SN 1570-1786 J9 LETT ORG CHEM JI Lett. Org. Chem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 1 IS 3 BP 280 EP 287 DI 10.2174/1570178043401180 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 885BD UT WOS:000226130100020 ER PT J AU Hansell, DA Ducklow, HW Macdonald, AM Baringer, MO AF Hansell, DA Ducklow, HW Macdonald, AM Baringer, MO TI Metabolic poise in the North Atlantic Ocean diagnosed from organic matter transports SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC CARBON; SARGASSO SEA; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; PLANKTON RESPIRATION; UPWELLING SYSTEM; ARCTIC-OCEAN; GULF-STREAM; BALANCE; FLUX; COMMUNITY AB Recently there has been discussion about the metabolic state of the ocean, with arguments questioning whether the open ocean is net autotrophic or net heterotrophic. Accurately determining the metabolic balance of a marine system depends on fully defining the system being evaluated and on quantifying the inputs and outputs to that system. Here, a net northward transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (across 24.5degreesN) of 3.3 +/- 1.9 Tmol C yr(-1) was determined using basin-wide transport estimates of DOC. This flux, coupled with DOC inputs from the Arctic Ocean (2.2 +/- 0.8 Tmol C yr(-1)), the atmosphere (0.6 +/- 0.08 Tmol C yr(-1)), and rivers (3.1 +/- 0.6 Tmol C yr-1), indicates net heterotrophy in the North Atlantic (full depth, 24.5-72degreesN) of 9.2 +/- 2.2 Tmol C yr(-1). This rate is small (<2%) compared to autochthonous production (similar to494 Tmol C yr(-1)) and consumption (production: respiration of 0.98), indicating that the North Atlantic is essentially metabolically balanced and that autochthonous production is remineralized within the basin. The upper layer of the subtropical gyre has previously been reported to exhibit high rates of net heterotrophy, but our analysis does not support those findings. Instead, allochthonous inputs of organic carbon to the upper subtropical gyre are an order of magnitude less than required by the elevated rates of net heterotrophy reported. We find, too, that net mineralization of allochthonous DOC within the basin could account for 10% of the preindustrial inorganic carbon exported from the basin to the south. Two factors, the import of organic matter and the unique thermohaline circulation pattern of the North Atlantic, are primary in ensuring net heterotrophy in the basin. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PHOD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hansell, DA (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012; OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194; Hansell, Dennis/0000-0001-9275-3445 NR 56 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 1084 EP 1094 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 869JR UT WOS:000224979700020 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Budd, JW Eadie, BJ Vanderploeg, HA Agy, M AF Kerfoot, WC Budd, JW Eadie, BJ Vanderploeg, HA Agy, M TI Winter storms: Sequential sediment traps record Daphnia ephippial production, resuspension, and sediment interactions SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; RESTING EGGS; DIAPAUSING EGGS; GREAT-LAKES; SEASONAL SUCCESSION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; POLLEN GRAINS; FRESH-WATER; BANK; ABUNDANCE AB For species that do not over-winter, an essential part of the life cycle is the production of diapausing eggs. We use sequential sediment traps in southern Lake Michigan (1997-2000) to capture settling Daphnia ephippia and sediments, characterizing ephippial production and sediment interactions during hazardous conditions. Each year, there was an enormous pulse of A mendotae ephippia (ca. 7.2 x 10(13) ephippia, 1.2 x 10(14) diapausing eggs) that coincided with autumn population decline. Most ephippia settled through the water column, although a few were captured at the water surface and blown shoreward. The duration and amplitude of the autumn ephippial fluxes were similar among years. Ephippial production was positively correlated with water column depth, a consequence of Daphnia spatial abundance. In contrast, resuspension of ephippia was inversely related to water column depth and spatially complex, influenced by waves, coastal currents, and offshore gyre circulation. Large winter storms created nearshore sediment plumes, could resuspend vast numbers of ephippia (e.g., 10 March 1998 storm; 1.9 x 10(12) ephippia and 3.1 x 10(12) diapausing eggs), and were important in the formation of "egg banks." Almost all newly produced and resuspended diapausing eggs came from D. mendotae, with very few from two other species (D. retrocurva, D. dentifera) that dominated waters 12 yr ago. These observations suggest a relatively short relaxation time for species cycling out of egg banks in Lake Michigan (<10 yr), due in part to (1) differential resuspension of unconsolidated versus consolidated sediments and (2) the spatially restricted nature of "high-sedimentation" zones. Our study is the first use of sequential sediment traps to document diapause egg production. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. OI Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 76 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 1365 EP 1381 PN 2 PG 17 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 869JS UT WOS:000224979800014 ER PT J AU Sepulveda, CA Kohin, S Chan, C Vetter, R Graham, JB AF Sepulveda, CA Kohin, S Chan, C Vetter, R Graham, JB TI Movement patterns, depth preferences, and stomach temperatures of free-swimming juvenile mako sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the Southern California Bight SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUNA THUNNUS-OBESUS; WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; SHORTFIN MAKO; WHITE SHARK; CARCHARODON-CARCHARIAS; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; ARCHIVAL TAGS; WATER-TUNNEL; BEHAVIOR AB Acoustic telemetry was used to track vertical and horizontal movement patterns and to monitor the stomach temperatures of seven juvenile shortfin mako sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque) in the Southern California Bight from July to November 2002. Makos (80-145 cm fork length, FL) were attracted to the tracking vessel, where they were fed a mackerel containing an acoustic transmitter that reported temperature and pressure. Tracks ranged from 6.8-45.4 h. Collectively, the mako sharks spent 80% of the track record at 0-12 m, 15% at 12-24 m, and 5% at depths >24 m. The average horizontal swimming speed was 2.3 km h(-1) or 0.55 FLs s(-1), and the greatest distance traveled was 145 km in 45.4 h. For the six tracks >21 h, there was a positive correlation between body size and maximum depth. Makos used more of the water column during daylight hours. Mean stomach temperature was 3.8+/-1.5degreesC above ambient, and body size was positively correlated with both maximum and average stomach temperature. Stomach content analyses of four makos captured at the end of tracking verified the occurrence of feeding events as indicated by changes in stomach temperature. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Biomed & Marine Biol Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Sepulveda, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM csepulve@ucsd.edu NR 35 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 145 IS 1 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1007/s00227-004-1356-0 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 833VV UT WOS:000222369500019 ER PT J AU Hobson, KA Sinclair, EH York, AE Thomason, JR Merrick, RE AF Hobson, KA Sinclair, EH York, AE Thomason, JR Merrick, RE TI Retrospective isotopic analyses of Steller sea lion tooth annuli and seabird feathers: A cross-taxa approach to investigating regime and dietary shifts in the Gulf of Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Aethia cristatella; carbon-13; Eumetopias jubatils; feathers; Fratercula cirrhata; nitrogen-15; primary productivity; stable isotopes; teeth annuli ID TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; BERING-SEA; CARBON ISOTOPES; DELTA-N-15 ANALYSIS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; STABLE ISOTOPES; C-13 ENRICHMENT; GROWTH-RATE; NITROGEN AB Stable isotope (delta(15)N and delta(13)C) values of individual tooth annuli of female Steller sea lions (n = 120) collected from the 1960s through the 1980s were used for retrospective analyses of temporal changes in food webs in the Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific Ocean. We also examined isotopically contour feathers of tufted puffins (n = 135) and crested auklets (n = 37) through this period to test for broader isotopic patterns indicative of whole food web changes. Steller sea lions decreased slightly in delta(13)C and increased in delta(15)N values, suggesting an increasing trophic level and change in foraging location or oceanographic isotopic signature. Steller sea lion first and second tooth annuli were enriched in N-15 and depleted in C-13 compared with subsequent annuli, indicating the effects of maternal influence through weaning. The general pattern of increasing delta(15)N values among Steller sea lions supports previous conclusions regarding a reduction or redistribution of forage fishes and an increase of demersal and semi-demersal species in the North Pacific ecosystem. There were no significant changes in delta(15)N values for either bird species. However, delta(13)C values in both bird species again suggested changes in foraging location or a shift in oceanographic currents. C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hobson, KA (reprint author), Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Canadian Wildlife Serv, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. EM keith.hobson@ec.gc.ca NR 39 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3 BP 621 EP 638 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01183.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 842ON UT WOS:000223013800017 ER PT J AU Berube, M Rew, MB Cole, T Swartz, SL Zolman, E Oien, N Palsboll, PJ AF Berube, M Rew, MB Cole, T Swartz, SL Zolman, E Oien, N Palsboll, PJ TI Genetic identification of an individual humpback whale between the eastern Caribbean and the Norwegian sea SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; PRIMERS C1 ESPM, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. CCEHBR, NOS, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. RP ESPM, Ecosyst Sci Div, Hilgard 3110, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mberube@berkeley.edu RI Palsboll, Per /G-6988-2011 OI Palsboll, Per /0000-0002-4198-7599 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3 BP 657 EP 663 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01185.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 842ON UT WOS:000223013800019 ER PT J AU Yang, B Tewary, VK AF Yang, B Tewary, VK TI Continuum Dyson's equation and defect Green's function in a heterogeneous anisotropic solid SO MECHANICS RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE anisotropic elasticity; Dyson's equation; eigenstrain; Green's function; heterogeneity; inhomogeneous inclusion; composites AB A continuum Dyson's equation and a defect Green's function (GF) in a heterogeneous, anisotropic and linearly elastic solid under homogeneous boundary conditions have been introduced. The continuum Dyson's equation relates the point-force Green's responses of two systems of identical geometry and boundary conditions but of different media. Given the GF of either system (i.e., a reference), the GF of the other (i.e., a defect system with "defect" change of materials property relative to the reference) can be obtained by solving the Dyson's equation. The defect GF is applied to solve the eigenstrain problem of a heterogeneous solid. In particular, the problem of slightly inhomogeneous inclusions is examined in detail. Based on the Dyson's equation, approximate schemes are proposed to efficiently evaluate the elastic field. Numerical results are reported for inhomogeneous inclusions in a semi-infinite substrate with a traction-free surface to demonstrate the validity of the present formulation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Florida Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. EM boyang@fit.edu RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0093-6413 J9 MECH RES COMMUN JI Mech. Res. Commun. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 31 IS 4 BP 405 EP 414 DI 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2003.11.013 PG 10 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 823AM UT WOS:000221582100003 ER PT J AU Pusey, J Fattah, A Agrawal, S Messina, E AF Pusey, J Fattah, A Agrawal, S Messina, E TI Design and workspace analysis of a 6-6 cable-suspended parallel robot SO MECHANISM AND MACHINE THEORY LA English DT Article AB In this paper, we study the design and workspace of a 6-6 cable-suspended parallel robot. The workspace volume is characterized as the set of points where the centroid of the moving platform can reach with tensions in all suspension cables at a constant orientation. This paper attempts to tackle some aspects of optimal design of a 6DOF cable robot by addressing the variations of the workspace volume and the accuracy of the robot using different geometric configurations, different sizes and orientations of the moving platform. The global condition index is used as a performance index of a robot with respect to the force and velocity transmission over the whole workspace. The results are used for design analysis of the cable-robot for a specific motion of the moving platform. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Mech Syst Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Mech Syst Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM pusey@me.udel.edu OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 12 TC 106 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-114X J9 MECH MACH THEORY JI Mech. Mach. Theory PD JUL PY 2004 VL 39 IS 7 BP 761 EP 778 DI 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2004.02.010 PG 18 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 825SG UT WOS:000221778000006 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM Fridy, J El-Dasher, BS Jung, KY Rollett, AD AF Saylor, DM Fridy, J El-Dasher, BS Jung, KY Rollett, AD TI Statistically representative three-dimensional microstructures based on orthogonal observation sections SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Characterization and Representation of Materials Microstructures in 3D CY OCT, 2002 CL Columbus, OH ID POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA; GRAIN-GROWTH; MICROSCOPY; SIMULATION; DIMENSIONS; EVOLUTION AB Techniques are described that have been used to create a statistically representative three-dimensional model microstructure for input into computer simulations using the geometric and crystallographic observations from two orthogonal sections through an aluminum polycrystal. Orientation maps collected on the observation planes are used to characterize the sizes, shapes, and orientations of grains. Using a voxel-based tessellation technique, a microstructure is generated with grains whose size and shape are constructed to conform to those measured experimentally. Orientations are then overlaid on the grain structure such that distribution of grain orientations and the nearest-neighbor relationships, specified by the distribution of relative misorientations across grain boundaries, match the experimentally measured distributions. The techniques are applicable to polycrystalline materials with sufficiently compact grain shapes and can also be used to controllably generate a wide variety of hypothetical microstructures for initial states in computer simulations. C1 NIST, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Alcoa Tech Ctr, Alcoa Ctr, PA 15609 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), NIST, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dsaylor@nist.gov RI Rollett, Anthony/A-4096-2012 OI Rollett, Anthony/0000-0003-4445-2191 NR 21 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 19 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 35A IS 7 BP 1969 EP 1979 DI 10.1007/s11661-004-0146-0 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 832VQ UT WOS:000222295900007 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM El-Dasher, BS Adams, BL Rohrer, GS AF Saylor, DM El-Dasher, BS Adams, BL Rohrer, GS TI Measuring the five-parameter grain-boundary distribution from observations of planar sections SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Characterization and Representation of Materials Microstructures in 3D CY OCT, 2002 CL Columbus, OH AB A stereological method is described for estimating the distribution of grain-boundary types in polycrystalline materials on the basis of observations from a single planar section. The grain-boundary distribution is expressed in terms of five macroscopically observable parameters that include: three parameters that describe the lattice misorientation across the boundary and two parameters that describe the orientation of the grain-boundary plane normal. The grain-boundary distribution is derived from measurements of grain orientations and the orientations of the lines formed where grain boundaries intersect the plane of observation. Tests of the method on simulated observations illustrate that the distribution of boundaries in a material with cubic symmetry can be reliably determined with about 10degrees of resolution from the analysis of 5 X 10degrees or more line segments. Furthermore, grain-boundary distributions directly observed from serial sections of a SrTiO3 polycrystal are compared to those resulting from the stereological analysis of a single plane. The comparison shows that the stereological method provides a reasonable estimate of the measured distribution. The differences between the directly observed grain-boundary distribution and that derived from the stereological analysis are consistent with the results from the simulation. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.saylor@nist.gov RI Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 12 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 27 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 35A IS 7 BP 1981 EP 1989 DI 10.1007/s11661-004-0147-z PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 832VQ UT WOS:000222295900008 ER PT J AU Read, DT Cheng, YW Geiss, R AF Read, DT Cheng, YW Geiss, R TI Morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a copper electrodeposit SO MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Characterization and Mechanical Reliability of Advanced Electronic Materials at Nanoscale CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL Phoenix, AZ SP ASME DE electrodeposit; electron backscatter diffraction; grain size; molecular dynamics; strength; spheroidal ID THIN-FILMS; METALS AB This paper presents two new experimental observations on electrodeposited copper: unusual morphology as seen in the scanning electron microscope at high magnification, and mechanical properties, as measured by tensile testing. We report detailed characterization of a 2.6 mum thick copper electrodeposit, made on silicon using laboratory procedures and similar to materials now widely used in advanced electronic interconnect structures. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron backscattered diffraction, imaging in a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and microtensile testing. Initial observations indicated microstructural dimensions and mechanical properties in the expected ranges. However, using high-magnification, high resolution imaging in the FESEM, we found a surprising result: the morphology of this electrodeposit resembled an agglomeration of round balls or spheres approximately 30-50 nm in diameter. Both X-ray and electron diffraction results showed grain and subgrain sizes much larger than the individual spheres. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of spheres of copper atoms were carried out to interpret the observations, and produced a degree of interpenetration of the spheres that was consistent with the observations. However, in MD simulations of two initially misoriented spheres of up to a thousand atoms, with diameters up to 3 nm and for durations up to 30 ps, the spheres readily agglomerated but remained misoriented. So, the mechanism and rate of crystallographic grain growth within the agglomeration of spheroids remains unknown. This unusual spheroidal morphology may be related to the unusual room-temperature grain growth observed in electrodeposited copper. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 853-08,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM read@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9317 J9 MICROELECTRON ENG JI Microelectron. Eng. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 75 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1016/j.mee.2003.09.012 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA 835DH UT WOS:000222459800008 ER PT J AU Keller, RR Roshko, A Geiss, RH Bertness, KA Quinn, TP AF Keller, RR Roshko, A Geiss, RH Bertness, KA Quinn, TP TI EBSD measurement of strains in GaAs due to oxidation of buried AlGaAs layers SO MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Characterization and Mechanical Reliability of Advanced Electronic Materials at Nanoscale CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL Phoenix, AZ SP ASME DE EBSD; oxidation; strain AB We have characterized elastic strain fields associated with the wet-thermal oxidation of buried AlxGa1-xAs (x similar to 0.98) layers of thickness 80 nm, situated between GaAs layers of thickness 200 nm, on a GaAs substrate. The compressive strains accompanying oxidation can exceed 6% and may lead to interlayer delamination or fracture. Automated electron backscatter diffraction measurements were performed about individual oxide growth fronts on longitudinally cross-sectioned samples. We found that the elastic strain fields can be detected and mapped with a spatial resolution of better than 30 nm, using pattern sharpness quantification. Measured strain fields are elongated along the interfaces and extend approximately 1 mum around the growth front. We present efforts to quantify the spatial extent of these strain fields, as well as finite element simulations of the mechanics of oxide formation in this structure. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Keller, RR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bob.keller@nist.gov RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 10 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9317 EI 1521-3757 J9 MICROELECTRON ENG JI Microelectron. Eng. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 75 IS 1 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.1016/j.mee.2003.11.010 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA 835DH UT WOS:000222459800012 ER PT J AU Canino, MF Bentzen, P AF Canino, MF Bentzen, P TI Evidence for positive selection at the pantophysin (Pan I) locus in walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE positive selection; pantophysin; walleye pollock; maximum likelihood ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; DNA-SEQUENCE VARIATION; SYNAPTOPHYSIN SYP-I; AMINO-ACID SITES; ATLANTIC COD; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; NATURAL-SELECTION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; BACKGROUND SELECTION; DARWINIAN SELECTION AB Nucleotide polymorphism at the pantophysin (Pan I) locus in walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, was examined using DNA sequence data. Two distinct allelic lineages were detected in pollock, resulting from three amino acid replacement mutations in the first intravesicular domain of the protein. The common Pan I allelic group, comprising 94% of the samples, was less polymorphic (pi = 0.005) than the uncommon group (pi = 0.008), and nucleotide diversity in both was higher than for two allelic lineages in the related Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Phylogenetic analyses of Pan I sequences from these two species did not clearly resolve orthology among allelic groups, in part because of recombination that has occurred between the two pollock lineages. Conventional tests of neutrality comparing polymorphisms within and between homologous regions of the Pan I locus in walleye pollock and Atlantic cod did not detect the effects of selection. This result is likely attributed to low levels of synonymous divergence among allelic lineages and a lack of mutation-drift equilibrium inferred from nucleotide mismatch frequency distributions. However, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site (d(N)/d(S)) exceeded unity in two intravesicular domains of the protein and the influence of positive selection at multiple codon sites was strongly inferred through the use of maximum-likelihood analyses. In addition, the frequency spectrum of linked neutral variation showed indirect effects of adaptive hitchhiking in pollock resulting from a selective sweep of the common allelic lineage. Recombination between the two allelic classes may have prevented complete loss of the older, more polymorphic lineage. The results suggest that recurrent sweeps driven by positive selection is the principle mode of evolution at the Pan I locus in gadid fishes. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Canino, MF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA USA. EM mike.canino@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 21 IS 7 BP 1391 EP 1400 DI 10.1093/molbev/msh141 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 833JT UT WOS:000222334300024 PM 15084678 ER PT J AU O'Reilly, PT Canino, MF Bailey, KM Bentzen, P AF O'Reilly, PT Canino, MF Bailey, KM Bentzen, P TI Inverse relationship between F-ST and microsatellite polymorphism in the marine fish, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): implications for resolving weak population structure SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic differentiation; heterozygosity; isolation by distance; microsatellites; marine fish; mutation ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; HAKE MERLUCCIUS-MERLUCCIUS; BASS DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; STEPWISE MUTATION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; ATLANTIC COD; BERING SEA; HETEROZYGOTE DEFICIENCY; STATISTICAL PROPERTIES AB Microsatellites have proved to be useful for the detection of weak population structure in marine fishes and other species characterized by large populations and high gene flow. None the less, uncertainty remains about the net effects of the particular mutational properties of these markers, and the wide range of locus polymorphism they exhibit, on estimates of differentiation. We examined the effect of varying microsatellite polymorphism on the magnitude of observed differentiation in a population survey of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. Genetic differentiation at 14 microsatellite loci among six putative populations from across the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea was weak but significant on large geographical scales and conformed to an isolation-by-distance pattern. A negative relationship was found between locus variability and the magnitude of estimated population subdivision. Estimates of F-ST declined with locus polymorphism, resulting in diminished power to discriminate among samples, and we attribute this loss to the effects of size homoplasy. This empirical result suggests that mutation rates of some microsatellite loci are sufficiently high to limit resolution of weak genetic structure typical of many marine fishes. C1 Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bentzen, P (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. EM Paul.Bentzen@dal.ca NR 87 TC 140 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 13 IS 7 BP 1799 EP 1814 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02214.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 827VY UT WOS:000221933000007 PM 15189204 ER PT J AU Krutzen, M Barre, LM Connor, RC Mann, J Sherwin, WB AF Krutzen, M Barre, LM Connor, RC Mann, J Sherwin, WB TI 'O father: where art thou?' - Paternity assessment in an open fission-fusion society of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alliance formation; Bayesian inference of paternity; bottlenose dolphin; paternity index; Tursiops sp ID REPRODUCTIVE SKEW; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS; GENETICAL EVOLUTION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; ALLIANCE FORMATION; ANIMAL SOCIETIES; SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; MATING SYSTEMS; FEMALE CHOICE AB Sexually mature male bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay cooperate by pursuing distinct alliance strategies to monopolize females in reproductive condition. We present the results of a comprehensive study in a wild cetacean population to test whether male alliance membership is a prerequisite for reproductive success. We compared two methods for inferring paternity: both calculate a likelihood ratio, called the paternity index, between two opposing hypotheses, but they differ in the way that significance is applied to the data. The first method, a Bayesian approach commonly used in human paternity testing, appeared to be overly conservative for our data set, but would be less susceptible to assumptions if a larger number of microsatellite loci had been used. Using the second approach, the computer program CERVUS 2.0, we successfully assigned 11 paternities to nine males, and 17 paternities to 14 out of 139 sexually mature males at 95% and 80% confidence levels, respectively. It appears that being a member of a bottlenose dolphin alliance is not a prerequisite for paternity: two paternities were obtained by juvenile males (one at the 95%, the other at the 80% confidence level), suggesting that young males without alliance partners pursue different mating tactics to adults. Likelihood analyses showed that these two juvenile males were significantly more likely to be the true father of the offspring than to be their half-sibling (P<0.05). Using paternity data at an 80% confidence level, we could show that reproductive success was significantly skewed within at least some stable first-order alliances (P<0.01). Interestingly, there is powerful evidence that one mating was incestuous, with one calf apparently fathered by its mother's father (P<0.01). Our study suggests that the reproductive success of both allied males, and of nonallied juveniles, needs to be incorporated into an adaptive framework that seeks to explain alliance formation in male bottlenose dolphins. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. UMASS Dartmouth, Dept Biol, N Dartmouth, MA 02748 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Psychol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Krutzen, M (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM michael.kruetzen@unsw.edu.au RI Sherwin, William B/C-3432-2008; Krutzen, Michael/D-9550-2011; OI Sherwin, William B/0000-0002-1578-8473; Krutzen, Michael/0000-0003-1055-5299 NR 89 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 13 IS 7 BP 1975 EP 1990 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02192.x PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 827VY UT WOS:000221933000021 PM 15189218 ER PT J AU Lonfat, M Marks, FD Chen, SYS AF Lonfat, M Marks, FD Chen, SYS TI Precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager: A global perspective SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE; SATELLITE; SHEAR AB TRMM microwave imager rain estimates are used to quantify the spatial distribution of rainfall in tropical cyclones (TCs) over the global oceans. A total of 260 TCs were observed worldwide from 1 January 1998-31 December 2000, providing 2121 instantaneous TC precipitation observations. To examine the relationship between the storm intensity, its geographical location, and the rainfall distribution, the dataset is stratified into three intensity groups and six oceanic basins. The three intensity classes used in this study are tropical storms (TSs) with winds <33 m s(-1), category 1-2 hurricane-strength systems (CAT12) with winds from 34-48 m s(-1), and category 3-5 systems (CAT35) with winds >49 m s(-1). The axisymmetric component of the TC rainfall is represented by the radial distribution of the azimuthal mean rainfall rates ( R). The mean rainfall distribution is computed using 10-km annuli from the storm center to a 500-km radius. The azimuthal mean rain rates vary with storm intensity and from basin to basin. The maximum R is about 12 mm h(-1) for CAT35, but decreases to 7 mm h(-1) for CAT12, and to 3 mm h(-1) for TS. The radius from the storm center of the maximum rainfall decreases with increasing storm intensity, from 50 km for TS to 35 km for CAT35 systems. The asymmetric component is determined by the first-order Fourier decomposition in a coordinate system relative to the storm motion. The asymmetry in TC rainfall varies significantly with both storm intensity and geographic locations. For the global average of all TCs, the maximum rainfall is located in the front quadrants. The location of the maximum rainfall shifts from the front-left quadrant for TS to the front-right for CAT35. The amplitude of the asymmetry varies with intensity as well; TS shows a larger asymmetry than CAT12 and CAT35. These global TC rainfall distributions and variability observed in various ocean basins should help to improve TC rainfall forecasting worldwide. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Chen, SYS (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM schen@rsmas.miami.edu RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514 NR 22 TC 121 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1645 EP 1660 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1645:PDITCU>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 837CA UT WOS:000222602900007 ER PT J AU Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Wick, GA AF Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Wick, GA TI Satellite and CALJET aircraft observations of atmospheric rivers over the eastern north pacific ocean during the winter of 1997/98 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; MICROWAVE IMAGER SSM/I; WATER-VAPOR TRANSPORT; SIERRA-NEVADA; LIQUID WATER; ALGORITHM; CLIMATOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; RAINFALL; WINDS AB This study uses a unique combination of airborne and satellite observations to characterize narrow regions of strong horizontal water vapor flux associated with polar cold fronts that occurred over the eastern North Pacific Ocean during the winter of 1997/98. Observations of these "atmospheric rivers'' are compared with past numerical modeling studies to confirm that such narrow features account for most of the instantaneous meridional water vapor transport at midlatitudes. Wind and water vapor profiles observed by dropsondes deployed on 25-26 January 1998 during the California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) were used to document the structure of a modest frontal system. The horizontal water vapor flux was focused at low altitudes in a narrow region ahead of the cold front where the combination of strong winds and large water vapor content were found as part of a low-level jet. A close correlation was found between these fluxes and the integrated water vapor (IWV) content. In this case, 75% of the observed flux through a 1000-km cross-front baseline was within a 565-km-wide zone roughly 4 km deep. This zone contained 1.5 x 10(8) kg s(-1) of meridional water vapor flux, the equivalent of similar to20% of the global average at 35degreesN. By compositing polar-orbiting satellite Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data from 46 dates containing long, narrow zones of large IWV, it was determined that the single detailed case was representative of the composite in terms of both the IWV amplitude (3.09 cm vs 2.81 cm) and the width of the area where IWV greater than or equal to 2 cm (424 km vs 388 km). The SSM/I composites also showed that the width scales (defined by the 75% cumulative fraction along a 1500-km cross-plume baseline) for cloud liquid water and rain rate were 176 and 141 km, respectively, which are narrower than the 417 km for IWV. Examination of coincident Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and SSM/I satellite data revealed that GOES cloud-top temperatures were coldest and cloud-top pressures were lowest in the core of the IWV plumes, and that the core cloud tops became substantially colder and deeper for larger IWV. A strong latitudinal dependence of the satellite-derived cross-river characteristics was also found. Atmospheric rivers form a critical link between weather and climate scales. They strongly influence both short-term weather and flood prediction, as well as seasonal climate anomalies and the global water cycle, through their cumulative effects. However, the rivers remain poorly observed by the existing global atmospheric observing system in terms of their horizontal water vapor fluxes. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM MartyRalph@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 193 Z9 196 U1 5 U2 34 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1721 EP 1745 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1721:SACAOO>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 837CA UT WOS:000222602900011 ER PT J AU McCaul, EW Buechler, DE Goodman, SJ Cammarata, M AF McCaul, EW Buechler, DE Goodman, SJ Cammarata, M TI Doppler radar and lightning network observations of a severe outbreak of tropical cyclone tornadoes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID STORMS; ENVIRONMENTS; BOUNDARY; BUOYANCY AB Data from a single Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and the National Lightning Detection Network are used to examine the characteristics of the convective storms that produced a severe tornado outbreak, including three tornadoes that reached F3 intensity, within Tropical Storm Beryl's remnants on 16 August 1994. Comparison of the radar data with reports of tornadoes suggests that only 13 cells produced the 29 tornadoes that were documented in Georgia and the Carolinas on that date. Six of these cells spawned multiple tornadoes, and the radar data confirm the presence of miniature supercells. One of the cells was identifiable on radar for 11 h, spawning tornadoes over a time period spanning approximately 6.5 h. Several other tornadic cells also exhibited great longevity, with cell lifetimes longer than ever previously documented in a landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) tornado event. This event is easily the most intense TC tornado outbreak yet documented with WSR-88Ds. Time-height analyses of the three strongest tornadic supercells are presented in order to document storm kinematic structure and to show how these storms appear at different ranges from a WSR-88D. In addition, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data are examined in Beryl's remnants. Although the tornadic cells were responsible for most of Beryl's CG lightning, their flash rates were only weak to moderate, and in all the tornadic storms the lightning flashes were almost entirely negative in polarity. A few of the single-tornado storms produced no detectable CG lightning at all. There is evidence that CG lightning rates decreased during the tornadoes, compared to 30-min periods before the tornadoes. A number of the storms spawned tornadoes just after producing their final CG lightning flashes. Contrary to the findings for flash rates, both peak currents and positive flash percentages were larger in Beryl's nontornadic storms than in the tornadic ones. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Columbia, SC USA. RP McCaul, EW (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, 6700 Odyssey Dr,Suite 203, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM mccaul@space.hsv.usra.edu NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1747 EP 1763 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1747:DRALNO>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 837CA UT WOS:000222602900012 ER PT J AU Peckham, SE Wilhelmson, RB Wicker, LJ Ziegler, CL AF Peckham, SE Wilhelmson, RB Wicker, LJ Ziegler, CL TI Numerical simulation of the interaction between the dryline and horizontal convective rolls SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-BREEZE FRONT; THUNDERSTORM INITIATION; OKLAHOMA DRYLINE; SCALE SELECTION; GRAVITY-WAVES; VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION; PRECIPITATION; TRANSITIONS AB The results of high-resolution simulations of an idealized dryline environment are discussed. The use of a single high-resolution domain, combined with accurate advection numerics and minimized numerical filtering, allows the explicit resolution of large horizontal convective roll (HCR) circulations and their daytime evolution. The horizontal convective rolls are oriented in the direction of the lower planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind shear. By midafternoon a north-south-oriented dryline develops near the center of the simulation domain with the PBL circulations from both sides intersecting the dryline at multiple locations. West of the dryline, the HCR bands evolve into open convective cell (OCC) structures having stronger and deeper vertical circulations compared to the OCCs and HCRs to the east. The OCCs and HCRs east of the dryline impact the dryline and convective cloud location by modulating the low-level moisture and upslope easterly flow. The interaction between OCC and HCR circulations and the dryline appears primarily responsible for creating a considerable amount of along-line variation in the dryline characteristics. Many shallow convective clouds develop along and west of the dryline over the OCC and HCR updrafts as well as OCC-dryline and HCR-dryline intersection points. The shallow convective clouds evolve into deep convective clouds where OCCs and HCRs to the east intersect the dryline near the same location. When the cumulus clouds move to the east of the dryline and remain over an OCC/HCR updraft, the persistent low-level lifting permits the convective updraft to overcome the cap east of the dryline and directly lift near-surface moisture to its level of free convection. C1 NOAA, FSL, RFSI, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Peckham, SE (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, RFSI, DSRC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM steven.peckham@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1792 EP 1812 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1792:NSOTIB>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 837CA UT WOS:000222602900015 ER PT J AU Pasch, RJ Lawrence, MB Avila, LA Beven, JL Franklin, JL Stewart, SR AF Pasch, RJ Lawrence, MB Avila, LA Beven, JL Franklin, JL Stewart, SR TI Atlantic hurricane season of 2002 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized. Although the season's total of 12 named storms was above normal, many of these were weak and short-lived. Eight of the named cyclones made landfall in the United States, including Lili, the first hurricane to hit the United States in nearly 3 yr. C1 NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Natl Hurricane Ctr, NOAA, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Pasch, RJ (reprint author), NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Natl Hurricane Ctr, NOAA, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM Richard.J.Pasch@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1829 EP 1859 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1829:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 837CA UT WOS:000222602900017 ER PT J AU Protasenko, VV Gallagher, AC AF Protasenko, VV Gallagher, AC TI Apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy of single molecules SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENHANCEMENT; TIP AB Single molecules within poly(vinyl alcohol) film are studied in a confocal, vacuum apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope. Fluorescence images show asymmetry, attributed to interference between evanescent and probe fields, combined with the direction of one-dimensional absorption dipole of the molecule. A model for the evanescent and probe excitation fields qualitatively reproduces many observed features of molecule fluorescence images. In the experiment we measured up to 7.3 times fluorescence enhancement and similar to30 nm fluorescence resolution. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gallagher, AC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, UCB 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 4 IS 7 BP 1329 EP 1332 DI 10.1021/nl049474c PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 839CX UT WOS:000222762000030 ER PT J AU Hamann, IM Boehlert, GW Wilson, CD AF Hamann, IM Boehlert, GW Wilson, CD TI Effects of steep topography on the flow and stratification near Palmyra Atoll SO OCEAN DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE flow-topography interaction; recirculation; boundary mixing ID TROPICAL PACIFIC; EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT; CIRCULAR-CYLINDER; OCEANIC ISLAND; DISTRIBUTIONS; DISTURBANCE; TRANSPORTS; WATER; WAKE; REEF AB Two interdisciplinary cruises aimed at relating the ecology of marine fish populations to oceanographic conditions were fielded during the late summer and late winter seasons near Palmyra Atoll (5.9degreesN, 162.1degreesW) in the Line Islands. Ocean current and hydrographic measurements revealed interaction of the flow with the steep topography. During the first cruise (August/September 1990) satellite-tracked surface drifters and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements showed a strong eastward setting North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) with maximum speeds exceeding I m s(-1) at 80 in depth approximately. This current turned southeastward on closer approach to Palmyra. The drifter paths exhibited excursions with zonal wavelength of approximately 250 km, meridional amplitude of 25 km and period of approximately 5 days. During the second cruise (February/March 1992), the ADCP-derived speeds of the NECC were weaker (maxima approximately 33 cm s(-1)) while the relative geostrophic flow component was of magnitude similar to 1990 and the signal of zonal geostrophic currents reached much deeper to approximately 650 in depth (150 in in 1990). Doming isopycnals beneath the surface mixed layer as well as thick (10-25 m) internal mixed layers were found near Palmyra during both cruises, with slightly different positions relative to the island. The discontinuous vertical temperature profiles may have been a result of strong boundary mixing due to breaking internal waves on Palmyra's steep slopes. In the immediate vicinity of the island variations in flow speed, stratification and "mixing" in both the alongshore and cross-isobath directions were observed. Overall, the current speeds were reduced during February/March 1992, the peak time of the 1991-1993 warm event in the tropical Pacific. While parameters of turbulent two-dimensional wake theory are suggestive of formation and shedding of eddies in the lee of the island, no direct observations of circular motions were made in either expedition. C1 Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Meeres & Klimaforsch, Inst Meereskunde, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NMFS Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hamann, IM (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Meeres & Klimaforsch, Inst Meereskunde, Bundesstr 53, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM hamann@ifm.uni-hamburg.de NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1616-7341 J9 OCEAN DYNAM JI Ocean Dyn. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 54 IS 3-4 BP 460 EP 473 DI 10.1007/s1036-004-0091-x PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 852OK UT WOS:000223766100019 ER PT J AU Holman, KW Jones, DJ Hudson, DD Ye, J AF Holman, KW Jones, DJ Hudson, DD Ye, J TI Precise frequency transfer through a fiber network by use of 1.5-mu m mode-locked sources SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLOCK AB We report the precise transfer of radio-frequency signals by use of the pulse repetition frequency of mode-locked laser sources at 1.5 mum transmitting through a fiber network. The. passive transfer instability through a 6.9-km fiber is, below 3 X 10(-14) at 1 s, which. is comparable with the optical carrier-frequency transfer of a narrow-linewidth cw laser. The instability of the measurement system is below 7 X 10(-15) at 1 s. It is noted that the pulsed mode of operation offers almost an order-of-magnitude improvement in stability at I s over that with a sinusoidal amplitude. modulation on An optical carrier. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Holman, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 5 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 13 BP 1554 EP 1556 DI 10.1364/OL.29.001554 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 830OV UT WOS:000222133100040 PM 15259744 ER PT J AU Calarco, T Dorner, U Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Zoller, P AF Calarco, T Dorner, U Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Zoller, P TI Quantum computations with atoms in optical lattices: Marker qubits and molecular interactions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; COLD; GAS; ENTANGLEMENT; COLLISIONS AB We develop a scheme for quantum computation with neutral atoms, based on the concept of "marker" atoms, i.e., auxiliary atoms that can be efficiently transported in state-independent periodic external traps to operate quantum gates between physically distant qubits. This allows for relaxing a number of experimental constraints for quantum computation with neutral atoms in microscopic potential, including single-atom laser addressability. We discuss the advantages of this approach in a concrete physical scenario involving molecular interactions. C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. European Ctr Theroet Studies Nucl Phys & Related, I-38050 Villazzano, TN, Italy. Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, CRS BEC INFM, I-38050 Povo, TN, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Calarco, T (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Zoller, Peter/O-1639-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Zoller, Peter/0000-0003-4014-1505; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 42 TC 114 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 012306 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.012306 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 845VK UT WOS:000223273200036 ER PT J AU Hensinger, WK Mouchet, A Julienne, PS Delande, D Heckenberg, NR Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H AF Hensinger, WK Mouchet, A Julienne, PS Delande, D Heckenberg, NR Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H TI Analysis of dynamical tunneling experiments with a Bose-Einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOM OPTICS AB Dynamical tunneling is a quantum phenomenon where a classically forbidden process occurs that is prohibited not by energy but by another constant of motion. The phenomenon of dynamical tunneling has been recently observed in a sodium Bose-Einstein condensate. We present a detailed analysis of these experiments using numerical solutions of the three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation and the corresponding Floquet theory. We explore the parameter dependency of the tunneling oscillations and we move the quantum system towards the classical limit in the experimentally accessible regime. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Biophoton & Laser Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, UMR 6083, Lab Math & Phys Theor, F-37200 Tours, France. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8552, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Hensinger, WK (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Randall Lab 2477, 500 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM hensinge@umich.edu; mouchet@celfi.phys.univ-tours.fr RI Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina/C-6762-2009; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina/D-2387-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina/0000-0002-8332-2309; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 013408 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.013408 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 845VK UT WOS:000223273200081 ER PT J AU Raoult, M Mies, FH AF Raoult, M Mies, FH TI Feshbach resonance in atomic binary collisions in the Wigner threshold law regime SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DEFECT THEORY; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; SCATTERING; MOLECULES AB We analyze, within the generalized multichannel quantum defect theory framework, atomic binary collision cross sections over the 1 muK to 10 mK energy range just above the entrance channel threshold, a domain where the Wigner threshold law should apply. By adjusting the strength of a constant external magnetic field a Feshbach resonance is tuned at will over this energy range. In the threshold regime, the quasibound state interacts with an opening continuum whose wave function presents a strong energy dependence which reflects the breakdown of the WKB approximation. The effective discrete-continuum interactions become very sensitive to the energy. The consequences of these variations have been investigated by including threshold effects in the analysis of the Fano configuration-interaction theory [ Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961) ] in terms of quantum defect theory quantities proposed by [ Lecomte J. Phys. B 20, 3645 (1987) ]. This analysis shows that the energy variations are in general so important that it becomes meaningless to associate a width with a Feshbach resonance. However, it is still possible to define the resonance energy, as long as the energy variation of the shift of the resonance, induced by the effective discrete-continuum interaction, remains linear over an energy range corresponding to the magnitude of the shift. C1 CNRS, Aime Cotton Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raoult, M (reprint author), CNRS, Aime Cotton Lab, Batiment 505, F-91405 Orsay, France. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 012710 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.012710 PG 21 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 845VK UT WOS:000223273200068 ER PT J AU Shende, VV Bullock, SS Markov, IL AF Shende, VV Bullock, SS Markov, IL TI Recognizing small-circuit structure in two-qubit operators SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; GATES; ENTANGLEMENT AB This work proposes numerical tests which determine whether a two-qubit operator has an atypically simple quantum circuit. Specifically, we describe formulas, written in terms of matrix coefficients, characterizing operators implementable with exactly zero, one, or two controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates and all other gates being one-qubit gates. We give an algorithm for synthesizing two-qubit circuits with an optimal number of CNOT gates and illustrate it on operators appearing in quantum algorithms by Deutsch-Josza, Shor, and Grover. In another application, our explicit numerical tests allow timing a given Hamiltonian to compute a CNOT modulo one-qubit gate, when this is possible. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Shende, VV (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM vshende@umich.edu; stephen.bullock@nist.gov; imarkov@umich.edu NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 012310 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.012310 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 845VK UT WOS:000223273200040 ER PT J AU Gehring, PM Ohwada, K Shirane, G AF Gehring, PM Ohwada, K Shirane, G TI Electric-field effects on the diffuse scattering in PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 doped with 8% PbTiO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; GLASSY POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR; RANGE ORDER; FERROELECTRICS; PEROVSKITES AB We report measurements of the neutron diffuse scattering from a single crystal of the relaxor ferroelectric PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 doped with 8% PbTiO3 (PZN-8%PT) for temperatures 100 Kless than or equal toTless than or equal to530 K and electric fields 0 kV/cmless than or equal toEless than or equal to10 kV/cm. The field-cooled diffuse scattering measured transverse to the (003) Bragg peak is strongly suppressed in the tetragonal phase at 400 K for E=2 kV/cm applied along the [001] direction. However, no change is observed in the diffuse scattering measured transverse to (300), even for field strengths up to 10 kV/cm. Thus the application of an external electric field in the tetragonal (ferroelectric) phase of PZN-8%PT does not produce a uniformly polarized state. This unusal behavior can be understood within the context of the model of Hirota of phase-shifted polar nanoregions in relaxors, since an electric field applied along [001] below T-c would reduce the shifts of the nanoregions along [001] while preserving those along the orthogonal [100] direction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gehring, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 014110 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014110 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 842IE UT WOS:000222996300037 ER PT J AU Kamazawa, K Park, S Lee, SH Sato, TJ Tsunoda, Y AF Kamazawa, K Park, S Lee, SH Sato, TJ Tsunoda, Y TI Dissociation of spin objects in geometrically frustrated CdFe2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; FLUCTUATIONS; TRANSITION; Y2MO2O7 AB Using inelastic neutron scattering, we measured the diffuse scattering pattern of the geometrically frustrated (CdFe2O4)-Cd-110. The observed pattern resembles that of ZnCr2O4, indicative of strong nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic correlations in contrast to the ferromagnetic nearest neighbor interactions of the isomorphic ZnFe2O4. This result demonstrates that the subtle 90degrees Fe3+-O-Fe3+ interaction changes its nature by chemical pressure. Meanwhile, the temperature dependence of the diffuse scattering shows hexagonal spin objects decay very gradually with increasing temperature and can be seen even at temperature as high as five times Curie-Weiss temperature. At low temperatures, spin freezing with only short-range correlations is observed associated with 13 K susceptibility anomaly. No long-range order is found down to 0.1 K with applied field of up to 9 T. C1 Waseda Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kamazawa, K (reprint author), Waseda Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Shinjuku Ku, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. RI Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 2 AR 024418 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.024418 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 842IH UT WOS:000222996600051 ER PT J AU Schneider, ML Onellion, M Xi, XX Zeng, XH Soukiassian, A Omernik, P Taft, G AF Schneider, ML Onellion, M Xi, XX Zeng, XH Soukiassian, A Omernik, P Taft, G TI Electron dynamics in metallic and spin-glass cuprates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY; RELAXATION; THERMALIZATION; LA2-XSRXCUO4; SINGLE; GOLD AB Using femtosecond pump-probe measurements, we present transient optical reflectivity measurements of metallic, superconducting and spin-glass La2-xSrxCuO4 cuprates. The rise time is temperature-independent and resolution-limited (<50 fs) for metallic sample, and is much faster than spin-glass samples (similar to200 fs) at all temperatures. A divergence in the electron-lattice relaxation (tau(R)) time with temperature is observed for the metallic samples, but not for spin-glass samples. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys & Astron, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. RP Schneider, ML (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Div MS 81803, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM michael.schneider@boulder.nist.gov; onellion@wisc.edu NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 012504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.012504 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 842IE UT WOS:000222996300023 ER PT J AU Huffman, PR Jacobson, DL Schoen, K Arif, M Black, TC Snow, WM Werner, SA AF Huffman, PR Jacobson, DL Schoen, K Arif, M Black, TC Snow, WM Werner, SA TI Precision neutron interferometric measurement of the n-He-3 coherent neutron scattering length SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC MASS EVALUATION; CROSS-SECTION; P-D; HE-3; 3-NUCLEON; HELIUM AB A measurement of the n-He-3 coherent scattering length using neutron interferometry is reported. The result, b(c)=(5.8572 +/- 0.0072) fm, improves the measured precision of any single measurement of b(c) by a factor of eight; the previous world average, b(c)=(5.74 +/- 0.04) fm, now becomes b(c)=(5.853 +/- 0.007) fm. Measurements of the n-p, n-d, and n-He-3 coherent scattering lengths have now been performed using the same technique, thus allowing one to extract the scattering length ratios: parameters that minimize systematic errors. We obtain values of b(n3He)/b(np)=(-1.5668 +/- 0.0021) and b(nd)/b(np)=(-1.7828+/-0.0014). Using the new world average value of b(c) and recent high-precision spin-dependent scattering length data also determined by neutron optical techniques, we extract new values for the bound singlet and triple scattering lengths of b(o) =(9.949 +/- 0.027) fm and b(1)=(4.488 +/- 0.017) fm for the n-He-3 system. The free nuclear singlet and triplet scattering lengths are a(o)=(7.456 +/- 0.020) frn and a(1) =(3.363 +/- 0.013) fm. The coherent scattering cross section is sigma(c)=(4.305 +/- 0.007) b and the total scattering cross section is sigma(s)=(5.837+/-0.014) b. Comparisons of a(0) and a(1) to the only existing high-precision theoretical predictions for the n-He-3 system, calculated using a resonating group technique with nucleon-nucleon potentials incorporating three-nucleon forces, have been performed. Neutron scattering length measurements in few-body systems are now sensitive enough to probe small effects not yet adequately treated in present theoretical models. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ N Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Indiana Univ, IUCF, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9985 EI 2469-9993 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 AR 014004 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.014004 PG 7 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 850DE UT WOS:000223590600016 ER PT J AU Rutishauser, MR Costa, DP Goebel, ME Williams, TM AF Rutishauser, MR Costa, DP Goebel, ME Williams, TM TI Ecological implications of body composition and thermal capabilities in young Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; LIFE-HISTORY PARAMETERS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; MIROUNGA-ANGUSTIROSTRIS; DECLINING POPULATION; MILK CONSUMPTION; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; METABOLIC-RATE AB In comparison with other homeotherms, young recently weaned marine mammals in high latitudes face exceptional energetic demands when foraging and thermoregulating. Lipids are an important source of energy and a major component of insulation that allows them to meet these demands. To examine the role of lipid stores in a high-latitude pinniped, we measured the body composition and thermoregulatory capabilities of Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups and yearlings by using flow-through respirometry and hydrogen isotope dilution. From these data, we constructed a model to examine the importance of postweaning fasting capability in free-ranging young fur seals. Resting metabolic rates were different for pups and yearlings measured in 0.6degreesC water, 10.3degreesC water, and ambient air; however, mass and percent lipid as covariates accounted for the different metabolic responses in pups and yearlings for all treatments. The estimated lower critical temperature for combined pups and yearlings was 14.4degreesC, 10degrees-15degreesC above water temperatures normally experienced by Antarctic fur seals. Modeling predicted that a weaned fur seal pup would survive at sea from 9.8 to 36.2 d before succumbing to starvation. The most likely maximum travel distance within this time constraint suggests that food resources close to the natal rookery are important to first-year survival for this species. C1 Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Rutishauser, MR (reprint author), Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM rutishauser@biology.ucsc.edu NR 77 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 77 IS 4 BP 669 EP 681 DI 10.1086/421749 PG 13 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 861JL UT WOS:000224412700013 PM 15449238 ER PT J AU Riviere, G Hua, BL Klein, P AF Riviere, G Hua, BL Klein, P TI Perturbation growth in terms of baroclinic alignment properties SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alignment dynamics; local baroclinic instability; total-energy growth ID WAVES; FLOWS; DISTURBANCES; INSTABILITY; DEFORMATION; TURBULENCE; STABILITY; DYNAMICS; VECTORS AB Mechanisms leading to perturbation growth in complex time-dependent quasi-geostrophic (QG) flows are addressed in this paper. The dynamics of small three-dimensional (3D) perturbations are studied for the complete set of the linearized local QG equations. An analytical diagnostic of these equations shows that, at each spatial location, the preferred 3D structures of the perturbations are related to the eigenvector_directions of a matrix, denoted (A) over bar, which is the 3D generalization of the basic-state strain-rate tensor. The matrix (A) over cap has a degenerate form and depends on both the horizontal deformation and the vertical shear of the unperturbed reference flow. By using a nonlinear Monte-Carlo technique, the 3D structures related to (A) over bar 's eigenvectors are shown to be the most probable ones for perturbation growth. We also provide simple analytical expressions for quantifying the barotropic and baroclinic energy extraction from the reference flow by the perturbations. In particular, our analytical expression for baroclinic energy extraction is found to be more relevant than the Eady index widely used in the literature. An interesting outcome of the Monte-Carlo simulations is that the maxima of the total-energy error field are found to be localized in regions where the norm of (A) over bar is large. C1 Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. RP Riviere, G (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM griviere@princeton.edu RI Klein, Patrice/M-4279-2015 NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 130 IS 600 BP 1655 EP 1673 DI 10.1265/qj.02.223 PN A PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 840PZ UT WOS:000222872800004 ER PT J AU Matthews, AJ Hoskins, BJ Masutani, M AF Matthews, AJ Hoskins, BJ Masutani, M TI The global response to tropical heating in the Madden-Julian oscillation during the northern winter SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE equatorial waves; extratropical intraseasonal variability; Rossby wave response; tropical convection ID CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTION; CONVECTION; MODEL; PROPAGATION; ATMOSPHERE; PACIFIC; ENSO; FLOW AB A life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) was constructed, based on 21 years of outgoing Iona-wave radiation data. Regression maps of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the northern winter show statistically significant upper-tropospheric equatorial wave patterns linked to the tropical convection anomalies, and extratropical wave patterns over the North Pacific, North America, the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and South America. To assess the cause of the circulation anomalies, a global primitive-equation model was initialized with the observed three-dimensional (3D) winter climatological mean flow and forced with a time-dependent heat source derived from the observed MJO anomalies. A model MJO cycle was constructed from the global response to the heating, and both the tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies generally matched the observations well. The equatorial wave patterns are established in a few days, while it takes approximately two weeks for the extratropical patterns to appear. The model response is robust and insensitive to realistic changes in damping and basic state. The model tropical anomalies are consistent with a forced equatorial Rossby-Kelvin wave response to the tropical MJO heating, although it is shifted westward by approximately 20degrees longitude relative to observations. This may be due to a lack of damping processes (cumulus friction) in the regions of convective heating. Once this shift is accounted for. the extratropical response is consistent with theories of Rossby wave forcing and dispersion on the climatological flow, and the pattern correlation between the observed and modelled extratropical flow is up to 0.85. The observed tropical and extratropical wave patterns account for a significant fraction of the intraseasonal circulation variance, and this reproducibility as a response to tropical MJO convection has implications for global medium-range Weather prediction. C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci & Math, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Matthews, AJ (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci & Math, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. EM a.j.matthews@uea.ac.uk RI Matthews, Adrian/A-6444-2011 OI Matthews, Adrian/0000-0003-0492-1168 NR 24 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 15 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 130 IS 601 BP 1991 EP 2011 DI 10.1256/qj.02.123 PN B PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 860HD UT WOS:000224332200002 ER PT J AU Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Bergstrom, PM AF Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Bergstrom, PM TI Compton scattering cross-sections for individual subshells for a few elements of biological interest in the energy region 5 keV-10 MeV SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Indo/Unitd States Workshop on Radiation Physics with Synchrotrons and Other New Sources CY MAY 13-16, 2003 CL Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, INDIA SP Indo-US Sci & Technol Forum, US Natl Acad Sci, Dept Sci & Technolo India HO Argonne Natl Lab ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; BOUND ELECTRON STATES; INCOHERENT-SCATTERING; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION; FREE ATOMS; PHOTONS; EGS4 AB Total Compton scattering cross-sections for the individual subshells of a few elements (H, C N, O, Na, Mg, P S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe) that are the predominant constituents of biological materials are evaluated for photon energies from 5 keV to 10 MeV. These cross sections were calculated within the nonrelativistic impulse approximation, utilizing tabulated values of the Compton profile. These data are expected to be Of Use in detailed simulations of photon transport in matter. Cross sections for the whole atom, obtained by summing over the subshell data, are shown to be in agreement with previous tabulations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bergstrom, PM (reprint author), NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Stop 8460,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM palko@nist.gov NR 38 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4-5 BP 479 EP 489 DI 10.1016/radphyschem.2003.12.026 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 819CN UT WOS:000221290900003 ER PT J AU Colman, JR Dechraoui, MYB Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS AF Colman, JR Dechraoui, MYB Dickey, RW Ramsdell, JS TI Characterization of the developmental toxicity of Caribbean ciguatoxins in finfish embryos SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE finfish; ciguatoxins; Japanese medaka ID BARRACUDA SPHYRAENA-BARRACUDA; CIGUATERA; FISH; BREVETOXIN; NEUROTOXINS; INHIBITION; GAMBIEROL; SURVIVAL; BIOASSAY; CHANNEL AB Since oviparous fishes mobilize fat stores to produce eggs, we investigated the potential for deposition of gonadal ciguatoxins to the oil laden yolk sacs which nourish developing embryos, and characterized the effects of these toxins on finfish development. Results showed that ciguatoxins are more concentrated in the egg mass (0.18 ng/g) of a toxic fish than in the muscle (< 0.04 ng/g). We used a microinjection technique in a Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) developmental fish model to mimic the maternal route of toxin exposure to finfish embryos. We describe the developmental effects of two preparations isolated from Caribbean great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda): a highly purified toxin (C-CTX-1), and ciguatoxins extracted from the flesh of a toxic fish. C-CTX-1 induced a significant decrease in heart rate after four days, which did not persist with further development. Crude extracts from ciguatoxic fish flesh induced hyperkinetic twitching and severe spinal deformities. These effects were observed in embryos receiving as little as 5 pg/egg, and were consistently found in embryos receiving doses exceeding 10 pg/egg. The occurrence of twitching and spinal deformities increased in both frequency and severity with dose. Larvae suffering from spinal abnormalities were unable to orient themselves, and could not feed, resulting in mortality. The greater distribution of toxin to eggs as compared to flesh suggests that fish with low to moderate (0.5 ppb) flesh toxin levels would maternally transfer detrimental amounts of ciguatoxins to their offspring. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Coll Charleston, Grad Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. US FDA, Chem Hazards Res Unit, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUL PY 2004 VL 44 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.04.007 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 838LI UT WOS:000222714400007 PM 15225563 ER PT J AU Carls, MG Rice, SD Marty, GD Naydan, DK AF Carls, MG Rice, SD Marty, GD Naydan, DK TI Pink salmon spawning habitat is recovering a decade after the Exxon Valdez oil spill SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; WEATHERED CRUDE-OIL; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; LIFE-HISTORY; FISH EMBRYOS; DAMAGE; SENSITIVITY; MORTALITY; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE AB Intertidal sediment surrounding many spawning streams for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in western Prince William Sound, Alaska, was contaminated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. Biochemical and egg-dig evidence suggested that oil reduced the survival of pink salmon embryos for several years. Previous research also demonstrated that dissolved oil can be transferred to developing embryos from surrounding oiled sediment via drainage of interstitial water as a result of tidal cycling and hydraulic gradients. In this study, completed a decade after the spill, we sampled stream water for the presence of oil using passive membrane sampling devices, collected sediment and pink salmon eggs for hydrocarbon analysis, and examined alevins for induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consistent with Exxon Valdez oil were present in the water of one of six heavily impacted streams; total PAH concentrations in the stream were greatest in the lower intertidal zone. Similarly distributed total PAHs in a second stream suggested possible contamination. Oil was not detected in the remaining four streams. Induction of CYPIA in pink salmon alevins from the two contaminated streams was lowest in water above mean high tide and increased downstream. Because our samples were all selected from heavily oiled streams, we infer that most pink salmon spawning habitat either has recovered or is recovering. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Carls, MG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mark.carls@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 133 IS 4 BP 834 EP 844 DI 10.1577/T03-125.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 838IY UT WOS:000222708100002 ER PT J AU Morrison, WE Secor, DH AF Morrison, WE Secor, DH TI Abundance of yellow-phase American eels in the Hudson River estuary SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE; ANGUILLA-ROSTRATA; POPULATION; SIZE; MOVEMENTS; STREAMS; MODEL AB Fisheries for American eel Anguilla rostrata occur mostly in estuaries, yet eel abundance in large estuaries is poorly understood and the methods for estimating eel density underdeveloped. During 1997-1999, mark-recapture experiments were conducted for six consecutive days at six sites spanning the 250-km tidal portion of the Hudson River estuary, New York. Each experiment comprised 36 baited eel traps arrayed at 200-m intervals over 144-ha sampling sites. Estimates of local density were complicated by eel behavior, including trap-shy responses to marking and immigration into the experimental grid in response to bait attraction. We compared two open-population models, both modified Peterson methods: Jolly-Seber and a model created to account for eel behavior termed the mean recapture model (MRM). The biases in model outputs in response to trap-shy behavior and immigration were analyzed through simulations; the MRM showed less bias (- 13%) than the Jolly-Seber model (+ 36%). Density estimates for the sampled regions ranged from 2 to 18 eels/ha for MRM and from 3 to 24 eels/ha for the Jolly-Seber model. The lowest density (1.6 eels/ha) was estimated for Albany (river km 240), but all other sites were estimated to have similar densities (5-18 eels/ha). The mean local density in the Hudson River estuary, 9.5 eels/ha, was much lower than those estimated for other systems. An overall abundance of 118,000 was calculated for Hudson River estuary eels larger than 30 cm (total length) at depths of 2-10 m. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Secor, DH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM secor@cbl.umces.edu RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012; Morrison, Wendy/G-1322-2012 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827; NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 133 IS 4 BP 896 EP 910 DI 10.1577/T02-100.1 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 838IY UT WOS:000222708100007 ER PT J AU Boggs, CT Keefer, ML Peery, CA Bjornn, TC Stuehrenberg, LC AF Boggs, CT Keefer, ML Peery, CA Bjornn, TC Stuehrenberg, LC TI Fallback, reascension, and adjusted fishway escapement estimates for adult Chinook salmon and steelhead at Columbia and Snake River dams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMYOGRAM TELEMETRY; TRANSMITTERS; BEHAVIOR AB During their upstream spawning migration in the Columbia River basin, some adult salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. ascend and then fall back over main-stem hydroelectric dams. Fall-back can result in fish injury or death, migration delays, and biases in fishway counts, the primary index for escapement and the basis for production estimates and harvest quotas. We used radiotelemetry to calculate fallback percentages and rates, reascension percentages, biases in fishway escapement estimates due to fallback, and occurrence of behaviorally motivated fallback (correcting overshoot of natal sites) by spring-summer and fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss. The study area included eight Columbia River and Snake River dams evaluated from 1996 to 2001. For all years combined, about 22% of spring-summer Chinook salmon, 15% of fall Chinook salmon, and 21% of steelhead fell back at least once at a dam. Fallback percentages for spring-summer Chinook salmon were generally highest at Bonneville and the Dalles dams and decreased at progressively upstream dams. Fallback rates for spring-summer Chinook salmon were positively correlated with river discharge. Fallback percentages for steelhead and fall Chinook salmon were less variable between years but were more variable between dams than those of spring-summer Chinook salmon. Reascension percentages at dams ranged widely between runs and sites and were negatively related to the number of fish that entered tributaries downstream from the fallback location. Fall Chinook salmon were the most likely to enter a downstream tributary after falling back, though this behavior was also observed in spring-summer Chinook salmon and steelhead. For all years and at all dams, fallback produced positive fishway count biases ranging from 1% to 16% for spring-summer Chinook salmon, 1% to 38% for fall Chinook salmon, and 1% to 12% for steelhead. C1 Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Boggs, CT (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM cboggs@uidaho.edu NR 36 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 133 IS 4 BP 932 EP 949 DI 10.1577/T03-133.1 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 838IY UT WOS:000222708100010 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM AF Hsu, SM TI Nano-lubrication: concept and design SO TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE nano-lubrication; traditional lubrication; adhesion; oxidation; monomolecular layer lubrication ID NITRIDE BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; SILICON-NITRIDE; CHEMICAL-COMPOUNDS; CARBON; FILMS; SURFACES; ALCOHOLS AB The advent of micro-electromechanical devices (MEMs), sensors, actuators, microsystems, and nanotechnology have called to attention the effect of friction on moving parts in nano/micro devices. To take full advantage of the opportunity to sense, compute, and actuate in real time, fast-moving parts are often necessary or desirable. As the scales of the components shrink, adhesion, stiction, friction, and wear become a significant technological barrier for the successful deployment of durable devices. Most current devices in production avoid such contacts. The nature of the surface contacts, as component scale moves from macro to micro to nano, is dominated by surface forces that normally are dwarfed by mechanical loading. Therefore nanolubrication needs to take into account different factors than conventional lubrication concepts. This paper compares traditional lubrication concepts and those necessary for nanolubrication and proposes various nanometer scale thick lubricating film designs as a means to control the surface properties of surfaces at nano/micro scales. Many of the concepts derive their origin from studies and observations from the magnetic hard disk technology where a "monolayer" of lubricant protects the system and has proven to be robust and safe. Examples from magnetic hard disks will be used to illustrate some of the concepts. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.hus@nist.gov NR 25 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 6 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-679X J9 TRIBOL INT JI Tribol. Int. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 37 IS 7 BP 537 EP 545 DI 10.1016/j.triboint.2003.12.002 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 825DM UT WOS:000221736200003 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM AF Hsu, SM TI Molecular basis of lubrication SO TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE boundary lubrication; surface chemistry; tribochemistry; additives; molecular structures; alkyl chain length; monomolecular film design; shear strength of surface films ID FRICTION; FILMS; WEAR AB Lubrication is an art that has been practiced for thousands of years from the early days of our human civilization. The study of lubrication as a science began in the 17th century with the development of bearings and axles. In the early 21st century, the advent of automobiles and steam engines spurred the development of modern complex lubricants consisting of base oils and chemical additives. The development, however, has been mostly empirical in nature. The detailed mechanisms of the chemistry and why they worked were not understood. Rapid advancements in analytical instrumentations and techniques in the last several decades offer an unprecedented opportunity to analyze the complex chemistry and probe the surfaces for chemical evidence. Recent developments in nanotechnology provide further ability to examine phenomena and mechanisms at the nanometer level. As a result of these advances, our understanding of the complex lubrication system has improved significantly. This paper will attempt to provide a molecular basis of how lubricant and additives function in lubrication. Monomolecular thin films have been developed to investigate the fundamental mechanism of boundary lubricating films. Results provide additional insights of how antiwear films work in the lubrication system. Prospect for applying this know-how may result in a revolutionary change in our current lubricating technology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.hus@nist.gov NR 13 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-679X J9 TRIBOL INT JI Tribol. Int. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 37 IS 7 BP 553 EP 559 DI 10.1016/j.triboint.2003.12.004 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 825DM UT WOS:000221736200005 ER PT J AU Cziczo, DJ DeMott, PJ Brooks, SD Prenni, AJ Thomson, DS Baumgardner, D Wilson, JC Kreidenweis, SM Murphy, DM AF Cziczo, DJ DeMott, PJ Brooks, SD Prenni, AJ Thomson, DS Baumgardner, D Wilson, JC Kreidenweis, SM Murphy, DM TI Observations of organic species and atmospheric ice formation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AEROSOLS; STRATOSPHERE; NUCLEATION; PARTICLES; DROPLETS; NUCLEI; CLOUDS; WATER AB Aerosol particles found in the lower confines of the atmosphere are typically internal mixtures of sulfate, inorganic salts, refractory components, and organic species. The effect these complex combinations have on cloud formation processes remains largely unknown. We have conducted two complementary studies on one important process, the homogeneous formation of ice by small particles. In the first study the freezing of atmospheric aerosol was induced using controlled temperature and humidity conditions. In the second study the chemical composition of the residue from ice crystals in high altitude clouds was analyzed. Here we show that organic components do not partition equally to the ice and aqueous phases. Instead, organic-rich particles preferentially remain unfrozen. These results suggest that emissions of organic species have the potential to influence aerosol-cold cloud interactions and climate. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Cziczo, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL6, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM djcziczo@al.noaa.gov RI Prenni, Anthony/A-6820-2011; DeMott, Paul/C-4389-2011; Brooks, Sarah/H-1176-2012; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI DeMott, Paul/0000-0002-3719-1889; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 22 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 12 AR L12116 DI 10.1029/2004GL019822 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 839JG UT WOS:000222779500002 ER PT J AU Termsuksawad, P Niyomsoan, S Goldfarb, RB Kaydanov, VI Olson, DL Mishra, B Gavra, Z AF Termsuksawad, P Niyomsoan, S Goldfarb, RB Kaydanov, VI Olson, DL Mishra, B Gavra, Z TI Measurement of hydrogen in alloys by magnetic and electronic techniques SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE hydrogen storage materials; gas-solid reactions; electronic band structure; electronic transport; magnetic measurements ID HYDRIDES; ABSORPTION; METAL; LANI5; SUBSTITUTION AB As demonstrated in this paper, magnetic and electronic measurements can be used to quantify hydrogen availability, absorption, and desorption in materials for nickel metal-hydride batteries and hydrogen storage. The ability of a metal alloy to absorb and desorb hydrogen depends on the interaction of the metal's electronic bands with electrons donated or accepted by the hydrogen. The tendency of alloys to dissolve hydrogen and form hydrides depends on their performance as electron acceptors. Absorbed hydrogen may exist in either soluble (protonic) or bound phases. Magnetization and thermoelectric (Seebeck) coefficient were measured as functions of hydrogen content in powdered AB(5)- and AB(2)-type alloys. Magnetization decreases with increasing soluble hydrogen in ferromagnetic AB(5)-type (La-Ce)(Ni-Mn)(5) and (La-Nd)(Ni-Co-Mn)(5). However, magnetization increases with increasing soluble hydrogen in AB(2)-type (Zr-Ti)(Cr-Fe)(2). Finally, magnetization does not change with increasing bound hydrogen in AB(2)-type (Zr-Ti)(Ni-Mn-Cr-V)(2). The Seebeck coefficient for AB(5)-type (La-Nd)(Ni-Co-Mn)(5) is a monotonically decreasing function of hydrogen content. However, the effect of absorbed hydrogen on the Seebeck coefficient of the AB(2) alloys depends on whether the hydrogen is soluble or bound. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Nucl Res Ctr Negev, IL-84190 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Olson, DL (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM dolson@mines.edu RI Goldfarb, Ronald/A-5493-2011 OI Goldfarb, Ronald/0000-0002-1942-7974 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 373 IS 1-2 BP 86 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j.jallocm.2003.10.038 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 826VR UT WOS:000221858100016 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Hilbert, JG Juanes, F AF Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Hilbert, JG Juanes, F TI Shallow water predation risk for a juvenile flatfish (winter flounder; Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum) in a northwest Atlantic estuary SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE predation refuge; nursery habitat quality; tethering; juvenile fish mortality ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; SHRIMP CRANGON-SEPTEMSPINOSA; NEW-JERSEY ESTUARY; CORAL-REEF FISH; HABITAT USE; INTERTIDAL ZONE; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; BLUE CRABS; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; PARALICHTHYS-DENTATUS AB Many small fish, including several juvenile Atlantic flatfish, are most abundant in shallow areas presumable because these habitats enhance survivorship and/or growth. In this study, we investigated size-dependent depth distributions and the role of shallow habitats as predator refuges for age-0 winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in a northwest Atlantic estuarine nursery. Analysis of trawl surveys performed during the larval settlement period throughout the Navesink River and Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, showed that as fish increased in size, depth of occurrence gradually decreased, so that individuals >35 mm standard length (SL) were concentrated in habitats similar to 1 m deep. Tethering in structurally simple and adjacent shallow and deep habitats showed that predation risk for flounder (30-50 mm SL) was low in shallow water (< 1 m) and increased rapidly with depth. Summer flounder (Paralychthys dentatits), which were more abundant in trammel nets in deep habitats and included winter flounder in their diets, appeared to be important consumers of tethered fish. Our results indicate that following larval settlement, winter flounder emigrate from or suffer high mortality in deeper water to become concentrated in shallow habitats that can serve as predator refuges even when they lack complex physical structures. These results highlight the potential for functional habitat loss when natural and/or anthropogenic factors make shallow habitats unavailable to young fish. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Dept Commerce, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Dept Commerce, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 82 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 2 BP 137 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.004 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 822WX UT WOS:000221572400001 ER PT J AU Stutz, J Alicke, B Ackermann, R Geyer, A White, A Williams, E AF Stutz, J Alicke, B Ackermann, R Geyer, A White, A Williams, E TI Vertical profiles of NO3, N2O5, O-3, and NOx in the nocturnal boundary layer: 1. Observations during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nocturnal chemistry; nitrate radical; vertical transport ID DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MASTER CHEMICAL MECHANISM; GAS-PHASE REACTION; MCM V3 PART; SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC DEGRADATION; HETEROGENEOUS HYDROLYSIS; BERLIOZ CAMPAIGN AB Nocturnal chemistry in urban areas can considerably influence the composition of the boundary layer by removing nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, as well as changing the size and composition of aerosol particles. Although these processes can have a severe impact on pollution levels at night and during the following day, little quantitative information is available. In particular, the vertical variation of trace gas concentrations and chemistry at night has received little attention and is thus poorly understood. Here we present differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of the vertical distributions of O-3, NO2, and NO3 during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 near Houston, TX. Distinct vertical profiles, with lower mixing ratios of O-3 and NO3 near the ground than above 100 m altitude, were observed. Mixing ratios of NO3 aloft reached 50 ppt and above, and steady state N2O5 levels were calculated to be 100-300 ppt. A one-dimensional chemical transport model reveals that the formation of the vertical trace gas distributions is driven by deposition, surface emissions of NO, reactions of O-3 and NO3, and vertical mixing. The removal of O-3 in Houston is found to proceed by dry deposition, while NOx is primarily lost above 10 m altitude by N2O5 chemistry. The study shows that chemistry in polluted areas is strongly altitude dependent in the lowest 100 m of the nocturnal atmosphere. This altitude dependence should be considered in future field and model studies of urban air pollution. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stutz, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jochen@atmos.ucla.edu RI Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014 NR 65 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D12 AR D12306 DI 10.1029/2003JD004209 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839JM UT WOS:000222780100003 ER PT J AU Ward, B Wanninkhof, R McGillis, WR Jessup, AT DeGrandpre, MD Hare, JE Edson, JB AF Ward, B Wanninkhof, R McGillis, WR Jessup, AT DeGrandpre, MD Hare, JE Edson, JB TI Biases in the air-sea flux of CO2 resulting from ocean surface temperature gradients SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE air-sea CO2 flux; warm layer; cool skin ID SKIN-TEMPERATURE; WIND-SPEED; COOL-SKIN; TRANSFER VELOCITY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; DIFFERENCE; LAYER; PROFILER; PCO(2) AB [ 1] The difference in the fugacities of CO2 across the diffusive sublayer at the ocean surface is the driving force behind the air-sea flux of CO2. Bulk seawater fugacity is normally measured several meters below the surface, while the fugacity at the water surface, assumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, is measured several meters above the surface. Implied in these measurements is that the fugacity values are the same as those across the diffusive boundary layer. However, temperature gradients exist at the interface due to molecular transfer processes, resulting in a cool surface temperature, known as the skin effect. A warm layer from solar radiation can also result in a heterogeneous temperature profile within the upper few meters of the ocean. Here we describe measurements carried out during a 14-day study in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (GasEx-2001) aimed at estimating the gradients of CO2 near the surface and resulting flux anomalies. The fugacity measurements were corrected for temperature effects using data from the ship's thermosalinograph, a high-resolution profiler (SkinDeEP), an infrared radiometer (CIRIMS), and several point measurements at different depths on various platforms. Results from SkinDeEP show that the largest cool skin and warm layer biases occur at low winds, with maximum biases of - 4% and + 4%, respectively. Time series ship data show an average CO2 flux cool skin retardation of about 2%. Ship and drifter data show significant CO2 flux enhancement due to the warm layer, with maximums occurring in the afternoon. Temperature measurements were compared to predictions based on available cool skin parameterizations to predict the skin-bulk temperature difference, along with a warm layer model. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ward, B (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, 98 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM bward@whoi.edu; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov; wmcgillis@whoi.edu; jessup@apl.washington.edu; mdegrand@selway.umt.edu; jeff.hare@noaa.gov; jedson@whoi.edu RI Jessup, Andrew/E-5625-2017 NR 40 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C8 AR C08S08 DI 10.1029/2003JC001800 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 839JX UT WOS:000222781300002 ER PT J AU Tomlinson, MC Stumpf, RP Ransibrahmanakul, V Truby, EW Kirkpatrick, GJ Pederson, BA Vargo, GA Heil, CA AF Tomlinson, MC Stumpf, RP Ransibrahmanakul, V Truby, EW Kirkpatrick, GJ Pederson, BA Vargo, GA Heil, CA TI Evaluation of the use of SeaWiFS imagery for detecting Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll; anomaly; Florida; Karenia brevis; remote sensing; SeaWiFS; harmful algae ID RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; FLORIDA-BAY; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS; GYMNODINIUM BREVE; REFLECTANCE MODEL; WEST FLORIDA; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEM; WATER; SEA AB Frequent blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, along the west coast of Florida are of considerable concern to state resource managers due to numerous ecological and health impacts. With the availability of remotely sensed ocean color imagery from SeaWiFS, a regional algorithm that compensates for the scattering of sediments in coastal waters can be applied to accurately estimate chlorophyll concentrations in coastal areas of Florida. Chlorophyll anomalies of 1 mug l-(1) based on a 60-day running mean are currently used along the Panhandle and west Florida coast, to detect K. brevis blooms exceeding 100,000 cells l(-1). This is the first step in an early warning system to forecast K. brevis blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. A retrospective analysis was performed on imagery acquired from 1999, 2000 and 2001 to determine the accuracy of this technique in detecting K. brevis blooms in this region. During the K. brevis bloom season from August through April, chlorophyll anomalies accurately identified K. brevis blooms along the Florida Panhandle, from Tampa Bay to Cape Romano and Key West >83% of the time. Frequent chlorophyll anomalies were falsely observed in the spring and early summer, prior to the beginning of the K. brevis bloom season. Areas rich in colored dissolved and particulate matter were prone to anomalies that falsely identify K. brevis blooms; however, blooms rarely originate in these areas. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Tomlinson, MC (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Natl Ocean Serv, N-SCII,SSMC4,Sta 9244,1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Michelle.Tomlinson@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 81 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 834VF UT WOS:000222438300003 ER PT J AU Murtagh, W Combs, L Kunches, J AF Murtagh, W Combs, L Kunches, J TI A workshop for the aviation community SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Murtagh, W (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 6 AR UNSP S06004 DI 10.1029/2004SW000081 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908VM UT WOS:000227818300001 ER PT J AU Park, SH Liu, HM Kleinsorge, M Grey, CP Toby, BH Parise, JB AF Park, SH Liu, HM Kleinsorge, M Grey, CP Toby, BH Parise, JB TI [Li-Si-O]-MFI: A new microporous lithosilicate with the MFI topology SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; H-1 MAS; ZEOLITES; ACCESSIBILITY; ACID; RESOLUTION; H-ZSM-5; OXYGEN; AGENT; ZSM-5 AB We report the synthesis and structure solution of [Li-Si-O]-MFI (a = 19.793(4) Angstrom, b = 19.766(4) Angstrom, c = 13.266(3) Angstrom, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)), a framework zeolite related to ZSM-5 (silicalite) with a Li/Si ratio of 4:92. Single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, Si-29 NMR, and infrared spectroscopy indicate that the Li is randomly distributed over the framework sites. In addition, Li occupies ordered positions on extraframework sites that are occluded in voids outlined by the double five- or six-membered rings. The strong interaction between the extraframework Li cations and the negatively charged framework may be responsible for the distortion of the lattice from Pnma, the usual symmetry associated with as-synthesized members of the MFI-family, to its subgroup symmetry P2(1)2(1)2(1). Variable-temperature Li-7 and H-1 MAS NMR experiments show that the extraframework Li cations are not directly accessible to gas molecules, but that the protons formed on calcination are accessible. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Environm Mol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parise, JB (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA. EM sohyun.park@physik.uni-muenchen.de; jparise@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013; Park, So-Hyun/F-3746-2017 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285; Park, So-Hyun/0000-0003-3127-7662 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUN 29 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2605 EP 2614 DI 10.1021/cm049861n PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 832FJ UT WOS:000222252300014 ER PT J AU Maus, S Weidelt, P AF Maus, S Weidelt, P TI Separating the magnetospheric disturbance magnetic field into external and transient internal contributions using a 1D conductivity model of the Earth SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Magnetospheric fields and their induced counterparts are the largest source of error in models representing the geomagnetic field. Of particular concern is the current practice of coupling the internal induced field for convenience to the external field by a real constant, independent of the frequency content of the external inducing source. The error introduced into field models by this simplified representation is of the order of 5 nT on average. Here, we propose an accurate representation of the symmetric part of the disturbance field which is easy to implement. Using a 1D conductivity model of the Earth, we split the disturbance D-st index into two new indices, Est and I-st, which track the transient evolution of the symmetric part of the external and induced disturbance field. The ensuing D-st-based transient correction for geomagnetic field models is in remarkable agreement with the transient effect observed in CHAMP, Orsted and SAC-C satellite magnetic measurements. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Tech Univ Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Maus, S (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, E-GC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM stefan.maus@noaa.gov NR 9 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 29 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 12 AR L12614 DI 10.1029/2004GL020232 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 839JF UT WOS:000222779400008 ER PT J AU Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Brown, WOJ Cohn, SA AF Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Brown, WOJ Cohn, SA TI Performance of correlation estimators for spaced-antenna wind measurement in the presence of noise SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE spaced antenna technique; wind measurement cross-correlation ratio (CCR); full correlation analysis (FCA); signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ID FULL CORRELATION-ANALYSIS; CROSS CORRELATIONS; PROFILERS; SPECTRA AB [1] The theoretical accuracy of baseline winds, estimated using spaced antennas ( SA) and a full correlation analysis ( FCA) method to process signals in the presence of noise, is derived assuming horizontally isotropic refractive index perturbations with a horizontal scale small compared to the transmitting antenna diameter D. This performance of the FCA method is compared with the theoretical performance of another correlation-based approach (i.e., the cross-correlation ratio method, CCR). The theoretical results of the error analysis are supported with numerical simulations and experimental data. It is shown that the theoretical analysis is valid and the results can be applied to improve wind estimates obtained from SA signals contaminated with additive white noise. The theory shows that the effect noise has on SA wind estimates depends on system configuration and lag spacing, and cannot be correctly accounted by a reduced correlation coefficient due to noise as hypothesized by May [ 1988]. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Zhang, GF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM guzhang@ucar.edu RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUN 26 PY 2004 VL 39 IS 3 AR RS3017 DI 10.1029/2003RS003022 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 839IY UT WOS:000222778500001 ER PT J AU Hawley, N Lesht, BM Schwab, DJ AF Hawley, N Lesht, BM Schwab, DJ TI A comparison of observed and modeled surface waves in southern Lake Michigan and the implications for models of sediment resuspension SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; wave model; sediment resuspension by waves ID UNSTRATIFIED PERIOD; PREDICTION MODEL; TRANSPORT; ERIE AB Subsurface pressure sensors were used to make measurements of surface waves during 18 deployments in southern Lake Michigan between 1998 and 2000. Most of the observations were made during the unstratified period (November-May) in water depths between 10 and 55 m. The observations ( as well as those obtained from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy 45007, which is located in the middle of the southern basin of the lake) were compared to the results obtained from the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)-Donelan wave model implemented on a 2-km grid. The results show that the wave model does a good job of calculating the wave heights, but consistently underestimates the wave periods. In over 80% of the cases the bottom stresses calculated from both the observations and the wave model results agree as to whether or not resuspension occurs, but over 70% of this agreement is for cases when resuspension does not occur; both stresses predict resuspension about 6% of the time. Since the bottom stresses calculated from the model results are usually lower than those calculated from the observations, resuspension estimates based on the wave model parameters are also lower than those calculated from the observed waves. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hawley, N (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM nathan.hawley@noaa.gov; bmlesht@anl.gov; david.schwab@noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 25 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C10 AR C10S03 DI 10.1029/2002JC001592 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 839IN UT WOS:000222777400001 ER PT J AU Roberts, JL Fertig, CD Lim, MJ Rolston, SL AF Roberts, JL Fertig, CD Lim, MJ Rolston, SL TI Electron temperature of ultracold plasmas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL PLASMA; RYDBERG ATOMS; EXPANSION; CRYSTALS; LIQUIDS AB We study the evolution of ultracold plasmas by measuring the electron temperature. Shortly after plasma formation, competition between heating and cooling mechanisms drives the electron temperature to a value within a narrow range regardless of the initial energy imparted to the electrons. In agreement with theory predictions, plasmas exhibit values of the Coulomb coupling parameter Gamma less than 1. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 20 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 25 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 25 AR 253003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.253003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 832KJ UT WOS:000222266100019 PM 15245003 ER PT J AU Stegmann, PM Ullman, DS AF Stegmann, PM Ullman, DS TI Variability in chlorophyll and sea surface temperature fronts in the Long Island Sound outflow region from satellite observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE fronts; satellite; nearshore ID NORTHEAST US COAST; NEW-ENGLAND SHELF; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ATLANTIC BIGHT; EDGE-DETECTION; SST IMAGES AB The spatial and temporal patterns of ocean color (i.e., chlorophyll) and sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the coastal zone of the northwest Atlantic were studied over a 2-year period. Chlorophyll images were derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor, while SST data were obtained from the advanced very high resolution radiometer, both flying onboard Earth-observing satellites. An edge detection algorithm was applied to each of the image sets to identify chlorophyll and thermal fronts. Persistent chlorophyll and thermal fronts co-occurred in the same vicinity of the inner/middle shelf and were spatially congruent during second (April-May-June) and third (July-August-September) quarters and least coincident during the first (January-February-March). Calculations of the frontogenesis function showed strongest frontogenic tendencies coincident with the chlorophyll and thermal fronts. A major finding of this study was the congruence of both chlorophyll and thermal fronts at a time when the coastal current jet was the most robust, strongly suggesting that it is the presence of this jet that may be a driving force in establishing these fronts. Except for a few months per year, no clear chlorophyll enhancement was observed at thermal fronts. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Stegmann, PM (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, NMFS, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM pstegmann@pfeg.noaa.gov; d.ullman@gso.uri.edu NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C7 AR C07S03 DI 10.1029/2003JC001984 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 839IL UT WOS:000222777200001 ER PT J AU Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Reduction of hysteresis losses in the magnetic refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the addition of iron SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GD-5(SI2GE2); TRANSITION AB The magnetocaloric effect is the change in temperature of a material as a result of the alignment of its magnetic spins that occurs on exposure to an external magnetic field. The phenomenon forms the basis for magnetic refrigeration, a concept purported to be more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional refrigeration systems(1-5). In 1997, a 'giant' magnetocaloric effect, between 270 K and 300 K, was reported in Gd5Ge2Si2, demonstrating its potential as a near-room-temperature magnetic refrigerant(6-8). However, large hysteretic losses ( which make magnetic refrigeration less efficient) occur in the same temperature range(8,9). Here we report the reduction (by more than 90 per cent) of these hysteretic losses by alloying the compound with a small amount of iron. This has the additional benefit of shifting the magnetic entropy change peak ( a measure of the refrigerator's optimal operating temperature) from 275 K to 305 K, and broadening its width. Although the addition of iron does not significantly affect the refrigerant capacity of the material, a greater net capacity is obtained for the iron-containing alloy when the hysteresis losses are accounted for. The iron-containing alloy is thus a much-improved magnetic refrigerant for near-room-temperature applications. C1 NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Provenzano, V (reprint author), NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS-8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM virgil12@nist.gov RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 19 TC 485 Z9 498 U1 14 U2 106 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 24 PY 2004 VL 429 IS 6994 BP 853 EP 857 DI 10.1038/nature02657 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 831RE UT WOS:000222213000036 PM 15215859 ER PT J AU Pearce, JV Diallo, SO Glyde, HR Azuah, RT Arnold, T Larese, JZ AF Pearce, JV Diallo, SO Glyde, HR Azuah, RT Arnold, T Larese, JZ TI Enhanced Bose-Einstein condensation and kinetic energy of liquid He-4 near a free surface SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION; SUPERFLUID-HELIUM; HE-4; FRACTION; FLUCTUATIONS; EXCITATIONS; VYCOR AB We present neutron scattering measurements of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in liquid He-4 adsorbed in thick layers on an MgO substrate to study whether the condensate fraction, n(0), is increased near a free surface of liquid He-4. The data show that there is definitely a condensate in the layers adsorbed on the substrate with a condensate fraction comparable to that of bulk liquid He-4. Two methods of analysis are employed to cross-check the results. The data indicate that the condensate fraction increases significantly when the number of adsorbed layers is reduced. This effect is independent of the analysis technique used. In addition, a significant increase in the kinetic energy of the He-4 atoms is observed when the number of adsorbed layers is reduced. C1 Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20988 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Pearce, JV (reprint author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, 6 Rue J Horowitz,BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France. EM pearce@ill.fr RI Diallo, Souleymane/B-3111-2016; OI Diallo, Souleymane/0000-0002-3369-8391; Arnold, Thomas/0000-0001-8295-3822 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 EI 1361-648X J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD JUN 23 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 24 BP 4391 EP 4402 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/16/24/020 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 839BG UT WOS:000222757700023 ER PT J AU Vogt, BD Soles, CL Jones, RL Wang, CY Lin, EK Wu, WL Satija, SK Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M AF Vogt, BD Soles, CL Jones, RL Wang, CY Lin, EK Wu, WL Satija, SK Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M TI Interfacial effects on moisture absorption in thin polymer films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; INCOHERENT NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SILANE COUPLING AGENT; WATER-ADSORPTION; PHOTORESIST POLYMERS; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; SUBSTRATE; HUMIDITY; DYNAMICS AB Moisture absorption in model photoresist films of poly(4-hydroxystryene) (PHOSt) and poly(tert-butoxycarboxystyrene) (PBOCSt) supported on silicon wafers was measured by X-ray and neutron reflectivity. The overall thickness change in the films upon moisture exposure was found to be dependent upon the initial film thickness. As the film becomes thinner, the swelling is enhanced. The enhanced swelling in the thin films is due to the attractive nature of the hydrophilic substrate, leading to an accumulation of water at the silicon/polymer interface and subsequently a gradient in concentration from the enhancement at the interface to the bulk concentration. As films become thinner, this interfacial excess dominates the swelling response of the film. This accumulation was confirmed experimentally using neutron reflectivity. The water rich layer extends 25 +/- 10 Angstrom into the film with a maximum water concentration of similar to30 vol %. The excess layer was found to be polymer independent despite the order of magnitude difference in the water solubility in the bulk of the film. To test if the source of the thickness dependent behavior was the enhanced swelling at the interface, a simple, zero adjustable parameter model consisting of a fixed water rich layer at the interface and bulk swelling through the remainder of the film was developed and found to reasonably correspond to the measured thickness dependent swelling. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 31 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUN 22 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 13 BP 5285 EP 5290 DI 10.1021/la035830f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 831DZ UT WOS:000222174800024 PM 15986664 ER PT J AU Brewer, SH Allen, AM Lappi, SE Chasse, TL Briggman, KA Gorman, CB Franzen, S AF Brewer, SH Allen, AM Lappi, SE Chasse, TL Briggman, KA Gorman, CB Franzen, S TI Infrared detection of a phenylboronic acid terminated alkane thiol monolayer on gold surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID INDIUM TIN OXIDE; PLASMON RESONANCE; DNA ARRAYS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; IMAGING MEASUREMENTS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; IN-SITU; HYBRIDIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; FREQUENCY AB Polarization modulation infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) have been used to characterize the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of N-(3-dihydroxyborylphenyl)-11-mercaptoundecanamide) (abbreviated PBA) on a gold surface and the subsequent binding of various sugars to the PBA adlayer through the phenylboronic acid moiety to form a phenylboronate ester. Vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation (VR-SFG) spectroscopy confirmed the ordering of the substituted phenyl groups of the PBA adlayer on the gold surface. Solution FTIR spectra and density functional theory were used to confirm the identity of the observed vibrational modes on the gold surface of PBA with and without bound sugar. The detection of the binding of glucose on the gold surface was confirmed in part by the presence of a C-O stretching mode of glucose and the observed O-H stretching mode of glucose that is shifted in position relative to the O-H stretching mode of boronic acid. An IR marker mode was also observed at 1734 cm(-1) upon the binding of glucose. Additionally, changes in the peak profile of the B-O stretching band were observed upon binding, confirming formation of a phenylboronate ester on the gold surface. The binding of mannose and lactose were also detected primarily through the IR marker mode at similar to1736 to 1742 cm(-1) depending on the identity of the bound sugar. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Franzen, S (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Gorman, Christopher/A-3463-2008 OI Gorman, Christopher/0000-0001-7367-2965 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM008776, T32-GM08776] NR 34 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUN 22 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 13 BP 5512 EP 5520 DI 10.1021/la035037m PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 831DZ UT WOS:000222174800054 PM 15986694 ER PT J AU Garcia, HA AF Garcia, HA TI Forecasting methods for occurrence and magnitude of proton storms with solar hard X rays SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE forecasting; proton events; hard X rays ID FLARES; TEMPERATURE; EVENTS AB A hard X-ray spectrometer (HXRS) was developed jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Environment Center and the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Republic to determine if proton storms could be forecast with greater accuracies than presently available by the existing methods. The HXRS experiment was conceived as a means of proof testing previously discovered empirical relationships between anomalous hard X-ray spectra of hard X-ray flares and solar energetic proton events (SEPs) for space weather forecasting applications. SEPs are showers of highly energetic electrons and ions, mostly protons, that can reach Earth's vicinity within minutes to hours following a moderate to large flare and have the potential of affecting the performance of civilian, military and research satellites as well as certain surface assets. The primary SEP predictor criterion educed during the present study is the requirement that the spectral index, g, must decline (harden) to at least <= 4 for at least 3 min. Flares meeting this criterion have a high association with SEPs. Flares that fail this criterion do not. Other SEP correlative phenomena such as depressed hard X-ray flux and anomalous low temperatures were studied to determine their utility for forecasting purposes. During the study period, March 2000 through December 2002, 107 hard X-ray flares were spectrally analyzed including 16 SEP-associated flares. Fourteen SEP flares were correctly identified, two SEPs were missed, and three false alarms (untrue predictions) were incurred. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Garcia, HA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM howard.a.garcia@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD JUN 22 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 6 AR S06003 DI 10.1029/2003SW000035 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908VL UT WOS:000227818200002 ER PT J AU Vanderah, TA Siegrist, T Roth, RS Ramirez, AP Geyer, RG AF Vanderah, TA Siegrist, T Roth, RS Ramirez, AP Geyer, RG TI Crystal structure and properties of Ba11FeTi27O66.5 SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mixed metal oxides; X-ray diffraction; magnetic susceptibility; dielectric constants; dielectric loss tangent ID SUBSOLIDUS PHASE-RELATIONS; TITANIUM OXIDE SYSTEM; BAO-FE2O3-TIO2 SYSTEM; EQUILIBRIA; CHEMISTRY AB The crystal structure of Ba11FeTi27O66.5 was determined using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods. This phase crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12) (a = 23.324(1) Angstrom, b = 11.388(1) Angstrom, c = 9.8499(3) Angstrom, beta = 90.104(3)degrees; Z = 2; rho(calcd.) = 4.98 g/cm(3)), and exhibits a 10-layer structure built from close-packed [O,(Ba,O)] layers with a stacking sequence (cchhc)(2), Octahedral sites are occupied by a mixture of Fe3+ and Ti4+, with some preferential ordering suggested by analysis of bond valence sums. The structure features vertex-, edge-, and face-sharing of the [Ti(Fe)O-6] octahedra. Indexed X-ray powder diffraction data for a polycrystalline specimen are given. Ba11FeTi27O66.5 and the 8-layer phase Ba4Fe2Ti10O27 are built from the same types of polyhedral layers, some of which feature vacant sites between two Ba ions, which substitute for three oxygens in a row. The single-crystal results suggest that the basic structural formula of the phase is A(11)B(28)O(66+x), with the value of x (and hence the Fe/Ti ratio) determined by partial occupancy of one of these vacant sites. Variation of this occupancy factor with synthesis temperature may account for apparent slight differences in the stoichiometry of this phase in polycrystalline and single-crystal form. However, solid solution formation was not observed for polycrystalline specimens. A comparison of the crystal structure obtained for Ba11FeTi27O66.5 with that previously proposed for "Zr4+ stabilized Ba2Ti5O12" indicates that the phase "Ba2Ti5O12" is actually a ternary compound which forms upon addition (either deliberately or inadvertently) of a trivalent ion such as Fe3+ or Al3+. The specimens Ba11Al2T26O66, Ba11Al2Ti24Sn2O66, and Ba11Al2Ti24Zr2O66 were also prepared and were found to form the A(11)B(28)O(66+x)-type phase, Ba11FeTi27O66.5 exhibits paramagnetic behavior that deviates somewhat from the Curie-Weiss Law below 75 K. Application of this formalism to the 1/chi vs. T data above 75 K yields an effective moment consistent with the presence of high-spin Fe3+ (S = 5/2), and a negative Weiss constant (about -25 K) indicating weak cooperative magnetic interactions that are overall antiferromagnetic. The relative permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of a sintered polycrystalline disk were measured at 5.33 GHz, yielding values (corrected for theoretical density) of 55 and 7.7(+/-0.3) x 10(-4), respectively. ((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1434-1948 J9 EUR J INORG CHEM JI Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. PD JUN 21 PY 2004 IS 12 BP 2434 EP 2441 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 833IK UT WOS:000222330800005 ER PT J AU Koch, LC Marshall, P Ravishankara, AR AF Koch, LC Marshall, P Ravishankara, AR TI An investigation of the reaction of CH3S with CO SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; MOLECULES AB The reaction of CH3S with CO was studied by using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to detect CH3S radicals that were produced through pulsed laser photolysis of CH3SSCH3. There was no increased loss of CH3S in the presence of CO. We place an upper limit of 1.4 X 10(-16) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) on the rate coefficient, k(1), for the reaction CH3S + CO --> products (1), based on the precision in our measurements. This upper limit applies between 208 and 295 K. The addition of O-2 did not enhance the rate coefficient for reaction 1. The reaction between CH3S and CO is therefore not expected to be a significant source of OCS or loss process for CH3S in the atmosphere. We also conclude that the reaction of CH3SOO with CO is not sufficiently rapid to be a significant loss process for CH3S in the atmosphere. The rate coefficients for the removal of electronically excited CH3S (CH3S(A)) at 295 K by CO, N-2, and O-2 were found to be (8.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(-11), (7.0 +/- 1.6) x 10(-12), and (4.8 +/- 0.8) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (+/-2sigma precision), respectively. Ab initio calculations indicate that formation of a weakly bound complex between ground-state CH3S and CO is thermodynamically unfavorable, and that there are significant barriers to CH3S.CO adduct formation and its subsequent dissociation to CH3 + OCS, consistent with our experimental observations. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Chem, Denton, TX 76203 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 17 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 24 BP 5205 EP 5212 DI 10.1021/jp049193t PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 828HV UT WOS:000221965300011 ER PT J AU Peral, I Jones, CY Varkey, SP Lobo, RF AF Peral, I Jones, CY Varkey, SP Lobo, RF TI Structural comparison of two EUO-type zeolites investigated bv neutron diffraction SO MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE EUO; EU-1; ZSM-50; shape selectivity; neutron powder diffraction; structure ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; Y-ZEOLITES; FRAMEWORK; NONRANDOM; TS-1; EU-1; TI AB Souverijns et al. [Micropor. Mater. 4 (1995) 123] found different catalytic shape selectivity in two EUO-types zeolites that are crystallized in presence of two organic templates: hexamethonium (HM) and dibenynzyldimethylammonium ions (DBDMA). They suggested that this dissimilarity in the catalytic shape selectivity arises from a different distribution of the active-sites over the side pockets and the main channels of the EUO zeolites. We have studied the structure of both zeolites using neutron diffraction to investigate their hypothesis. The structural comparison of the two EUO-type zeolites agrees with the model proposed by Souverijns et al. [Micropor. Mater. 4 (1995) 123]. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Peral, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr Stop, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM inma@nist.gov; lobo@che.udel.edu RI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/P-5298-2016 OI Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/0000-0002-6994-1277 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-1811 J9 MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT JI Microporous Mesoporous Mat. PD JUN 17 PY 2004 VL 71 IS 1-3 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1016/j.micromeso.2004.03.024 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 831NF UT WOS:000222200400017 ER PT J AU Barrett, MD Chiaverini, J Schaetz, T Britton, J Itano, WM Jost, JD Knill, E Langer, C Leibfried, D Ozeri, R Wineland, DJ AF Barrett, MD Chiaverini, J Schaetz, T Britton, J Itano, WM Jost, JD Knill, E Langer, C Leibfried, D Ozeri, R Wineland, DJ TI Deterministic quantum teleportation of atomic qubits SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PODOLSKY-ROSEN CHANNELS; TRAPPED IONS; STATE; INFORMATION; OPERATIONS AB Quantum teleportation(1) provides a means to transport quantum information efficiently from one location to another, without the physical transfer of the associated quantum-information carrier. This is achieved by using the non-local correlations of previously distributed, entangled quantum bits (qubits). Teleportation is expected to play an integral role in quantum communication(2) and quantum computation(3). Previous experimental demonstrations have been implemented with optical systems that used both discrete and continuous variables(4-9), and with liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(10). Here we report unconditional teleportation(5) of massive particle qubits using atomic (Be-9(+)) ions confined in a segmented ion trap, which aids individual qubit addressing. We achieve an average fidelity of 78 per cent, which exceeds the fidelity of any protocol that does not use entanglement(11). This demonstration is also important because it incorporates most of the techniques necessary for scalable quantum information processing in an ion-trap system(12,13). C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM djw@boulder.nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 20 TC 530 Z9 544 U1 2 U2 39 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 17 PY 2004 VL 429 IS 6993 BP 737 EP 739 DI 10.1038/nature02608 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 829OS UT WOS:000222059900032 PM 15201904 ER PT J AU Ruzmaikin, A Feynman, J Jiang, X Noone, DC Waple, AM Yung, YL AF Ruzmaikin, A Feynman, J Jiang, X Noone, DC Waple, AM Yung, YL TI The pattern of northern hemisphere surface air temperature during prolonged periods of low solar output SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; RECONSTRUCTIONS; IRRADIANCE; MODEL AB We show that the reconstructed sensitivity of the sea level temperature to long term solar forcing in the Northern Hemisphere is in very good agreement with the empirical temperature pattern corresponding to changes of the North Annular Mode (NAM). This implies that long-term variations of solar output affect climate predominantly through the NAM that extends throughout the stratosphere and troposphere. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. STG Inc, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM aruzmaik@pop.jpl.nasa.gov; joan.feynman@jpl.nasa.gov; xun@gps.caltech.edu; dcn@gps.caltech.edu; anne.waple@noaa.gov; yly@gps.caltech.edu NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 16 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 12 AR L12201 DI 10.1029/2004GL019955 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 833GL UT WOS:000222324800004 ER PT J AU Stodeman, M Schwarz, FP AF Stodeman, M Schwarz, FP TI Importance of product/reactant equilibration in the kinetics of the phosphoglucose isomerization reaction by differential stopped flow microcalorimetry SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE differential stopped flow microcalorimetry; enzyme kinetics; fructose-6-phosphate; glucose-6-phosphate; phosphoglucose isomerase; reaction enthalpies; thermodynamics ID ACYLASE HYDROLYSIS REACTION; ISOMERASE AB The kinetics for the isomerization of fructose-6-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate (F6P --> G6P) by baker's yeast phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) with regard to k(cat) and K-m were determined from analysis of differential stopped flow microcalorimeter measurements using the integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. Values for K-m (F6P --> G6P) that were determined at pH 8.0 and ionic strength 0.1 M at 293.4, 298.4, 303.4, and 311.5 K exhibited a linear dependence on the substrate concentration at each temperature because of the substrate-product equilibrium. The minimum values for K-m ranged from 2.62 +/- 0.55 mM at 293.4 K to 7.8 +/- 4.8 mM at 311.5 K and were the same as the minimum values for the reverse reaction (G6P --> F6P) at 293.4 K and 298.4 K. Minimum values for k(cat) increased with temperature, from 2.78 +/- 0.34 s(-1) at 293.4 K to 11.4 +/- 1.0 s(-1) at 311.5 K, and for the reverse reaction, G6P --> F6P, from 0.852 +/- 0.086 s(-1) at 293.4 K to 1.46 +/- 0.06 s(-1) at 298.4 K. The enzyme efficiency at 311.5 K is close to the collision rate for a diffusion-controlled process in solution. The [F6P]/[G6P] equilibrium constants were determined from comparison of the values of k(cat) in both directions and were 0.307 +/- 0.053 at 293.4 K and 0.395 +/- 0.033 at 298.4 K. The heats of reaction in the F6P --> G6P direction increased from -8.96 +/- 0.26 kJ mol(-1) at 311.5 K to -8.27 +/- 0.40 kJ mol(-1) at 293.4 K, a value in fair agreement with 7.01 +/- 0.32 kJ mol(-1) in the opposite G6P --> F6P direction. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM frederick.schwarz@nist.gov NR 15 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 329 IS 2 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2004.03.005 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 826JD UT WOS:000221824500019 PM 15158492 ER PT J AU Chi, PH Gillen, G AF Chi, PH Gillen, G TI Positive secondary ion yield enhancement of metal elements using trichlorotrifluoroethane and tetrachloroethene backfilling SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS 14) CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE backfilling; fluorination; metal element; SF5+ beam; secondary ion yield enhancement; secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ID INSTRUMENT; SF5+ AB Positive secondary ion yields are strongly enhanced by the presence of reactive gas species. Oxygen primary ion beam or oxygen backfilling is commonly used for this purpose. However, for some metal elements that form a weak oxide bond such as Nb, Mo and Ag, depth profiling with an oxygen primary beam may not enhance the ion yields. This lead us to find an alternative way to study the yield enhancement on metal ion species by backfilling the sample surface with reactive gas species such as trichlorotrifluoroethane (C2Cl3F3) and tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4) while depth profiling with an argon primary ion beam. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chi, PH (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.chi@nist.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 231 SI SI BP 127 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.089 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 834RG UT WOS:000222427700025 ER PT J AU Wagner, MS Gillen, G AF Wagner, MS Gillen, G TI Impact energy dependence of SF5+ ion beam damage of poly(methyl methacrylate) studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS 14) CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE SF5+; poly(methyl methacrylate); ion beam damage; ToF-SIMS ID POLYMER SURFACES; LB-LAYERS; BOMBARDMENT; EMISSION; SIMS; FILMS; XPS; AR+; AFM; XE+ AB Recent advances in instrumentation for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have focused on the application of polyatomic primary ions for enhancing molecular secondary ion signals of organic materials. A few studies have also noted that some polymers, in particular poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), display the unusual characteristic of maintaining their molecular ion signals after extended bombardment with polyatomic ion beams. In this study, ion-induced damage of spin-cast PMMA films by 2.5, 5, and 7.5 keV SF5+ and 5 keV Cs+ was studied using time-of-flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS). After a surface transient regime, the characteristic molecular ion signals for PMMA remained relatively stable during extended SF5+ bombardment. Increased SF5+ impact energy increased the sputter rate with a slight increase in the damage of the polymer films. Additionally, neither fluorocarbon cations nor anions were observed in the ToF-SIMS spectra of the damaged PMMA films. Monte Carlo calculations of the primary ion penetration into the polymeric material showed that an increased penetration depth and depth of vacancy production was correlated with increased sputter and damage rates observed in the SIMS data. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM greg.gillen@nist.gov NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 231 SI SI BP 169 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.107 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 834RG UT WOS:000222427700033 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Roberson, S Gillen, G AF Mahoney, CM Roberson, S Gillen, G TI Dynamic SIMS utilizing SF5+ polyatomic primary ion beams for drug delivery applications SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS 14) CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE TOF-SIMS; cluster; SF5+; drug delivery; depth profile ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB The behavior of various biodegradable polymer films (e.g. polylactic acid, polyglycolic, acid and polycaprolactone) as well as some model drugs (theophylline and 4-acetamidophenol) under dynamic SF5+ primary ion bombardment is explored. A series of polylactic acid films containing varying concentrations of 4-acetamidophenol are also analyzed under similar conditions. The resultant molecular depth profiles obtained from these polymer films doped with drug show very little degradation in molecular signal as a function of SF5+ primary ion dose, and it was found that the molecular ion signals of both polymer and drug remained constant for ion doses up to similar to5 x 10(15) ions/cm. In addition, the polymer film/Si interface was well defined which may imply that sputter-induced topography formation was not a significant limitation. These results suggest that the structure of the biodegradable polymers studied here which all have the common main chain structural unit, R-CO-O-R, allows for a greater ability to depth profile due to ease of bond cleavage. Most importantly, however, these results indicate that in these particular polymer systems, the distribution of the drug as a function of depth can be monitored. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div 837, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div 837, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov NR 4 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 231 SI SI BP 174 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.109 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 834RG UT WOS:000222427700034 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Zeissler, C Mahoney, C Lindstrom, A Fletcher, R Chi, P Verkouteren, J Bright, D Lareau, RT Boldman, M AF Gillen, G Zeissler, C Mahoney, C Lindstrom, A Fletcher, R Chi, P Verkouteren, J Bright, D Lareau, RT Boldman, M TI Automated analysis of organic particles using cluster SIMS SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS 14) CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE cluster SIMS; explosives; inkjet; microarray; particle searching; polyatomic ion ID PRIMARY ION-BEAMS AB Cluster primary ion bombardment combined with secondary ion imaging is used on an ion microscope secondary ion mass spectrometer for the spatially resolved analysis of organic particles on various surfaces. Compared to the use of monoatomic primary ion beam bombardment, the use of a cluster primary ion beam (SF5+ or C-8(-)) provides significant improvement in molecular ion yields and a reduction in beam-induced degradation of the analyte molecules. These characteristics of cluster bombardment, along with automated sample stage control and custom image analysis software are utilized to rapidly characterize the spatial distribution of trace explosive particles, narcotics and inkjet-printed microarrays on a variety of surfaces. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. William J Hughes Tech Ctr, Transport Secur Adm, Atlantic City Int Airport, Atlantic, NJ 08405 USA. MicroFab Technol Inc, Plano, TX 75074 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 837-1, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM greg.gillen@nist.gov NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 231 SI SI BP 186 EP 190 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.114 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 834RG UT WOS:000222427700037 ER PT J AU Shin, MG Kajigaya, S Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Levin, BC Young, NS AF Shin, MG Kajigaya, S Tarnowka, M McCoy, JP Levin, BC Young, NS TI Mitochondrial DNA sequence heterogeneity in circulating normal human CD34 cells and granulocytes SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES; MUTATIONS; MTDNA; VARIANT; DISEASE; MECHANISMS; MARROW; REGION; REPAIR; AGE AB We have reported marked mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heterogeneity among individual CD34 clones from adult bone marrow (BM) and the age-dependent accumulation of mtDNA mutations in this mitotically active tissue. Here, we show direct evidence of clonal expansion of cells containing mtDNA mutations and that the mtDNA sequence may be easily determined by using peripheral blood (PB) as a CD34 cell source. Analysis of 594 circulating CD34 clones showed that 150 (25%) had mtDNA sequences different from the same donor's corresponding aggregate sequence. Examination of single granulocytes indicated that 103 (29%) from the same 6 individuals showed mtDNA heterogeneity, with sequences distinct from the corresponding aggregate tissue sequence and from the sequences of other single granulocytes. Circulating and BM CD34 cells showed virtually identical patterns of mtDNA heterogeneity, and the same changes were seen in progeny granulocytes as in their progenitors, indicating that blood sampling could be used in studies to determine whether mtDNA reflects an individual's cumulative or recent exposure to mutagens; as a marker of individual hematopoietic progenitors, stem cells, and their expansion; and for the detection of minimal residual disease in hematologic malignancies of CD34 cell origin. (C) 2004 by The American Society of Hematology. C1 NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Flow Cytometry Core Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Young, NS (reprint author), NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bldg 10,Rm 7C103,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM youngn@nhibi.nih.gov NR 31 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 103 IS 12 BP 4466 EP 4477 DI 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3949 PG 12 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 828VL UT WOS:000222001700024 PM 15016645 ER PT J AU Okun, V Black, PE Yesha, Y AF Okun, V Black, PE Yesha, Y TI Comparison of fault classes in specification-based testing SO INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fault-based testing; specification-based testing; Kuhn's hierarchy; fault classes ID ERROR-DETECTION CAPABILITY; SELECTION CRITERIA AB Our results extending Kuhn's fault class hierarchy provide a justification for the focus of fault-based testing strategies on detecting particular faults and ignoring others. We develop a novel analytical technique which allows us to elegantly prove that the hierarchy applies to arbitrary expressions, not just those in disjunctive normal form. We also use the technique to extend the hierarchy to a wider range of fault classes. To demonstrate broad applicability, we compare faults in practical situations and analyze previous results. In particular, using our technique, we show that the basic meaningful impact strategy of Weyuker et al. tests for stuck-at faults, not just variable negation faults. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yesha, Y (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM vokun1@cs.umbc.edu; paul.black@nist.gov; yayesha@cs.umbc.edu NR 26 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0950-5849 J9 INFORM SOFTWARE TECH JI Inf. Softw. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 46 IS 8 BP 525 EP 533 DI 10.1016/j.infsof.2003.10.003 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 814JJ UT WOS:000220970700003 ER PT J AU Washburn, NR Weir, M Anderson, P Potter, K AF Washburn, NR Weir, M Anderson, P Potter, K TI Bone formation in polymeric scaffolds evaluated by proton magnetic resonance microscopy and X-ray microtomography SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE magnetic resonance microscopy; X-ray microtomography; tissue engineering; bone; polymer scaffold ID TRABECULAR BONE; IN-VIVO; TISSUE; CARTILAGE; MR; MACROMOLECULES; RELAXATION; DENSITY; CULTURE; MODEL AB Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and Xray microtomography (XMT) were used to investigate de novo bone formation in porous poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) scaffolds, prepared by a novel co-extrusion process. PEMA scaffolds were seeded with primary chick calvarial osteoblasts and cultured under static conditions for up to 8 weeks. Bone formation within porous PEMA scaffolds was confirmed by the application of histologic stains to intact PEMA disks. Disks were treated with Alizarin red to visualize calcium deposits and with Sirius red to visualize regions of collagen deposition. DNA analysis confirmed that cells reached confluence on the scaffolds after 7 weeks in static culture. The formation of bone in PEMA scaffolds was investigated with water proton MRM. Quantitative MRM maps of the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) yielded maps of protein deposition, and magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation times (T1 and T2) yielded maps of mineral deposition. The location of newly formed bone and local mineral concentrations were confirmed by XMT. By comparing MRM and XMT data from selected regions-of-interest in one sample, the inverse relationship between the MR relaxation times and mineral concentration was validated, and calibration curves for estimating the mineral content of cell-seeded PEMA scaffolds from quantitative MRM images were developed. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc*. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Queen Mary Univ London, Ctr Oral Growth & Dev, London, England. Armed Forces Inst Pathol Annex, Magnet Resonance Microscopy Facil, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NICHHD, Sect Tissue Biophys & Biomimet, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Potter, K (reprint author), Armed Forces Inst Pathol Annex, Dept Cellular Pathol & Genet, 1413 Res Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM potterk@afip.osd.mil FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 14453] NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 69A IS 4 BP 738 EP 747 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.30054 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 827HR UT WOS:000221890800017 PM 15162416 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Kim, H Schmidt, G Han, CC Hobbie, EK AF Lin-Gibson, S Kim, H Schmidt, G Han, CC Hobbie, EK TI Shear-induced structure in polymer-clay nanocomposite solutions SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; gel; polyethylene oxide; clay; mesostructure; scattering; rheology ID LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; THERMAL/MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; FLOW-BIREFRINGENCE; ORIENTATION; RHEOLOGY; HYBRID; FILMS; SHEETS; BLEND AB The equilibrium structure and shear response of model polymer-clay nanocomposite gels are measured using X-ray scattering, light scattering, optical microscopy, and rheometry. The suspensions form physical gels via the "bridging" of neighboring colloidal clay platelets by the polymer, with reversible adsorption of polymer segments onto the clay surface providing a short-range attractive force. As the flow disrupts this transient network, coupling between composition and stress leads to the formation of a macroscopic domain pattern, while the clay platelets orient with their surface normal parallel to the direction of vorticity. We discuss the shear-induced structure, steady-shear rheology, and oscillatory-shear response of these dynamic networks, and we offer a physical explanation for the mesoscale shear response. In contrast to flow-induced "banding" transitions, no stress plateau is observed in the region where macroscopic phase separation occurs. The observed platelet orientation is different from that reported for polymer-melt clay nanocomposites, which we attribute to effects associated with macroscopic phase separation under shear flow. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov; erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 39 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 35 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 274 IS 2 BP 515 EP 525 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.039 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 823IC UT WOS:000221603100019 PM 15144824 ER PT J AU Radlinski, AP Ioannidis, MA Hinde, AL Hainbuchner, M Baron, M Rauch, H Kline, SR AF Radlinski, AP Ioannidis, MA Hinde, AL Hainbuchner, M Baron, M Rauch, H Kline, SR TI Angstrom-to-millimeter characterization of sedimentary rock microstructure SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE porous materials; pore size; small-angle scattering; fractals; magnetic resonance; mercury porosimetry ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; POROUS-MEDIA; FRACTAL GEOMETRY; PERMEABILITY; SURFACE; MICROGEOMETRY; CONDUCTIVITY; SANDSTONES; MODELS; SOLIDS AB Backscatter SEM imaging and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data are combined within a statistical framework to quantify the microstructure of a porous solid in terms of a continuous pore-size distribution spanning over five orders of magnitude of length scale, from 10 Angstrom to 500 mum. The method is demonstrated on a sample of natural sandstone and the results are tested against mercury porosimetry (MP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation data. The rock microstructure is fractal (D = 2.47) in the pore-size range 10 Angstrom - 50 mum and Euclidean for larger length scales. The pore-size distribution is consistent with that determined by MP. The NMR data show a bimodal distribution of proton T-2 relaxation times, which is interpreted quantitatively using a model of relaxation in fractal pores. Pore-length scales derived from the NMR data are consistent with the geometrical parameters derived from both the SEM/SANS and NIP data. The combined SANS/BSEM method furnishes new microstructural information that should facilitate the study of capillary phenomena in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks and other porous solids exhibiting broad pore-size distributions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Geosci Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Osterreich Univ, Inst Atom, Vienna, Austria. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Radlinski, AP (reprint author), Geosci Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. EM andrzej.radlinski@ga.gov.au NR 43 TC 60 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 35 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 274 IS 2 BP 607 EP 612 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.035 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 823IC UT WOS:000221603100031 PM 15144836 ER PT J AU Barket, DJ Grossenbacher, JW Hurst, JM Shepson, PB Olszyna, K Thornberry, T Carroll, MA Roberts, J Stroud, C Bottenheim, J Biesenthal, T AF Barket, DJ Grossenbacher, JW Hurst, JM Shepson, PB Olszyna, K Thornberry, T Carroll, MA Roberts, J Stroud, C Bottenheim, J Biesenthal, T TI A study of the NOx dependence of isoprene oxidation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE isoprene nitrates; nitrogen oxides; isoprene ID OH PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; TROPOSPHERIC OH; OZONE PRODUCTION; PEROXY-RADICALS; SOUTHERN-OXIDANTS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; INITIATED OXIDATION; RURAL SITE AB A large set of isoprene and isoprene oxidation product concentration data from four North American sites was examined to assess the NOx dependence of the daytime oxidation of isoprene. Sites that represent a wide range of NOx (50 ppt to 30 ppb) were studied and include the Dickson, Tennessee, and Cornelia Fort Air Park sites during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study, the Pellston, Michigan, site during the 1998 PROPHET summer intensive, and the Kejimkujik National Park site during the Atlantic 1996 study. Knowledge of NOx and HOx concentrations were critical for this evaluation. While NOx data are readily available at all sites, HOx data are limited. We employed a simple 10-reaction HOx model to calculate steady state OH radical concentrations as a function of [NOx] to enable analysis of the data from all sites. Here, we use methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) concentrations to quantify the extent of isoprene-OH oxidation. Making use of the MVK/isoprene ratio, we show that the rate of production of isoprene oxidation products at various North American sites, although highly variable, exhibits the crossover from NOx-dependent to VOC-dependent conditions at similar to8 ppb [NOx], in agreement with what is calculated from HOx measurements and our calculations. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Dept Atmospher Sci, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. SCIEX Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada. RP Griffin Analyt Technol Inc, 3000 Kent Ave, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. EM barket@griffinanalytical.com; grossenbacher@griffinanalytical.com; juliabowman420@hotmail.com; pshepson@purdue.edu; kjolszyna@tva.gov; tthornbe@chem.utoronto.ca; mcarroll@umich.edu; james.m.roberts@noaa.gov; cstroud@acd.ucar.edu; jan.bottenheim@ec.gc.ca; thomas.biesenthal@nrc.ca RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Shepson, Paul/E-9955-2012; Thornberry, Troy/H-7106-2013 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; NR 59 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D11 AR D11310 DI 10.1029/2003JD003965 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 833GS UT WOS:000222325600001 ER PT J AU Lu, G Onsager, TG Le, G Russell, CT AF Lu, G Onsager, TG Le, G Russell, CT TI Ion injections and magnetic field oscillations near the high-latitude magnetopause associated with solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ion injections; magnetospheric dynamics; solar wind pressure pulse ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; AURORAL OVAL; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSHEATH PLASMA; EARTHS MAGNETOPAUSE; POLAR CUSP; MAGNETOSPHERE; RECONNECTION; INTERPLANETARY; CONVECTION AB The characteristics of particles and magnetic fields associated with a step-like enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure are investigated by using observations from the Polar spacecraft. At the time, Polar was located near its apogee of similar to9 R-E at high latitude in the afternoon sector. Impulsive, energy-dispersed injections of ions were observed by Polar in both parallel and antiparallel pitch angle directions, with a much shorter duration in the parallel direction (toward the Earth) than in the antiparallel direction (away from the Earth). The energies of the injected ions ranged from similar to200 eV to a few keV, and they are considered of magnetosheath origin. The energy dispersion of the injected ions is consistent with the interpretation of the velocity filter or time-of-flight effect as the magnetosheath ions enter the magnetosphere and propagate downward and then are mirrored at low altitude where magnetic field lines converge. It is estimated that the entrance of the magnetosheath ions was located similar to3.9-7.5 R-E away from Polar, and the distance from the spacecraft to the mirror point was similar to7.7-8.1 R-E, corresponding to similar to830-3600 km in altitude. The Polar data clearly favor magnetic reconnection as the primary mechanism for the transport of magnetosheath plasmas into the magnetosphere. A good correspondence is found between the magnetic field oscillation and the intermittence of the ion injections, implying that the impulsive ion injections were a consequence of the intermittent magnetic reconnection at the high-latitude magnetopause that had been modulated by compressional waves produced by the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Electrodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Lu, G (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, 345 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM ganglu@ncar.ucar.edu; terry.onsager@noaa.gov; guan.le@gsfc.nasa.gov; ctrussel@igpp.ucla.edu RI Lu, Gang/A-6669-2011; Le, Guan/C-9524-2012 OI Le, Guan/0000-0002-9504-5214 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 109 IS A6 AR A06208 DI 10.1029/2003JA010297 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 833HD UT WOS:000222326800001 ER PT J AU Goorjian, PM Cundiff, ST AF Goorjian, PM Cundiff, ST TI Nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; MAXWELL EQUATIONS; LIGHT-PULSES; SOLITONS AB Calculations, using the Maxwell equations, are presented of nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase for pulse durations in the two-optical-cycle range for pulses propagating in sapphire. Initially, with increasing pulse intensity the carrier-envelope phase increases monotonically. However, at higher intensities there is a turnabout in the direction of the phase change and a large change in the phase that is caused by a warping of the envelope from strong nonlinear effects. The Kerr nonlinear response occurs on a time scale of similar to1 fs and gives significantly different results from those obtained by assuming an instantaneous response. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 19-44, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pmgoorjian@arc.nasa.gov RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 17 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 EI 1539-4794 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1363 EP 1365 DI 10.1364/OL.29.001363 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 825KN UT WOS:000221756000019 PM 15233436 ER PT J AU Roussenov, V Williams, RG Follows, MJ Key, RM AF Roussenov, V Williams, RG Follows, MJ Key, RM TI Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determining the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; WORLD OCEAN; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ABYSSAL CIRCULATION; SAMOAN PASSAGE; DEEP PACIFIC; MODEL; TRACERS; FLOW AB The mechanisms controlling the distribution of radiocarbon over the deep Pacific are examined using, firstly, a simplified one-and-a-half-layer model and, secondly, an isopycnic circulation model with parameterized radiocarbon sources and sinks. Two mechanisms control the radiocarbon at depth: relatively fast, lateral transport of bottom waters determining the horizontal distribution and a slower balance between advection-diffusion and radio decay in the vertical. In the isopycnic model, there is a strong topographic control of the bottom water spreading, which is more complex than in the idealized model. Sensitivity studies reveal that altering the bottom intensified diapycnic mixing leads to significant changes in the radiocarbon distribution through both the direct diapycnic transfer and, indirectly, by modifying the bottom water transport and northward penetration of young radiocarbon waters. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Roussenov, V (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England. EM ric@liverpool.ac.uk; mick@plume.mit.edu; key@geo.princeton.edu RI Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Williams, Richard/K-4111-2016; OI Williams, Richard/0000-0002-3180-7558; Roussenov, Vassil/0000-0003-4128-9712 NR 40 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 12 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C6 AR C06015 DI 10.1029/2003JC002188 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 829YA UT WOS:000222086500002 ER PT J AU Rowe, MA Swann, WC Gilbert, SL AF Rowe, MA Swann, WC Gilbert, SL TI Multiple-wavelength reference based on interleaved, sampled fiber Bragg gratings and molecular absorption SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB We present a wavelength calibration reference based on interleaved, sampled fiber Bragg gratings stabilized to a molecular absorption line. Such a hybrid reference can provide multiple stable calibration peaks over a wide range of wavelengths. We demonstrate a wavelength reference that has at least 20 peaks suitable for use as calibration references in each of three wavelength regions: 850,1300,and 1550 nm. We monitored the stability of a 1300-nm reflection peak and found that the standard deviation of the peak wavelength was 0.7 pro over a 70-day Period. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rowe, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 815-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mrowe@boulder.nist.gov; swann@boulder.nist.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUN 10 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 17 BP 3530 EP 3534 DI 10.1364/AO.43.003530 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 827SJ UT WOS:000221920600021 PM 15219036 ER PT J AU Weiner, JA DeLorenzo, ME Fulton, MH AF Weiner, JA DeLorenzo, ME Fulton, MH TI Relationship between uptake capacity and differential toxicity of the herbicide atrazine in selected microalgal species SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; phytoplankton; uptake; toxicity ID FRESH-WATER ALGAE AB Microalgal species vary in their sensitivity to the triazine herbicide, atrazine. This study examined both atrazine uptake and cellular characteristics of microalgae to determine if either can be used to predict algal sensitivity. Standard toxicity tests were performed on five microalgal species, each representing a different algal division or habitat. Test species listed in order of increasing sensitivity were: Isochrysis galbana, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Synechococcus sp. Each species was exposed to C-14-atrazine at its growth rate EC50 concentration (44-91 mug/L). At five time-points over 96 h, samples were filtered to collect algae and washed with unlabeled atrazine to displace labeled atrazine loosely absorbed to the cell surface. Radioactivity present on filters and in the growth medium was measured by liquid scintillation counting. Relationships between algal species-sensitivity to atrazine and compound uptake, cell dry weight, cell volume, and cell surface area were determined by linear regression analysis. Cell size measurements (based on dry weight, biovolume, and surface area) were significantly correlated with atrazine uptake (R-2 > 0.45, P-value < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between atrazine uptake and species-sensitivity to atrazine (R (2) = 0.5413, P-value = 0.0012). These results indicate that smaller cells with greater surface area to volume ratios will incorporate more atrazine, and in general, will be more sensitive to atrazine exposure. However, L galbana, with small cell size and relatively high atrazine uptake was the least sensitive species tested. This species and others may have mechanisms to compensate for atrazine stress that make predicting responses of microalgal communities difficult. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Normal J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP DeLorenzo, ME (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov NR 15 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JUN 10 PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.004 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 826MD UT WOS:000221832300003 PM 15145222 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, A Top, Z Schlosser, P Hohmann, R Iskandarani, M Olson, DB Lupton, JE Jenkins, WJ AF Srinivasan, A Top, Z Schlosser, P Hohmann, R Iskandarani, M Olson, DB Lupton, JE Jenkins, WJ TI Mantle He-3 distribution and deep circulation in the Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Indian Ocean; tracers; deep circulation ID FLOW PATTERNS; HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION; ABYSSAL CIRCULATION; INTERMEDIATE WATER; PRIMORDIAL HE-3; INDONESIAN SEAS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SOMALI BASIN; THROUGHFLOW; WESTERN AB The World Ocean Circulation Experiment Indian Ocean helium isotope data are mapped and features of intermediate and deep circulation are inferred and discussed. The He-3 added to the deep Indian Ocean originates from (1) a strong source on the mid-ocean ridge at about 19degreesS/65degreesE, (2) a source located in the Gulf of Aden in the northwestern Indian Ocean, ( 3) sources located in the convergent margins in the northeastern Indian Ocean, and ( 4) water imported from the Indonesian Seas. The main circulation features inferred from the He-3 distribution include (1) deep (2000-3000 m) eastward flow in the central Indian Ocean, which overflows into the West Australian Basin through saddles in the Ninetyeast Ridge, (2) a deep (2000-3000 m) southwestward flow in the western Indian Ocean, and (3) influx of Banda Sea Intermediate Waters associated with the deep core (1000-1500 m) of the through flow from the Pacific Ocean. The large-scale He-3 distribution is consonant with the known pathways of deep and bottom water circulation in the Indian Ocean. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. ProClim, CH-3011 Bern, Switzerland. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Geochem Dept, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Srinivasan, A (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO Div, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM asrinivasan@rsmas.miami.edu RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012; OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203; Olson, Donald/0000-0001-7180-5672 NR 54 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUN 10 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C6 AR C06012 DI 10.1029/2003JC002028 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 829XZ UT WOS:000222086400002 ER PT J AU McPhaden, MJ AF McPhaden, MJ TI Our affair with El Nino: How we transformed an enchanting Peruvian current into a global climate hazard SO NATURE LA English DT Book Review C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McPhaden, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 10 PY 2004 VL 429 IS 6992 BP 605 EP 606 DI 10.1038/429605a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 827PJ UT WOS:000221912600018 ER PT J AU Rajca, S Rajca, A Wongsriratanakul, J Butler, P Choi, SM AF Rajca, S Rajca, A Wongsriratanakul, J Butler, P Choi, SM TI Organic spin clusters. A dendritic-macrocyclic poly(arylmethyl) polyradical with very high spin of S=10 and its derivatives: Synthesis, magnetic studies, and small-angle neutron scattering SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GROUND-STATE; M-PHENYLENE; BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; CONJUGATED SYSTEMS; BIPHENYL UNIT; DIRADICALS; EXCHANGE; MODEL; CARBOPOLYANIONS; POLYCARBENES AB Synthesis and characterization of organic spin clusters, high-spin poly(arylmethyl) polyradicals with 24 and 8 triarylmethyls, are described. Polyether precursors to the polyradicals are prepared via modular, multistep syntheses, culminating in Negishi cross-couplings between four monofunctional branch (dendritic) modules and the tetrafunctional calix[4]arene-based macrocyclic core. The corresponding carbopolyanions are prepared and oxidized to polyradicals in tetrahydrofuran-d(8). The measured values of S, from numerical fits of magnetization vs magnetic field data to Brillouin functions at low temperatures (T = 1.8-5 K), are S = 10 and S = 3.6-3.8 for polyradicais with 24 and 8 triarylmethyls, respectively. Magnetizations at saturation (M-sat) indicate that 60-80% of unpaired electrons are present at T = 1.8-5 K. Low-resolution shape reconstructions from the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data indicate that both the polyradical with 24 triarylmethyls and its derivatives have dumbbell-like shapes with overall dimensions 2 x 3 x 4 nm, in agreement with the molecular shapes of the lowest energy conformations obtained from Monte Carlo conformational searches. On the basis of these shapes, the size of the magnetic anisotropy barrier in the polyradical, originating in magnetic shape anisotropy, is estimated to be in the milliKelvin range, consistent with the observed paramagnetic behavior at T greater than or equal to 1.8 K. For macromolecular polyradicals, with the elongated shape and the spin density similar to the polyradical with 24 triarylmethyls, it is predicted that the values of S on the order of 1000 or higher may be required for "single-molecule-magnet" behavior, i.e., superparamagnetic blocking (via coherent rotation of magnetization) at the readily accessible temperatures T > 2 K. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NIST, Natl Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rajca, S (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM srajca1@uni.edu; arajca1@uni.edu RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011; Rajca, Suchada/N-6391-2014; Rajca, Andrzej/F-5796-2015 NR 60 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUN 9 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 22 BP 6972 EP 6986 DI 10.1021/ja031548j PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 826KO UT WOS:000221828200036 PM 15174867 ER PT J AU Ornolfsdottir, EB Lumsden, SE Pinckney, JL AF Ornolfsdottir, EB Lumsden, SE Pinckney, JL TI Nutrient pulsing as a regulator of phytoplankton abundance and community composition in Galveston Bay, Texas SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bioassays; chemtax; Galveston Bay; nutrient limitation; phytoplankton; pigments; Texas ID HPLC PIGMENT SIGNATURES; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; PEG-MODEL; NITROGEN; LIGHT; ESTUARY; GROWTH; LIMITATION; WATERS; EUTROPHICATION AB Galveston Bay, Texas, is a large shallow estuary with a watershed that includes 60% of the major industrial facilities of Texas. However, the system exhibits low to moderate (2-20 mug l(-1)) microalgal biomass with sporadic phytoplankton blooms. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) limitation of phytoplankton growth have been proposed for the estuary. However, shifts between N and P limitation of algae growth may occur due to annual fluctuations in nutrient concentrations. The primary goal of this work was to determine the primary limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in Galveston Bay. Nutrient addition bioassays were used to assess short-term (1-2 days) phytoplankton responses (both biomass and community composition) to potentially limiting nutrients. The experimental bioassays were conducted over an annual cycle using natural water collected from the center to lower part of the estuary. Total phytoplankton biomass increased in the nitrate (10 PM) additions in 11 of the 13 bioassays, but no significant increases were detected in the phosphate (3 muM)-only additions. Bioassay results suggest that the phytoplankton community was usually not phosphate limited. All major groups increased in biomass following nitrate additions but diatoms increased in biomass at a faster rate than other groups, shifting the community composition toward higher relative abundance of diatoms. The results of this study suggest that pulsed N input events preferentially favor increases in diatom biomass in this estuary. The broader implications of this study are that N pulsing events, primarily due to river discharge, play an important role in structuring the phytoplankton community in the Galveston Bay estuary. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, Estuarine Ecol Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Ornolfsdottir, EB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC USA. EM Erla.Ornolfsdottir@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 26 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JUN 8 PY 2004 VL 303 IS 2 BP 197 EP 220 DI 10.1016/j.jembe.2003.11.016 PG 24 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821SJ UT WOS:000221482600005 ER PT J AU Langford, AO Portmann, RW Daniel, JS Miller, HL Solomon, S AF Langford, AO Portmann, RW Daniel, JS Miller, HL Solomon, S TI Spectroscopic measurements of NO2 in a Colorado thunderstorm: Determination of the mean production by cloud-to-ground lightning flashes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE lightning; NOx; spectroscopy ID STRATOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT; NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SOLAR-RADIATION; UNITED-STATES; CONVECTION EXPERIMENT; STORM STRUCTURE; WATER-VAPOR; JULY 10; ABSORPTION AB Ground-based visible absorption spectroscopy of zenith-scattered sky light was used to measure changes in the column abundance of NO2 during the passage of a thunderstorm over Boulder, Colorado, on September 12, 2002. The measurements showed a 10-fold rise in slant column NO2 within the thunderstorm cell, consistent with an increase of about 7 ppbv in the lower core updrafts and main precipitation shaft. Mean mixing ratios of about 3 and 1.5 ppbv were inferred for the upper cell and anvil, respectively. These observations, together with measurements from the Denver NEXRAD and the Colorado State University (CSU) CHILL radars, and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), are used to estimate the flash mean production of NOx by CG lightning. The measurements suggest a mean production rate of (5.8 +/- 2.9) x 10(26) NOx molecules per CG flash, intermediate between the values derived from previous spectroscopic studies and in good agreement with the widely used value of 6.7 x 10(26) NOx molecules per CG flash estimated by Price et al. [1997]. This agreement may be fortuitous, however, since the lightning in the present study was about a factor of two less energetic than the mean assumed by Price et al. and the production of (2.3 +/- 1.4) x 10(17) NOx/J inferred here is significantly larger than the value of 1 x 10(17) NOx/J assumed in their calculations. These differences can be reduced, however, if the estimates of Price et al. are recalculated using newer peak current data from the NLDN, and more recently published flash energy production rates of Wang et al. [1998]. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Langford, AO (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andrew.o.langford@noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314 NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 8 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D11 AR D11304 DI 10.1029/2003JD004158 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829XQ UT WOS:000222085400004 ER PT J AU Godin, OA Voronovich, AG AF Godin, OA Voronovich, AG TI Fermat's principle for non-dispersive waves in non-stationary media SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Fermat's principle; geometrical optics; non-stationary media; anisotropic media; wave propagation in inhomogeneous media ID NONLINEAR TRAVELTIME TOMOGRAPHY; ACOUSTICS; OCEAN AB Fermat's principle of stationary travel time serves as a powerful tool for solving direct and inverse problems of wave propagation in media with time-independent parameters. In this paper, Fermat's principle is extended to non-stationary media that support waves with frequency-independent velocity. The approach used to prove the stationarity of travel times with respect to deformation of the actual ray trajectory is based on a comparison of the rays that follow from the variational principle with those from the eikonal equation. Inhomogeneous, moving and anisotropic media are considered. The identities that relate phase and group velocities and their derivatives in general anisotropic, inhomogeneous, non-stationary media are established. It is shown that not only the travel time but also the eikonal is stationary on the actual ray in media with time-dependent parameters if all trial rays are required to arrive at the receiver simultaneously. Some corollaries and applications of Fermat's principle in non-stationary media are discussed briefly. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD JUN 8 PY 2004 VL 460 IS 2046 BP 1631 EP 1647 DI 10.1098/rspa.2003.1231 PG 17 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 825YP UT WOS:000221795400005 ER PT J AU Hoelzemann, JJ Schultz, MG Brasseur, GP Granier, C Simon, M AF Hoelzemann, JJ Schultz, MG Brasseur, GP Granier, C Simon, M TI Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE vegetation fire emissions; global area burnt satellite products; tropospheric chemistry ID KRUGER-NATIONAL-PARK; VEGETATION FIRE; NUTRIENT POOLS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS; INITIATIVE SAFARI; CARBON EMISSIONS; BRAZILIAN AMAZON AB The new Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM) has been developed on the basis of data from the European Space Agency's monthly Global Burnt Scar satellite product (GLOBSCAR) and results from the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM). GWEM computes monthly emissions of more than 40 chemical compounds and aerosols from forest and savanna fires. This study focuses on an evaluation of the GLOBSCAR data set. The GWEM version presented here makes use of the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover map. Emission totals for the year 2000 are 1741 Tg C, 5716 Tg CO2, 271 Tg CO, 12.52 Tg CH4, 9.09 Tg C (as nonmethane hydrocarbons), 8.08 Tg NOx (as NO), 24.30 Tg PM2.5, 15.80 Tg OC, and 1.84 Tg black carbon. These emissions are lower than other estimates found in literature. An evaluation assesses the uncertainties of the individual input data. The GLOBSCAR product yields reasonable estimates of burnt area for large wildland fires in most parts of the globe but experiences problems in some regions where small fires dominate. The seasonality derived from GLOBSCAR differs from other satellite products detecting active fires owing to the different algorithms applied. Application of the presented GWEM results in global chemistry transport modeling will require additional treatment of small deforestation fires in the tropical rain forest regions and small savanna fires, mainly in subequatorial Africa. Further improvements are expected from a more detailed description of the carbon pools and the inclusion of anthropogenic disturbances in the LPJ model. C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. European Space Agcy, ESRIN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM hoelzemann@dkrz.de RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X NR 62 TC 121 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 5 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D14 AR D14S04 DI 10.1029/2003JD003666 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 828DS UT WOS:000221953900001 ER PT J AU Lavrov, AN Kang, HJ Kurita, Y Suzuki, T Komiya, S Lynn, JW Lee, SH Dai, PC Ando, Y AF Lavrov, AN Kang, HJ Kurita, Y Suzuki, T Komiya, S Lynn, JW Lee, SH Dai, PC Ando, Y TI Spin-flop transition and the anisotropic magnetoresistance of Pr1.3-xLa0.7CexCuO4: Unexpectedly strong spin-charge coupling in the electron-doped cuprates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURE; STATE; DYNAMICS; PR2CUO4; FIELD; ORDER; PR; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; TRANSPORT; LA2CUO4 AB We use transport and neutron-scattering measurements to show that a magnetic-field-induced transition from noncollinear to collinear spin arrangement in adjacent CuO2 planes of lightly electron-doped Pr1.3-xLa0.7CexCuO4 (x=0.01) crystals affects significantly both the in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity. In the high-field collinear state, the magnetoresistance (MR) does not saturate but exhibits an intriguing fourfold-symmetric angular dependence, oscillating from being positive at Bparallel to[100] to being negative at Bparallel to[110]. The observed MR of more than 30% at low temperatures induced by a modest modification of the spin structure indicates an unexpectedly strong spin-charge coupling in electron-doped cuprates. C1 Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. RP Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan. EM daip@ornl.gov; ando@criepi.denken.or.jp RI Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Ando, Yoichi/B-8163-2013 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Ando, Yoichi/0000-0002-3553-3355 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 4 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 22 AR 227003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.227003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 826QU UT WOS:000221844400053 PM 15245253 ER PT J AU deYoung, B Heath, M Werner, F Chai, F Megrey, B Monfray, P AF deYoung, B Heath, M Werner, F Chai, F Megrey, B Monfray, P TI Challenges of Modeling ocean basin ecosystems SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; MARINE COPEPOD; EL-NINO; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC; POPULATIONS; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE AB With increasing pressure for a more ecological approach to marine fisheries and environmental management, there is a growing need to understand and predict changes in marine ecosystems. Biogeochemical and physical oceanographic models are well developed, but extending these further up the food web to include zooplankton and fish is a major challenge. The difficulty arises because organisms at higher trophic levels are longer lived, with important variability in abundance and distribution at basin and decadal scales. Those organisms at higher trophic levels also have complex life histories compared to microbes, further complicating their coupling to lower trophic levels and the physical system. We discuss a strategy that builds on recent advances in modeling and observations and suggest a way forward that includes approaches to coupling across trophic levels and the inclusion of uncertainty. C1 Mem Univ Newfoundland, St Johns, NF, Canada. Fisheries Res Serv, Marine Ecosyst Program, Aberdeen, Scotland. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, Toulouse, France. RP deYoung, B (reprint author), Mem Univ Newfoundland, St Johns, NF, Canada. EM bdeyoung@physics.mun.ca RI Megrey, Bernard/A-7065-2009; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011; Heath, Michael/D-5765-2013 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611; NR 22 TC 133 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 4 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5676 BP 1463 EP 1466 DI 10.1126/science.1094858 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 825YR UT WOS:000221795800032 PM 15178792 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D Barrett, MD Schaetz, T Britton, J Chiaverini, J Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D Barrett, MD Schaetz, T Britton, J Chiaverini, J Itano, WM Jost, JD Langer, C Wineland, DJ TI Toward Heisenberg-limited spectroscopy with multiparticle entangled states SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRAPPED IONS; PROJECTION NOISE; ENSEMBLE; LIGHT; ATOMS AB The precision in spectroscopy of any quantum system is fundamentally limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation for energy and time. For N systems, this limit requires that they be in a quantum-mechanically entangled state. We describe a scalable method of spectroscopy that can potentially take full advantage of entanglement to reach the Heisenberg limit and has the practical advantage that the spectroscopic information is transferred to states with optimal protection against readout noise. We demonstrate our method experimentally with three beryllium ions. The spectroscopic sensitivity attained is 1.45(2) times as high as that of a perfect experiment with three non-entangled particles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dil@boulder.nist.gov RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 28 TC 279 Z9 284 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 4 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5676 BP 1476 EP 1478 DI 10.1126/science.1097576 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 825YR UT WOS:000221795800035 PM 15178794 ER PT J AU Jost, HJ Drdla, K Stohl, A Pfister, L Loewenstein, M Lopez, JP Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Fromm, M Bui, TP Dean-Day, J Gerbig, C Mahoney, MJ Richard, EC Spichtinger, N Pittman, JV Weinstock, EM Wilson, JC Xueref, I AF Jost, HJ Drdla, K Stohl, A Pfister, L Loewenstein, M Lopez, JP Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Fromm, M Bui, TP Dean-Day, J Gerbig, C Mahoney, MJ Richard, EC Spichtinger, N Pittman, JV Weinstock, EM Wilson, JC Xueref, I TI In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE ANALYSIS; INSTRUMENT; TRANSPORT; TROPOPAUSE; MODEL; SMOKE AB [ 1] We observed a plume of air highly enriched in carbon monoxide and particles in the stratosphere at altitudes up to 15.8 km. It can be unambiguously attributed to North American forest fires. This plume demonstrates an extratropical direct transport path from the planetary boundary layer several kilometers deep into the stratosphere, which is not fully captured by large-scale atmospheric transport models. This process indicates that the stratospheric ozone layer could be sensitive to changes in forest burning associated with climatic warming. C1 Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Tech Univ Munich, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. NOAA, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Jost, HJ (reprint author), Bay Area Environm Res Inst, 560 3rd St W, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. EM hjost@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Fromm, Michael/F-4639-2010; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603 NR 21 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 2 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 11 AR L11101 DI 10.1029/2003GL019253 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 828DC UT WOS:000221952200002 ER PT J AU Thomas, JB Yen, JH Schantz, MM Porter, BJ Sharpless, KE AF Thomas, JB Yen, JH Schantz, MM Porter, BJ Sharpless, KE TI Determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in standard reference material 2384, baking chocolate, using reversed-phase liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE standard reference material; caffeine; theolbromine; theophylline; chocolate; liquid chromatography; reversed-phase ID PHARMACEUTICAL-PREPARATIONS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; FOOD-PRODUCTS; COCOA; HPLC AB A rapid and selective isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to simultaneously measure caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in a food-matrix standard reference material (SRM) 2384, Baking Chocolate. The method uses isocratic elution with a mobile phase composition (volume fractions) of 10% acetronitrile/90% water (pH adjusted to 2.5 using acetic acid) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with ultraviolet absorbance detection (274 nm). Total elution time for these analytes is less than 15 min. Concentration levels of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline were measured in single 1-g samples taken from each of eight bars of chocolate over an eight-day period. Samples were defatted with hexane, and beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline was added as the internal standard. The repeatability for the caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline measurements was 5.1, 2.3, and 1.9%, respectively. The limit of quantitation for all analytes was < 100 ng/mL. The measurements from this method were used in the value-assignment of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in SRM 2384. C1 NIST, US Dept Commerce, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, JB (reprint author), NIST, US Dept Commerce, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jbthomas@nist.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 17 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN 2 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 11 BP 3259 EP 3263 DI 10.1021/jf030817m PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 823ZG UT WOS:000221652400006 PM 15161179 ER PT J AU Sankowski, P Kepa, H Kacman, P Sipatov, AY Majkrzak, CF Giebultowicz, TM AF Sankowski, P Kepa, H Kacman, P Sipatov, AY Majkrzak, CF Giebultowicz, TM TI Interlayer coupling in EuS-based superlattices deduced from neutron scattering experiments SO ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International School of Semiconducting Compounds CY 2004 CL Jaszowiec, POLAND AB The ferromagnetic/diamagnetic semiconductor superlattices, EuS/PbS and EuS/YbSe, were studied by neutron reflectivity. In order to determine the strength of the interlayer coupling, the intensity of the first magnetic Bragg peak vs. applied external magnetic field was measured. Additionally, the in-plane anisotropy and the domain structure were studied by polarized neutron reflectivity. The dependence of the intensity of the antiferromagnetic neutron reflectivity peak vs. magnetic field was simulated using a Stoner-Wohlfarth model. To reproduce the observed spectra it was necessary to take into account the presence of fluctuations of the nonmagnetic layers thickness, by assuming a Gaussian spread of the interlayer coupling constant J. For both EuS/PbS and EuS/YbSe superlattices, the best fit was obtained for the directions of the in-plane easy axes, which agree with those determined by polarized neutron reflectivity. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. ERATO, Semicond Spintron Project, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Kharkov Polytech Inst, Kharkov, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sankowski, P (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Al Lotnikow 32-46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES INST PHYSICS PI WARSAW PA AL LOTNIKOW 32-46, 02-668 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0587-4246 J9 ACTA PHYS POL A JI Acta Phys. Pol. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 105 IS 6 BP 607 EP 614 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 845JF UT WOS:000223237900013 ER PT J AU Maxwell, BA Smart, W Jacoff, A Casper, J Weiss, B Scholtz, J Yanco, H Micire, M Stroupe, A Stormont, D Lauwers, T AF Maxwell, BA Smart, W Jacoff, A Casper, J Weiss, B Scholtz, J Yanco, H Micire, M Stroupe, A Stormont, D Lauwers, T TI 2003 AAAI robot competition and exhibition SO AI MAGAZINE LA English DT Article AB The Twelfth Annual American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Robot Competition and Exhibition was held in Acapulco, Mexico, in conjunction with the Eighteenth International joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The events included the Robot Host and Urban Search and Rescue competitions, the AAAI Robot Challenge, and the Robot Exhibition. In the Robot Host event, the robots had to act as mobile information servers and guides to the exhibit area of the conference. In the Urban Search and Rescue competition, teams attempted to find victims in a simulated disaster area using teleoperated, semiautonomous, and autonomous robots. The AAAI Robot Challenge is a noncompetitive event where the robots attempt to attend the conference by locating the registration booth, registering for the conference, and then giving a talk to an audience. Finally, the Robot Exhibition is an opportunity for robotics researchers to demonstrate their robots' capabilities to conference attendees. The three days of events were capped by the two Robot Challenge participants giving talks and answering questions from the audience. C1 Swarthmore Coll, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Comp Sci, Lowell, MA USA. RP Maxwell, BA (reprint author), Swarthmore Coll, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA. EM wds@cse.wustl.edu; adam.jacoff@nist.gov; jcasper@asrobot-ics.com; mmicire@asrobotics.com; ashley.w.stroupe@jpl.nasa.gov; stormont@cc.usu.edu RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ARTIFICIAL INTELL PI MENLO PK PA 445 BURGESS DRIVE, MENLO PK, CA 94025-3496 USA SN 0738-4602 J9 AI MAG JI AI Mag. PD SUM PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 68 EP 80 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 832PL UT WOS:000222279300005 ER PT J AU Pagello, E Menegatti, E Bredenfel, A Costa, P Christaller, T Jacoff, A Polani, D Riedmiller, M Saffiotti, A Sklar, E Tomoichi, T AF Pagello, E Menegatti, E Bredenfel, A Costa, P Christaller, T Jacoff, A Polani, D Riedmiller, M Saffiotti, A Sklar, E Tomoichi, T TI RoboCup-2003 - New scientific and technical advances SO AI MAGAZINE LA English DT Article ID SOCCER WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS AB This article reports on the RoboCup-2003 event. RoboCup is no longer just the Soccer World Cup for autonomous robots but has evolved to become a coordinated initiative encompassing four different robotics events: (1) Soccer, (2) Rescue, (3) junior (focused on education), and (4) a Scientific Symposium. RoboCup-2003 took place from 2 to 11 July 2003 in Padua (Italy); it was colocated with other scientific events in the field of AT and robotics. In this article, in addition to reporting on the results of the games, we highlight the robotics and AT technologies exploited by the teams in the different leagues and describe the most meaningful scientific contributions. C1 Univ Padua, Dept Informat Engn, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Univ Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. Univ Porto, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Univ Osnabruck, D-4500 Osnabruck, Germany. Univ Orebro, S-70130 Orebro, Sweden. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Pagello, E (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dept Informat Engn, I-35100 Padua, Italy. EM epv@dei.unipd.it; paco@fe.up.pt; adam.jacoff@nist.gov; d.polani@herts.ac.uk; martin.riedmiller@uos.de; asaffio@aass.oru.se; sklar@cs.columbia.edu RI Saffiotti, Alessandro/B-4213-2013; OI Saffiotti, Alessandro/0000-0001-8229-1363; Costa, Paulo/0000-0002-4846-271X NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ARTIFICIAL INTELL PI MENLO PK PA 445 BURGESS DRIVE, MENLO PK, CA 94025-3496 USA SN 0738-4602 J9 AI MAG JI AI Mag. PD SUM PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 81 EP 98 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 832PL UT WOS:000222279300006 ER PT J AU Locascio, LE AF Locascio, LE TI Microfluidic mixing SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MIXER; FLOW C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Locascio, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM laurie.locascio@nist.gov NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 379 IS 3 BP 325 EP 327 DI 10.1007/s00216-004-2630-1 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 824GJ UT WOS:000221674100003 PM 15127174 ER PT J AU Mahoney, CM Roberson, SV Gillen, G AF Mahoney, CM Roberson, SV Gillen, G TI Depth profiling of 4-acetamindophenol-doped poly(lactic acid) films using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DRUG-DELIVERY; CONTROLLED-RELEASE; POLYMER; SF5+; BEAMS; VITRO; XPS AB The feasibility of using cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry for depth profiling of drug delivery systems is explored. The behavior of various biodegradable polymer films under dynamic SF5+ primary ion bombardment was investigated, including several films doped with model drugs. The SF5+ depth profiles obtained from these biodegradable polymer films showed very little degradation in secondary ion signal as a function of increasing primary ion dose, and it was discovered that the characteristic ion signals for the polymers remained constant for ion doses up to similar to5 x 10(15) ions/cm(2). These results suggest that the polyester structure of the biodegradable polymers studied here allows for a greater ability to depth profile due to ease of main chain scission. Attempts were also made to depth profile through a series of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films containing varying concentrations of the drug 4-acetamidophenol. The depth profiles obtained from these films show very little decrease in both the 4-acetamidophenol molecular ion and PLA fragment ion signals as a function of increasing SF5+ primary ion dose. Similar results were obtained with theophylline-doped PLA films. These results show that, in some drug delivery devices, it is possible to monitor the distribution of a drug as a function of depth by using cluster primary ion beams. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mahoney, CM (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christine.mahoney@nist.gov NR 23 TC 114 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 11 BP 3199 EP 3207 DI 10.1021/ac035532n PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 825KH UT WOS:000221755200038 PM 15167802 ER PT J AU Hayes, SA Kumar, A Costa, DP Mellinger, DK Harvey, JT Southall, BL Le Boeuf, BJ AF Hayes, SA Kumar, A Costa, DP Mellinger, DK Harvey, JT Southall, BL Le Boeuf, BJ TI Evaluating the function of the male harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, roar through playback experiments SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGNS; SONG PLAYBACKS; MATING SEASON; VOCALIZATIONS; RECOGNITION; DISPLAYS; SOUNDS; SIZES AB The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of vocalizations produced during the breeding season by the male harbour seal, an aquatically breeding pinniped. During the spring of 1999, playback experiments were conducted at eight locations in Elkhorn Slough, California, U.S.A. Through an underwater speaker, we presented male harbour seals with three acoustic stimuli: a long-duration, low-frequency roar (LL), a short-duration, high-frequency roar (SH) and amplified water noise (control). Male responses to the playback boat were characterized by increased approach rates and aggressive flipper slapping during 62.5% of SH sessions (N = 8), 25% of LL sessions (N = 8) and 0% of control sessions (N = 8). No more than one identifiable seal responded during each playback location. We observed no responses by female harbour seals to playbacks. We conclude from these experiments that territorial male harbour seals use roars given by intruders to locate and challenge intruders. (C) 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Hayes, SA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM sean.hayes@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 67 BP 1133 EP 1139 DI 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.019 PN 6 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 836YC UT WOS:000222591300018 ER PT J AU Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE Goedecke, GH Auvermann, HJ AF Wilson, DK Ostashev, VE Goedecke, GH Auvermann, HJ TI Quasi-wavelet calculations of sound scattering behind barriers SO APPLIED ACOUSTICS LA English DT Article DE outdoor sound propagation; noise barriers; turbulence ID ATMOSPHERIC-TURBULENCE; SURFACE-LAYER; PROPAGATION; REDUCTION; MODEL AB Quasi-wavelets (QWs) are a representation of turbulence consisting of self-similar, eddy-like structures with random orientations and positions in space. They are used in this paper to calculate the scattering, due to turbulent velocity fluctuations, of sound behind noise barriers as a function of the size and spatial location of the eddies. The sound scattering cross-section for QWs of an individual size class (eddy size) is derived and shown to reproduce results for the von Karman spectrum when the scattered energies from a continuous distribution of QW sizes are combined. A Bragg resonance condition is derived for the eddy size that scatters most strongly for a given acoustic wavenumber and scattering angle. Results for scattering over barriers show that, for typical barrier conditions, most of the scattered energy originates from eddies in the size range of approximately one-half to twice the size of the eddies responsible for maximum scattering. The results also suggest that scattering over the barrier due to eddies with a line of sight to both the source and receiver is generally significant only for frequencies above several kilohertz, for sources and receivers no more than a few meters below the top of the barrier, and for very turbulent atmospheric conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Wilson, DK (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM d.keith.wilson@erdc.usace.army.mil RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-682X J9 APPL ACOUST JI Appl. Acoust. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 65 IS 6 BP 605 EP 627 DI 10.1016/j.apacoust.2003.11.009 PG 23 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 807HG UT WOS:000220492000004 ER PT J AU Lan, KJ Yen, JY Kramar, JA AF Lan, KJ Yen, JY Kramar, JA TI Active vibration isolation for a long range scanning tunneling microscope SO ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL LA English DT Article DE active vibration isolation; Mallock suspension system; scanning tunneling microscope; Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian control (LQG) AB Vibration isolation or control is critical for the optimum operation of the Molecular Measuring Machine (M-3), a high-resolution, length-metrology instrument at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper describes the extension of the M3 Mallock isolation suspension from passive to six degrees-of-freedom (DOF) active vibration isolation. System modeling is presented, and experimental system identification is carried out for the purpose of model verification. The paper then compares the vibration isolation performance achieved using a classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller versus that achieved using a modified, model-based, Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controller. Attenuation of 3 dB to 15 dB is achieved within the active vibration isolation control bandwidth, and images taken with the M-3 scanning tunneling microscope (STM) probe show improved performance. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lan, KJ (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. OI Yen, Jia-Yush/0000-0001-8795-9211 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU CHINESE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SOC PI TAIPEI PA NATL CHIAO TUNG UNIV, DEPT ELECTRICAL & CONTROL ENG, TAIPEI, TAIWAN SN 1561-8625 J9 ASIAN J CONTROL JI Asian J. Control PD JUN PY 2004 VL 6 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA 835NZ UT WOS:000222491800004 ER PT J AU Rahmani, A Chaumet, PC Bryant, GW AF Rahmani, A Chaumet, PC Bryant, GW TI On the importance of local-field corrections for polarizable particles on a finite lattice: Application to the discrete dipole approximation SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; scattering ID SCATTERING; GRAINS; LIGHT; DUST AB We investigate the influence of local-field effects on the electromagnetic response of a collection of dipoles. We derive the local-field corrected static polarizability for a collection of dipoles in the case of a scatterer with uniform depolarization. We then use this correction within the discrete dipole approximation to study the scattering of an electromagnetic wave by a spherical particle. The local-field correction leads to a new formulation of the discrete dipole approximation that is exact in the long-wavelength limit and more accurate at finite frequencies. We also discuss the feasibility of a generalization of the local-field correction to arbitrary scatterers. C1 CNRS, UMR 5512, ECL, Lab Elect Optoelectron & Microsyst, F-69134 Ecully, France. Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, Inst Fresnel, UMR 6133, F-13397 Marseille 20, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rahmani, A (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 5512, ECL, Lab Elect Optoelectron & Microsyst, 36 Ave Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France. EM adel.rahmani@ec-lyon.fr; pchaumet@loe.u-3mrs.fr; garnett.bryant@nist.gov RI Rahmani, Adel/G-6406-2011; patrick, Chaumet/B-6918-2013 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 607 IS 2 BP 873 EP 878 DI 10.1086/383609 PN 1 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822LC UT WOS:000221540100022 ER PT J AU Nappo, CJ Chun, HY Lee, HJ AF Nappo, CJ Chun, HY Lee, HJ TI A parameterization of wave stress in the planetary boundary layer for use in mesoscale models SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE gravity waves; wave stress; wave-stress parameterization; stable PBL; subgrid-scale terrain effects ID WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; DRAG PARAMETRIZATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; GRAVITY-WAVES; TURBULENCE; DIFFUSION AB A parameterization of gravity wave stress generated by subgrid-scale topography is described and tested in a one-dimensional version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model. It is argued that in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) where wave reflections occur, the so-called WKB method for evaluating wave stress may not be applicable. Gravity waves launched by a subgrid-scale Gaussian ridge are calculated on line using a linear wave model. The total flow is constrained to be convectively stable by using a terrain-height adjustment to decrease wave amplitudes and thereby prevent wave overturning. In this method when the waves grow large enough to overturn, the wave amplitudes are decreased by decreasing the maximum height of the terrain obstacle, H. At each time step, the ARPS model flow is modified by the divergence of the wave stress. The effects of wave-stress divergence on turbulence parameterization is examined using three turbulence closure schemes, K-theory with constant eddy diffusivity, the Smagorinsky closure, and the turbulence-kinetic energy closure. Also, the effects of vertical grid spacing are tested using spacings of 10, 20, 50 and 100 m. The model is initialized with a hyperbolic-tangent wind profile and constant Brunt-Vaisala frequency. It is shown that wave-stress divergence can lead to elevated layers of turbulence and diffusion where they would not occur in the absence of the wave-stress parameterization. It is also shown that if the vertical grid spacing is too great, then the effects of wave breaking are not fully realized. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Lab Atmospher Modeling Res, Seoul 120749, South Korea. RP Nappo, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM nappo@atdd.noaa.gov NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 17 BP 2665 EP 2675 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.019 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 820CV UT WOS:000221365200006 ER PT J AU Reipa, V Holden, M Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL AF Reipa, V Holden, M Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL TI Temperature-induced structural changes in putidaredoxin: a circular dichroism and UV-VIS absorption study SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS LA English DT Article DE putidaredoxin; iron-sulfur protein; formal potential; hydrogen bonding; circular dichroism; UV-VIS spectroscopy ID IRON-SULFUR PROTEINS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; RESONANCE RAMAN; FERREDOXINS; ADRENODOXIN; DEPENDENCE; RUBREDOXIN; CLUSTERS; SPECTRA AB Putidaredoxin (Pdx) is an 11,400-Da iron-sulfur protein that sequentially transfers two electrons to the cytochrome P450cam during the enzymatic cycle of the stereospecific camphor hydroxylation. We report two transitions in the Pdx UV-VIS absorption and circular dichroism (CD) temperature dependencies, occurring at 16.3 +/- 0.5 degreesC and 28.4 +/- 0.5 degreesC. The 16.3 degreesC transition is attributed to the disruption of the hydrogen bonding of the active center bridging sulfur atom with cysteine 45 and alanine 46. The transition at 28.4 degreesC occurs exclusively in the Pdx(ox) at very nearly the same temperature as the earlier reported biphasicity in the redox potential. The formal potential temperature slope constancy reflects the relative stability of the concentration ratio of both oxidation states. The lower temperature transition affects both Pdx(red) and Pdx(ox) to a comparable extent, and their concentration ratio remains constant. In contrast, the 28.4 degreesC transition preferentially destabilizes Pdx(ox) thereby accelerating the formal potential negative shift and lower redox reaction entropy. There is evidence to suggest that disrupting hydrogen bonding of the iron ligating cysteines 45, 39 with residues threonine 47, serine 44, glycine 41, and serine 42 causes the 28.4 C transition. The sensitivity of the UV-VIS absorption and CD spectroscopy to subtle structural protein backbone transitions is demonstrated. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reipa, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vytas@nist.gov NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-9639 J9 BBA-PROTEINS PROTEOM JI BBA-Proteins Proteomics PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 1699 IS 1-2 BP 229 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.03.012 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 826CY UT WOS:000221807800024 PM 15158732 ER PT J AU Balazs, GH Chaloupka, M AF Balazs, GH Chaloupka, M TI Thirty-year recovery trend in the once depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE green sea turtle; abundance; population recovery; French Frigate Shoals; Hawaii ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BAYESIAN-INFERENCE; CHELONIA-MYDAS; MARINE TURTLES; GROWTH; RESIDENT; MODELS AB The green sea turtle is one of the long-lived species that comprise the charismatic marine megafauna. The green turtle has a long history of human exploitation with some stocks extinct. Here we report on a 30-year study of the nesting abundance of the green turtle stock endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. We show that there has been a substantial long-term increase in abundance of this once seriously depleted stock following cessation of harvesting since the 1970s. This population increase has occurred in a far shorter period of time than previously thought possible. There was also a distinct 3-4 year periodicity in annual nesting abundance that might be a function of regional environmental stochasticity that synchronises breeding behaviour throughout the Archipelago. This is one of the few reliable long-term population abundance time series for a large long-lived marine species, which are needed for gaining insights into the recovery process of long-lived marine species and long-term ecological processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@mailbox.uq.edu.au NR 38 TC 102 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 117 IS 5 BP 491 EP 498 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.08.008 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 815BW UT WOS:000221018800004 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR Pajares, A Zhang, Y Deng, Y Polack, MA Lloyd, IK Rekow, ED Thompson, VP AF Lawn, BR Pajares, A Zhang, Y Deng, Y Polack, MA Lloyd, IK Rekow, ED Thompson, VP TI Materials design in the performance of all-ceramic crowns SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental ceramics; crowns; materials design; plasticity; radial cracks ID BRITTLE-COATING STRUCTURES; LAYER STRUCTURES; DENTAL RESTORATIONS; CLINICAL-EVALUATION; GENERAL-PRACTICE; DAMAGE MODES; FRACTURE; SURVIVAL; DICOR; CRACKING AB Results from a systematic study of damage in material structures representing the basic elements of dental crowns are reported. Tests are made on model flat-layer specimens fabricated from various dental ceramic combinations bonded to dentin-like polymer substrates, in bilayer (ceramic/polymer) and trilayer (ceramic/ceramic/polymer) configurations. The specimens are loaded at their top surfaces with spherical indenters, in simulation of occlusal function. The onset of fracture is observed in situ using a video camera system mounted beneath the transparent polymer substrate. Critical loads to induce fracture and deformation at the ceramic top and bottom surfaces are measured as functions of layer thickness and contact duration. Radial cracking at the ceramic undersurface occurs at relatively low loads, especially in thinner layers. Fracture mechanics relations are used to confirm the experimental data trends, and to provide explicit dependencies of critical loads in terms of key variables: material-elastic modulus, hardness, strength and toughness: geometric-layer thicknesses and contact radius. Tougher, harder and (especially) stronger materials show superior damage resistance. Critical loads depend strongly (quadratically) on crown net thickness. The analytic relations provide a sound basis for the materials design of next-generation dental crowns. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NYU, Coll Dent, Div Basic Sci, New York, NY 10010 USA. NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Biomat & Biomimet, New York, NY 10010 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Bldg 301, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015; OI Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586; Thompson, Van P/0000-0003-0033-0344 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 36 TC 104 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 14 BP 2885 EP 2892 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.050 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 776TG UT WOS:000189133000019 PM 14962567 ER PT J AU Miller, CE Majewski, J Faller, R Satija, S Kuhl, TL AF Miller, CE Majewski, J Faller, R Satija, S Kuhl, TL TI Cholera toxin assault on lipid monolayers containing ganglioside GM(1) SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; NEUTRON REFLECTION; PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MEMBRANE; REFLECTOMETRY; DIFFRACTION; MICROSCOPY; INTERFACE; SURFACE AB Many bacterial toxins bind to and gain entrance to target cells through specific interactions with membrane components. Using neutron reflectivity, we have characterized the structure of mixed DPPE:GM, lipid monolayers before and during the binding of cholera toxin (CTAB(5)) or its B-subunit (CTB5). Structural parameters such as the density and thickness of the lipid layer, extension of the GM(1) oligosaccharide headgroup, and orientation and position of the protein upon binding are reported. The density of the lipid layer was found to decrease slightly upon protein binding. However, the A-subunit of the whole toxin is clearly located below the B-pentameric ring, away from the monolayer, and does not penetrate into the lipid layer before enzymatic cleavage. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the observed monolayer expansion was found to be consistent with geometrical constraints imposed on DPPE by multivalent binding of GM(1) by the toxin. Our findings suggest that the mechanism of membrane translocation by the protein may be aided by alterations in lipid packing. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Biophys Grad Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuhl, TL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Biophys Grad Grp, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM tlkuhl@ucdavis.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 29 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 11 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 86 IS 6 BP 3700 EP 3708 DI 10.1529/biophysj.103.032508 PG 9 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 829GK UT WOS:000222035200029 PM 15189866 ER PT J AU Cicerone, MT Soles, CL AF Cicerone, MT Soles, CL TI Fast dynamics and stabilization of proteins: Binary glasses of trehalose and glycerol SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; VISCOSITY DEPENDENCE; STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; SOLVENT VISCOSITY; MICROSCOPIC BASIS; AMORPHOUS SOLIDS; ENERGY BARRIERS; DILUTE-SOLUTION; TEMPERATURE AB We present elastic and inelastic incoherent neutron scattering data from a series of trehalose glasses diluted with glycerol. A strong correlation with recently published protein stability data in the same series of glasses illustrates that the dynamics at Q greater than or equal to 0.71 Angstrom(-1) and omega > 200 MHz are important to stabilization of horseradish peroxidase and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase in these glasses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that enzyme stability in a room temperature glass depends upon suppressing these short-length scale, high-frequency dynamics within the glass. We briefly discuss the coupling of protein motions to the local dynamics of the glass. Also, we show that T-g alone is not a good indicator for the protein stability in this series of glasses; the glass that confers the maximum room-temperature stability does not have the highest T-g. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cicerone, MT (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cicerone@nist.gov NR 80 TC 145 Z9 146 U1 2 U2 39 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 86 IS 6 BP 3836 EP 3845 DI 10.1529/biophysj.103.035519 PG 10 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 829GK UT WOS:000222035200043 PM 15189880 ER PT J AU Mostek, A Weaver, J Bikos, D Lindsey, D Zajac, B Bachmeier, S Whittaker, T Motta, B Grant, B LaDue, J Ferree, J AF Mostek, A Weaver, J Bikos, D Lindsey, D Zajac, B Bachmeier, S Whittaker, T Motta, B Grant, B LaDue, J Ferree, J TI Visit - Bringing training to weather service forecasters using a new distance-learning tool SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB VISIT: BRINGING TRAINING TO WEATHER SERVICE FORECASTERS USING A NEW DISTANCE-LEARNING TOOL What is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service doing in these times of rapidly changing technology and falling budgets to maintain high training standards? One solution used by NOAA's Virtual Institute for Satellite Integration Training (VISIT) is to bring meteorological instructors remotely into forecast offices using teletraining - an approach that combines the use of the Internet and audio conferencing. Since VISIT began providing teletraining in April 1999, over 10,000 training certificates have been issued in a variety of meteorological topics. The project has been an unqualified success, and NOAA plans to continue to build on this distance-learning concept in the future. C1 NOAA NWS, COMET UCAR, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP NOAA NWS, COMET UCAR, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM mostek@comet.ucar.edu RI Motta, Brian/D-7521-2015; Lindsey, Dan/F-5607-2010 OI Motta, Brian/0000-0002-9048-6432; Lindsey, Dan/0000-0002-0967-5683 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 823 EP 829 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-6-823 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 834MU UT WOS:000222416000009 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE AF Brooks, HE TI Tornado-warning performance in the past and future - A perspective from signal detection theory SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VERIFICATION AB TORNADO-WARNING PERFORMANCE IN THE PAST AND FUTURE: A PERSPECTIVE FROM SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY Changes over the years in tornado-warning performance in the United States can be modeled from the perspective of signal detection theory. From this view, it can be seen that there have been distinct periods of change in performance, most likely associated with deployment of radars, and changes in scientific understanding and training. The model also makes it clear that improvements in the false alarm ratio can only occur at the cost of large decreases in the probability of detection, or with large improvements in the overall quality of the warning system. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 13-3 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM harold.brooks@noaa.gov NR 6 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 837 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-6-839 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 834MU UT WOS:000222416000011 ER PT J AU Powell, M Bowman, D Gilhousen, D Murillo, S Carrasco, N Fleur, RS AF Powell, M Bowman, D Gilhousen, D Murillo, S Carrasco, N Fleur, RS TI Tropical cyclone winds at landfall - The ASOS-C-MAN wind exposure documentation project SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ROUGHNESS; TERRAIN; SYSTEM; FIELDS AB TROPICAL CYCLONE WINDS AT LANDFALL: THE ASOS-C-MAN WIND EXPOSURE DOCUMENTATION PROJECT Photographs describing the wind exposure at automatic weather stations susceptible to tropical cyclones are now available on Web pages at the National Climatic Data Center and the National Data Buoy Center. Given. the exposure for one of eight wind. direction sectors, a user may estimate the aerodynamic roughness and correct mean wind measurements to an open-terrain exposure. The open-terrain exposure is consistent with the tropical cyclone advisories and forecasts issued by the National Weather Service, as well as building design wind load standards published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 AOML HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Powell, M (reprint author), AOML HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Mark.Powell@noaa.gov RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013; Murillo, Shirley/C-3259-2014 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945; Murillo, Shirley/0000-0002-2075-8682 NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 845 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-6-845 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 834MU UT WOS:000222416000012 ER PT J AU Levinson, DH Waple, AM AF Levinson, DH Waple, AM TI State of climate in 2003 SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEA-ICE-EXTENT; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; AIR-TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS; WEST-AFRICAN RAINFALL; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC HURRICANES AB The earth's climate was influenced by a moderate El Nino in the tropical Pacific Ocean at the beginning of 2003. This ENSO warm event developed during October-November of 2002, and eventually dissipated during March-April 2003, giving way to near-neutral ENSO conditions for the remainder of the year. Despite the cessation of El Nino during the boreal spring, the ENSO warm event affected regional precipitation anomalies over a broad area of the Pacific basin, including wet anomalies along the west coast of South America, and dry anomalies in eastern Australia, the southwest Pacific, and Hawaii. The global mean surface temperature in 2003 was within the highest three annual values observed during the period of regular instrumental records (beginning in approximately 1880), but below the 1998 record-high value. Global surface temperatures in 2003 were 0.46degreesC (0.83degreesF) above the 1961-90 mean, according to one U.K. record, which ranked as third highest in this archive. In the U.S. temperature archive, the 2003 anomaly was also 0.46degreesC (0.83degreesF), equivalent to the 2002 value, which ranked second over the period of record. Similar to the surface temperature anomalies, satellite retrievals of global midtropospheric temperatures ranked 2003 as third warmest relative to the 1979-98 mean value. The hurricane season was extremely active in the Atlantic basin, with a total of 16 tropical storms, seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes in 2003. Five of these tropical cyclones made landfall in the United States, three made landfall in northeastern Mexico, and a tropical storm affected Hispanola. In addition, Nova Scotia and Bermuda experienced devastating impacts from hurricanes in 2003. Another notable aspect of the season in the Atlantic was the formation of five tropical storms over the Gulf of Mexico, which tied the season high observed in 1957. In addition, three tropical storms formed outside of the normal (June-November) hurricane season in 2003-one in April and two in December-which made this the first season since 1887 that two tropical storms have formed during December in the Atlantic basin. Also of note was the below-normal activity in the eastern North Pacific basin. There were no major hurricanes in this basin during the 2003 season, which made this the first year since 1977 with no category 3-S storms. Despite the below-normal activity, four tropical cyclones made landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico, two as hurricanes and two as tropical storms, which was twice the long-term mean. The summer of 2003 was one of the warmest on record across parts of Europe, where a heat wave affected most of Central and Western Europe. Two distinct periods of exceptional heat occurred during the season-the first in June and the second during the latter half of July and the first half of August. The July-August heat wave was the more serious of the two, since it coincided with the normal peak in summer temperatures and was accompanied by an almost complete absence of rainfall. The high temperatures and dry conditions exacerbated forest fires that burned across southern France and Portugal in July and August. The record heat wave spread across most of Western Europe in August, and it was likely the warmest summer since 1540 in parts of Central Europe. In France, 11,000 heat-related deaths were reported between late July and mid-August. In Germany, both June and August were the warmest such months since at least the beginning of the twentieth century. The summer was also the hottest in Germany since 190 1, and, with the exception of some stations in northern and northwestern Germany, it was the hottest summer since the beginning of recorded measurements. Other climatic events of note during 2003 included 1) record wet conditions across parts of the southeast, mid-Atlantic, and eastern coast of the United States; 2) record cold temperatures and anomalous June snowfalls in European Russia; 3) S46 tornadoes during May 2003 in the United States, which was an all-time record of reported tornadoes for any month; 4) continuing drought conditions across the western United States, with some areas experiencing their fourth and fifth years of significant precipitation deficits; S) severe bushfires in eastern Australia in January, the worst wildfire season on record in British Columbia during August, as well as severe wildfires across southern California in October; 6) above-average rainfall across West Africa and the Sahel, which had its second wettest rainy season since 1990; 7) a return to normal rainfall across the Indian subcontinent during the summer monsoon; and 8) a near-record extent of the Antarctic ozone hole, which was 28.2 million km(2) at its maximum in September 2003. C1 NOAA NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Climate Monitoring Branch, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Levinson, DH (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Climate Monitoring Branch, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM David.Levinson@noaa.gov NR 94 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP S1 EP S72 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-6-Levinson PG 72 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 834MU UT WOS:000222416000017 ER PT J AU Steel, EA Feist, BE Jensen, DW Pess, GR Sheer, MB Brauner, JB Bilby, RE AF Steel, EA Feist, BE Jensen, DW Pess, GR Sheer, MB Brauner, JB Bilby, RE TI Landscape models to understand steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) distribution and help prioritize barrier removals in the Willamette basin, Oregon, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; SALMON HABITAT; CHINOOK SALMON; LAND-USE; RIVER; KISUTCH; SCALE; RESTORATION; ABUNDANCE; COLUMBIA AB We use linear mixed models to predict winter steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) redd density from geology, land use, and climate variables in the Willamette River basin, Oregon. Landscape variables included in the set of best models were alluvium, hillslope < 6%, landslide-derived geology, young (<40 years) forest, shrub vegetation, agricultural land use, and mafic volcanic geology. Our approach enables us to model the temporal correlation between annual redd counts at the same site while extracting patterns of relative redd density across sites that are consistent even among years with varying strengths of steelhead returns. We use our model to predict redd density (redds per kilometre) upstream of 111 probable migration barriers as well as the 95% confidence interval around the redd density prediction and the total number of potential redds behind each barrier. Using a metric that incorporates uncertainty, we identified high-priority barriers that might have been overlooked using only stream length or mean predicted fish benefit and we clearly differentiated between otherwise similar barriers. We show that landscape features can be used to describe and predict the distribution of winter steelhead redds and that these models can be used immediately to improve decision-making for anadromous salmonids. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Steel, EA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Ashley.Steel@noaa.gov OI Feist, Blake/0000-0001-5215-4878 NR 40 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 61 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1011 DI 10.1139/F04-042 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 843PJ UT WOS:000223096000012 ER PT J AU Laufer, AH Fahr, A AF Laufer, AH Fahr, A TI Reactions and kinetics of unsaturated C-2 hydrocarbon radicals SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID TEMPERATURE RATE COEFFICIENTS; LAVAL NOZZLE APPARATUS; RATE-CONSTANT MEASUREMENTS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; ETHYNYL RADICALS; VINYL RADICALS; AB-INITIO; TRIPLET VINYLIDENE; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Laufer, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM allan.laufer@nist.gov; askar.fahr@nist.gov NR 153 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 104 IS 6 BP 2813 EP 2832 DI 10.1021/cr030039x PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 828JC UT WOS:000221968600001 PM 15186181 ER PT J AU Lufaso, MW AF Lufaso, MW TI Crystal structures, modeling, and dielectric property relationships of 2 : 1 ordered Ba3MM ' O-2(9) (M = Mg, Ni, Zn; M ' = Nb, Ta) perovskites SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX PEROVSKITES; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; X-RAY; TEMPERATURE-COEFFICIENT; MICROWAVE-FREQUENCIES; RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; POWDER NEUTRON; CERAMICS; OXIDES AB The preparation, modeled and refined crystal structures, and structure -dielectric property relationships of five Ba3MM'O-2(9) (M = Mg, Ni, Zn; M' = Nb, Ta) perovskites are reported. Crystal structure modeling was used to generate initial structure models for Rietveld refinements of the neutron powder diffraction data. Bond valence sums calculated from the bond distances indicate Ba-O bonds are compressed and the M-O and M'-O-6 bonds are expanded from ideal lengths. A shift of Ta5+ and Nb5+ out of center of the [M'O-6] octahedra forms three short and three long M'-O bonds. The octahedral distortion is driven by the asymmetry in the O bonding network and aided by the second-order Jahn-Teller distortion of the d(0) Nb5+ and Ta5+ cations. Differences in the atomic coordination environments in the crystal structures were utilized to propose crystal structure-dielectric property relationships. The coordination of the divalent B-site cation (M2+) was correlated with the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (tau(f)); a more under-bonded M2+ exhibited a more negative tau(f). Also, if the bond valences sums of the B-site cations were closer to the formal oxidations states, then a higher Q x f was observed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lufaso, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.lufaso@nist.gov RI Lufaso, Michael/A-8400-2009 OI Lufaso, Michael/0000-0001-7842-6982 NR 65 TC 115 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2148 EP 2156 DI 10.1021/cm049831k PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 824JT UT WOS:000221683300015 ER PT J AU Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P Galluci, VF AF Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P Galluci, VF TI Sensitivity analysis of the multispecies virtual population analysis model parameterized for a system of trophically-linked species from the eastern Bering Sea SO CIENCIAS MARINAS LA English DT Article DE sensitivity analysis; MSVPA; predation mortality; walleye pollock; Bering Sea ID GROUNDFISH AB A sensitivity analysis of a multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) model parameterized for the Bering Sea was carried out using two methods for the analysis. In the first method, four variables related to the predation mortality M2 and population size of age-1 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were chosen as response variables. Results suggested that the response variables of walleye pollock were sensitive to the residual mortality M1 of walleye pollock, the stock size of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and ration of both predator species. Pacific cod response variables were sensitive only to variables related to Pacific cod. These results reinforce the importance of cannibalism in the dynamics of walleye pollock and Pacific cod. Results from the individual perturbation parameter analysis showed that the changes produced by large positive perturbations in the "other food" parameter were small. The overall results suggest that the MSVPA model can be considered robust. These results help to recognize the potential use of MSVPA as a tool to assist in broadening the management of the fishery resources from the Bering Sea within a multispecies perspective. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jurado-Molina, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jjurado@u.washington.edu NR 18 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTITUTO INVESTIGACIONES OCEANOLOGICAS, U A B C PI BAJA CALIFORNIA PA APARTADO POSTAL 423, ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA 22800, MEXICO SN 0185-3880 J9 CIENC MAR JI Ceinc. Mar. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 30 IS 2 BP 285 EP 296 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 828LZ UT WOS:000221976100003 ER PT J AU Early, EA Nadal, ME AF Early, EA Nadal, ME TI Uncertainty analysis for reflectance colorimetry SO COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION LA English DT Article DE colorimetry; correlation; uncertainty ID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ERRORS; COLOR MEASUREMENT; PROPAGATION AB The uncertainty; associated with the quantitative description of the color of an object is often necessary for determining the acceptability of that object for its intended application. Uncertainties are also required for establishing the traceability of a measurement to a national metrology institute. A systematic, analytical approach to uncertainty analysis, which conforms to currently accepted practice, is presented for reflectance colorimetry. Two important concepts are stressed-the measurement equation describing the relation between signals and the spectral reflectance factor and correlations both between signals at the same wavelength and between reflectance factors at different wavelengths. The approach is illustrated by considering representative object colors and instrument parameters. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Early, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Edward.early@nist.gov NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0361-2317 J9 COLOR RES APPL JI Color Res. Appl. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 29 IS 3 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.1002/col.20006 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 812IL UT WOS:000220833100005 ER PT J AU Katta, VR Takahashi, F Linteris, GT AF Katta, VR Takahashi, F Linteris, GT TI Suppression of cup-burner flames using carbon dioxide in microgravity SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE fire-safety; fire-suppression; extinguishment; buoyancy; inhibitors; cup-burner ID JET DIFFUSION FLAMES; METHANE-AIR FLAMES; PREFERENTIAL DIFFUSION; INHIBITION; EXTINCTION; BUOYANT; SHAPES; LIMIT AB The extinguishment characteristics of CO2 as a fire-suppressing agent have been studied experimentally and numerically using a methane-air laminar co-flow diffusion flame stabilized on a cup burner. Direct numerical simulations of cup-burner flames under various gravitational forces were performed using a time-dependent, axisymmetric mathematical model with a detailed-chemical-kinetic mechanism for CH4/O-2 combustion. Experiments with cup-burner flames under normal-gravity (1g) conditions were performed for comparison purposes. Both the computed flicker frequency and the predicted critical concentration of CO2 for extinguishing the flame compared well with the respective quantities measured in the experiments. As the buoyancy force is reduced, the flicker frequency decreases, the flame diameter increases, the tip opens, and the base becomes vertical. It is predicted that the cup-burner flame ceases to flicker for gravitational forces corresponding to less than 0.5g. Numerical experiments revealed that radiative heat loss is predominantly responsible for flame quenching (opening) in the tip region under microgravity (0g) conditions. In contrast, 1g flames are affected only slightly by the radiative heat loss. Calculations are made by adding different amounts of CO2 to the air stream for obtaining the critical volume fraction of CO2 to extinguish 0g flames. The behavior is similar to that observed in 1g flames: the addition of CO2 destabilizes the flame base, which then moves downstream in search of a new stabilization location. For CO2 volume fractions greater than 19.1%, the flame base moves out of the computational area, as it cannot find a stabilization point within the domain. This critical concentration for the 0g flames is similar to 32% higher than that computed for the same flames under 1 g conditions. Calculations made by ignoring radiation for the limiting flame under 0g conditions yielded a stable flame. This study suggests that it is important to consider radiation heat losses when estimating the extinguishment limits of cup-burner flames in microgravity. (C) 2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Katta, VR (reprint author), Innovat Sci Solut Inc, 2766 Indian Ripple Rd, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. EM vrkatta@innssi.com NR 45 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JUN PY 2004 VL 137 IS 4 BP 506 EP 522 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.01.015 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 828BZ UT WOS:000221949000008 ER PT J AU Fan, SJ Oey, LY Hamilton, P AF Fan, SJ Oey, LY Hamilton, P TI Assimilation of drifter and satellite data in a model of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; drifter; satellite; Gulf of Mexico; circulation model ID OCEAN SURFACE-LAYER; LAGRANGIAN DATA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CIRCULATION; PREDICTABILITY; TRAJECTORIES; SIMULATION; BUOY AB Drifter and satellite data are assimilated into a circulation model that hindcasts near-surface currents in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Experiments without assimilation, and using assimilation of drifter, satellite sea-surface height (SSH) and sea-surface temperature (SST) data, in various combinations, were conducted. Currents derived from these experiments were used to compute drifter trajectories that were compared against observations. Surface geostropic current fields, calculated from satellite SSH, were also used to generate drifter paths. Assimilation that used a combination of drifter and satellite data reproduced the drifter trajectories with position errors approximate to30-80 km over a 10-day period. Comparisons of the modeled currents with moored observations on the West Florida shelf show improvement when data assimilation is used, because of better simulation of deepwater processes (primarily the loop current). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. RP Oey, LY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM lyo@splash.princeton.edu NR 25 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 9 BP 1001 EP 1013 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.013 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 829VO UT WOS:000222078600004 ER PT J AU Ciannelli, L Robson, BW Francis, RC Aydin, K Brodeur, RD AF Ciannelli, L Robson, BW Francis, RC Aydin, K Brodeur, RD TI Boundaries of open marine ecosystems: an application to the Pribilof Archipelago, southeast Bering Sea SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE central place foraging; ecosystem boundary; ecosystem modeling; fur seal; mass balance; Pribilof Islands ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; FISHERIES; ISLANDS; MANAGEMENT; FOOD; DISTRIBUTIONS; COMPETITION; DISPERSAL AB We applied ecosystem energetics and foraging theory to characterize the spatial extent of the Pribilof Archipelago ecosystem, located in the southeast Bering Sea. From an energetic perspective, an ecosystem is an area within which the predatory demand is in balance with the prey production. From a foraging perspective, an ecosystem boundary should- at least include the foraging range of the species that live within it for a portion of their life cycle. The Pribilof Islands are densely populated by species that. adopt a central place foraging strategy. Foraging theory predicts that the area traveled by central place foragers (CPF) should extend far enough so that their predatory demands are in balance with prey production. Thus, the spatial extent of an ecosystem, as defined by energetics and the foraging range of constituent species, will require a similar energy balance, and independent assessments should yield similar results. In this study, we compared the area of maximum energy balance, estimated with a food web model during the decade 1990-2000, with estimates of the foraging range of northern fur seals (the farthest traveling CPF in the Pribilof Islands community) obtained from the literature. From the food web simulations, we estimated that a circle of 100 nautical miles (NM), or 185.2 km, radius encloses the area of highest energy balance and lowest biomass import and that it represents a switch from a piscivorous-dominated (smaller areas) to a zooplanktivorous-dominated (larger areas) community. The distance from the breeding site to locations recorded at sea for lactating female fur seals, during the years 1995-1996, ranged from 5.0 to 172.2 NM (9.3-318.9 km), with a median of 97 NM (179.6 km). Thus, similar to50% of the locations recorded for lactating fur seals occurred beyond the area of energy balance estimated by the model, indicating that additional factors can motivate their foraging extent. We propose that energetic constraints set the minimum extent of the Pribilof ecosystem, while the foraging distance of fur seals may indicate the maximum extent. In discussing these results, we highlight the limitations of current definitions of the spatial extent in ecosystems, when related to open oceanic environments, and discuss viable alternatives to characterize boundaries of aquatic systems that are not physically separated from adjacent areas. We believe that these arguments, though controversial, are very timely given the increased emphasis currently placed on the management and protection of entire marine ecosystems. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ciannelli, L (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, POB 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM Lorenzo.Ciannelli@noaa.gov NR 57 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 942 EP 953 DI 10.1890/03-5016 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 831DS UT WOS:000222174000025 ER PT J AU Hinke, JT Kaplan, IC Aydin, K Watters, GM Olson, RJ Kitchell, JF AF Hinke, JT Kaplan, IC Aydin, K Watters, GM Olson, RJ Kitchell, JF TI Visualizing the food-web effects of fishing for tunas in the Pacific Ocean SO ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RECONSTRUCTING ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; SOUTH-PACIFIC; FISHERIES; MANAGEMENT; IMPACTS; COMMUNITIES; RECRUITMENT; DOLPHIN; SHARKS AB We use food-web models to develop visualizations to compare and evaluate the interactions of tuna fisheries with their supporting food webs in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and the central north Pacific (CNP) Oceans. In the ETP and CNP models, individual fisheries use slightly different food webs that are defined by the assemblage of targeted tuna species. Distinct energy pathways are required to support different tuna species and, consequently, the specific fisheries that target different tuna assemblages. These simulations suggest that catches of tunas, sharks, and billfishes have lowered the biomass of the upper trophic levels in both systems, whereas increases in intermediate and lower trophic level animals have accompanied the decline of top predators. Trade-offs between fishing and predation mortality rates that occur when multiple fisheries interact with their respective food webs may lead to smaller changes in biomass than if only the effect of a single fishery is considered. Historical simulations and hypothetical management scenarios further demonstrate that the effects of longline and purse seine fisheries have been strongest in upper trophic levels, but that lower trophic levels may respond more strongly to purse-seine fisheries. The apex predator guild has responded most strongly to longlining. Simulations of alternative management strategies that attempt to rebuild shark and billfish populations in each ecosystem reveal that (1) changes in longlining more effectively recover top predator populations than do changes in purse seining and (2) restrictions on both shallow-set longline gear and shark finning may do more to recover top predators than do simple reductions in fishing effort. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Hinke, JT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 52 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 25 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1708-3087 J9 ECOL SOC JI Ecol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1 AR 10 PG 24 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 911SN UT WOS:000228025100008 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Buel, E Crivellente, F McCord, BR AF Butler, JM Buel, E Crivellente, F McCord, BR TI Forensic DNA typing by capillary electrophoresis using the ABI Prism 310 and 3100 genetic analyzers for STR analysis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Review DE capillary electrophoresis; DNA typing; forensic science; review; short tandem repeat ID TANDEM REPEAT LOCI; TRANSFER FLUORESCENT PRIMERS; ENTANGLED POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; CHAIN-REACTION PRODUCTS; ARRAY ELECTROPHORESIS; RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID POLYACRYLAMIDE; SYSTEMS AB DNA typing with short tandem repeat (STR) markers is now widely used for a variety of applications including human identification. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments, such as the ABI Prism 310 and ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzers, are the method of choice for many laboratories performing STR analysis. This review discusses issues surrounding sample preparation, injection, separation, detection, and interpretation of STIR results using CE systems. Requirements for accurate typing of STR alleles are considered in the context of what future analysis platforms will need to increase sample throughput and ease of use. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Chem, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Vermont Forens Lab, Waterbury, CT USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 78 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 39 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 10-11 BP 1397 EP 1412 DI 10.1002/elps.200305822 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 830RK UT WOS:000222140400002 PM 15188225 ER PT J AU Hess, JL Atha, DH Xu, JF Highsmith, WE AF Hess, JL Atha, DH Xu, JF Highsmith, WE TI Telomerase activity measurement in magnetically captured epithelial cells: Comparison of slab-gel and capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; slab-gel electrophoresis; telomerase ID SEQUENCE; DNA AB We have compared telomerase activity measurements by slab-gel and capillary electrophoresis in cultured cells (A549 and H125 human cancer cell lines) and in cells isolated from clinical peripheral blood specimens epithelial cells of patients with lung and esophageal cancer. Telomerase activity was determined using the telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay with phosphoimager scanning of slab-gels and by laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (LIF-CE). Experiments using A549 and H125 cells were performed to determine the reproducibility of each method and to identify the contribution of each stage of the TRAP/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to the variability. In these experiments, it was found that more than half of the overall variability (coefficient of variation, CV = 35%) of the slab-gel method and almost all of the overall variability (CV = 20%) of the CE method was due to the PCR stage of the TRAP assay. In the clinical samples, classification as positive or negative was by visual inspection of the slab-gel and CE electropherograms for the presence of the characteristic 6 base-pair TRAP ladder and by GeneScan analysis of the CE. We examined several criteria including the use of 3, 4, or 5 TRAP bands as the definition of a positive test. Using the slab-gel method, the 5-band criterion gave 40% sensitivity with 100% specificity (no false positives in inactive controls). The CE method yielded a comparable 38% sensitivity and 100% specificity using this criterion. These data indicate that detection of telomerase activity in epithelial cells isolated from peripheral blood has a useful level of sensitivity and specificity and may be useful in the detection and monitoring of aerodigestive cancers. However, analysis by slab-gel is cumbersome and the precision is poor (inter-replicate CV = 20%) compared to LIF-CE (CV = 5%). A high-throughput CE-LIF detection platform will be indispensable for validation studies of telomerase activity measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Grad Program Human Genet, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Atha, DH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Bld 227,Rm A243, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM donald.atha@nist.gov RI Highsmith, William/B-6175-2008 FU NCI NIH HHS [U01CA94988, CN-0103-02] NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 12 BP 1852 EP 1859 DI 10.1002/elps.200305811 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 834FC UT WOS:000222396000016 PM 15213984 ER PT J AU Tolimieri, N Levin, P AF Tolimieri, N Levin, P TI Differences in responses of chinook salmon to climate shifts: implications for conservation SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE linear mixed model; fisheries management ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA POPULATIONS; RIVER SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC-SALMON; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; SURVIVAL RATES; REGIME SHIFTS; CONTRASTING PATTERNS; COLUMBIA RIVERS; OCEAN AB Understanding how organisms respond to climate is critical for focusing the debate about ways to recover imperiled or manage exploited species. However, efforts to understand climate effects on biota are complicated by differences among species in life history and physiology. Even within a species it is not clear if different populations will react similarly to large-scale climate trends. Climate regimes exhibit basin-wide effects similar to the El Nino Southern Oscillation but persist for decades. In the North Pacific Ocean, two regime shifts ( abrupt changes from one regime to another) occurred in 1976-1977 and 1989-1990 and had wide ranging effects on many species. We examined the response of chinook salmon from 9 evolutionary significant units (ESUs) to the regime shifts. While there was an average decline in spawner numbers associated with the regime shifts, ESUs did not respond in a uniform manner: some ESUs declined, some did not respond and one may have increased. Four ESUs currently listed under the Endangered Species Act may have declined more across regime boundaries than did the five non-listed ones. Interpretation of this result depends on two ESUs: the Snake River spring/summer run and the Central Valley fall run. The Snake River ESU had the largest decline and most sampling effort. If this ESU was excluded from the analysis, there was no evidence that listed and non-listed stocks responded differently to the regimes. The Central Valley ESU is currently a candidate for listing. If this ESU is considered to be a threatened or endangered, then listed ESUs declined more on average than did non-listed ESUs across the regime boundaries regardless of the Snake River ESU. As a whole, these results suggest that long-term climate trends are important to the dynamics of chinook populations and that sub-units of a species ( here ESUs) can respond differently to these regimes. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. RP Tolimieri, N (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. EM nick.tolimieri@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 2 BP 155 EP 167 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000029344.33698.34 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 824LG UT WOS:000221687500008 ER PT J AU Sandifer, PA Holland, AF Rowles, TK Scott, GI AF Sandifer, PA Holland, AF Rowles, TK Scott, GI TI The oceans and human health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Charleston, SC USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Sandifer, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Charleston, SC USA. EM paul.sandifer@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP A454 EP A455 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200001 PM 15175186 ER PT J AU Carls, MG Holland, LG Short, JW Heintz, RA Rice, SD AF Carls, MG Holland, LG Short, JW Heintz, RA Rice, SD TI Monitoring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environments with passive low-density polyethylene membrane devices SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polyethylene membrane devices; semipermeable membrane devices; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon; environmental monitoring ID WEATHERED CRUDE-OIL; EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; FISH EMBRYOS; MODEL; RIVER; CONTAMINANTS; ACCUMULATION; SENSITIVITY; POLLUTANTS; INDUCTION AB Low-density polyethylene membranes, typically filled with triolein, have been previously deployed as passive environmental samplers designed to accumulate nonpolar hydrophobic chemicals from water, sediments, and air. Hydrocarbons in such samplers, known as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), diffuse through pores in the membranes and are trapped in the central hydrocarbon matrix, mimicking uptake by living organisms. Here, we describe laboratory and field verification that low-density polyethylene membrane devices (PEMDs) without triolein provide reliable, relatively inexpensive, time-integrated hydrocarbon sampling from water. For comparison, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake in SPMDs and pink salmon eggs also was studied. Total concentrations of PAH accumulated by PEMDs were highly correlated with concentrations in water (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.99) and linear over the range tested (0-17 mug/L). Higher-molecular-mass PAH preferentially accumulated in PEMDs and in pink salmon eggs, but the source of oil in PEMDs remained identifiable. Accumulations of PAH were highly similar to those in SPMDs. The PEMDs retained approximately 78% of accumulated total PAH for 40 d in clean water. Thus, a simple plastic membrane can be conveniently used for environmental monitoring, particularly during situations in which contaminant concentrations are low (in the parts-per-billion range), variable, and intermittent. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Carls, MG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mark.carls@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1416 EP 1424 DI 10.1897/03-395 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 826JO UT WOS:000221825600008 PM 15376527 ER PT J AU Scavia, D Justic, D Bierman, VJ AF Scavia, D Justic, D Bierman, VJ TI Reducing hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico: Advice from three models SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; NUTRIENT OVER-ENRICHMENT; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; NITROGEN INPUT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NITRATE FLUX; OXYGEN; PRODUCTIVITY; LOUISIANA; BALANCE AB Summer hypoxia in the bottom waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico has received considerable scientific and policy attention because of potential ecological and economic impacts from this very large zone of low oxygen and because of the implications for management within the massive Mississippi River watershed. An assessment of its causes and consequences concluded that the almost 3-fold increase in nitrogen load to the Gulf is the primary external driver stimulating the increase in hypoxia since the middle of the last century. Results from three very different models are compared to reach the consensus that large-scale hypoxia likely did not start in the Gulf of Mexico until the mid-1970s and that the 30% nitrogen load reduction called for in an Action Plan to reduce hypoxia, agreed to by a federal, state, and tribal task force, may not be sufficient to reach the plan's goal. Caution is also raised for setting resource management goals without considering the long-term consequences of climate variability and change. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. LimnoTech Inc, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. RP Scavia, D (reprint author), NOAA, 1305 E Way Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM don.scavia@noaa.gov OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 30 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 21 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3 BP 419 EP 425 DI 10.1007/BF02803534 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832UK UT WOS:000222292500006 ER PT J AU Scharf, FS Manderson, JP Fabrizio, MC Pessutti, JP Rosendale, JE Chant, RJ Bejda, AJ AF Scharf, FS Manderson, JP Fabrizio, MC Pessutti, JP Rosendale, JE Chant, RJ Bejda, AJ TI Seasonal and interannual patterns of distribution and diet of bluefish within a middle Atlantic bight estuary in relation to abiotic and biotic factors SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID THE-YEAR BLUEFISH; MENHADEN BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; STRIPED BASS; JUVENILE BLUEFISH; AGE-0 BLUEFISH; NEW-YORK AB Seasonal and interannual patterns in the spatial distribution of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) within a Middle Atlantic Bight estuary were examined using multipanel gillnets fished biweekly at 14 fixed stations in the Sandy Hook Bay-Navesink River estuary during May November of 1998 and 1999. To characterize habitats along the estuarine gradient, we measured several abiotic and biotic variables concurrently with gillnet sampling. juvenile (age-0 and age-1+) bluefish were captured regularly during both years along with large numbers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyranmus), which were confirmed by diet analyses to be bluefish's primary forage species. The date of initial appearance of age-0 bluefish and menhaden in the estuary varied between years and may have been related to interannual differences in seawater temperatures on the continental shelf during spring. Delayed estuarine arrival of prey fishes may have contributed to variability in bluefish diets between years. Within the estuary, bluefish spatial distributions were consistent across seasons and years: bluefish were most common in areas associated with high concentrations of suspended materials and the presence of menhaden. Community analyses also indicated habitat overlap between bluefish and menhaden. Spatial distribution patterns revealed the consistent occurrence of piscivorous bluefish in shallow estuarine habitats that retained suspended materials and aggregated prey fishes. Foraging success of bluefish and other estuarine piscivores may be closely linked with the availability of these productive habitats, highlighting the need for future study of biological interactions and the governing physical processes. C1 NOAA, Behav Ecol Branch, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine & Fisheries Serv,James J Howard Marin, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Scharf, FS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, 601 S Coll Rd, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. EM scharff@uncw.edu OI Fabrizio, Mary/0000-0002-6115-5490 NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3 BP 426 EP 436 DI 10.1007/BF02803535 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832UK UT WOS:000222292500007 ER PT J AU Hyland, JL Balthis, WL Posey, M Hackney, CT Alphin, T AF Hyland, JL Balthis, WL Posey, M Hackney, CT Alphin, T TI The soft-bottom macrobenthos of North Carolina estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC REGION; BENTHIC INDEX; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SEDIMENT QUALITY; SOUTHEASTERN US; CHESAPEAKE BAY; UNITED-STATES; COMMUNITIES; MARINE AB The structure of macroinfaunal (>0.5 mm sieve size) assemblages was examined in samples of unconsolidated substrates collected during the summers of 1994-1997 at 208 stations throughout North Carolina estuaries. Numerical classification (cluster analysis) of stations resulted in 14 distinct site groups that reflected discernible habitat-related patterns in species distributions. Multiple discriminant analysis, performed on synoptic abiotic variables (depth, salinity; dissolved oxygen, pH, percent silt-clay), showed that the separation of site groups was related primarily to salinity. Percent silt-clay had a secondary influence on the separation of sites within similar salinity zones. Species diversity among site groups generally decreased with decreasing salinity and increasing mud content of sediment. Nodal analysis showed a wide range in constancy and fidelity of species assemblages within site groups. Some assemblages dominated by euryhaline species had no particular affinity with any one site group. The strongest affinities, as evidenced by high values of both constancy and fidelity, were displayed by an assemblage of oligochaetes, insect larvae, gammaridean amphipods, and the clam Corbicula fluminea in tidal freshwater muds; and an assemblage of haustoriid amphipods, the bivalve Donax variabilis, the polychaete Paraonis fulgens, and unidentified echinoids at high-salinity sites in outer Pamlico Sound near ocean inlets. A series of stations with impaired benthic assemblages in polluted habitats emerged from the cluster analysis and was distinguishable from other site groups that reflected a greater influence of natural controlling factors (such as salinity and sediment type) on species distributions. These results suggest that the interaction of both anthropogenic and natural environmental controlling factors is important in defining the structure of these infaunal assemblages. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. RP Hyland, JL (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jeff.hyland@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 20 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3 BP 501 EP 514 DI 10.1007/BF02803541 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832UK UT WOS:000222292500013 ER PT J AU Chassin-Noria, O Abreu-Grobois, A Dutton, PH Oyama, K AF Chassin-Noria, O Abreu-Grobois, A Dutton, PH Oyama, K TI Conservation genetics of the east Pacific green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Michoacan, Mexico SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE black turtle; Chelonia mydas; east Pacific green turtle; effective population size; genetic diversity; genetic structure; microsatellites; mitochondrial DNA ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MARINE TURTLES; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; LEATHERBACK TURTLE; SEQUENCE DIVERSITY; CARETTA-CARETTA; TRANSFER-RNA AB The main continental nesting rookeries of the east Pacific green turtle (EPGT), Chelonia mydas, on the Michoacan (Mexico) coast suffered drastic population declines following intense exploitation in the 1960s-1970s with annual abundance of nesting females plummeting from about 25,000 to an average of about 1400 between 1982 and 2001. Analyses of data from three nDNA microsatellite loci and 400 bp mtDNA control region sequences from a total of 123 nesting females sampled from four Michoacan rookeries found no evidence of population sub-structuring. The recent order of magnitude reduction in the population size shows no apparent impact on genetic diversity in either control region sequences (overall h = 0.48; pi = 0.0036) or microsatellite loci (overall N(a) = 20.8; H(exp) = 0.895). Our estimates of annual effective female population size (N(ef); from theta = 2Nemu) of 1.9-2.3 x 10(3), in spite of being an order of magnitude below historical records, appear to be sufficient to allow recovery of this population without significant loss of genetic diversity. These findings highlight the importance of continued conservation to reverse the decline of this population before it becomes vulnerable to genetic erosion. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Ecosist, Antigua Carretera Patzuaro 8071, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Mar & Limnol, Unidad Acad Mazatlan, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Chassin-Noria, O (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Ecosist, Antigua Carretera Patzuaro 8071, Colonia Ex Hacienda San Jose Huerta,CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. EM chassin@oikos.unam.mx NR 75 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD JUN PY 2004 VL 121 IS 2 BP 195 EP 206 DI 10.1023/B:GENE.0000040394.47843.e4 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 844ZE UT WOS:000223204200010 PM 15330119 ER PT J AU Duckenfield, KU Chisholm-Brause, CJ AF Duckenfield, KU Chisholm-Brause, CJ TI Fe(III) oxide coatings: Physical properties depend on substrate and coating thickness SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 14th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 05-11, 2004 CL Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK SP European Assoc Geochem, Geochem Soc, Geochem Soc Japan, Mineralog Soc Amer HO Univ Copenhagen C1 NOAA, OGP, UCAR JOSS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Newport News, VA USA. EM kea.duckenfield@noaa.gov; cbrause@jlab.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2004 VL 68 IS 11 SU S BP A123 EP A123 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 827TH UT WOS:000221923400189 ER PT J AU Rehkamper, M Nielsen, SG Alt, JC Butterfield, DA AF Rehkamper, M Nielsen, SG Alt, JC Butterfield, DA TI Using non-traditional stable isotopes as tracers: What do Tl isotopes tell us about hydrothermal water fluxes? SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 14th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 05-11, 2004 CL Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK SP European Assoc Geochem, Geochem Soc, Geochem Soc Japan, Mineralog Soc Amer HO Univ Copenhagen C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. RI Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2004 VL 68 IS 11 SU S BP A365 EP A365 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 827TH UT WOS:000221923400626 ER PT J AU Russell, JL Toggweiler, JR AF Russell, JL Toggweiler, JR TI Shifted westerlies caused low CO2 during cold glacial periods SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 14th Annual V M Goldschmidt Conference CY JUN 05-11, 2004 CL Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK SP European Assoc Geochem, Geochem Soc, Geochem Soc Japan, Mineralog Soc Amer HO Univ Copenhagen C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM jrussell@princeton.edu; jrt@gfdl.noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2004 VL 68 IS 11 SU S BP A474 EP A474 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 827TH UT WOS:000221923400827 ER PT J AU Kimura, H Mann, I Biesecker, DA Jessberger, EK AF Kimura, H Mann, I Biesecker, DA Jessberger, EK TI Dust grains in the comae and tails of sungrazing comets: modeling of their mineralogical and morphological properties (vol 159, pg 529, 2002) SO ICARUS LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kimura, H (reprint author), Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, Wilhelm Klemm Str 10, D-48149 Munster, Germany. EM kimura@uni-muenster.de NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JUN PY 2004 VL 169 IS 2 BP 505 EP 506 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.004 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 823IM UT WOS:000221604300019 ER PT J AU Valdes, L Harris, R Ikeda, T McKinnell, S Peterson, WT AF Valdes, L Harris, R Ikeda, T McKinnell, S Peterson, WT TI The role of zooplankton in global ecosystem dynamics: Comparative studies from the world oceans - Introduction SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Expanol Oceanog CO Gijon, Gijon 33212, Spain. NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Inst Ocean Sci, N Pacific Marine Sci Org, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Plankton Lab, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041, Japan. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. RP Valdes, L (reprint author), Expanol Oceanog CO Gijon, Avda Principe Asturias 70, Gijon 33212, Spain. EM luis.valdes@gi.ieo.es; r.harris@pml.ac.uk; tom@pop.fish.hokudai.ac.jp; mckinnell@pices.int; bill.peterson@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 441 EP 444 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.001 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 833FS UT WOS:000222322500001 ER PT J AU Park, W Sturdevant, M Orsi, J Wertheimer, A Fergusson, E Heard, W Shirley, T AF Park, W Sturdevant, M Orsi, J Wertheimer, A Fergusson, E Heard, W Shirley, T TI Interannual abundance patterns of copepods during an ENSO event in Icy Strait, southeastern Alaska SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Zooplankton Production Symposium CY MAY 20-23, 2003 CL Gijon, SPAIN DE a regional cold event; El Nino; ENSO; interannual density variation; large copepods; small copepods ID JUVENILE PACIFIC SALMON; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; NORTHERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; 1997-1998 EL-NINO; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; LARVAL FISH; BERING SEA; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA AB Interannual copepod abundance (number m(-3)) and sea surface temperatures (SST, 2-m depth) were examined from four stations in Icy Strait, southeastern Alaska, monthly from May to September, 1997-2002. SST was generally lowest in May (congruent to7degreesC), increased rapidly to a summer peak (congruent to12degreesC), and declined again by September. SST was relatively high in the El Nino year, 1998, and was low during a regional cold event, 2002, compared to other years. Overall, copepods constituted 18.8% of the total biomass and 88.2% of zooplankton abundance, and included >34 species. The common copepod species were grouped into two size classes by total length (TL), those >2.5 nun (11.4% biomass, 24.2% abundance) and those <2.5 mm (7.4% biomass, 64.0% abundance). In order of dominance, large species included Metridia ochoiensis, Calanus marshallae, M. pacificus, and Neocalanus spp. and small species included Pseudocalanus spp., Acartia longiremis, and Centropages abdominalis. Overall, the small species were more abundant than the large species. Densities of large copepods were relatively low compared to those of small copepods during El Nino (1998) and a cold year (2002), suggesting that large copepods with long lifespans are more sensitive to ocean climate fluctuation. (C) 2004 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Park, W (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM w.park@uqf.edu NR 81 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 464 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.017 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 833FS UT WOS:000222322500004 ER PT J AU Francis, M Wittmann, R AF Francis, M Wittmann, R TI In memoriam: David M Kerns SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Francis, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 818-02,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM francis@boulder.nist.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1045-9243 EI 1558-4143 J9 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M JI IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 46 IS 3 BP 87 EP 87 DI 10.1109/MAP.2004.1374103 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 851LG UT WOS:000223686000010 ER PT J AU Li, L Im, E Connor, LN Chang, PS AF Li, L Im, E Connor, LN Chang, PS TI Retrieving ocean surface wind speed from the TRMM precipitation radar measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave remote sensing; ocean surface wind; precipitation radar (PR); Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM; SCATTEROMETER WINDS; MICROWAVE IMAGER; MODEL FUNCTION; CROSS-SECTION; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM; GHZ AB Space borne scatterometery has been used for many years now to retrieve the ocean surface wind field from normalized radar cross-section measurements of the ocean surface. Though designed specifically for the measurement of precipitation profiles in the atmosphere, the Precipitation Radar (PR) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) also acquires surface backscattering measurements of the global oceans. As such, this instrument provides an interesting opportunity to explore the benefits and pitfalls of alternative radar configurations in the satellite remote sensing of ocean winds. In this paper, a technique was developed for retrieving ocean surface winds using surface backscattering measurements from the TRMM PR. The wind retrieval algorithm developed for TRMM PR makes use of a maximum-likelihood estimation technique to compensate for the low backscattering associated with the PR configuration. The high vertical resolution of the PR serves to filter-out rain-contaminated cells normally integrated into Ku-band scatterometer measurements. The algorithm was validated through comparisons of ocean surface wind speeds derived from PR with remotely measured winds from TMI and QuikSCAT, as well as in situ observations from oceanographic buoys, revealing good agreements in wind speed estimations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM li.li@jpl.nasa.gov; eastwood.im@jpl.nasa.gov; Laurence.connor@noaa.gov; paul.s.chang@noaa.gov RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Connor, Laurence/E-7930-2011 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Connor, Laurence/0000-0002-5276-6257 NR 28 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JUN PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1271 EP 1282 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.828924 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 830NT UT WOS:000222129900016 ER PT J AU Pesonen, N Kahn, WK Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Zaghloul, ME AF Pesonen, N Kahn, WK Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Zaghloul, ME TI Application of conformal mapping approximation techniques: Parallel conductors of finite dimensions SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE capacitance evaluation; conformal mapping; fringing effect AB This paper describes a novel approach to the application of conformal mapping to capacitance evaluation. A particular structure composed of an array of identical lines and located below a conductive plate is studied. Results show the application of conformal mapping can reduce computing time when using three-dimensional electrostatic modeling and it can be the basis of algorithms of practical applications, especially in the semiconductor industry. C1 Natl Res Ctr Finland, MEMS Sensors Grp, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Pesonen, N (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr Finland, MEMS Sensors Grp, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. EM Nadine.Pesonen@vtt.fi; wkkahn@gwu.edu; Richard.Allen@nist.gov; michael.cresswell@nist.gov; Zaghloul@gwu.edu NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 53 IS 3 BP 812 EP 821 DI 10.1109/TIM.2004.827065 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 822YZ UT WOS:000221578200027 ER PT J AU Tremsin, AS Mildner, DFR Feller, WB Downing, RG AF Tremsin, AS Mildner, DFR Feller, WB Downing, RG TI Very compact high performance microchannel plate thermal neutron collimators SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Nuclear Science Symposium/Medical Imaging Conference/13th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X-and Gamma-Ray Dectectors/Symposium on Nuclear Power Systems CY OCT 19-25, 2003 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE DE collimators; neutron optics ID DETECTORS AB In most neutron scattering experiments and in boron neutron capture therapy, the angular spread of the neutron beam is defined by the quality of the neutron collimator. A typical collimator consists of a large number of parallel plates coated with neutron absorbing material, and at present these plates are at least few centimeters in length. In order to obtain collimation in both vertical and horizontal planes, two orthogonally aligned collimators are installed in the neutron beam. We present a new type of high performance neutron collimator made with Gd-doped microchannel plates (MCPs). Such collimators are only few millimeters thick and the rocking curve is expected to be even sharper than that of conventional 0.5degrees collimators. While collimation is performed in two perpendicular planes simultaneously, the geometry of these new collimators can be changed so that the degree of collimation in each direction is controlled independently. The modeling of the proposed collimator indicates that for the existing MCP. technology the rocking curve can be made as sharp as 0.2degrees FWHM, which can be further improved by current developments in the MCP technology. The preliminary experimental evaluation of our first very thin (only 0.6 mm) MCP collimators confirms the accuracy of our numerical model. C1 UC Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NOVA Sci Inc, Sturbridge, MA 01566 USA. RP Tremsin, AS (reprint author), UC Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM ast@ssl.berkeley.edu; mildner@nist.gov; bfeller@novascientific.com; rgd@ix.netcom.com NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 51 IS 3 BP 1020 EP 1024 DI 10.1109/TNS.2004.829541 PN 3 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 837OI UT WOS:000222644400038 ER PT J AU Kuhn, DR Wallace, DR Gallo, AM AF Kuhn, DR Wallace, DR Gallo, AM TI Software fault interactions and implications for software testing SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE statistical methods; testing strategies; test design ID COMBINATORIAL DESIGN; TEST-GENERATION AB Exhaustive testing of computer software is intractable, but empirical studies of software failures suggest that testing can in some cases be effectively exhaustive. Data reported in this study and others show that software failures in a variety of domains were caused by combinations of relatively few conditions. These results have important implications for testing. If all faults in a system can be triggered by a combination of n or fewer parameters, then testing all n-tuples of parameters is effectively equivalent to exhaustive testing, if software behavior is not dependent on complex event sequences and variables have a small set of discrete values. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kuhn@nist.gov; dwallac@pop300.gsfc.nasa.gov; al.gallo@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 208 Z9 221 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0098-5589 EI 1939-3520 J9 IEEE T SOFTWARE ENG JI IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 30 IS 6 BP 418 EP 421 DI 10.1109/TSE.2004.24 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 820IW UT WOS:000221383400006 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA Parker, TE AF Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA Parker, TE TI Measurement of dynamic end-to-end cavity phase shifts in cesium-fountain frequency standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB We have measured a previously unobserved systematic frequency shift in our cesium-fountain frequency standard, NIST-F1. This shift, predicted theoretically previously, mimics the well-known end-to-end phase shift in atomic beam standards when synchronous thermal transients are present. Detuning the microwave cavity several megahertz from resonance reduces this effect to the deltaf/f = 10(-16) level. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jefferts@boulder.nist.gov RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD JUN PY 2004 VL 51 IS 6 BP 652 EP 653 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320844 PG 2 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 830OJ UT WOS:000222131800001 PM 15244277 ER PT J AU Kim, BC Cho, YZ Montgomery, D AF Kim, BC Cho, YZ Montgomery, D TI An efficient optical burst switching technique for multi-hop networks SO IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE optical burst switching; wavelength reservation AB In this letter, we investigate the path length priority effect of existing just-enough-time (JET) scheme for optical burst switching (OBS) in the multiple hop network environments. And, we propose a novel hop-by-hop priority increasing (HPI) scheme using the input fiber delay lines (FDLs) at each node. Simulation results showed that the proposed FDL/delayed reservation (DR) with HPI scheme can avoid the path length priority effect and enhance the end-to-end throughput in multiple hop network environments. C1 Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Taejon 702701, South Korea. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, BC (reprint author), Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Taejon 702701, South Korea. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG PI TOKYO PA KIKAI-SHINKO-KAIKAN BLDG, 3-5-8, SHIBA-KOEN, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105-0011, JAPAN SN 0916-8516 EI 1745-1345 J9 IEICE T COMMUN JI IEICE Trans. Commun. PD JUN PY 2004 VL E87B IS 6 BP 1737 EP 1740 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 828OT UT WOS:000221983300039 ER PT J AU Zha, XF Chen, XQ AF Zha, XF Chen, XQ TI Trajectory coordination planning and control for robot manipulators in automated material handling and processing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE robot; pose ruled surface; unified approach; trajectory planning and control; off-line programming ID INVERSE KINEMATICS; BEZIER MOTIONS AB Motion coordination planning and control play a crucial role in robot application to Cartesian task operations with taking into account kinematics and dynamics constraints. This paper presents a unified approach to coordination planning and control for robot position and orientation trajectories in Cartesian space. The concept of generalised robot pose is defined as the robot configuration consisting of position and orientation, in which the orientation is described by a vector equivalent to the rotational angular displacement. The robot pose ruled surface is formed as a three-dimensional motion locus of its configuration vector. The unified treatment of the end-effector positions and orientations is based on the robot pose ruled surface concept and used in trajectory interpolations. The coordination planning of pose trajectories for the robot end effector is accomplished by generating and optimising the pose ruled surface under the constraints of kinematics and dynamics performances. The coordination control is implemented through controlling the motion laws of two end points of the orientation vector and calculating the coordinates of instantaneous corresponding points. The simulation experiment using PUMA 560 robot in arc welding and surface finishing processes are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach and demonstrate the capabilities of generation and control models. C1 Singapore Inst Mfg Technol, Singapore 638075, Singapore. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 43 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0268-3768 J9 INT J ADV MANUF TECH JI Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 23 IS 11-12 BP 831 EP 845 DI 10.1007/s00170-002-1479-8 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA 829DZ UT WOS:000222025700008 ER PT J AU Zha, XF AF Zha, XF TI Planning for STEP-based electro-mechanical assemblies: an integrated approach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL PRODUCTS; SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION; ORIENTED DESIGN; SEQUENCES; GENERATION; ALGORITHM; MODEL AB Assembly planning is a critical link between design and manufacturing stages. It is particularly critical for production automation and manufacturing integration due to the combinatorial complexity and the requirements of both flexibility and productivity. This paper presents an integrated approach and framework for planning STEP-based electro-mechanical assemblies (EMAs), including STEP-based assembly modelling, representation, planning and optimization of assembly sequences. Based on the author's previous work, the hierarchical relation model is used for a unified description of causal relations both on assembly level and on feature-based single part level. The generic product assembly model is organized in terms of STEP using mainly the entities of integrated resources and partially the self-defined entities necessary for assembly design and planning. With this representation, all feasible assembly sequences can be generated through reasoning and decomposing the levelled feasible subassemblies, and they are represented and visualized through a Petri net, that is, the assembly Petri net model is obtained. To obtain a good assembly sequence, the generated assembly sequences are evaluated and optimized by considering the assemblability and assembly sequence evaluation index. A prototype system is developed based on the proposed STEP-based framework for assembly planning. Finally, an industrial case study is provided. C1 Singapore Inst Mfg Technol, Singapore 638075, Singapore. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zha@cme.nist.gov NR 58 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-192X EI 1362-3052 J9 INT J COMPUT INTEG M JI Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 4 BP 305 EP 326 DI 10.1080/0951192032000159120 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 821HL UT WOS:000221450900003 ER PT J AU Vallone, PM Just, RS Coble, MD Butler, JM Parsons, TJ AF Vallone, PM Just, RS Coble, MD Butler, JM Parsons, TJ TI A multiplex allele-specific primer extension assay for forensically informative SNPs distributed throughout the mitochondrial genome SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; capillary electrophoresis; allele-specific primer extension; single nucleotide polymorphism; multiplex PCR ID SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; TOF MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DNA; SEQUENCE; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; ELECTROPHORESIS; DISCRIMINATION; STRATEGY; DESIGN AB The typing of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located throughout the mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) can help resolve individuals with an identical HV1/HV2 mitotype. A set of 11 SNPs selected for distinguishing individuals of the most common Caucasian HV1/HV2 mitotype were incorporated in an allele specific primer extension assay. The assay was optimized for multiplex detection of SNPs at positions 3010, 4793, 10211, 5004, 7028, 7202, 16519, 12858, 4580, 477 and 14470 in the mtGenome. Primers were designed to allow for simultaneous PCR amplification of 11 unique regions in the mtGenome and subsequent primer extension. By enzymatically incorporating fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) onto the 3' end of the extension primer, detection can be accomplished with a capillary-based electrophoresis (CE) platform common in most forensic laboratories. The electrophoretic mobility for the extension primers was compared in denaturing POP4 and POP6 CE running buffers. Empirical adjustment of extension primer concentrations resulted in even signal intensity for the 11 loci probed. We demonstrate that the assay performs well for heteroplasmy and mixture detection, and for typical mtDNA casework samples with highly degraded DNA. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD USA. RP Vallone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.vallone@nist.gov RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010; Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 34 TC 86 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0937-9827 J9 INT J LEGAL MED JI Int. J. Legal Med. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 118 IS 3 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1007/s00414-004-0428-5 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 827FM UT WOS:000221884900004 PM 14760491 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Schoske, R AF Butler, JM Schoske, R TI Duplication of DYS19 flanking regions in other parts of the Y chromosome SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Y chromosome; short tandem repeat; PCR amplification; DYS19; primer design; sequence alignment ID SIMPLE REPEAT SEQUENCES; SIMULTANEOUS AMPLIFICATION; DNA; MULTIPLEX; POLYMORPHISM; PRIMERS; LOCI AB During the testing of alternative primers for the Y chromosome short tandem repeat marker DYS19, a duplicated region of the Y chromosome was discovered. The duplicated sequence is contained within GenBank accession AC006335 and has a high degree of homology with the DYS19 flanking region (GenBank accession AC017019) but without the polymorphic TAGA repeat. Bioinformatic approaches have been taken to try and understand the implications of this homolog to enable improved primer design for DYS19. Sequence alignments and careful placement of primers in order to obtain specific amplification of the DYS19 locus are discussed in the context of all previously published primer sets. Since the DYS19 locus is part of the widely used minimal haplotype, its robust amplification is highly desirable particularly in multiplex reactions. The discovery of this duplicated region of the Y chromosome shows the value of newly available human genome sequence information for assay design and the importance of using sequence queries and alignments in the primer design process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.butler@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0937-9827 J9 INT J LEGAL MED JI Int. J. Legal Med. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 118 IS 3 BP 178 EP 183 DI 10.1007/s00414-004-0436-5 PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 827FM UT WOS:000221884900009 PM 15069570 ER PT J AU Kohiyama, M Hayashi, H Maki, N Higashida, M AF Kohiyama, M Hayashi, H Maki, N Higashida, M TI Early damaged area estimation system using DMSP-OLS night-time imagery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID OPERATIONAL LINESCAN SYSTEM; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; VISIBLE IMAGERY; SSM/I; EARTHQUAKE; POPULATION; FLOODS; SPACE; CHINA AB The disaster information system, the Early Damaged Area Estimation System (EDES), was developed to estimate damaged areas of natural disaster using the night-time imagery of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS). The system employs two estimation methods to detect the city lights loss or reduction as possible impacted areas; one is the bi-temporal images (BTI) method and the other is the time-series images (TSI) method. Both methods are based on significance tests assuming that brightness of city lights fluctuates as normal random variables, and the BTI method is simplified by introducing the assumption that the standard deviation of city lights fluctuation is constant. The validity of the estimation method is discussed based on the result of the application to the 2001 Western India earthquake disaster. The estimation results identify the damaged areas distant from the epicentre fairly well, especially when using the TSI method. The system is designed to estimate the global urban damage and to provide geographic information through the Internet within 24 h after a severe disaster event. The information is expected to support the disaster response and relief activities of governments and non-governmental organizations. C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538505, Japan. Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Earthquake Disaster Mitigat Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6510073, Japan. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kohiyama, M (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Meguro Ku, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538505, Japan. EM kohiyama@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp RI Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804 NR 46 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2015 EP 2036 DI 10.1080/01431160310001595033 PG 22 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 820ZO UT WOS:000221428900001 ER PT J AU Simecek-Beatty, D Clemente-Colon, P AF Simecek-Beatty, D Clemente-Colon, P TI Locating a sunken vessel using SAR imagery: detection of oil spilled from the SS Jacob Luckenbach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID APERTURE RADAR IMAGERY; SURFACE AB While Radarsat-1 SAR has been used in oil pollution monitoring, it has been mostly used for large spills because using it to differentiate between oil slicks and natural features is difficult. In this investigation, when visual observations failed to pinpoint the source of oil fouling birds off the California coast, Radarsat-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were analysed using a methodology initially developed by Advanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI) for locating small oil seeps from submerged abandoned wells. Two images contained areas that were consistent with an oil source. Subsequent sighting of oil by recreational divers near a sunken vessel linked the features observed on the imagery to an oil source. The link demonstrates the ability of SAR to detect similar persistent episodes, as well as the validity of the modified ARI approach used. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Off Response & Restorat, NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Simecek-Beatty, D (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Off Response & Restorat, NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. EM debra.simecek-beatty@noaa.gov; pablo.clemente-colon@noaa.gov RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010 NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2233 EP 2241 DI 10.1080/01431160310001647732 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 820ZO UT WOS:000221428900017 ER PT J AU Boken, VK Hoogenboom, G Kogan, FN Hook, JE Thomas, DL Harrison, KA AF Boken, VK Hoogenboom, G Kogan, FN Hook, JE Thomas, DL Harrison, KA TI Potential of using NOAA-AVHRR data for estimating irrigated area to help solve an inter-state water dispute SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION INDEXES; INFRARED CHANNELS; CALIBRATION; YIELD; SPACE AB The states of Alabama, Florida and Georgia dispute the apportioning of water from rivers that originate in Georgia and flow through the other two states. Florida and Alabama often claim that Georgia uses more than its fair share of water. In order to address such a dispute, an estimation of the total amount of water used for irrigation by different crops is required. Current estimates of irrigated areas are subject to errors because they are based entirely on survey questionnaires. In this paper, the potential of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on-board the National Oceanic Space Administration (NOAA) satellites is examined for estimating irrigated area. Two indices, a widely used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and a newer Vegetation Health Index (VHI), were regressed against irrigated area for 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995 and 2000 for selected regions in Georgia (Baker and Mitchell counties, and Seminole and Decatur counties). The average VHI during a period from the third week of February to the end of September was better related to irrigated area than the corresponding NDVI; R 2 was above 0.80 as opposed to 0.49. It is concluded that the VHI, derived from three-channel AVHRR data, can be used to estimate irrigated area. By multiplying irrigated area with the application rate, the volume of irrigation used in a state can be determined, which can contribute to the solution of the water dispute. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crops & Soil Sci, Natl Environmentally Sound Prod Agr Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Boken, VK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. EM vijendra@griffin.uga.edu RI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/F-3946-2010; Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/0000-0002-1555-0537; Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 24 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2277 EP 2286 DI 10.1080/01431160310001618077 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 826XO UT WOS:000221863000004 ER PT J AU De Souza, CR Zullo, J Elvidge, C AF De Souza, CR Zullo, J Elvidge, C TI Brazil's 2001 energy crisis monitored from space SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Data sensed by the US Air Force Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) during the years 2000 and 2001 in Brazil were tested as a tool to monitor reduction of nocturnal lighting. This particular timing was examined as the Brazilian population and industry were forced to reduce electric power consumption by 20% during 2001, in relation to 2000, for a period of several months, starting officially on 1 June 2001. Large urban agglomerates were compelled to switch off city lights by at least the same amount. The Distrito Federal (DF), including the Brazilian capital, Brasilia, was one of the primary areas where the government actively sought electric power consumption reductions. Using the DF as a study case, we demonstrate that the mean grey levels derived from averaging DMSP-OLS data acquired over urban centres appear to be a useful index to monitor relative oscillations in energy consumption. C1 Univ Campinas, Inst Geociencias, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Univ Campinas, CEPAGRI, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP De Souza, CR (reprint author), Univ Campinas, Inst Geociencias, POB 6152, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. EM beto@ige.unicamp.br RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2475 EP 2482 DI 10.1080/01431160410001662220 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 826XO UT WOS:000221863000015 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Brand, PC Clem, DL AF Mildner, DFR Brand, PC Clem, DL TI Cold pressing of copper single crystals for a large-area doubly focusing monochromator SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON MONOCHROMATOR; MOSAIC CRYSTALS; BENT SILICON AB The design for a large-area doubly focusing neutron monochromator consists of a large number of small square copper single crystals mounted onto thin aluminium blades that both buckle and rotate independently. This avoids the need for large individual alignment mechanisms for each crystal that introduce unacceptably high levels of background. However, it does require that the crystals be oriented such that the diffracting crystallographic planes are parallel to the crystal face. Cold pressing broadens the natural narrow mosaic of the virgin crystal discs to increase the diffracted intensity. This introduces anisotropy into the crystal that determines its orientation in the final monochromator. The alignment procedure used for each crystal before cutting out the square tile in the correct orientation is described. A few crystals are characterized in detail by neutron diffraction at various stages of the operation, revealing the variation in the mosaic width and the angular position of the reciprocal-lattice vector as a function of the azimuthal angle by rotating the crystal about the normal to its face. The twofold symmetry of the mosaic width of the pressed crystal is modulated by the 2pi periodicity introduced by the precession of the reciprocallattice vector around the crystal face normal. Satisfactorily aligned crystals have a variation in the angular position for diffraction within the allowed tolerance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.mildner@nist.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 37 BP 455 EP 463 DI 10.1107/S0021889804007289 PN 3 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 820IM UT WOS:000221381500014 ER PT J AU Lang, S Tao, WK Simpson, J Ferrier, B AF Lang, S Tao, WK Simpson, J Ferrier, B TI Comments on "Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partitioning methods'' - Reply SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MICROWAVE; CLOUD; PARAMETERIZATION; MICROPHYSICS; SIMULATIONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch,Lab Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Monitoring Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Lang, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch,Lab Atmospheres, Code 912-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM lang@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 6 BP 962 EP 965 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0962:R>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 835CX UT WOS:000222458700013 ER PT J AU Diwekar, M Borchers, JA O'Donovan, KV Johnston-Halperin, E Awschalom, DD Shi, J AF Diwekar, M Borchers, JA O'Donovan, KV Johnston-Halperin, E Awschalom, DD Shi, J TI Magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As digital ferromagnetic heterostructures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID SEMICONDUCTORS AB Magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As digital ferromagnetic heterostructures have been investigated by polarized neutron reflectometry and magnetometry. T-c of three samples with 20, 50, and 100 ML GaAs spacers ranges from 30 to 40 K. The saturation magnetization of three samples exhibits a pronounced tail extending over 50 K above T-c in addition to a temperature-independent background. For the 50 ML sample, PNR measurements show a similar tail but no background. These behaviors can be explained by a two-step ordering process. In the tail region, two-dimensional islands first individually become ferromagnetic. Long-range order develops as the temperature is decreased below T-c. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Shi, J (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jshi@physics.utah.edu RI Johnston-Halperin, Ezekiel/B-5902-2012 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6509 EP 6511 DI 10.1063/1.1683031 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900002 ER PT J AU Noakes, DR Arrott, AS Belk, MG Deevi, SC Lynn, JW Shull, RD Wu, D AF Noakes, DR Arrott, AS Belk, MG Deevi, SC Lynn, JW Shull, RD Wu, D TI Properties of incommensurate spin density waves in iron aluminides (invited) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID GLASS FE0.7AL0.3; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; ALLOYS; FERROMAGNETISM; FEAL; AL; TRANSITIONS; MAGNETISM; MN AB Neutron diffraction in Fe(Al) reveals incommensurate spin density waves (SDWs) in alloys known to be spin glasses. The wave vectors for crystals of Fe(34Al), Fe(40Al) and Fe(43Al) show n varying from 11 to 6 for q=2pi(h+/-1/n,k+/-1/n,l+/-1/n)/a(o), where (h,k,l) and a(o) characterize the parent bcc lattice of the CsCl structure. The magnetic reflections are present far above the spin-glass freezing temperatures. These SDWs keep the spins on nearest-neighbor Fe atoms close to parallel, in contrast with SDWs in Cr, which keep nearest-neighbor spins close to antiparallel. The competition between near-neighbor Fe-Fe ferromagnetism and 180degrees superexchange through the Al site has been used to explain the spin-glass behavior, but the appearance of the SDWs calls for a more fundamental source of the periodicity. The phase shift mechanism for SDW interactions with magnetic moments is invoked to explain the breadth of the peaks, which resemble the results for Cu(Mn), Pd(Mn), and Pd(Cr). The data are interpreted using cubic symmetry, but it has yet to be established whether the wave vectors all occur in a single domain or whether there are multiple domains. There are 48 wave vectors of magnitude almost equal to the {110} wave vectors of the bcc lattice, which could stabilize the SDWs by spanning the Fermi surface. These unanticipated results should have pervasive ramifications for the theory of metallic magnetism. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Virginia State Univ, Ctr Interact Micromagnet, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Richmond, VA 23261 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Noakes, DR (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, Ctr Interact Micromagnet, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6574 EP 6579 DI 10.1063/1.1667415 PN 2 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900022 ER PT J AU Stadler, S Idzerda, YU Dvorak, J Borchers, JA AF Stadler, S Idzerda, YU Dvorak, J Borchers, JA TI Using circularly polarized soft x rays to probe antiferromagnetically correlated Co/Cu multilayers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID COFE THIN-FILMS; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ROUGH SURFACES; LAYERS; SUPERLATTICES; OSCILLATIONS; THICKNESS AB X-ray resonant magnetic scattering was used to study the antiferromagnetic correlation between weakly coupled Co layers in a [Co(6 nm)\Cu(6 nm)](20) multilayer. Half-order peaks were observed for standard specular theta-2theta scans with the energy of the incident x rays tuned to the Co L-3 absorption edge. Three characteristic lengths were extracted from fits to the multicomponent 3/2-order diffuse spectrum: average correlated domain size, average correlated domain wall thickness, and average in-plane structural correlation length. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stadler, S (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, Neckers 483A, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM sstadler@physics.siu.edu NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6672 EP 6674 DI 10.1063/1.1669311 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900053 ER PT J AU Porter, DG Donahue, MJ AF Porter, DG Donahue, MJ TI Velocity of transverse domain wall motion along thin, narrow strips SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA AB Micromagnetic simulation of domain wall motion in thin, narrow strips leads to a simplified analytical model. The model accurately predicts the same domain wall velocity as full micromagnetic calculations, including dependence on strip width, thickness, and magnitude of applied field pulse. Domain wall momentum and retrograde domain wall motion are both observed and explained by the analytical model. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Porter, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM donald.porter@nist.gov NR 6 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6729 EP 6731 DI 10.1063/1.1688673 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900072 ER PT J AU Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD King, T Canavan, E Shirron, P DiPirro, M AF Provenzano, V Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD King, T Canavan, E Shirron, P DiPirro, M TI Peak magnetocaloric effects in Al-Gd-Fe alloys SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID TRANSITION AB The magnetocaloric properties of several AlxGdyFez (with x+y+z=100) ternary alloys have been determined between 2 and 300 K. Three distinct peaks in the magnetic entropy change DeltaS(m) versus T were found: a low-temperature peak (near 10 K), an intermediate temperature peak (80-160 K), and a higher temperature peak (210 to 280 K). The low-temperature peak coincides with a field-induced antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition; the intermediate and high temperature peaks are associated with other magnetic transitions. Above 60 K, these alloys exhibited superparamagnetic behavior and possessed enhanced DeltaS(m) values, as predicted earlier for magnetic nanocomposites. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Provenzano, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS-8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6909 EP 6911 DI 10.1063/1.1667832 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900131 ER PT J AU Shull, RD Quandt, E Shapiro, AT Glasmachers, S Wuttig, M AF Shull, RD Quandt, E Shapiro, AT Glasmachers, S Wuttig, M TI Magneto-optic indicator film observations of domain motion in magnetostrictive materials under stress SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID SPRING MAGNET; MULTILAYERS; COERCIVITY AB The magneto-optic indicator film technique was used to image the magnetic domain structure in a Tb40Fe60/Fe50Co50 multilayer as either a stress or magnetic field was applied 90degrees to the material's easy axis. These observations showed that the magnetization vectors rotated under application of the stress, and recovered upon removal of that stress, in general without domain wall motion. However, magnetization rotation under field application was observed to include wall motion, and the magnetic state was found to have been changed upon removal of the field contrary to expectations. In both cases, both inhomogeneous and homogeneous rotations were observed. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Ctr Adv European Studies & Res, D-53175 Bonn, Germany. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shull@nist.gov RI Wuttig, Manfred/A-8763-2012; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6948 EP 6950 DI 10.1063/1.1689773 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900144 ER PT J AU McMichael, RD AF McMichael, RD TI Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth models for perpendicular media SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID EXCHANGE BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; SPIN-WAVE SPECTRUM; ULTRATHIN FILMS; THIN-FILMS AB The extrinsic ferromagnetic resonance linewidth is modeled in a perpendicular recording media with inhomogeneous uniaxial anisotropy field H-u and with tilting of the easy axes from the film normal. The linewidth is calculated using both a local resonance model and a classical equivalent of the two-magnon model. Variations in H-u and easy axis tilting are shown to produce very different angular dependence of the linewidth, and when the two-magnon models are valid, the linewidth is also shown to depend on inter-granular exchange coupling. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McMichael, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rmcmichael@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 16 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7001 EP 7003 DI 10.1063/1.1667446 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900162 ER PT J AU Gao, L Feng, DQ Yuan, L Yokota, T Sabirianov, R Liou, SH Chabot, MD Porpora, D Moreland, J AF Gao, L Feng, DQ Yuan, L Yokota, T Sabirianov, R Liou, SH Chabot, MD Porpora, D Moreland, J TI A study of magnetic interactions of Ni80Fe20 arrays using ultrasensitive microcantilever torque magnetometry SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID CANTILEVER MAGNETOMETRY; FILMS AB We have successfully fabricated single and paired 300 nmx1.5 mumx32 nm Ni80Fe20 bars on a microcantilever using focused ion beam milling. Magnetic interactions of the paired bars were studied by using magnetic force microscopy, microcantilever torque magnetometry, and micromagnetic simulation. Our results clearly indicate that the magnetic switching behavior of the paired Ni80Fe20 bars is affected by magnetostatic interactions. The magnetic hysteresis curves for a sample with eight pairs of Ni80Fe20 bars consist of a series of stable switching states that are related to the domain wall motion in the bars. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat Res & Anal, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liou, SH (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM sliou@unl.edu NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7010 EP 7012 DI 10.1063/1.1682912 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900165 ER PT J AU Uhlig, WC Shi, J AF Uhlig, WC Shi, J TI Superparamagnetic transitions in ultrathin film NiFe nanolines SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; PATTERNED CO; ARRAYS AB We found that the coercivity of electron-beam patterned nanoscale NiFe and Co lines (width ranging from 55 nm to 1 mum) has a distinct inverse-width dependence when the film thickness is greater than 3.5 nm. This inverse-width dependence is consistent with a nucleation picture in which the magnetization reversal is controlled by a small nucleus, which spreads across the width of the nanoline but is independent of the length. However, the inverse-width dependence breaks down for the narrowest NiFe lines at room temperature in films below 3.5 nm in thickness. In this thickness regime the coercivity drops rapidly as a function of decreasing width as the controlling nucleus size approaches the superparamagnetic limit. The Arrhenius-Neel equation for this equivalent volume very effectively models the data. As the temperature is decreased, the coercivity of the narrowest lines rapidly increases and the inverse-width trend is recovered. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Uhlig, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM uhlig@physics.utah.edu NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7031 EP 7033 DI 10.1063/1.1688217 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900172 ER PT J AU Das, D Saha, A Srivastava, CM Raj, R Russek, SE Bahadur, D AF Das, D Saha, A Srivastava, CM Raj, R Russek, SE Bahadur, D TI Magnetic and electrical transport properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO): xSiCN composites SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; MANGANESE OXIDES; DOPED LAMNO3; LA0.7CA0.3MNO3; PERCOLATION; SYSTEMS AB The magnetic and electrical transport properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO): xSiCN (x=0-40 vol %) composites, synthesized by mechanical mixing of citrate gel derived LCMO and polymer derived ceramics SiCN, have been investigated as a function of composition. The ability of SiCN to behave as a sintering additive leads to interesting magnetic and electrical properties. Si+4, being strongly favored for tetrahedral coordination, cannot enter the perovskite lattice. Saturation moment, M-S of 68 emu/gm at 5 K and at 5 kOe field of pure LCMO shifts to 79 emu/gm in the sample with x=0.05 and then decreases monotonically as x increases further. The lower M-S, T-C and high electrical resistivity of the sample with x=0, compared to those which have been reported in the literature, is due to small particle size in nm range. SiCN as a sintering aid increases the particle size of LCMO to 1-2 mum for x=0.10. Three orders of magnitude change in electrical resistivity (204 Omega cm for x=0;0.5 Omega cm for x=0.05) is explained on the basis of the difference in the mobility of the charge carriers, by fitting the experimental transport data with a correlated polaron hopping model. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Met Engn & Mat Sci, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Thin Films & Devices Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Das, D (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Met Engn & Mat Sci, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. EM munmunai@mailcity.com NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7106 EP 7108 DI 10.1063/1.1667447 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900197 ER PT J AU Zaliznyak, IA Tranquada, JM Gu, G Erwin, RW Moritomo, Y AF Zaliznyak, IA Tranquada, JM Gu, G Erwin, RW Moritomo, Y TI Universal features of charge and spin order in a half-doped layered perovskite SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; LA1.5SR0.5COO4; PHYSICS AB We have investigated the peculiar structure of charge and spin ordering in the half-doped layered perovskite oxide La1.5Sr0.5CoO4 by elastic neutron scattering. Two samples with different preparation histories were studied. We find that the generic features of the ordered states, such as their short-range, glassy nature and the spin incommensurability, are sample-independent. At the same time, some subtle features of the ordered phases, such as the correlation lengths, differ. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan. RP Zaliznyak, IA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Tranquada, John/A-9832-2009; Zaliznyak, Igor/E-8532-2014; OI Tranquada, John/0000-0003-4984-8857; Zaliznyak, Igor/0000-0002-9886-3255; moritomo, yutaka/0000-0001-6584-7489 NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7369 EP 7371 DI 10.1063/1.1664400 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900283 ER PT J AU O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Maat, S Carey, MJ Gurney, BA AF O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Maat, S Carey, MJ Gurney, BA TI Neutron reflectivity on CoFe2O4 exchange springs for spin valve applications SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID FILMS; MAGNETIZATION; MAGNET AB Insulating CoFe2O4 is a candidate for biasing ferromagnetic layers in spin valves because it does not shunt current. Ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 pins the neighboring ferromagnetic layer via an exchange-spring mechanism. We have examined the field-dependent layer switching in a CoFe2O4/CoFe10 bilayer using back/front polarized neutron reflectometry. A magnetic twist is evident in intermediate fields and gradually collapses as the field is increased. However, the twist is confined mostly to the interface or to the magnetically hard CoFe2O4 layer. This result contrasts with the expectation that the magnetic twist should reside in the soft layer in the field region of magnetic reversibility. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP O'Donovan, KV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kevin.odonovan@nist.gov NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7507 EP 7509 DI 10.1063/1.1669127 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900325 ER PT J AU Egelhoff, WF Gan, L Ettedgui, H Kadmon, Y Powell, CJ Chen, PJ Shapiro, AJ McMichael, RD Mallett, JJ Moffat, TP Stiles, MD Svedberg, EB AF Egelhoff, WF Gan, L Ettedgui, H Kadmon, Y Powell, CJ Chen, PJ Shapiro, AJ McMichael, RD Mallett, JJ Moffat, TP Stiles, MD Svedberg, EB TI Artifacts in ballistic magnetoresistance measurements (invited) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/ International Magnetics Conference CY JAN 05-09, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA ID ROOM-TEMPERATURE; NI NANOCONTACTS; POINT CONTACTS; DOMAIN-WALL; CONDUCTANCE; WIRES AB We have carried out an extensive search for credible evidence to support the existence of a ballistic magnetoresistance (BMR) effect in magnetic nanocontacts. We have investigated both thin-film and thin-wire geometries for both mechanically formed and electrodeposited nanocontacts. We find no systematic differences between mechanically formed and electrodeposited nanocontacts. The samples we have investigated include mechanical contacts between ferromagnetic wires, electrodeposited nanocontacts between ferromagnetic wires, ferromagnetic nanocontacts electrodeposited on Cu wires, nanocontacts electrodeposited between ferromagnetic films anchored on wafers, ferromagnetic nanocontacts electrodeposited on Cu films anchored on wafers, nanocontacts between two ferromagnetic films connected by a pinhole through an insulating film, and nanocontacts formed by focused ion-beam etching. In none of these samples did we find credible evidence for a BMR effect. However, we did find a number of artifacts due to magnetostrictive, magnetostatic, and magnetomechanical effects that can mimic BMR. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Seagate Technol, Pittsburgh, PA 15203 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM egelhoff@nist.gov RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 27 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 11 BP 7554 EP 7559 DI 10.1063/1.1688533 PN 2 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 824BE UT WOS:000221657900341 ER PT J AU Fang, M Doviak, RJ Melnikov, V AF Fang, M Doviak, RJ Melnikov, V TI Spectrum width measured by WSR-88D: Error sources and statistics of various weather phenomena SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE; HELICITY AB Spectrum widths, one of the three moments measured and displayed by the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), are categorized for various weather conditions showing both expected and unexpected results. Weather phenomena are classified into seven categories based on radar observations, and the statistics of the censored spectrum width fields for each of the categories are obtained. Daytime fair weather without birds, stratiform rain and snow, and isolated tornadic storms produce weather signals that have the smallest volumetric median values of spectrum widths (i.e., <2 m s(-1)). Surprisingly, the median spectrum width values in the isolated tornadic storms are as low ( i.e. <2 m s(-1)) as in the fair weather ( without the presence of echoes from birds). The median spectrum width value from fair weather regions contaminated with bird echoes is larger ( i.e., 3.0 m s(-1)). The largest median spectrum width values, ranging from 4.0 to 5.4 m s(-1), are associated with embedded areal squall lines. Clusters of severe storms and storms along broken squall lines appear to have median spectrum width values between these two regimes. Spectrum width fields are also shown to be more prone to errors than fields of reflectivity and velocity. Errors mainly result from overlaid echoes, improper automatic gain control (AGC) settings, low signal-to-noise ratios, and incorrect estimates of noise power. Thus spectrum width data fields require extensive censoring. The most persistent errors appear to be those related to overlaid weather signals and low signal-to-noise ratios. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Fang, M (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, 100E Boyd,Rm 1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM ming.fang@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 6 BP 888 EP 904 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0888:SWMBWE>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829WN UT WOS:000222081900003 ER PT J AU Van Woert, ML Zou, CZ Meier, WN Hovey, PD Preller, RH Posey, PG AF Van Woert, ML Zou, CZ Meier, WN Hovey, PD Preller, RH Posey, PG TI Forecast verification of the Polar Ice Prediction System (PIPS) sea ice concentration fields SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIME-CONTINUOUS ASSIMILATION; REMOTE-SOUNDING DATA; SKILL SCORES; MODEL; VALIDATION AB The National Ice Center relies upon a coupled ice - ocean model called the Polar Ice Prediction System ( PIPS) to provide guidance for its 24-120-h sea ice forecasts. Here forecast skill assessments of the sea ice concentration ( C) fields from PIPS for the period 1 May 2000 - 31 May 2002 are presented. Methods of measuring the sea ice forecast skill are adapted from the meteorological literature and applied to locations where the forecast or analysis sea ice fields changed by at least +/-5%. The forecast skill referenced to climatology was high (>0.85, relative to a maximum score of 1.0) for all months examined. This is because interannual variability in the climatology, which is used as a reference field, is much greater than the day-to-day variability in the forecast field. The PIPS forecasts were also evaluated against persistence and combined climatological-persistence forecasts. Compared to persistence, the 24-h forecast was found to be skillful (>0.2) for all months studied except during the freeze-up months of December 2000 and January 2001. Relative to the combined reference field, the 24-h forecast was also positive for the non-freeze-up months; however, the skill scores were lower (similar to0.1). During the poorly performing freeze-up months, a linear combination of persistence (similar to95% weight) and climatology (similar to5% weight) appears to provide the best available sea ice forecast. To examine the less restrictive question of whether PIPS can forecast sea ice concentration changes, independent of the magnitude of the changes, "threat indexes'' patterned after methods developed for tornado forecasting were established. Two specific questions were addressed with this technique. The first question is: What is the skill of forecasting locations at which a decrease in sea ice concentration has occurred? The second question is: Does PIPS correctly forecast melt-out regions? Using the more relaxed criterion of a threat index for defining correct forecasts, it was found that PIPS correctly made 24-h forecasts of decreasing sea ice concentration; 10% - 15% of the time ( it also correctly forecast increasing sea ice concentration an additional similar to10% - 15% of the time). However, PIPS correctly forecast melt-out conditions <5% of the time, suggesting that there may be deficiencies in the PIPS parameterization of marginal ice zone processes and/or uncertainties in the atmospheric - oceanic fields that force PIPS. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, OSDPD,Natl Ice Ctr,ESP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Natl Ice Ctr, Suitland, MD USA. RP Van Woert, ML (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, OSDPD,Natl Ice Ctr,ESP, Fed Off Bldg 4,Rm 1069,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM mvanwoert@natice.noaa.gov RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010; OI Meier, Walter/0000-0003-2857-0550 NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 6 BP 944 EP 957 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0944:FVOTPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829WN UT WOS:000222081900007 ER PT J AU Melnikov, VM Zrnic, DS AF Melnikov, VM Zrnic, DS TI Estimates of large spectrum width from autocovariances SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER SPECTRA; RADAR; FACILITY AB The authors demonstrate that there are maximum measurable ( saturation) spectrum widths for standard autocovariance techniques, the 0,1-lag autocovariance estimator and the 1,2-lag estimator. The maximal mean measurable spectrum widths from the two estimators depend on the number of samples and are substantially lower than the Nyquist velocity. Furthermore the maximal mean spectrum width of the 1,2-lag algorithm is approximately 2 times smaller than the maximum mean width of the 0,1-lag estimator. Simulated signals, solar noise, and weather signals are processed to verify theoretical predictions. C1 Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Melnikov, VM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, 1313 Haley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Valery.Melnikov@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 6 BP 969 EP 974 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0969:EOLSWF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829WN UT WOS:000222081900009 ER PT J AU Steele, WV Chirico, RD Cowell, AB Nguyen, A Knipmeyer, SE AF Steele, WV Chirico, RD Cowell, AB Nguyen, A Knipmeyer, SE TI Possible precursors and products of deep hydrodesulfurization of gasoline and distillate fuels III. The thermodynamic properties of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE enthalpy of combustion; heat capacity; vapor pressure; density; thermodynamic functions ID THERMOCHEMICAL BOND ENERGIES; 3RD VIRIAL-COEFFICIENT; TEMPERATURES 250 K; VAPOR-PRESSURE; XYLENE ISOMERIZATION; RECOMMENDED VALUES; HEAT-CAPACITIES; PART 2; KINETICS; EQUILIBRIA AB Measurements leading to the calculation of the standard thermodynamic properties for gaseous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene (Chemical Abstracts registry number [16587-33-0]) are reported. Experimental methods include combustion calorimetry, adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, vibrating-tube densitometry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston gauge manometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Critical properties are estimated for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene. Standard molar entropies, standard molar enthalpies, and standard molar Gibbs free energies of formation are derived at selected T between (298.15 and 600) K. Crown Copyright (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tennessee, Phys Properties Res Facil, Dept Chem Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NIST, TRC, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. BDM Petr Technol, Bartlesville Thermodynam Grp, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. RP Steele, WV (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Phys Properties Res Facil, Dept Chem Engn, 327 Dougherty Engn Bldg,1512 Middle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM steelewv@ornl.gov; chirico@boulder.nist.gov NR 74 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 36 IS 6 BP 497 EP 509 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2003.12.012 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 823JT UT WOS:000221608400008 ER PT J AU Jones, C Carvalho, LMV Higgins, RW Waliser, DE Schemm, JKE AF Jones, C Carvalho, LMV Higgins, RW Waliser, DE Schemm, JKE TI A statistical forecast model of tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; EXTENDED-RANGE PREDICTION; AMERICAN-MONSOON-SYSTEM; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; RAINFALL; ERRORS; SUMMER AB Tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies (TICAs) play a significant role in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the primary mode of this variability. This study describes statistical forecast models of intraseasonal variations. Twenty-four years of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and zonal components of the wind at 200 (U200) and 850 hPa (U850) are used. The models use the principal components (PCs) of combined EOF analysis of 20-90-day anomalies of OLR, U200, and U850 data. Forecast models are developed for each lead time from 1 to 10 pentads and for winter and summer seasons separately. The forecast models use a combination of the five most recent pentad values of the first five PCs of the combined EOF of (OLR, U200, U850) to predict the future values of a given PCK (k = 1, 5). The spatial structures are obtained by reconstructing the fields of OLR, U200, and U850 using the forecasts of PC K (k = 1, 5) and the associated EOFs. Verification with independent winter and summer data indicates useful forecasts of the first five PCs extending up to five pentads of lead time. The verification against 20-90-day anomalies indicates useful forecasts of the reconstructed fields of OLR, U200, and U850 extending up to four pentads of lead time over most of the Tropics. Furthermore, the statistical models provide useful forecasts of U200 and U850 intraseasonal anomalies up to two to three pentads of lead times in portions of the North Pacific region. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Jones, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM cjones@icess.ucsb.edu RI Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012; OI Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 40 TC 53 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2078 EP 2095 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2078:ASFMOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825LB UT WOS:000221758000004 ER PT J AU Seidel, DJ Angell, JK Christy, J Free, M Klein, SA Lanzante, JR Mears, C Parker, D Schabel, M Spencer, R Sterin, A Thorne, P Wentz, F AF Seidel, DJ Angell, JK Christy, J Free, M Klein, SA Lanzante, JR Mears, C Parker, D Schabel, M Spencer, R Sterin, A Thorne, P Wentz, F TI Uncertainty in signals of large-scale climate variations in radiosonde and satellite upper-air temperature datasets SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; TRENDS; OSCILLATION; VOLCANOS AB There is no single reference dataset of long-term global upper-air temperature observations, although several groups have developed datasets from radiosonde and satellite observations for climate-monitoring purposes. The existence of multiple data products allows for exploration of the uncertainty in signals of climate variations and change. This paper examines eight upper-air temperature datasets and quantifies the magnitude and uncertainty of various climate signals, including stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and tropospheric ENSO signals, stratospheric warming following three major volcanic eruptions, the abrupt tropospheric warming of 1976-77, and multidecadal temperature trends. Uncertainty estimates are based both on the spread of signal estimates from the different observational datasets and on the inherent statistical uncertainties of the signal in any individual dataset. The large spread among trend estimates suggests that using multiple datasets to characterize large-scale upper-air temperature trends gives a more complete characterization of their uncertainty than reliance on a single dataset. For other climate signals, there is value in using more than one dataset, because signal strengths vary. However, the purely statistical uncertainty of the signal in individual datasets is large enough to effectively encompass the spread among datasets. This result supports the notion of an 11th climate-monitoring principle, augmenting the 10 principles that have now been generally accepted ( although not generally implemented) by the climate community. This 11th principle calls for monitoring key climate variables with multiple, independent observing systems for measuring the variable, and multiple, independent groups analyzing the data. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Remote Sensing Syst, Santa Rosa, CA USA. Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. All Russian Res Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia. RP NOAA, Air Resources Lab, R-ARL,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dian.seidel@noaa.gov RI Thorne, Peter/F-2225-2014; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Thorne, Peter/0000-0003-0485-9798; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 33 TC 82 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2225 EP 2240 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2225:UISOLC>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825LB UT WOS:000221758000013 ER PT J AU Buckel, JA Sharack, BL Zdanowicz, VS AF Buckel, JA Sharack, BL Zdanowicz, VS TI Effect of diet on otolith composition in Pomatomus saltatrix, an estuarine piscivore SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE barium; diet; otolith chemistry; Pomatomus saltatrix; strontium ID THE-YEAR BLUEFISH; STRONTIUM-CALCIUM RATIOS; SHAD ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; FISH OTOLITHS; STRIPED BASS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; JUVENILE BLUEFISH; NURSERY HABITATS; TRACE-ELEMENTS AB To test the hypothesis that elemental composition of otoliths (sagittae) could be influenced by differences in natural prey type, young-of-the-year bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix were captured immediately after their migration from oceanic waters into mid-Atlantic Bight estuaries and fed either shrimp, Crangon septemspinosa and Palaemonetes spp. or fish Menidia menidia under similar temperature and salinity regimes in two separate 60 day experiments. Unlimited rations of fish and shrimp prey were provided in the first experiment which led to differences in bluefish growth rate between the two prey treatments; fish prey was limited in the second experiment to ensure that growth rates of bluefish in the two prey treatments were similar. Concentrations of seven elements in bluefish otoliths were determined using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). There was no significant effect of diet on five of the seven elements examined (Na, Mg, K, Ca and Mn). The levels of Sr and Ba in the otoliths of shrimp-fed bluefish, however, were significantly higher than fish-fed bluefish in both experiments. Concentrations of Ba in shrimp-fed bluefish otoliths were double that found in fish-fed bluefish. The results suggest that diet can explain some of the variation in otolith chemistry previously attributed to physical and chemical properties of the water. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Buckel, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, 303 Coll Circle, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM jeffrey_buckel@ncsu.edu NR 41 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1469 EP 1484 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00393.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832TH UT WOS:000222289600001 ER PT J AU Driggers, WB Oakley, DA Ulrich, G Carlson, JK Cullum, BJ Dean, JM AF Driggers, WB Oakley, DA Ulrich, G Carlson, JK Cullum, BJ Dean, JM TI Reproductive biology of Carcharhinus acronotus in the coastal waters of South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carcharhinidae; gestation period; small coastal shark; spermatogenesis; vitellogenesis ID RHIZOPRIONODON-TERRAENOVAE RICHARDSON; ATLANTIC SHARPNOSE SHARK; WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; GULF-OF-MEXICO; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; BONNETHEAD SHARK; FINETOOTH SHARK; BLACKNOSE SHARK; SPHYRNA-TIBURO; UNITED-STATES AB The reproductive biology of blacknose sharks Carcharhinus acronotus in the western North Atlantic Ocean was studied by examining specimens collected in the coastal waters of South Carolina. Males begin the maturation process between 875 and 910mm fork length (L-F), as indicated by the presence of functional claspers and siphon sacs. The presence of vitellogenic oocytes and developing oviducal glands and uteri indicated that females begin to mature at c. 870 mm, L-F. Length at which 50% of the population reached maturity was 896 and 964 mm LF, equivalent to 4(.)3 and 4(.)5 years, for males and females, respectively. Gonado-somatic indices suggested that spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis began after December. Mating took place during the end of May and the beginning of June. Fertilization occurred during late June. and early July, suggesting that female blacknose sharks were capable of sperm storage. Based on the timing of fertilization and occurrence of females carrying near-term pups in late May and early June, the gestation period for blacknose sharks was c. 11 months. Female blacknose sharks reproduced biennially based on the absence of vitellogenic oocytes in near-term females and there being no indication of vitellogenesis in postpartum females. Male blacknose sharks were capable of reproducing annually as indicated by turgid genital ducts, which were observed in all mature males collected during late May and early June. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Div, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Driggers, WB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, POB Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. EM william.driggers@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1540 EP 1551 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00408.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832TH UT WOS:000222289600006 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Ottmar, ML AF Stoner, AW Ottmar, ML TI Fish density and size alter Pacific halibut feeding: implications for stock assessment SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competition; density-dependent; feeding motivation; Pacific halibuts social facilitation; stock assessment ID SABLEFISH ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; SCHOOLING FISH; BEHAVIOR; FACILITATION; ABUNDANCE; SALMON; BAIT; CATCHABILITY; SELECTIVITY; COMPETITION AB Laboratory experiments were conducted with Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis to test the hypothesis that responsiveness to food cues is density- and size-dependent. Tanks holding one, two and four fish were video-taped continuously before and after introduction of an olfactory cue and whole baits (squid). Pre-cue indices of activity did not vary with fish density. After olfactory stimulation, per capita activity was directly related to density, with no significant increase in activity by single fish. Numbers of baits located, attacked and consumed were directly related to fish density, and average times to first attack varied from 12 s in groups of four fish to >15 min in single fish. The latency period between location and attack decreased significantly with fish density. When large (43-55cm, total length, L-T) and small (31-38 cm L-T) Pacific halibut were tested together in pairs and groups of four fish, small individuals located baits first in 61% of the trials. Large fish, however, consumed all of the baits (except one) in trials where both large and small fish responded. Social facilitation in Pacific halibut feeding will result in a non-linear relationship between catch per unit effort and population density, and the size composition of fish captured may be influenced by interference competition. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1712 EP 1724 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00434.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832TH UT WOS:000222289600018 ER PT J AU Park, KD Nerem, RS Schenewerk, MS Davis, JL AF Park, KD Nerem, RS Schenewerk, MS Davis, JL TI Site-specific multipath characteristics of global IGS and CORS GPS sites SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE GPS; multipath; post-fit phase residuals AB The site-specific multipath characteristics of 217 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites worldwide were analyzed using the variability of the post-fit phase residuals. Because the GPS satellite constellation returns to the same configuration in a sidereal day (23 h 56 min 4 s), the multipath repeats on that period. However, daily GPS position estimates are usually based on the solar day. When several days of GPS data are processed, this steady change in the orientation of the satellite constellation with respect to the station manifests itself in the form of patterns in the post-fit phase residuals which shift by 3 min 56 s per day. It was found that the mean root mean square of the time-shifted post-fit phase residuals is highly dependent on the GPS antenna type. The conclusions derived from the analysis of the time-shifted post-fit residuals were verified by performing a cross-correlation of the post-fit residuals across many days for selected sites. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, NNGS6, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. RP Park, KD (reprint author), Kookmin Univ, Coll Forest Sci, 861-1 Chongnung Dong, Seoul 132702, South Korea. RI Davis, James/D-8766-2013 OI Davis, James/0000-0003-3057-477X NR 7 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD JUN PY 2004 VL 77 IS 12 BP 799 EP 803 DI 10.1007/s00190-003-0359-9 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 827FO UT WOS:000221885100001 ER PT J AU Koren, V Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, Z Seo, DJ AF Koren, V Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, Z Seo, DJ TI Hydrology Laboratory Research Modeling System (HL-RMS) of the US National Weather Service SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th General Meeting of the European-Geophysical-Society CY APR, 2002 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc DE distributed model; conceptual model; water balance; kinematic routing; parameter estimation; radar ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; RUNOFF MODEL; RADAR DATA; SCALE; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; CATCHMENTS; TERRAIN; CALIBRATION; RESOLUTION AB This study investigates an approach that combines physically-based and conceptual model features in two stages of distributed modeling: model structure development and estimation of spatially variable parameters. The approach adds more practicality to the process of model parameterization, and facilitates an easier transition from current lumped model-based operational systems to more powerful distributed systems. This combination of physically-based and conceptual model features is implemented within the Hydrology Laboratory Research Modeling System (HL-RMS). HL-RMS consists of a well-tested conceptual wader balance model applied on a regular spatial grid linked to physically-based kinematic hillslope and channel routing model!;. Parameter estimation procedures that combine spatially distributed and 'integrated' basin-outlet properties have been developed for the water balance and routing components. High-resolution radar-based precipitation data over a large region are used in testing HL-RMS. Initial tests show that HL-RMS yields results comparable to well-calibrated lumped model simulations in several headwater basins, and it outperforms a lumped model in basins where spatial rainfall variability effects are significant. It is important to note that simulations for two nested basins (not calibrated directly, but parameters from the calibration of the parent basin were applied instead) outperformed lumped simulations even more consistently, which means that HL-RMS has the potential to improve the accuracy and resolution of river runoff forecasts. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Koren, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM victor.koren@noaa.gov NR 64 TC 119 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 3-4 BP 297 EP 318 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.039 PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 819KB UT WOS:000221312700009 ER PT J AU Joyce, RJ Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA Xie, PP AF Joyce, RJ Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA Xie, PP TI CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL ESTIMATION; DETAILED ANALYSIS; SOUNDING UNIT; ALGORITHM; SATELLITE; SYSTEM; SENSOR; CLOUD; LAND AB A new technique is presented in which half-hourly global precipitation estimates derived from passive microwave satellite scans are propagated by motion vectors derived from geostationary satellite infrared data. The Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH) uses motion vectors derived from half-hourly interval geostationary satellite IR imagery to propagate the relatively high quality precipitation estimates derived from passive microwave data. In addition, the shape and intensity of the precipitation features are modified (morphed) during the time between microwave sensor scans by performing a time-weighted linear interpolation. This process yields spatially and temporally complete microwave-derived precipitation analyses, independent of the infrared temperature field. CMORPH showed substantial improvements over both simple averaging of the microwave estimates and over techniques that blend microwave and infrared information but that derive estimates of precipitation from infrared data when passive microwave information is unavailable. In particular, CMORPH outperforms these blended techniques in terms of daily spatial correlation with a validating rain gauge analysis over Australia by an average of 0.14, 0.27, 0.26, 0.22, and 0.20 for April, May, June-August, September, and October 2003, respectively. CMORPH also yields higher equitable threat scores over Australia for the same periods by an average of 0.11, 0.14, 0.13, 0.14, and 0.13. Over the United States for June-August, September, and October 2003, spatial correlation was higher for CMORPH relative to the average of the same techniques by an average of 0.10, 0.13, and 0.10, respectively. C1 RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Joyce, RJ (reprint author), RS Informat Syst Inc, 1651 Old Meadow Rd, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. EM robert.joyce@noaa.gov RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010 NR 34 TC 866 Z9 919 U1 13 U2 82 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 5 IS 3 BP 487 EP 503 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZE UT WOS:000222090600009 ER PT J AU McDermott, R Kelso, N Lee, SK Mossle, M Muck, M Myers, W ten Haken, B Seton, HC Trabesinger, AH Pines, A Clarke, J AF McDermott, R Kelso, N Lee, SK Mossle, M Muck, M Myers, W ten Haken, B Seton, HC Trabesinger, AH Pines, A Clarke, J TI SQUID-detected magnetic resonance imaging in microtesla magnetic fields SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE SQUID; nuclear magnetic resonance; magnetic resonance imaging ID DC SQUID; NMR; JUNCTIONS; NOISE; COIL; MRI AB We describe studies of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of liquid samples at room temperature in microtesla magnetic fields. The nuclear spins are prepolarized in a strong transient field. The magnetic signals generated by the precessing spins, which range in frequency from tens of Hz to several kHz, are detected by a low-transition temperature dc SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) coupled to an untuned, superconducting flux transformer configured as an axial gradiometer. The combination of prepolarization and frequency-independent detector sensitivity results in a high signal-to-noise ratio and high spectral resolution (similar to 1 Hz) even in grossly inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In the NMR experiments, the high spectral resolution enables us to detect the 10-Hz splitting of the spectrum of protons due to their scalar coupling to a P-31 nucleus. Furthermore, the broadband detection scheme combined with a non-resonant field-reversal spin echo allows the simultaneous observation of signals from protons and P-31 nuclei, even though their NMR resonance frequencies differ by a factor of 2.5. We extend our methodology to MRI in microtesla fields, where the high spectral resolution translates into high spatial resolution. We demonstrate two-dimensional images of a mineral oil phantom and slices of peppers, with a spatial resolution of about 1 mm. We also image an intact pepper using slice selection, again with 1-mm, resolution. A further experiments we demonstrate T-1-contrast imaging of a water phantom, some parts of which were doped with a paramagnetic salt to reduce the longitudinal relaxation time T-1. Possible applications of this MRI technique include screening for tumors and integration with existing multichannel SQUID systems for brain imaging. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Biomed Phys & Bioengn, Aberdeen AB9 27D, Scotland. RP Clarke, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM clarke@socrates.berkeley.edu RI Lee, Seung-Kyun/A-3464-2008; Trabesinger, Andreas/J-2008-2016 OI Lee, Seung-Kyun/0000-0001-7625-3141; Trabesinger, Andreas/0000-0003-3078-8399 NR 34 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 7 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 135 IS 5-6 BP 793 EP 821 DI 10.1023/B:JOLT.0000029519.09286.c5 PG 29 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 824TW UT WOS:000221710600023 ER PT J AU Jonker, BT Hanbicki, AT Pierce, DT Stiles, MD AF Jonker, BT Hanbicki, AT Pierce, DT Stiles, MD TI Spin nomenclature for semiconductors and magnetic metals SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE spintronics; magnetotronics; spin injection; spin-LED; spin polarization; selection rule; spin transport ID METAL/TUNNEL BARRIER CONTACT; INJECTION; POLARIZATION AB The different conventions used in the semiconductor and magnetic metals communities can cause confusion in the context of spin polarization and transport in simple heterostructures. In semiconductors, terminology is based on the orientation of the electron spin, while in magnetic metals it is based on the orientation of the moment. In the rapidly expanding field of spintronics, where both semiconductors and magnetic metals are important, some commonly used terms ("spin-up", "majority spin") can have different meanings. Here, we clarify nomenclature relevant to spin transport and optical polarization by relating the common physical observables and "definitions" of spin polarization to the fundamental concept of conservation of angular momentum within a well-defined reference frame. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jonker, BT (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM jonker@nrl.navy.mil RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 277 IS 1-2 BP 24 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.09.051 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 835PV UT WOS:000222498100003 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, H Lawn, BR TI Fracture mode transitions in brittle coatings on compliant substrates as a function of thickness SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC COATINGS; INDENTATION RESPONSE; CONCENTRATED LOADS; MECHANICS ANALYSIS; HERTZIAN FRACTURE; THIN COATINGS; CRACKING; DAMAGE; FILMS; STRESSES AB The fundamentally changing nature of fracture in brittle coatings on compliant substrates with diminishing coating thickness is examined. Attention is focused on cracking induced by concentrated loading with a spherical indenter at the top surface. It is shown that the fracture mode undergoes transitions, from top-surface ring cracking around the contact ("thick-coating" region) to bottom-surface radial cracking at the lower ceramic surface ("intermediate" region) and, finally, back to surface ring cracking ("thin-coating" region). These transitions reflect a progressively changing stress field in the layer structures and highlight the differences in failure mechanism that may be anticipated at the large- and small-scale levels. Simple fracture relations are derived for each mode, expressing critical loads in terms of coating thickness relative to contact or sphere radius, coating strength and coating/substrate modulus mismatch. Data from finite element simulations and contact experiments on model ceramic/polymer bilayer systems are used to validate the basic elements of the analytical relations and to quantify deviations. Implications of the transitional behavior in relation to the strength of brittle coating/film systems are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@NIST.gov NR 35 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1752 EP 1761 DI 10.1557/JMR.2004.0219 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DN UT WOS:000222316700023 ER PT J AU Bullock, SS Brennen, GK AF Bullock, SS Brennen, GK TI Canonical decompositions of n-qubit quantum computations and concurrence SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENTANGLEMENT; MONOTONES AB The two-qubit canonical decomposition SU(4)=[SU(2)circle timesSU(2)]Delta[SU(2)circle timesSU(2)] writes any two-qubit unitary operator as a composition of a local unitary, a relative phasing of Bell states, and a second local unitary. Using Lie theory, we generalize this to an n-qubit decomposition, the concurrence canonical decomposition (CCD) SU(2(n))=KAK. The group K fixes a bilinear form related to the concurrence, and in particular any unitary in K preserves the tangle \(&LANGBRAC;φ&VERBAR;) over bar(-isigma(1)(y))...(-isigma(n)(y))\phi>\(2) for n even. Thus, the CCD shows that any n-qubit unitary is a composition of a unitary operator preserving this n-tangle, a unitary operator in A which applies relative phases to a set of GHZ states, and a second unitary operator which preserves the tangle. As an application, we study the extent to which a large, random unitary may change concurrence. The result states that for a randomly chosen ais an element ofAsubset ofSU(2(2p)), the probability that a carries a state of tangle 0 to a state of maximum tangle approaches 1 as the even number of qubits approaches infinity. Any v=k(1)ak(2) for such an ais an element ofA has the same property. Finally, although \(&LANGBRAC;φ&VERBAR;) over bar(-isigma(1)(y))...(-isigma(n)(y))\phi>\(2) vanishes identically when the number of qubits is odd, we show that a more complicated CCD still exists in which K is a symplectic group. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20089 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20089 USA. RP Bullock, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20089 USA. EM stephen.bullock@nist.gov; gavin.brennen@nist.gov RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 26 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0022-2488 J9 J MATH PHYS JI J. Math. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2447 EP 2467 DI 10.1063/1.1723701 PG 21 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 824BI UT WOS:000221658500024 ER PT J AU Migdall, A Dowling, J AF Migdall, A Dowling, J TI Introduction to Journal of Modern Optics Special Issue on single-photon detectors, applications, and measurement methods SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, NASA JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Migdall, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JUN-JUL PY 2004 VL 51 IS 9-10 BP 1265 EP 1266 DI 10.1080/09500340410001674411 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA 831FV UT WOS:000222181200001 ER PT J AU Ware, M Migdall, A AF Ware, M Migdall, A TI Single-photon detector characterization using correlated photons: the march from feasibility to metrology SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Single-Photon Detectors CY MAR 31-APR 01, 2003 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID QUANTUM-EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS; PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION; UNCERTAINTY; PAIRS AB Correlated photons can be used to directly measure the detection efficiency of photon counting detectors without any ties to externally calibrated standards. An overview of the history of this technique is given and the paper reviews how to implement it in a practical lab setting. Some of the sources of uncertainty in the technique and how they can be minimized and quantified are discussed. The intent is to provide the information necessary to encourage the movement of this technique from the metrology lab into the general photon-counting detector community. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 EI 1362-3044 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD JUN-JUL PY 2004 VL 51 IS 9-10 BP 1549 EP 1557 DI 10.1080/09500340410001670910 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 831FV UT WOS:000222181200022 ER PT J AU Maki, A Blake, TA Sams, RL Frieh, J Barber, J Masiello, T Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Weber, A AF Maki, A Blake, TA Sams, RL Frieh, J Barber, J Masiello, T Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Weber, A TI Analysis of some combination-overtone infrared bands of (SO3)-S-32-O-16 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID NU(1) CARS SPECTRUM; 2-NU(3) BANDS; HOT BANDS; RESOLUTION; (SO3)-S-34-O-16; NU(2); PERTURBATIONS AB several new infrared absorption bands for (SO3)-S-32-O-16 have been measured and analyzed. The principal bands observed were v(1) + v(2) (at 1561 cm(-1)), v(1) + v(4) (at 1594 cm(-1)), v(3) +v(4) (at 1918 cm(-1)), and 3v(3) (at 4136 cm(-1)). Except for 3173, these bands Lire very complicated because of (a) the Coriolis Coupling between v(1) and v(4), (b) the Fermi resonance between v(1) and 2v(4), (c) the Fermi resonance between v(1) and 2v(2), (d) ordinary l-type resonance that couples levels that differ by 2 in both the k and l quantum numbers, and (e) the vibrational l-type resonance between the A(1)', and A(2)' levels of v(3) + v(4). The unraveling of the complex pattern of these bands was facilitated by a systematic approach to the understanding of the various interactions. Fortunately, previous work on the fundamentals permitted good estimates of many constants necessary to begin the assignments and the fit of' the measurements. In addition, the use of hot band transitions accompanying the v(3) band was an essential aid in fitting the v(3) + v(4) transitions since these could be directly observed for only one of four interacting states. From the hot band analysis we find that the A, vibrational level is 3.50 cm(-1) above the A(2)' level, i.e., r(34) = 1.75236(7) cm(-1). In the case of the 3v(3) band, the spectral analysis is straightforward and a weak Deltak = +/-Deltal(3) = +/-2 interaction between the l(3) = 1 and l(3) = 3 substates locates the latter A(1)' and A(2)' "ghost" states 22.55(4)cm(-1) higher than the infrared accessible l(3) = 1 E' state. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97332 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97332 USA. EM Niblerj@chem.orst.edu NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 225 IS 2 BP 109 EP 122 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.008 PG 14 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 821UB UT WOS:000221487200001 ER PT J AU Flores-Mijangos, J Brown, JM Matsushima, F Odashima, H Takagi, K Zink, LR Evenson, KM AF Flores-Mijangos, J Brown, JM Matsushima, F Odashima, H Takagi, K Zink, LR Evenson, KM TI The far-infrared spectrum of the (NH)-N-14 radical in its X-3 Sigma(-) state SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; IMINE NH; TRANSITION; SPECTROMETER; REGION; CARBON AB Pure rotational transitions of the (NH)-N-14 radical in the v = 0 level of the X(3)Sigma(-) ground state have been detected using tunable far-infrared radiation generated by third-order mixing of radiation from two CO2 lasers with that front a microwave Source. The NH radical was formed in a cooled dc electric discharge through ammonia gas in helium. The rotational transitions from N = 1-0 up to 5-4 inclusive were detected. The nuclear hyperfine splittings become progressively less well resolved as N increases. These measurements have been combined with previous, more accurate measurements of the N = 1-0 transition [Astron. Astrophys. 322 (1997) L1] to determine all improved set of molecular parameters for (NH)-N-14. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. Toyama Univ, Dept Phys, Toyama 930, Japan. NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Brown, JM (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, S Pk Rd, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. EM jmb@physchem.ox.ac.uk NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 225 IS 2 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.026 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 821UB UT WOS:000221487200009 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ TI Comparison of electron elastic-scattering cross sections calculated from two commonly used atomic potentials SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE Auger electron spectroscopy; differential cross section; Dirac-Hartree-Fock potential; elastic electron scattering; elastic-peak electron spectroscopy; electron transport; solid surfaces; surface analysis; Thomas-Fermi-Dirac potential; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ID MEAN FREE PATHS; RAY-PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; EFFECTIVE ATTENUATION LENGTHS; QUANTITATIVE SURFACE-ANALYSIS; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; RARE-GASES; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; SIGNAL PHOTOELECTRONS AB We have analyzed differential cross sections (DCSs) for the elastic scattering of electrons by neutral atoms that have been derived from two commonly used atomic potentials: the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) potential and the Dirac-Hartree-Fock (DHF) potential. DCSs from the latter potential are believed to be more accurate. We compared DCSs for six atoms (H, At, Ni, Ag, An, and Cm) at four energies (100, 500, 1000, and 10000 eV) from two databases issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in which DCSs had been obtained from the TFD and DHF potentials. While the DCSs from the two potentials had similar shapes and magnitudes, there can be pronounced deviations (up to 70%) for small scattering angles for At, Ag, An, and Cm. In addition, there were differences of up to 400% at scattering angles for which there were deep minima in the DCSs; at other angles, the differences were typically less than 20%. The DCS differences decreased with increasing electron energy. DCSs calculated from the two potentials were compared with measured DCSs for six atoms (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Hg) at energies between 50 eV and 3 keV. For Ar, the atom for which experimental data are available over the largest energy range there is good agreement between the measured DCSs and those calculated from the TFD and DHF potentials at 2 and 3 keV, but the experimental DCSs agree better with the DCSs from the DHF potential at lower energies. A similar trend is found for the other atoms. At energies less than about I keV, there are increasing differences between the measured DCSs and the DCSs calculated from the DHF potential. These differences were attributed to the neglect of absorption and polarizability effects in the calculations. We compare transport cross sections for H, At, Ni, Ag, An, and Cm obtained from the DCSs for each potential. For energies between 200 eV and I keV, the largest differences are about 20% (for H, Au, and Cm); at higher energies, the differences are smaller. We also examine the extent to which three quantities derived from DCSs vary depending on whether the DCSs were obtained from the TFD or DHF potential. First, we compare calculated and measured elastic-backscattered intensities for thin films of Au on a Ni substrate with different measurement conditions, but it is not clear whether DCSs from the TFD or DHF potential should be preferred. Second, we compare electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) derived from relative and absolute measurements by elastic-peak electron spectroscopy and from analyses with DCSs obtained from the TFD and DHF potentials. In four examples, for a variety of materials and measurement conditions, we find differences between the IMFPs from the TFD and DHF potentials ranging from 1.3% to 17.1%. Third, we compare mean escape depths for two photoelectron lines and two Auger-electron lines in solid An obtained using DCSs from the TFD and DHF potentials. The relative differences between these mean escape depths vary from 4.3% at 70 eV to 0.5% at 2016 eV at normal electron emission, and become smaller with increasing emission angle. Although measured DCSs for atoms can differ from DCSs calculated from the DHF potential by up to a factor of 2, we find that the atomic DCSs are empirically useful for simulations of electron transport in solids for electron energies above about 300 eV. The atomic DCSs can also be useful for energies down to at least 200 eV if relative measurements are made. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, ECM, Barcelona 08028, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM jablo@ichf.edu.pl; cesc@ecm.ub.es; cedric.powell@nist.gov RI Salvat, Francesc/F-8255-2016 OI Salvat, Francesc/0000-0002-6162-8841 NR 131 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 EI 1529-7845 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 409 EP 451 DI 10.1063/1.1595653 PG 43 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600001 ER PT J AU Podobedova, LI Kelleher, DE Reader, J Wiese, WL AF Podobedova, LI Kelleher, DE Reader, J Wiese, WL TI Atomic spectral tables for the Chandra X-ray observatory. Part II. SI Vi-Si XII SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE far ultraviolet; SiVI; SiVII; SiVIII; SiIX; Si X; Si XI; Si XII; silicon; soft x rays; transition probabilities; wavelengths ID BE-LIKE IONS; MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS; PAULI ENERGY-LEVELS; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE TRANSITIONS; WAVE COLLISION STRENGTHS; AB-INITIO CALCULATION; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; INTERCOMBINATION TRANSITIONS; PROBABILITIES AB Tables of critically compiled wavelengths, energy levels, line classifications, and transition probabilities are given for spectra of ionized silicon (Si VI-Si XII) in the region 25-170 Angstrom. These tables provide data of interest for the Emission Line Project in support of analyses of astronomical data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. They will also be useful for the diagnostics of plasmas encountered in fusion energy research. The transition probabilities were obtained mainly from recent sophisticated calculations carried out with complex computer codes. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Podobedova, LI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM larissi.podobedova@nist.gov NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 471 EP 494 DI 10.1063/1.1637922 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600003 ER PT J AU Podobedova, LI Kelleher, DE Reader, J Wiese, WL AF Podobedova, LI Kelleher, DE Reader, J Wiese, WL TI Atomic spectral tables for the Chandra X-ray observatory. Part III. Mgv-Mgx SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE far ultraviolet; MgV; MgVI; MgVII; MgVIII; MgIX; Mg X magnesium; soft x rays; transition probabilities; wavelengths ID PAULI ENERGY-LEVELS; MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS; BE-LIKE IONS; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE TRANSITIONS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; PROBABILITIES; OXYGEN; RATES; WAVELENGTHS AB Tables of critically compiled wavelengths, energy levels, line classifications, and transition probabilities are given for spectra of ionized magnesium (Mg V-Mg X) in the region 35-170 Angstrom. These tables provide data of interest for the Emission Line Project in support of analyses of astronomical data from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. They will also be useful for the diagnostics of plasmas encountered in fusion energy research. The transition probabilities were obtained mainly from recent sophisticated calculations carried out with complex computer codes. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Podobedova, LI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM larissa.podobedova@nist.gov NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 495 EP 524 DI 10.1063/1.1637923 PG 30 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600004 ER PT J AU Podobedova, LI Fuhr, JR Reader, J Wiese, WL AF Podobedova, LI Fuhr, JR Reader, J Wiese, WL TI Atomic spectral tables for the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Part IV. NeV-NeVIII SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE far ultraviolet; NeV; NeVI; NeVII; NeVIII; neon; soft x rays; transition probabilities wavelengths ID MANY-BODY CALCULATIONS; PAULI ENERGY-LEVELS; CARBON ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; BE-LIKE IONS; OPACITY CALCULATIONS; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; LIFETIMES; RATES; LINES AB Tables of critically compiled wavelengths, energy levels, line classifications, and transition probabilities are given for spectra of ionized neon (Ne V-Ne VIII) in the region 55-170 Angstrom. These tables provide data of interest for the Emission Line Project in support of analysis of astronomical data from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. They will also be useful for the diagnostics of plasma encountered in fusion energy research. The transition probabilities were obtained mainly from recent sophisticated calculations carried out with complex computer codes. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Podobedova, LI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM larissa.podobcdova@nist.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 525 EP 540 DI 10.1063/1.1637924 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600005 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT AF Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT TI Equations of state for mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE density; equation of state; heat capacity; HFC-32; HFC-125; HFC-134a; HFC-143a; HFC-152a; R-404A; R-407C; R-410A; R-507; refrigerant mixtures; speed of sound; thermodynamic properties; VLE ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; BINARY REFRIGERANT MIXTURES; 1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE (HFC-143A)+1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE HFC-134A; INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FORMULATION; PLUS PENTAFLUOROETHANE R-32+125; P-RHO-T; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PVTX PROPERTIES; CRITICAL LOCUS; COEXISTENCE CURVE AB Mixture models explicit in Helmholtz energy have been developed to calculate the thermodynamic properties of refrigerant mixtures containing R-32, R-125, R-134a, R143a, and R-152a. The Helmholtz energy of the mixture is the sum of the ideal gas contribution, the compressibility (or real fluid) contribution, and the contribution from mixing. The independent variables are the density, temperature, and composition. The model may be used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of mixtures, including dew and bubble point properties, within the experimental uncertainties of the available measured properties. It incorporates the most accurate equations of state available for each pure fluid. The estimated uncertainties of calculated properties are 0.1% in density and 0.5% in heat capacities and in the speed of sound. Calculated bubble point pressures have typical uncertainties of 0.5%. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ericl@baulder.nist.gov NR 83 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 593 EP 620 DI 10.1063/1.1649997 PG 28 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600009 ER PT J AU Hubbell, JH Trehan, PN Singh, N Chand, B Mehta, D Garg, ML Garg, RR Singh, S Puri, S AF Hubbell, JH Trehan, PN Singh, N Chand, B Mehta, D Garg, ML Garg, RR Singh, S Puri, S TI A review, bibliography, and tabulation of K, L, and higher atomic shell X-ray fluorescence yields (vol 23, pg 339, 1994) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Panjab Univ, Dept Phys & Biophys, Chandigarh 160014, India. Univ Delhi, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Delhi 110007, India. RP Hubbell, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hubbell@nist.gov NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 621 EP 621 DI 10.1063/1.1756152 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 831RK UT WOS:000222213600010 ER PT J AU Thompson, L Ladd, CA AF Thompson, L Ladd, CA TI The response of the North Pacific Ocean to decadal variability in atmospheric forcing: Wind versus buoyancy forcing SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EXTRATROPICAL PLANETARY-WAVES; THERMOCLINE VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; ISOPYCNIC MODEL; ROSSBY WAVES; WATER; SUBDUCTION; ANOMALIES; EXTENSION; DYNAMICS AB Both wind and buoyancy forcing result in variability in the North Pacific Ocean thermocline. A vertical modal analysis of the density deviations in a 30-yr run of an ocean general circulation model of the North Pacific forced by atmospheric variability is used to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of the different baroclinic modes. The different dynamic vertical modes show distinct propagation characteristics, with the first baroclinic mode exhibiting consistent westward propagation at all latitudes. The higher baroclinic modes show westward phase propagation at low latitudes but propagate eastward at higher latitudes. The propagation characteristics of each mode can be understood by the inclusion of the zonal mean flow in the vertical structure equation. Evaluation of the Ekman pumping and diapycnal fluxes in the quasigeostrophic potential vorticity equation for each dynamic vertical mode distinguishes their effects on the thermocline variability. Wind variability dominantly forces the first baroclinic mode response while buoyancy forcing results in a higher baroclinic mode response. Two additional numerical model runs, one with climatological wind stress and one with climatological heat fluxes and SST, demonstrate the relative roles of Ekman pumping and diabatic pumping on the forcing of each vertical mode. Ekman pumping is important throughout the North Pacific for forcing first-mode variability. Diabatic pumping, or that associated with thermal forcing, is important in the Kuroshio Extension and much less so farther to the south and can act to suppress the first-baroclinic-mode Ekman pumping response. The second baroclinic mode has a band of positive energy emanating westward from the eastward end of the Kuroshio Extension and ending at the western boundary at 20degreesN, reflecting the strong effect of the mean flow on wave propagation of the higher baroclinic modes. Mode coupling also occurs, especially in the westward return flow of the subtropical gyre. The results are shown to be consistent with the one-dimensional wave equation and show the importance of inclusion of the first several baroclinic modes in studies of the decadal variability in the ocean. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Thompson, L (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM luanne@ocean.washington.edu RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014 OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1386 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1373:TROTNP>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 829ZG UT WOS:000222090800005 ER PT J AU Vanderah, TA Miller, VL Levin, I Bell, SM Negas, T AF Vanderah, TA Miller, VL Levin, I Bell, SM Negas, T TI Phase relations, crystal chemistry, and dielectric properties in sections of the La2O3-CaO-MgO-TiO2 system SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE La2O3-MgO-TiO2; LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La2O3; La2O3-CaO-MgO-TiO2; lanthanum magnesium titanates; La2MgTiO(6); dielectric properties; temperature-stable dielectrics ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; TITANIUM OXIDE; EQUILIBRIA; CERAMICS; CA2NB2O7-CATIO3; LA2TI2O7-CATIO3; ND2TI2O7-CATIO3; PERMITTIVITY; LA2O3-TIO2; ANBNO3N&2 AB Subsolidus phase equilibria and crystal chemistry were studied for the La-O-2(3)-MgO-TiO2 system and for the ternary sections LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La2O3 and LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La0.833Mg0.25Ti0.75O3 in the quaternary La2O3-CaO-MgO-TiO2 system. Dielectric properties (relative permittivity and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, tau(f)) were measured at 5-10 GHZ and mapped onto the phase equilibria relations to reveal the compositions of temperature-stable (tau(f) = 0) compounds and mixtures. Phase equilibria relations were obtained by X-ray powder diffraction analysis of approximately 80 specimens prepared by solid-state reactions in air at similar to 1450degreesC. Six ternary phases were found to form in the La2O3-MgO-TiO2 system, including the three previously reported compounds LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3, La5Mg0.5Ti3.5O15, and "La6MgTi4O18"; and the new phases La10MgTi9O34, La9Mg0.5Ti8.5O31, and a perovskite-type solid solution (1 - x)LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-xLa2/3TiO3 (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.5). The phase previously reported as "La6MgTi4O18" was found to form off-composition, apparently as a point compound, at La6Mg0.913Ti4.04O18. Indexed experimental X-ray powder diffraction patterns are given for LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3, La5Mg0.5O15, La6Mg0.913Ti4.04O18, La10MgTi9O34, and La9Mg0.5Ti8.5O31. LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3 exhibits a slightly distorted perovskite structure with ordered B-cations (P2(1)/n; a = 5.5608(2) Angstrom b = 5.5749(3) Angstrom, c = 7.8610(5) Angstrom, beta = 90.034(4)degrees). La5Mg0.5Ti3.5O15 (P (3) over bar m1; a = 5.5639(1), c = 10.9928(5) Angstrom) and La6Mg0.913Ti4.04O18 (R3m; a - 5.5665(1), c = 39.7354(9) A) are n = 5 and n = 6 members, respectively, of the (I 11) perovskite-slab series A(n)B(n-1)O(3n). The new phases La10MgTi9O34 (a=5.5411(2), b=31.3039(9), c=3.9167(1)Angstrom) and La9Mg0.5Ti8.5O31 (a=5.5431(2). b=57.055(1), c=3.9123(1)Angstrom) are n = 5 and n = 4.5 members, respectively, of the (110) perovskite-slab series A(n)B(n)O(3n + 2), which exhibit orthorhombic subcells; electron diffraction revealed monoclinic superlattices with doubled c-parameters for both compounds. Extensive perovskite-type solid solutions form in the ternary sections LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La2O3 and LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La0.833Mg0.25Ti0.75O3. The La2O3-MgO-TiO2 system contains two regions of temperature-stable (tau(f) = 0) compositions. The quaternary La2O3-CaO-MgO-TiO2 system contains an extensive single-phase perovskite-type volume through which passes a surface of temperature-stable compositions with permittivities projected to be in the 40-50 range. Traces of this surface occur as lines of tau(f) = 0 perovskite-type phases in the ternary sections LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La2O3 and LaMg1/2Ti1/2O3-CaTiO3-La0.833Mg0.25Ti0.75O3. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TCI Ceram Inc, Hagerstown, MD 21842 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM terrell.vanderah@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 56 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 177 IS 6 BP 2023 EP 2038 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.02.005 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 825PB UT WOS:000221769300032 ER PT J AU Mapes, BE Warner, TT Xu, M AF Mapes, BE Warner, TT Xu, M TI Comparison of cumulus parameterizations and entrainment using domain-mean wind divergence in a regional model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN SOUTH-AMERICA; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; LATERAL BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; DIURNAL PATTERNS; CLIMATE MODELS; SQUALL LINES; RAINFALL; SCHEMES; SIMULATIONS; FORECASTS AB Several different cumulus parameterizations are compared in a 10-day regional model simulation over the tropical Americas in northern summer. A simple bulk diagnostic test is devised, comparing the model's preferred domain-mean wind divergence profile with "observed'' drivergence. The latter is obtained by a line integral of the normal wind component at the model's outer boundary, from the ECMWF reanalysis data used as lateral boundary conditions. The former is obtained from a line integral one grid point in from the boundary, a perimeter that encloses almost exactly the same region. Even though the model fields near the boundary are strongly nudged toward the ECMWF values, the difference is distinct, and indicative of systematic errors in the model's heating field throughout the interior of the domain. Heating reflects the effects of the convection scheme, both direct and indirect (e.g., through its impact on resolved condensation). A useful axis along which to characterize schemes appears to be overactive versus underactive. Underactive convective schemes tend to produce too little low-level convergence and upper-level divergence, while overactive schemes produce too much. This categorization is also reflected in rainfall fields, as overactive schemes produce widespread light convective rain while underactive schemes produce sparse occasional storms. For example, the Kain-Fritsch scheme is overactive with its default entraining-plume radius of 1500 m, a value optimized for midlatitudes over land. A value of 750 m makes the regional divergence magnitude about right, but makes the upper-tropospheric outflow altitude too low, illustrating a classic dilemma of entraining-plume models of convection. Schemes with other conceptual structures give widely varying divergence errors. The largest errors are found with the Anthes-Kuo scheme, while the smallest errors are found with the Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme, which has no consistent divergence bias over time. Diagnosis of other North American monsoon simulations supports the general underactive/overactive characterization, but shows that the best scheme and parameters may depend on weather regime. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Mapes, BE (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Box 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM brian.mapes@noaa.gov RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010; Warner, Thomas/A-1454-2013 OI Warner, Thomas/0000-0001-6195-6995 NR 29 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1284 EP 1295 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1284:COCPAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825XR UT WOS:000221792600006 ER PT J AU Stohl, A Cooper, OR James, P AF Stohl, A Cooper, OR James, P TI A cautionary note on the use of meteorological analysis fields for quantifying atmospheric mixing SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; CHEMISTRY-TRANSPORT MODELS; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; CROSS-TROPOPAUSE EXCHANGE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TRACER TRANSPORT; WIND FIELDS; TRAJECTORIES; CLIMATOLOGY; RESOLUTION AB Offline atmospheric transport models are normally driven with meteorological analyses. However, subsequent analysis fields are dynamically not consistent with each other, because they are produced in independent data assimilation cycles that lack strong dynamical constraints between each other. In this paper, it is shown that when these data are used with Lagrangian transport models, spurious mixing results from the dynamic inconsistencies. As a consequence, quantities such as potential vorticity or specific humidity that tend to be conserved along trajectories are found to be significantly less well conserved when analysis data are used than when forecast data are used for the trajectory calculations. This leads, for instance, to enhanced stratosphere-troposphere exchange. It is also shown that the dispersion of initially neighboring particles occurs more rapidly with the analysis than with the forecast data. It is therefore concluded that small-scale tracer structures develop too quickly in Lagrangian models, due to the inconsistencies between the driving wind fields. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tech Univ Munich, D-8000 Munich, Germany. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, R-AL4,Room 2A101,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM astohl@al.noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; NR 34 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 61 IS 12 BP 1446 EP 1453 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1446:ACNOTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZH UT WOS:000222090900009 ER PT J AU Parrish, FA Boland, RC AF Parrish, FA Boland, RC TI Habitat and reef-fish assemblages of banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; EPILITHIC ALGAL COMMUNITY; FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS; CORAL-REEF; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; STANDING CROP; WATER; BIOMASS; ARCHIPELAGO; MACROALGAE AB The moderately deep terraces and banks of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were surveyed to describe their habitat and reef-fish assemblages. These tracts of bottom at 30-40 m comprise more than 4,500 km(2) of the region's reef area. The habitat was found to be dominated by algal meadows (65% cover of exposed bottom), with infrequent relief features. Annual monitoring of select stations for 4 years at Necker Bank indicated that the relative difference in algal abundance between stations persisted from year to year (at least in summer). Temperature records from year-long deployments of archival thermistors in high-cover (>70%) and low-cover (<30%) algal biotopes were indistinguishable, providing no explanation of the algal differences between stations. At all banks, Microdictyon was the primary alga, averaging 1.22 kg/m(2). In spite of the extensive standing primary production, and a historical lack of fishing, bank reef-fish populations were impoverished. Mean densities, sizes, and biomass of trophic groups were considerably less than values reported for NWHI reef shallows. An overall mean biomass was estimated at 22.5 g/m(2), which is a fifth of that reported for shallow reefs of the region. Fish biomass of all trophic groups was associated with the few sources of relief available on the banks. Apex predators (sharks, jacks, and snappers), common on all surveys (with a mean of five per station), were proposed to constrain fish populations to sparse sources of relief resulting in a skewed size structure of the two primary fish trophic components. Sizes of lower-level carnivores were tightly correlated with sources of relief whereas the size of herbivores were not, indicating that herbivores more often venture out and risk the exposed algal meadows. These bank summits are a rare example of a near pristine reef system with high benthic primary productivity and low fish biomass, and are a stark contrast to shallower coral-reef ecosystems of the NWHI. C1 NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Parrish, FA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Frank.Parrish@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 32 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 144 IS 6 BP 1065 EP 1073 DI 10.1007/s00227-003-1288-0 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 825IZ UT WOS:000221751300004 ER PT J AU Carls, MG Harris, PM Rice, SD AF Carls, MG Harris, PM Rice, SD TI Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mussels; Mytilus trossulus; Prince William Sound; Exxon Valdez; petroleum hydrocarbons; oil spills; monitoring; restoration ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; CRUDE-OIL; SPILL; SEDIMENTS; HYDROCARBONS; PERSISTENCE; RECOVERY; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE AB Natural loss of hydrocarbons was often low from mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds (which were typically not cleaned after the Exxon Valdez oil spill), thus this habitat remained a long-term source of oil. Consequently, experimental restoration of nine contaminated beds was attempted in 1994; mussels were removed, contaminated surface sediment was replaced (33 metric tons), and original mussels were returned. Hydrocarbon concentrations and mussel populations were monitored for 5 years thereafter. Post-restoration mussel population fluctuations were indistinguishable from regional changes. Increased short-term oil loss was apparent, but long-term (5 year) improvement was equivocal and difficult to distinguish from natural losses. By 1999, oil concentrations in mussels were typically at baseline levels in restored and oiled reference beds; concentrations in replaced sediment were elevated in one third of restored beds, indicating recontamination from underlying or surrounding sediment. Our results suggest mussel relocation is feasible but suggest oil, might more effectively be removed from sediment mechanically or chemically than manually. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Carls, MG (reprint author), US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM mark.carls@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 57 IS 5 BP 359 EP 376 DI 10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.11.002 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 778CZ UT WOS:000189222700003 PM 14967519 ER PT J AU Jones, FE Shull, AH AF Jones, FE Shull, AH TI Further analysis of pneumatic ball gauge calibration data; development of quadratic equations SO MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE ANOVA; apparent pressure dependence; ball gauges; effective area; quadratic equations AB In earlier papers it was shown that an apparent pressure dependence of effective area of pneumatic ball gauges could be ascribed to non-constancy of effective area as conventionally defined. The relationship between P, the pressure measured at the gauge and F, the force due to load of weights on the ball, was generally better represented by an equation of the form P = a + bF derived from linear least squares analysis of calibration data. It is the objective of the present paper to investigate whether the addition of a quadratic term, cF(2), would improve the agreement of calculated values of P with known calibration values. Calibration data collected for 8-ball gauges were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to infer the significance of the quadratic term. For 7 of 8 gauges, a quadratic term significantly improved agreement between calculated and calibration values of P. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Surfside Beach, SC 29575 USA. RP Jones, FE (reprint author), NIST, 594 Circle Dr, Surfside Beach, SC 29575 USA. EM frank_e_jones@yahoo.com NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0263-2241 J9 MEASUREMENT JI Measurement PD JUN PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 409 EP 411 DI 10.1016/j.measurement.2004.02.003 PG 3 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 828TJ UT WOS:000221995900010 ER PT J AU Murphy, MK Piper, RK Greenwood, LR Mitch, MG Lamperti, PJ Seltzer, SM Bales, MJ Phillips, MH AF Murphy, MK Piper, RK Greenwood, LR Mitch, MG Lamperti, PJ Seltzer, SM Bales, MJ Phillips, MH TI Evaluation of the new cesium-131 seed for use in low-energy x-ray brachytherapy SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE air-kerma strength; anisotropy function; brachytherapy; brachytherapy seed; cesium-131; dose rate constant; dosimetry; Monte Carlo; radial dose function; thermoluminescent dosimetry; TG-43 ID RADIATION-THERAPY COMMITTEE; CARLO-AIDED DOSIMETRY; EGS4 MONTE-CARLO; PERMANENT IMPLANTS; I-125; MODEL; WATER; RECOMMENDATIONS; FRACTIONATION; RADIOTHERAPY AB Characterization measurements and calculations were performed on a new medical seed developed by IsoRay Inc. in Richland, Washington, that utilizes the short-lived isotope Cs-131. This model has recently received FDA 510(k) clearance. The objective of this work was to characterize the dosimetric properties of the new seed according to the AAPM Task Group 43 recommendations. Cesium-131 is a low-energy x-ray emitter, with the most prominent peaks in the 29 keV to 34 keV region. The intended application is brachytherapy for treating cancers in prostate, breast, head and neck, lung, and pancreas. The evaluations performed included air-kerma strength, radial dose function, anisotropy in phantom, half-life, energy spectra, and internal activity. The results indicate the CS-1 seeds have a dose-rate constant of 0.915 cGy hr(-1) U-1 in water, dose penetration characteristics similar to I-125 and Pd-103, anisotropy function values on the order of 0.71 at short distances and small angles, and an average anisotropy factor of 0.964. The overall dosimetric characteristics are similar to I-125 and Pd-103 seeds with the exception of half-life, which is 9.7 days, as compared to 17 days for Pd-103 and 60 days for I-125. The shorter half-life may offer significant advantages in biological effectiveness. (C) 2004 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Murphy, MK (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM mk.murphy@pnl.gov; kim.piper@pnl.gov RI Greenwood, Lawrence/H-9539-2016 OI Greenwood, Lawrence/0000-0001-6563-0650 NR 38 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1538 DI 10.1118/1.1755182 PG 10 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100025 PM 15259657 ER PT J AU Soares, C Lombardi, M AF Soares, C Lombardi, M TI Dosimetric characteristics of a new radiochromic film for IMRT dosimetry SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 25-29, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1725 EP 1725 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100104 ER PT J AU Nath, R Chiu-Tsao, S Schaart, D Soares, C AF Nath, R Chiu-Tsao, S Schaart, D Soares, C TI Recommended dose calculation formalism and consensus dosimetry parameters for intravascular brachytherapy dosimetry SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 25-29, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Beth Israel Med Ctr, New York, NY 10003 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Schaart, Dennis/C-7136-2014 OI Schaart, Dennis/0000-0002-3199-5608 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1744 EP 1745 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100183 ER PT J AU Mourtada, F Soares, C Horton, J AF Mourtada, F Soares, C Horton, J TI A segmented 32P source Monte Carlo model to derive AAPM TG-60 dosimetric parameters used for intravascular brachytherapy SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 25-29, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1745 EP 1745 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100184 ER PT J AU Devic, S Soares, C Seuntjens, J AF Devic, S Soares, C Seuntjens, J TI Absorption spectra of improved GafChromic film types SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 25-29, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1837 EP 1837 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100576 ER PT J AU Hearn, R Soares, CG Bergman, J Millage, K Napolatino, M Rodgers, J AF Hearn, R Soares, CG Bergman, J Millage, K Napolatino, M Rodgers, J TI Radiological characterization of a 103Pd ocular brachytherapy source SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine CY JUL 25-29, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Physicists Med C1 Theragen Corp, Buford, GA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Millage Grp, Flemington, NJ USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1914 EP 1914 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 832HW UT WOS:000222259100947 ER PT J AU Hane, CE AF Hane, CE TI Quiescent and synoptically-active drylines: A comparison based upon case studies SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Quiescent and Synoptically-Active Drylines held in Honor of Noel LaSeur CY JUN 07, 2002 CL Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL HO Florida State Univ ID SEVERE STORM DEVELOPMENT; SEA-BREEZE FRONT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONVECTIVE INITIATION; DUAL-DOPPLER; ETA-MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; VARIABILITY; COPS-91; CAPE AB A comparison of various aspects of drylines that occur in quiescent and synoptically-active environments is carried out based on review of two observational case studies. Dryline motion in the quiescent case occurs over a relatively short distance compared to that in the synoptically-active case. The latter case includes formation of a synoptic-scale bulge that is diagnosed to be a result of advection of very dry air aloft above the dryline in combination with vertical mixing in the boundary layer. In both cases the dryline at times exhibits discontinuous motion (more pronounced in the synoptically-active case). In each case the total difference (cross-line) in moisture over the region occupied by the dryline is similar, and the change takes place through two or more steps rather than a single step. The along-dryline location of convective initiation is determined by processes in the dry air in both cases. These processes include along-line differences in sensible heating in the dry air leading to variations in the efficiency of vertical mixing of heat, moisture, and momentum. Consequences of these mixing and heating differences include the formation of cloud lines in the dry air and local areas of lowered pressure near the dryline. Sensible heating differences in the dry air are linked to whether precipitation recently occurred over a given region, to the natural character of the underlying surface, and to whether regional-scale irrigation is practiced in cultivated areas. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Hane, CE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM carl.hane@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 195 EP 211 DI 10.1007/s00703-003-0026-y PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 827VM UT WOS:000221931500004 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN AF Kacker, RN TI Combining information from interlaboratory evaluations using a random effects model SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB This paper compares leading methods for combining information from interlaboratory evaluations of a common measurand through a random effects model of classical statistics. The leading methods are those of Cochran, Paule and Mandel, and DerSimonian and Laird. We show that all three methods are special cases of a unifying identity. The unifying identity suggests a new two-step method. This makes four methods for comparison. The comparison is based on six published data sets from three key comparisons. The method of Paule and Mandel is optimal in the sense of being conditionally restricted maximum likelihood under normality, the condition being that the estimated intralaboratory variances be treated as the true variances. The method of Paule and Mandel requires a simple iteration that can be easily done on a spreadsheet program. Therefore, it is the preferred method for combining results of interlaboratory evaluations through a random effects model. We compare the other three methods relative to the method of Paule and Mandel. The two-step method approximates the optimal method of Paule and Mandel better than the earlier methods of Cochran, and DerSimonian and Laird. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2004 VL 41 IS 3 BP 132 EP 136 AR PII S0026-1394(04)73994-8 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/3/004 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 832IB UT WOS:000222259700007 ER PT J AU Stone, JA Stejskal, A AF Stone, JA Stejskal, A TI Using helium as a standard of refractive index: correcting errors in a gas refractometer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; AIR; DENSITY; DISPERSION AB The refractive index of helium at atmospheric pressure can be determined from ab initio calculations in combination with careful pressure and temperature measurements. Therefore, helium can serve as a theory-based standard of refractive index; it might be used as a medium of known refractive index for high-accuracy interferometric length measurements or it can be used to characterize and correct errors in a gas refractometer. We have used helium to correct for pressure-induced distortions of two refractometers built by us, where both refractometers basically consist of a laser locked to the transmission maximum of a simple Fabry-Perot cavity. As a proof-of-principle of the helium-correction technique, we have used our device to measure the molar refractivity of nitrogen and we find reasonable agreement with previous measurements. When our two refractometers simultaneously measure the refractive index of a common nitrogen sample, we find that the two systems agree with each other within a few parts in 10(9). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Sci Instruments, CS-61264 Brno, Czech Republic. RP Stone, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD JUN PY 2004 VL 41 IS 3 BP 189 EP 197 AR PII S0026-1394(04)76982-0 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/3/012 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 832IB UT WOS:000222259700015 ER PT J AU Aitken, N Smith, S Schwarz, C Morin, PA AF Aitken, N Smith, S Schwarz, C Morin, PA TI Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in mammals: a targeted-gene approach SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascertainment; conservation genetics; CATS; population genetics; SNP ID NUCLEAR INTRON SEQUENCES; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; POPULATION DIVERGENCE; TAGGED SITES; DNA; DIVERSITY; PCR; MITOCHONDRIAL; CHIMPANZEES; BIOLOGY AB Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have rarely been exploited in nonhuman and nonmodel organism genetic studies. This is due partly to difficulties in finding SNPs in species where little DNA sequence data exist, as well as to a lack of robust and inexpensive genotyping methods. We have explored one SNP discovery method for molecular ecology, evolution, and conservation studies to evaluate the method and its limitations for population genetics in mammals. We made use of 'CATS' (or 'EPIC') primers to screen for novel SNPs in mammals. Most of these primer sets were designed from primates and/or rodents, for amplifying intron regions from conserved genes. We have screened 202 loci in 16 representatives of the major mammalian clades. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) success correlated with phylogenetic distance from the human and mouse sequences used to design most primers; for example, specific PCR products from primates and the mouse amplified the most consistently and the marsupial and armadillo amplifications were least successful. Approximately 24% (opossum) to 65% (chimpanzee) of primers produced usable PCR product(s) in the mammals tested. Products produced generally high but variable levels of readable sequence and similarity to the expected genes. In a preliminary screen of chimpanzee DNA, 12 SNPs were identified from six (of 11) sequenced regions, yielding a SNP on average every 400 base pairs (bp). Given the progress in genome sequencing, and the large numbers of CATS-like primers published to date, this approach may yield sufficient SNPs per species for population and conservation genetic studies in nonmodel mammals and other organisms. C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Lab Conservat Genet, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Phillip.Morin@noaa.gov RI Morin, Phillip/E-9515-2010 NR 70 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1423 EP 1431 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02159.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 819GJ UT WOS:000221302600007 PM 15140087 ER PT J AU Banford, HM Bermingham, E Collette, BB AF Banford, HM Bermingham, E Collette, BB TI Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of transisthmian and amphi-Atlantic needlefishes (Belonidae : Strongylura and Tylosurus): perspectives on New World marine speciation SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE historical biogeography; phylogenetic systematics; mitochondrial DNA; creatine kinase; speciation ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA EVOLUTION; OCEAN CURRENTS; TREE TOPOLOGIES; CENTRAL-AMERICA; SOUTH-AMERICA; SHORE FISHES; PANAMA; ISTHMUS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; AMPLIFICATION AB Phylogenetic relationships among New World and eastern Atlantic species in the belonid genera Strongylura and Tylosurus were hypothesized using 3689 bp of nucleotide sequence; including the entire mitochondrial (mtDNA) ATP synthase 6 and 8 genes; partial cytochrome b; 12S and 16S ribosomal genes; and introns and exons, 2 and 3 of the nuclear-encoded creatine kinase B gene. Concordant mtDNA and nuclear genealogies permitted well-supported inference of species relationships within Strongylura and Tylosurus, and of the chronology of diversification in the two genera. Our phylogenetic hypothesis permitted an assessment of Rosen's [Syst. Zool. 24 (1975) 431] model of species diversification across the eastern Atlantic to eastern Pacific marine biogeographic track. The spatial predictions of the Rosen model were generally supported, but not the temporal predictions. Furthermore, long branches leading to terminal Belonidae indicated that many species have persisted for millions of years or that nucleotide substitution rates were elevated for some clades. Though heterogeneity of nucleotide substitution rate was indicated across some belonid lineages, molecular clock estimates were used to hypothesize biogeographic scenarios for Strongylura across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic region. Furthermore, use of a molecular clock indicated; that early diversification among contemporary Strongylura may have been initiated by changes in Atlantic Ocean circulation precipitated by closure of the Tethys Sea; and provided approximate dates for the isolation of the freshwater species on the American continents. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 State Univ W Georgia, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Banford, HM (reprint author), State Univ W Georgia, Dept Biol, Carrollton, GA 30118 USA. EM hbanford@westga.edu NR 90 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 3 BP 833 EP 851 DI 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.013 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 821EO UT WOS:000221443400003 PM 15120382 ER PT J AU Gao, JD Droegemeier, KK Gong, JD Xu, Q AF Gao, JD Droegemeier, KK Gong, JD Xu, Q TI A method for retrieving mean horizontal wind profiles from single-Doppler radar observations contaminated by aliasing SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ADJOINT-METHOD RETRIEVALS; VELOCITY RETRIEVALS; 3-DIMENSIONAL WIND; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; PHOENIX-II; FIELDS; MODEL; REFLECTIVITY AB The velocity-azimuth display (VAD) technique was designed to estimate the areal mean vertical profile of the horizontal wind above a ground-based Doppler radar. The method uses radial velocity observations under the assumption of a linear wind field, though it encounters difficulty when the observations are contaminated by velocity ambiguities, large noise, and when viable data exist only over a restricted azimuthal range. The method suggested in this paper uses gradients of radial velocity, rather than only the velocity itself, to derive wind profiles and thus is termed the gradient velocity-azimuth display (GVAD) technique. Both the VAD and GVAD methods are tested first on simulated data to examine their sensitivity to different type of errors in radial velocity. The retrieved mean wind profiles are shown to be insensitive to random errors in radial velocity, even at large amplitude. However, the VAD method is very sensitive to systematic errors caused by velocity ambiguities. The experiments indicate that if only 3% of a full-volume scan of radial wind data is contaminated by aliasing errors, the relative rms error in the mean wind profile retrieved by VAD can reach 50%. In contrast, GVAD is very robust to such errors. Application of GVAD to Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data collected during the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak show that it has the ability to obtain accurate wind profiles even when the observations contain large errors caused by velocity ambiguities and random noise. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Sarkeys Energy Ctr, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Gao, JD (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Sarkeys Energy Ctr, Suite 1110,100 E Boyd, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM jdgao@ou.edu NR 30 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1409 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1399:AMFRMH>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZF UT WOS:000222090700006 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Wei, X AF Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Wei, X TI Ensemble reforecasting: Improving medium-range forecast skill using retrospective forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS; KALMAN FILTER; SYSTEM; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTION; PREDICTABILITY; TEMPERATURE; RESOLUTION; NCEP; NMC AB The value of the model output statistics (MOS) approach to improving 6-10-day and week 2 probabilistic forecasts of surface temperature and precipitation is demonstrated. Retrospective 2-week ensemble "reforecasts'' were computed using a version of the NCEP medium-range forecast model with physics operational during 1998. An NCEP-NCAR reanalysis initial condition and bred modes were used to initialize the 15-member ensemble. Probabilistic forecasts of precipitation and temperature were generated by a logistic regression technique with the ensemble mean ( precipitation) or ensemble mean anomaly ( temperature) as the only predictor. Forecasts were computed and evaluated during 23 winter seasons from 1979 to 2001. Evaluated over the 23 winters, these MOS-based probabilistic forecasts were skillful and highly reliable. When compared against operational NCEP forecasts for a subset of 100 days from the 2001-2002 winters, the MOS-based forecasts were comparatively much more skillful and reliable. For example, the MOS-based week 2 forecasts were more skillful than operational 6-10-day forecasts. Most of the benefit of the MOS approach could be achieved with 10 years of training data, and since sequential sample days provided correlated training data, the costs of reforecasts could also be reduced by skipping days between forecast samples. MOS approaches will still require a large dataset of retrospective forecasts in order to achieve their full benefit. This forecast model must remain unchanged until reforecasts have been computed for the next model version, a penalty that will slow down the implementation of model updates. Given the substantial improvements noted here, it is argued that reforecast-based MOS techniques should become an integral part of the medium-range forecast process despite this cost. Techniques for computing reforecasts while minimizing the impact to operational weather prediction facilities and model development are discussed. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tom.hamill@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 134 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1434 EP 1447 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1434:ERIMFS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZF UT WOS:000222090700008 ER PT J AU Banacos, PC Bluestein, HB AF Banacos, PC Bluestein, HB TI Hodograph variability within analytically modeled, synoptic-scale, baroclinic systems SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; 500 MB TROUGHS; APPARENT RELATIONSHIP; LINES; SHAPE AB Although the relationship between the behavior of convective storms and their environmental vertical wind shear has been examined using proximity soundings and idealized numerical modeling experiments, the manner in which the vertical shear profiles, as visualized by hodographs, is regulated by the larger-scale baroclinic wave structure has not been considered in detail. To examine this synoptic-scale dependence, a relatively simple, analytic model for baroclinic systems in midlatitudes having exact solutions for a frictionless, quasigeostrophic atmosphere is employed. The analytical model consists of a checkerboard of high and low pressure areas at 1000 mb, hydrostatically modulated above by a mean meridional temperature gradient and a checkerboard of warm and cold centers at 1000 mb. Aloft, the model atmosphere consists of a zonally oriented wave train. This approach allows a systematic examination of the dependence of hodographs on the following five synoptic-scale parameters included in the model: 1) mean meridional temperature gradient, 2) system wavelength, 3) phase lag between the height and temperature fields at 1000 mb, 4) magnitude of the temperature perturbation associated with the checkerboard of warm and cold centers at 1000 mb, and 5) magnitude of the 1000-mb height perturbation. It is seen that the phase lag between the height and temperature fields and the system wavelength have the greatest quantitative influence on the relative contribution of the ageostrophic wind component to the total wind. These two parameters are associated with significant clockwise curvature with height in the hodograph of the total wind, particularly if the deep-layer ageostrophic wind shear is oriented perpendicular and to the right of the geostrophic shear. Hodograph curvature, however, is not ubiquitous in the model, and despite the model's simplicity, likely speaks to the importance of features departing from the model, mesoscale variability, and boundary layer friction in enhancing hodograph curvature. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Banacos, PC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM peter.banacos@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1448 EP 1461 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1448:HVWAMS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZF UT WOS:000222090700009 ER PT J AU Jones, C Waliser, DE Lau, KM Stern, W AF Jones, C Waliser, DE Lau, KM Stern, W TI The Madden-Julian oscillation and its impact on Northern Hemisphere weather predictability SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; INTRASEASONAL TIME SCALES; AMERICAN-MONSOON-SYSTEM; CUMULUS CLOUD ENSEMBLE; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; TROPICAL CONVECTION; LIFE-CYCLE; WINTER; MODEL AB The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is known as the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability and has an important role in the coupled-atmosphere system. This study uses numerical model experiments to investigate the influence of the MJO activity on weather predictability in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres (GLA) general circulation model was used in a 10-yr simulation with fixed climatological SSTs to generate a control dataset as well as to select initial conditions for active MJO periods and "Null'' cases. Two perturbation numerical experiments were performed for the 75 cases selected [( 4 MJO phases 1 Null phase) 3 15 initial conditions in each]. For each alternative initial condition, the model was integrated for 90 days. Mean anomaly correlations and standardized root-mean-square errors in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (20degrees-60degreesN) were computed to assess predictability characteristics. The analyses of 500-hPa geopotential height, 200-hPa streamfunction, and 850-hPa zonal wind component systematically show larger predictability (similar to2-3 days) during periods of active MJO as opposed to quiescent episodes of the oscillation. While further studies are necessary to investigate possible model sensitivity, the results shown here highlight the importance of the MJO in modulating weather variability and show the importance of improving the representation of the MJO in operational numerical weather forecast models. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM cjones@icess.ucsb.edu RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Jones, Charles/I-4574-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 52 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1462 EP 1471 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1462:TMOAII>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZF UT WOS:000222090700010 ER PT J AU Weaver, JF Lindsey, D AF Weaver, JF Lindsey, D TI Some frequently overlooked severe thunderstorm characteristics observed on GOES imagery: A topic for future research SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; FLANKING LINE; TORNADO; BEHAVIOR; OKLAHOMA; STORMS AB Several examples of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) visible satellite images depicting cloud features often associated with the transition to, or intensification of, supercell thunderstorms are presented. The accompanying discussion describes what is known about these features, and what is left to learn. The examples are presented to increase awareness among meteorologists of these potentially significant storm features. C1 Colorado State Univ, NOAA,NESDIS, RAMM Team, Coopaerat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Weaver, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA,NESDIS, RAMM Team, Coopaerat Inst Res Atmosphere, CIRA Bldg Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM weaver@cira.colostate.edu RI Lindsey, Dan/F-5607-2010 OI Lindsey, Dan/0000-0002-0967-5683 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1533 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1529:SFOSTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829ZF UT WOS:000222090700016 ER PT J AU Kasianowicz, JJ AF Kasianowicz, JJ TI Nanopores - Flossing with DNA SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT News Item ID NANOMETER-SCALE PORE; ION-CHANNEL; MOLECULES; DISCRIMINATION AB Passing a DNA strand many times back-and-forth through a protein nanopore would enable the interaction between them to be studied more closely. This may now be possible, using a dumbbell-shaped DNA-polymer complex, which may lead to a more reliable analysis of DNA sequences using nanopores. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kasianowicz, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kasianowicz@nist.gov NR 11 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 3 IS 6 BP 355 EP 356 DI 10.1038/nmat1143 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 827HQ UT WOS:000221890700011 PM 15173852 ER PT J AU Jaruga, P Theruvathu, J Dizdaroglu, M Brooks, PJ AF Jaruga, P Theruvathu, J Dizdaroglu, M Brooks, PJ TI Complete release of (5 ' S)-8,5 '-cyclo-2 '-deoxyadenosine from dinucleotides, oligodeoxynucleotides and DNA, and direct comparison of its levels in cellular DNA with other oxidatively induced DNA lesions SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY; RADICAL-INDUCED FORMATION; REPAIR PATHWAY; INDUCED DAMAGE; HUMAN-CELLS; 8,5'-CYCLO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE; IDENTIFICATION; RESIDUES; PROTEIN; BINDING AB 8,5'-Cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides in DNA are repaired by nucleotide-excision repair, and act as strong blocks to DNA polymerases, RNA polymerase II and transcription factor binding. Thus, it is important to accurately determine the level of these lesions in DNA. There is controversy in the literature regarding the ability of different enzymes to release these compounds from oligodeoxynucleotides or DNA. We used liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate the ability of several enzymes to release (5'S)-8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine [(5'S)-cdA] from dinucleotides and oligodeoxynucleotides and from DNA. The data show that (5'S)-cdA is completely released from DNA by hydrolysis with nuclease P1, snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. The identity of the normal nucleoside 5' to the (5'S)-cdA had a significant effect on its release. Using LC/MS, we also showed that the levels of (5'S)-cdA were within an order of magnitude of those of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and three times higher than those of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine in pig liver DNA. Different DNA isolation methods affected the levels of the latter two lesions, but did not influence those of (5'S)-cdA. We conclude that (5'S)-cdA can be completely released from DNA by enzymic hydrolysis, and the level of (5'S)-cdA in tissue DNA is comparable to those of other oxidatively induced DNA lesions. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIAAA, Mol Neurobiol Sect, Neurogenet Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Jaruga, P (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD USA. EM pawel.jaruga@nist.gov RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 26 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 11 AR e87 DI 10.1093/nar/gnh087 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 834GI UT WOS:000222399200002 PM 15215337 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ AF Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ TI Electron self-energy for higher excited S levels SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LAMB-SHIFT CALCULATION; ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; FREE PROPAGATOR EXPANSION; VALUES; STATES AB A nonperturbative numerical evaluation of the one-photon electron self-energy for the 3S and 4S states with charge numbers Z=1 to 5 is described. The numerical results are in agreement with known terms in the expansion of the self-energy in powers of Zalpha. C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, Hermann Herder Str 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 6 AR 064103 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.064103 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 835GT UT WOS:000222471400122 ER PT J AU McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Obrecht, JM Cornell, EA AF McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Obrecht, JM Cornell, EA TI Alkali-metal adsorbate polarization on conducting and insulating surfaces probed with Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FORCE; ATOMS AB A magnetically trapped Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensate is used as a sensitive probe of short-range electrical forces. In particular, the electric polarization of, and the subsequent electric field generated by, Rb-87 adsorbates on conducting and insulating surfaces is measured by characterizing perturbations to the magnetic trapping potential using high quality factor condensate excitations. The nature of the alterations to the electrical properties of Rb adsorbates is studied on titanium (metal) and silicon (semiconductor) surfaces, which exhibit nearly identical properties, and on glass (insulator), which displays a smaller transitory electrical effect. The limits of this technique in detecting electrical fields and ramifications for measurements of short-range forces near surfaces are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McGuirk, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Quantum Phys Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 21 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 6 AR 062905 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.062905 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 835GT UT WOS:000222471400070 ER PT J AU Shende, VV Markov, IL Bullock, SS AF Shende, VV Markov, IL Bullock, SS TI Minimal universal two-qubit controlled-NOT-based circuits SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; ENTANGLEMENT; GATES AB We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to a global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in the worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare favorably to previously published results. Temporary storage is not used because it tends to be expensive in physical implementations. For each gate library, the best gate counts can be achieved by a single universal circuit. To compute the gate parameters in universal circuits, we use only closed-form algebraic expressions, and in particular do not rely on matrix exponentials. Our algorithm has been coded in C++. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shende, VV (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM vshende@umich.edu; imarkov@umich.edu; stephen.bullock@nist.gov NR 20 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 6 AR 062321 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.062321 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 835GT UT WOS:000222471400039 ER PT J AU Stajic, J Milstein, JN Chen, Q Chiofalo, ML Holland, MJ Levin, K AF Stajic, J Milstein, JN Chen, Q Chiofalo, ML Holland, MJ Levin, K TI Nature of superfluidity in ultracold Fermi gases near Feshbach resonances SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; T-C; MOLECULES; STATE AB We study the superfluid state of atomic Fermi gases using a BCS-Bose-Einstein-condensation crossover theory. Our approach emphasizes noncondensed fermion pairs which strongly hybridize with their (Feshbach-induced) molecular boson counterparts. These pairs lead to pseudogap effects above T-c and non-BCS characteristics below. We discuss how these effects influence the experimental signatures of superfluidity. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, Classe Sci, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, INFM, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. RP Stajic, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RI Chen, Qijin/A-7798-2009 OI Chen, Qijin/0000-0002-7168-162X NR 23 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 6 AR 063610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.063610 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 835GT UT WOS:000222471400097 ER PT J AU Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L AF Wu, Y Payne, MG Hagley, EW Deng, L TI Preparation of multiparty entangled states using pairwise perfectly efficient single-probe photon four-wave mixing SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We propose a scheme to achieve multiparty entanglement with perfectly efficient, ultraslow, multichannel pairwise four-wave mixing (FWM). A cold atomic medium is illuminated with an N-mode continuous-wave (cw) control laser to produce coherent mixtures of excited states. An ultraslowly propagating, single-photon quantum probe field completes multichannel, pairwise FWM, creating a depth dependent entanglement of N Fock states. We show explicitly that this scheme can be utilized to realize an N-party entangled state of ultraslowly propagating quantized fields. In particular, we give the explicit analytical expression of a three-party W-state propagating at an ultraslow group velocity, and the numerical results of a multiparty W state of 2M+1 Fock states. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Tech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Wu, Ying/B-2134-2012 OI Wu, Ying/0000-0003-3410-3094 NR 5 TC 146 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 6 AR 063803 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.063803 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 835GT UT WOS:000222471400105 ER PT J AU Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Kaka, S Russek, SE Silva, TJ Katine, J Carey, M AF Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Kaka, S Russek, SE Silva, TJ Katine, J Carey, M TI Large-angle, gigahertz-rate random telegraph switching induced by spin-momentum transfer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; NOISE; DRIVEN; MULTILAYERS; EXCITATION; MODEL AB We show that a spin-polarized dc current passing through a small magnetic element induces two-state, random telegraph switching of the magnetization via the spin-momentum transfer effect. The resistances of the states differ by up to 50% of the change due to complete magnetization reversal. Fluctuations are seen for a wide range of currents and magnetic fields, with rates that can exceed 2 GHz, and involve collective motion of a large volume (10(4) nm(3)) of spins. Switching rate trends with field and current indicate that increasing temperature alone cannot explain the dynamics. The rates approach a stochastic regime wherein dynamics are governed by both precessional motion and thermal perturbations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div 818, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Pufall, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div 818, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 21 AR 214409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.214409 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 836BO UT WOS:000222530200058 ER PT J AU Shi, HT Lederman, D O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA AF Shi, HT Lederman, D O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA TI Exchange bias and enhancement of the Neel temperature in thin NiF2 films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FEF2/ZNF2 SUPERLATTICES; BILAYERS; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; ANISOTROPY; FEF2-FE AB Epitaxial thin (110) films of the weak ferromagnet NiF2 were deposited on single-crystal MgF2 (110) substrates via molecular-beam epitaxy. Subsequently polycrystalline Co was grown on the NiF2 film. The antiferromagnetic ordering of the NiF2 was monitored as a function of temperature via neutron diffraction and the exchange bias H-E of the Co layers was measured via standard magnetometry measurements. Because in NiF2 the spins lie in the (001) plane, the maximum H-E is observed after cooling the sample with a cooling field in the film plane perpendicular to the [001] direction of the NiF2. In 60 nm, 49 nm, and 38 nm thick NiF2 samples, the Neel temperature is T(N)approximate to81 K, which is significantly larger than the bulk value of T-N=73.2 K. This enhancement also occurs in films without Co overlayers and thus is not due to a proximity effect. For the 38 nm sample with a Co overlayer cooled in a 50 kOe field, H-E>0 and vanishes at a blocking temperature (T-B) which coincides with the T-N of the films. When the sample is cooled in 2.0 kOe, H-E<0, disappearing at T=55 K, reappearing at T=65 K, and finally disappearing once again at T=81 K. For the 12 nm thick NiF2 sample, T-B<2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300002 ER PT J AU Pryor, KL Ellrod, GP AF Pryor, KL Ellrod, GP TI Recent improvements to the GOES microburst products SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUNDINGS AB The downburst is defined as a strong downdraft produced by a deep convective storm that induces strong or damaging winds on or near the earth's surface. Because of the intense wind shear they produce, downbursts are a hazard to aircraft in flight, especially during takeoff and landing phases. Retrieved profiles of temperature and moisture obtained from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) sounders have been shown to be useful in assessing the potential for convective downbursts. Sounder-derived parameters examined in this paper include the wind index (WINDEX), used to estimate maximum wind gusts; a dry microburst index (DMI), used to estimate dry microburst potential; and maximum theta-e deficit (TeD), used to estimate wet microburst potential. Currently under development is a new wet microburst index that will summarize the physical processes of convective storm development and downburst generation to quantify the potential severity of convective wind gusts. The experimental indices are plotted on regional GOES images ( visible, infrared, or water vapor) and are made available on the GOES microburst products Web page. This paper briefly reviews the development of each of the GOES microburst products, describes recent improvements, provides updated validation data and a case study, and discusses future plans. Recent improvements in the processing of sounding data to generate the microburst products include a change in the first-guess numerical model, use of single field-of-view retrievals, a filter for removing high DMI values where convection is unlikely, and a change in the calculation of nighttime WINDEX values to reduce a nighttime low bias. Improvements to the display of the microburst products include animation of many sectorized products, color coding of TeD and WINDEX ranges for data plots, plotting of numerical values of WINDEX instead of color-coded boxes, and the plotting of Storm Prediction Center (SPC) severe weather reports. Validation continues by comparing product output values to preliminary severe weather reports from the SPC as well as surface observations. Mean absolute error was <2 kt (1 m s(-1)) for 43 daytime events during summer 2002, a significant improvement over a mean absolute error of 3 kt (1.5 m s(-1)) for the 2001 convective season. A marked reduction in mean error for nighttime events was noted, improving from. 6 kt (3 m s(-1)) for the 2001 convective season to 4 kt ( 2 m s(-1)) for summer 2002. A case study is presented that discusses the improved performance of the WINDEX during a nighttime convection event in the central plains. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Forecast Prod Dev Team, NESDIS,ORA,WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pryor, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Forecast Prod Dev Team, NESDIS,ORA,WWB, Rm 711,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Ken.Pryor@noaa.gov RI Pryor, Ken/F-5620-2010 OI Pryor, Ken/0000-0002-9766-2080 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 582 EP 594 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0582:RITTGM>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300008 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ AF Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ TI Interpreting the climatology of derechos SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SEVERE WEATHER OUTBREAKS; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; PART I AB Past studies have examined the climatology of derechos and suggest very different distributions of derechos within the United States. This uncertainty in the climatology of derechos is a concern for forecasters, since knowledge of the relevant climatological information is a key piece in the forecast process. A 16-yr dataset from 1986 to 2001 is used to examine the effects that changing the method of identifying derechos may have on the interpretation of the derecho climatology. In addition, an attempt is made to visualize the favored regions of particularly intense derecho events. The results show aspects seen in earlier climatologies, including a southern axis in the southern plains that is favored in the mid-1980s and early 1990s and a northern axis centered from the upper Mississippi River valley into Ohio that is favored in more recent years. However, altering the criteria to not require three 33 m s(-1) gust reports or F1-type damage (low-end events) significantly increases the number of events that are identified in the lower Appalachians, the Ohio valley, and in portions of the southern axis, particularly in the earlier period. To a lesser extent, the inclusion of low-end events also increases the frequency values in the northern axis in the later period. The overall effect of including the low-end events is to create a distribution that still suggests both a southern and northern axis, and a shift of the primary axis from the southern plains in the early period to the upper Mississippi valley in the later period. However, the frequency values of the maxima are noticeably reduced when the low-end events are excluded. Therefore, both the length of the dataset and the criteria used to define derechos can significantly influence the resulting climatology. High-end derechos, which require three wind gust reports (or comparable damage) exceeding 38 m s(-1), appear to be favored in the northern corridor during the warm season, particularly in the later period, and are favored along the lower Mississippi River valley during the colder months in both periods. C1 NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Michael.Coniglio@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 595 EP 605 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0595:ITCOD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300009 ER PT J AU Dostalek, JF Weaver, JF Phillips, GL AF Dostalek, JF Weaver, JF Phillips, GL TI Aspects of a tornadic left-moving thunderstorm of 25 May 1999 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; SUPERCELLS; WSR-88D; IMAGERY AB A severe left-moving thunderstorm occurred on 25 May 1999 between the cities of Lubbock and Amarillo, Texas. Over its 3.5-h lifetime, the storm was responsible for flash flooding, reports of hail of up to 7 cm in diameter, and two weak tornadoes. Satellite imagery reveals that it was traveling along the northward-moving outflow boundary of the storm from which it formed. The left mover displayed anticyclonic rotation, as was seen in storm-relative radial velocity imagery from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) located at Lubbock. The tornadoes developed west of Canyon, Texas, near the intersection of the left mover and a southward-moving boundary. The occurrence of tornadoes with a left mover is a particularly noteworthy event; to the authors' knowledge, only four other tornadic left movers have been reported in the meteorological literature. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, NOAA NESDIS RAMM Team, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Dostalek, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, 1375 Campus Delivery, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dostalek@cira.colostate.edu NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 614 EP 626 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0614:AOATLT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300011 ER PT J AU Hodanish, S Holle, RL Lindsey, DT AF Hodanish, S Holle, RL Lindsey, DT TI A small updraft producing a fatal lightning flash SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB Just prior to 1900 UTC 25 July 2000, an 18-year-old male was fatally wounded by a lightning flash on the summit of Pikes Peak, Colorado. This case is believed to be unique in that radar and satellite data indicated that the cell that produced the flash was quite shallow and exhibited marginal reflectivity characteristics typically associated with electrified storms. Additionally, the National Lightning Detection Network indicated that this was the first and only cloud-to-ground (CG) flash associated with this convective cell. It is believed the height and isolated nature of the Pikes Peak massif played a role in the initiation of this flash. C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Pueblo, CO 81007 USA. Holle Meteorol & Photog, Oro Valley, AZ USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hodanish, S (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, 3 Eaton Way, Pueblo, CO 81007 USA. EM steve.hodanish@noaa.gov RI Lindsey, Dan/F-5607-2010 OI Lindsey, Dan/0000-0002-0967-5683 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 627 EP 632 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0627:ASUPAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300012 ER PT J AU Goerss, JS Sampson, CR Gross, JM AF Goerss, JS Sampson, CR Gross, JM TI A history of western North Pacific tropical cyclone track forecast skill SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM; INDEPENDENT FORECASTS; MODELS; ERRORS AB The tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasting skill of operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and their consensus is examined for the western North Pacific from 1992 to 2002. The TC track forecasting skill of the operational NWP models is steadily improving. For the western North Pacific, the typical 72-h model forecast error has decreased from roughly 600 km to roughly 400 km over the past ten years and is now comparable to the typical 48-h model forecast error of 10 years ago. In this study the performance of consensus aids that are formed whenever the TC track forecasts from at least two models from a specified pool of operational NWP models are available is examined. The 72-h consensus forecast error has decreased from about 550 km to roughly 310 km over the past ten years and is now better than the 48-h consensus forecast error of 10 years ago. For 2002, the 72-h forecast errors for a consensus computed from a specified pool of two, five, seven, and eight models were 357, 342, 329, and 309 km, respectively. The consensus forecast availability is defined as the percent of the time that consensus forecasts were available to the forecaster when he/she was required to make a TC forecast. While the addition of models to the consensus has a modest impact on forecast skill, it has a more marked impact on consensus forecast availability. The forecast availabilities for 72-h consensus forecasts computed from a pool of two, five, seven, and eight models were 84%, 89%, 92%, and 97%, respectively. C1 USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Goerss, JS (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper Ave Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM goerss@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Sampson, Charles/F-5684-2010 NR 23 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 633 EP 638 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0633:AHOWNP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JL UT WOS:000221825300013 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ AF Powell, CJ TI Effect of backscattered electrons on the analysis area in scanning Auger microscopy SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE analysis area; backscattered electrons; scanning Auger microscopy ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; LATERAL RESOLUTION; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; IMAGE-CONTRAST; QUANTIFICATION; SPECTROMETRY; SIMULATION; MICROPROBE AB A simple analytical model has been used to determine the effects of backscattered electrons on the analysis area in scanning Auger microscopy. For normally incident electrons, the radius r(a) of the analysis area is calculated corresponding to detection of 80, 90, and 95% of the total Auger-electron signal as a function of two sample parameters, the backscattering factor R and the Gaussian parameter sigma(b) describing the radial distribution of the backscattered electrons. For a reasonable range of these parameters, r(a) depends linearly on sigma(b) and to a lesser extent on R. Values of r(a) can also be appreciably larger, by more than a factor of 100, than the widths of the incident beam in modern instruments, and need to be considered in quantitative analyses of particles and inclusions. Monte-Carlo calculations are needed for more realistic evaluations of the analysis area and to determine this area for non-normal incidence of the electron beam. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD MAY 31 PY 2004 VL 230 IS 1-4 BP 327 EP 333 DI 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.01.073 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 828IX UT WOS:000221968100040 ER PT J AU Haxel, JH Holman, RA AF Haxel, JH Holman, RA TI The sediment response of a dissipative beach to variations in wave climate SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; nearshore processes; wave climate; beaches; shoreline configuration ID NATURAL BEACH; BEHAVIOR; FIELD; MODEL; COAST; BARS AB Using wave and wind data, topographic survey data, and a robust video record, we have quantified the Large Scale Coastal Behavior (LSCB) of Agate Beach, a dissipative end member beach in the Pacific Northwest USA. Nine years of study (1992 2001) contain important observations of the intra-and interannual sediment response under variations in wave climate. In order to describe the variability of the nearshore system, wave forcing and beach response were modeled as annually periodic functions superimposed upon long-term trends. The amplitudes of the seasonal periodicity in significant wave heights (A(Hs) = 0.94 m +/- 0.06), dominant wave period (A(Tp) = 2.1 s +/- 0.1), and mean wave direction (A(theta) = 12.3degrees +/- 2.0) exhibit larger variability than the long-term trends observed within a year (beta(Hs) = 6.7 cm/year +/- 2.6, beta(Tp) =0.15 s/year +/- 0.04, beta(theta) =3degreesS/year +/- 1.0). Assuming alongshore transport of sediment at Agate Beach is mostly wave-driven, and that the northward flux of sediment goes to zero at the northern end of the beach, the observed long-term increase in significant wave heights (beta(Hs)) and change to a more southerly approach in wave direction (beta(theta)) (coincident with the 1997-1998 El Ni (n) over tildeo/1998-1999 La Ni (n) over tildea sequence) result in net accretion along Agate Beach. Beach survey data collected by RTK-GPS and lidar quantify the increase in subaerial sediment volume, DeltaV(b) = 1.84 x 10(5) m(3). This change in volume corresponds to a mean bed elevation increase of 0.21 m over the 8.7 x 10(5) m(2) area of study. The amplitude of annual variation in sediment volume was Delta(Vb)=7.85 x 10(4) m(3) +/- 2.13 x 10(4) m(3). Video image analysis (1992-2001) also quantifies a long-term offshore migration of the outer sand bar (beta(OBx)= 11.0 m/ year +/- 0.8) coincident with the increase in subaerial beach sediment volume at the northern end of the Newport littoral cell. This result suggests accretion of sediments in a much wider cross-shore region than observed within the beach survey record. Similar to the signature of beach volume variations, the cross-shore position of the outer sand bar also varies with season (A(OBx) = 114.9 m +/- 4.2). The agreement between long-term trends in wave statistics and morphology suggests a directly forced beach response. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the topographic survey record at Agate Beach resolves two distinct eigen-modes of variance associated with seasonal patterns of sediment flux. The first mode (34%) is related to the summer growth of a dune field that is limited to elevations above MHW, z = 1.076 m. Analysis of concurrent wind field measurements shows this mode of variance is well correlated with aeolian processes. The second mode (21%) is wave-driven, and corresponds to the seasonal behavior of the beach surface below MHW. Observations show the MHW elevation serves as a transitional zone between dune related and wave-driven processes that affect the seasonal evolution of Agate Beach. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Haxel, JH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, 2115 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM joe.haxel@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD MAY 31 PY 2004 VL 206 IS 1-4 SI 1 BP 73 EP 99 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.005 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 832HK UT WOS:000222257900005 ER PT J AU Waluda, CM Yamashiro, C Elvidge, CD Hobson, VR Rodhouse, PG AF Waluda, CM Yamashiro, C Elvidge, CD Hobson, VR Rodhouse, PG TI Quantifying light-fishing for Dosidicus gigas in the Eastern Pacific using satellite remote sensing SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE squid fishery; Dosidicus gigas; DMSP-OLS; ARGOS; remote sensing; GIS ID SQUID; OCEANOGRAPHY; VARIABILITY; FLEET AB The distribution and abundance of the fleet targeting Jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the Eastern Pacific is examined during the 1999 fishery season. The commercial fishery consists of a multinational jigging fleet, which fish at night using powerful lights to attract squid. The emission of light from these vessels can be observed using - satellite-derived imagery obtained by the United States Defence Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS). In order to quantify fishing effort using lights, data on the distribution and abundance of vessels were obtained via satellite tracking using the ARGOS system. The distribution of the fishery as derived from light signatures was found to closely resemble that derived from ship location data. By using ARGOS data to calibrate DMSP-OLS images, we are able to estimate fishing effort in terms of the 'area illuminated' by the fishing fleet. Light signatures derived from DMSP-OLS were successfully used to quantify fishing effort, estimating the number of vessels fishing to within 2 in 85 out of 103 satellite images (83%). High seas fishing was also quantified, with light signatures corresponding to a single fishing vessel observed in I I out of 103 satellite passes during the fishery season (July-December 1999). This study examines how much light (in terms of area) is emitted by a single squid fishing vessel, and may prove to be a valuable tool in assessing and policing fisheries using satellite remote sensing. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 British Antarctic Survey, Natl Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Inst Mar Peru, Esquina Gamarra & Gen Valle Chucuito, Callao, Peru. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Off Director, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Waluda, CM (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Natl Environm Res Council, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. EM clwa@bas.ac.uk RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 14 TC 21 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAY 30 PY 2004 VL 91 IS 2 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.006 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 828XC UT WOS:000222006000001 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW Lozovatsky, ID Smith, DC AF Lavelle, JW Lozovatsky, ID Smith, DC TI Tidally induced turbulent mixing at Irving Seamount - Modeling and measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HAWAIIAN RIDGE; OCEAN; TIDES; TOPOGRAPHY; ENERGETICS; ISLANDS; SEA AB The relationship of tidal currents and turbulence over Irving Seamount is examined by model and measurement. Surface tides are partially scattered into internal tides and, particularly over the seamount summit, current strength and shear greatly increase. Current shear causes the model's turbulent mixing. At Irving, modeled turbulent mixing, as represented by vertical diffusivity, is largest O(10(-3) m(2) s(-1)) in the bottom boundary layer and in a turbulent column rising to the sea surface directly above the seamount. Pockets of less intense mixing occur within the turbulent column, but their locations are highly variable. Field measurements confirm a turbulent mixing column atop Irving of comparable intensity. Increased model diffusivity (average of 7 x 10(-5) m(2) s(-1)) also occurs to a distance of several hundred kilometers from the seamount flanks in a band vertically centered at similar to800 m depth. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Environm Fluids Dynam Program, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM j.william.lavelle@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 29 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 10 AR L10308 DI 10.1029/2004GL019706 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 827ON UT WOS:000221910200003 ER PT J AU Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Jakoubek, R Brown, SS Stark, H Aldener, M Ravishankara, AR Roberts, JM Marchewka, M Bertman, S Sueper, DT McKeen, SA Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC AF Warneke, C de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Jakoubek, R Brown, SS Stark, H Aldener, M Ravishankara, AR Roberts, JM Marchewka, M Bertman, S Sueper, DT McKeen, SA Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC TI Comparison of daytime and nighttime oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs along the New England coast in summer during New England Air Quality Study 2002 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE VOCs; New England; oxidation ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; METHYL VINYL KETONE; REACTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; URBAN FORESTED SITE; REGIONAL OZONE; UNITED-STATES; RURAL TROPOSPHERE; SOUTHERN OXIDANT; IN-SITU; PTR-MS AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some of their oxidants (O-3, NO3) were measured on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research ship R/V Ronald H. Brown along the coast of New England, downwind of New York, Boston, and Portsmouth and large forested areas in New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts in July and August 2002. The diurnal variations of isoprene, monoterpenes, and aromatics were mainly dependent on their emissions and the abundance of the oxidants OH and NO3. Elevated mixing ratios of short-lived VOCs were only encountered at the ship, which was about 1-6 hours downwind of the sources, when the concentrations of the oxidants were low. For the biogenic compounds this was generally the case during morning and evening hours, when the lifetime of the biogenics was long because of low OH and NO3 concentrations. Most anthropogenic VOCs do not react with NO3, and therefore their mixing ratios remained elevated during the night. The products of isoprene oxidation, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN) were, on average, more abundant than isoprene itself. Only during the transition periods from day to night, when oxidation rates were at a minimum, could isoprene exceed its products. The loss of the biogenic VOCs was dominated by reactions with NO3, whereas the loss of anthropogenics came mostly from reactions with OH. The oxygenated VOCs are the major contributor to the OH loss, except in close vicinity of emission sources. The total loss of biogenic compounds during the night was so effective that after one night of transport they were in most cases completely reacted away, whereas the mixing ratios of the anthropogenic compounds remained high during the night. The pool of reactive hydrocarbons at sunrise was thus typically dominated by anthropogenic VOCs. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Chem, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL 4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cwarneke@al.noaa.gov RI Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 44 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 29 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D10 AR D10309 DI 10.1029/2003JD004424 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 827OT UT WOS:000221910900001 ER PT J AU Geltman, S AF Geltman, S TI Comment on 'multiple ionization of helium and krypton by electron impact close to threshold: appearance energies and Wannier exponents' SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LAW AB We comment on recent measurements of electron-impact multiple ionization probabilities in the vicinity of threshold. Our conclusion is that these measurements are not inconsistent with the Wannier-Geltman nth power limiting threshold law. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Geltman, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAY 28 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 10 BP 2221 EP 2223 AR PII S0953-4075(04)73400-8 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/37/10/N01 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 831KR UT WOS:000222193800019 ER PT J AU Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM AF Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM TI Fracture of silicate glasses: Ductile or brittle? SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; DRILLED COMPRESSION SPECIMEN; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CRACK-PROPAGATION; STRESS-CORROSION; CARBIDE; FATIGUE; OXIDE; FLOW AB Atomic force microscopy is used to investigate the possibility of cavity formation during crack growth in silicate glasses. Matching areas on both fracture surfaces were mapped and then compared. For silica glass, and soda-lime-silicate glass, the fracture surfaces matched to a resolution of better than 0.3 nm normal to the surface and 5 nm parallel to the surface. We could find no evidence for cavity formation in our study and suggest that completely brittle fracture occurs in glass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20814 USA. RP Guin, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20814 USA. RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 27 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 28 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 21 AR 215502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.215502 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 824UT UT WOS:000221713300024 PM 15245288 ER PT J AU Onsager, TG Chan, AA Fei, Y Elkington, SR Green, JC Singer, HJ AF Onsager, TG Chan, AA Fei, Y Elkington, SR Green, JC Singer, HJ TI The radial gradient of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE electron; magnetosphere; radiation; radiation belt; phase space density ID PITCH-ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS; DAWN-DUSK ASYMMETRY; MAGNETIC STORM; BELT ELECTRONS; OGO 5; MAGNETOSPHERE; ACCELERATION; DYNAMICS; FLUXES; MODEL AB Earth's outer electron radiation belt is a highly dynamic region, driven externally by the solar wind and controlled within the magnetosphere by numerous source and loss processes. Critical to assessing the importance of the different source and loss processes and to developing accurate physics-based models of the radiation belts is knowing phase space density and its radial gradient in terms of adiabatic invariants. In this paper, we demonstrate a new technique for determining the radial gradient of relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit. This technique utilizes the fact that the GOES geosynchronous satellites are located at different geomagnetic latitudes because of their separation in longitude, even though both are located on the geographic equator. From simultaneous measurements at different geomagnetic latitudes, and therefore in different L shells, we are able to obtain the local radial gradient of phase space density. We have restricted these initial calculations to a single value of magnetic moment (M = 6000 MeV/G) and to equatorially mirroring particles. In order to minimize the sensitivity of our results to the magnetic field model used, we have analyzed data from a time period with quiet geomagnetic conditions, when the relativistic electron flux was elevated and steady. We find that during this time period the radial gradient of phase space density was positive. This indicates that the direction of radial diffusion was inward, transporting electrons from outside to within geosynchronous orbit. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Onsager, TG (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM terry.onsager@noaa.gov; anthony-chan@rice.edu; yfei@rice.edu; scot.elkington@lasp.colorado.edu; janet.green@lasp.colorado.edu; howard.singer@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 27 PY 2004 VL 109 IS A5 AR A05221 DI 10.1029/2003JA010368 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 827PH UT WOS:000221912300004 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD Thirumalai, D AF Mountain, RD Thirumalai, D TI Importance of excluded volume on the solvation of urea in water SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; AQUEOUS UREA; HYDROGEN-BOND; LIQUID; DENATURATION; SOLUBILITY; POTENTIALS; ALGORITHM; CHAINS AB We have used molecular dynamics simulations to probe the concentration-dependent solvation of urea in water. Two models of urea are considered: one is the OPLS potential, and the other is the recently introduced KBFF model whose parameters were obtained to reproduce the experimental values of the Kirkwood-Buff integrals. Although the partial charges on the urea atoms in the models are dramatically different, the concentration-dependent structural characteristics of water are similar. The largest difference between the two models is in the prediction of the tendency of urea to self-associate. The OPLS model leads to stronger urea-urea association than the KBFF model. Surprisingly, this difference is traced to the variations in the Lennard-Jones parameters rather than the charge distributions. These results suggest that solvation of urea depends not only on its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water but also its excluded volume. More generally, we propose that the denaturation efficiency of polar nonelectrolytes, such as urea, is determined by the ability of the cosolute to form hydrogen bonds with the polypeptide chain which, in turn, depends on its size. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM RMountain@nist.gov NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAY 27 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 21 BP 6826 EP 6831 DI 10.1021/jp037610g PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 822NF UT WOS:000221546200037 ER PT J AU Ming, Y Russell, LM AF Ming, Y Russell, LM TI Organic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol-cloud interaction; fog; droplet spectra; organic aerosol; Po Valley; hygroscopic growth ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; PO VALLEY FOG; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WATER; PARTICLES; MODEL; SIZE; COMPONENT; NITRATE AB Organic aerosol alters cloud and fog properties through surface tension and solubility effects. This study characterizes the role of organic compounds in affecting fog droplet number concentration by initializing and comparing detailed particle microphysical simulations with two field campaigns in the Po Valley. The size distribution and chemical composition of aerosol were based on the measurements made in the Po Valley Fog Experiments in 1989 and 1998-1999. Two types of aerosol with different hygroscopicity were considered: the less hygroscopic particles, composed mainly of organic compounds, and the more hygroscopic particles, composed mainly of inorganic salts. The organic fraction of aerosol mass was explicitly modeled as a mixture of seven soluble compounds [Fuzzi et al., 2001] by employing a functional group-based thermodynamic model [ Ming and Russell, 2002]. Condensable gases in the vapor phase included nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. The maximum supersaturation in the simulation is 0.030% and is comparable to the calculation by Noone et al. [1992] inferred from measured residual particle fractions. The minimum activation diameters of the less and more hygroscopic particles are 0.49 mum and 0.40 mum, respectively. The predicted residual particle fractions are in agreement with measurements. The organic components of aerosol account for 34% of the droplet residual particle mass and change the average droplet number concentration by-10- 6%, depending on the lowering of droplet surface tension and the interactions among dissolving ions. The hygroscopic growth of particles due to the presence of water-soluble organic compounds enhances the condensation of nitric acid and ammonia due to the increased surface area, resulting in a 9% increase in the average droplet number concentration. Assuming ideal behavior of aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic compounds overestimates the hygroscopic growth of particles and increases droplet numbers by 6%. The results are sensitive to microphysical processes such as condensation of soluble gases, which increases the average droplet number concentration by 26%. Wet deposition plays an important role in controlling liquid water content in this shallow fog. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Ming, Y (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM yi.ming@noaa.gov; lmrussell@ucsd.edu RI Ming, Yi/F-3023-2012 NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 26 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D10 AR D10206 DI 10.1029/2003JD004427 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 827OR UT WOS:000221910600003 ER PT J AU Dong, CM Houghton, R Ou, HW Chen, D Ezer, T AF Dong, CM Houghton, R Ou, HW Chen, D Ezer, T TI Numerical study of the diapycnal flow through a tidal front with passive tracers SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE passive tracer; diapycnal flow; tidal front ID ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; GEORGES-BANK; RESIDUAL CIRCULATION; DYE TRACER; MODEL; CURRENTS; RECTIFICATION; STRATIFICATION; EXCHANGE; SIDES AB A two-dimensional numerical model is used to study the diapycnal flow through a tidal front with passive tracers. In a basic numerical experiment a passive tracer is released into the bottom water at the offshore edge of a tidal front, and it subsequently moves on-bank with a velocity that decreases with time. This qualitatively agrees with a recent field experiment using a dye tracer on Georges Bank. Additional experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of the tracer dispersion to the tidal phase and the location of tracer release within the front. As the release point is moved on-bank across the front, the tracer velocity decreases until it weakly reverses on the on-bank edge of the front. This trend can be understood by considering the structure of the Lagrangian velocity field in the tidal front, the degree of vertical mixing of the tracer, and the concentration-weighted mean patch velocity. The tidal phase at the time of tracer release does not significantly affect the tracer dispersion. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08644 USA. RP Dong, CM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM cdong@atmos.ucla.edu RI Chen, Dake/E-7082-2011 NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 26 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C5 AR C05029 DI 10.1029/2003JC001969 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 827OX UT WOS:000221911300001 ER PT J AU McDermott, R Lee, SK ten Haken, B Trabesinger, AH Pines, A Clarke, J AF McDermott, R Lee, SK ten Haken, B Trabesinger, AH Pines, A Clarke, J TI Microtesla MRI with a superconducting quantum interference device SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; FIELD; NMR; RELAXATION; SYSTEM AB MRI scanners enable fast, noninvasive, and high-resolution imaging of organs and soft tissue. The images are reconstructed from NMR signals generated by nuclear spins that precess in a static magnetic field B(0) in the presence of magnetic field gradients. Most clinical MRI scanners operate at a magnetic field B(0) = 1.5 T, corresponding to a proton resonance frequency of 64 MHz. Because these systems rely on large superconducting magnets, they are costly and demanding of infrastructure. On the other hand, low-field imagers have the potential to be less expensive, less confining, and more mobile. The major obstacle is the intrinsically low sensitivity of the low-field NMR experiment. Here, we show that prepolarization of the nuclear spins and detection with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) yield a signal that is independent of B(0), allowing acquisition of high-resolution MRIs in microtesla fields. Reduction of the strength of the measurement field eliminates inhomogeneous broadening of the NMR lines, resulting in enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution for a fixed strength of the magnetic field gradients used to encode the image. We present high-resolution images of phantoms and other samples and T(1)-weighted contrast images acquired in highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields of 132 muT; here, T, is the spin-lattice relaxation time. These techniques could readily be adapted to existing multichannel SQUID systems used for magnetic source imaging of brain signals. Further potential applications include low-cost systems for tumor screening and imaging peripheral regions of the body. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McDermott, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div 817, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM robertm@boulder.nist.gov RI Lee, Seung-Kyun/A-3464-2008; Trabesinger, Andreas/J-2008-2016 OI Lee, Seung-Kyun/0000-0001-7625-3141; Trabesinger, Andreas/0000-0003-3078-8399 NR 29 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 5 U2 18 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 25 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 21 BP 7857 EP 7861 DI 10.1073/pnas.0402382101 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 823ZC UT WOS:000221652000005 PM 15141077 ER PT J AU Ullom, JN Doriese, WB Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR AF Ullom, JN Doriese, WB Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Duncan, WD Ferreira, L Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR TI Characterization and reduction of unexplained noise in superconducting transition-edge sensors SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; MICROCALORIMETER; DETECTORS AB The noise in superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) commonly exceeds simple theoretical predictions. The reason for this discrepancy is presently unexplained. We have measured the amplitude and frequency dependence of the noise in TES sensors with eight different geometries. In addition, we have measured the dependence of the noise on operating resistance, perpendicular magnetic field, and bath temperature. We find that the unexplained noise contribution is inversely correlated with the temperature width of the superconducting-to-normal transition and is reduced by a perpendicular field and in certain geometries. These results suggest paths to improved sensor performance. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ullom, JN (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ullom@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 6 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 24 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 21 BP 4206 EP 4208 DI 10.1063/1.1753058 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 820QP UT WOS:000221404700023 ER PT J AU Strozecka, A Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M Bryant, GW AF Strozecka, A Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M Bryant, GW TI Stark effect in semiconductor nanocrystals: tight-binding approach SO VACUUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Surface Physics CY SEP 13-15, 2003 CL Polanica Zdroj, POLAND SP Univ Wroclaw, Inst Expt Phys, Polish State Comm Sci Res DE quantum dots; artificial molecules; stark effect ID QUANTUM-DOT; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; FIELD AB The influence of an external uniform electric field on the electron energy structure and charge densities of semiconductor nanocrystals is investigated. We study both uniform and multilayer nanocrystals as well as artificial molecules, i.e. systems built of two coupled quantum dots. We work in the framework of an empirical tight-binding theory, that allows the study of effects not accessible within the effective mass approach. The electric field can destroy the delocalized character of bonding-like and antibonding-like states of artificial molecules but can also lead to the formation of other field-tunable states. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UMK, Inst Fizyki, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jaskolski, W (reprint author), UMK, Inst Fizyki, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. EM wj@phys.uni.torun.pl RI Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0042-207X J9 VACUUM JI Vacuum PD MAY 24 PY 2004 VL 74 IS 2 BP 259 EP 262 DI 10.1016/j.vacuum.203.12.135 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 819VN UT WOS:000221344100025 ER PT J AU Clark, CW Clapham, PJ AF Clark, CW Clapham, PJ TI Acoustic monitoring on a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding ground shows continual singing into late spring SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE humpback whale; song; mating systems; North Atlantic ID COMPETITIVE GROUPS; WEST-INDIES; SONGS; MIGRATION; DETECTIONS; PACIFIC; WATERS; OCEAN AB Singing by males is a major feature of the mating system of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Although a few songs have been opportunistically recorded on the whales' high-latitude feeding grounds, singing in these regions was thought to be only sporadic. We report results from the first continuous acoustic monitoring of a humpback whale feeding ground (off Cape Cod, MA, USA) in spring. Using autonomous sea-floor recording systems, we found singing on a daily basis over the entire 25 day monitoring period, from 14 May to 7 June 2000. For much of the period, song was recorded 24 h per day. These results, combined with evidence for aseasonal conceptions in whaling catch data, suggest that the humpback whale breeding season. should no longer be considered as confined to lower-latitude regions in winter. Rather, we suggest breeding extends geographically and temporally onto feeding grounds into at least spring and early summer. Singing at these times represents either low-cost opportunistic advertising by (perhaps relatively few) males to court females that failed to conceive during the winter, and/or possibly an intrasexual display. C1 Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, Bioacoust Res Program, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Large Whale Biol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Clark, CW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ornithol Lab, Bioacoust Res Program, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. EM cwc2@cornell.edu NR 42 TC 70 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAY 22 PY 2004 VL 271 IS 1543 BP 1051 EP 1057 DI 10.1098/rspb.2004.2699 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 821QJ UT WOS:000221476900009 PM 15293859 ER PT J AU Bergmann, T Fahnenstiel, G Lohrenz, S Millie, D Schofield, O AF Bergmann, T Fahnenstiel, G Lohrenz, S Millie, D Schofield, O TI Impacts of a recurrent resuspension event and variable phytoplankton community composition on remote sensing reflectance SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; phytoplankton; coastal optics ID SOUTHERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; LIGHT; DYNAMICS; VARIABILITY; ABSORPTION; GLYCEROL; GROWTH AB In order to characterize the impact of turbidity plumes on optical and biological dynamics, a suite of environmental parameters were measured in southern Lake Michigan during the springtime recurrent sediment plume. In-water measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) were entered into the Hydrolight 4.2 radiative transfer model and the output was compared with measured apparent optical properties (AOPs) across a wide range of optical conditions. Hydrolight output and measured underwater light fields were then used to clarify the effects of the sediment plume on primary production, phytoplankton community composition, and nearshore remote sensing ocean color algorithms. Our results show that the sediment plume had a negligible effect on the spectral light environment and phytoplankton physiology. The plume did not significantly alter the spectral quality of available light and did not lead to light limited phytoplankton populations compared to non-plume conditions. Further, the suspended sediment in the plume did not seriously impact the performance of ocean color algorithms. We evaluated several currently employed chlorophyll algorithms and demonstrated that the main factor compromising the efficacy of these algorithms was the composition of phytoplankton populations. As phycobilin-containing algae became the dominant species, chlorophyll algorithms that use traditional blue/green reflectance ratios were compromised due to the high absorption of green light by phycobilin pigments. This is a notable difficulty in coastal areas, which have highly variable phytoplankton composition and are often dominated by sharp fronts of phycobilin and non-phycobilin containing algae. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. FWCC & Florida Inst Oceanog, Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Bergmann, T (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04473 USA. EM bergmann@maine.edu; fahnenstiel@glerl.noaa.gov; steven.lohrenz@usm.edu; david.millie@fwc.state.fl.us; oscar@imcs.rutgers.edu NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 21 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C10 AR C10S15 DI 10.1029/2002JC001575 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 823LA UT WOS:000221612400001 ER PT J AU Winchester, MR Payling, R AF Winchester, MR Payling, R TI Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry: A critical review SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Review DE bulk analysis; depth profiling; glow discharge; mass spectrometry; optical emission spectroscopy; plasma; radio frequency; speciation ID OPTICAL-EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; DEPTH PROFILE ANALYSIS; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA; RF-GD-OES; OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; CHARGED-PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS; DIELECTRIC SAMPLE ATOMIZATION; KINETIC-ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS AB This paper presents a critical review of analytical radio frequency glow discharge spectrometry (rf-GDS). The historical foundations of rf-GDS are described, and current knowledge of the fundamental physics of analytical rf glow discharges is discussed. Additionally, instrumentation, methodologies, and applications of rf glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (rf-GDOES) and mass spectrometry (rf-GDMS) are reviewed. Although other rf-GDS techniques have appeared [e.g. rf glow discharge atomic absorption spectrophotometry (rf-GDAAS)], the emphasis is placed upon rf-GDOES and rf-GDMS, because they have received by far the most interest from analytical chemical metrologists. This review also provides explanations of some developments that are needed for further progress in the field of analytical rf-GDS. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Newcastle, Dept Phys, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. RP Winchester, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 335 TC 94 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD MAY 21 PY 2004 VL 59 IS 5 BP 607 EP 666 DI 10.1016/j.sab.2004.02.013 PG 60 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 823QO UT WOS:000221628300002 ER PT J AU Kleespies, TJ van Delst, P McMillin, LM Derber, J AF Kleespies, TJ van Delst, P McMillin, LM Derber, J TI Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 6. OPTRAN status report and introduction to the NESDIS/NCEP community radiative transfer model SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RADIANCE; ASSIMILATION AB Since the publication of the Optical Path Transmittance (OPTRAN) algorithm [Appl. Opt. 34, 8396 (1995)], much of the code and implementation has been refined and improved. The predictor set has been expanded, an objective method to select optimal predictors has been established, and the two-interpolation method has been discarded for a single-interpolation method. The OPTRAN coefficients have been generated for a wide range of satellites and instruments. The most significant new development is the Jacobian-K-matrix version of OPTRAN, which is currently used for operational direct radiance assimilation in both the Global Data Analysis System and the ETA Data Analysis System at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction Environmental Modeling Center. This paper documents these improvements and serves as a record of the current status of the operational OPTRAN code. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kleespies, TJ (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Kleespies, Thomas/F-5598-2010 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 15 BP 3103 EP 3109 DI 10.1364/AO.43.003103 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 822GX UT WOS:000221528200014 PM 15176199 ER PT J AU Machol, JL Ayers, T Schwenz, KT Koenig, KW Hardesty, RM Senff, CJ Krainak, MA Abshire, JB Bravo, HE Sandberg, SP AF Machol, JL Ayers, T Schwenz, KT Koenig, KW Hardesty, RM Senff, CJ Krainak, MA Abshire, JB Bravo, HE Sandberg, SP TI Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LASERS AB The design and preliminary tests of an automated differential absorption lidar (DIAL) that profiles water vapor in the lower troposphere are presented. The instrument, named CODI (for compact DIAL), has been developed to be eye safe, low cost, weatherproof, and portable. The lidar design and its unattended operation are described. Nighttime intercomparisons with in situ sensors and a radiosonde are shown. Desired improvements to the lidar, including a more powerful laser, are also discussed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Machol, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM janet.machol@noaa.gov RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Sandberg, Scott/I-4875-2013; Machol, Janet/D-5896-2016 OI Machol, Janet/0000-0002-0344-0314 NR 32 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 15 BP 3110 EP 3121 DI 10.1364/AO.43.003110 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 822GX UT WOS:000221528200015 PM 15176200 ER PT J AU Indebetouw, R Shull, JM AF Indebetouw, R Shull, JM TI O VI, N V, and C IV in the Galactic halo. II. Velocity-resolved observations with the Hubble Space Telescope and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxy : halo; ISM : structure; ultraviolet : ISM ID CLOUD COMPLEX-C; LY-ALPHA FOREST; INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-LINES; HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH; HIGHLY IONIZED-GAS; NORTH POLAR SPUR; MILKY-WAY; MAGELLANIC STREAM; IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN AB We present a survey of N v and O vi ( and, where available, C IV) in the Galactic halo, using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) along 34 sight lines. These ions are usually produced in nonequilibrium processes such as shocks, evaporative interfaces, or rapidly cooling gas, and thus trace the dynamics of the interstellar medium. Searching for global trends in integrated and velocity-resolved column density ratios, we find large variations in most measures, with some evidence for a systematic trend of higher ionization ( lower N v/ O VI column density ratio) at larger positive line-of-sight velocities. The slopes of log [N(N v)/ N(O VI)] per unit velocity range from - 0.015 to + 0.005, with a mean of - 0.0032 +/- 0.0022( r) +/- 0.0014(sys) dex (km s(-1))(-1). We compare this data set with models of velocity-resolved high-ion signatures of several common physical structures. The dispersion of the ratios, O VI/ N v/ C IV, supports the growing belief that no single model can account for hot halo gas, and in fact some models predict much stronger trends than are observed. It is important to understand the signatures of different physical structures to interpret specific lines of sight and future global surveys. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, UCB 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Indebetouw, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, 475 N Charter St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM remy@astro.wisc.edu; mshull@casa.colorado.edu NR 73 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 607 IS 1 BP 309 EP 332 DI 10.1086/383465 PN 1 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822FN UT WOS:000221523900026 ER PT J AU Herczeg, GJ Wood, BE Linsky, JL Valenti, JA Johns-Krull, CM AF Herczeg, GJ Wood, BE Linsky, JL Valenti, JA Johns-Krull, CM TI The far-ultraviolet spectra of TW Hydrae. II. Models of H-2 fluorescence in a disk SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; circumstellar matter; line : identification; stars : individual (TW Hydrae); stars : pre-main-sequence; ultraviolet : stars ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; INTERSTELLAR MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY; TAURI STARS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; ACCRETION DISKS; PLANET FORMATION; LINE EMISSION AB We measure the temperature of warm gas at planet-forming radii in the disk around the classical T Tauri star (CTTS) TW Hya by modeling the H-2 fluorescence observed in Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer spectra. Strong Lyalpha emission irradiates a warm disk surface within 2 AU of the central star and pumps certain excited levels of H-2. We simulate a one-dimensional plane-parallel atmosphere to estimate fluxes for the 140 observed H-2 emission lines and to reconstruct the Lyalpha emission profile incident upon the warm H-2. The excitation of H-2 can be determined from relative line strengths by measuring self-absorption in lines with low-energy lower levels, or by reconstructing the Lyalpha profile incident upon the warm H2 using the total flux from a single upper level and the opacity in the pumping transition. Based on those diagnostics, we estimate that the warm disk surface has a column density of log N(H-2) = 18: 5(-0.8)(+1.2), a temperature T 2500 = 700 +/- 500 K, and a filling factor of H-2, as seen by the source of Lyalpha emission, of 0: 25 +/- 0: 08 (all 2 sigma error bars). TW Hya produces approximately 10(-3) L. in the FUV, about 85% of which is in the Lyalpha emission line. From the H I absorption observed in the Lyalpha emission, we infer that dust extinction in our line of sight to TW Hya is negligible. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Herczeg, GJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gregoryh@origins.colorado.edu; woodb@marmoset.colorado.edu; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu; valenti@stsci.edu; cmj@rice.edu OI Herczeg, Gregory/0000-0002-7154-6065 NR 73 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 607 IS 1 BP 369 EP 383 DI 10.1086/383340 PN 1 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822FN UT WOS:000221523900031 ER PT J AU Gallo, KP Elvidge, CD Yang, L Reed, BC AF Gallo, KP Elvidge, CD Yang, L Reed, BC TI Trends in night-time city lights and vegetation indices associated with urbanization within the conterminous USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE IMAGERY; AREA AB Two datasets that depict the night-time light emitted from the conterminous USA during 1992/1993 and 2000 were compared for changes in light emission. The locations of observed differences in night-time light during this interval were examined for differences observed in a time-integrated vegetation index associated with net primary production. Just over 13% of the land area within the study region exhibited greater night-time light emitted in 2000 compared to 1992/1993. The locations of greater emitted light were found to have decreased values of the time-integrated vegetation index compared to locations that did not exhibit significant increases in emitted light. The observed decrease in the time-integrated vegetation index within the regions of greater emitted light is likely to be due to the change in land cover (increased urbanization) during this interval. The results suggest that the emitted light data were more useful for assessment of urban growth than the integrated vegetation index data. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SAIC EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Gallo, KP (reprint author), USGS EROS Data Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM Kevin.P.Gallo@noaa.gov RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2003 EP 2007 DI 10.1080/01431160310001640964 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 810QJ UT WOS:000220718500014 ER PT J AU Fan, Y van den Dool, H AF Fan, Y van den Dool, H TI Climate Prediction Center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5 degrees resolution for 1948 to present SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE soil moisture data set; land surface hydrology; drought/flood monitoring ID STOCHASTIC HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL MODEL; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE; TEMPERATURE; REANALYSIS; PRECIPITATION; FLOOD; GRACE; US AB [ 1] We have produced a 0.5degrees x 0.5degrees monthly global soil moisture data set for the period from 1948 to the present. The land model is a one-layer "bucket'' water balance model, while the driving input fields are Climate Prediction Center monthly global precipitation over land, which uses over 17,000 gauges worldwide, and monthly global temperature from global Reanalysis. The output consists of global monthly soil moisture, evaporation, and runoff, starting from January 1948. A distinguishing feature of this data set is that all fields are updated monthly, which greatly enhances utility for near-real-time purposes. Data validation shows that the land model does well; both the simulated annual cycle and interannual variability of soil moisture are reasonably good against the limited observations in different regions. A data analysis reveals that, on average, the land surface water balance components have a stronger annual cycle in the Southern Hemisphere than those in the Northern Hemisphere. From the point of view of soil moisture, climates can be characterized into two types, monsoonal and midlatitude climates, with the monsoonal ones covering most of the low-latitude land areas and showing a more prominent annual variation. A global soil moisture empirical orthogonal function analysis and time series of hemisphere means reveal some interesting patterns ( like El Nino-Southern Oscillation) and long-term trends in both regional and global scales. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Camps Springs, MD 20746 USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Fan, Y (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 806, Camps Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM yun.fan@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 160 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D10 AR D10102 DI 10.1029/2003JD004345 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 823KR UT WOS:000221611300003 ER PT J AU Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Harris, JM Thompson, AM Liu, HY Chan, CY Vomel, H Fujimoto, T Brackett, VG Chang, WL Chen, JP Kim, JH Chan, LY Chang, HW AF Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Harris, JM Thompson, AM Liu, HY Chan, CY Vomel, H Fujimoto, T Brackett, VG Chang, WL Chen, JP Kim, JH Chan, LY Chang, HW TI Tropospheric ozone over the North Pacific from ozonesonde observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone; biomass burning; stratosphere/troposphere exchange ID HONG-KONG; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT PATHWAYS; CLIMATOLOGY; EXCHANGE; MODEL; PATTERNS; PROJECT; PROFILE; ASIA AB [ 1] As part of the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission, ozonesondes were used to make ozone vertical profile measurements at nine locations in the North Pacific. At most of the sites there is a multiyear record of observations. From locations in the western Pacific ( Hong Kong; Taipei; Jeju Island, Korea; and Naha, Kagoshima, Tsukuba, and Sapporo, Japan), a site in the central Pacific ( Hilo, Hawaii), and a site on the west coast of the United States ( Trinidad Head, California) both a seasonal and event specific picture of tropospheric ozone over the North Pacific emerges. Ozone profiles over the North Pacific generally show a prominent spring maximum throughout the troposphere. This maximum is tied to the location of the jet stream and its influence on stratosphere-troposphere exchange and the increase in photochemical ozone production through the spring. Prominent layers of enhanced ozone in the middle and upper troposphere north of about 30degrees N seem to be more closely tied to stratospheric intrusions while biomass burning leads to layers of enhanced ozone in the lower and upper troposphere at Hong Kong (22 degreesN) and Taipei (25 degreesN). The lower free tropospheric layers at Hong Kong are associated with burning in SE Asia, but the upper layer may be associated with either equatorial Northern Hemisphere burning in Africa or SE Asian biomass burning. In the boundary layer at Taipei very high mixing ratios of ozone were observed that result from pollution transport from China in the spring and local urban pollution during the summer. At the ozonesonde site near Tokyo ( Tsukuba, 36 degreesN) very large enhancements of ozone are seen in the boundary layer in the summer that are characteristic of urban air pollution. At sites in the mid and eastern Pacific the signature of transport of polluted air from Asia is not readily identifiable from the ozonesonde profile. This is likely due to the more subtle signal and the fact that from the ozone profile and meteorological data by themselves it is difficult to identify such a signal. During the TRACE-P intensive campaign period (February - April 2001), tropospheric ozone amounts were generally typical of those seen in the long-term records of the stations with multiyear soundings. The exception was the upper troposphere over Hong Kong and Taipei where ozone amounts were lower in 2001. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Div Atmospher Environm, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Hong Kong Observ, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Pusan 609735, South Korea. Cent Weather Bur, Taipei 100, Taiwan. RP NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; bryan.johnson@noaa.gov; joyce.m.harris@noaa.gov; thompson@gatorl.gsfc.nasa.gov; hyl@nianet.org; cececychan@polyu.edu.hk; holger.voemel@noaa.gov; fujimoto@met.kishou.go.jp; vince.g.brackett@nasa.gov; wlchang@hko.gov.hk; jpchen@water.as.ntu.edu.tw; jaekim@subunim.com; celychan@polyu.edu.hk; hsiuwu@cwb.gov.tw RI Liu, Hongyu/A-5867-2008; Chen, Jen-Ping/F-2947-2010; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Chen, Jen-Ping/0000-0003-4188-6189; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D15 AR D15S01 DI 10.1029/2003JD003466 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 823KU UT WOS:000221611700001 ER PT J AU Gaigalas, AK Wang, L Cole, KD Humphries, E AF Gaigalas, AK Wang, L Cole, KD Humphries, E TI Photodegradation of fluorescein in solutions containing n-propyl gallate SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PHOTOBLEACHING KINETICS; ELECTRON-TRANSFER; SINGLET OXYGEN; RHODAMINE DYES; EXCITED-STATE; MICROSCOPY; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSTABILITY; DERIVATIVES; EXCIPLEX AB The frequency domain technique was applied to measure the effect of n-propyl gallate (nPG) on the apparent photodegradation rate of fluorescein in aqueous solutions. The illuminating light was modulated and the change in fluorescence from the illuminated region was detected synchronously. A constant flow rate was imposed on the fluorescein solution to control the mass transport of fluorescein into the illuminated region. The photodegradation response was described by a model which assumed two steps: (1) singlet oxygen production via energy transfer between the excited triplet state of fluorescein and molecular oxygen in the ground triplet state and (2) photodegradation via the interaction of fluorescein with singlet oxygen. It was assumed that nPG affects the photodegradation of fluorescein by quenching the oxygen singlet state. In the context of this model, the rate of singlet oxygen quenching by nPG was found to be (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(9) s(-1)M(-1). The product of the singlet oxygen photosensitization rate, k(ox), and the photodegradation rate, k(pd), was k(ox)k(pd) = (0.60 +/- 0.3) x 10(17) s(-2) M-2. Photodegradation was observed in argon purged solutions and high concentrations of nPG, suggesting another photodegradation mechanism, such as direct electron transfer between fluorescein in the excited triplet state and fluorescein in the ground state. nPG also quenches the excited singlet state of fluorescein with a rate of (2.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(9) s(-1) M-1. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaigalas, AK (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM adolfas.gaigalas@nist.gov NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 20 BP 4378 EP 4384 DI 10.1021/jp0371377 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 821IU UT WOS:000221454500002 ER PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Grulke, E Hilding, J Groth, K Harris, R Butler, K Shields, J Kharchenko, S Douglas, J AF Kashiwagi, T Grulke, E Hilding, J Groth, K Harris, R Butler, K Shields, J Kharchenko, S Douglas, J TI Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotube nanocomposites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; carbon nanotube; polypropylene ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; FLAME-RETARDANT MECHANISM; THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; COMPOSITES; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; HYBRID; HEAT AB The thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube, (PP/MWNT) nanocomposites were measured with the MWNT content varied from 0.5 to 4% by mass. Dispersion of MWNTs in these nanocomposites was characterized by SEM and optical microscopy. Flammability properties were measured with a cone calorimeter in air and a gasification device in a nitrogen atmosphere. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate was observed; the greatest reduction was obtained with a MWNT content of 1% by mass. Since the addition of carbon black powder to PP did not reduce the heat release rate as much as with the PP/MWNT nanocomposites, the size and shape of carbon particles appear to be important for effectively reducing the flammability of PP. The radiative ignition delay time of a nanocomposite having less than 2% by mass of MWNT was shorter than that of PP due to an increase in the radiation in-depth absorption coefficient by the addition of carbon nanotubes. The effects of residual iron particles and of defects in the MWNTs on the heat release rate of the nanocomposite were not significant. The flame retardant performance was achieved through the formation of a relatively uniform network-structured floccule layer covering the entire sample surface without any cracks or gaps. This layer re-emitted much of the incident radiation back into the gas phase from its hot surface and thus reduced the transmitted flux to the receding PP layers below it, slowing the PP pyrolysis rate. To gain insight into this phenomena, thermal conductivities of the nanocomposites were measured as a function of temperature while the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite increases with an increase in MWNT content, the effect being particularly large above 160degreesC, this increase is not as dramatic as the increase in electrical conductivity, however. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Adv Carbon Mat Ctr, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NIST, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Fire Res Div, Mail Stop 8665, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov OI Groth, Katrina/0000-0002-0835-7798 NR 36 TC 390 Z9 404 U1 16 U2 206 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD MAY 20 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 12 BP 4227 EP 4239 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.088 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 825SQ UT WOS:000221779000026 ER PT J AU Tian, BJ Soden, BJ Wu, XQ AF Tian, BJ Soden, BJ Wu, XQ TI Diurnal cycle of convection, clouds, and water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere: Satellites versus a general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE diurnal cycle; satellite radiance; GCM ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; RADIOSONDE HUMIDITY; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; DEEP CONVECTION; WARM POOL; RAINFALL AB Global high-resolution (3-hourly, 0.1degrees x 0.1degrees longitude-latitude) water vapor (6.7 mum) and window (11 mum) radiances from multiple geostationary satellites are used to document the diurnal cycle of upper tropospheric relative humidity (UTH) and its relationship to deep convection and high clouds in the whole tropics and to evaluate the ability of the new Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global atmosphere and land model (AM2/LM2) to simulate these diurnal variations. Similar to the diurnal cycle of deep convection and high clouds, coherent diurnal variations in UTH are also observed over the deep convective regions, where the daily mean UTH is high. In addition, the diurnal cycle in UTH also features a land-sea contrast: stronger over land but weaker over ocean. UTH tends to peak around midnight over ocean in contrast to 0300 LST over land. Furthermore, UTH is observed to lag high cloud cover by similar to6 hours, and the latter further lags deep convection, implying that deep convection serves to moisten the upper troposphere through the evaporation of the cirrus anvil clouds generated by deep convection. Compared to the satellite observations, AM2/LM2 can roughly capture the diurnal phases of deep convection, high cloud cover, and UTH over land; however, the magnitudes are noticeably weaker in the model. Over the oceans the AM2/LM2 has difficulty in simulating both the diurnal phase and amplitude of these quantities. These results reveal some important deficiencies in the model's convection and cloud parameterization schemes and suggest the lack of a diurnal cycle in SST may be a shortcoming in the boundary forcing for atmospheric models. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camps Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tian, BJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM baijun.tian@noaa.gov RI Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010; Tian, Baijun/A-1141-2007 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650; Tian, Baijun/0000-0001-9369-2373 NR 47 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 19 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D10 AR D10101 DI 10.1029/2003JD004117 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 823KQ UT WOS:000221611200001 ER PT J AU Paglia, G Buckley, CE Udovic, TJ Rohl, AL Jones, F Maitland, CF Connolly, J AF Paglia, G Buckley, CE Udovic, TJ Rohl, AL Jones, F Maitland, CF Connolly, J TI Boehmite-derived gamma-alumina system. 2. Consideration of hydrogen and surface effects SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION ALUMINAS; VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES; POROUS MICROSTRUCTURES; SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE; CRYSTALLINE-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; CATALYTIC ALUMINAS; INFRARED-SPECTRA; OXIDE SYSTEMS; PORE SYSTEMS AB A boehmite-derived gamma-alumina (gamma-Al2O3) system was studied using various complementary techniques to examine surface area and pore size, the amount of hydrogen-containing species, the nature of hydrogen bonding environments, and the location of these species. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, the material examined was shown to have a significantly higher surface area than that typically expected for highly crystalline boehmite-derived gamma-Al2O3. This higher surface area was associated with the presence of closed nanopores, the size of which was found to complement observations from transmission electron microscopy. More hydrogen was determined to be in the structure when measured using prompt-gamma activation analysis than indicated by loss on ignition experiments, suggesting that hydrogen-containing species other than water were also present. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed a reduction in signals associated with water and hydroxide species as the calcination temperature increased. Measurements from small-angle X-ray scattering and prompt-gamma activation analysis show that the surface area and the amount of hydrogen present reduce with increasing temperature treatment. This is associated with a reduction in the amount of amorphous material in the structure and an increase in pore and crystallite size. The evidence obtained suggests that the bulk crystalline structure is relatively well-ordered and contains no interstitial hydrogen. Hydrogen is therefore located at the pore surfaces and within amorphous regions, which themselves are located near pore surfaces. C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Nanochem Res Inst, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rohl, AL (reprint author), Curtin Univ Technol, Nanochem Res Inst, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. EM andrew@power.curtin.edu.au RI Rohl, Andrew/A-7889-2008; Buckley, Craig/B-6753-2013; Jones, Franca/K-7651-2013 OI Rohl, Andrew/0000-0003-0038-2785; Buckley, Craig/0000-0002-3075-1863; Jones, Franca/0000-0002-8461-8291 NR 53 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD MAY 18 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1914 EP 1923 DI 10.1021/cm035193e PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 820KB UT WOS:000221386500015 ER PT J AU Hornbuckle, KC Smith, GL Miller, SM Eadie, BJ Lansing, MB AF Hornbuckle, KC Smith, GL Miller, SM Eadie, BJ Lansing, MB TI Magnitude and origin of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) compounds resuspended in southern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE persistent organic pollutants; sedimentation; principal component analysis; non-point source ID CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; GREAT-LAKES; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; UNSTRATIFIED PERIOD; PARTICLE-TRANSPORT; ONTARIO SEDIMENTS; GREEN BAY; ACCUMULATION; EXPOSURE AB [1] Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) compounds are introduced into the water as a result of large-scale storms and sediment resuspension in the southern basin of Lake Michigan. Settling and suspended sediments, as well as air and water samples, were collected in southern Lake Michigan over a 12 month period. Analysis of contaminant fluxes on settling particles shows that approximately 370 kg of PCBs and 110 kg of DDT compounds are resuspended in southern Lake Michigan during a single basin-wide event ( January 1999). Examination of contaminant signals indicates strong regional and temporal source-receptor relationships between settling, suspended, and surficial sediments. The settling, suspended, and bottom surficial sediments in the shallow waters of the southern coastal region are enriched in lower molecular weight PCBs. The sediments in the water column and on the lake bottom in the deeper regions are enriched in higher molecular weight PCBs. Furthermore, falling sediments collected in the deeper regions of the lake are enriched in 4,4'-DDT. The unique contaminant signal in deep water regions is surprising and suggests a source/receptor relationship among the bottom sediments and the sediments suspended and settling above them. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52252 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Iowa, IIHR Hydrosci & Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Hornbuckle, KC (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 4138 SC, Iowa City, IA 52252 USA. EM keri-hornbuckle@uiowa.edu RI Hornbuckle, Keri/A-8155-2008 OI Hornbuckle, Keri/0000-0002-3478-3221 NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 18 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C5 AR C05017 DI 10.1029/2003JC001917 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 823KW UT WOS:000221611900001 ER PT J AU Kluthe, C Al-Kassab, T Barker, J Pyckhout-Hintzen, W Kirchheim, R AF Kluthe, C Al-Kassab, T Barker, J Pyckhout-Hintzen, W Kirchheim, R TI Segregation of hydrogen at internal Ag/MgO (metal/oxide)-interfaces as observed by small angle neutron scattering SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE small angle neutron scattering; hydrogen in metals; oxides; interface segregation; core shell model; metal/oxide-interfaces ID CERAMIC/METAL HETEROPHASE INTERFACES; TOMOGRAPHIC ATOM-PROBE; METAL-OXIDE INTERFACES; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; OXYGEN; DISLOCATIONS; DEUTERIUM; PALLADIUM; SCALE AB The chemical composition of metal/oxide (M/O)-interfaces was studied for an internally oxidized Ag-lat.%Mg-alloy with small MgO nanoprecipitates in a dilute Ag matrix. This composition was varied by exposing the sample to oxygen (p(O-2) = 2 x 10(4) Pa), hydrogen (p(H-2) = 10(5) Pa) or vacuum (p < 10(-4) Pa). By means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) we were able to show that hydrogen segregates at the internal Ag/MgO-interfaces. The average hydrogen occupancy at the Ag/MgO-phase boundary can be determined to be Theta(H) = (7.1 +/- 0.5) x 10(14) H/cm(2). In addition it could be shown that for each segregated hydrogen atom one Ag atom is displaced from the M/O-interface. The amount of hydrogen at the interfaces is in agreement with a model of structural vacancies at densely packed interface planes. To the best of our knowledge these are the first SANS-measurements that provide information about the segregation of hydrogen and deuterium at internal interfaces. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Mat Phys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. FZ Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, Julich, Germany. RP Kluthe, C (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Mat Phys, Tammanstr 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. EM ckluthe@ump.gwdg.de NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD MAY 17 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 9 BP 2701 EP 2710 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.02.018 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 822RW UT WOS:000221558700021 ER PT J AU Washburn, BR Newbury, NR AF Washburn, BR Newbury, NR TI Phase, timing, and amplitude noise on supercontinua generated in microstructure fiber SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; OPTICAL FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; CONTINUUM GENERATION; COHERENCE; DISPERSION; NM AB During supercontinuum formation in nonlinear fiber the presence of a noise seed on the input laser pulse can lead to significant excess noise on the generated output supercontinuum electric field. We relate pulse-averaged moments of this electric-field noise to the measured RF spectrum of the frequency comb formed by the supercontinuum. We present quantitative numerical results for the fundamental phase, timing, and amplitude noise on the frequency comb resulting from input quantum noise, including the scaling of the noise with different experimental parameters. This fundamental noise provides a lower limit to the phase stability of frequency combs that originate from microstructure fiber. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Washburn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM brianw@boulder.nist.gov RI Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; OI Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 13 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAY 17 PY 2004 VL 12 IS 10 BP 2166 EP 2175 DI 10.1364/OPEX.12.002166 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 820XS UT WOS:000221423800016 PM 19475052 ER PT J AU Ando, H Swanson, P Kitani, T Koide, N Okada, H Ueda, H Urano, A AF Ando, H Swanson, P Kitani, T Koide, N Okada, H Ueda, H Urano, A TI Synergistic effects of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol-17 beta on gonadotropin subunit gene expression and release in masu salmon pituitary cells in vitro SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gonadotropin; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; estrogen; pituitary; gene expression; release; salmon ID II-BETA SUBUNIT; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MALE AFRICAN CATFISH; MALE STRIPED BASS; RAINBOW-TROUT; GTH-II; COHO SALMON; GOLDFISH PITUITARY; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID AB Effects of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) and estradiol-17beta (E2) on gene expression and release of gonadotropins (GTHs) were examined in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) using primary pituitary cell cultures at three reproductive stages, initiation of sexual maturation in May, pre-spawning in July, and spawning in September. Amounts of GTH subunit mRNAs were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and levels of GTH released in the medium were determined by RIA. In control cells, the amounts of three GTH subunit mRNAs (alpha2, FSHbeta, and LHbeta) peaked in July prior to spawning. FSH release spontaneously increased with gonadal maturation and peaked in September, whereas LH release remained low until July and extensively increased in September. Addition of E2 to the culture extensively increased the amounts of LHbeta mRNA in May and July in both sexes. It also increased the alpha2 mRNA in July in the females. In contrast, sGnRH alone did not have any significant effects on the amounts of three GTH subunit mRNAs at all stages, except for the elevation of alpha2 and FSHbeta mRNAs in July in the females. Nevertheless, synergistic effects by sGnRH and E2 were evident for all three GTH subunit mRNAs. In May, sGnRH in combination with E2 synergistically increased the amounts of LHbeta mRNA in the males and alpha2 mRNA in the females. However, in July the combination suppressed the amounts of alpha2 and FSHbeta mRNAs in the females. sGnRH alone stimulated LH release at all stages in both sexes, and the release was synergistically enhanced by E2. Synergistic stimulation of FSH release was also observed in May and July in both sexes. These results indicate that a functional interaction of sGnRH with E2 is differently involved in synthesis and release of GTH. The synergistic interaction modulates GTH synthesis differentially, depending on subunit, stage, and gender, whereas it potentiates the activity of GnRH to release GTH in any situation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Field Sci Ctr No Biosphere, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600809, Japan. Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, Eniwa, Hokkaido 0611433, Japan. Hokkaido Wakkani Fisheries Expt Stn, Wakkanai, Hokkaido 0970001, Japan. RP Ando, H (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. EM hando@sci.hokudai.ac.jp NR 55 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 137 IS 1 BP 109 EP 121 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.02.012 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 817MC UT WOS:000221180600012 PM 15094341 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Lawn, B AF Zhang, Y Lawn, B TI Long-term strength of ceramics for biomedical applications SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE bilayers; brittle coatings; crack velocity; critical loads; dental crowns; lifetime; fracture ID BRITTLE COATINGS; LAYER STRUCTURES; DENTAL CERAMICS; STATIC FATIGUE; DAMAGE MODES; CONTACT; FRACTURE; SPHERES; DESIGN; LOADS AB The influence of slow crack growth on the initiation of radial cracks at the lower surfaces of ceramic layers bonded to polymeric substrates is studied, with particular relevance to biomechanical systems, e.g., dental crowns and hip replacement prostheses. Critical loads are measured as a function of loading rate (dynamic fatigue) for model bilayers fabricated by epoxy-bonding selected clinical ceramics to polycarbonate bases. Radial crack initiation is observed in situ by viewing from below the transparent base during loading. Declines in the critical loads with diminishing load rate are consistent with slow crack growth of intrinsic flaws prior to radial crack pop in. A simple fracture mechanics relation incorporating a crack velocity function is used to analyze the data. Extrapolation beyond the data range enables long-lifetime (10 yr) estimates of sustainable loads. The procedure provides a basis for ranking ceramic types, and in particular for eliminating vulnerable candidate materials, for use in biomechanical systems. While slow crack growth is an important factor in failure, other mechanisms could operate in concert and even dominate under severe testing conditions, especially under cyclic loading. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01DE10976] NR 26 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 69B IS 2 BP 166 EP 172 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.20039 PG 7 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 818XQ UT WOS:000221278200008 PM 15116406 ER PT J AU Bartels, A Oates, CW Hollberg, L Diddams, SA AF Bartels, A Oates, CW Hollberg, L Diddams, SA TI Stabilization of femtosecond laser frequency combs with subhertz residual linewidths SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; TI-SAPPHIRE; OSCILLATOR AB We demonstrate that femtosecond laser frequency combs (FLFCs) can have a subhertz linewidth across their entire emission spectra when they are phase locked to a reference laser with a similarly narrow linewidth. Correspondingly, the coherence time of the comb components relative to the reference laser can be of the order of a few seconds. Thus we are able to detect high-contrast spectral interferograms at up to 10-s integration time between two FLFCs locked to a common optical reference. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bartels, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM albrecht@boulder.nist.gov RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 12 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 18 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1081 EP 1083 DI 10.1364/OL.29.001081 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 817PM UT WOS:000221189400013 PM 15181992 ER PT J AU Wu, Y Deng, L AF Wu, Y Deng, L TI Achieving multifrequency mode multiwave entanglement with ultraslow mixing SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR OPTICS AB We propose a scheme to achieve the entanglement of N photon modes (frequency modes) with perfectly efficient ultraslow multiwave mixing in a cold atomic medium. In addition, the method provides an efficient approach to realizing frequency tunability. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Cold Atom Phys, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, Y (reprint author), Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Laser Technol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. EM lu.deng@nist.gov RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Wu, Ying/B-2134-2012 OI Wu, Ying/0000-0003-3410-3094 NR 10 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1144 EP 1146 DI 10.1364/OL.29.001144 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 817PM UT WOS:000221189400034 PM 15182013 ER PT J AU Ye, J AF Ye, J TI Absolute measurement of a long, arbitrary distance to less than an optical fringe SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUBFEMTOSECOND TIMING JITTER; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; INTERFEROMETRY AB A scheme is proposed for high-precision, absolute length measurement for an arbitrary optical distance of a few meters to beyond 10(6) m. The approach utilizes a phase-stabilized femtosecond laser to provide both incoherent, time-of-flight information and coherent, fringe-resolved interferometry. Such a combined mea-surement capability allows an optical wavelength resolution to be achieved for absolute length measurement over a large dynamic range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 13 TC 168 Z9 184 U1 5 U2 24 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 29 IS 10 BP 1153 EP 1155 DI 10.1364/OL.29.001153 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 817PM UT WOS:000221189400037 PM 15182016 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Kaduk, JA AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Kaduk, JA TI Phase relations in the BaO-Sm2O3-CuOx system at po(2)=100 Pa and T=810 degrees C SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CARBONATE-FREE CONDITIONS; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; CU-O SYSTEM; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; THIN-FILMS; SM; SUPERCONDUCTORS; EQUILIBRIA; DEPOSITION; AIR AB By applying controlled-atmosphere methods to minimize the presence of carbonate and CO2 and H2O contamination, subsolidus phase equilibria of the BaO-Sm2O3-CuOx system at p(O2) = 100 Pa (0.1% o(2) in Ar by volume fraction) and T = 810 degreesC were determined. Under carbonate-free conditions, the Bao-SM(2)o(3)-CuOx phase diagram at p(O2) = 100 Pa is different from that reported in the literature, as prepared in air. The BaO-Sm2O3-CuOx, system consists of four ternary phases. The first phase, (Ba2-xSmx)CuO3-z (X = 0 to approximate to0.3), occurs in the high-BaO region of the phase diagram. The second phase, Ba4Sm2Cu2Oz, is a. new insulator phase with an orthorhombic Pnn2 structure (a = 11.9718(7) Angstrom, b = 11.8884(7) Angstrom, c = 3.8465(2) Angstrom, V = 547.47 Angstrom(3)) comprised of unusual CuO5 linear chains. The structure and the X-ray reference pattern of Ba4Sm2Cu2O9-z were obtained using the Rietveld refinement technique. The third phase, the 'green phase' BaSm2CuO5, has a different structure from that of the 'brown phases' BaLa2CuO5 and BaNd2CuO5, despite having the same cation stoichiometry. The fourth phase is the high T-c solid solution series, Ba2-xSm1+xCu3Oz (0.2 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0). The Ba2SmCu3O6+z-Ba2-xSmx)CuO3+z tie-line established in this study is different from the BaCuO2+x-BaSm2CuO5 tie-line frequently observed when samples are prepared in air. This tie-line substantially expands the field of stability of the Ba(2-X)SM(1+X)CU(3)o(6+Z) superconductor phase into the relatively BaO-rich region of the phase diagram under carbonate-free conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Amoco Res Inst, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Mat Bldg,Rm A-207, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM winnie.wong-ng@nist.gov NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 405 IS 1 BP 47 EP 58 DI 10.1016/j.physc.2004.01.033 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 820CJ UT WOS:000221363900006 ER PT J AU Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Huckans, JH Phillips, WD Rolston, SL Porto, JV AF Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Huckans, JH Phillips, WD Rolston, SL Porto, JV TI Observation of reduced three-body recombination in a correlated 1D degenerate Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; IMPENETRABLE BOSONS; TRAPS; DIMENSIONS; SYSTEMS; DECAY; WAVE AB We investigate the correlation properties of a one-dimensional interacting Bose gas by loading a magnetically trapped Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) into a deep two-dimensional optical lattice. We measure the three-body recombination rate for both the BEC in the magnetic trap and the BEC loaded into the optical lattice. The recombination rate coefficient is a factor of 7 smaller in the lattice, which we interpret as a reduction in the local three-body correlation function in the 1D case. This is a signature of correlation intermediate between that of the uncorrelated, phase coherent, 1D, mean-field regime and the strongly correlated Tonks-Girardeau regime. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 13, Phys Lasers Lab, UMR 7538, Paris, France. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 29 TC 229 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 14 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 19 AR 190401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.190401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 822LG UT WOS:000221540900001 ER PT J AU Gao, RS Fahey, DW Toon, OB Karcher, B AF Gao, RS Fahey, DW Toon, OB Karcher, B TI Humidity, ice, and nitric acid - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phy Atmosphare, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. RP Gao, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rgao@al.noaa.gov RI Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 14 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5673 BP 961 EP + PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 820IV UT WOS:000221383300025 ER PT J AU Eklund, MW Poysky, FT Paranjpye, RN Peterson, ME Pelroy, GA AF Eklund, MW Poysky, FT Paranjpye, RN Peterson, ME Pelroy, GA TI Susceptibility of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), to different toxins of Clostridium botulinum SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Clostridium botulinum; toxins; salmon ID GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; UNITED-STATES; RAINBOW-TROUT; ACTIVATION; TRYPSIN AB Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), held at 15degreesC were tested for their susceptibility to toxins of proteolytic and nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C-1, C-2, D, E, F, and G administered by the oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. By the oral route, the fish were most susceptibile to type E neurotoxin, which was lethal at a dose equivalent to 90 mouse intraperitoneal minimum lethal doses (MLDs). The oral lethal dose increased to 2000 MLD for nonproteolytic and proteolytic type F neurotoxins, but the toxin types A, B, and C-1 were not lethal to fish at 2000 MLD and type D was not lethal at 20 000 MLD (highest titre tested). The fish were not susceptible to 200 MLD (the highest titres tested) of type G neurotoxin or C-2 cytotoxin. By the i.p. route, all of the toxins except type G were lethal to coho salmon. Type E neurotoxin was the most toxic at a level of one-half the mouse MLD. Coho salmon held at temperatures ranging from 1 to 20degreesC were sensitive to type E neurotoxin by both the oral and i.p. routes. As the temperature decreased the fish became more resistant to type E neurotoxin by the oral route, but the i.p. dose remained one-half the mouse MLD at all temperatures. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA,NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA USA. RP Paranjpye, RN (reprint author), 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM rohinee.paranjpye@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD MAY 13 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 6 BP 594 EP 600 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01058.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 814ZK UT WOS:000221012400009 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Ueno, G Yamaguchi, R Singer, H Creutzberg, F Yumoto, K Kitamura, K Mukai, T AF Ohtani, S Ueno, G Yamaguchi, R Singer, H Creutzberg, F Yumoto, K Kitamura, K Mukai, T TI Tail dynamics during the growth phase of the 24 November 1996, substorm event: Near-Earth reconnection confined in the plasma sheet SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE substorms; growth phase; tail current; reconnection; near-Earth neutral line; plasma sheet ID FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS; BURSTY BULK FLOWS; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; CURRENT WEDGE; MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; EXPANSIVE PHASE; PI-2 PULSATIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ONSET AB The present study examines a substorm event on 24 November 1996, with an emphasis on magnetic field and plasma flow measurements in the magnetotail during the growth phase. The unique and most intriguing feature of this event is a systematic change of the flow direction from earthward to tailward observed by the Geotail satellite at X similar to -21 R-E. Good correlation between V-X and B-X is found for the intervals of both earthward and tailward flows, which suggests that observed variations of the flow velocity were caused by satellite motion relative to the plasma sheet rather than the temporal change of the velocity itself. It is inferred that the earthward and tailward flows lasted at least 9 and 5 min, respectively. The signs of B-Z and B-Y variations also changed systematically along with the sign of V-X. These results are consistent with the idea that the observed flow reversal was caused by the earthward movement of a neutral line, which might be formed at a preceding pseudobreakup or even earlier. It is inferred that the associated reconnection did not reach the lobe magnetic field, and that the neutral line is convected toward the Earth along with the background plasma. Interestingly, during the interval of the flow reversal, other satellites observed typical growth-phase features. The geosynchronous magnetic field continued to be stretched in the midnight sector. The Interball and IMP8 satellites observed a continuous increase of the lobe field strength at X = -20 and -34 R-E, respectively, in the premidnight sector. It is therefore concluded that the tail current intensification during the growth phase is a global process, whereas the near-Earth reconnection is a local process, which, at its early stage, can proceed independently from the overall storage of the tail magnetic energy. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Inst Stat Math, Tokyo 1068569, Japan. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. KeoMetr, Ottawa, ON K1J 6C7, Canada. Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@jhuapl.edu RI Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016 OI Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840 NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAY 13 PY 2004 VL 109 IS A5 AR A05211 DI 10.1029/2003JA010299 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 821PW UT WOS:000221475500004 ER PT J AU Bedrov, D Smith, G Douglas, JF AF Bedrov, D Smith, G Douglas, JF TI Structural and dynamic heterogeneity in a telechelic polymer solution SO POLYMER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Coupling Simulations and Experiments in Polymer Science CY MAY 15-17, 2003 CL Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT HO Univ Utah DE intermicellar spacing; telechelic solution; homogeneous fluid ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; GLASS-TRANSITION; 1,4-POLYBUTADIENE MELT; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; SIMULATIONS; MOTION AB We utilize molecular dynamics Simulations to investigate the implications of micelle formation on structural relaxation and polymer bead displacement dynamics in a model telechelic polymer solution. The transient structural heterogeneity associated with incipient micelle formation is found to lead to a 'caging' of the telechelic chain end-groups within dynamic Clusters on times shorter than the structural relaxation time governing the cluster (micelle) lifetime. This dynamical regime is followed by ordinary diffusion on spatial scales larger than the inter-micelle separation at long times. As with associating polymers, glass-forming liquids and other complex heterogeneous fluids, the structural 7, relaxation time increases sharply upon a lowering temperature T, but the usual measures of dynamic heterogeneity in glass-forming liquids (non-Gaussian parameter alpha(2)(t), product of diffusion coefficient D and shear viscosity eta, non-Arrhenius T-dependence of tau(s)) all indicate a return to homogeneity at low T that is not normally observed in simulations of these other complex fluids. The greatest increase in dynamic heterogeneity is found on a length scale that lies intermediate to the micellar radius of gyration and intermicellar spacing. We suggest that the limited size of the clusters that form in our (low concentration) system limit the relaxation time growth and thus allows the fluid to remain in equilibrium at low T. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bedrov, D (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 122 S Cent Campus Dr,Room 304, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM bedrov@tacitus.mse.utah.edu NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD MAY 13 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 11 BP 3961 EP 3966 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.01.082 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 821TT UT WOS:000221486300045 ER PT J AU Milic, T Garno, JC Batteas, JD Smeureanu, G Drain, CM AF Milic, T Garno, JC Batteas, JD Smeureanu, G Drain, CM TI Self-organization of self-assembled tetrameric porphyrin arrays on surfaces SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LANGMUIR-BLODGETT; IONIC CURRENTS; INFORMATION-STORAGE; PHOTONIC MATERIALS; LIQUID-CRYSTALS; LIPID BILAYERS; THIN-FILMS; MONOLAYER; COMPLEX; DEVICES AB The incorporation of designed self-assembled supramolecular structures into devices requires deposition onto surfaces with retention of both structure and function. This remains a challenge and can present a significant barrier to developing devices using self-organizing materials. To examine the role of peripheral groups in the self-organization of self-assembled multiporphyrinic arrays on surfaces, Pd(II)-linked square and Pt(II)-linked trapezoidal tetrameric porphyrin arrays with peripheral tert-butylphenyl or dodecyloxyphenyl functionalities were investigated using various spectroscopies and atomic force microscopy. The Pd(II) assembled squares disassemble upon deposition on glass surfaces, while the Pt(II) assembled trapezoids are more robust and can be routinely cast on these surfaces. The orientation and length of the peripheral alkyl substituents influence the resultant structures on surfaces. The tert-butylphenyl-substituted porphyrin array forms discrete columnar stacks, which assemble in a vertical direction via v-stacking interactions among the macrocycles. The tetrameric porphyrin array with dodecyloxyphenyl groups forms a continuous film via van der Waals interactions among the peripheral hydrocarbon chains. The supermolecules with liquid crystal-forming moieties also form three-dimensional crystalline structures at higher deposition concentrations. These observations clearly demonstrate that the number, position, and nature of the peripheral groups and the supramolecular structure and dynamics, as well as the energetics of interactions with the surface, are of key importance to the two-dimensional and three-dimensional self-organization of assemblies such as porphyrin arrays on surfaces. C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanalysis Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Batteas, JD (reprint author), CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM james.batteas@nist.gov; cdrain@hunter.cuny.edu RI Batteas, James/D-4144-2015 OI Batteas, James/0000-0002-6244-5000 NR 57 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAY 11 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 10 BP 3974 EP 3983 DI 10.1021/la0359023 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 819MQ UT WOS:000221319400027 PM 15969388 ER PT J AU Kim, H Foster, MD Jiang, H Tullis, S Bunning, TJ Majkrzak, CF AF Kim, H Foster, MD Jiang, H Tullis, S Bunning, TJ Majkrzak, CF TI Interface structure of photonic multilayers prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE PECVD multilayer; interface structure; reflectivity ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SERUM-ALBUMIN ADSORPTION; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; THIN-FILMS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; POLYMERIZED OCTOFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE; FLUOROCARBON PLASMAS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CARBON-FILMS AB The structures of substrate/layer, layer/layer, and layer/air interfaces in optical multilayers made using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) have been probed for the first time using X-ray reflectivity and neutron reflectivity. From the point of view of optical applications the interfaces are extremely sharp, sharper than is often achievable with the self-assembly of block copolymers or deposition techniques in which the polymer layers contact while in a fluid state. The average interface width, a(1), between layers made from different precursors is about 40 Angstrom (16 Angstrom rms). The layer/layer interfaces are generally 2-3 times broader than the layer/air interfaces. Polymeric fluorocarbon films deposited on a Si substrate using PECVD with octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB) monomer show uniform scattering length density with depth except for a region of molecular thickness immediately adjacent to the substrate. Films made from deuterated benzene show uniform density throughout the film thickness. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Anteon Co, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, H (reprint author), Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, 170 Univ Ave, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM hkim1@uakron.edu; mfoster@uakron.edu NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD MAY 11 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 10 BP 3175 EP 3184 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.028 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 816UW UT WOS:000221135800008 ER PT J AU Zabotin, NA Wright, JW Kovalenko, ES AF Zabotin, NA Wright, JW Kovalenko, ES TI Multiple scattering effects in ionospheric radio sounding SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ionospheric irregularities; multiple scattering; radio sounding ID POLAR LACUNA; IONOGRAMS AB Properties of radio wave reflection from an optically thick, plane monotonic layer of ionospheric plasma with random density irregularities are considered by investigating numerically the influence of multiple scattering on the angular distribution and the integral intensity of the reflected signal. We use an improved solution of the radiative transfer equation in the approximation of small-angle scattering in invariant ray coordinates ("SASIRC"). The case of midlatitude ionosphere conditions is treated in most detail, but some conclusions about latitudinal dependence are also obtained, for both vertical and slightly oblique sounding cases. Conclusions from earlier versions of the theory showing a strong anomalous-attenuation effect are confirmed, with adjustments of the quantitative results. We describe a special amplitude calibration procedure for estimation of anomalous attenuation in practical experiments using dynasonde techniques, and discuss the application of our results to an explanation of ionogram spread F. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Rostov State Univ, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. RP Zabotin, NA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM nikolay.zabotin@colorado.edu RI Zabotin, Nikolay/A-9639-2015 OI Zabotin, Nikolay/0000-0003-0715-1082 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD MAY 11 PY 2004 VL 39 IS 3 AR RS3002 DI 10.1029/2003RS002953 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 821PZ UT WOS:000221475800004 ER PT J AU Pahlow, M Kovalev, VA Parlange, MB AF Pahlow, M Kovalev, VA Parlange, MB TI Calibration method for multiangle lidar measurements SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT; AEROSOL; BACKSCATTER; SCATTERING; PROFILES; RATIO AB A new method based on a two-angle approach is developed to determine the lidar solution constant from scanning elastic lidar data, hence providing a relative calibration for each lidar scan. Once the solution constant is determined, the vertical profiles of atmospheric extinction can be calculated. With this calibration method a minimization technique is used that replaces the linear regression used in a known two-angle approach that requires only local atmospheric homogeneity over a restricted altitude calibration range rather than overall horizontal homogeneity. Lidar signals from at least one pair of elevation angles are used, averaged in time when the system is operated in a permanent two-angle mode, or an arbitrary number of signal pairs is used, when a two-dimensional lidar scan is being processed. The method is tested extensively with synthetic data. The calibration method is a robust tool for determining the solution constant to the lidar equation and for obtaining vertical profiles of atmospheric extinction. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 USDA, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Pahlow, M (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM markus.pahlow@noaa.gov RI Parlange, Marc/A-3403-2015; OI Pahlow, Markus/0000-0001-8673-2509 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 10 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 14 BP 2948 EP 2956 DI 10.1364/AO.43.002948 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 819UB UT WOS:000221340200020 PM 15143823 ER PT J AU Votava, O Mackenzie, SR Nesbitt, DJ AF Votava, O Mackenzie, SR Nesbitt, DJ TI Intracluster stereochemistry in van der Waals complexes: Steric effects in ultraviolet photodissociation of state-selected Ar-HOD/H2O SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; VIBRATIONAL PREDISSOCIATION; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; SELECTIVELY BREAKING; LIBRATIONAL CONTROL; CROSS-SECTIONS; 193 NM; DYNAMICS; H2O; BOND AB High-resolution IR-UV multiple resonance methods are employed to elucidate the photodissociation dynamics of quantum state-selected Ar-HOD and Ar-H2O van der Waals clusters. A single mode pulsed OPO operating in the region of the OH second overtone is used to prepare individual rovibrational states that are selectively photodissociated at specific excimer wavelengths. Subsequent fluorescence excitation of the resulting OH (OD) fragments yields dynamical information on the photofragmentation event and any resulting intracluster collisions. This technique is used to characterize spectroscopically the Pi(1(01)), upsilon(OH) = 3 <--Sigma(0(00)), upsilon(OH) = 0 overtone band of the Ar-HOD complex with an origin at 10648.27 cm(-1). The effects of Ar complexation on the dissociation dynamics are inferred by comparison of the OD photofragment quantum state distributions resulting from dissociation of single rovibrational states of the complex with those from isolated HOD photodissociation. The important role played by the initial internal state of the complex is demonstrated by comparison of the current Ar-HOD data with previously published results for the Ar-H2O Sigma(0(00))\03(-)> state. We interpret the dramatic differences in the dynamics of the two systems as manifestations of the. nodal structure of the vibrational state in the parent complex and the way in which it governs the collision probability between the Ar atom and the escaping photofragments. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, J Heyrovsky Inst Phys Chem, CR-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic. Univ Warwick, Dept Chem, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Votava, O (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, J Heyrovsky Inst Phys Chem, Dolejskova 3, CR-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic. OI Mackenzie, Stuart/0000-0002-3166-8631 NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 8 PY 2004 VL 120 IS 18 BP 8443 EP 8452 DI 10.1063/1.1697394 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 819EY UT WOS:000221298500014 PM 15267769 ER PT J AU Dunlea, EJ Ravishankara, AR AF Dunlea, EJ Ravishankara, AR TI Kinetic studies of the reactions of O(D-1) with several atmospheric molecules SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC RESONANCE RADIATION; TIME-RESOLVED ATTENUATION; O(1D) RATE CONSTANTS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET; O(21D2); DEACTIVATION; GASES; H2O; PHOTOLYSIS AB The rate coefficients for the removal of O(D-1) by N-2, O-2, N2O, CO2, O-3 and n-butane were measured between 210 and 370 K. The appearance of O(P-3) was observed following photolytic production of O(D-1) in an excess of the reactants. The measured rate coefficients in this study, in units of 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), are: k(1)(N-2) = (0.195 +/- 0.020)exp((125 +/- 20)/T); k(2)(O-2) = (0.365 +/- 0.023)exp((22 +/- 10)/T); k(3)(N2O) = (1.17 +/- 0.20)exp((40 +/- 50)/T); k(4)(CO2) = (0.79 +/- 0.07)exp((110 +/- 20)/T); k(5)(O-3) = (2.65 +/- 0.35)exp((-20 +/- 40)/T); k(6)(n-C4H10) = (5.00 +/- 1.55)exp((-10 +/- 90)/T). The quoted uncertainties include estimated systematic errors and are at the 95% confidence level. Our results are compared with previous measurements, particularly the very recent data from Strekowski et al. (this issue) and Blitz et al., (this issue), to produce a set of rate coefficients most appropriate for use in atmospheric calculations. The newly recommended rate coefficients, in units of 10-(10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), are: k(1)(N-2) = (0.21 +/- 0.02)exp((115 +/- 10)/T); k(2)(O-2) = (0.312 +/- 0.025) exp((70 +/- 10)/T); k(3)(N2O) = (1.11 +/- 0.11)exp((17 +/- 40)/T); k(4)(CO2) (0.74 +/- 0.07)exp((133 +/- 40)/T); k(5)(O-3) = (2.37 +/- 0.36)exp((6 +/- 15)/T); k(6)(n-C4H10) = (5.35 +/- 0.54)exp((-33 +/- 32)/T). C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Dunlea, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,RAL 2, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dunlea@post.harvard.edu; ravi@al.noaa.gov RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 31 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 7 PY 2004 VL 6 IS 9 BP 2152 EP 2161 DI 10.1039/b400247d PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 827FW UT WOS:000221886100036 ER PT J AU Striebel, F Jusinski, LE Fahr, A Halpern, JB Klippenstein, SJ Taatjes, CA AF Striebel, F Jusinski, LE Fahr, A Halpern, JB Klippenstein, SJ Taatjes, CA TI Kinetics of the reaction of vinyl radicals with NO: Ab initio theory, master equation predictions, and laser absorption measurements SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUADRATIC CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION; NITRIC-OXIDE; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; ACETYLENE; THERMOCHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM; ETHYL AB The pulsed laser photolysis/cw laser absorption technique is used to investigate the reaction of vinyl (C2H3) with NO in the temperature range from 295 to 700 K and pressures from 10 to 320 Torr (1.33 to 42.6 kPa). Vinyl radicals are generated by photolysis of vinyl iodide at 266 nm and detected by visible laser absorption in a vibronic band of the ((A) over tilde <-- X) transition near 403 rim. The potential energy surface is explored with both quadratic configuration interaction and multi-reference configuration interaction ab initio calculations. These ab initio predictions are employed in RRKM theory based master equation simulations of the temperature and pressure dependent kinetics. At room temperature, the overall rate constant for removal of vinyl radical by NO is measured to be 1.6+/-0.4 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), with negligible pressure dependence from 10 Torr (1.33 kPa) to 160 Torr (21.3 kPa) of helium. At constant pressure the rate constant decreases rapidly with temperature. At higher temperatures, a falloff of the rate constant to lower pressure is observed. The ab initio characterizations suggest a significant contribution from HCN + CH2O formation, with both isomerization transition states for the pathway leading to this product lying similar to15 kcal mol(-1) (63 kJ mol(-1)) below the entrance channel. The master equation analysis provides a reasonably satisfactory reproduction of the observed kinetic data. The HCN + CH2O bimolecular channel, which proceeds from the addition complex through tight ring forming and opening transition states, has a negative temperature dependence and is the dominant channel for pressures of about 50 Torr (6.7 kPa) and lower. The theoretically predicted zero pressure rate coefficient is reproduced by the modified Arrhenius expression 5.02 x 10(-11)(T/298)(-3.382)exp(-516.3/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (with T in K). C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Howard Univ, Ctr Study Terr & Extraterr Atmospheres, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Klippenstein, SJ (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. EM sjklipp@sandia.gov; cataatj@sandia.gov OI Klippenstein, Stephen/0000-0001-6297-9187 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 7 PY 2004 VL 6 IS 9 BP 2216 EP 2223 DI 10.1039/b401163e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 827FW UT WOS:000221886100044 ER PT J AU Zabow, G Conroy, RS Prentiss, MG AF Zabow, G Conroy, RS Prentiss, MG TI Coherent matter-wave manipulation in the diabatic limit SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GUIDING NEUTRAL ATOMS; MIRRORS; WIRES; CHIPS AB Guided systems for coherent matter waves are expected to offer substantial improvements over unguided systems, but adiabatic coupler proposals have proven difficult to realize. We outline instead considerations for a coherence-preserving diabatic approach enabling filters, couplers, and interferometers that can accept multimode guide inputs of up to magneto-optical-trap temperatures. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Zabow, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Conroy, Richard/D-1979-2009 OI Conroy, Richard/0000-0002-8896-6090 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAY 7 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 18 AR 180404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.180404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 818XN UT WOS:000221277900004 PM 15169474 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Neuman, JA Roberts, JM Williams, J Stroud, CA Frost, GJ Trainer, M Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Flocke, F Weinheimer, AJ AF Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Neuman, JA Roberts, JM Williams, J Stroud, CA Frost, GJ Trainer, M Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Flocke, F Weinheimer, AJ TI Fraction and composition of NOy transported in air masses lofted from the North American continental boundary layer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nitrogen oxides; transport; removal ID REACTIVE OXIDIZED NITROGEN; FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION; TRACE GAS-COMPOSITION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ATLANTIC OCEAN; UNITED-STATES; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; OZONE FORMATION; NITRIC-OXIDE AB [1] Five field studies have included research aircraft flights over the continental United States and the western North Atlantic Ocean from 1996 through 2000 in spring, summer, and fall seasons. The major source of NOx in this region is fossil fuel combustion, which is localized within the continental boundary layer (CBL). We use CO as a tracer of these anthropogenic emissions to estimate the fraction of the emitted NOx that is exported to the free troposphere (FT), either as NOx itself or as its oxidation products. This export was identified as plumes enhanced in CO above an estimated background by at least 30 ppbv, which account for 20-31% of the air parcels sampled in the FT during the five field studies. These plumes were encountered throughout the FT up to the 8 km ceiling of the aircraft but were primarily located just above the CBL with average altitudes of 3.0-4.1 km above ground level. In the summer over the continent, only 20 +/- 5% of the originally emitted nitrogen oxides was transported in those plumes. This fraction is in reasonable accord with model results, but the models include only deep convection and not the shallow CBL venting mechanisms responsible for the observed plumes. During the two field studies in the early fall and in the spring over the western North Atlantic, we find that 9 +/- 4% of the NOy was transported, although Li et al. [2004] suggest that this is an underestimate and that 15 +/- 11% is more accurate. Both of these numbers indicate that model results in the literature overestimate the amount of NOy transported from the CBL to the FT. In these five field studies, HNO3 generally accounted for one-half to two-thirds of the NOy, which is in contrast to the dominance by NOx and organic nitrates suggested by models. Over the North Atlantic, this difference is likely due to further photochemical processing of the NOy species within the FT and over the continent due to the different transport mechanism considered in the models. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-E-AL7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dparrish@al.noaa.gov RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 55 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 6 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D9 AR D09302 DI 10.1029/2003JD004226 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 819RX UT WOS:000221333800002 ER PT J AU Fu, Q Johanson, CM Warren, SG Seidel, DJ AF Fu, Q Johanson, CM Warren, SG Seidel, DJ TI Contribution of stratospheric cooling to satellite-inferred tropospheric temperature trends SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; SURFACE; RECORDS; DATASET AB From 1979 to 2001, temperatures observed globally by the mid-tropospheric channel of the satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU channel 2), as well as the inferred temperatures in the lower troposphere, show only small warming trends of less than 0.1 K per decade (refs 1 - 3). Surface temperatures based on in situ observations however, exhibit a larger warming of similar to0.17 K per decade ( refs 4, 5), and global climate models forced by combined anthropogenic and natural factors project an increase in tropospheric temperatures that is somewhat larger than the surface temperature increase(6-8). Here we show that trends in MSU channel 2 temperatures are weak because the instrument partly records stratospheric temperatures whose large cooling trend(9) offsets the contributions of tropospheric warming. We quantify the stratospheric contribution to MSU channel 2 temperatures using MSU channel 4, which records only stratospheric temperatures. The resulting trend of reconstructed tropospheric temperatures from satellite data is physically consistent with the observed surface temperature trend. For the tropics, the tropospheric warming is similar to1.6 times the surface warming, as expected for a moist adiabatic lapse rate. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Fu, Q (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM qfu@atmos.washington.edu NR 30 TC 109 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 6 PY 2004 VL 429 IS 6987 BP 55 EP 58 DI 10.1038/nature02524 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 818CB UT WOS:000221222100041 PM 15129277 ER PT J AU Stevenson, DE Orr, JW Hoff, GR McEachran, JD AF Stevenson, DE Orr, JW Hoff, GR McEachran, JD TI Bathyraja mariposa: A new species of skate (Rajidae : Arhynchobatinae) from the Aleutian islands SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; CHONDRICHTHYES; RAJOIDEI AB A new species of the skate genus Bathyraja, Bathyraja mariposa, is described from the Aleutian Islands and its geographic and bathymetric range documented. Bathyraja mariposa is similar to Bathyraja violacea and Rhinoraja taranetzi in its moderate maximum size and absence of thorns on the disc. However, it can be clearly distinguished from B. violacea by its distinctive color pattern, uniform covering of fine denticles, and clasper morphology. It can be distinguished from R. taranetzi and other similar western North Pacific species by the lack of a pseudosiphon on the clasper as well as by differences in various morphometric and meristic characters. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stevenson, DE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM duane.stevenson@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 5 PY 2004 IS 2 BP 305 EP 314 DI 10.1643/CI-03-236R1 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 819SX UT WOS:000221336700009 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ West, MA Zivotofsky, D Zivotofsky, AZ Bowser, PR Collett, BB AF Govoni, JJ West, MA Zivotofsky, D Zivotofsky, AZ Bowser, PR Collett, BB TI Ontogeny of squamation in swordfish, Xiphias gladius SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SCALE RESORPTION; GROWTH; AGE; ESTRADIOL-17-BETA; MORPHOLOGY; ATLANTIC AB Spinoid scales appear early in the development of Swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and are first discernable in the larval stage. Scales vary in form between two principal types: small single and multispined scales and large multispined scales. Unlike the typical telcostean condition, Xiphias scales are attached along their base, not at their proximal end within scale pockets. Scales persist in juveniles and adults, that is, scales are not shed or resorbed. Scales become more deeply embedded within the dermis as the dermis thickens in ontogeny; consequently only the tips of spines protrude through the dermis of adults. A network of mucous canals with regularly spaced pores to the exterior develop in the dermis of adults, and the mucus produced further insulates scales from the surface of the integument. The ontogeny of the squamation of Xiphias differs front that of the related Istiophoridae. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Bar Ilan Univ, Brain Sci Program, Interdisciplinary Unit, IL-52100 Ramat Gan, Israel. Cornell Univ, Aquat Anim Hlth Program, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Mrine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM jeff.govoni@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 5 PY 2004 IS 2 BP 391 EP 396 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 819SX UT WOS:000221336700020 ER PT J AU Messick, GA Overstreet, RM Nalepa, TF Tyler, S AF Messick, GA Overstreet, RM Nalepa, TF Tyler, S TI Prevalence of parasites in amphipods Diporeia spp. from Lakes Michigan and Huron, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Diporeia spp.; parasites; amphipods; freshwater; rickettsia; haplosporidian; microsporidian; yeast ID RIVULOGAMMARUS-PULEX; INTERMEDIATE HOST; CRUSTACEAN HOSTS; INFECTIONS; ONTARIO; TRANSMISSION; PONTOPOREIA; GAMMARUS; BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS AB Amphipods of Diporeia spp. have declined considerably during the last decade in the Great Lakes. We examined the possibility that disease may be affecting these populations. A histological survey assessed the parasites in species of Diporeia within Lakes Huron and Michigan, USA, and the host response to some of them and to unknown factors. Amphipods were found to have an intranuclear inclusion body, and were hosts to a rickettsia-like organism, fungi, a haplosporidian, a microsporidian, epibiotic ciliates, a gregarine, a cestode, acanthocephalans and nodule formations. Epibiotic ciliates were most common (37 % prevalence of infection), but a microsporidian (3.8 %), a rickettsia-like organism (1.6 %), fungi, including a yeast-like organism (1.3 %), worms (1.3 %), and a haplosporidian (0.7 %) are likely associated with mortalities or detrimental effects on the host. The role these agents may have played in the decline of Diporeia spp. in the Great Lakes over the last decade is not clear. Interrelationships with the dynamics of various physical and biological factors such as high sedimentation, diminished food supplies, and virulent parasites could synergistically cause the decline in Diporeia spp. populations in Lakes Michigan and Huron. C1 Cooperat Oxford Lab, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Messick, GA (reprint author), Cooperat Oxford Lab, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 904 S Morris St, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM gretchen.messick@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD MAY 5 PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.3354/dao059159 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 834FX UT WOS:000222398100010 PM 15212283 ER PT J AU Perrie, W Zhang, WQ Ren, XJ Long, ZX Hare, J AF Perrie, W Zhang, WQ Ren, XJ Long, ZX Hare, J TI The role of midlatitude storms on air-sea exchange of CO2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAS-EXCHANGE; WIND-SPEED; OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; MODEL AB Hurricanes influence the local rates of air-sea CO2 exchange. Changes in fCO(2w), the fugacity of CO2 in bulk water, result from storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) changes and from upwelling. Using numerical studies and comparing recent formulations for the gas transfer velocity k(L), we discuss the impact of Hurricane Gustav (2002) on fCO(2)w and air-sea CO2 exchange. We show that Gustav resulted in enhanced CO2 flux, with the maximum occurring at the storm's peak intensity. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Engn Math, Halifax, NS, Canada. Nanjing Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. Univ Colorado, CIRES, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. RP Perrie, W (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, POB 1006,1 Challenger Dr, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. EM perriew@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 16 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 5 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 9 AR L09306 DI 10.1029/2003GL019212 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 819RT UT WOS:000221333300003 ER PT J AU Gall, K West, N Spark, K Dunn, ML Finch, DS AF Gall, K West, N Spark, K Dunn, ML Finch, DS TI Creep of thin film Au on bimaterial Au/Si microcantilevers SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE thin films; creep; stress relaxation; diffusion; recovery; microstructure coarsening ID FREESTANDING GOLD-FILMS; DIFFUSIONAL CREEP; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INTERFACIAL-TENSION; STRESS-RELAXATION; ALUMINUM FILMS; GRAINED FILMS; DEFORMATION; EVOLUTION; BEHAVIOR AB We examine creep of thin film Au on curved bimaterial Au/Si microcantilevers. Time-dependent inelastic strains in the Au film lead to gradual changes in the microcantilever curvature over time. Curvature-temperature-time experiments are used to examine the effects of hold temperature and maximum annealing temperature on the inelastic response of the Au films. Experiments reveal inelastic strains in the Au films due to creep, recovery, and microstructural coarsening. At moderate hold temperatures, 30 degreesC < T < 175 degreesC, inelasticity in the An films is observed to be a competition between creep and recovery. Creep strains are driven by tensile stresses in the film and serve to decrease the microcantilever curvature towards the equilibrium curvature of the underlying Si beam. Strains due to recovery of the metastable ALL cause contraction of the film and the development of intrinsic tensile film stresses. At higher hold temperatures T > 175 degreesC, the response of the film is dominated by microstructural coarsening which leads to an expansion of the film, the development of intrinsic compressive film stresses, and hillock formation. The recovery and microstructural coarsening both lead to 'anomalous' changes in microcantilever Curvature since the curvature gradually increases or decreases away from the equilibrium curvature of the underlying Si. The inelastic behavior of the Au film is shown to depend oil annealing temperature through changes in initial film stress after thermo-elastic cooling and degree of recovery. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Engn Mech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Reliabil Div 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gall, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Engn Mech, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Kenneth.Gall@Colorado.edu OI DUNN, MARTIN/0000-0002-4531-9176 NR 52 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD MAY 3 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 8 BP 2133 EP 2146 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.01.005 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 820JS UT WOS:000221385600003 ER PT J AU Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P Delaporte, M Alix, JH Smith, BC Dixon, MS Quere, C Le Coz, JR Paillard, C Moal, J Samain, JF AF Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P Delaporte, M Alix, JH Smith, BC Dixon, MS Quere, C Le Coz, JR Paillard, C Moal, J Samain, JF TI Immunological competence of eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, fed different microalgal diets and challenged with a temperature elevation SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Crassostrea virginica; nutrition; stress; immunology; flow cytometry ID FLOW-CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION; AMERICAN OYSTERS; HEMOCYTES; FLORIDA; DISEASE; GROWTH; ALGAL; SUSCEPTIBILITY; STRAINS AB The influence of nutrition, in terms of both quantity and quality, upon innate immune system competence (cellular defense mechanisms) was explored experimentally in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Oysters (ca. 50 mm shell height) were fed diets of two cultured microalgal strains, Tetraselmis chui strain PLY429 and Skeletonema costatum strain LB1077/1B, known to differ in biochemical composition-both alone and as a 50:50 mix-at two daily rations. Unfed controls also were included. After 5 weeks of feeding at 20 degreesC, the temperature was increased to 28 degreesC over 2 days, and the oysters were fed the same algal diets for one additional week. Dependent variables measured by flow cytometry, both before and after temperature increase, were hematological characteristics (relative percentages, sizes and granularities of four hemocyte types) and hemocyte defense-related activities (viability, aggregation and adherence, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst). Main effects and interactions of temperature increase, food quantity, and food quality upon each immunological variable were determined by ANOVA. Furthermore, Discriminant Analysis (DA) was applied to identify a suite of immunological parameters capable of differentiating oysters from the separate dietary treatments, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to characterize relationships between immunological variables. ANOVA of individual immunological variables revealed few significant main effects or interactions of food quantity, quality, and temperature increase; however, trends were apparent. A DA model, incorporating several immune function variables, differentiated oysters according to the food quantity and quality treatments from which they were taken. PCA revealed positive relationships between hemocyte phagocytosis and aggregation, which had a negative relationship with respiratory burst and mortality. Accordingly, we characterized "healthy" oyster immune capability as (1) highly aggregating and (2) phagocytic hemocytes with (3) low mortality and (4) low respiratory burst, and "unhealthy" immune function as the opposite. Temperature increase had a significant (p < 0.05 ANOVA) effect upon the PCA profile, resulting in an increased respiratory burst and mortality and decreased phagocytosis and aggregation. Starved oysters showed the combined characteristics describing the "unhealthy" condition in the PCA. Moreover, the oysters fed different diets had different immune responses, as revealed by the PCA profiles, to the temperature elevation. These findings demonstrate that diet is important in the immune functions of oysters and that both starvation and high-temperature stress (sudden temperature elevation) change the immune system capability of oysters, thereby possibly making them more susceptible to disease and parasites. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. UBO, IUEM, LEMAR, UMR 6539, Plouzane, France. IFREMER, Lab Physiol Invertebres, Brest, France. RP Wikfors, GH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Gary.Wikfors@noaa.gov RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 EI 1873-5622 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 3 PY 2004 VL 234 IS 1-4 BP 541 EP 560 DI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.010 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 815VE UT WOS:000221069000035 ER PT J AU Bienfang, JC Gross, AJ Mink, A Hershman, BJ Nakassis, A Tang, X Lu, R Su, DH Clark, CW Williams, CJ Hagley, EW Wen, J AF Bienfang, JC Gross, AJ Mink, A Hershman, BJ Nakassis, A Tang, X Lu, R Su, DH Clark, CW Williams, CJ Hagley, EW Wen, J TI Quantum key distribution with 1.25 Gbps clock synchronization SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID NONORTHOGONAL STATES AB We have demonstrated the exchange of sifted quantum cryptographic key over a 730 meter free-space link at rates of up to 1.0 Mbps, two orders of magnitude faster than previously reported results. A classical channel at 1550 nm operates in parallel with a quantum channel at 845 nm. Clock recovery techniques on the classical channel at 1.25 Gbps enable quantum transmission at up to the clock rate. System performance is currently limited by the timing resolution of our silicon avalanche photodiode detectors. With improved detector resolution, our technique will yield another order of magnitude increase in performance, with existing technology. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acadia Optron LLC, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Bienfang, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bienfang@nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 13 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD MAY 3 PY 2004 VL 12 IS 9 BP 2011 EP 2016 DI 10.1364/OPEX.12.002011 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 820XN UT WOS:000221423300030 PM 19475036 ER PT J AU Smith, N Mayhew, M Holden, MJ Kelly, H Robinson, H Heroux, A Vilker, VL Gallagher, DT AF Smith, N Mayhew, M Holden, MJ Kelly, H Robinson, H Heroux, A Vilker, VL Gallagher, DT TI Structure of C73G putidaredoxin from Pseudomonas putida SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-TRANSFER; REDUCED PUTIDAREDOXIN; 2FE-2S FERREDOXIN; 5-MONOOXYGENASE; DYNAMICS; PROGRAM; COMPLEX; P450CAM; SYSTEM AB The structure of the C73G mutant of putidaredoxin (Pdx), the Fe2S2 ferredoxin that supplies electrons to cytochrome CYP101 (P450cam) for camphor oxidation, is reported at 1.9 Angstrom resolution in a C2 crystal form. The structure was solved by single-wavelength iron anomalous diffraction, which yielded electron density above the 2sigma level for over 97% of the non-H atoms in the protein. The final structure with R = 0.19 and R-free = 0.21 has been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession code 1r7s. The C2 crystal contains three Pdx molecules in the asymmetric unit, giving three independent models of the protein that are very similar (r.m.s.d. < 0.3 &ANGS; for the 106 C-α atoms). The unusually high solvent fraction of 80% results in comparatively few crystal-packing artifacts. The structure is briefly compared with the recently reported crystal structures of the C73S and C73S/C85S mutants. In general, the eight independent molecules in the three crystal structures (three in C73G, three in C73S and two in C73S/C85S) are much more similar to each other than to the previously reported NMR structure of wild-type Pdx in solution. The present findings show a unanimous structure in some regions crucial for electron-transfer interactions, including the cluster-binding loop 39-48 and the cytochrome-interaction region of Asp38 and Trp106. In addition, the Cys45 amide group donates a hydrogen bond to cluster sulfur S1, with Ala46 adopting an La conformation, in all three molecules in the crystal. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM travis.gallagher@nist.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 60 BP 816 EP 822 DI 10.1107/S0907444904003348 PN 5 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 814BU UT WOS:000220951000003 PM 15103126 ER PT J AU Guo, L Pietkiewicz, D Pavlov, EV Grigoriev, SM Kasianowicz, JJ Dejean, LM Korsmeyer, SJ Antonsson, B Kinnally, KW AF Guo, L Pietkiewicz, D Pavlov, EV Grigoriev, SM Kasianowicz, JJ Dejean, LM Korsmeyer, SJ Antonsson, B Kinnally, KW TI Effects of cytochrome c on the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel MAC SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE patch clamp; ion channels ID CONDUCTANCE CHANNEL; MEMBRANE CHANNEL; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; ION-CHANNEL; BAX; PORE; DEATH; BCL-2; RESOLUTION; TRANSPORT AB Recent studies indicate that cytochrome c is released early in apoptosis without loss of integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane in some cell types. The high-conductance mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC) forms in the outer membrane early in apoptosis of FL5.12 cells. Physiological (micromolar) levels of cytochrome c alter MAC activity, and these effects are referred to as types 1 and 2. Type 1 effects are consistent with a partitioning of cytochrome c into the pore of MAC and include a modest decrease in conductance that is dose and voltage dependent, reversible, and has an increase in noise. Type 2 effects may correspond to "plugging" of the pore or destabilization of the open state. Type 2 effects are a dose-dependent, voltage-independent, and irreversible decrease in conductance. MAC is a heterogeneous channel with variable conductance. Cytochrome c affects MAC in a pore size-dependent manner, with maximal effects of cytochrome c on MAC with conductance of 1.9-5.4 nS. The effects of cytochrome c, RNase A, and high salt on MAC indicate that size, rather than charge, is crucial. The effects of dextran molecules of various sizes indicate that the pore diameter of MAC is slightly larger than that of 17-kDa dextran, which should be sufficient to allow the passage of 12-kDa cytochrome c. These findings are consistent with the notion that MAC is the pore through which cytochrome c is released from mitochondria during apoptosis. C1 NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Basic Sci, New York, NY 10010 USA. Serono Int, Serono Pharmaceut Res Inst, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kinnally, KW (reprint author), NYU, Coll Dent, Dept Basic Sci, 345 E 24th St, New York, NY 10010 USA. EM kathleen.kinnally@nyu.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-57249] NR 39 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 286 IS 5 BP C1109 EP C1117 DI 10.1152/ajpcell.00183.2003 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 808SF UT WOS:000220588100014 PM 15075210 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Kearsley, AJ Guttman, CM AF Wallace, WE Kearsley, AJ Guttman, CM TI MassSpectator: Fully automated peak picking and integration - A Web-based tool for locating mass spectral peaks and calculating their areas without user input. SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 9 BP 183A EP 184A PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 817VV UT WOS:000221205900008 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Kearsley, AJ Guttman, CM AF Wallace, WE Kearsley, AJ Guttman, CM TI An operator-independent approach to mass spectral peak identification and integration SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETRY; ALGORITHM AB A mathematical algorithm is presented that locates and calculates the area beneath peaks from real data using only reproducible mathematical operations and no user-selected parameters. It makes no assumptions about peak shape and requires no smoothing or preprocessing of the data. In fact, it is shown that for matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectra noise exists at all frequency ranges making the smoothing of data without distortion of peak areas impossible. The algorithm is based on a time-series segmentation routine that reduces the data set to groups of three strategic points where each group defines the beginning, center, and ending of each peak located. The peak,areas are found from the strategic points using a commonplace polygonal area calculation routine. Peaks with statistically insignificant height or area are then discarded. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on a polystyrene mass spectrum with varying degrees of noise added either mathematically or experimentally. An on-line implementation of the method, termed MassSpectator, for public use can be found at www.nist.gov/maldi. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.wallace@nist.gov NR 18 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2446 EP 2452 DI 10.1021/ac0354701 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 817VV UT WOS:000221205900012 PM 15117182 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, EL TI Diffraction effects on broadband radiation: formulation for computing total irradiance SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB I present a formulation for treating diffraction effects on total irradiance in the case of a Planck source; earlier work generally depended on calculating diffraction effects on spectral irradiance followed by summation over spectral components. The formulation is derived and demonstrated for Fraunhofer diffraction by circular apertures, rectangular apertures and slits, and Fresnel diffraction by circular apertures. The prospects for treating other sources and optical systems are also discussed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirley, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 13 BP 2609 EP 2620 DI 10.1364/AO.43.002609 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 816EL UT WOS:000221093100001 PM 15130000 ER PT J AU Eppeldauer, GP Racz, M AF Eppeldauer, GP Racz, M TI Design and characterization of a photometer-colorimeter standard SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION; REALIZATION; RADIOMETER; SCALE AB A photometer and tristimulus colorimeter has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to realize a color scale. A novel construction was developed to implement the spectral-responsivity-based scale with small uncertainty. The new device can be used as a reference illuminance and luminance meter as well. Temperature-controlled filter combinations, with 5-8 layers in one package, are used to match the responsivity of a silicon tunnel-trap detector to the CIE color-matching functions with small spectral mismatch values (f(1)'). Design considerations to extend the tunnel-trap detector with replaceable single and double apertures and changeable filter combinations are described. The design and fabrication of the filter packages and the dependence of the f(1)' values on the thickness of the filter layers are discussed. The colorimeter was characterized for angular, spatial, and spectral responsivity. An improved preamplifier can convert current to voltage in an 11-decade dynamic range with 0.01% uncertainty. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Konkoly Observ, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.eppeldauer@nist.gov NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 13 BP 2621 EP 2631 DI 10.1364/AO.43.002621 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 816EL UT WOS:000221093100002 PM 15130001 ER PT J AU Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE Kenworthy, WJ Colby, DR Julius, BE AF Fonseca, MS Whitfield, PE Kenworthy, WJ Colby, DR Julius, BE TI Use of two spatially explicit models to determine the effect of injury geometry on natural resource recovery SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE seagrass; injury geometry; disturbance; recovery; cellular automata; assessment ID SEAGRASS THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; PATCH SIZE; INFAUNAL BIVALVE; PROPELLER SCARS; GROWTH; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE; LANDSCAPE; SURVIVAL; BAY AB 1. Disturbance to sessile communities has been evaluated in a wide variety of terrestrial and marine settings, but, to our knowledge, recovery has not explicitly considered the effects of injury shape, except in an exploratory fashion. Therefore, we have developed a simple, but spatially explicit relationship between the geometry of a disturbance and the recovery rate in the context of natural resource damage assessment. 2. Here, grounding of motor vessels in shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii), manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme), and turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) habitats results in a variety of injury shapes whose recovery must be evaluated to assign penalties and restoration costs to the party responsible. 3. We developed two spatially explicit, cellular automata modelling techniques to evaluate injury recovery trajectory. Techniques in both SAS(R) and ArcINFO(R) were developed and applied to injuries of varying perimeter but fixed area. 4. The SAS method utilized either a simple Boolean or probabalistic interrogation of the status of adjacent pixels using the matrix language component of the software. ArcINFO utilized a cost/ distance module to evaluate proximity of unfilled to filled (colonized) pixels and then applied a decision rule that governed conversion from unfilled to a filled state. As expected, the greater the perimeter/area ratio, the faster the recovery; and modelling approaches yielded almost identical results. 5. A case study involving similar to 1200 m(2) of almost monotypic T. testudinum revealed that both models predicted that 100% recovery of above-ground components of the injury would not occur for approximately 60 years. This model is now being used routinely in the assessment of vessel groundings in seagrass beds within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and has been used successfully by the Government to prevail in US Federal Court challenges. Both methods have substantial, untapped capabilities to explore the effect of numerous ecological effects on the processes influencing recovery from disturbance. Published in 2004 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Natl Ocean Serv, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Mark.Fonseca@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 281 EP 298 DI 10.1002/aqc.610 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 831UY UT WOS:000222223100006 ER PT J AU Yashar, D Domanski, PA AF Yashar, D Domanski, PA TI MEMS sensors for HVAC&R - Small, fast cheap SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yashar, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, HVAC&R Equipment Performance Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 46 IS 5 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 818KW UT WOS:000221245000016 ER PT J AU Penton, SV Stocke, JT Shull, JM AF Penton, SV Stocke, JT Shull, JM TI The local Ly alpha forest. IV. Space telescope imaging spectrograph G140M spectra and results on the distribution and baryon content of HI absorbers SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE intergalactic medium; quasars : absorption lines; ultraviolet : galaxies ID LINE KEY PROJECT; LOW-REDSHIFT; LYMAN-ALPHA; ABSORPTION-LINES; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; GASEOUS EXTENT; GALAXY NGC-985; HUBBLE; QUASAR AB We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) G140M spectra of 15 extragalactic targets, which we combine with GHRS/G160M data to examine the statistical properties of the low-z Lyalpha forest. With STIS, we detect 109 Lyalpha absorbers at significance level (SL) of greater than or equal to 4 sigma over 0.002 < z < 0.069, with a total redshift path length Deltaz = 0.770. Our combined sample consists of 187 Lyalpha absorbers with SL greater than or equal to 4 sigma over Deltaz = 1.157. We evaluate the physical properties of these Lyalpha absorbers and compare them to their high-z counterparts. Using two different models for Lyalpha forest absorbers, we determine that the warm, photoionized intergalactic medium contains 29% +/- 4% of the total baryon inventory at z = 0 (assuming J(0) = 1.3 x 10(-23) ergs cm(-2) s(-1) Hz(-1) sr(-1)). We derive the distribution in column density, N-H I(-1.65 +/- 0.07) for 12.5 less than or equal to log [N-H I(cm(-2)) less than or equal to 14.5, breaking to a flatter slope above log [N-H I] approximate to 14.5. As with the high equivalent width (W > 240 mAngstrom) absorbers, the number density of low-W absorbers at z = 0 is well above the extrapolation of dN/dz from z > 2. However, log (dN/dz)(z =0)] = 1.40 +/- 0.08 for W > 240 mAngstrom is 25% below the value obtained by the HST QSO Key Project, a difference that may arise from line blending. The slowing of the number density evolution of high-W Lyalpha clouds is not as great as previously measured, and the break to slower evolution may occur later than previously suggested (z similar to 1.0 rather than 1.6). We find a 7.2 sigma excess in the two-point correlation function (TPCF) of Lyalpha absorbers for velocity separations Deltav less than or equal to 260 km s(-1), which is exclusively due to the higher column density clouds. From our previous result that higher column density Lyalpha clouds cluster more strongly with galaxies, this TPCF suggests a physical difference between the higher and lower column density clouds in our sample. The systematic error produced by cosmic variance on these results increases the total errors on derived quantities by similar toroot2. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Penton, SV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM spenton@casa.colorado.edu; stocke@casa.colorado.edu; mshull@casa.colorado.edu NR 74 TC 125 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 152 IS 1 BP 29 EP 62 DI 10.1086/382877 PG 34 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 813SB UT WOS:000220925700002 ER PT J AU Williams, RL Albus, JS Bostelman, RV AF Williams, RL Albus, JS Bostelman, RV TI Self-contained automated construction deposition system SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE automated construction; deposition; mobility; metrology; RoboCrane; cable-suspended; self-contained; forward pose kinematics AB This article presents a novel autonomous system concept for automated construction of houses and other buildings via deposition of concrete and similar materials. The overall system consists of a novel cable-suspended mobility subsystem (a selfcontained extension of the RoboCrane), a deposition nozzle subsystem, a metrology subsystem, and a material supply subsystem. This article focuses mainly on the kinematics and statics analysis for control of the self-contained cable-suspended mobility subsystem. We also present alternate design concepts for the mobility system. The purpose of the Cartesian metrology system is to provide an outer-loop controller to provide the required Cartesian pose motions despite uncertainties and umnodeled effects such as cable stretch, wear, and flexibility, plus wind loads. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stocker Ctr 257, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stocker Ctr 257, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM williar4@ohio.edu NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-5805 EI 1872-7891 J9 AUTOMAT CONSTR JI Autom. Constr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 393 EP 407 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2004.01.001 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 811JE UT WOS:000220767400008 ER PT J AU Benda, L Poff, NL Miller, D Dunne, T Reeves, G Pess, G Pollock, M AF Benda, L Poff, NL Miller, D Dunne, T Reeves, G Pess, G Pollock, M TI The network dynamics hypothesis: How channel networks structure riverine habitats SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE river ecology; landscape ecology; fluvial geomorphology; river networks; disturbance ID DEBRIS FLOWS; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; CONTINUUM CONCEPT; PATCH DYNAMICS; STREAM ECOLOGY; DISTURBANCE; PERSPECTIVE; CONFLUENCES; USA AB Hierarchical and branching river networks interact with dynamic watershed disturbances, such as fires, storms, and floods, to impose a spatial and temporal organization on the nonuniform distribution of riverine habitats, with consequences fir biological diversity and productivity. Abrupt changes in water and sediment flux occur at channel confluences in river networks and trigger changes in channel and floodplain morphology. This observation, when taken in the context of a river network as a population of channels and their confluences, allows the development of testable predictions about how basin size, basin shape, drainage density, and network geometry interact to regulate the spatial distribution of physical diversity in channel and riparian attributes throughout a river basin. The spatial structure of river networks also regulates how stochastic watershed disturbances influence the morphology and ages of fluvial features found at confluences. C1 Earth Syst Inst, Mt Shasta, CA 96067 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Earth Syst Inst, Seattle, WA 98107 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Benda, L (reprint author), Earth Syst Inst, 310 N Mt Shasta Blvd, Mt Shasta, CA 96067 USA. EM leebenda@aol.com RI Poff, Nathan/C-1239-2009; Dunne, Thomas/B-6374-2014 OI Dunne, Thomas/0000-0002-5281-6517 NR 71 TC 373 Z9 392 U1 8 U2 180 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAY PY 2004 VL 54 IS 5 BP 413 EP 427 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0413:TNDHHC]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 820TJ UT WOS:000221411900010 ER PT J AU Brodziak, JKT Mace, PM Overholtz, WJ Rago, PJ AF Brodziak, JKT Mace, PM Overholtz, WJ Rago, PJ TI Ecosystem trade-offs in managing New England fisheries SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 05-07, 2002 CL Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL SP William R & Lenore Mote Endowment, Florida State Univ HO Mote Marine Lab ID GEORGES BANK; PELAGIC FISH; IMPACTS; MANAGEMENT AB We describe some recent experiences with ecosystem trade-offs in managing marine fisheries in New England. Conflicting legislative mandates to conserve fishery resources while sustaining fisheries, protecting essential fish habitat, and promoting the recovery of protected species are underlying themes. In the Atlantic sea-scallop fishery, spatial management approaches are promising but require trade-offs with groundfish closed areas and protection of essential fish habitat. Rebuilding groundfish stocks and promoting the recovery of endangered and threatened species have conflicted with traditional policies of allowing unrestricted access to fishing grounds. For the Atlantic herring and mackerel fisheries, we describe trade-offs between maintaining these abundant pelagic stocks and minimizing forgone yields and negative fishery feedbacks. Although applying a holistic ecosystem approach to management of New England marine fisheries should reduce conflicts and improve stakeholder satisfaction, such ail approach will, in practice, be tempered by political interests and the willingness of the public to pay for increased management and resource costs. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Brodziak, JKT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jon.brodziak@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 74 IS 3 BP 529 EP 548 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 845ZG UT WOS:000223283600005 ER PT J AU Kitchell, JF Kaplan, IC Cox, SP Martell, SJD Essington, TE Boggs, CH Walters, CJ AF Kitchell, JF Kaplan, IC Cox, SP Martell, SJD Essington, TE Boggs, CH Walters, CJ TI Ecological and economic components of alternative fishing methods to reduce by-catch of marlin in a tropical pelagic ecosystem SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium in Fisheries Ecology CY NOV 05-07, 2002 CL Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL SP William R & Lenore Mote Endowment, Florida State Univ HO Mote Marine Lab ID CENTRAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS; TUNAS AB Recently, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service was petitioned to list North Atlantic white marlin as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA requires a stock assessment of status and trends for listed species and will severely restrict U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries, but because by-catch by foreign longline fleets account for more than 95% of marlin mortality, applying the ESA to U.S. fleets would have little direct effect. We analyzed an alternative management policy by using an Ecosim model of the central north Pacific to simulate a fishing strategy that reduces marlin by-catch by removing longline hooks that fish in water less than 120 m in depth. Mortality rates might be reduced by about 50% through removal of less than 15% of hooks. After 30 yrs, blue marlin biomass had increased to 2.8 times, and striped marlin biomass to about 1.8 times, that expected under no change in fishing practices. Ecological consequences included decreased abundance of adult yellowfin tuna. This result produced an economic trade-off of lost fishery revenues (primarily yellowfin tuna) and gains due to increased catches of billfishes in recreational fisheries. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Kitchell, JF (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012; Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012 NR 41 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 74 IS 3 BP 607 EP 619 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 845ZG UT WOS:000223283600009 ER PT J AU Goni, GJ DeMaria, M Trinanes, JA Black, P AF Goni, GJ DeMaria, M Trinanes, JA Black, P TI Improving hurricane intensification prediction SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology CY MAY 03-07, 2004 CL Miami, FL C1 NOAA, AOML, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Goni, Gustavo/D-2017-2012 OI Goni, Gustavo/0000-0001-7093-3170 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 665 EP 666 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 828UG UT WOS:000221998200017 ER PT J AU McPhaden, MJ AF McPhaden, MJ TI Evolution of the 2002/03 El Nino SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; WESTERN PACIFIC; WARM POOL; LA-NINA; COUPLED MODEL; BARRIER LAYER AB Recent observations highlight how far we have come, and how far we have yet to go, in our ability to under-stand and accurately predict El Nino. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 81 TC 204 Z9 210 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 677 EP 695 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-5-677 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 828UG UT WOS:000221998200021 ER PT J AU Harada, H Rouse, MA Sunda, W Kiene, RP AF Harada, H Rouse, MA Sunda, W Kiene, RP TI Latitudinal and vertical distributions of particle-associated dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase activity in the western North Atlantic Ocean SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMS(P) and Related Compounds CY SEP 26-28, 2002 CL Rimouski, CANADA ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; COCCOLITHOPHORID BLOOM; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; GLYCINE BETAINE; DISSOLVED DMSP; DIMETHYLSULFIDE; CULTURES; SULFUR; SEA; RADIATION AB Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase enzymes cleave phytoplankton-derived DMSP into dimethylsulfide (DMS) and acrylate. We measured particle-associated (>0.7 mum) DMSP lyase activity (DLA) in diverse waters from the Gulf of Maine to the Sargasso Sea. DLA fell within a relatively narrow range (0.63-5.4 nmol DMS.L(-1.)min(-1)), with no significant geographic trend. DLA was, however, generally highest near the surface and decreased with depth within the euphotic zone. When normalized to chlorophyll a (Chl a), DLA was significantly higher in oligotrophic surface waters of the Sargasso Sea (DLA:Chl a = 33-53 nmol DMS.min(-1.)mug Chl a(-1)) compared with more productive Gulf of Maine waters (DLA:Chl a = 0.5-7.9 nmol DMS.min(-1.)mug Chl a(-1)). In optically clear waters of the Sargasso Sea, DLA:Chl a was generally highest near the surface and decreased with depth, following a similar trend to that of the photoprotective pigment diadinoxanthin. When ammonium and phosphate were added to oligotrophic water from the Sargasso Sea, Chl a increased exponentially, whereas DLA:Chl a decreased by 83%. Our results suggest that Chl a specific DLA is highest when plankton are exposed to high solar radiation and low nutrients, consistent with the idea that DMSP lyases may be involved in oxidative stress protection. C1 Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, CCFHR, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Harada, H (reprint author), Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. EM bharada@yahoo.com NR 34 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 5 BP 700 EP 711 DI 10.1139/F04-046 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 834DB UT WOS:000222390700004 ER PT J AU Willis, PM Crespi, BJ Dill, LM Baird, RW Hanson, MB AF Willis, PM Crespi, BJ Dill, LM Baird, RW Hanson, MB TI Natural hybridization between Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID WHALE BALAENOPTERA-MUSCULUS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; FIN WHALE; BLUE WHALE; B-PHYSALUS; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; EVOLUTION; CETACEA; HYBRID; IDENTIFICATION AB Natural hybridization occurs rarely in mammals compared with other taxonomic groups of animals. Cetaceans appear unique among mammals in exhibiting striking karyological uniformity, which suggests that they have the potential to produce hybrid offspring more readily than other mammals. However, the detection and accurate identification of wild mammalian hybrids is difficult, and molecular evidence for wild cetacean hybrids is extremely limited. Here, we present molecular and morphological evidence of frequent hybridization between free-ranging Dall's, Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885), and harbour, Phocoena phocoena (L., 1758), porpoises. The study describes a temporally and geographically concentrated case of natural hybridization in large mammals. Molecular analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA revealed the species identity, sex, and direction of cross of several hybrid individuals. In concert with morphological and behavioural observations, these data confirmed the hybrid status of putative crosses in the field, including reproductive females. All crosses examined had Dall's porpoise as the maternal parent. This directionality may reflect the indiscriminate pursuit of female porpoises by male harbour porpoises. Our finding of extensive localized hybridization, despite apparently strong isolation elsewhere in their range, suggests that ecological influences on mating behaviour may be of primary importance in the reproductive isolation of these, and possibly other, cetacean species. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Behav Ecol Res Grp, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Willis, PM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Ecol Evolut & Behav Program, 1 Univ Stn C0900, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM pmwillis@sfu.ca NR 44 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 82 IS 5 BP 828 EP 834 DI 10.1139/Z04-059 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 869YO UT WOS:000225021400020 ER PT J AU Manabe, S Wetherald, RT Milly, PCD Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ AF Manabe, S Wetherald, RT Milly, PCD Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ TI Century-scale change in water availability: CO2-quadrupling experiment SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; SUMMER DRYNESS; CLIMATE; OCEAN; CO2 AB It has been suggested that, unless a major effort is made, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide may rise above four times the pre-industrial level in a few centuries. Here we use a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land model to explore the response of the global water cycle to such a large increase in carbon dioxide, focusing on river discharge and soil moisture. Our results suggest that water is going to be more plentiful in those regions of the world that are already 'water-rich'. However, water stresses will increase significantly in regions and seasons that are already relatively dry. This could pose a very challenging problem for water-resource management around the world. For soil moisture, our results indicate reductions during much of the year in many semi-arid regions of the world, such as the southwestern region of North America, the northeastern region of China, the Mediterranean coast of Europe, and the grasslands of Australia and Africa. In some of these regions, soil moisture values are reduced by almost a factor of two during the dry season. The drying in semi-arid regions is likely to induce the outward expansion of deserts to the surrounding regions. Over extensive regions of both the Eurasian and North American continents in high and middle latitudes, soil moisture decreases in summer but increases in winter, in contrast to the situation in semi-arid regions. For river discharge, our results indicate an average increase of similar to15% during the next few centuries. The discharges from Arctic rivers such as the Mackenzie and Ob' increase by much larger fractions. In the tropics, the discharges from the Amazonas and Ganga-Brahmaputra also increase considerably. However, the percentage changes in runoff from other tropical and many mid-latitude rivers are smaller. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. US Geol Survey, GFDL, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Manabe, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM manabe@splash.princeton.edu RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014 NR 23 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAY PY 2004 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 76 DI 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024674.37725.ca PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813ST UT WOS:000220927500005 ER PT J AU Stabeno, PJ Bond, NA Hermann, AJ Kachel, NB Mordy, CW Overland, JE AF Stabeno, PJ Bond, NA Hermann, AJ Kachel, NB Mordy, CW Overland, JE TI Meteorology and oceanography of the Northern Gulf of Alaska SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Alaska; Alaska Coastal Current; Alaskan Stream; cross-shelf mechanisms; coastal winds ID EDDY-RESOLVING MODEL; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; PACIFIC-OCEAN; BERING SEA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL CURRENT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DECADAL VARIABILITY; BOTTOM PRESSURE; WALLEYE POLLOCK AB The Gulf of Alaska shelf is dominated by the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC), which is forced by along-shore winds and large freshwater runoff. Strong cyclonic winds dominate from fall through spring, and substantial runoff occurs from late spring through fall with annual distributed freshwater discharge greater than that of the Mississippi River. We examine the ACC from Icy Bay to Unimak Pass, a distance of over 1500 km. Over this distance, the ACC is a nearly continuous feature with a marked freshwater core. The annual mean transport, as measured from current meters, is approximately 1.0 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) along the Kenai Peninsula, with transport decreasing as the ACC travels westward. Even though the coastal GOA is a predominately downwelling system, it supports a productive ecosystem. Macro nutrients from the basin are provided to the coastal system through a number of processes including topographic steering, eddies, upwelling in response to horizontal shear in the barrier jets, and during winter the on-shelf flux in the surface Ekman layer. Micronutrients (e.g., iron) are Supplied from mechanisms Such as resuspension of shelf sediments and river discharge. While strong seasonal cycles and interannual variability are dominant scales in atmospheric forcing and the oceanic response, there is also forcing on ENSO and decadal time scales. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stabeno, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM stabeno@pmel.noaa.gov NR 93 TC 191 Z9 192 U1 1 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 7-8 BP 859 EP 897 DI 10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.007 PG 39 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 828CF UT WOS:000221949600007 ER PT J AU Shinoda, T Hendon, HH Alexander, MA AF Shinoda, T Hendon, HH Alexander, MA TI Surface and subsurface dipole variability in the Indian Ocean and its relation with ENSO SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE upper ocean process; Indian Ocean ID EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; CLIMATE ANOMALIES; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC; IRRADIANCE AB An ocean general circulation model, forced with observed winds for the period 1958-97, was used to examine surface and subsurface temperature variability in the Indian Ocean and its relation to ENSO. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of temperature anomalies in the equatorial longitude-depth plane indicates that the leading mode of variability has a dipole character, with strongest loadings in the thermocline and more modest loadings at the surface. The subsurface dipole is weakly correlated with Nino3.4 SST. However, the subsurface dipole is well correlated with dipole variability at the surface, which itself is well correlated with ENSO. These results indicate that "dipole" variability that is independent of ENSO is more prominent at depth than in the SST. While the influence of ENSO on subsurface variability is detectable, the ENSO-induced surface dipole is primarily controlled by surface heat fluxes. On the other hand, subsurface variations play an important role for surface dipole events that are independent of ENSO. This is especially true in the eastern Indian Ocean where the strong surface cooling in late summer is generated by upwelling and horizontal heat advection in response to basin-wide surface easterlies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. RP Shinoda, T (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM toshiaki.shinoda@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Shinoda, Toshiaki/J-3745-2016 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Shinoda, Toshiaki/0000-0003-1416-2206 NR 41 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 51 IS 5 BP 619 EP 635 DI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.01.005 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 824PB UT WOS:000221697400001 ER PT J AU Berkeley, SA Chapman, C Sogard, SM AF Berkeley, SA Chapman, C Sogard, SM TI Maternal age as a determinant of larval growth and survival in a marine fish, Sebastes melanops SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE larval quality; lipid allocation; maternal effects; reproductive trade-offs; Sebastes melanop ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; BAY STRIPED BASS; ATLANTIC COD; SPAWNING CHARACTERISTICS; GENUS SEBASTES; LIFE-HISTORY; REEF FISH; EGG SIZE; RECRUITMENT; POPULATION AB Relative body size has long been recognized as a factor influencing reproductive success in fishes, but maternal age has only recently been considered. We monitored growth and starvation resistance in larvae from 20 female black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), ranging in age from five to 17 years. Larvae from the oldest females in our experiments had growth rates more than three times as fast and survived starvation more than twice as long as larvae from the youngest females. Female age was a far better predictor of larval performance than female size. The apparent underlying mechanism is a greater provisioning of larvae with energy-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) lipids as female age increases. The volume of the oil globule (composed primarily of TAG) present in larvae at parturition increases with maternal age and is correlated with subsequent growth and survival. These results suggest that progeny from older females can survive under a broader range of environmental conditions compared to progeny from younger females. Age truncation commonly induced by fisheries may, therefore, have severe consequences for long-term sustainability of fish populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Berkeley, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM stevenab@cats.ucsc.edu NR 33 TC 343 Z9 351 U1 4 U2 84 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1258 EP 1264 DI 10.1890/03-0706 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821BC UT WOS:000221433300009 ER PT J AU Testa, JW AF Testa, JW TI Population dynamics and life history trade-offs of moose (Alces alces) in south-central Alaska SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; brown bears; browse; cervidae; cost of reproduction; models; moose; Nelchina; population dynamics; predator-prey; ungulates; wolves ID DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS; RED DEER; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; BREEDING SUPPRESSION; BODY-COMPOSITION; BIGHORN EWES; TAILED DEER; PREDATION; SURVIVAL; COSTS AB A common framework toward understanding the ecological forces affecting herbivore population dynamics is to partition those forces according to their origin higher ("top-down"),or lower ("bottom-up") on the trophic chain. I employed that framework to describe phenotypic life history trade-offs in a large herbivore, moose (Alces alces). The relative importance of top-down and bottom-up ecological constraints to female moose in south-central Alaska was appraised at the population level by analyzing population size, growth, and winter habitat of moose, and the size and impact of their principal predator populations (wolves [Canis lupus] and brown bears [Ursus arctos]). At the individual level, longitudinal mortality and reproductive patterns of radio-collared individuals were studied to estimate vital rates and life history trade-offs that could be attributed to nutrition and predation, respectively. The population was essentially stable through the 1980s and early 1990s, and began declining in the period of this study (1994-2000). Nutritional constraints on productivity were evident in low twinning rates (9-24%) and delayed age of first reproduction (3.4 yr) relative to other moose populations. However, the decline of the population was due principally to high rates of summer mortality of calves, resulting in low recruitment in the fall (0.11-0.22 offspring/female) and increasing adult mortality. Bear and wolf densities were high and moderate, respectively, while human harvest of moose was limited to males. Modeled population growth indicated a very limited capacity for population recovery through increased reproduction when compared to the effects of reducing predation. Constraints on population growth were mirrored in life history trade-offs. Trade-offs that were attributed to bottom-up effects included reduced rates of both parturition and twinning as a consequence of maternal investment in the prior year. Important trade-offs also were detected between top-down factors and reproductive effort through significantly increased predation on adult females with calves and increased survival of yearlings when adults skipped or abandoned reproductive attempts and extended the duration of maternal care. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, USFWS, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Testa, JW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, USFWS, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Ward.Testa@noaa.gov NR 87 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 50 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1439 EP 1452 DI 10.1890/02-0671 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821BC UT WOS:000221433300024 ER PT J AU Testa, JW AF Testa, JW TI Interaction of top-down and bottom-up life history trade-offs in moose (Alces alces) SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; brown bears; costs of reproduction; models; moose; population dynamics; predator-prey; ungulates; wolves ID SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; PREDATOR-PREY DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; POPULATION; YUKON; SURVIVAL; MAMMALS; WOLVES; MODELS; LEVEL AB Moose (Alces alces) in south-central Alaska have been found to have phenotypic life history trade-offs that can be partitioned into the same "bottom-up" and "topdown" trophic framework often applied at the population level. The potential interaction of these life history trade-offs was studied under varying degrees of predation and nutritional limitation using models based on data from radio-collared moose in south-central Alaska. The interaction was mildly antiregulatory, assuming that bottom-up trade-offs are density dependent. That is, as nutritional constraints increased, a female that skipped reproduction after successfully rearing a calf enhanced the survival of herself and her yearling enough in the second year to overcompensate for the loss of productivity. In a declining population, the reverse could occur, accentuating the decline. A more general, stage projection matrix was used to model a broader range of predation rates in summer and winter, in order to contrast the potential importance of bears (Ursus arctos and U. americanus) and wolves (Canis lupus) in such an interaction. The greatest effect of life history interactions on population growth occurred with moderate predation in summer and heavy predation in winter. Relative to direct ecological effects on survival and reproduction, the influence of such an interaction was relatively weak. However, subtle effects on the stability of predator-prey interactions, particularly those involving bear predation, cannot be excluded because of the antiregulatory nature of the interaction and uncertainties about class-specific vulnerability to predation in other settings. These findings underscore the relevance of understanding the alternative life history choices that arise from interactions in both directions on the food chain, particularly given-that the top-down trade-offs are usually poorly known. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Testa, JW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM Ward.Testa@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 24 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2004 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1453 EP 1459 DI 10.1890/02-0672 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821BC UT WOS:000221433300025 ER PT J AU Voytek, KP Lellock, KL Schmit, MA AF Voytek, KP Lellock, KL Schmit, MA TI Developing performance metrics for science and technology programs: The case of the manufacturing extension partnership program SO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY LA English DT Article DE performance measurement; evaluation; manufacturing; technology-based economic development AB This article examines the development, implications, and limitations of a series of performance measures to gauge the success of individual Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) centers. The measures represent a shift in how MEP judges and evaluates center performance and a challenge in terms of how they are used, how they are interpreted, and how they are limited. The MEP is an important example of innovative public programs and consists of a public-private, performance-based partnership that seeks to improve the productivity, competitiveness, and technological capabilities of America's manufacturers, particularly small firms. The article makes two important contributions: (a) a comprehensive performance-management approach can be developed with a focus on program outcomes that are linked to long-term impacts and are not just stand-alone process measures or stand-alone outcome measures and (b) it is possible to develop valid and reliable measures for technology-focused economic development programs that can be used to report on and manage performance. C1 Goodwill Ind Int Inc, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Program Off, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voytek, KP (reprint author), Goodwill Ind Int Inc, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0891-2424 J9 ECON DEV Q JI Econ. Dev. Q. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 174 EP 185 DI 10.1177/0891242404263631 PG 12 WC Economics; Planning & Development; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Public Administration; Urban Studies GA 813ZL UT WOS:000220944900008 ER PT J AU Serveiss, VB Bowen, JL Dow, D Valiela, I AF Serveiss, VB Bowen, JL Dow, D Valiela, I TI Using ecological risk assessment to identify the major anthropogenic stressor in the Waquoit Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE watershed ecological risk assessment; eutrophication; watershed management; watershed approach; environmental decision making; multiple stressors ID ESTUARIES; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY; CONSEQUENCES; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; MUSSEL; USA AB The Waquoit Bay Watershed ecological risk assessment was performed by an interdisciplinary and inter-agency workgroup. This paper focuses on the steps taken to formulate the analysis plan for this watershed assessment. The workgroup initially conducted a series of meetings with the general public and local and state managers to determine environmental management objectives for the watershed. The workgroup then decided that more information was needed on the impacts of six stressors: nutrient enrichment, physical alteration of habitat, altered freshwater flow, toxic chemicals, pathogens, and fisheries harvesting. Assessment endpoints were selected to establish the link between environmental management objectives, impacts of stressors, and scientifically measurable endpoints. The following assessment endpoints were selected: estuarine eelgrass cover, scallop abundance, finfish diversity and abundance, wetland bird distribution and abundance, piping plover distribution and abundance, tissue contaminant levels, and brook trout distribution and abundance in streams. A conceptual model was developed to show the pathways between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects. The workgroup analyzed comparative risks, by first ranking stressors in terms of their potential risk to biotic resources in the watershed. Then stressors were evaluated by considering the components of stressors (e.g., the stressor chemical pollution included both heavy metals and chlorinated solvents components) in terms of intensity and extensiveness. The workgroup identified nutrient enrichment as the major stressor. Nutrient enrichment comprised both phosphorus enrichment in freshwater ponds and nitrogen enrichment within estuaries. Because phosphorus impacts were being analyzed and mitigated by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, this assessment focused on nitrogen. The process followed to identify the predominant stressor and focus the analyses on nitrogen impacts on eelgrass and scallops will serve as an example of how to increase the use of the findings of a watershed assessment in decision making. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Boston Univ, Marine Program, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Serveiss, VB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 33 IS 5 BP 730 EP 740 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0085-y PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 843SC UT WOS:000223105800011 PM 15503390 ER PT J AU Marvin, C Painter, S Williams, D Richardson, V Rossmann, R Van Hoof, P AF Marvin, C Painter, S Williams, D Richardson, V Rossmann, R Van Hoof, P TI Spatial and temporal trends in surface water and sediment contamination in the Laurentian Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; surface water; mercury; metals; sediment ID SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ONTARIO SEDIMENTS; GREEN BAY; ST-CLAIR; MERCURY; ERIE; MICHIGAN; SUPERIOR AB Data from recent sediment and surface water surveys have been collated and mapped to illustrate the spatial distribution of contaminants across the entire Great Lakes basin. Information from historical surveys, together with data from surface water monitoring programs in three major connecting channels, has also been collated in order to evaluate temporal trends. In general, Lakes Superior and Michigan exhibited the lowest levels of sediment contamination while Lake Ontario had the highest. Contaminants such as gamma-HCH (lindane) and dieldrin were ubiquitous in surface waters across the entire basin, which was indicative of atmospheric sources. The distribution of other compounds including hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex indicated the presence of local sources within the watersheds of the connecting channels. Surficial sediment contamination was found to have decreased markedly since the late 1960s and 1970s. Similarly, surface water contamination decreased over the period 1986-1997 with concentrations of dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex reduced by over 50%. However, the spatial distributions of both sediment and surface water contamination indicate that further effort is warranted in reducing local sources of contaminants, particularly in Lake Ontario. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Marvin, C (reprint author), Environm Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM chris.marvin@ec.gc.ca NR 55 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 129 IS 1 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.029 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 803RQ UT WOS:000220248600015 PM 14749077 ER PT J AU Agar, JJ Sutinen, JG AF Agar, JJ Sutinen, JG TI Rebuilding strategies for multispecies fisheries: A stylized bioeconomic model SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE bioeconomic modeling; catchability; multispecies; predator-prey; species selectivity ID MANAGEMENT; INDUSTRY AB In this paper, we investigate the bioeconomic impacts of selected rebuilding strategies in a multispecies fishery. Using a stylized bioeconomic model, we identify the conditions under which modifying the species selectivity properties of the gear would contribute to the rebuilding of over-exploited stocks. We examine the cases where the stocks are biologically independent and interdependent. Our analysis suggests that the success of the rebuilding process not only depends on the nature of the gear modifications but also on the biological and economic characteristics of the fishery. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Kingston Coastal Inst 216, Dept Environm & Nat Resources Econ, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Agar, JJ (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Juan.Agar@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 29 DI 10.1023/B:EARE.0000023819.77884.70 PG 29 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 812MC UT WOS:000220842600001 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC Dorko, WD AF Rhoderick, GC Dorko, WD TI Standards development of global warming gas species: Methane, nitrous oxide, trichlorofluoromethane, and dichlorodifluoromethane SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Environmental scientists from federal agencies, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and academia have long suspected that increasing anthropogenic inputs of various trace gases into the atmosphere can cause changes in the earth's climate and protective ozone layer. Nitrous oxide and methane, cited in the Kyoto Protocol, as well as trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), cited in the Montreal Protocol, are all greenhouse gases and are implicated in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer. The lack of national standards prompted research to determine the feasibility of preparing accurate and stable standards containing these four compounds. Development of these standards would support the measurement of these species by those in the atmospheric research community not having their own source of standards. A suite of eight primary gas standards containing methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-11, and CFC-12 in a balance of air were prepared gravimetrically to bracket the ambient atmospheric concentrations. The combined uncertainties (u(c)) were calculated from error propagation analysis that included the weighing data from the gravimetric preparation and other sources of error such as the purity analysis of the compounds and air matrix. The expanded uncertainties (U) for the gravimetric standards were <0.5% as calculated from the equation U = ku(c), where the coverage factor k is equal to 2 for a 95% confidence interval. Analyses of the suite of standards by gas chromatography with flame-ionization and electron capture detection resulted in average absolute residuals of <0.25% from regression models. The NIST suite of eight gravimetric standards was used to determine the concentrations in two standards from NOAA. Those analyses resulted in bias across the two laboratories of less than or equal to2.1%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 227,Room B120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.rhoderick@nist.gov NR 8 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2685 EP 2692 DI 10.1021/es035424i PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817PR UT WOS:000221189900035 PM 15180066 ER PT J AU Landrum, PE Steevens, JA Gossiaux, DC McElroy, M Robinson, S Begnoche, L Chernyak, S Hickey, J AF Landrum, PE Steevens, JA Gossiaux, DC McElroy, M Robinson, S Begnoche, L Chernyak, S Hickey, J TI Time-dependent lethal body residues for the toxicity of pentachlorobenzene to Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lethal body residue; Hyalella azteca; pentachlorobenzene; toxicokinetics; temporal trends ID AQUATIC TOXICITY; LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; PAH TOXICITY; MODEL; BIOCONCENTRATION; TOXICOKINETICS AB The study examined the temporal response of Hyalella azteca to pentachlorobenzene (PCBZ) in water-only exposures. Toxicity was evaluated by calculating, the body residue of PCBZ associated with survival. The concentration of PCBZ in tire tissues of H. azteca associated with 50% mortality decreased from 3 to 0.5 mumol/g over the temporal range of 1 to 28 d, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the body residue calculated for 50% mortality when the value was determined Using live or dead organisms. Metabolism of PCBZ was not responsible for the temporal response because no detectable PCBZ biotransformation occurred over in exposure period of 10 d. A damage assessment model was Used to evaluate the impact and repair of damage by PCBZ on H. azteca. The toxicokinetics were determined so that the temporal toxicity data could be fit to a damage assessment model. The half-life calculated for the elimination of PCBZ averaged approximately 49 h, while the value determined for the half-life of damage repair from the damage assessment model was 33 h. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1335 EP 1343 DI 10.1897/03-164 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 821AT UT WOS:000221432400031 PM 15180388 ER PT J AU Matsuoka, MP Gharrett, AJ Wilmot, RL Smoker, WW AF Matsuoka, MP Gharrett, AJ Wilmot, RL Smoker, WW TI Gene-centromere distances of allozyme loci in even- and odd-year pink salmon, (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE allozyme; gene-centromere distance; gene mapping; genetic variation; gynogenesis; Oncorhynchus; pink salmon; salmonid ID INDUCED DIPLOID GYNOGENESIS; STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; SOUTHERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CYPRINUS-CARPIO L; RAINBOW-TROUT; OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; ORYZIAS-LATIPES; ISOZYME LOCI; CHUM SALMON AB We produced gynogenetic progeny families to estimate gene - centromere ( G - C) distances of allozyme loci in even-year and odd-year pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). G - C distances of 37 loci distributed on a chromosome ranged from 1 cM at LDH-A1* to 49 cM at ADA-2*, DIA-2*, and sMDH-B1,2*. The distribution of the G - C distances along the chromosome arm was not even and appears telomeric. Eight loci in even-year and seven in odd-year showed high G - C distances (> 45 cM), indicating that one crossover per chromosome arm is usual in pink salmon. Variation was observed in the results from different families; 14 loci out of 21 tested, showed heterogeneity. At mAH-3*, G - C distances from five odd-year families ranged from 6 to 37 cM; the widest range observed in this study. At isoloci such as sMDH-A1,2* and sMDH-B1,2* the distances from different families were grouped into statistically discrete distributions, suggesting that it may be a reflection polymorphism at both isoloci. It appears G - C distances in salmonid species are well conserved with some minor differences. C1 Univ Alaska, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Matsuoka, MP (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada. EM makoto.matsuoka@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD MAY PY 2004 VL 121 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1023/B:GENE.0000019919.04706.1b PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 803SQ UT WOS:000220251200001 PM 15098732 ER PT J AU Nero, RW Thompson, CH Jech, JM AF Nero, RW Thompson, CH Jech, JM TI In situ acoustic estimates of the swimbladder volume of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic resonance; Atlantic herring; in situ; swimbladder volume ID GAS BUBBLE RELEASE; TARGET-STRENGTH; DORSAL-ASPECT; FISH; SCATTERING AB Acoustic measurements at 1.5-5 kHz on fish in the Gulf of Maine showed a swimbladder-resonance peak near 2.5 kHz at 160-190-m depth. Midwater trawls confirmed that the fish were likely to be Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) of 19-29 cm length. Calculation using a model of swimbladder resonance gives swimbladder volumes of 1.2% of fish weight at 160-190 m. Extrapolation of this volume of gas using Boyle's Law suggests that at the sea surface, these herring would need to inflate their swimbladders by up to five to six times the volume required for neutral buoyancy. If these fish were to maintain this volume of gas with surface "gulping", they would need to submerge from the sea surface with a 30% excess buoyancy. In general, swimbladders of the Clupeidae may have greater volumes of gas than if the fish were neutrally buoyant at the sea surface and the interpretation of HF-echosounder surveys may be additionally complex when the volume of gas and swimbladder volume are difficult to predict. Mechanisms of how herring obtain additional swimbladder gas are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Nero, RW (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM woody.nero@nrlsse.navy.mil NR 33 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 3 BP 323 EP 337 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.09.006 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 821DN UT WOS:000221440300003 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Jorgensen, OA Treble, MA AF Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Jorgensen, OA Treble, MA TI Deep-ocean predation by a high Arctic cetacean SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Arctic; Baffin Bay; food consumption; Greenland halibut; narwhal; telemetry ID NARWHALS MONODON-MONOCEROS; WHALES HYPEROODON-AMPULLATUS; BAFFIN-ISLAND; ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY; PHOCA-GROENLANDICA; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; STOMACH CONTENTS; DIFFERENT DIETS; HARP SEALS; NORTH-SEA AB A bioenergetic model for two narwhal (Monodon monoceros) sub-populations was developed to quantify daily gross energy requirements and estimate the biomass of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) needed to sustain the sub-populations for their 5-month stay on wintering grounds in Baffin Bay. Whales in two separate wintering grounds were estimated to require 700 tonnes (s.e. 300) and 90 tonnes (s.e. 40) of Greenland halibut per day, assuming a diet of 50% Greenland halibut. Mean densities and length distributions of Greenland halibut inside and outside of the narwhal wintering grounds were correlated with predicted whale predation levels based on diving behavior. The difference in Greenland halibut biomass between an area with high predation and a comparable area without whales, approximately 19000 tonnes, corresponded well with the predicted biomass removed by the narwhal sub-population on a diet of 50-75% Greenland halibut. (C) 2004 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland. Danish Inst Fisheries & Marine Res, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Cent Arctic Reg, Inst Freshwater, Sci Lab, Winnipeg, MB RT3 2N6, Canada. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way,NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Kristin.Laidre@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 3 BP 430 EP 440 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.002 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 821DN UT WOS:000221440300013 ER PT J AU Hall, DK Key, JR Casey, KA Riggs, GA Cavalieri, DJ AF Hall, DK Key, JR Casey, KA Riggs, GA Cavalieri, DJ TI Sea ice surface temperature product from MODIS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS; (AMSR-E); ice-surface temperature; moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS); sea ice ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; CLEAR-SKY; TRENDS; CLOUD; CLASSIFICATION; VARIABILITY; RADIOMETER; EXTENT; ACCURACY; WATER AB Global sea ice products are produced from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard both the Terra and Aqua satellites. Daily sea ice extent and ice surface temperature (IST) products are available at 1- and 4-km resolution. Validation activities during the "cold period" (when meltwater is generally not present) in the Northern Hemisphere, defined here as October through May, have been undertaken to assess the accuracy of the I-km resolution MODIS IST algorithm and product. Validation was also done at the South Pole station in Antarctica. In the Arctic Ocean, near-surface air temperatures from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) Alaska tide stations and from drifting buoys from the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) buoy program were compared with MODIS-derived ISTs. Using the standard MODIS sea ice product, which utilizes the MODIS cloud mask, results show a bias (mean error) of -2.1 K and a root mean square (RMS) error of 3.7 K. The negative bias means that the satellite retrieval is less than the air temperature. With the bias removed, the RMS error is 3.0 K. When additional visual cloud screening is performed to eliminate MODIS pixels thought to be contaminated by fog, results improved, with a subset of the larger dataset showing a bias of -0.9 K and an RMS error of 1.6 K. Uncertainties would be reduced in the Arctic Ocean dataset if the skin temperature of the sea ice were reported instead of the near-surface air temperatures. With the bias removed, the RMS error for the Arctic Ocean dataset is 1.3 K. Results from the South Pole station in Antarctica show that under clear skies as determined using lidar measurements, the MODIS ISTs are also very close to those of the near-surface air temperatures with a bias of -1.2 K and an RMS error of 1.7 K. With the bias removed, the RMS error for the South Pole dataset is 1.2 K. Thus, the accuracy (RMS error) of the IST measurement is 1.2-1.3 K. It is not possible to obtain an accurate IST from MODIS in the presence of even very thin clouds or fog, and this is the main limitation of the MODIS ice surface temperature product. MODIS sea ice products may be ordered from the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, CO. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA Natl Environm satellite, Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Hall, DK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dorothy.k.hall@nasa.gov RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012; Casey, Kimberly/A-4478-2013 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Casey, Kimberly/0000-0002-6115-7525 NR 55 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 23 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAY PY 2004 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1076 EP 1087 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.825587 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 821MX UT WOS:000221466200015 ER PT J AU Della Torre, E Yanik, L Yarimbiyik, AE Donahue, MJ AF Della Torre, E Yanik, L Yarimbiyik, AE Donahue, MJ TI Differential equation model for accommodation magnetization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE accommodation; hysteresis; magnetic media; Preisach modeling AB We use the differential equation method of computing the accommodation magnetization in a modified Preisach model. We present the properties of this model for a Gaussian medium, and show that the resulting model has neither the congruency property nor the deletion property. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Della Torre, E (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM edt@gwu.edu; michael.donahue@nist.gov NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 40 IS 3 BP 1499 EP 1505 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.826911 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 821MV UT WOS:000221466000002 ER PT J AU McNutt, TR Hefner, AR Mantooth, HA Duliere, J Berning, DW Singh, R AF McNutt, TR Hefner, AR Mantooth, HA Duliere, J Berning, DW Singh, R TI Silicon carbide PiN and merged PiN Schottky power diode models implemented in the Saber circuit simulator SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC) CY 2001 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB Dynamic electrothermal circuit simulator models are developed for silicon carbide power diodes. The models accurately describe the temperature dependence of on-state characteristics and reverse-recovery switching waveforms. The models are verified for the temperature dependence of the on-state characteristics, and the di/dt, dv/dt, and temperature dependence of the reverse-recovery characteristics. The model results are presented for 1500 V SiC Merged PiN Schottky (MPS) diodes, 600 V Schottky diodes, and 5000 V SiC PiN diodes. The devices studied have current ratings from 0.25 A to 5 A and have different lifetimes resulting in different switching energy versus on-state voltage tradeoffs. The devices are characterized using a previously reported test system specifically designed to emulate a wide range of application conditions by independently controlling the applied diode voltage, forward diode current, di/dt, and dv/dt at turn-off. A behavioral model of the test system is implemented to simulate and validate the models. The models are validated for a wide range of application conditions for which the diode could be used. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Elect Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Synopsys Inc, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Cree Inc, Durham, NC 27703 USA. RP McNutt, TR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Elect Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 9 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-8993 J9 IEEE T POWER ELECTR JI IEEE Trans. Power Electron. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 573 EP 581 DI 10.1109/TPEL.2004.826420 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 820KM UT WOS:000221387600001 ER PT J AU Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW AF Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW TI Junction-isolated electrical test structures for critical dimension calibration standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE anisotropic etch; critical dimension (CD); electrical critical dimension (ECD); electrical test structure; linewidth; metrology ID LINEWIDTH; FEATURES AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing single-crystal reference materials for use as critical dimension (CD) reference materials. In earlier work, the reference features on these reference materials have been patterned in the device layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers, with the buried oxide providing electrical isolation. This paper describes a new method of isolating the structures from the substrate by means of a pn junction. The junction isolation technique is expected to provide several advantages over the SOI technique including minimal susceptibility to charging when imaged in a CD scanning electron microscope (CDSEM), better edge quality, and ease of manufacture. Primary calibration of these reference materials is by imaging the cross-section of the feature with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) at sufficiently high energy to resolve and count the individual lattice planes while electrical test structure metrology techniques provide the transfer calibration. Secondary calibration is performed with electrical test structure metrology, supplemented by visual techniques to verify that the features meet uniformity requirements. In this paper, we describe results for determining the electrical critical dimensions of these junction-isolated structures. This measurement and data analysis technique is a unique combination of the short-bridge variation of the cross-bridge resistor and the multi-bridge structure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.allen@nist.gov; michael.cresswell@nist.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0894-6507 J9 IEEE T SEMICONDUCT M JI IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 79 EP 83 DI 10.1109/TSM.2004.826928 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 819KL UT WOS:000221313700002 ER PT J AU Burke, JL Murphy, RR Rogers, E Lumelsky, VJ Scholtz, J AF Burke, JL Murphy, RR Rogers, E Lumelsky, VJ Scholtz, J TI Final report for the DARPA/NSF interdisciplinary study on human-robot interaction SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART C-APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE man-machine systems; mobile robots; research and development; technology social factors AB As part of a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/National Science Foundation study on human-robot interaction (HRI), over sixty representatives from academia, government, and industry participated in an interdisciplinary workshop, which allowed roboticists to interact with psychologists, sociologists, cognitive scientists, communication experts and human-computer interaction specialists to discuss common interests in the field of HRI, and to establish a dialogue across the disciplines for future collaborations. We include initial work that was done in preparation for the workshop, links to keynote and other presentations, and a summary of the findings, outcomes, and recommendations that were generated by the participants. Findings of the study include-the need for more extensive interdisciplinary interaction, identification of basic taxonomies and research issues, social informatics, establishment of a small number of common application domains, and field experience for members of the HRI community. An overall conclusion of the workshop was expressed as the following-HRI is a cross-disciplinary area, which poses barriers to meaningful research, synthesis, and technology transfer. The vocabularies, experiences, methodologies, and metrics of the communities are sufficiently different that cross-disciplinary research is unlikely to happen without sustained funding and an infrastructure to establish a new HRI community. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Psychol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Comp Sci, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mech Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burke, JL (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Psychol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM jlburke4@mail.usf.edu; murphy@csee.usf.edu; erogers@csc.calpoly.edu; lumelsky@engr.wisc.edu; Jean.scholtz@nist.gov RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 0 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1094-6977 J9 IEEE T SYST MAN CY C JI IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C-Appl. Rev. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1109/TSMCC.2004.826287 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 815ML UT WOS:000221046300002 ER PT J AU Pernot, M Tanter, M Bercoff, J Waters, KR Fink, M AF Pernot, M Tanter, M Bercoff, J Waters, KR Fink, M TI Temperature estimation using ultrasonic spatial compound imaging SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID FOCUSED ULTRASOUND; DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND; HYPERTHERMIA; CARCINOMA; SURGERY AB The feasibility of temperature estimation during high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy using pulse-echo diagnostic ultrasound data has been demonstrated. This method is based upon the measurement of thermally-induced modifications in backscattered RF echoes due to thermal expansion and local changes in the speed of sound. It has been shown that strong ripple artifacts due to the thermo-acoustic lens effect severely corrupt the temperature estimates behind the heated region. We propose here a new imaging technique that improves the temperature estimation behind the heated region and reduces the variance of the temperature estimates in the entire image. We replaced the conventional beamforming on transmit with multiple steered plane wave insonifications using several subapertures. A two-dimensional temperature map is estimated from axial displacement maps between consecutive RF images of identically steered plane wave insonifications. Temperature estimation is then improved by averaging the two-dimensional maps from the multiple steered plane wave insonifications. Experiments were conducted in a tissue-mimicking gelatin-based phantom and in fresh bovine liver. C1 Univ Paris 07, ESPCI, Lab Ondes & Acoust, CNRS,UMR 7587, F-75005 Paris, France. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pernot, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 07, ESPCI, Lab Ondes & Acoust, CNRS,UMR 7587, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France. EM mathieu.pernot@loa.espci.fr RI Pernot, Mathieu/G-3404-2013; Tanter, Mickael/H-4657-2012; fink, mathias/M-9437-2016; Pernot, Mathieu/E-7072-2017; OI Pernot, Mathieu/0000-0001-6713-4642; Pernot, Mathieu/0000-0001-6713-4642; Fink, Mathias/0000-0002-8494-7562 NR 20 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAY PY 2004 VL 51 IS 5 BP 606 EP 615 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320832 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 826BF UT WOS:000221803200013 PM 15217237 ER PT J AU Tang, Z Bower, AF Chuang, TJ AF Tang, Z Bower, AF Chuang, TJ TI Numerical simulations of the growth and deflection of a stress-corrosion notch on the interface between two reactive solids SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE corrosion; finite elements; fracture; interfaces; static fatigue ID STATIC FATIGUE LIMIT; CRACK-GROWTH; GLASS; FLAWS AB A front-tracking finite element method is used to compute the evolution of a crack-like defect that propagates along a bi-material interface by stress driven corrosion. Depending on material properties, loading, and temperature, simulations predict five possible behaviors for the flaw: (a) The notch may blunt, so that a fatigue threshold exists for the composite; (b) The flaw may branch out of the interface, and thereafter propagate as a stable notch; (c) The notch may branch out of the interface, and then progressively sharpen at its tip, with both the notch tip curvature and stress approaching unbounded values; (d) The flaw may propagate as a stable notch parallel to the interface; (e) The notch may propagate parallel to the interface, but with the tip curvature and stress progressively increasing without limit. The range of material parameters and loading conditions that leads to each type of behavior is calculated. For conditions where steady-state interfacial notch growth occurs, the tip velocity is computed as function of material and loading. C1 Brown Univ, Div Engn, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, Z (reprint author), Brown Univ, Div Engn, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 127 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1023/B:FRAC.0000035070.99093.77 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 846WA UT WOS:000223348700001 ER PT J AU Hurly, JJ AF Hurly, JJ TI Viscosity and speed of sound of gaseous nitrous oxide and nitrogen trifluoride measured with a greenspan viscometer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE equation of state; Greenspan viscometer; nitrogen trifluoride; nitrous oxide; speed of sound; transport properties; viscosity ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ACOUSTIC VISCOMETER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITRIC-OXIDE; POLAR GASES; MIXTURES; TEMPERATURE; ETHYLENE; ARGON AB The viscosity and speed of sound of gaseous nitrous oxide and nitrogen trifluoride were measured using a Greenspan acoustic viscometer. The data span the temperature range 225-375 K and extend up to 3.4 MPa. The average relative uncertainty of the viscosity is 0.68% for N2O and 1.02% for NF3. The largest relative uncertainties were 3.09 and 1.08%, respectively. These occurred at the highest densities (1702 mol.m(-3) for N2O and 2770 mol.m(-3) for NF3). The major contributor to these uncertainties was the uncertainty of the thermal conductivity. The speeds of sound measured up to 3.4 MPa are fitted by a virial equation of state that predicts gas densities within the uncertainties of the equations of states available in the literature. Accurate measurements of the speed of sound in both N2O and NF3 have been previously reported up to 1.5 MPa. The current measurements agree with these values with maximum relative standard deviations of 0.025% for N2O and 0.04% for NF3. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hurly, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.hurly@nist.gov NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 25 IS 3 BP 625 EP 641 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000034229.03525.aa PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 835RD UT WOS:000222502300001 ER PT J AU Bazaev, AR Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Bazaev, EA Ramazanova, AE Abdurashidova, AA AF Bazaev, AR Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Bazaev, EA Ramazanova, AE Abdurashidova, AA TI PVTx measurements for a H2O plus methanol mixture in the subcritical and supercritical regions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coexistence curve; constant-volume piezometer; critical point; methanol; supercritical mixture; vapor pressure; water ID ISOCHORIC HEAT-CAPACITY; VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE-RANGE; CRITICAL-POINT; MOLAR VOLUMES; 320 K; WATER; PRESSURES; TOLUENE AB PVTx relationships for a H2O + CH3OH mixture (0.36 mole fraction of methanol) were measured in a range of temperatures from 373 to 673 K and pressures between 0.042 and 90.9 MPa. The density ranged from 37.76 to 559.03 kg . m(-3). Measurements were made with a constant-volume piezometer surrounded by a precision thermostat. The temperature inside the thermostat was maintained uniform within 5 mK. The volume of the piezometer (32.68 +/- 0.01 cm(3)) was previously calibrated from well-established PVT values of pure water (IAPWS), and was corrected for both temperature and pressure expansions. Uncertainties of the density, temperature, and pressure measurements are estimated to be 0.16%, 30 mK, and 0.05%, respectively. The uncertainty in composition is 0.001 mole fraction. The method of isochoric and isothermal break points was used to extract the phase transition temperatures, pressures, and densities for each measured isochore and isotherm. The values of the critical temperature, pressure, and density of the mixture were also determined from PVTx measurements in the critical region. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Shamilya Str 39-A, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 56 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 25 IS 3 BP 805 EP 838 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000034238.64651.32 PG 34 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 835RD UT WOS:000222502300010 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA AF Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA TI Cesium primary frequency references SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics (USE2003) CY NOV 12-14, 2003 CL Japan Women Univ, Tokyo, JAPAN SP Exect Comm USE2003, Japan Soc Appl Phys HO Japan Women Univ DE atomic clock; laser-cooling; primary frequency standard; PARCS ID ACCURACY EVALUATION; STANDARD; UNCERTAINTY; PERFORMANCE; FOUNTAIN; SHIFT; TIME; PTB AB Primary frequency standards with stated inaccuracies of deltaf/f similar to 10(-15) or slightly better are in use today in several national timing laboratories. These standards, which are the most accurate in the world today, use laser-cooled cesium atoms to obtain this level of performance. We discuss the operation of these standards as well as possible future improvements that should see the inaccuracy of the realization of the second fall to the 10(-16) level over the next 5-10 years. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS PI TOKYO PA KUDAN-KITA BUILDING 5TH FLOOR, 1-12-3 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Brief Commun. Rev. Pap. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 43 IS 5B BP 2803 EP 2807 DI 10.1143/JJAP.43.2803 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 830IS UT WOS:000222116200003 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM AF McGuiggan, PM TI Friction and adhesion measurements between a fluorocarbon surface and a hydrocarbon surface in air SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Adhesion-Society CY FEB 23-26, 2003 CL Myrtle Beach, SC SP Adhes Soc DE adhesion; friction; hydrocarbon; fluorocarbon; monolayer ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SHEAR PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; INTERFACIAL FRICTION; MICA SURFACES; CHAIN-LENGTH; CONTACT; TRANSITIONS; TRIBOLOGY AB The friction and adhesion between a fluorocarbon monolayer-coated surface against a hydrocarbon monolayer-coated. surface has been directly measured. The friction teas found to be lower than the friction between a hydrocarbon monolayer against a hydrocarbon monolayer and a fluorocarbon monolayer against a fluorocarbon. monolayer. No stick-slip sliding was observed for speeds from 0.8 mum/s to 2.6 mum/s. The fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon interface was adhesive, with the energy of interaction measured to be 14.9 mJ/m(2) +/- 1.0 mJ/m(2). As predicted from. theory, the magnitude of the adhesion of a fluorocarbon monolayer against a hydrocarbon monolayer is between that measured for a fluorocarbon monolayer against a fluorocarbon monolayer awl. a hydrocarbon monolayer against a hydrocarbon monolayer. One may note that the interfacial energy, gamma, follows the general trend gamma(FC/FC) < γ(HC/FC) < gamma(HC/HC), whereas the shear stress, tau, varies according to tau(FC/HC) < τ(HC/HC) < tau(FC/FC). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McGuiggan, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8544, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM patricia.McGuiggan@nist.gov RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 80 IS 5 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1080/00218460490465704 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 836YJ UT WOS:000222592100003 ER PT J AU Pavolonis, MJ Heidinger, AK AF Pavolonis, MJ Heidinger, AK TI Daytime cloud overlap detection from AVHRR and VIIRS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; MU-M; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; WATER-VAPOR; CLEAR-SKY; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; PARAMETERIZATION; STATISTICS AB Two algorithms for detecting multilayered cloud systems with satellite data are presented. The first algorithm utilizes data in the 0.65-, 11-, and 12-mum regions of the spectrum that are available on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The second algorithm incorporates two different techniques to detect cloud overlap: the same technique used in the first algorithm and an additional series of spectral tests that now include data from the 1.38- and 1.65-mum near-infrared regions that are available on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and will be available on the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). VIIRS is the imager that will replace the AVHRR on the next generation of polar-orbiting satellites. Both algorithms were derived assuming that a scene with cloud overlap consists of a semitransparent ice cloud that overlaps a cloud composed of liquid water droplets. Each algorithm was tested on three different MODIS scenes. In all three cases, the second ( VIIRS) algorithm was able to detect more cloud overlap than the first ( AVHRR) algorithm. Radiative transfer calculations indicate that the VIIRS algorithm will be more effective than the AVHRR algorithm when the visible optical depth of the ice cloud is greater than 3. Both algorithms will work best when the visible optical depth of the water cloud is greater than 5. Model sensitivity studies were also performed to assess the sensitivity of each algorithm to various parameters. It was found that the AVHRR algorithm is most sensitive to cloud particle size and the VIIRS near-infrared test is most sensitive to cloud vertical location. When validating each algorithm using cloud radar data, the VIIRS algorithm was shown to be more effective at detecting cloud overlap than the AVHRR algorithm; however, the VIIRS algorithm was slightly more prone to false cloud overlap detection. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. RP Pavolonis, MJ (reprint author), 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mpav@ssec.wisc.edu RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 35 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 43 IS 5 BP 762 EP 778 DI 10.1175/2099.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JK UT WOS:000221825200010 ER PT J AU Huang, HL Smith, WL Li, J Antonelli, P Wu, XQ Knuteson, RO Huang, BM Osborne, BJ AF Huang, HL Smith, WL Li, J Antonelli, P Wu, XQ Knuteson, RO Huang, BM Osborne, BJ TI Minimum local emissivity variance retrieval of cloud altitude and effective spectral emissivity - Simulation and initial verification SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARAMETERS; AIRBORNE; SATELLITES; AIRCRAFT AB This paper describes the theory and application of the minimum local emissivity variance (MLEV) technique for simultaneous retrieval of cloud pressure level and effective spectral emissivity from high-spectral-resolution radiances, for the case of single-layer clouds. This technique, which has become feasible only with the recent development of high-spectral-resolution satellite and airborne instruments, is shown to provide reliable cloud spectral emissivity and pressure level under a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The MLEV algorithm uses a physical approach in which the local variances of spectral cloud emissivity are calculated for a number of assumed or first-guess cloud pressure levels. The optimal solution for the single-layer cloud emissivity spectrum is that having the "minimum local emissivity variance'' among the retrieved emissivity spectra associated with different first-guess cloud pressure levels. This is due to the fact that the absorption, reflection, and scattering processes of clouds exhibit relatively limited localized spectral emissivity structure in the infrared 10-15-mum longwave region. In this simulation study it is shown that the MLEV cloud pressure root-mean-square errors for a single level with effective cloud emissivity greater than 0.1 are similar to30, similar to10, and similar to50 hPa, for high (200-300 hPa), middle ( 500 hPa), and low (850 hPa) clouds, respectively. The associated cloud emissivity root-mean-square errors in the 900 cm(-1) spectral channel are less than 0.05, 0.04, and 0.25 for high, middle, and low clouds, respectively. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Huang, HL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM allenh@ssec.wisc.edu RI Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 13 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 43 IS 5 BP 795 EP 809 DI 10.1175/2090.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826JK UT WOS:000221825200012 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA AF Sobolewski, MA TI Monitoring sheath voltages and ion energies in high-density plasmas using noninvasive radio-frequency current and voltage measurements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LANGMUIR PROBE MEASUREMENTS; REFERENCE CELL; DISCHARGES; DISTRIBUTIONS; FREQUENCY; BOMBARDMENT; SURFACES; MIXTURES; ARGON AB To obtain optimal results from plasma processing, the energy of ions incident on substrate wafers must be carefully controlled. Such control has been difficult to achieve, however, because no practical method exists for monitoring the energy distributions of ions at a wafer surface during processing. To solve this problem, we have developed a noninvasive, model-based method for determining ion energy distributions that is suitable for use during actual processing in commercial plasma reactors. The method relies solely on measurements of the rf current and voltage applied to the reactor. The method was validated by tests performed in argon and CF4 discharges at 1.3 Pa (10 mTorr) in an inductively coupled, high-density plasma reactor, with rf substrate bias at frequencies of 100 kHz to 20 MHz. Plasma potential and sheath voltage wave forms obtained from the noninvasive rf technique agreed well with independent measurements made using a capacitive probe. Ion energy distributions from the rf technique were also in good agreement with distributions measured by ion energy analyzers. To further test the technique a sensitivity analysis was performed which quantifies the sensitivity of the noninvasive results to any uncertainties in the electrical measurements or the other input parameters required by the technique. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.sobolewski@nist.gov NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 9 BP 4593 EP 4604 DI 10.1063/1.1687975 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 812YS UT WOS:000220875400010 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, H Ogi, H Kai, S Kim, S Hirao, M AF Ledbetter, H Ogi, H Kai, S Kim, S Hirao, M TI Elastic constants of body-centered-cubic titanium monocrystals SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURES; TRANSITION; STABILITY; METALS; PHASE; ZR AB We report estimates of body-centered-cubic titanium's monocrystal elastic constants C-11, C-12, and C-44. Two constants resulted from measuring a pure-titanium polycrystal at high temperatures using resonant-ultrasound spectroscopy. The third constant resulted from assuming a Zener elastic anisotropy and using inversely Kroner's monocrystal-polycrystal elastic-constant relationship. Our values are C-11=97.7, C-12=82.7, and C-44=37.5 GPa at 1000 degreesC. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ogi, H (reprint author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Machikaneyama 1-3, Osaka 5608531, Japan. EM ogi@me.es.osaka-u.ac.jp NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 9 BP 4642 EP 4644 DI 10.1063/1.1688445 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 812YS UT WOS:000220875400015 ER PT J AU Tai, CK AF Tai, CK TI The resolving power of a single exact-repeat altimetric satellite or a coordinated constellation of satellites SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION CAPABILITY AB It is proved that the midpoint grid, which is composed of samples obtained at ground track locations midway between crossover points ( thus a subset of the full sampling), has the same resolving power as the full set; that is, they resolve the same three-dimensional spectral space. The resolving power of the midpoint grid is characterized by the Nyquist frequency omega(c) = pi/T (where T is the repeat period of the exact-repeat satellite), and by (in local Cartesian coordinates) the zonal and meridional Nyquist wavenumber k(c) = 2 pi/X and l(c) = 2 pi/Y, respectively (where X and Y are the east-west and north-south separation between adjacent parallel ground tracks). (Note that the term "Nyquist'' is used here for lack of a better term. It retains its textbook meaning for delimiting the resolved spectral range. However, it may not have the same textbook meaning as far as aliasing is concerned.) Here, this result is rederived in simplified terms so that it is understood better. First, it is shown through the sampling theorem that even though samples of the real midpoint grid are not taken simultaneously, they resolve the same frequency range as that of a hypothetical midpoint grid, wherein samples are taken simultaneously at time t = nT (where n is an integer), hence sharing the same Nyquist frequency as cited above. This also reduces the three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one. The spatial part of the midpoint grid is a textbook regular grid with zonal and meridional sampling interval of X/2 and Y/2, respectively. As such, the Nyquist wavenumbers are exactly as those stated above. Now with the resolving power of the midpoint grid clearly understood, it can be proved that the midpoint grid provides the maximum resolving power. Putting the origin of the x-y coordinate system on one of the crossover points, the proof comes in the demonstration that cos(2 pix/X) is indistinguishable from cos(2 piy/Y) along track; that is, along-track samples are unable to distinguish the cosine part of the spectral component k = +/-k(c), l = 0 from that of the spectral component k = 0, l = +/-l(c). Thus any spatial spectral range containing both of these spectral components will be unresolved. In other words, the midpoint grid already has the maximum spatial resolution that can be attained by the complete along-track samples. Moreover, it is shown that there is a corresponding midpoint grid for a coordinated constellation of satellites, extending the theory for a single satellite to multiple ones. In addition, the proof implies that not all along-track samples are needed for three-dimensional analysis. Tremendous saving can be achieved through data compression. The best ways to achieve this while still retaining the aliasing-reduction benefits offered by the extra observations are discussed. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tai, CK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, E-RA3,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ck.tai@noaa.gov RI Tai, C.K./F-5628-2010 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 21 IS 5 BP 810 EP 818 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0810:TRPOAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 819NV UT WOS:000221322800010 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Simon, CG AF Xu, HHK Simon, CG TI Self-hardening calcium phosphate cement-mesh composite: Reinforcement, macropores, and cell response SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; mesh reinforcement; macroporous scaffold; cell culture; biocompatibility ID BONE-GRAFT SUBSTITUTE; CANAL SEALER-FILLER; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; FIBER REINFORCEMENT; FAILURE MECHANISMS; IMPLANTS; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; OSTEOCONDUCTION; RECONSTRUCTION AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) self-hardens to form hydroxyapatite, has excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement ability, and is promising for craniofacial and orthopedic repair. However, its low strength limits CPC to only nonstress repairs. This study aimed to reinforce CPC with meshes to increase strength, and to form macropores in CPC for bone ingrowth after mesh dissolution. A related aim was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the new CPC-mesh composite. Absorbable polyglactin meshes, a copolymer of poly(glycolic) and poly(lactic) acids, were incorporated into CPC to provide strength and then form interconnected cylindrical macropores suitable for vascular ingrowth. The composite flexural strength, work-of-fracture, and elastic modulus were measured as a function of the number of mesh sheets in CPC ranging from 1 (a mesh on the tensile side of the specimen) up to 13 (mesh sheets throughout the entire specimen), and as a function of immersion time in a physiological solution from 1 to 84 days. Cell culture was performed with osteoblast-like cells and the cell viability was quantified using an enzymatic assay. The strengths (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of CPC containing 13 or 6 meshes were 24.5 +/- 7.8 and 19.7 +/- 4.3 MPa, respectively, not significantly different from each other; both were significantly higher than 8.8 +/- 1.9 MPa of CPC without mesh (Tukey's at 0.95). The work-of-fracture of CPC with 13 or 6 meshes was 3.35 +/- 0.80 and 2.95 +/- 0.58 kJ/m(2), respectively, two orders of magnitude higher than 0.021 +/- 0.006 kJ/m(2) of CPC without mesh. Interconnected macropores were formed in CPC at 84 days' immersion. The new CPC-mesh formulation supported the adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and viability of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. In conclusion, absorbable meshes in CPC increased the implant strength by three-fold and work-of-fracture by 150 times; interconnected macropores suitable for bone ingrowth were created in CPC after mesh dissolution. The higher strength may help extend the use of CPC to larger stress-bearing repairs, and the macropores may facilitate tissue ingrowth and integration of CPC with adjacent bone. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE12476, DE14190] NR 39 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 22 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 69A IS 2 BP 267 EP 278 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.20124 PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 812ST UT WOS:000220859900008 PM 15057999 ER PT J AU Bailey, LO Washburn, NR Simon, CG Chan, ES Wang, FW AF Bailey, LO Washburn, NR Simon, CG Chan, ES Wang, FW TI Quantification of inflammatory cellular responses using real-time polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE cytokine; inflammatory; RT-PCR; biomaterials; wear debris ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; FACTOR-ALPHA; GENE-EXPRESSION; PARTICLES; MACROPHAGES; RNA; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; TRANSCRIPTION; BIOMATERIALS; INDUCTION AB The introduction of tissue engineering strategies for the repair and replacement of human body components extends the application and importance of biomaterials. Implanted biomaterials frequently evoke inflammatory responses that are complex and not well understood at present. The goals of this work were to develop improved measurement methods for the quantification of cellular inflammatory responses to biomaterials and obtain data that lead to an enhanced understanding of the ways in which the body responds to the introduction of biomaterials. To evaluate the biocompatibility of materials, we established a system that allows for the analysis and quantitation of cellular inflammatory responses in vitro. In this study, the inflammatory responses of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were analyzed. The cells were incubated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 8 and 18 h. The analysis of the genetic material obtained from the cells was quantitated using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cell populations treated with LPS or PMMA microspheres singly resulted in an elevation of cytokine levels compared to the untreated control. LPS resulted in a 258-fold increase, while PMMA resulted in an 87.9-fold increase at 8 h. RAW 264.7 cells incubated with LPS and PMMA particles demonstrated a synergistic effect by producing a marked increase in the level of cytokine expression, 336-fold greater than that of the untreated control at 8 h. Fluorescence microscopy studies that assessed cellular viability were also performed and are consistent with the RT-PCR results. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bailey, LO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM leeann.bailey@nist.gov NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 69A IS 2 BP 305 EP 313 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.20134 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 812ST UT WOS:000220859900012 PM 15058003 ER PT J AU Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Oiky, VV Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA AF Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Oiky, VV Marsh, KN Dymond, JH Wakeham, WA TI ThermoML(dagger) - An XML-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental and critically evaluate thermophysical and thermochemical property data. 3. Critically evaluated data, predicted data, and equation representation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Review ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PART 2; TEMPERATURES; PRESSURES AB ThermoML is an XML-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. Extensions to the ThermoML schema for the representation of predicted data, critically evaluated data, and data expressed as equations are described. The present role of ThermoML in global data submission aid dissemination is discussed with particular emphasis on cooperation between major journals in the field and TRC at NIST. The text of several data files illustrating the new extensions is provided as Supporting Information together with the complete updated ThermoML schema text. C1 NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. Univ Glasgow, Dept Chem, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Southampton, Sch Engn Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Frenkel, M (reprint author), NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM frenkel@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1021/je049890e PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 821TR UT WOS:000221486100001 ER PT J AU Kabo, GJ Blokhin, AV Paulechka, YU Kabo, AG Shymanovich, MP Magee, JW AF Kabo, GJ Blokhin, AV Paulechka, YU Kabo, AG Shymanovich, MP Magee, JW TI Thermodynamic properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in the condensed state SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID IONIC LIQUIDS; HEAT-CAPACITY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; THERMAL DATA; CHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; CRYSTALLINE; RELAXATION; ENTROPY; ESTERS; GLASS AB Thermodynamic functions for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C(4)mim][PF6]) are reported in a range of temperatures from (5 to 550) K, based on new measurements by calorimetry. Heat capacities of the crystal, glass, and liquid phases for [C(4)mim] [PF6] were measured with a pair of calorimeters. A vacuum-jacketed adiabatic calorimeter was used at temperatures between (5 and 310) K, and a heat bridge-scanning calorimeter was used from (300 to 550) K. With the adiabatic calorimeter, the fusion T-fus = 283.51 K, Delta(cr)(1)H(m)(o) = 19.60 kJ(.)mol(-1), and the glass transition T-g = 190.6 K were observed. The [C(4)mim][PF6] test sample was determined to have a mole fraction purity of 0.9956 by a fractional melting analysis. Densities of the liquid were measured in a range of temperatures from (298 to 353) K with a pycnometer equipped with a capillary neck. An unexpected endothermal transition, with a very small enthalpy change of 0.25 J(.)g(-1) (0.071 M(.)mol(-1)), was observed in a range of temperatures from (394 to 412) K. Heat capacity jumps were determined at the glass transition Delta(gl)(1)C(s) = 81.69 J(.)K(-1.)mol(-1) and fusion Delta(cr)(1)C, = 44.8 J(.)K(-1.)mol(-1), and the observed entropy change at fusion is Delta(cr)(1)S (283.51 K) = 69.23 J(.)K(-1.)mol(-1). C1 Belarussian State Univ, Fac Chem, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kabo, GJ (reprint author), Belarussian State Univ, Fac Chem, Leningradskaya 14, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 38 TC 158 Z9 158 U1 4 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 453 EP 461 DI 10.1021/je034102r PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 821TR UT WOS:000221486100013 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Akhmedova-Azizova, LA Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Akhmedova-Azizova, LA Azizov, ND TI Thermal conductivity of aqueous Sr(NO3)(2) and LiNO3 solutions at high temperatures and high pressures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; 100 MPA; 473 K; WATER; APPARATUS; LIQUIDS; STATE; RANGE; TOLUENE; NACL AB Thermal conductivity of five aqueous Sr(NO3)(2) Solutions of molality (0.249, 0.525, 1.181, 2.025, and 3.150) mol.kg(-1) and four aqueous LiNO3 solutions of molality (1.0, 1.7, 2.8, and 3.9) mol.kg(-1) have been measured with a concentric-cylinder (steady) technique. Measurements were made at five isobars (0. 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40) MPa for H2O+Sr(NO3)(2) and at four isobars (0.1, 10, 20, and 30) MPa for H2O+LiNO3 solutions. The range of temperature was (293.15 to 591.06) K. The total uncertainty of thermal conductivity, pressure, temperature, and molality measurements were estimated to be less than 2%, 0.05%, 30 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. The measured values of thermal conductivity were compared with data and correlations reported in the literature. The reliability and accuracy of the experimental method was confirmed with measurements on pure water, toluene, and H2O + NaCl with well-known thermal conductivity values. The experimental and calculated values of thermal conductivity for pure water from IAPWS formulation show excellent agreement within their experimental uncertainties (AAD within 0.44%) in the temperature range from (308.4 to 704.2) K and at pressures up to 60 MPa. Correlation equations for thermal conductivity of the solutions studied were obtained as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition by a least-squares method from the experimental data. The AAD between measured and calculated values from this correlation equation for the thermal conductivity was (0.5 to 0.7) %. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 60 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 688 EP 703 DI 10.1021/je0342466 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 821TR UT WOS:000221486100053 ER PT J AU Chelliah, M Bell, GD AF Chelliah, M Bell, GD TI Tropical multidecadal and interannual climate variability in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WEST-AFRICAN RAINFALL; EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; NORTH PACIFIC; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; STRONG ASSOCIATION; HURRICANE ACTIVITY AB The leading tropical multidecadal mode (TMM) and tropical interannual (ENSO) mode in the 52-yr ( 1949 2000) NCEP-NCAR reanalysis are examined for the December-February (DJF) and June-August (JJA) seasons based on seasonal tropical convective rainfall variability and tropical surface ( land 1 ocean) temperature variability. These combined modes are shown to capture 70%-80% of the unfiltered variance in seasonal 200-hPa velocity potential anomalies in the analysis region of 30degreesN-30degreesS. The TMM is the dominant mode overall, accounting for 50%-60% of the total unfiltered variance in both seasons, compared to the 22%-24% for ENSO. The robustness of the tropical multidecadal mode is addressed, and the results are shown to compare favorably with observed station data and published results of decadal climate variability in the key loading regions. The temporal and spatial characteristics of this mode are found to be distinct from ENSO. The TMM captures the global climate regimes observed during the 1950s-60s and 1980s-90s, and the 1970s transition between these regimes. It provides a global-scale perspective for many known aspects of this decadal climate variability (i.e., surface temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation) and links them to coherent multidecadal variations in tropical convection and surface temperatures in four core regions: the West African monsoon region, the central tropical Pacific, the Amazon basin, and the tropical Indian Ocean. During JJA, two distinguishing features of the tropical multidecadal mode are its link to West African monsoon variability and the pronounced zonal wavenumber-1 structure of the 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies in the subtropics of both hemispheres. During DJF a distinguishing feature is its link between anomalous tropical convection and multidecadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). For the linear combination of the TMM and ENSO the strongest regressed values of the wintertime NAO index are found when their principal component ( PC) time series are out of phase. In the Tropics and subtropics the linearly combined signal for the TMM and ENSO is strongest when their PC time series are in phase and is weakest when they are out of phase. This result suggests a substantial modulation of the ENSO teleconnections by the background flow. It indicates stronger La Nina teleconnections during the 1950s-60s, compared to stronger El Nino teleconnections during the 1980s-90s. Although this study addresses the linear ENSO-TMM interference, the results also suggest that interactions between the two modes may help to explain the stronger El Nino episodes observed during the 1980s-90s compared to the 1950s-60s. C1 US Dept Commerce, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS,NOAA Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Chelliah, M (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS,NOAA Sci Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM muthuvel.chelliah@noaa.gov NR 70 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1777 EP 1803 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1777:TMAICV>2.0.CO;2 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 814BV UT WOS:000220951100004 ER PT J AU Sun, BM Groisman, PY AF Sun, BM Groisman, PY TI Variations in low cloud cover over the United States during the second half of the twentieth century SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID DECADAL VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; ISCCP AB Several changes in U. S. observational practice [in particular, the introduction of the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) in the early 1990s] have led to a challenging heterogeneity of time series of most ground-based cloud observations. In this article, an attempt is made to preserve/restore the time series of average low cloud cover (LCC) over the country up to the year 2001 using cloud sky condition and cloud-base height information collected in the national archive data and to describe its spatial and temporal variability. The switch from human observations to ASOS can be bridged through the use of frequency of overcast/broken cloudiness. During the past 52 yr, the nationwide LCC appears to exhibit a significant increase but all of this increase occurred prior to the early 1980s and thereafter tends to decrease. This finding is consistent with similar changes in the frequency of days with precipitation. When the cloud-type information was still available (i.e., during the pre-ASOS period), it was found that the overall LCC increase was due to the increase in stratiform and cumulonimbus cloud occurrences while cumulus cloud frequency decreased. C1 FTG Inc, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Sun, BM (reprint author), FTG Inc, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Bomin.Sun@noaa.gov RI Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014 OI Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1883 EP 1888 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1883:VILCCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 814BV UT WOS:000220951100010 ER PT J AU Chen, WY AF Chen, WY TI Significant change of extratropical natural variability associated with tropical ENSO anomaly SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; PREDICTABILITY; IMPACT; MODEL AB The natural variability over the North Pacific, where the influence of tropical El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is substantial, is examined to determine whether there is a large change owing to a difference in the ENSO forcing anomaly. The hindcast ensemble runs of the Seasonal Forecast Model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are analyzed for this assessment. Four sets of 10-member ensemble hindcasts out to 7 months with T42 horizontal resolution and another four sets with T62 resolution are examined in detail. The results consistently indicate that the natural variability, on both seasonal and monthly time scales, is significantly smaller during El Nino boreal winters than during La Nina boreal winters. The implication is that the predictability on both seasonal and monthly time scales over the North Pacific is potentially higher during El Nino winters than during La Nina winters. C1 NWS, Climate Predict Ctr, NOAA, NCEP, Washington, DC USA. RP Chen, WY (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wilbur.chen@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2019 EP 2030 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2019:SCOENV>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 818VK UT WOS:000221272400009 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL AF Shirley, EL TI Ti ls pre-edge features in rutile: a Bethe-Salpeter calculation SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE Bethe-Salpeter calculation; TiO2; X-ray absorption spectrum dipole; quadrupole; Anderson impurity model ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; AB-INITIO CALCULATION; OPTICAL-EXCITATIONS; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; COVALENT CRYSTAL; SPECTRA; SCATTERING; SOLIDS; SEMICONDUCTORS; SPECTROSCOPY AB This work studies Ti K-edge excitations in rutile TiO2 by considering the X-ray absorption spectrum in a Bethe-Salpeter approach. Results are compared to those obtained by experiment and previous theoretical results found using the Anderson impurity model. This establishes satisfactory agreement between all results. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 47 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 EI 1873-2526 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 136 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1016/j.elspec.2004.02.134 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 826ZR UT WOS:000221868500010 ER PT J AU Avens, L Lohmann, KJ AF Avens, L Lohmann, KJ TI Navigation and seasonal migratory orientation in juvenile sea turtles SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea turtle; orientation; navigation; migration; map; loggerhead; green turtle; Caretta caretta; Chelonia mydas ID CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; TRUE NAVIGATION; POPULATION; FLORIDA; LAGOON; WATERS; BIRDS; CUES; SYSTEM AB Juvenile loggerhead and green turtles that inhabit inshore waters of North Carolina, USA undertake long seasonal migrations, after which they often return to specific feeding areas. In addition, juvenile turtles are capable of homing to specific sites after being displaced. As a first step towards investigating the navigational mechanisms that underlie these movements, juvenile turtles were captured in coastal waters of North Carolina and displaced 30-167 km along circuitous routes while deprived of visual cues. At the testing location, turtles were tethered in a circular arena and permitted to swim while their orientation was monitored. Between May and September, when juvenile loggerhead and green turtles inhabit feeding areas along the North Carolina coast, turtles oriented in directions that corresponded closely with the most direct route back to their capture locations. During October and November, however, both loggerhead and green turtles oriented southward, a direction consistent with the migratory paths of turtles beginning their autumn migration. The results demonstrate for the first time that both homing and migratory orientation can be elicited in juvenile turtles under laboratory conditions in which orientation cues can be readily manipulated. In addition, the results provide evidence that juvenile loggerheads can assess their position relative to a goal using local cues available at the test site and are therefore capable of map-based navigation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, Fisheries, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Avens, L (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM larisa.avens@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 27 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 207 IS 11 BP 1771 EP 1778 DI 10.1242/jeb.00946 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 831CW UT WOS:000222171500011 PM 15107432 ER PT J AU Ryer, C AF Ryer, C TI Comparison of genetically based antipredator behaviour in hatchery and wild coho fry from a coastal Oregon river: interpreting a negative result SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; domestication; hatchery; salmon; wild ID SALMO-SALAR L; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PREDATION; TROUT; RISK AB Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch fry derived from wild and hatchery stocks demonstrated no difference in responsiveness to an overhead fright stimulus in laboratory experiments. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, C (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1413 EP 1418 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00348.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 820OY UT WOS:000221400400020 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI Air-sea interaction and feasibility of tsunami detection in the open ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE air/sea interactions; tsunami; remote sensing; turbulence; wave-current interaction; surface roughness modulation ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; LONG SURFACE-WAVES; INTERNAL WAVES; TURBULENT-FLOW; GRAVITY-WAVES; WATER-WAVES; WIND-WAVES; MODEL; MODULATION; IMAGERY AB [1] Recent observations of "tsunami shadows,'' i.e., extended darker strips on the ocean surface along a front of a weak tsunami off Oahu, Hawaii, suggest that tsunamis in the deep ocean may be remotely detected through changes in ocean surface roughness. In this paper, physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of "tsunami shadows'' are considered. The hypothesis that the change in surface roughness is due to an air-sea interaction is examined. Using an eddy-viscosity model for the average Reynolds stresses in turbulent flow, a theory is developed to model tsunami-induced perturbations in the atmospheric boundary layer. It is demonstrated that in the lowest tens of centimeters of the atmosphere, tsunami-induced perturbations of the mean wind velocity are much greater than current velocities in the water and can be comparable to the unperturbed wind velocity. Enhancement of tsunami-induced wind velocity perturbations compared to currents in the tsunami wave occurs because of a generation of a viscous wave in the air by a coherent elevation of large expanses of the ocean surface in the tsunami wave. The ratio of the maximum wind velocity perturbation to the amplitude of the current velocity approximately equals (piD/4k(2)lambda) ln(2) (ku(*)lambda/2picz(0)), where k is the von Karman constant, u(*) is the friction velocity of a background wind, z(0) is the roughness length of the ocean surface, D is ocean depth, and lambda and c are the tsunami wavelength and velocity, respectively. The results are shown to be robust with respect to a choice of a closure model for Reynolds stresses. Dependence of the tsunami-induced atmospheric perturbations on background wind velocity and direction, tsunami period and amplitude, and ocean depth is studied. Implications of the theoretical predictions on the feasibility of a satellite-based system relying on radars and/or microwave radiometers for early tsunami warning are discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C5 AR C05002 DI 10.1029/2003JC002030 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 819OX UT WOS:000221325600002 ER PT J AU Ling, CD Granado, E Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN AF Ling, CD Granado, E Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN TI Magnetic inhomogeneities in electron-doped Ca1-xLaxMnO3 SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2004) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE neutron scattering; colossal magnetoresistance; manganite; clusters ID PHASE-SEPARATION; MANGANITES AB We present the results of a neutron scattering investigation of Ca1-xLaxMnO3 in the electron-doped (x similar to 0) regime. For light electron-doping, FM clusters similar to 10 Angstrom in diameter are identified in a liquid-like distribution within the G-AFM matrix. This mirrors behavior in the hole-doped (x similar to 1) regime. These clusters are not long-range correlated for x less than or equal to 0.05, however, for 0.05 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.10, a spontaneous long-range FM moment is observed. This seems to be due to the formation of a 'spin glass' of overlapping clusters, as opposed to either the long-range delocalization of doped electrons or long-range phase separation into electron-rich FM and electron-poor AFM regions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Maitner Inst, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Ling, CD (reprint author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, 6 Rue J Horowitz,BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. EM ling@ill.fr RI Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 246 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.102 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZR UT WOS:000222236500111 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Sankowski, P Kacman, P Sipatov, AY Majkrzak, CF Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H Sankowski, P Kacman, P Sipatov, AY Majkrzak, CF Giebultowicz, TM TI Antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling in EuS/YbSe superlattices SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2004) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE superlattices; neutron reflectivity; magnetic semiconductors AB Semi-insulating EuS/YbSe superlattices were fabricated and studied both experimentally and theoretically. Antiferromagnetic correlations between ferromagnetic EuS layers were observed in neutron reflectivity spectra for samples with thin spacer layers (up to 20 Angstrom). This is explained by a model in which the interlayer exchange coupling is dependent upon the electronic band structure of the superlattice. The calculated strength and the range of the coupling Lire in qualitative agreement with the experimental findings. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw Univ, Inst Informat, PL-02971 Warsaw, Poland. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Tech Univ, Kharkov Polytech Inst, UA-310002 Kharkov, Ukraine. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM henryk.kepa@fuw.edu.pl OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 323 EP 324 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.117 PN 1 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZR UT WOS:000222236500143 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Tsao, FC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Liu, RS AF Yang, CC Tsao, FC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Liu, RS TI Short range magnetic corrections in spinel Li(Mn0.976Co0.024)(2)O-4 SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE spinel; neutron diffraction; magnetic susceptibility ID REFINEMENT AB A lightly Co-doped spinel Li(Mn0.976Co0.024)(2)O-4 was prepared which crystallizes into a cubic Fd3m structure at 300 K. No structural changes were found as the temperature was reduced to 7 K. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetic neutron diffraction measurements reveal developments of magnetic correlations below 150 K. The magnetic correlations were still short range even at 1.4 K, with a saturated correlation length at similar to 100 Angstrom, apparently, Codoping stabilizing the crystal structure and enhancing the magnetic couplings between the Mn spins. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. EM d892001@phy.ncu.edu.tw RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 833 EP 834 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.388 PN 2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZT UT WOS:000222236700035 ER PT J AU Pini, MG Rettori, A Pappas, DP Anisimov, A Popov, AP AF Pini, MG Rettori, A Pappas, DP Anisimov, A Popov, AP TI Surface magnetic canting in a nonuniform film SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE magnetic properties of thin film; surface and interface AB The zero temperature equilibrium configuration of a nonuniform system made of a ferromagnetic (FM) monolayer on top of a semi-infinite FM film is calculated using a nonlinear mapping formulation of mean-field theory, where the surface is taken into account via an appropriate boundary condition. The analytical criterion for the existence of surface magnetic canting, previously obtained by Popov and Pappas, is also recovered. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 CNR, Ist Fis Applicata N Carrara, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. Univ Florence, INFM, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Moscow State Engn Phys Inst, Dept Mol Phys, Moscow 115407, Russia. RP Pini, MG (reprint author), CNR, Inst Fis Appl Sede Staccata EQ, Via Madonna Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. EM ingpini@ifac.cnr.it RI Pini, Maria Gloria/B-9595-2015 OI Pini, Maria Gloria/0000-0002-6571-4181 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 1152 EP 1153 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.670 PN 2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZT UT WOS:000222236700171 ER PT J AU Klaui, M Vaz, CAF Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Bauer, E Cherifi, S Heun, S Locatelli, A Heyderman, LJ Cui, Z Bland, JAC AF Klaui, M Vaz, CAF Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Bauer, E Cherifi, S Heun, S Locatelli, A Heyderman, LJ Cui, Z Bland, JAC TI Spin configurations and classification of switching processes in ferromagnetic rings down to sub-100 nm dimensions SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE magnetic rings; magnetic switching; magnetic imaging; micromagnetics ID NARROW RINGS; MAGNETS; NANOMAGNETS; MICROSCOPY AB The magnetic states and switching processes are investigated in Co and NiFe rings with lateral dimensions from the micrometer range down to sub-100 nm. Using non-intrusive imaging techniques we have directly observed the nanoscopic details of the magnetization configurations of epitaxial and polycrystalline mesoscopic ring structures with < 15 nm resolution. We have found head-to-head domain walls with different spin structures depending on ring width. Further, we can classify the geometry-dependent switching processes according to the number of transitions (single, double, triple) that a ring undergoes in a hysteresis cycle. In the case of triple switching we find a novel state with a complete vortex core present in the ring. It is found that the double switching can be retained in sub-100 nm rings by tailoring the material and thickness. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Sincrotrone Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Micro & Nanotechnol, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Bland, JAC (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. EM jacbl@phys.cam.ac.uk RI Heun, Stefan/B-4406-2011; Vaz, Carlos/A-7240-2012; Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; Klaui, Mathias/B-6972-2009; Heyderman, Laura/E-7959-2015; Cherifi-Hertel, Salia/H-9919-2016; OI Heun, Stefan/0000-0003-1989-5679; Vaz, Carlos/0000-0002-6209-8918; Klaui, Mathias/0000-0002-4848-2569; Cherifi-Hertel, Salia/0000-0002-9617-2098; Locatelli, Andrea/0000-0002-8072-7343 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 1631 EP 1636 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1365 PN 3 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZU UT WOS:000222236800002 ER PT J AU Vaz, CAF Lopez-Diaz, L Klaui, M Bland, JAC Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Cui, Z AF Vaz, CAF Lopez-Diaz, L Klaui, M Bland, JAC Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Cui, Z TI Observation of a geometrically constrained domain wall in epitaxial FCC Co small disks SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE Co disk; domain wall width; SEMPA; magnetic imaging ID NANOMAGNETS AB The magnetic nanostructure of epitaxial FCC Co/Cu(0 0 1) circular elements (similar to 1.7 mum in diameter) has been imaged with scanning electron microscopy with polarisation analysis. A closed flux configuration (quadrant configuration) is observed for most of the disks, characteristic of systems with Cubic anisotropy. However, the measured width of the 90degrees domain wall varies with the distance from the vortex core, from 70 +/- 25 nm up to a value determined by the disk radius. Such a wide domain wall is a consequence of the geometrical constraints imposed by the element, thus defining a geometrically constrained domain wall, as confirmed by micromagnetic simulations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Bland, JAC (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. EM cafv2@cus.cam.ac.uk; jacb1@phy.cam.ac.uk RI Vaz, Carlos/A-7240-2012; Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; Klaui, Mathias/B-6972-2009; OI Vaz, Carlos/0000-0002-6209-8918; Klaui, Mathias/0000-0002-4848-2569; Monchesky, Theodore/0000-0001-7401-7866 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 1674 EP 1675 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1228 PN 3 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZU UT WOS:000222236800020 ER PT J AU Tsao, FC Huang, PJ Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Ku, HC AF Tsao, FC Huang, PJ Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Ku, HC TI Mn magnetic ordering in fully oxygenated LuMnO3 SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE CMR compound; neutron diffraction; magnetic susceptibility AB Neutron magnetic diffraction and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the existence of both the ferromagnetic and noncollinear antiferromagnetic components for the Mn moments in a fully oxygenated LuMnO3. The observed magnetic intensities are consistent with a magnetic structure that can be described by using the Kovalev Gamma(5) irreducible representation, where the Mn moments lie in the basal MnO2 planes and the couplings between the adjacent MnO2 planes are ferromagnetic, with a saturated moment of = 3.22(1)mu(B). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. EM whli@phy.ncu.cdu.tw NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 1778 EP 1779 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.746 PN 3 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZU UT WOS:000222236800059 ER PT J AU Lee, CG Jung, JG Gornakov, VS McMichael, RD Chen, A Egelhoff, WF AF Lee, CG Jung, JG Gornakov, VS McMichael, RD Chen, A Egelhoff, WF TI Effects of annealing on the GMR and domain structure stabilization in a Py/Cu/Py/MnIr spin valve SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2003) CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 2003 CL Rome, ITALY DE GMR; magneto optical imaging; thermal stability ID THERMAL-STABILITY; MULTILAYERS; MICROSTRUCTURE AB The thermal stability of magnetic and magnetotransport properties of a Py/Cu/Py/lr(20)Mn(80) spin-valve system were studied. The dependence of the magnetoresistance (MR) and the magnetic domain structures of the spin-valve on anneal temperature were measured. Domain imaging revealed that increasing anneal temperature leads to changes in the exchange coupling between the two ferromagnetic layers showing regions of antiferromagnetically coupled layers, which appeared in ferromagnetically coupled area after cooling. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Changwon Natl Univ, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, CG (reprint author), Changwon Natl Univ, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. EM cglee@sarim.charngwon.ac.kr RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SI SI BP 1887 EP 1888 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.768 PN 3 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 831ZU UT WOS:000222236800107 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Khoi, LV Brown, CM Dietl, T Furdyna, JK Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H. Khoi, L. V. Brown, C. M. Dietl, T. Furdyna, J. K. Giebultowicz, T. M. TI Determination of hole-induced ferromagnetic exchange between nearest-neighbor Mn spins in p-type Zn1-xMnxTe SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE hole-induced ferromagnetism; magnetic semiconductors; inelastic neutron scattering AB The first direct determination of the hole-induced ferromagnetic contribution to the nearest-neighbor (NN) Mn - Mn exchange in Zn1-xMnxTe is reported. The difference between the NN exchange constants for insulating and strongly p-type samples was found by comparing inelastic magnetic neutron scattering from NN Mn - Mn pairs in the specimens. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B. V. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Giebultowicz, TM (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Ul Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM tgiebult@physics.orst.edu RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009; Dietl, Tomasz /C-9537-2013 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355; Dietl, Tomasz /0000-0003-1090-4380 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 272 SU 1 BP E1545 EP E1546 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1182 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA V42WI UT WOS:000202897200598 ER PT J AU Allen, SL Notis, MR Chromik, RR Vinci, RP Lewis, DJ Schaefer, R AF Allen, SL Notis, MR Chromik, RR Vinci, RP Lewis, DJ Schaefer, R TI Microstructural evolution in lead-free solder alloys: Part II. Directionally solidified Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Cu and Sn-Ag SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PEARLITE SPHEROIDIZATION; DIFFUSION; STABILITY; KINETICS; SYSTEM; COPPER; TIN AB The tin-silver-copper eutectic is a three-phase eutectic consisting of Ag3Sn plates and Cu6Sn5 rods in a (Sn) matrix. It was thought that the two phases would coarsen independently. Directionally solidified ternary eutectic and binary eutectic samples were isothermally annealed. Coarsening of the Cu6Sn5 rods in the binary and ternary eutectics had activation energies of 73 +/- 3 and 82 +/- 4 kJmol(-1), respectively. This indicates volume copper diffusion is the rate controlling mechanism in both. The Ag3Sn plates break down and then coarsen. The activation energies for the plate breakdown process were 35 +/- 3 and 38 +/- 3 kJmol(-1) for the binary and ternary samples respectively. This indicates that tin diffusion along the Ag3Sn/(Sn) interfaces is the most likely the rate-controlling mechanism. The rate-controlling mechanisms for Cu6Sn5 coarsening and Ag3Sn plate breakdown are the same in the ternary and binary systems, indicating that the phases evolve microstructurally independently of one another in the ternary eutectic. C1 Lehigh Univ, Whitaker Lab, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, SL (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Whitaker Lab, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 5 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RI Chromik, Richard/D-8566-2011 NR 23 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1425 EP 1431 DI 10.1557/jmr.2004.0191 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DL UT WOS:000222316500021 ER PT J AU Xu, HKHK Simon, CG AF Xu, HKHK Simon, CG TI Self-hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering SO JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate scaffold; hydroxyapatite; absorbable fiber reinforcement; cell culture; tissue engineering ID HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; IN-VITRO; FIBER REINFORCEMENT; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; OSTEOCONDUCTION; RECONSTRUCTION; REGENERATION; STRENGTH; IMPLANTS; FATIGUE AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form solid hydroxyapatite, can conform to complex cavity shapes without machining, has excellent osteoconductivity, and is able to be resorbed and replaced by new bone. Therefore, CPC is promising for craniofacial and orthopaedic repairs. However, its low strength and lack of macroporosity limit its use. This study investigated CPC reinforcement with absorbable fibers, the effects of fiber volume fraction on mechanical properties and macroporosity, and the cytotoxicity of CPC-fiber composite. The rationale was that large-diameter absorbable fibers would initially strengthen the CPC graft, then dissolve to form long cylindrical macropores for colonization by osteoblasts. Flexural strength, work-of-fracture (toughness), and elastic modulus were measured vs. fiber volume fraction from 0% (CPC Control without fibers) to 60%. Cell culture was performed with osteoblast-like cells, and cell viability was quantified using an enzymatic assay. Flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of CPC with 60% fibers was 13.5 +/- 4.4 MPa, three times higher than 3.9 +/- 0.5 MPa of CPC Control. Work-of-fracture was increased by 182 times. Long cylindrical macropores 293 +/- 46 mum in diameter were created in CPC after fiber dissolution, and the CPC-fiber scaffold reached a macroporosity of 55% and a total porosity of 81%. The new CPC-fiber formulation supported cell adhesion, proliferation and viability. The method of using large-diameter absorbable fibers in bone graft for mechanical properties and formation of long cylindrical macropores for bone ingrowth may be applicable to other tissue engineering materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HKHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Bldg 224,Room A-153,100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R29 DE12476, R01 DE14190] NR 49 TC 66 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0736-0266 J9 J ORTHOPAED RES JI J. Orthop. Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 22 IS 3 BP 535 EP 543 DI 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.09.010 PG 9 WC Orthopedics SC Orthopedics GA 817TW UT WOS:000221200800012 PM 15099632 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI Tsang, W AF Babushok, VI Tsang, W TI Kinetic modeling of heptane combustion and PAH formation SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Review ID RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE; HIGH-PRESSURE OXIDATION; PREMIXED N-HEPTANE; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; DIFFUSION FLAMES; AUTO-IGNITION; REACTION-MECHANISM; ALKANE COMBUSTION; STIRRED REACTOR; LAMINAR FLAME AB A kinetic model for high-temperature oxidation and pyrolysis of heptane has been developed. This model is based on new results for heptane decomposition, decomposition and isomerization of heptyl radicals, and decomposition of olefins and olefinic radicals. It is combined with kinetic data from Grimech-3.0 model on the reactions Of C-1-C-2 species. The subset on C-3-C-4 chemistry is based on the works of Marinov et al. (1998) and Laskin et al. (2000). The database for PAH formation is based on the results from kinetic models on heptane suitably modified from various soot formation models. The model was validated against experimental data on burning velocity, ignition delays, and OH time history during heptane ignition behind shock wave. The reactions determining burning velocity were established through sensitivity analysis. The main reactions determining burning velocity of heptane are similar to the reactions determining burning velocity of C-1-C-4 hydrocarbons. The influence of product distribution of heptyl radical decomposition on PAH production was analyzed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 99 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3 BP 403 EP 414 DI 10.2514/1.2323 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 820VW UT WOS:000221418700003 ER PT J AU Stone, JA Amer, M Faust, B Zimmerman, J AF Stone, JA Amer, M Faust, B Zimmerman, J TI Uncertainties in small-angle measurement systems used to calibrate angle artifacts SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE angle; autocollimator; Fizeau interferometer; metrology; phase shifting ID INTERFEROMETRY; DEVIATIONS AB We have studied a number of effects that can give rise to errors in small-angle measurement systems when they are used to calibrate artifacts such as optical polygons. Of these sources of uncertainty, the most difficult to quantify are errors associated with the measurement of imperfect, non-flat faces of the artifact, causing the instrument to misinterpret the average orientation of the surface. In an attempt to shed some light on these errors, we have compared autocollimator measurements to angle measurements made with a Fizeau phase-shifting interferometer. These two instruments have very different operating principles and implement different definitions of the orientation of a surface, but (surprisingly) we have not yet seen any clear differences between results obtained with the autocollimator and with the interferometer. The interferometer is in some respects an attractive alternative to an autocollimator for small-angle measurement; it implements an unambiguous and robust definition of surface orientation in terms of the tilt of a best-fit plane, and it is easier to quantify likely errors of the interferometer measurements than to evaluate autocollimator uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.stone@nist.gov NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 109 IS 3 BP 319 EP 333 DI 10.6028/jres.109.024 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 859HM UT WOS:000224254000002 PM 27366616 ER PT J AU Gaitan, M Locascio, LE AF Gaitan, M Locascio, LE TI Embedded microheating elements in polymeric micro channels for temperature control and fluid flow sensing SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flow sensor; microfluidics; microheating elements; polymer microchannels ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; DNA ANALYSIS; DEVICES; AMPLIFICATION; FABRICATION; SENSOR AB This paper describes the first demonstration of temperature control and flow sensing of fluids using integrated circuit (IC)-based microheating elements embedded in microchannels molded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Fluid channels and connections to capillary tubing are molded in PDMS using a silicon wafer template. The PDMS film is then bonded to an IC that contains the micromachined microheating elements. Capillary tubes are inserted and fluids are externally pumped through the channels. Heating of the fluid is observed by the formation of bubbles on the microheating element. Sensing of fluid flow is demonstrated by measuring a change in the large signal resistance of the microheater analogous to a hot wire +/- anemometer with a detection limit of 320 pL/s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaitan, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gaitan@nist.gov NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 109 IS 3 BP 335 EP 344 DI 10.6028/jres.109.025 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 859HM UT WOS:000224254000003 PM 27366617 ER PT J AU Johnson, A Kegel, T AF Johnson, A Kegel, T TI Uncertainty and traceability for the CEESI Iowa natural gas facility SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CEESI Iowa : natural gas facility; CEESI Iowa uncertainty analysis; CEESI traceability to NIST; correlation coefficient; critical flow venturi uncertainty; traceability; turbine meter uncertainty analysis AB This paper analyzes the uncertainty of a secondary flow measurement facility that calibrates a significant fraction of United States and foreign flow meters used for custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, owned by the Colorado Experimental Engineering Station Incorporated (CEESI), is located in Iowa. This facility measures flow with nine turbine meter standards, each of which is traceable to the NIST primary flow standard. The flow capacity, of this facility ranges from 0.7 actual m(3)/s to 10.7 actual m(3)/s at nominal pressures of 7174 kPa and at ambient temperatures. Over this flow range the relative expanded flow uncertainty varies from 0.28% to 0.30% (depending on flow). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CEESI, Nunn, CO USA. RP Johnson, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aaron.johnson@nist.gov; tkegel@ceesi.com NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 109 IS 3 BP 345 EP 369 DI 10.6028/jres.109.026 PG 25 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 859HM UT WOS:000224254000004 PM 27366618 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, CJ Blackwell, MM Saloman, EB AF Sansonetti, CJ Blackwell, MM Saloman, EB TI High-resolution observations of the infrared spectrum of neutral neon SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atomic spectroscopy; Fourier transform spectroscopy; infrared; neon; wavelengths ID VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET AB We have observed the spectrum of neutral neon (Ne 1) emitted by a microwave-excited electrodeless discharge lamp with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 2 m Fourier transform spectrometer. The spectra cover the regions 6929 Angstrom to 11000 Angstrom with a resolution of 0.01 cm(-1) and 11000 Angstrom to 47 589 Angstrom with a resolution of 0.007 cm(-1). We present a line list that includes more than 650 classified lines and provides an accurate and comprehensive description of the infrared spectrum. The response of the Fourier transform spectrometer was determined by using a radiometrically calibrated tungsten strip lamp, providing relative intensities that for moderate to strong lines are accurate to approximately 10% over the entire range of the observations. The identities of many lines that were previously multiply classified are unambiguously resolved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.sansonetti@nist.gov; edward.saloman@nist.gov NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 109 IS 3 BP 371 EP 389 DI 10.6028/jres.109.027 PG 19 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 859HM UT WOS:000224254000005 PM 27366619 ER PT J AU Williams, RL Albus, JS Bostelman, RV AF Williams, RL Albus, JS Bostelman, RV TI 3D cable-based Cartesian metrology system SO JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID MANIPULATOR; KINEMATICS; ROBOTS AB A novel cable-based metrology system is presented wherein six cables are connected in parallel from ground-mounted string pots to the moving object or tool of interest. Cartesian pose can be determined for feedback control and other purposes by reading the lengths of the six cables via the string pots and using closed-form forward pose kinematics. This article focuses on a sculpting metrology tool, assisting a human artist in generating a piece from a computer model, but applications exist in manufacturing, rapid prototyping, robotics, and automated construction. We present experimental data to demonstrate the operation of our system, we study the absolute accuracy and also measurement resolution, and we discuss various error sources. The proposed real-time cable-based metrology system is less complex and more economical than existing commercial Cartesian metrology technologies. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc . C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, RL (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM williar4@ohio.edu NR 16 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0741-2223 J9 J ROBOTIC SYST JI J. Robot. Syst. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 21 IS 5 BP 237 EP 257 DI 10.1002/rob.20012 PG 21 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 812SO UT WOS:000220859400003 ER PT J AU Switzer, TS Baltz, DM Allen, RL Munroe, TA AF Switzer, TS Baltz, DM Allen, RL Munroe, TA TI Habitat selection by sympatric tonguefishes (Symphurus : Cynoglossidae) in coastal Louisiana, USA: unravelling seasonal, spatial, and size-specific patterns in resource utilisation SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY NOV 03-07, 2002 CL ISLE OF MAN, ENGLAND DE beam-trawl; estuaries; flatfish; juveniles; nursery grounds; sympatric populations; USA; Louisiana; Barataria Bay ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; MICROHABITAT USE; NORTH-CAROLINA; EARLY LIFE; FISHES; ESTUARINE; PLEURONECTIFORMES; GROWTH; FLATFISH; RECRUITMENT AB We examined patterns of resource utilisation between young-of-the-year blackcheek tonguefish (Symphurus plagiusa) and offshore tonguefish (S. civitatium), in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA. A stratified monthly sampling approach was implemented to facilitate sampling of the broad saline to brackish estuary along environmental gradients. At each site several environmental variables were determined: salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bottom type, median depth and distance from shore. In 594 independent beam-trawl samples, 2897 offshore tonguefish and 631 blackcheek tonguefish were collected. The distributions of both species overlapped broadly on a seasonal basis (Schoener's index of overlap = 0.78). Both species were found in the study area in all seasons, with highest abundances during fall and winter months. On a spatial basis, the species did not overlap as much (index of overlap = 0.35). Approximately 83% of blackcheek tonguefish were collected in the uppermost or landward three strata, whereas 64% of offshore tonguefish were collected in the lowermost or seaward stratum. When spatial and seasonal distributions were considered together, overlap was reduced to 0.30, and when size-class distributions were added, the overlap of comparably sized individuals was reduced to approximately 0.23. In a multivariate analysis of variance comparison of microhabitat use between species, several significant differences were detected (P < 0.05): blackcheek tonguefish generally used lower salinities, higher temperatures, finer bottom types, shallower depths, and were found nearer to shore than offshore tonguefish. Among size classes there were significant differences within and between species for all six microhabitat variables. Size-related shifts in resource utilisation along environmental gradients were evident for both species. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Smithsonian Inst, NOAA, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab,NHB, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Switzer, TS (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Fisheries Inst, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM TSSwitzer@aol.com RI Baltz, Donald/A-9374-2009 NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1016/j.seares.2003.10.001 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 820PA UT WOS:000221400600007 ER PT J AU Stone, HH Gavaris, S Legault, CM Neilson, JD Cadrin, SX AF Stone, HH Gavaris, S Legault, CM Neilson, JD Cadrin, SX TI Collapse and recovery of the yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) fishery on Georges Bank SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY NOV 03-07, 2002 CL ISLE OF MAN, ENGLAND DE yellowtail flounder; Georges Bank; fishery; management; collapse; recovery; closed area AB Stock biomass of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) on Georges Bank was depleted by over-fishing from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, but fishery restrictions have effectively increased survival, and with recent strong recruitment, biomass is rebuilding to historic levels. The decline, collapse and recovery of Georges Bank yellowtail flounder is illustrated by past and present spatial distribution and abundance data from groundfish surveys and trends in exploitation, recruitment, biomass and age composition from recent stock assessments. Evidence for the dominant influence of exploitation on the decline and reduced abundance of this stock and the effectiveness of the current management strategy towards stock rebuilding is illustrated through deterministic simulations and yield per recruit analyses. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Dept Fisheries & Ocean, Biol Stn, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Stone, HH (reprint author), Dept Fisheries & Ocean, Biol Stn, 531 Brandy Cove Rd, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada. EM stoneh@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 20 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 270 DI 10.1016/j.seares.2003.08.004 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 820PA UT WOS:000221400600010 ER PT J AU Soler, T Snay, RA AF Soler, T Snay, RA TI Transforming positions and velocities between the international terrestrial reference frame of 2000 and north American datum of 1983 SO JOURNAL OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE datum; North America; global positioning; geodetic surveys; velocity AB In December 2001, Natural Resources Canada and the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS) jointly adopted values for a set of 14 parameters for transforming positional coordinates and velocities between the International Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2000 (ITRF00) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Seven of these parameters characterize the variation with respect to time of the standard seven parameters (three shifts, three rotations, and a differential scale). In March 2002, the NGS updated the NAD 83 positional coordinates for all continuously operating reference stations to be consistent with their corresponding ITRF00 coordinates at an epoch date of 2002.00. Also, the NGS has incorporated these adopted values for the 14 transformation parameters into software packages, such as HTDP (horizontal time dependent positioning) for transforming positional coordinates across time and between reference frames, and OPUS (On-line Positioning User Service) for processing global positioning system data. Both HTDP and OPUS are available through the NGS Tool Kit. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Global Posit Syst Branch, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Soler, T (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Global Posit Syst Branch, 1315 EW Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Tom.Soler@noaa.gov; Richard.Snay@noaa.gov RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9453 J9 J SURV ENG-ASCE JI J. Surv. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2004 VL 130 IS 2 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2004)130:2(49) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 814FH UT WOS:000220960100001 ER PT J AU Hidy, GM Eatough, DJ Klouda, GA AF Hidy, GM Eatough, DJ Klouda, GA TI Design scenario for the radioisotopic estimation of the biogenic component of airborne particles SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION DENUDER SAMPLER; FINE PARTICULATE MATTER; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; CARBON; URBAN; C-14; AEROSOLS; TRACERS; SYSTEM AB An experimental design is described to estimate the fraction of secondary fine particle from the biogenic component of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere using radiocarbon isotopic abundance ratios. The method distinguishes between "modern" carbon (C), and "old" C of primary and secondary origins based on three components,. condensed-phase organic carbon (OC), semi-volatile particulate compounds (SVOCs), and VOCs. The method depends on interpretation of diurnal and seasonal variation in OC, SVOC, and VOC concentrations. Sampling employs a filter-denuder unit, which collects the three C components for isotopic analysis. The samples are collected repetitively for a daily sequence of the same hourly intervals covering diurnal periods with similar meteorological conditions. Collected C is thermally treated to separate OC from black carbon on filters and VOCs or SVOCs from adsorbents, with all four fractions individually oxidized to carbon dioxide to determine the radiocarbon content by accelerator mass spectrometry. Using C isotope abundance, the data are interpreted for fractions of primary modern C and secondary modern C as estimated from averaging diurnal and seasonal variations in the concentration data. As support for interpretation, samples of OC, SVOCs, and VOCs would be analyzed for speciation to identify source indicator species present. C1 Envair Aerochem, Placitas, NM 87043 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hidy, GM (reprint author), Envair Aerochem, 6 Evergreen Dr, Placitas, NM 87043 USA. EM dahidy@comcast.net NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 54 IS 5 BP 600 EP 613 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 818HH UT WOS:000221235700008 PM 15149047 ER PT J AU Kim, HK Lee, S AF Kim, HK Lee, S TI The wave-zonal mean flow interaction in the Southern Hemisphere SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED ELIASSEN-PALM; PRIMITIVE EQUATION MODEL; LINEAR BAROCLINIC WAVES; HADLEY-CELL DYNAMICS; LIFE-CYCLES; CIRCULATION; INSTABILITY; MAINTENANCE; DRIVEN; TROPOSPHERE AB This study examines the wave - zonal mean flow interaction in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and in an SH-like model atmosphere. During the SH winter, when there exist both subtropical and polar front jets, growing baroclinic waves are found between the two jets as well as along the polar front jet. These baroclinic waves between the two jets pump westerly momentum into the interjet region flanked by the subtropical and polar front jets. As a result, these baroclinic waves blend the two jets, preventing the longtime occurrence or establishment of two well-defined jets. It is also shown that during the SH winter, the deceleration of the westerlies on the equatorward side of the subtropical jet is mostly associated with the above baroclinic waves in the interjet region, rather than with eddies that originate along the polar front jet. A set of idealized numerical model experiments shows that as the value of the surface friction is increased, the direction of the baroclinic wave momentum flux in the interjet region changes, resulting in a drastically different climatological flow. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kim, HK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Rm 605,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM hyun-kyung.kim@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 9 BP 1055 EP 1067 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1055:TWMFII>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 816HZ UT WOS:000221102300006 ER PT J AU Pauluis, O AF Pauluis, O TI Boundary layer dynamics and cross-equatorial Hadley circulation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SYMMETRICAL ATMOSPHERE; CONVERGENCE; MODELS; INSTABILITY; TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; ZONES AB The behavior of the Hadley circulation is analyzed in the context of an idealized axisymmetric atmosphere. It is argued that the cross-equatorial Hadley circulation exhibits two different regimes depending on the depth of the planetary boundary layer and the sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial regions. The first regime corresponds to a classic direct circulation from the summer to winter hemisphere. The second regime differs in that the return flow rises above the boundary layer in the winter hemisphere and crosses the equator within the free troposphere. This equatorial jump is associated with a secondary maximum in precipitation on the winter side of the equator. The transition between these two regimes can be understood through the dynamical constraints on the low-level flow. Strong virtual temperature gradients are necessary for the return flow to cross the equator within the planetary boundary layer. However, the mass transport driven by such a temperature gradient is highly sensitive to the thickness of the boundary layer. For a weak temperature gradient or a shallow boundary layer, the return flow is prevented from crossing the equator within the the boundary layer and, instead, must do so in the free troposphere. These dynamical constraints act equally in a dry and a moist atmosphere. However, a comparison between dry and moist simulations shows that the equatorial jump is much deeper in a moist atmosphere. This is interpreted as resulting from the feedbacks between the large-scale flow and moist convection, which results in establishing a very weak gross moist stability for the equatorial jump. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Pauluis, O (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, Princeton Forrestal Campus,US Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM pauluis@princeton.edu NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 10 BP 1161 EP 1173 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1161:BLDACH>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 820IG UT WOS:000221380800005 ER PT J AU Atlas, D Ulbrich, CW Williams, CR AF Atlas, D Ulbrich, CW Williams, CR TI Physical origin of a wet microburst: Observations and theory SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; EVAPORATION; CONVECTION; GRAUPEL; STORM; HAIL AB A unique set of Doppler and polarimetric radar observations were made of a microburst-producing storm in Amazonia during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Large-Scale Biosphere - Atmosphere (LBA) field experiment. The key features are high reflectivity (50 dBZ) and modest size hail (up to 0.8 mm) in high liquid water concentrations (>4 g m(-3)) at the 5-km 0degreesC level, melting near the 3-km level as evidenced by the Doppler spectrum width on the profiler radar ( PR), by differential polarization on the S-band dual-polarized radar (S-POL), and a sharp downward acceleration from 2.8 to 1.6 km to a peak downdraft of 11 m s(-1), followed by a weak microburst of 15 m s(-1) at the surface. The latter features closely match the initial conditions and results of the Srivastava numerical model of a microburst produced by melting hail. It is suggested that only modest size hail in large concentrations that melt aloft can produce wet microbursts. The narrower the distribution of hail particle sizes, the more confined will be the layer of melting and negative buoyancy, and the more intense the microburst. It is hypothesized that the timing of the conditions leading to the microburst is determined by the occurrence of an updraft of proper magnitude in the layer in which supercooled water accounts for the growth of hail or graupel. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Atlas, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 910, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM datlas@radar.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 61 IS 10 BP 1186 EP 1196 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1186:POOAWM>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 820IG UT WOS:000221380800007 ER PT J AU Jones, DJ Fortier, TM Cundiff, ST AF Jones, DJ Fortier, TM Cundiff, ST TI Highly sensitive detection of the carrier-envelope phase evolution and offset of femtosecond mode-locked oscillators SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PULSES; FREQUENCY; STABILIZATION; LASERS; CLOCK; GAAS AB We demonstrate use of a lock-in detection method that is capable of highly sensitive detection of carrier-envelope-phase-sensitive phenomena. This method can measure static offsets to the carrier-envelope phase. To demonstrate the ability to measure static offsets in the phase, the change in carrier-envelope phase caused by extracavity dispersion is measured. Unavoidable offsets in measurement of the carrier-envelope phase by the standard v-to-2v self-referencing scheme is analyzed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 21 IS 5 BP 1098 EP 1103 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.21.001098 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 818GY UT WOS:000221234800028 ER PT J AU Li, X Ling, L Hua, XF Oehrlein, GS Wang, YC Vasenkov, AV Kushner, MJ AF Li, X Ling, L Hua, XF Oehrlein, GS Wang, YC Vasenkov, AV Kushner, MJ TI Properties of C4F8 inductively coupled plasmas. l. Studies of Ar/c-C4F8 magnetically confined plasmas for etching of SiO2 SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Canadian Semiconductor Technology Conference (CSTC) CY AUG 18-22, 2003 CL Ottawa, CANADA ID RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; ION FLUXES; REACTOR; ENERGIES; C-C4F8; MODEL AB Gas mixtures containing c-C4F8/Ar are commonly used for the plasma etching of dielectric materials such as SiO2. To quantify the dependence of fundamental plasma parameters of systems using these mixtures, inductively coupled plasmas in the pressure range of 6-20 mTorr, with and without magnetic confinement, were investigated. Measurements were also made in pure Ar and O-2 to provide a comparison baseline. We found that use of magnetic confinement strongly influences the total ion flux, ion composition, and ion energy distributions in these discharges. Magnetic confinement increases the ion saturation current density, as measured with a Langmuir probe, most effectively at the lowest pressure examined here (6 mTorr). The increase in current density generally decreases as the pressure increases. Mass spectroscopic measurements of the ion flux showed that the CF+ ion flux dominates in C4F8 discharges, both with and without magnetic confinement. When Ar is added to C4F8 discharges with magnetic confinement, the CF2+ and CF3+ ion fluxes increase, and CF3+ becomes the dominant fluorocarbon ion. The ion energy distributions with and without magnetic field indicate that the plasma potential is generally lower for the magnetically confined discharges, although these trends are not monotonic when diluting C4F8 with Ar. Etching rates of SiO2, Si, and photoresist are higher with magnetic confinement, while etching yields are lower. The chemical compositions of passively deposited fluorocarbon films on Si, as measured by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, differ little with and without magnetic confinement for varying C4F8/Ar gas compositions. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Li, X (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lixi@glue.umd.edu; oehrlein@glue.umd.edu; mjk@uiuc.ed RI Kushner, Mark/A-7362-2008; Kushner, Mark/D-4547-2015 NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 22 IS 3 BP 500 EP 510 DI 10.1116/1.1697482 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 829ZQ UT WOS:000222091800011 ER PT J AU Decker, JE Schodel, R Doiron, T Bonsch, G AF Decker, JE Schodel, R Doiron, T Bonsch, G TI Phase step calibration extends 19th century standard into 21st SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Article ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; AIR AB Gauge blocks are still used as length standards in industry and trade primarily because they are easier and less expensive to handle than laser-based instruments. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. PTB, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Decker, JE (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. EM jennifer.decker@nrc.ca; rene.schoedel@ptb.de; doiron@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 98 SPIT BROOK RD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 0740-2511 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD MAY PY 2004 VL 40 IS 5 BP 143 EP + PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 823FE UT WOS:000221594500036 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, V Vasquez, GB Srivastava, S Verma, M Petricoin, E Lubell, J Sriram, RD Barker, PE Gilliland, GL AF Ravichandran, V Vasquez, GB Srivastava, S Verma, M Petricoin, E Lubell, J Sriram, RD Barker, PE Gilliland, GL TI Data standards for proteomics: mitochondrial two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data as a model system SO MITOCHONDRION LA English DT Article DE 2D gel electrophoresis; data standards; interoperability; proteomics; data uniformity ID PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION AB Proteomics has emerged as a major discipline that led to a re-examination of the need for consensus and a nationally sanctioned set of proteomics technology standards. Such standards for databases and data reporting may be applied to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) technology as a pilot project for assessing global and national needs in proteomics, and the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other similar standards and measurement organizations. The experience of harmonizing the heterogeneous data included in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) provides a paradigm for technology in an area where significant heterogeneity in technical detail and data storage has evolved. Here we propose an approach toward standardizing mitochondrial 2D PAGE data in support of a globally relevant proteomics consensus. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. and Mitochondria Research Society. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Canc Inst, Div Canc Prevent, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Therapeut Prod, Off Therapeut Res & Review, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Ravichandran, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM vravi@nist.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-7249 J9 MITOCHONDRION JI Mitochondrion PD MAY PY 2004 VL 3 IS 6 BP 327 EP 336 DI 10.1016/j.mito.2004.02.006 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 823TE UT WOS:000221635300002 PM 16120364 ER PT J AU Whitaker, JS Compo, GP Wei, X Hamill, TM AF Whitaker, JS Compo, GP Wei, X Hamill, TM TI Reanalysis without radiosondes using ensemble data assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID KALMAN FILTER; ANALYSIS SCHEME AB Studies using idealized ensemble data assimilation systems have shown that flow-dependent background-error covariances are most beneficial when the observing network is sparse. The computational cost of recently proposed ensemble data assimilation algorithms is directly proportional to the number of observations being assimilated. Therefore, ensemble-based data assimilation should both be more computationally feasible and provide the greatest benefit over current operational schemes in situations when observations are sparse. Reanalysis before the radiosonde era (pre-1931) is just such a situation. The feasibility of reanalysis before radiosondes using an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) is examined. Real surface pressure observations for 2001 are used, subsampled to resemble the density of observations we estimate to be available for 1915. Analysis errors are defined relative to a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) analysis using several orders of magnitude more observations, both at the surface and aloft. We find that the EnSRF is computationally tractable and considerably more accurate than other candidate analysis schemes that use static background-error covariance estimates. We conclude that a Northern Hemisphere reanalysis of the middle and lower troposphere during the first half of the twentieth century is feasible using only surface pressure observations. Expected Northern Hemisphere analysis errors at 500 hPa for the 1915 observation network are similar to current 2.5-day forecast errors. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Whitaker, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Jeffrey.S.Whitaker@noaa.gov OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 NR 31 TC 144 Z9 153 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 132 IS 5 BP 1190 EP 1200 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1190:RWRUED>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 817RS UT WOS:000221195200009 ER PT J AU Ledgerwood, RD Ryan, BA Dawley, EM Nunnallee, EP Ferguson, JW AF Ledgerwood, RD Ryan, BA Dawley, EM Nunnallee, EP Ferguson, JW TI A surface trawl to detect migrating juvenile Salmonids tagged with passive integrated transponder tags SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN; SURVIVAL; SNAKE; SYSTEM AB We developed a surface pair-trawl system to detect juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags as they migrate through the upper Columbia River estuary. The trawl was fitted with a detection antenna in its cod end and was deployed by two vessels. Fish entering the trawl body exit after passing by the detection antenna. Detection data were recorded by electronic components housed in a small boat tethered to the trawl. The system was modified extensively after its first deployment in 1995 and by 2001 was performing reliably under a variety of weather conditions and river flows. From 1995 to 2001 the device detected 29,699 PIT-tagged juvenile salmon. During extended daily sampling periods, we detected nearly 2% of all PIT tags previously detected at Bonneville Dam, which is located 159 rkm upstream from the study area. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Dis, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ledgerwood, RD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Dis, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM dick.ledgerwood@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 440 EP 451 DI 10.1577/M0-071.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500010 ER PT J AU Riley, SC Fuss, HJ LeClair, LL AF Riley, SC Fuss, HJ LeClair, LL TI Ecological effects of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook and Coho salmon on wild juvenile Salmonids in two Washington streams SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BROWN TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RAINBOW-TROUT; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MICROHABITAT USE; STEELHEAD TROUT; FISH STOCKING; POPULATIONS AB We observed wild salmonid fry at sites downstream (treatment) and upstream (control) from experimental releases of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolts and coho salmon O. kisutch fry in two streams to estimate the effects of hatchery releases on the density, group size, microhabitat use, and size of wild fish. Most hatchery-reared Chinook salmon smolts that were released left treatment sites within a few days; hatchery-reared coho salmon fry remained at treatment sites for at least several weeks. We found limited evidence to suggest that the release of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon smolts or coho salmon fry caused consistent, significant effects on the density, group size, microhabitat use, or size of wild coho salmon fry in the two streams. We observed significant decreases in the densities of wild coho salmon and trout fry (steelhead [anadromous rainbow trout] O. mykiss and cutthroat trout O. clarki combined) after hatchery-reared Chinook salmon were released, but they did not occur when large numbers of hatchery fish were present at treatment sites. We observed an increase in the group size of wild coho salmon in one stream when Chinook salmon were released, but not in the other stream. We observed few changes in microhabitat use by wild coho salmon fry associated with the release of hatchery-reared fish; most changes were observed in only a single stream or occurred after only some of the releases. The lengths and weights of wild coho salmon fry over the sampling season were not significantly different between treatment and control sites in one study stream. These results suggest that small-scale releases of hatchery-reared Chinook or coho salmon have few significant ecological effects on wild salmonid fry in small, coastal Washington streams, particularly when wild fry occur at low densities. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Riley, SC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM stephen.riley@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 506 EP 517 DI 10.1577/M03-068.1 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500015 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Parker, SJ AF Davis, MW Parker, SJ TI Fish size and exposure to air: Potential effects on behavioral impairment and mortality rates in discarded sablefish SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; TRAWL CODENDS; SURVIVAL; STRESS; TEMPERATURE; BYCATCH; DURATION; LONGLINE; HOOKING; HALIBUT AB Fisheries models often assume that discarded undersized fish and target species will survive and contribute to future recruitment and yield. If smaller fish are more susceptible to capture stressors than larger fish, then the assumption that smaller discards would contribute to recruitment may not be true. We tested the hypothesis that small sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria show more behavioral impairment and mortality than large fish when exposed to air (10-60 min) at various temperatures (10-18degreesC). Sablefish captured by trawl, longline, or trap are commonly exposed to these conditions during warmer seasons when brought up on deck and sorted. Two size-classes of fish (small: 32-49 cm total length [TL]; large: 50-67 cm TL) were used in the experiments. Behavior was measured as upright orientation and startle responses to visual and mechanical stimuli 1, 2, 3, and 24 h after air exposure; mortality was measured through 7 d after air exposure. Small fish mortality increased as air time increased and was at higher levels than in large fish. Only 10 min of air exposure caused behavioral impairment in small and large fish, which could lead to increased predation on discarded fish. At 24 h after air exposure, normal behavior had not generally resumed and small fish had more behavioral impairment than large fish. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michael.w.davis@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 518 EP 524 DI 10.1577/M03-030.1 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500016 ER PT J AU Beland, KF Trial, JG Kocik, JF AF Beland, KF Trial, JG Kocik, JF TI Use of riffle and run habitats with aquatic vegetation by juvenile Atlantic salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROOK TROUT; MICROHABITAT USE; SALAR; SELECTION; SURVIVAL; STREAM; SUMMER; RIVER; BEHAVIOR AB We examined the use of riffle and run habitats with varying aquatic macrophyte coverage by juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Narraguagus River, Maine, via electrofishing and individual fish observations. At the site level, large and small parr were more abundant in riffle habitats than in run habitats, and the abundance of small parr was lower at sites with heavy aquatic vegetation. At the individual-fish level, parr use of moderately vegetated areas was significantly higher than expected based on availability of such habitats, and use of heavily vegetated areas was lower than expected. The use of vegetated areas was not independent of dominant substrate type. Use of moderately vegetated habitats exceeded expectations for gravel- and sand-dominated areas; for cobble-dominated areas, use of sites with little or no vegetation exceeded expectations. Approximately 95% of the observed parr were found in the vicinity of a discrete cover item (i.e., cobble, vegetation, or other). Parr typically held position in the immediate vicinity of a cobble particle or other large stone when such cover items were available. In areas with limited cobble cover, parr often held position in the vicinity of rooted aquatic macrophytes. In the absence of cobble cover, area; with moderate levels of aquatic vegetation provide a cover component to juvenile Atlantic salmon and are used to a greater extent than similar areas lacking such cover. C1 Marine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Orono Field Stn, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP Beland, KF (reprint author), Marine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, 650 State St, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. EM ken.beland@maine.gov NR 34 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 525 EP 533 DI 10.1577/M02-196.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500017 ER PT J AU Connor, WP Smith, SG Andersen, T Bradbury, SM Burum, DC Hockersmith, EE Schuck, ML Mendel, GW Bugert, RM AF Connor, WP Smith, SG Andersen, T Bradbury, SM Burum, DC Hockersmith, EE Schuck, ML Mendel, GW Bugert, RM TI Postrelease performance of hatchery yearling and subyearling fall Chinook salmon released into the Snake river SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID REARING DENSITY; COLUMBIA RIVER; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; STEELHEAD TROUT; SURVIVAL; SMOLTIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; KISUTCH; GROWTH AB Two rearing treatments are used at Lyons Ferry Hatchery to produce yearling (age-1) and subyearling (age-0) fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha for supplementing production of wild fish in the Snake River. We compared four indicators of yearling and subyearling postrelease performance, namely, seaward movement, condition factor, growth rate, and survival. A standard rearing treatment was used to grow yearlings slowly for 14 months to sizes of 152-162 mm (mean fork length). A second standard rearing treatment was used to grow medium subyearlings at a moderate rate for 5 months to 84-89 nm. Two modified rearing treatments were used to produce large subyearlings that were grown rapidly to 90-103 mm and small subyearlings that were grown slowly to 70-76 mm. We released yearlings in April and subyearlings in June on the typical supplementation schedule. Seaward movement, condition factor, growth, and survival varied among rearing treatments. Yearlings moved seaward fastest for reasons related to their large size. Yearlings had the lowest postrelease condition factors and growth rates because they were released when temperatures were cool and they moved seaward quickly, spending little time to feed. Yearlings had the highest survival because they were released when the water was cool, they moved seaward quickly, and their large size reduced susceptibility to predation. Small subyearlings moved seaward the slowest because of their small size and slow growth before release. Small subyearlings had the highest postrelease condition factors and highest growth rates because they lingered and were exposed to relatively high temperatures that were favorable for growth. Small subyearlings had the lowest survival because they lingered and were exposed to low flow and warm water for long durations and their small size increased susceptibility to predation. We conclude that fall Chinook salmon performance after release from Lyons Ferry Hatchery is influenced by release date and by rearing treatment effects on size, prerelease growth rate, and postrelease behavior. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fisheries Resouce Off, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Govenors Salmon Recovery Off, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Connor, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Idaho Fisheries Resouce Off, POB 18, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. EM william_connor@fws.gov NR 55 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 545 EP 560 DI 10.1577/M02-161.1 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500019 ER PT J AU Winans, GA Paquin, MM Van Doornik, DM Baker, BM Thornton, P Rawding, D Marshall, A Moran, P Kalinowski, S AF Winans, GA Paquin, MM Van Doornik, DM Baker, BM Thornton, P Rawding, D Marshall, A Moran, P Kalinowski, S TI Genetic stock identification of steelhead in the Columbia River Basin: An evaluation of different molecular markers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTH-AMERICAN; CHUM SALMON; POPULATIONS; DNA; FISHERIES; ALLOZYME; PROGRAM AB Protein genetic markers (allozymes) have been used during the last decade in a genetic stock identification (GSI) program by state and federal management agencies to monitor stocks of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Columbia River basin. In this paper we report new data for five microsatellite and three intron loci from 32 steelhead populations in the three upriver evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and compare the performance of allozyme, microsatellite, and intron markers for use in GSI mixture analyses. As expected, microsatellites and introns had high total heterozygosity (HT) values; but there was little difference among marker classes in the magnitude of population differentiation as estimated by Wright's fixation index (EST), which ranged from 0.041 (microsatellite loci) to 0.047 (allozyme loci) and 0.050 (intron loci). For allozyme and microsatellite loci, the relationships among populations followed the patterns of geographic proximity. In computer-simulated mixture analyses, GSI estimates were more than 85% correct to the reporting group, the exact percentage depending on the marker data set and target group. Microsatellite loci provided the most accurate estimate (83%) in the 100% upper Columbia River ESU simulation, whereas simulation estimates for the 32-locus allozyme baseline were 93-94% for the 100% middle Columbia River ESU and two Snake River management groups. The simulations also showed that the estimates improved substantially up to a sample size of 50 fish per population. Technical advances will concomitantly increase the number of useful microsatellite loci and the rate of laboratory throughput, making this class of molecular marker more valuable for GSI mixture analyses in the near future. In the meantime, we recommend that steelhead management in the Columbia River rely on both allozyme and microsatellite data for GSI procedures. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Winans, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM gary.winans@noaa.gov RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008 NR 35 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 672 EP 685 DI 10.1577/M03-052.1 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 829RO UT WOS:000222067500031 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM Martynenko, SI AF Fuks, IM Martynenko, SI TI Comment on "On the long-range detection of radioactivity using electromagnetic radiation" SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material DE radiation; mesospheric electricity; ionosphere ID LOWER IONOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE AB The fact that the mesosphere is an electrically active element in the global atmospheric electric circuit provides a possible mechanism for troposphere-mesosphere-ionosphere coupling during releases of radioactive materials at the ground level, and this is discussed in this comment. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kharkiv V Karazin Natl Univ, Sch Radio Phys, Dept Space Radio Phys, UA-61077 Kharkov, Ukraine. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Martynenko, SI (reprint author), Kharkiv V Karazin Natl Univ, Sch Radio Phys, Dept Space Radio Phys, 4 Svoboda Sq, UA-61077 Kharkov, Ukraine. EM iosif.fuks@noaa.gov; sergey.i.martynenko@univer.kharkov.ua NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 523 IS 1-2 BP 246 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.428 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 815ZA UT WOS:000221079000021 ER PT J AU Dzhosyuk, SN Mattoni, CEH McKinsey, DN Thompson, AK Yang, L Doyle, JM Huffman, PR AF Dzhosyuk, SN Mattoni, CEH McKinsey, DN Thompson, AK Yang, L Doyle, JM Huffman, PR TI Neutron-induced luminescence and activation in neutron shielding and scintillation detection materials at cryogenic temperatures SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE neutron induced luminescence; neutron shielding; boron nitride; lithium fluoride; boron carbide; boron oxide; PTFE ID BORON-NITRIDE; ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS; THERMOLUMINESCENCE AB The neutron-induced low temperature (below 5 K) luminescence of neutron shielding and scintillation detection materials is studied. Strong luminescence is observed for the neutron absorbing materials boron nitride (BN) and lithium fluoride (LiF). A measurable, but substantially smaller luminescence is observed from boron oxide (B2O3). An upper bound of 10(-3) was determined for the fraction of the luminescence due to time-correlated multiphoton events in the BN. Other materials tested - boron carbide (B4C), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or acrylic), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with an evaporated coating of the downconverting fluor tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) and a boron/lithium loaded glass - displayed no detectable luminescence. The boron/lithium loaded glass was determined to activate, by the secondary reaction O-16(T,n)F-18, with the triton produced in the neutron capture reaction Li-6(n,T)He-4. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Univ, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Dzhosyuk, SN (reprint author), Harvard Univ, NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sergei@jsbach.harvard.edu OI Huffman, Paul/0000-0002-2562-1378 NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAY PY 2004 VL 217 IS 3 BP 457 EP 470 DI 10.1016/j.nimb.2003.11.086 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 815BA UT WOS:000221016600012 ER PT J AU Vershinin, AO Moruchkov, AA Sukhanova, IN Kamnev, AN Pan'kov, SL Morton, SL Ramsdell, JS AF Vershinin, AO Moruchkov, AA Sukhanova, IN Kamnev, AN Pan'kov, SL Morton, SL Ramsdell, JS TI Seasonal changes in phytoplankton in the area of Cape Bolshoi Utrish off the northern Caucasian coast in the Black Sea, 2001-2002 SO OCEANOLOGY LA English DT Article AB For the first time since 1978, the seasonal changes in the coastal phytoplankton in the northeastern part of the Black Sea were traced from the end of April 2001 to the end of March 2002. The phytoplankton was regularly sampled at the mussel-oyster plantation off Cape Bolshoi and incidentally from the piers of the Orlenok VDTs and the Institute of Oceanology (Southern Branch), Russian Academy of Sciences. Ninety-two species of algae were found. Of them, three species were noted in the Black Sea for the first time, namely, Chaetoceros tortissimus, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Alexandrium sp. At the end of April 2001 (the beginning of the studies), a mass development of mixotrophic dinoflagellates was observed. In June, a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima and Pseudo-nitzschia seriata occurred. The abundance of these species reached 700 x 10(3) cells/l. These two species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia showed themselves as species-opportunists, which are capable of growing during the total depression of the planktonic community. Following the July depression (the phytoplankton abundance did not exceed 4 x 10(3) cells/l), the summer-fall maximum resulted from the mass development of the Chaetoceros species with an abundance up to 530 x 10(3) cells/l, which was observed and continued from the beginning of August to the end of September. During the period from November to February, the abundance of phytoplankton was extremely low (the mean abundance in December-January was 100 cells/l). The growth in abundance began from the middle of February, when the period of strong storms, showers, snow melting, and the subsequent stratification of the coastal water masses had finished. However, up to the end of March, the abundance of phytoplankton did not exceed 50 x 10(3) cells/l. In the spring of 2002, no bloom of diatoms was observed. Judging from the data obtained during the monitoring, storms in the coastal zone have a profound effect on the condition of phytocoenosis. C1 Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117901, Russia. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. Bolshoi Utrish Expt Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Anapa, Russia. RP Vershinin, AO (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117901, Russia. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 0001-4370 J9 OCEANOLOGY+ JI Oceanology PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 BP 372 EP 378 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 833NL UT WOS:000222344300009 ER PT J AU Bhongale, SG Milstein, JN Holland, MJ AF Bhongale, SG Milstein, JN Holland, MJ TI Resonant formation of strongly correlated paired states in rotating Bose gases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We study the effects of Feshbach resonant interactions in a rapidly rotating Bose gas. The resonant formation of molecules leads to the growth of pair correlations which modify the ground state of the gas. By an extension of the usual Chern-Simons theory, built of composite atoms and molecules, we are able to account for these resonance effects. Focusing on the 1/2 filling fraction, we find that the resulting ground state evolves from a Laughlin wave function to a unique paired wave function as one approaches the resonance. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bhongale, SG (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 5 AR 053603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.053603 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 826FC UT WOS:000221813700118 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD AF Jentschura, UD TI Self-energy correction to the two-photon decay width in hydrogenlike atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MUONIUM HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; 1S-2S TRANSITION FREQUENCY; ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; SINGLY IONIZED HELIUM; ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS; RADIATIVE-CORRECTIONS; RYDBERG CONSTANT; 22S1/2 STATE; LAMB SHIFT; RATES AB We investigate the gauge invariance of the leading logarithmic radiative correction to the two-photon decay width in hydrogenlike atoms. It is shown that an effective treatment of the correction using a Lamb-shift "potential" leads to equivalent results in both the length and velocity gauges provided all relevant correction terms are taken into account. Specifically, the relevant radiative corrections are related to the energies that enter into the propagator denominators, to the Hamiltonian, to the wave functions, and to the energy conservation condition that holds between the two photons; the form of all of these effects is different in the two gauges, but the final result is shown to be gauge invariant, as it should be. Although the actual calculation only involves integrations over nonrelativistic hydrogenic Green functions, the derivation of the leading logarithmic correction can be regarded as slightly more complex than that of other typical logarithmic terms. The dominant radiative correction to the 2S two-photon decay width is found to be -2.020 536(alpha/pi)(Zalpha)(2) ln[(Zalpha)(-2)] in units of the leading nonrelativistic expression. This result is in agreement with a length-gauge calculation [S. G. Karshenboim and V. G. Ivanov, e-print physics/9702027], where the coefficient was given as -2.025(1). C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, Hermann Herder Str 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. NR 55 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 5 AR 052118 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.052118 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 826FC UT WOS:000221813700038 ER PT J AU Jones, RJ Thomann, I Ye, J AF Jones, RJ Thomann, I Ye, J TI Precision stabilization of femtosecond lasers to high-finesse optical cavities SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; PHASE-CONTROL; LIGHT AB We report on direct stabilization of a femtosecond laser by a high-finesse passive optical cavity. Detailed comparison of two distinct stabilization schemes leads to new understanding of the optimum conditions for cavity stabilization and limitations on the ability to transfer the frequency stability of the cavity to the microwave domain. The stability of the frequency comb is explored in both the optical and the radio frequency domain. With an independent, stable cw laser, we verify that the linewidth and stability of the optical comb components, respectively, reach below 300 Hz and 5x10(-14) at 1 s averaging time, both limited by the reference cw laser. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rjjones@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Thomann, Isabell/F-1245-2014 NR 18 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 5 AR 051803 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.051803 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 826FC UT WOS:000221813700018 ER PT J AU Nygaard, N Bruun, GM Schneider, BI Clark, CW Feder, DL AF Nygaard, N Bruun, GM Schneider, BI Clark, CW Feder, DL TI Vortex line in a neutral finite-temperature superfluid Fermi gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; II SUPERCONDUCTOR; NUCLEAR REACTIONS; UNIFIED THEORY; STATES; ATOMS; MOLECULES AB The structure of an isolated vortex in a dilute two-component neutral superfluid Fermi gas is studied within the context of self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory. Various thermodynamic properties are calculated, and the shift in the critical temperature due to the presence of the vortex is analyzed. The gapless excitations inside the vortex core are studied, and a scheme to detect these states and thus the presence of the vortex is examined. The numerical results are compared with various analytical expressions when appropriate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Nygaard, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 49 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 5 AR 053622 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.053622 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 826FC UT WOS:000221813700137 ER PT J AU Gnezdilov, VP Pashkevich, YG Tranquada, JM Lemmens, P Guntherodt, G Yeremenko, AV Barilo, SN Shiryaev, SV Kurnevich, LA Gehring, PM AF Gnezdilov, VP Pashkevich, YG Tranquada, JM Lemmens, P Guntherodt, G Yeremenko, AV Barilo, SN Shiryaev, SV Kurnevich, LA Gehring, PM TI Interplay of structural and electronic phase separation in single-crystalline La2CuO4.05 studied by neutron and Raman scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTROCHEMICALLY OXIDIZED LA2CUO4+DELTA; HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; T-C; GAP ANISOTROPY; OXYGENATED LA2CUO4+DELTA; INSULATOR TRANSITION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; SPIN FLUCTUATIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ENERGY-GAP AB We report a neutron- and Raman-scattering study of a single crystal of La2CuO4.05 prepared by high-temperature electrochemical oxidation. Elastic neutron-scattering measurements show the presence of two phases, corresponding to the two edges of the first miscibility gap, all the way up to 300 K. An additional oxygen redistribution, driven by electronic energies, is identified at 250 K in Raman scattering (RS) experiments by the simultaneous onset of two-phonon and two-magnon scattering, which are fingerprints of the insulating phase. Elastic neutron-scattering measurements show directly an antiferromagnetic ordering below a Neel temperature of T-N=210 K. The opening of the superconducting gap manifests itself as a redistribution of electronic Raman scattering below the superconducting transition temperature, T-c=24 K. A pronounced temperature-dependent suppression of the intensity of the (100) magnetic Bragg peak has been detected below T-c. We ascribe this phenomenon to a change of relative volume fraction of superconducting and antiferromagnetic phases with decreasing temperature caused by a form of a superconducting proximity effect. C1 BI Verkin Inst Low Temp Phys NASU, UA-61164 Kharkov, Ukraine. AA Galkin Donetsk Phystech NASU, UA-83114 Donetsk, Ukraine. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Phys 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. Byelarussian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Solids & Semicond, Minsk 220072, Byelarus. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20742 USA. RP BI Verkin Inst Low Temp Phys NASU, UA-61164 Kharkov, Ukraine. RI Tranquada, John/A-9832-2009; Lemmens, Peter /C-8398-2009 OI Tranquada, John/0000-0003-4984-8857; Lemmens, Peter /0000-0002-0894-3412 NR 66 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 17 AR 174508 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.174508 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 827NP UT WOS:000221907200074 ER PT J AU Lawler, HM Chang, EK Shirley, EL AF Lawler, HM Chang, EK Shirley, EL TI Ionic displacement correlations from the zero-point motion of pressurized solid argon SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; RARE-GAS SOLIDS; COVALENT SEMICONDUCTORS; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; SCATTERING; LATTICE; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; CRYSTALS; FCC; GE AB We have performed first-principles calculations of the elastic constants and phonon dispersion for solid argon at pressures ranging from 3.1 GPa to 70 GPa. We also report our calculation of the spatial correlation function for the ground state and its pressure dependence. Arbitrary Cartesian displacements and lattice-site separations are considered. Analytical results, which rely only on knowledge of the elastic constants, are compared with results based on the calculated phonon dispersion throughout the Brillouin zone, and agree satisfactorily. The correlations are presented for pressures ranging from 3.1 GPa to 70 GPa, and the results suggest that the anharmonic character of the crystal's ground state is more significant at low pressure. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, INFM, Natl Ctr Nanostruct & Biosyst Surfaces, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Fis, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 17 AR 174104 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.174104 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 827NP UT WOS:000221907200021 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Bryant, GW Sun, GY Kar, T Chen, ZF Smith, VH Araki, Y Tagmatarchis, N Shinohara, H Ito, O AF Xie, RH Bryant, GW Sun, GY Kar, T Chen, ZF Smith, VH Araki, Y Tagmatarchis, N Shinohara, H Ito, O TI Tuning spectral properties of fullerenes by substitutional doping SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; HYDROAZAFULLERENE C59HN; BN-SUBSTITUTION; C-60; HETEROFULLERENES; DERIVATIVES; CHEMISTRY; (C59N)(2); NITROGEN; STATE AB We propose a substitutional doping approach to achieve tunable optical properties from fullerenes. Taking C-60 as an example and using time-dependent density functional theory, we compute the absorption spectra of heterofullerenes C60-n-mNnBm, and demonstrate that their optical gaps and first triplet energies can be tuned from the near-infrared up to the ultraviolet by tailoring the dopant numbers n and m. This is supported by experiment and suggests heterofullerenes as single-molecule fluorescent probes and as building blocks for the bottom-up assembly of tunable luminescent devices. For the example of C59HN, we discuss the effect of organic functionalization, which is needed for device fabrication, on optical properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Med Chem Lab, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Georgia, Computat Chem Annex, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Organ Chem, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Univ Trieste, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chen, Zhongfang/A-3397-2008; Araki, Yasuyuki/N-5281-2016 NR 45 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 20 AR 201403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.201403 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 830BD UT WOS:000222095700017 ER PT J AU Hagedorn, JG Martys, NS Douglas, JF AF Hagedorn, JG Martys, NS Douglas, JF TI Breakup of a fluid thread in a confined geometry: droplet-plug transition, perturbation sensitivity, and kinetic stabilization with confinement SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; CAPILLARY INSTABILITY; INTERFACIAL-TENSION; PHASE-SEPARATION; LIQUID THREADS; ANNULAR FILM; SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; BOLTZMANN-EQUATION; CYLINDRICAL PORES; VISCOUS THREAD AB We investigate the influence of geometrical confinement on the breakup of long fluid threads in the absence of imposed flow using a lattice Boltzmann model. Our simulations primarily focus on the case of threads centered coaxially in a tube filled with another Newtonian fluid and subjected to both impulsive and random perturbations. We observe a significant slowing down of the rate of thread breakup ("kinetic stabilization") over a wide range of the confinement, Lambda=R-tube/R(thread)less than or equal to10 and find that the relative surface energies of the liquid components influence this effect. For Lambda<2.3, there is a transition in the late-stage morphology between spherical droplets and tube "plugs." Unstable distorted droplets ("capsules") form as transient structures for intermediate confinement (Lambdaapproximate to2.1-2.5). Surprisingly, the thread breakup process for more confined threads (Lambdaless than or equal to1.9) is found to be sensitive to the nature of the intial thread perturbation. Localized impulsive perturbations ("taps") cause a "bulging" of the fluid at the wall, followed by thread breakup through the propagation of a wavelike disturbance ("end-pinch instability") initiating from the thread rupture point. Random impulses along the thread, modeling thermal fluctuations, lead to a complex breakup process involving a competition between the Raleigh and end-pinch instabilities. We also briefly compare our tube simulations to threads confined between parallel plates and to multiple interacting threads under confinement. C1 NIST, Dept Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Dept Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 96 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAY PY 2004 VL 69 IS 5 AR 056312 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.056312 PN 2 PG 18 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 826EZ UT WOS:000221813400069 PM 15244937 ER PT J AU Skiff, F Bollinger, J AF Skiff, F Bollinger, J TI Mini-conference on laser-induced fluorescence in plasmas SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 45th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American-Physical-Society CY NOV, 2003 CL Albuquerque, NM SP Amer Phys Soc ID LONG-RANGE COLLISIONS; TRANSPORT; WAVES; IONS AB A mini-conference on laser-induced fluorescence in plasmas was held on 29 October 2003 as part of the 45th meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society. This paper summarizes material discussed in the talks presented as part of the mini-conference. The mini-conference was also an occasion to honor Raul Stern on his 75th birthday and to recognize his many contributions to plasma physics and to the applications of laser-induced fluorescence. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Skiff, F (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD MAY PY 2004 VL 11 IS 5 BP 2972 EP 2975 DI 10.1063/1.1668287 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 816PU UT WOS:000221122600148 ER PT J AU Pekola, J Schoelkopf, R Ullom, J AF Pekola, J Schoelkopf, R Ullom, J TI Cryogenics on a chip SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Article ID TUNNEL-JUNCTION; THERMOMETRY; NOISE C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pekola, J (reprint author), Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. RI Pekola, Jukka/A-4211-2013 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD MAY PY 2004 VL 57 IS 5 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1063/1.1768673 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 816VK UT WOS:000221137200022 ER PT J AU Steeghs, M Bais, HP de Gouw, J Goldan, P Kuster, W Northway, M Fall, R Vivanco, JM AF Steeghs, M Bais, HP de Gouw, J Goldan, P Kuster, W Northway, M Fall, R Vivanco, JM TI Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry as a new tool for real time analysis of root-secreted volatile organic compounds in arabidopsis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PTR-MS; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; PLANT VOLATILES; ONLINE ANALYSIS; GLOBAL CHANGE; METABOLISM; CULTURES; RELEASE; LEAVES; AIR AB Plant roots release about 5% to 20% of all photosynthetically-fixed carbon, and as a result create a carbon-rich environment for numerous rhizosphere organisms, including plant pathogens and symbiotic microbes. Although some characterization of root exudates has been achieved, especially of secondary metabolites and proteins, much less is known about volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by roots. In this communication, we describe a novel approach to exploring these rhizosphere VOCs and their induction by biotic stresses. The VOC formation of Arabidopsis roots was analyzed using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), a new technology that allows rapid and real time analysis of most biogenic VOCs without preconcentration or chromatography. Our studies revealed that the major VOCs released and identified by both PTR-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were either simple metabolites, ethanol, acetalclehyde, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, 2,3,-butanedione, and acetone, or the monoterpene, 1,8-cineole. Some VOCs were found to be produced constitutively regardless of the treatment; other VOCs were induced specifically as a result of different compatible and noncompatible interactions between microbes and insects and Arabidopsis roots. Compatible interactions of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and Diuraphis noxia with Arabidopsis roots resulted in the rapid release of 1,8-cineole, a monoterpene that has not been previously reported in Arabidopsis. Mechanical injuries to Arabidopsis roots did not produce 1,8-cineole nor any C-6 wound-VOCs; compatible interactions between Arabidopsis roots and Diuraphis noxia did not produce any wound compounds. This suggests that Arabidopsis roots respond to wounding differently from above-ground plant organs. Trials with incompatible interactions did not reveal a set of compounds that was significantly different compared to the noninfected roots. The PTR-MS method may open the way for functional root VOC analysis that will complement genomic investigations in Arabidopsis. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nijmegen, Dept Mol & Laser Phys, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cell & Mol Biol Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vivanco, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jvivanco@lamar.colostate.edu RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Rechsteiner, Cynthia/C-5894-2011; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 52 TC 121 Z9 131 U1 7 U2 50 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 135 IS 1 BP 47 EP 58 DI 10.1104/pp.104.038703 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 820WQ UT WOS:000221420800007 PM 15141066 ER PT J AU Bengtson, JL Cameron, MF AF Bengtson, JL Cameron, MF TI Seasonal haulout patterns of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRABEATER SEALS; BEHAVIOR; ANTARCTICA AB The haulout patterns of five adult and two juvenile crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) were documented from February to December 1995 in three areas of the Antarctic. The longest haulout event was 19.2 h (mean=7.9, median=7.8); the longest in-water event was 85.8 h (mean=15.1, median=14.2). In no month were more than 76% of the adult seals in our sample hauled-out simultaneously. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance tests revealed no difference between males and females in the daily timing of haulout (P>0.05) between March and August (the only months with an adequate sample); in contrast, haulout timing differed between juvenile and adult seals (P<0.05) except in May. Juveniles spent about twice as much time hauled-out on the ice as adults (38% vs 20%, respectively; P<0.05). Predator avoidance by juveniles is hypothesized to be a possible cause for these differences. In light of these haulout patterns, population surveys of crabeater seals conducted in February, and as close as possible to local solar noon, can be expected to encounter the highest proportion of seals hauled-out on ice. C1 NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bengtson, JL (reprint author), NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.bengtson@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 27 IS 6 BP 344 EP 349 DI 10.1007/s00300-004-0597-1 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 820NT UT WOS:000221397200003 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC TI Fluorescence temperature measurements: Methodology for applications to process monitoring SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CRYSTALS; POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE); DEPOLARIZATION; MELT AB In previous publications, we described a technique based on fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor resin temperature during processing. The method consists of using optical fiber sensors to monitor fluorescence from a fluorescent dye that has been doped into the processed resin. Temperature is derived from temperature-induced changes in the fluorescence spectrum. In practice, a temperature calibration function is obtained from the temperature dependence of the ratio of fluorescence intensities at two wavelengths. In this paper, we address several experimental design issues: (a) the supportive role of fluorescence anisotropy measurements to the measuring concept, (b) the experimental setup used for noncontact measurements during capillary rheometry testing, and (c) molecular-level environmental issues that arise during reactive processing and temperature profiling. We find that fluorescence anisotropy of the dye bis(2,5-tert-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (BTBP) is independent of shear rate up to 250 s(-1), implying that isotropic orientation of the dye is maintained as the matrix resin undergoes dynamic shear flow, i.e. the calibration function made under quiescent conditions applies to dynamic shear flow conditions. Using this technique in a noncontact application to monitor temperature of the extrudate from a capillary rheometer required an optical design that neutralized the focusing attributes of the cylindrical extrudate. Application to reactive processing is complicated by changes in polarization that accompany the reaction, and, in some cases, produce wavelength shifts in the fluorescence spectrum. We overcome these effects by using a dye that yields a calibration independent of the polarization effects and by averaging over a large dataset to reduce measurement uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM abur@nist.gov NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 44 IS 5 BP 898 EP 908 DI 10.1002/pen.20081 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 833KD UT WOS:000222335300008 ER PT J AU Beller-Simms, N AF Beller-Simms, N TI Planning for El Nino: The stages of natural hazard mitigation and preparation SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Association-of-American-Geographers CY MAR, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE El Nino; mitigation; preparation; natural hazard ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PRECIPITATION; FLOODS AB This study examines mitigation and preparation activities selected by four county and state governments in anticipation of the 1997-1998 El Nino. It expands the knowledge of how state and local governments plan short-term projects and mitigate with longer-term activities in anticipation of a natural hazard. It also provides a preliminary understanding of divergent responses and plans under similar disaster warnings. It outlines stages that governments follow in determining their natural hazard mitigation and preparedness activities. This model should provide hazard planners, particularly those planning for slower onset hazards, with insights into their own local circumstances, allowing them to choose appropriate strategies. C1 NOAA, Human Dimens Global Change Res Program, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Beller-Simms, N (reprint author), NOAA, Human Dimens Global Change Res Program, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM nancy.beller-simms@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0033-0124 J9 PROF GEOGR JI Prof. Geogr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 56 IS 2 BP 213 EP 222 PG 10 WC Geography SC Geography GA 819HN UT WOS:000221306000006 ER PT J AU Biri, S Valek, A Suta, T Takacs, E Szabo, C Hudson, LT Radics, B Imrek, J Juhasz, B Palinkas, J AF Biri, S Valek, A Suta, T Takacs, E Szabo, C Hudson, LT Radics, B Imrek, J Juhasz, B Palinkas, J TI Imaging of ECR plasmas with a pinhole X-ray camera SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Ion Sources CY SEP 08-13, 2003 CL Dubna, RUSSIA SP Joint Inst Nucl Res ID ELECTRON; SPECTROSCOPY AB X-ray plasma images were made at the 14.5 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source of ATOMKI using a pinhole and a high resolution CCD camera. This method has good spatial resolution as well as the capability of postprocessed energy filtering of the images. During the measurements low and high charge state Ar, Xe, and Fe plasmas were produced with simultaneous beam extraction. Full-size and selected region images were recorded and analyzed. Full-size x-ray images show the spatial positions of different sources of x rays (bremsstrahlung, characteristic lines of plasma and wall ions) within low-charged ECRIS plasmas. Images of selected plasma regions (extraction slit, magnet pole, magnet gap) offer a better understanding of the effect of important tuning parameters (bias disk voltage, gas mixing, microwave power, magnetic field strength, etc.) commonly used to produce highly charged plasmas and beams. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 ATOMKI, Inst Nucl Res, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary. Univ Debrecen, Dept Expt Phys, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Debrecen, Dept Expt Phys, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary. RP Biri, S (reprint author), ATOMKI, Inst Nucl Res, Bem Ter 18-C, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary. EM biri@atomki.hu RI Palinkas, Jozsef/B-2993-2011; OI Radics, Balint/0000-0002-8978-1725 NR 9 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1420 EP 1422 DI 10.1063/1.1690476 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 827BF UT WOS:000221872500011 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of rough targets: Testing the peak-to-local background method SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE electron beam microanalysis; energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry; microbeam analysis; quantitative analysis; rough specimens; scanning electron microscopy; x-ray spectrometry AB Rough samples with topography on a scale that is much greater than the micrometer dimensions of the electron interaction volume present an extreme challenge to quantitative electron beam x-ray microanalysis with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. Conventional quantitative analysis procedures for flat, bulk specimens become subject to large systematic errors due to the action of geometric effects on electron scattering and the x-ray absorption path compared with the ideal flat sample. The best practical approach is to minimize geometric effects through specimen reorientation using a multiaxis sample stage to obtain the least compromised spectrum. When rough samples must be analyzed, corrections for geometric factors are possible by the peak-to-local background (P/B) method. Correction factors as a function of photon energy can be determined by the use of reference background spectra that are either measured locally or calculated from pure element spectra and estimated compositions. Significant improvements in accuracy can be achieved with the P/B method over conventional analysis with simple normalization. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0161-0457 EI 1932-8745 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 103 EP 114 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 835VX UT WOS:000222514700001 PM 15283246 ER PT J AU Spinrad, RW AF Spinrad, RW TI One system, seven goals and oceans of data SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Spinrad, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 45 IS 5 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 822ZF UT WOS:000221578800001 ER PT J AU Chen, SC Gulati, S Hamid, S Huang, X Luo, L Morisseau-Leroy, N Powell, MD Zhan, CJ Zhang, CC AF Chen, SC Gulati, S Hamid, S Huang, X Luo, L Morisseau-Leroy, N Powell, MD Zhan, CJ Zhang, CC TI A Web-based distributed system for hurricane occurrence projection SO SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE LA English DT Article DE distributed system; hurricane statistical analysis; database AB As an environmental phenomenon, hurricanes cause significant property damage and loss of life in coastal areas almost every year. Research concerning hurricanes and their aftermath is gaining more and more attention nowadays. This paper presents our work in designing and building a Web-based distributed software system that can be used for the statistical analysis and projection of hurricane occurrences. Firstly, our system is a large-scale system and can handle the huge amount of hurricane data and intensive computations in hurricane data analysis and projection. Secondly, it is a distributed system, which allows multiple users at different locations to access the system simultaneously and to share and exchange the data and data model. Thirdly, our system is a database-centered system where the Oracle database is employed to store and manage the large amount of hurricane data, the hurricane model and the projection results. Finally, a three-tier architecture has been adopted to make our system robust and resistant to the potential change in the lifetime of the system. This paper focuses on the three-tier system architecture, describing the design and implementation of the components at each layer. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Florida Int Univ, Sch Comp Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Finance, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Stat, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Chen, SC (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Sch Comp Sci, 11200 SW 8th St,ECS 354, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM chens@cs.fiu.edu RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 6 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0038-0644 J9 SOFTWARE PRACT EXPER JI Softw.-Pract. Exp. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 34 IS 6 BP 549 EP 571 DI 10.1002/spe.580 PG 23 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 817WC UT WOS:000221206600002 ER EF