FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Stein, AB Friedland, KD Sutherland, M AF Stein, AB Friedland, KD Sutherland, M TI Atlantic sturgeon marine distribution and habitat use along the northeastern coast of the United States SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SHORTNOSE STURGEON; ACIPENSER-BREVIROSTRUM; POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS; FISHING MORTALITY; NORTH-AMERICA; LIFE-HISTORY; RIVER; MOVEMENTS; RESTORATION; ESTUARY AB Though the distribution of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus is relatively well known in freshwater and estuarine habitats in the northern portion of their range, their distribution in marine habitats is poorly understood. Sturgeon migrate into marine waters to forage between spawning events and probably maintain gene flow between river populations by entering nonnatal river systems to spawn. While at sea, they are captured in commercial fishing gears. We investigated data collected by onboard fishery observers to determine the occurrence and habitat preference of Atlantic Sturgeon off the northeastern coast of the United States. Sturgeon distributions were based on monitored fishing trips over the period 1989-2000 and referenced to local bathymetry and sediment data. The results show that peak sturgeon Captures along the coast were approximately bracketed by isobaths ranging from 10 to 50 m. Sturgeon were present more frequently on gravel and sand sediment types and were associated with specific coastal features. The factors that may concentrate Atlantic sturgeon in particular coastal areas are discussed. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Univ Massachusetts NOAA Cooperat Marine Educ & Re, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Math & Stat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Friedland, KD (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Univ Massachusetts NOAA Cooperat Marine Educ & Re, Blaisdell House, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM friedlandk@forwild.umass.edu NR 31 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 133 IS 3 BP 527 EP 537 DI 10.1577/T02-151.1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 828ZM UT WOS:000222012400004 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA Nelson, BD Hudson, J Larsen, M Holland, L Wipfli, M AF Heintz, RA Nelson, BD Hudson, J Larsen, M Holland, L Wipfli, M TI Marine subsidies in freshwater: Effects of salmon carcasses on lipid class and fatty acid composition of juvenile coho salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; STREAM PRODUCTIVITY; ATLANTIC SALMON; STEELHEAD TROUT; FROZEN STORAGE; SASHIN-CREEK AB Returning adult salmon represent an important source of energy, nutrients, and biochemicals to their natal streams and may therefore have a quantitative effect on the energy levels of stream-resident salmonids. We tested this hypothesis by constructing simulated streams for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to which we added 0, 1, and 4 carcasses/m(2) (0, 0.71, and 2.85 kg wet mass/m(2)) of pink salmon O. gorbuscha. After 60 d we evaluated the lipid class and fatty acid composition of rearing coho salmon from the simulated streams; the lipid content and triacylglycerols of the coho salmon increased with increasing carcass density whereas phospholipids decreased. Increased amounts of triacylglycerols accounted for most of the lipid increase. In addition to increasing in concentration, the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerols also changed with carcass density. Triacylglycerols of juvenile coho salmon from the control streams had significantly higher omega-3 : omega-6 ratios as a result of fivefold and sixfold increases in the concentrations of eicosapentanoic and docosahexanoic fatty acids, respectively. These data demonstrate an immediate nutritional benefit resulting from the introduction of salmon carcasses in juvenile coho salmon rearing habitat and indicate the utility of fatty acid and lipid class analysis for examining the effects of marine-derived nutrients on juvenile salmonids. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ron.heintz@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 133 IS 3 BP 559 EP 567 DI 10.1577/T03-035.1 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 828ZM UT WOS:000222012400006 ER PT J AU Link, JS AF Link, JS TI A general model of selectivity for fish feeding: A rank proportion algorithm SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDI; YOUNG YELLOW PERCH; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SUNFISH LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; PREY SELECTION; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; BODY-SIZE; RAINBOW-TROUT; MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; FOOD-CONSUMPTION AB Given that various prey are available to fish in a particular ecosystem, by default fish feed selectively. Studies of fish feeding ecology have provided key insights into the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, yet prey selectivity is the least addressed component of these studies. This may be due to the higher level of effort associated with examining both the stomach contents and ambient prey abundance, the assumption that a determined diet composition is static, or the lack of a predictive protocol for a priori estimates of prey selectivity and diet composition. Here I present a rank proportion algorithm (RPA) model that predicts prey preference from first principles of predation that, when coupled with ambient prey concentrations, can predict prey utilization (i.e.. diet composition). I applied the model to benthivore, planktivore, and piscivore examples front lentic. lotic, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Compared with observed stomach contents, the RPA model's predictions of diet composition exhibited more than 83% accuracy, and in most of the cases the model predicted the predominant prey item accurately; the entire prey rank order was predicted correctly on the order of 70-80% of the time. Additionally, more than 85% of the prey items were predicted to be within 10% of observed values, and over 70% were within 5%. The results of the RPA model were notably different from those of the null model of no selectivity. The results Suggest that the RPA model is a useful tool when prey preference or stomach composition data are limited but required for other applications and that a general knowledge of the predation process is useful in obtaining quantitative information about fish diet. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 96 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 133 IS 3 BP 655 EP 673 DI 10.1577/T02-142.1 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 828ZM UT WOS:000222012400014 ER PT J AU Gavshin, VM Sukhorukov, FV Bobrov, VA Melgunov, MS Miroshnichenko, LV Klerkx, J Kovalev, SI Romashkin, PA AF Gavshin, VM Sukhorukov, FV Bobrov, VA Melgunov, MS Miroshnichenko, LV Klerkx, J Kovalev, SI Romashkin, PA TI Chemical composition of the uranium tail storages at Kadji-Sai (southern shore of Issyk-Kul Lake, Kyrgyzstan) SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Issyk-Kul; Kadji-Sai; Kyrgyzstan; mining waste; pollution; radioactive pollution; uranium AB In 1996, an abandoned uranium mine was re-discovered in the Djilubulak ephemeral stream valley on the southern shore of Issyk- Kul - one of the largest and most pristine lakes in the world. The tail storages from the past mining may pose a pollution hazard to the lake water and sediments. A chain of six protective pools interconnected by drain pipes descend from the abandoned mine and processing plant down the Djilubulak stream valley. To assess the effectiveness of these catch pools and the scale of pollution risk the investigation of tail storages composition was performed. As a result, three sources of anomalous radioactivity were discovered: 1. Natural brown coal with the mean total radioactivity value not exceeding 16 kBq kg(-1), with U being in state of equilibrium with Ra. 2. Ashes depleted in U (relative to Ra) with the mean radioactivity reaching 49 kBq kg(-1), mostly due to the Ra content. 3. Clay and silt from the artificial protective pools where U activity (up to 2 - 2.5 kBq kg(-1)) significantly exceeds that of Ra indicating recent process of U enrichment. Uranium in these pools is accompanied by very high contents of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and to a smaller degree Pb, Mo, Hg, Ag. From the upper catch pool to the lower ones the content of U and some heavy metals diminishes. Within the two lowest pools neither U nor heavy metal contents exceed background values ( U < 0.1 kBq kg(-1)). It appears that the system of catch pools effectively protects Lake Issyk- Kul from inorganic pollutants at the present time. However, a flash flood or other catastrophic event could breach the catch pool dams and carry radioactive elements and heavy metals into the Djilubulak stream valley and the lake. C1 United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Novosibirsk, Russia. Int Bur Environm Studies, Brussels, Belgium. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Romashkin, PA (reprint author), United Inst Geol Geophys & Mineral, Novosibirsk, Russia. EM pavel.romashkin@noaa.gov RI Melgunov, Mikhail/A-3833-2014; Sukhorukov, Fjodor/A-4030-2014; Bobrov, Vladislav/A-5303-2014; Miroshnichenko, Leonid/A-6743-2014 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 154 IS 1-4 BP 71 EP 83 DI 10.1023/B:WATE.0000022929.61233.84 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 809ZN UT WOS:000220674700006 ER PT J AU Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR AF Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR TI Making chlorine greener: investigation of alternatives to sulfite for dechlorination SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dechlorination; chloramine; thiosulfate; iron metal; sulfite; wastewater ID NONMETAL REDOX KINETICS; WASTE-WATER; FERROUS IRON; REDUCTION; THIOSULFATE; TOXICITY; WASTEWATERS; OXIDATION; MONOCHLORAMINE; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Inorganic and organic chloramines pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems that are exposed to discharges of treated and disinfected wastewater. Conventionally practiced dechlorination with sulfite reduces the most refractory organic chloramines too slowly to produce wastewater effluents that meet current ecosystem protection criteria in the United States (i.e. total residual chlorine less than or equal to 0.011 mg Cl-2/L in freshwaters). Seeking faster dechlorinating agents, we have measured the rates that four test chloramines (NH2CI, N-Cl-piperidine, N-Cl-leucylalanine and N-Cl-alanylalanine) react with 10 selected reducing agents at pH 7.4 and pH 8.4. The aqueous-phase reducing agents that offer speed advantages over sulfite alone include dithionite, thiosulfate, and iodide-mediated sulfite. Ascorbic acid was the most reactive of the sulfur-free agents but was found to be slow relative to sulfite. The potential biological oxygen demand might constrain the choice of aqueous reductants. Metallic iron is shown to reduce inorganic and organic chloramines effectively. The implications of these results for wastewater chlorine reduction and analysis are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.maccrehan@nist.gov RI Helz, George/D-1449-2010 NR 51 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2505 EP 2514 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.010 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 828VM UT WOS:000222001800005 PM 15159154 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM Shen, M AF Hsu, SM Shen, M TI Wear prediction of ceramics SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Life Prediction in Tribo-Corrosion CY 2002 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND DE ceramics; alumina; modeling; silicon carbide; silicon nitride; wear map; wear mechanism; wear transition; zirconia ID TRANSITION; FRICTION; CONTACT; ALUMINA; MECHANISMS; SURFACES; MAPS AB Advanced ceramics are increasingly being used for wear applications. Wear prediction of ceramics has become all important subject in these arenas. Ceramic wear is a complex function of micro structure, grain size and shape, grain boundary toughness, and the operating conditions. Wear prediction, therefore, needs to address not only the amount of wear for a given range of operating conditions, it also needs to address the location of wear transitions, and the onset of different dominant wear mechanisms. This paper reviews the various wear models developed by the authors over the years to predict wear, wear transitions, and wear under different mechanisms for ceramics. Finally, we investigate the feasibility of modeling across a range of materials and operating condition using a concept of contact severity and material property nonmalization process. This results in a model capable of predicting wear of ceramics to 1 order of magnitude using only the material property and operating parameters. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.hsu@nist.gov NR 22 TC 60 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD MAY PY 2004 VL 256 IS 9-10 BP 867 EP 878 DI 10.1016/j.wear.2003.11.002 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 822VS UT WOS:000221569200003 ER PT J AU Bertocci, U AF Bertocci, U TI An EQMB examination of Cu surface oxides in borate buffer SO ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE copper; oxides; quartz microbalance; cyclic voltammetry; borate solutions ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; NEUTRAL TAP WATER; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ANODIC-OXIDATION; PASSIVATION PROCESSES; CORROSION MECHANISMS; ALKALINE-SOLUTIONS; COPPER ELECTRODES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; BEHAVIOR AB The oxidation and reduction of copper (Cu), either electrodeposited or vapor deposited onto quartz crystal resonators, was examined in borate/boric acid mixtures at two different pH values, comparing electrochemical measurements with mass changes. The results showed that at pH 8.8, Cu dissolution significantly influences the microbalance readings. It was found that, when surface oxidation during potentiodynamic scans is limited in the anodic direction, the first reduction peak is caused by Cu redeposition and not by oxide reduction. At pH 10.0, Cu dissolution is minimal, and the microbalance signal is given by surface oxidation or reduction. Comparing charge and mass data, it was found that the reaction Cu+ <----> Cu is the formation or reduction of Cu2O, while the reaction Cu2+ <----> Cu+ most likely involves some hydroxide. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bertocci, U (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ugo.bertocci@nist.gov NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0013-4686 J9 ELECTROCHIM ACTA JI Electrochim. Acta PD APR 30 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 11 BP 1831 EP 1841 DI 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.11.033 PG 11 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 800HD UT WOS:000220018600015 ER PT J AU Romanov, P Tarpley, D AF Romanov, P Tarpley, D TI Estimation of snow depth over open prairie environments using GOES imager observations SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 60th Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY 2003 CL Sherbrooke, CANADA DE satellite remote sensing; snow depth; GOES imager ID WATER EQUIVALENT; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; COVER; ALGORITHM; RETRIEVAL; SURFACE; MODEL AB We assess the potential for estimating snow depth using observations in the visible and infrared spectral bands from the imager instrument onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). The approach makes use of a correlation between depth of the snowpack and satellite-derived subpixel fractional snow cover over non-forested and sparsely forested areas. To retrieve the snow depth we propose a simple analytical formula approximating the statistical relationship between the snow depth and the snow fraction. The primary focus of this study was the US Great Plains and Canadian prairies area. Daily maps of snow depth at a spatial resolution of 4 km have been produced for this region for four winter seasons from late 1999 to the beginning of 2003. Validation of the algorithm developed was performed through comparison of the satellite-based product with snow depth measurements made at first-order synoptic stations, US Cooperative Network stations and Canadian climate stations. The accuracy of snow depth retrievals was found to be about 30% of the observed snow depth for snow depths below 30 cm. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Romanov, P (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,World Weather Bldg,Room 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM peter.romanov@noaa.gov RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 30 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1073 EP 1087 DI 10.1002/hyp.5508 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 810WT UT WOS:000220735100003 ER PT J AU Simic, A Fernandes, R Brown, R Romanov, P Park, W AF Simic, A Fernandes, R Brown, R Romanov, P Park, W TI Validation of VEGETATION, MODIS, and GOES plus SSM/I snow-cover products over Canada based on surface snow depth observations SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 60th Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY 2003 CL Sherbrooke, CANADA DE remote sensing; snow cover; MODIS; GOES; SSM/I; SPOT-VGT; validation ID NORTH-AMERICA; VARIABILITY; BASIN; MAPS AB The ability to map the areal depletion of snow accurately is important for operational decision making (e.g. reservoir management), for correct specification of boundary conditions in numerical weather-prediction models, and for modelling atmospheric, hydrological and ecological processes. A number of satellite-derived snow-cover products are available in real time; however, these can differ considerably due to variations in sensor and platform characteristics, data pre-processing methods, and the particular snow-cover classification algorithms employed. This article evaluates the performance of three daily snow-cover products over Canada: (1) Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-cover maps provided at 500 m spatial resolution for 2001; (2) National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) GOES + SSM/I snow maps provided at 4 km resolution for 2001 (similar to30 km resolution SSM/I data were used for cloud-covered areas); (3) SPOT-4 VEGETATION (VGT) snow maps derived at 1 km resolution for 2000. An evaluation of the snow-cover products with daily surface snow depth observations collected from almost 2000 meteorological stations across Canada revealed that the VGT snow product used in this study may not be suitable for snow mapping in Canada because of a significant bias towards mapping snow-free conditions. The MODIS and NOAA products showed similar reasonable levels of agreement with ground data, ranging from approximately 80% to 100% on a monthly basis. Somewhat lower agreement was found in January, when solar zenith angles are large, suggesting that better correction for tree and surface shadow effects is needed in current snow-cover mapping algorithms. The lowest agreement was seen during snowmelt, mainly in forest areas. Comparison of MODIS agreement statistics between sparse and dense conifer regions indicated that the effect of non-representativenes of surface snow depth observations was on the order of 10% disagreement. The NOAA product was found to be the most consistent among land cover types and had the highest percentage of cloud-free pixels. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. Noetix Res Inc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ, Canada. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Simic, A (reprint author), Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Nat Resources Canada, 588 Booth St, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. EM anita.simic@ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 NR 29 TC 106 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 30 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1089 EP 1104 DI 10.1002/hyp.5509 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 810WT UT WOS:000220735100004 ER PT J AU Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Marsh, AL Lewis, HD Yalisove, SM Fischer, DA Gland, JL AF Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Marsh, AL Lewis, HD Yalisove, SM Fischer, DA Gland, JL TI Defect enhanced carbon monoxide oxidation at elevated oxygen pressures on a Pt/Al2O3 thin film SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SOFT-X-RAY; THERMAL-DESORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; MULTIPLE RATE STATES; CO OXIDATION; PT(111) SURFACE; CATALYTIC-OXIDATION; REACTION SITES; PLATINUM SURFACE; ATOMIC OXYGEN AB Carbon monoxide oxidation has been studied, using in situ soft X-ray techniques and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), on a well-characterized supported platinum thin film over the 100-1000 K, temperature range and in pressures ranging from UHV to 0.01 Torr. In high oxygen pressures the reaction is enhanced by oxidation at defect sites. Temperature-programmed fluorescence yield near-edge spectroscopy (TP-FYNES) studies of preadsorbed CO coverages heated in pressures of flowing oxygen, ranging from 1 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-2) Torr, have been performed. Unlike with the Pt(I 11) surface, the onset temperature for oxidation of a saturated coverage of CO on the platinum thin film decreases dramatically with increasing oxygen pressure. The CO oxidation onset temperature decreased from 340 K in I X 10-5 Torr of flowing oxygen to 230 K in 1 x 10(-2) Torr of flowing oxygen. Therefore, oxidation is not limited by CO desorption for high CO coverages, and reactions at defect sites control the rate of CO oxidation at high oxygen pressures. Isothermal oxidation experiments in 0.002 Torr of flowing oxygen have yielded an activation energy of 8.5 kcal/mol. TPRS of coadsorbed carbon monoxide and oxygen has indicated a primary oxidation channel at 350 K corresponding to the oxidation of CO on Pt(I 11) terrace sites and minor oxidation channels above 400 K. The thin Pt/Al2O3 film has been characterized using both chemical and structural methods. CO and O-2 temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments indicate the Pt film surface is similar to Pt(I 11), but with a higher defect site concentration. Plane-view and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments have confirmed a 100 A Pt film consisting of similar to450 Angstrom, well-ordered,grams, as indicated by local area electron diffraction patterns, with the (I I I) orientation parallel to the substrate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP 930 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM gland@umich.edu NR 66 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD APR 29 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 17 BP 5314 EP 5323 DI 10.1021/jp036012z PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 814TP UT WOS:000220997300028 ER PT J AU Abbiendi, G Ainsley, C Akesson, PF Alexander, G Allison, J Amaral, P Anagnostou, G Anderson, KJ Arcelli, S Asai, S Axen, D Azuelos, G Bailey, I Barberio, E Barillari, T Barlow, RJ Batley, RJ Bechtle, P Behnke, T Bell, KW Bell, PJ Bella, G Bellerive, A Benelli, G Bethke, S Biebel, O Boeriu, O Bock, P Boutemeur, M Braibant, S Brigliadori, L Brown, RM Buesser, K Burckhart, HJ Campana, S Carnegie, RK Carter, AA Carter, JR Chang, CY Charlton, DG Ciocca, C Csilling, A Cuffiani, M Dado, S De Roeck, A De Wolf, EA Desch, K Dienes, B Donkers, M Doucet, M Dubbert, J Duchovni, E Duckeck, G Duerdoth, IP Etzion, E Fabbri, F Feld, L Ferrari, P Fiedler, F Fleck, I Ford, M Frey, A Gagnon, P Gary, JW Gaycken, G Geich-Gimbel, C Giacomelli, G Giacomelli, P Giunta, M Goldberg, J Gross, E Grunhaus, J Gruwe, M Gunther, PO Gupta, A Hajdu, C Hamann, M Hanson, GG Harel, A Hauschild, M Hawkes, CM Hawkings, R Hemingway, RJ Herten, G Heuer, RD Hill, JC Hoffman, K Horvath, D Huntemeyer, P Igo-Kemenes, P Ishii, K Jeremie, H Jovanovic, P Junk, TR Kanaya, N Kanzaki, J Karlen, D Kawagoe, K Kawamoto, T Keeler, RK Kellogg, RG Kennedy, BW Klein, K Klier, A Kluth, S Kobayashi, T Kobel, M Komamiya, S Kramer, T Krieger, P von Krogh, J Kruger, K Kuhl, T Kupper, M Lafferty, GD Landsman, H Lanske, D Layter, JG Lellouch, D Letts, J Levinson, L Lillich, J Lloyd, SL Loebinger, FK Lu, J Ludwig, A Ludwig, J Mader, W Marcellini, S Martin, AJ Masetti, G Mashimo, T Mattig, P McKenna, J McPherson, RA Meijers, F Menges, W Merritt, FS Mes, H Michelini, A Mihara, S Mikenberg, G Miller, DJ Moed, S Mohr, W Mori, T Mutter, A Nagai, K Nakamura, I Nanjo, H Neal, HA Nisius, R O'Neale, SW Oh, A Okpara, A Oreglia, MJ Orito, S Pahl, C Pasztor, G Pater, JR Pilcher, JE Pinfold, J Plane, DE Poli, B Pooth, O Przybycien, M Quadt, A Rabbertz, K Rembser, C Renkel, P Roney, JM Rosati, S Rozen, Y Runge, K Sachs, K Saeki, T Sarkisyan, EKG Schaile, AD Schaile, O Scharff-Hansen, P Schieck, J Schorner-Sadenis, T Schroder, M Schumacher, M Scott, WG Seuster, R Shears, TG Shen, BC Sherwood, P Skuja, A Smith, AM Sobie, R Soldner-Rembold, S Spano, F Stahl, A Strom, D Strohmer, R Tarem, S Tasevsky, M Teuscher, R Thomson, MA Torrence, E Toya, D Tran, P Trigger, I Trocsanyi, Z Tsur, E Turner-Watson, MF Ueda, I Ujvari, B Vollmer, CF Vannerem, P Vertesi, R Verzocchi, M Voss, H Vossebeld, J Waller, D Ward, CP Ward, DR Watkins, PM Watson, AT Watson, NK Wells, PS Wengler, T Wermes, N Wetterling, D Wilson, GW Wilson, JA Wolf, G Wyatt, TR Yamashita, S Zer-Zion, D Zivkovic, L AF Abbiendi, G Ainsley, C Akesson, PF Alexander, G Allison, J Amaral, P Anagnostou, G Anderson, KJ Arcelli, S Asai, S Axen, D Azuelos, G Bailey, I Barberio, E Barillari, T Barlow, RJ Batley, RJ Bechtle, P Behnke, T Bell, KW Bell, PJ Bella, G Bellerive, A Benelli, G Bethke, S Biebel, O Boeriu, O Bock, P Boutemeur, M Braibant, S Brigliadori, L Brown, RM Buesser, K Burckhart, HJ Campana, S Carnegie, RK Carter, AA Carter, JR Chang, CY Charlton, DG Ciocca, C Csilling, A Cuffiani, M Dado, S De Roeck, A De Wolf, EA Desch, K Dienes, B Donkers, M Doucet, M Dubbert, J Duchovni, E Duckeck, G Duerdoth, IP Etzion, E Fabbri, F Feld, L Ferrari, P Fiedler, F Fleck, I Ford, M Frey, A Gagnon, P Gary, JW Gaycken, G Geich-Gimbel, C Giacomelli, G Giacomelli, P Giunta, M Goldberg, J Gross, E Grunhaus, J Gruwe, M Gunther, PO Gupta, A Hajdu, C Hamann, M Hanson, GG Harel, A Hauschild, M Hawkes, CM Hawkings, R Hemingway, RJ Herten, G Heuer, RD Hill, JC Hoffman, K Horvath, D Huntemeyer, P Igo-Kemenes, P Ishii, K Jeremie, H Jovanovic, P Junk, TR Kanaya, N Kanzaki, J Karlen, D Kawagoe, K Kawamoto, T Keeler, RK Kellogg, RG Kennedy, BW Klein, K Klier, A Kluth, S Kobayashi, T Kobel, M Komamiya, S Kramer, T Krieger, P von Krogh, J Kruger, K Kuhl, T Kupper, M Lafferty, GD Landsman, H Lanske, D Layter, JG Lellouch, D Letts, J Levinson, L Lillich, J Lloyd, SL Loebinger, FK Lu, J Ludwig, A Ludwig, J Mader, W Marcellini, S Martin, AJ Masetti, G Mashimo, T Mattig, P McKenna, J McPherson, RA Meijers, F Menges, W Merritt, FS Mes, H Michelini, A Mihara, S Mikenberg, G Miller, DJ Moed, S Mohr, W Mori, T Mutter, A Nagai, K Nakamura, I Nanjo, H Neal, HA Nisius, R O'Neale, SW Oh, A Okpara, A Oreglia, MJ Orito, S Pahl, C Pasztor, G Pater, JR Pilcher, JE Pinfold, J Plane, DE Poli, B Pooth, O Przybycien, M Quadt, A Rabbertz, K Rembser, C Renkel, P Roney, JM Rosati, S Rozen, Y Runge, K Sachs, K Saeki, T Sarkisyan, EKG Schaile, AD Schaile, O Scharff-Hansen, P Schieck, J Schorner-Sadenis, T Schroder, M Schumacher, M Scott, WG Seuster, R Shears, TG Shen, BC Sherwood, P Skuja, A Smith, AM Sobie, R Soldner-Rembold, S Spano, F Stahl, A Strom, D Strohmer, R Tarem, S Tasevsky, M Teuscher, R Thomson, MA Torrence, E Toya, D Tran, P Trigger, I Trocsanyi, Z Tsur, E Turner-Watson, MF Ueda, I Ujvari, B Vollmer, CF Vannerem, P Vertesi, R Verzocchi, M Voss, H Vossebeld, J Waller, D Ward, CP Ward, DR Watkins, PM Watson, AT Watson, NK Wells, PS Wengler, T Wermes, N Wetterling, D Wilson, GW Wilson, JA Wolf, G Wyatt, TR Yamashita, S Zer-Zion, D Zivkovic, L CA OPAL Collaboration TI Measurement of the partial widths of the Z into up- and down-type quarks SO PHYSICS LETTERS B LA English DT Article ID HADRONIC Z(0) DECAYS; FINAL-STATE PHOTONS; MATRIX-ELEMENT CALCULATIONS; CARLO EVENT GENERATOR; LUND MONTE-CARLO; ELECTROWEAK COUPLINGS; E+E-ANNIHILATION; JET FRAGMENTATION; COLLISIONS; EMISSION AB Using the entire OPAL LEP1 on-peak Z hadronic decay sample, Z --> qqgamma decays were selected by tagging hadronic final states with isolated photon candidates in the electromagnetic calorimeter. Combining the measured rates of Z --> qqgamma decays with the total rate of hadronic Z decays permits the simultaneous determination of the widths of the Z into up- and down-type quarks. The values obtained, with total errors, were Gamma(u) = 300(-18)(+19) MeV and Gamma(d) = 381(-12)(+12) MeV. The results are in good agreement with the Standard Model expectation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Carleton Univ, Dept Phys, Ottawa Carleton Inst Phys, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. CERN, European Org Nucl Res, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Freiburg, Fak Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Queen Mary Univ London, London E1 4NS, England. Inst Phys 3, Tech Hsch Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Schuster Lab, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Montreal, Phys Nucl Lab, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Univ Oregon, Dept Phys, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, CCLRC, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Tokyo, Int Ctr Elementary Particle Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. Weizmann Inst Sci, Particle Phys Dept, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Hamburg, DESY, Inst Phys Expt, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. Res Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Inst Nucl Res, H-4001 Debrecen, Hungary. Univ Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany. Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany. RP Abbiendi, G (reprint author), Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. EM david.plane@cern.ch RI Trocsanyi, Zoltan/A-5598-2009; Horvath, Dezso/A-4009-2011; Doucet, Mathieu/A-5333-2010; Stahl, Achim/E-8846-2011; Bailey, Ian/C-4011-2012; Giacomelli, Paolo/B-8076-2009; OI Trocsanyi, Zoltan/0000-0002-2129-1279; Doucet, Mathieu/0000-0002-5560-6478; Stahl, Achim/0000-0002-8369-7506; Bailey, Ian/0000-0002-8020-3662; Sachs, Kirsten/0000-0002-6912-5800; Giacomelli, Paolo/0000-0002-6368-7220; Abbiendi, Giovanni/0000-0003-4499-7562; Buesser, Karsten/0000-0002-3700-4705; Watson, Nigel/0000-0002-8142-4678; Lafferty, George/0000-0003-0658-4919; Barlow, Roger/0000-0002-8295-8612 NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-2693 J9 PHYS LETT B JI Phys. Lett. B PD APR 29 PY 2004 VL 586 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 182 DI 10.1016/j.physletb.2004.02.046 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 813YK UT WOS:000220942200004 ER PT J AU Minter, CF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV AF Minter, CF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV TI Estimating the state of the thermospheric composition using Kalman filtering SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE thermosphere composition; Kalman filter; data assimilation; remote sensing; ionosphere; nowcasting ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MODEL; IONOSPHERE; ASSIMILATION AB To determine the propagation parameters of high-frequency radio waves, an accurate estimate of the ionosphere is desirable. Estimating the ionosphere, especially during geomagnetic storm times, is strongly dependent on perturbations in the neutral composition. Because of this coupling between the ionosphere and neutral atmospheric chemistry, accurate knowledge of the neutral atmospheric composition is critical in estimating the ionosphere. In the research presented here, a data assimilation system is constructed to optimally estimate the neutral composition, and the necessity for implementing an optimized filtering method, like the Kalman filter, is shown. To demonstrate the data assimilation system, an artificial "truth'' thermosphere is created using a physical model. This thermosphere is sampled according to an instrument and satellite simulation algorithm, creating the measurement data set. Noise is then added to the measurement data, to represent observation errors. Data are assimilated, and noise from this data is reduced using a Kalman filter in combination with a state propagation model. Results show that the error in the estimate can be greatly reduced (usually to <6%), even if the observation errors are large (15%), by using a Kalman filter. Best results are obtained by using a Kalman filter together with an accurate physical model. C1 NOAA, RSEC, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, RSEC, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Cliff.Minter@NOAA.gov; Tim.Fuller-Rowell@NOAA.gov; Mihail.Codrescu@NOAA.gov NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD APR 29 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 4 AR S04002 DI 10.1029/2003SW000006 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908VD UT WOS:000227817400001 ER PT J AU Popp, PJ Gao, RS Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Hudson, PK Thompson, TL Karcher, B Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Baumgardner, D Garrett, TJ Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Dhaniyala, S Bui, TP Mahoney, MJ AF Popp, PJ Gao, RS Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Hudson, PK Thompson, TL Karcher, B Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Baumgardner, D Garrett, TJ Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Dhaniyala, S Bui, TP Mahoney, MJ TI Nitric acid uptake on subtropical cirrus cloud particles (vol 109, art no D06302, 2004) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenfofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Wessling, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Harvard Univ, Atmospher Res Project, Cambridge, MA USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Popp, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 27 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D8 AR D08306 DI 10.1029/2004JD004781 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 819OR UT WOS:000221325000008 ER PT J AU Sierk, B Solomon, S Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Gutman, SI Langford, AO Eubank, CS Dutton, EG Holub, KH AF Sierk, B Solomon, S Daniel, JS Portmann, RW Gutman, SI Langford, AO Eubank, CS Dutton, EG Holub, KH TI Field measurements of water vapor continuum absorption in the visible and near-infrared SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE water vapor continuum; radiative transfer; DOAS ID SOLAR-RADIATION; GPS-METEOROLOGY; SPECTRUM; DIMER; COEFFICIENTS; INTENSITIES; ATMOSPHERE; DATABASE; BAND AB [1] We carried out a spectroscopic field experiment designed to measure water vapor continuum absorption in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Atmospheric spectra at similar to1 nm resolution were recorded using direct sunlight at high solar zenith angles during sunrise. Simultaneously radiosonde soundings and a network of geodetic Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were deployed to constrain the water vapor amount along the absorption path. The solar spectra were analyzed using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy technique, while the GPS and radiosonde observations were used as input data to a line-by-line radiative transfer model to compute theoretical differential absorption spectra. The difference between the measurements and the simulated spectra provides information regarding the additional absorption owing to the H2O continuum. The data are compared to predictions of the widely used Clough-Kneizys-Davies continuum model as well as with theoretically derived spectra of water dimer. The results show that continuum absorption contributes significantly to solar absorption even in highly saturated H2O bands. The comparisons provide the needed observations to improve future continuum parameterizations. C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Expt Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sierk, B (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Expt Phys, Otto Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM sierk@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013; Holub, Kirk/N-3744-2014 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Holub, Kirk/0000-0001-5378-576X NR 45 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 27 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D8 AR D08307 DI 10.1029/2003JD003586 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 819OR UT WOS:000221325000001 ER PT J AU McCallum, AT Russek, SE AF McCallum, AT Russek, SE TI Current density distribution in a spin valve determined through in situ conductance measurements SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; ELECTRONIC SCATTERING; CO/CU INTERFACES; MULTILAYERS; THICKNESS AB The sheet conductances of top-pinned spin valves and single-material films were measured in situ as the thin-film layers were grown. The data were fit to a Boltzmann transport calculation. The electrical conductivity and electron mean free paths were determined for each material by measuring the in situ conductance of thick single-material films. The electron transmission probabilities were deduced for each interface from the theoretical fits to the multilayer data. From these interfacial transport parameters the ratio of current density to electric field, or effective conductivity, was calculated as a function of position for the completed spin valve. It was found that the distribution of current in the spin valve was not very sensitive to the overall amount of diffuse scattering at the interfaces. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP McCallum, AT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mccallum@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 26 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 17 BP 3340 EP 3342 DI 10.1063/1.1703842 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 814EN UT WOS:000220958100040 ER PT J AU Willcox, MK Woodward, LA Ylitalo, GM Buzitis, J Atkinson, S Li, QX AF Willcox, MK Woodward, LA Ylitalo, GM Buzitis, J Atkinson, S Li, QX TI Organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; dioxin-like PCBs; DDT; Hawaiian monk seal; marine pollution ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; PHOCA-VITULINA; MARINE BIOTA; FACTORS TEFS; CONTAMINANTS; PCBS; COPLANAR; TISSUES AB The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is an endangered species found only in the Hawaiian Island chain. The largest subpopulation, at French Frigate Shoals, has been in decline since 1989. In order to assess organochlorine (OC) levels in the Hawaiian monk seals, whole blood and blubber samples were collected in 1999 from 46 free-ranging Hawaiian monk seals at French Frigate Shoals, and were analyzed for eight dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as six other PCB congeners, DDT and DDT metabolites. Average levels of the total PCBs in blood samples from adult mate, juvenile and reproductive female groups were 4800, 4000 and 3000 ng/g lipid wt., respectively, whereas 3200, 1300 and 1200 ng/g, respectively, in blubber from the three corresponding groups. p,p'-DDE was the only DDT detected in blubber samples, and no DDTs were detected in blood samples. Concentrations of the total PCBs in adult males were significantly higher than the levels measured in either reproductive females or juveniles. There were significant correlations between age and blubber p,p'-DDE, estimated mass and total blood PCBs or blubber p,p'-DDE, and body condition and total blood PCBs. Although it is clear that the Hawaiian monk seal has been exposed to OCs, it is unclear what biological effects, if any, these xenobiotics may have on the animals. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Bioengn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Pacific Isl Off, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Bioengn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM qingl@hawaii.edu NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 25 PY 2004 VL 322 IS 1-3 BP 81 EP 93 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.014 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817QA UT WOS:000221190800007 PM 15081740 ER PT J AU Arbetter, TE Lynch, AH Bailey, DA AF Arbetter, TE Lynch, AH Bailey, DA TI Relationship between synoptic forcing and polynya formation in the Cosmonaut Sea: 1. Polynya climatology SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Antarctic; polynya; climatology ID ICE MOTION; MODEL; CIRCULATION; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; WINDS AB [1] A polynya has been observed in satellite imagery to occur irregularly between the months of July and October in the Cosmonaut Sea. To investigate the processes of formation, maintenance, and decay of these polynyas, a 13-year climatology of Antarctic atmospheric and surface conditions is assembled from numerical weather prediction model analyses and remotely sensed satellite observations. An analytical technique used previously to identify and track atmospheric low pressure systems is modified to identify polynyas from daily analyses of sea ice area. This information is used to prepare a set of monthly climatological conditions as well as their anomalies when a polynya is present. Previous studies have suggested a link between atmospheric forcing and polynya formation. Along with the drop in sea ice area, there is a drop in sea level pressure as well as an increase in atmospheric wind divergence when the Cosmonaut Sea polynya is present. In some months, the sea ice area decrease is preceded by the passage of an atmospheric low pressure system 1 - 2 days earlier, but due to the continuous presence of katabatic winds and the coarseness of the ECMWF data, there is not as definitive a relationship between wind divergence and sea level pressure or ice area. Errors associated with the processing of passive microwave remotely sensed data, as well as differences in spatial scale limit that can be determined about the ocean state from the data sets, suggest the need for improved surface classification techniques, as well as regional modeling studies. C1 Ctr OceanLand Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Arbetter, TE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, UCB 449, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM todd.arbetter@colorado.edu; amanda.lynch@arts.monash.edu.au; bailey@cola.iges.org NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C4 AR C04022 DI 10.1029/2003JC001837 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 816CA UT WOS:000221086800001 ER PT J AU Milan, SE Cowley, SWH Lester, M Wright, DM Slavin, JA Fillingim, M Carlson, CW Singer, HJ AF Milan, SE Cowley, SWH Lester, M Wright, DM Slavin, JA Fillingim, M Carlson, CW Singer, HJ TI Response of the magnetotail to changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE magnetosphere; magnetotail; solar-terrestrial coupling; substorms ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; DISTANT MAGNETOTAIL; SOLAR-WIND; GEOMAGNETIC TAIL; TIME VARIATIONS; NEAR-EARTH; SUBSTORM; MAGNETOPAUSE; CONVECTION; BOUNDARY AB [1] We compare the open flux content of the magnetosphere, quantified by measurements of the size of the northern ionospheric polar cap, with the radius of the magnetotail at X approximate to - 25 R-E, deduced from observations made by the IMP-8 spacecraft. During an 8-hour period of observation we estimate that the proportion of terrestrial flux that is interconnected with the solar wind varies between 12 and 2.5%. This latter extreme, representing an almost closed magnetosphere, follows the incidence of a solar wind dynamic pressure step, the onset of a large substorm, and a 3-hour period of northward IMF. The deflated and compressed magnetotail is predicted to have a radius as small as 12 R-E at this time. The magnetotail does not reinflate to more typical dimensions until some time after a southward turning of the IMF, leading to accumulation of open flux through low latitude reconnection. We compare our observations with estimates of the shape of the magnetopause from an empirical model. We also present a simple model of the varying length of the magnetotail, based on upstream solar wind conditions, and observations of the size of the polar cap. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Milan, SE (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM steve.milan@ion.le.ac.uk; s.cowley@ion.le.ac.uk; m.lester@ion.le.ac.uk; d.wright@ion.le.ac.uk; jim.slavin@gsfc.nasa.gov; matt@ssl.berkeley.edu; cwc@ssl.berkeley.edu; howard.singer@noaa.gov RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X NR 37 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS A4 AR A04220 DI 10.1029/2003JA010350 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 816CK UT WOS:000221087800005 ER PT J AU Ray, EA Rosenlof, KH Richard, E Parrish, D Jakoubek, R AF Ray, EA Rosenlof, KH Richard, E Parrish, D Jakoubek, R TI Distributions of ozone in the region of the subtropical jet: An analysis of in situ aircraft measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; subtropical jet; stratosphere-troposphere exchange ID STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; ADVECTION-DIFFUSION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WAVE BREAKING; WATER-VAPOR; PART I; TROPOPAUSE; TRANSPORT; CLIMATOLOGY AB In situ measurements of ozone and meteorological fields from the NASAWB-57F and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Gulfstream IV airborne platforms in the region of the subtropical jet are investigated. The high resolution and precision of the aircraft measurements allow the ozone distribution to be examined on a wide range of spatial scales. Probability distribution functions (pdfs) of ozone, temperature, and wind speed are calculated in a coordinate system centered on the maximum jet wind speeds. There are significant differences in the pdfs near the jet maximum in winter versus spring seasons. The largest gradients in the ozone pdfs are seen at the location of the jet maximum in winter, whereas during spring the largest gradients are most often poleward of the jet by up to several thousand kilometers. These seasonal differences do not appear to be directly related to the strength of the jet on the basis of the limited geographical sampling of the airborne platforms. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ray, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,MS R-AL6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eray@al.noaa.gov; kosenlof@al.noaa.gov; erik.c.richard@noaa.gov; dparrish@al.noaa.gov; jakoubek@al.noaa.gov RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270 NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D8 AR D08106 DI 10.1029/2003JD004143 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 816BW UT WOS:000221086400003 ER PT J AU Deskevich, MP Nesbitt, DJ Werner, HJ AF Deskevich, MP Nesbitt, DJ Werner, HJ TI Dynamically weighted multiconfiguration self-consistent field: Multistate calculations for F+H2O -> HF+OH reaction paths SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; PRODUCT STATE DISTRIBUTIONS; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION CALCULATIONS; BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION; MOLECULAR-BEAM EXPERIMENTS; QUANTUM DYNAMICS; CROSS-SECTIONS; REACTION PROBABILITIES; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; H-2+OH REACTION AB A novel method of dynamically adjusted weighting factors in state-averaged multiconfiguration self-consistent-field calculations (SA-MCSCF) is described that is applicable to systems of arbitrary dimensionality. The proposed dynamically weighted approach automatically weights the relevant electronic states in each region of the potential energy surface, smoothly adjusting between these regions with an energy dependent functional. This method is tested on the F(P-2)+H2O-->HF+OH((2)Pi) reaction, which otherwise proves challenging to describe with traditional SA-MCSCF methods due to (i) different asymptotic degeneracies of reactant (threefold) and product (twofold) channels, and (ii) presence of low-lying charge transfer configurations near the transition state region. The smoothly varying wave functions obtained by dynamically weighted multiconfigurational self-consistent field represent excellent reference states for high-level multireference configuration interaction calculations and offer an ideal starting point for construction of multiple state potential energy surfaces. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Stuttgart, Inst Theoret Chem, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Werner, Hans-Joachim/G-9509-2011 OI Werner, Hans-Joachim/0000-0002-0435-539X NR 75 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 22 PY 2004 VL 120 IS 16 BP 7281 EP 7289 DI 10.1063/1.1667468 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 810AA UT WOS:000220676000006 PM 15267637 ER PT J AU Lovejoy, ER Curtius, J Froyd, KD AF Lovejoy, ER Curtius, J Froyd, KD TI Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nucleation; ions; sulfuric acid ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; INDUCED AEROSOL-FORMATION; PARTICLE FORMATION; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ACE 1; EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS; MOLECULAR CLUSTERS; TROPOPAUSE REGION; GROWTH-RATES AB [1] Field studies show that gas phase nucleation is an important source of new particles in the Earth's atmosphere. However, the mechanism of new particle formation is not known. The predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are based on estimates for the thermodynamics of cluster growth. We have measured the thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of small cluster ions containing H2SO4 and H2O, and incorporated these data into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the binary negative ion H2SO4/H2O mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere. The ion-induced HSO4-/H2SO4/H2O mechanism does explain nucleation events observed in the remote middle troposphere, but does not generally predict the nucleation events observed in the boundary layer. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nlovejoy@al.noaa.gov RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 58 TC 175 Z9 176 U1 5 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 22 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D8 AR D08204 DI 10.1029/2003JD004460 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 816BV UT WOS:000221086300003 ER PT J AU Halonen, M Halonen, L Nesbitt, DJ AF Halonen, M Halonen, L Nesbitt, DJ TI Structural issues in conjugated hydrocarbons: High-resolution infrared slit-jet spectroscopy of trans-1,3-butadiene SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID 2ND STABLE CONFORMER; MATRIX-ISOLATION; FORCE-FIELDS; AB-INITIO; 1,3-BUTADIENE; SPECTRA; BUTADIENE; ROTATION; S-TRANS-1,3-BUTADIENE; CIS AB First high-resolution spectroscopic and structural data for jet-cooled trans-1,3-butadiene have been obtained using sub-Doppler, direct absorption tunable difference frequency infrared laser methods in a pulsed slit supersonic expansion. With reduced spectral congestion at T-rovib = 15 K, high-resolution vibration -rotation spectra around 3100 cm(-1) reveal two hybrid a/b type bands, both of which have been successfully rotationally analyzed and yield first experimental structural information on the ground state of trans-1,3-butadiene. The strong, band v(17)(b(u)) at 3100.63 cm(-1) is predominantly due to "bright" state excitation of the in-phase asymmetric CH, stretch, with the weaker band at 3096.14 cm(-1) probably arising from a "dark" state anharmonic mixing with v(17). Furthermore, there are many local perturbations in the spectrum that can be successfully explained via anhamionic and Coriolis type coupling between v(17) and an additional dark state centered at 3100.65 cm-1. Intensity analysis for the strong and weak bands permits a- and b-type transition moment ratios to be extracted and compared with results from electronic structure calculations. C1 Univ Helsinki, Chem Phys Lab, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Halonen, M (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Chem Phys Lab, POB 55,AI Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 22 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 16 BP 3367 EP 3372 DI 10.1021/jp037703y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 813YQ UT WOS:000220942800018 ER PT J AU Talon, U Smith, LJ Brady, JW Lewis, BA Copley, JRD Price, DL Saboungi, ML AF Talon, U Smith, LJ Brady, JW Lewis, BA Copley, JRD Price, DL Saboungi, ML TI Dynamics of water molecules in glucose solutions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DIFFUSIVE MOTIONS AB The effects of the solution of glucose molecules on the dynamics of solvent water have been studied by quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements on solutions of selectively deuterated glucose in natural water. The data are fitted to two Lorentzians ascribed to pure translational and mixed translational and rotational character, respectively. The addition of the glucose to the water causes a substantial slowing down, by a factor 10 for the translational diffusion and 3-4 for the rotational motion at the highest concentration studied, 1:11 C6H12O6:H2O. The values obtained for water diffusion constants are consistent with previous QENS and NMR experiments on monosaccharide solutions but an order of magnitude higher than those derived from a recent molecular dynamics simulation. C1 Ctr Rech Mat Haute Temp, F-45071 Orleans 2, France. Ctr Rech Mat Divisee, F-45071 Orleans, France. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Price, DL (reprint author), Ctr Rech Mat Haute Temp, F-45071 Orleans 2, France. EM price@cnrs-orleans.fr RI Lewis, Barbara-Ann/B-7027-2009; Price, David Long/A-8468-2013; Saboungi, Marie-Louise/C-5920-2013 OI Saboungi, Marie-Louise/0000-0002-0607-4815 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD APR 22 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 16 BP 5120 EP 5126 DI 10.1021/jp035161c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 813YR UT WOS:000220942900024 ER PT J AU Satija, R Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA AF Satija, R Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA TI In situ neutron imaging technique for evaluation of water management systems in operating PEM fuel cells SO JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES LA English DT Article DE fuel cell; neutron; radiography; imaging; water management ID MODEL AB This paper explores the method of neutron imaging as an experimental tool to perform in situ non-destructive analysis on an operating polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen fuel cell. Neutrons are ideal for the imaging of hydrogen fuel cells because of their sensitivity to hydrogen-containing compounds such as water. This research focused on using imaging techniques to develop methods for testing and evaluating the water management system of a fuel cell. A real-time radiography dataset consisting of 1000 images at 2-s intervals was used to create a movie which showed water production, transport, and removal throughout the cell. This dataset was also analyzed to quantify and calculate the amount of water present in the cell at any time and masking techniques were used to differentiate between water in the cell flow channels and in the gas diffusion layer. Additionally, a tomography dataset allowed for the creation of a digital 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the dry cell which can be analyzed for structural defects. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Montgomery Blair High Sch, Silver Spring, MD 20901 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Jacobson, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jacobson@nist.gov NR 6 TC 320 Z9 329 U1 6 U2 49 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-7753 J9 J POWER SOURCES JI J. Power Sources PD APR 22 PY 2004 VL 129 IS 2 BP 238 EP 245 DI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.068 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 814GI UT WOS:000220962800013 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ McKinsey, DN AF Coakley, KJ McKinsey, DN TI Spatial methods for event reconstruction in CLEAN SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE cryogenics; dark matter; event reconstruction; Monte Carlo; neutrinos; statistical methods ID SCATTERING; PARAMETERS; SPECT AB In CLEAN (Cryogenic Low Energy Astrophysics with Noble gases), a proposed neutrino and dark matter detector, background discrimination is possible if one can determine the location of an ionizing radiation event with high accuracy. Here, we develop spatial methods for event reconstruction, and study their performance in computer simulation experiments. We simulate ionizing radiation events that produce multiple scintillation photons within a spherical detection volume filled with liquid neon. We estimate the radial location of a particular ionizing radiation event based on the observed count data corresponding to that event. The count data are collected by detectors mounted at the spherical boundary of the detection volume. We neglect absorption, but account for Rayleigh scattering. To account for wavelength-shifting of the scintillation light, we assume that photons are absorbed and re-emitted at the detectors. In our study, the detectors incompletely cover the surface area of the sphere. In the first method, we estimate the radial location of the event by maximizing the approximate Poisson likelihood of the observed count data. To correct for scattering and wavelength-shifting, we adjust this estimate using a polynomial calibration model. In the second method, we predict the radial location of the event as a polynomial function of the magnitude of the centroid of the observed count data. The polynomial calibration models are constructed from calibration (training) data. In general, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method estimate is more accurate than that of the Centroid method estimate. We estimate the expected number of photons emitted by the event by a ML method and a simple method based on the ratio of the number of detected photons and a detection probability factor. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway,MS 898-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kevin.coakley@nist.gov; daniel.mckinsey@yale.edu NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD APR 21 PY 2004 VL 522 IS 3 BP 504 EP 520 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.399 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 816GL UT WOS:000221098300027 ER PT J AU Zheng, W Kriss, GA Deharveng, JM Dixon, WV Kruk, JW Shull, JM Giroux, ML Morton, DC Williger, GM Friedman, SD Moos, HW AF Zheng, W Kriss, GA Deharveng, JM Dixon, WV Kruk, JW Shull, JM Giroux, ML Morton, DC Williger, GM Friedman, SD Moos, HW TI A study of the reionization history of intergalactic helium with FUSE and the Very Large Telescope SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dark matter; intergalactic medium; quasars : absorption lines; quasars : individual (HE 2347-4342); ultraviolet : general ID LY-ALPHA FOREST; ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; IONIZED HELIUM; COLUMN DENSITIES; CLUMPY UNIVERSE; HE 2347-4342; ABSORPTION; EVOLUTION AB We obtained high-resolution Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE; R similar to 20,000) and Very Large Telescope (VLT; R similar to45,000) spectra of the quasar HE 2347-4342 in order to study the properties of the intergalactic medium between redshifts z = 2.0 and 2.9. The high-quality optical spectrum allows us to identify approximately 850 H I absorption lines with column densities between N similar to 5 x 10(11) and 10(18) cm(-2). The reprocessed FUSE spectrum extends the wavelength coverage of the He II absorption down to an observed wavelength of 920 Angstrom. Source flux is detected to rest-frame wavelengths as short as similar to237 Angstrom. Approximately 1400 He II absorption lines are identified, including 917 He II Lyalpha systems and some of their He II Lybeta, Lygamma, and Lydelta counterparts. The ionization structure of He II is complex, with approximately 90 absorption lines that are not detected in the hydrogen spectrum. These features may represent the effect of soft ionizing sources. The ratio eta = N(He II)/N(H I) varies approximately from unity to more than a thousand, with a median value of 62 and a distribution consistent with the intrinsic spectral indexes of quasars. This provides evidence that the dominant ionizing field is from the accumulated quasar radiation, with contributions from other soft sources such as star-forming regions and obscured active galactic nuclei, which do not ionize helium. We find an evolution in eta toward smaller values at lower redshift, with the gradual disappearance of soft components. At redshifts z > 2.7, the large but finite increase in the He II opacity, tau = 5 +/- 1, suggests that we are viewing the end stages of a reionization process that began at an earlier epoch. Fits of the absorption profiles of unblended lines indicate comparable velocities between hydrogen and He+ ions. For line widths b(He+) = xib(H), we find xi = 0.95 +/- 0.12, indicating a velocity field in the intergalactic medium dominated by turbulence. At hydrogen column densities N < 3 x 10(12) cm(-2), the number of forest lines shows a significant deficit relative to a power law and becomes negligible below N = 10(11) cm(-2). C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. Univ Colorado, CASA, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. RP Zheng, W (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM zheng@pha.jhu.edu; gak@stsci.edu; jean-michel.deharveng@oamp.fr; wvd@pha.jhu.edu; kruk@pha.jhu.edu; mshull@casa.colorado.edu; giroux@polar.etsu.edu; don.morton@nrc.gc.ca; williger@pha.jhu.edu; friedman@stsci.edu RI Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012 NR 42 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD APR 20 PY 2004 VL 605 IS 2 BP 631 EP 644 DI 10.1086/382498 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 811WL UT WOS:000220801900008 ER PT J AU Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Peng, HG Gidley, DW AF Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Peng, HG Gidley, DW TI Comparative specular X-ray reflectivity, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and incoherent neutron scattering measurements of the dynamics in thin polycarbonate films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; BISPHENOL-A POLYCARBONATE; ULTRATHIN POLYMER-FILMS; TG AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; FREE-VOLUME; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); FORMING LIQUIDS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION AB There are many technological applications using thin polymer films that would be crucially influenced by confinement-induced changes in the transport properties of the film. In the present, we utilize specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR, to measure film thickness h), beam positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS, to measure the nanometer-sized domains of unoccupied volume v), and incoherent neutron scattering (INS, to measure the mean-square atomic displacements ) to quantify the influence of film thickness in thin polycarbonate (PC) films. The thermal expansion coefficients of both h and v, as well as the amplitudes of , indicate that thin film confinement affects reduced molecular mobility in PC. This reduced mobility is not necessarily reflected in the apparent glass transition temperature (Tg) derived from the same techniques. Specifically, SXR and PALS indicate a weak suppression of apparent Tg (the kink in the thermal expansion curve) when the film thickness becomes less than 200 A, which should not be interpreted to imply enhanced mobility. The INS measurements confirm this by demonstrating that the kink in vs T (designated operationally as T-g) tends to disappear, possibly even increasing to higher T for film thinner than 500 Angstrom. The reduced thermal motion can nominally be parametrized in terms of an immobilized region next to the rigid substrate, extending approximately 40-130 Angstrom into the film, depending on the measurement technique and temperature range. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 90 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 20 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 8 BP 2890 EP 2900 DI 10.1021/ma035579a PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 813HQ UT WOS:000220898600033 ER PT J AU Soles, CL Douglas, JF Jones, RL Wu, WL AF Soles, CL Douglas, JF Jones, RL Wu, WL TI Unusual expansion and contraction in ultrathin glassy polycarbonate films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; POLYMER-FILMS; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; THICKNESS; INTERFACE; PROBE AB The thermal expansion behavior of thin polycarbonate (PC) films supported on hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon substrates is studied with specular X-ray reflectivity. These measurements suggest a suppression of the apparent glass transition temperature (T-g) with decreasing film thickness h on hydrophilic silicon oxide substrates, while no evidence for an h-dependent T-g shift is observed on hydrophobic passivated silicon substrates. More interestingly, we find that when h is comparable to the bulk radius of gyration, the expansion becomes nonmonotonic with temperature T in a reversible manner. Cooling one of these ultrathin PC films well below the apparent Tg gives rise to an apparently negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). This unusual behavior stems from the fact that nominally R-g- thick glassy films exhibit an appreciable isothermal thickening over extended periods of time, with the propensity for this thickening increasing with the depth of cooling into the glassy state; normal thermal contraction upon cooling becomes convoluted with the sub-T-g thickening phenomenon. This is counter-intuitive since deep in the glassy state the molecular mobility is anticipated to be small. The magnitude and rate of the isothermal thickening depend on the ratio of the macromolecular size to the film thickness, suggesting that chain distortion by the film boundaries is associated with this effect. The surface energy of the supporting substrate also influences these unusual behaviors. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 20 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 8 BP 2901 EP 2908 DI 10.1021/ma035580+ PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 813HQ UT WOS:000220898600034 ER PT J AU Chang, KS Aronova, MA Lin, CL Murakami, M Yu, MH Hattrick-Simpers, J Famodu, OO Lee, SY Ramesh, R Wuttig, M Takeuchi, I Gao, C Bendersky, LA AF Chang, KS Aronova, MA Lin, CL Murakami, M Yu, MH Hattrick-Simpers, J Famodu, OO Lee, SY Ramesh, R Wuttig, M Takeuchi, I Gao, C Bendersky, LA TI Exploration of artificial multiferroic thin-film heterostructures using composition spreads SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOELECTRIC COMPOSITES; MICROSCOPY AB We have fabricated a series of composition spreads consisting of ferroelectric BaTiO3 and piezomagnetic CoFe2O4 layers of varying thicknesses modulated at nanometer level in order to explore artificial magnetoelectric thin-film heterostructures. Scanning microwave microscopy and scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscopy were used to map the dielectric and magnetic properties as a function of continuously changing average composition across the spreads, respectively. Compositions in the middle of the spreads were found to exhibit ferromagnetism while displaying a dielectric constant as high as approximate to120. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Small Smart Syst Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Sci & Technol China, Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Hefei 230029, Anhui, Peoples R China. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Supercond Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Chang, KS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Small Smart Syst Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM takeuchi@squid.umd.edu NR 21 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 19 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 16 BP 3091 EP 3093 DI 10.1063/1.1699474 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 814LI UT WOS:000220975800041 ER PT J AU Yi, C Davis, KJ Bakwin, PS Denning, AS Zhang, N Desai, A Lin, JC Gerbig, C AF Yi, C Davis, KJ Bakwin, PS Denning, AS Zhang, N Desai, A Lin, JC Gerbig, C TI Observed covariance between ecosystem carbon exchange and atmospheric boundary layer dynamics at a site in northern Wisconsin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE terrestrial CO2 fluxes; atmospheric boundary layer dynamics; global change ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; REGIONAL-SCALE FLUXES; TALL TOWER; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; CO2 INVERSIONS; DIOXIDE FLUXES; MIXED-LAYER; TRANSPORT; ENTRAINMENT; FOREST AB [1] Ecosystem CO2 exchange and atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) mixing are correlated diurnally and seasonally as they are both driven by solar insulation. Tracer transport models predict that these covariance signals produce a meridional gradient of annual mean CO2 concentration in the marine boundary layer that is half as strong as the signal produced by fossil fuel emissions. This rectifier effect is simulated by most global tracer transport models. However, observations to constrain the strength of these covariance signals in nature are lacking. We investigate the covariance between ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and ABL dynamics by comparing one widely cited transport model with observations in the middle of the North American continent. We measured CO2 flux and mixing ratio using an eddy-covariance system from a 447-m tower in northern Wisconsin, mixed layer depths using a 915-MHz boundary layer profiling radar near the tower, and vertical CO2 profiles from aircraft in the vicinity of the tower. We find (1) that simulated and observed net daily CO2 fluxes are similar; (2) the simulated maximum ABL depths were too shallow throughout year; (3) the simulated seasonal variability of the CO2 mixing ratio in the lowest layer of the free troposphere is 3 ppm smaller than that inferred from a mixed layer jump model and boundary layer observations; and (4) the simulated diurnal and seasonal covariance between CO2 flux and mixing ratio are weaker than the observed covariance. The comparison between model and observations is limited by the questionable representativeness of a single observing site and a bias towards fair weather observing conditions. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, MOE Key Lab Environm Change & Nat Disaster, IRS, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Yi, C (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM cxyi@essc.psu.edu; davis@essc.psu.edu; pbakwin@comcast.net; denning@atmos.colostate.edu; ni@dendrus.atmos.colostate.edu; adesai@essc.psu.edu; johnlin@fas.harvard.edu; chg@io.harvard.edu RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Zhang, Nina/F-3609-2014; Desai, Ankur/A-5899-2008 OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603; Desai, Ankur/0000-0002-5226-6041 NR 41 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 17 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D8 AR D08302 DI 10.1029/2003JD004164 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 815YI UT WOS:000221077200003 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Shlyapnikov, GV Castin, Y AF Carr, LD Shlyapnikov, GV Castin, Y TI Achieving a BCS transition in an atomic Fermi gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; MOLECULES AB We consider a gas of cold fermionic atoms having two spin components with interactions characterized by their s-wave scattering length a. At positive scattering length the atoms form weakly bound bosonic molecules which can be evaporatively cooled to undergo Bose-Einstein condensation, whereas at negative scattering length BCS pairing can take place. It is shown that, by adiabatically tuning the scattering length a from positive to negative values, one may transform the molecular Bose-Einstein condensate into a highly degenerate atomic Fermi gas, with the ratio of temperature to Fermi temperature T/T(F)similar to10(-2). The corresponding critical final value of k(F)\a\, which leads to the BCS transition, is found to be about one-half, where k(F) is the Fermi momentum. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris, France. FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Kurchatov Inst, Russian Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. RP Carr, LD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 33 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 16 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 15 AR 150404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.150404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 814RY UT WOS:000220993000004 PM 15169272 ER PT J AU Greiner, M Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS AF Greiner, M Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS TI Detection of spatial correlations in an ultracold gas of fermions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; COLLISIONS; ATOMS AB Spatial correlations are observed in an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms close to a Feshbach resonance. The correlations are detected by inducing spin-changing rf transitions between pairs of atoms. We observe the process in the strongly interacting regime for attractive as well as for repulsive atom-atom interactions and both in the regime of high and low quantum degeneracy. The observations are compared with a two-particle model that provides theoretical predictions for the measured rf transition rates. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Greiner, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM markus.greiner@colorado.edu RI Greiner, Markus/A-8502-2010; Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 16 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 15 AR 150405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.150405 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 814RY UT WOS:000220993000005 PM 15169273 ER PT J AU Coale, KH Johnson, KS Chavez, FP Buesseler, KO Barber, RT Brzezinski, MA Cochlan, WP Millero, FJ Falkowski, PG Bauer, JE Wanninkhof, RH Kudela, RM Altabet, MA Hales, BE Takahashi, T Landry, MR Bidigare, RR Wang, XJ Chase, Z Strutton, PG Friederich, GE Gorbunov, MY Lance, VP Hilting, AK Hiscock, MR Demarest, M Hiscock, WT Sullivan, KF Tanner, SJ Gordon, RM Hunter, CN Elrod, VA Fitzwater, SE Jones, JL Tozzi, S Koblizek, M Roberts, AE Herndon, J Brewster, J Ladizinsky, N Smith, G Cooper, D Timothy, D Brown, SL Selph, KE Sheridan, CC Twining, BS Johnson, ZI AF Coale, KH Johnson, KS Chavez, FP Buesseler, KO Barber, RT Brzezinski, MA Cochlan, WP Millero, FJ Falkowski, PG Bauer, JE Wanninkhof, RH Kudela, RM Altabet, MA Hales, BE Takahashi, T Landry, MR Bidigare, RR Wang, XJ Chase, Z Strutton, PG Friederich, GE Gorbunov, MY Lance, VP Hilting, AK Hiscock, MR Demarest, M Hiscock, WT Sullivan, KF Tanner, SJ Gordon, RM Hunter, CN Elrod, VA Fitzwater, SE Jones, JL Tozzi, S Koblizek, M Roberts, AE Herndon, J Brewster, J Ladizinsky, N Smith, G Cooper, D Timothy, D Brown, SL Selph, KE Sheridan, CC Twining, BS Johnson, ZI TI Southern ocean iron enrichment experiment: Carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; POLAR FRONTAL ZONE; ROSS SEA; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; SILICA PRODUCTION; FERTILIZATION; BLOOM AB The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Twomesoscaleexperiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide. C1 Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Coale, KH (reprint author), Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. EM coale@mlml.calstate.edu RI Tozzi, Sasha/B-2111-2009; Johnson, Zackary/E-4601-2011; Wang, Xiujun/F-2641-2010; Chase, Zanna/E-9232-2013; Strutton, Peter/C-4466-2011; Koblizek, Michal/H-2851-2014; Johnson, Kenneth/F-9742-2011; OI Johnson, Zackary/0000-0003-0793-8512; Wang, Xiujun/0000-0002-2859-8011; Chase, Zanna/0000-0001-5060-779X; Strutton, Peter/0000-0002-2395-9471; Johnson, Kenneth/0000-0001-5513-5584; Twining, Benjamin/0000-0002-1365-9192 NR 48 TC 385 Z9 394 U1 14 U2 166 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 16 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5669 BP 408 EP 414 DI 10.1126/science.1089778 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 812NE UT WOS:000220845400039 PM 15087542 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C AF Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C TI Source strengths of ultrafine and fine particles due to cooking with a gas stove SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR CHANGE RATES; OCCUPIED TOWNHOUSE; DEPOSITION; OUTDOOR; POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; FILTERS; WINDOWS; HOMES; FANS AB Cooking, particularly frying, is an important source of particles indoors. Few studies have measured a full range of particle sizes, including ultrafine particles, produce during cooking. In this study, semicontinuous instruments with fine size discriminating ability were used to calculate particle counts in 124 size bins from 0.01 to 2.5 mum. Data were collected at 5 min intervals for 18 months in an occupied house. Tracer gas measurements were made every 10 min in each of 10 rooms of the house to establish air change rates. Cooking episodes (N = 44) were selected meeting certain criteria (high concentrations, no concurrent indoor sources, long smooth decay curves), and the number and volume of particles produced were determined for each size category. For each episode, the particle decay rate was determined and used to determine the source strength for each size category. The selected cooking episodes (mostly frying) were capable of producing about 10(14) particles over the length of the cooking period (about 15 min), more than 90% of them in the ultrafine (<0.1 μm) range, with an estimated whole-house volume concentration of 50 (μm/cm)(3). More than 60% of this volume occurred in the 0.1-0.3 μm range. Frying produced peak numbers of particles at about 0.06 μm, with a secondary peak at 0.01 pm. The peak volume occurred at a diameter of about 0.16 μm. Since the cooking episodes selected were blase toward higher concentrations, the particle concentrations measured during about 600 h of morning and evening cooking over a full year were compared to concentrations measured during noncooking periods at the same times. Cooking was capable of producing more than 10 times the ultrafine particle number observed during noncooking periods. Levels of PM2.5 were increased during cooking by a factor of 3. Breakfast cooking (mainly heating water for coffee and using an electric toaster) produced concentrations about half those produced from more complex dinnertime cooking. Although the number and volume concentrations observed depend on air change rates, house volume, and deposition rates due to fans and filters,the source strengths calculated here are independent of these variables and may be used to estimate number and volume concentrations in other types of homes with widely varying volumes, ventilation rates, and heating and air-conditioning practices. C1 US EPA, Reston, VA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA, 11568 Woodhollow Court, Reston, VA USA. EM wallace.lance@epa.gov RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 25 TC 133 Z9 139 U1 10 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2304 EP 2311 DI 10.1021/es0306260 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 812RU UT WOS:000220857400007 PM 15116834 ER PT J AU Ferguson, EE Viggiano, AA Gillery, C Rosmus, P AF Ferguson, EE Viggiano, AA Gillery, C Rosmus, P TI Collisional electron detachment from NO- by rare gases SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE collisional electron detachment; NO-; rare gases ID TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCES; KINETIC-ENERGY; IONS; RELAXATION; AFFINITIES; EXCITATION; STATES; ATOMS; HE AB A model is proposed to explain earlier measurements of electron detachment from NO- by He, Ne, and several diatomic and triatomic molecules. The measurements have been extended to include detachment by Ar with a rate constant of 2 x 10(-14) cm(3) s(-1) at 500K. The previously puzzling inefficiencies are satisfactorily explained by a mechanism in which NO- (v = 0) is vibrationally excited to NO- (v = 1), followed by autodetachment. The data are analyzed with Landau-Teller theory after invoking the principle of detailed balance. Ab initio calculations of the NO- interactions potentials with He, Ne, and Ar have been made. Range parameters derived from Landau-Teller plots and ab initio calculations are in the range expected although not in exact agreement. The ab initio potential attractive wells make clear why the necessary vibrational excitations in He and Ne collisions with NO- (and hence collisional detachment) are far more effective than in the case for At. This appears to be the first application of Landau-Teller theory to a negative ion. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Marne La Vallee, Chim Theor Lab, F-77454 Champs Sur Marne, France. RP Viggiano, AA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM albert.viggiano@hanscom.af.mil NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 233 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2003.10.017 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 819LR UT WOS:000221316900009 ER PT J AU Yeston, JS To, TT Burkey, TJ Heilweil, EJ AF Yeston, JS To, TT Burkey, TJ Heilweil, EJ TI Ultrafast chelation dynamics of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl derivatives with pendant sulfides SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Letter ID FEMTOSECOND AB The photoinduced dynamics of two new [eta(5)-C5H4C(O)R]Mn(CO)(3) complexes 2 (R = CH(SCH3)(2)) and 3 (R = C(SCH3)3) have been investigated in n-heptane solution on the ps to mus time scale by UV-pump IR-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Irradiation of 2 at 266 or 289 nm induces CO loss to yield two initial products in approximately equal abundance, assigned by their CO-stretching bands to be a heptane solvate of the unsaturated Mn fragment and a ring-formed product in which the pendant sulfide moiety is coordinated to the metal center. In direct analogy with the previously observed behavior of [eta(5)-C5H4C(O)CH2(SCH3)]-Mn(CO)(3) (1), the solvate reacts through a secondary pathway to afford the S-bound product within 200 ns. Irradiation of 3 under identical conditions yields the chelated product exclusively, with no evidence of a competing solvation pathway. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burkey, TJ (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Chem, Campus Box 526060, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM tburkey@memphis.edu; edwin.heilweil@nist.gov NR 8 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 15 BP 4582 EP 4585 DI 10.1021/jp031219d PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 810ST UT WOS:000220724700004 ER PT J AU Incardona, JP Collier, TK Scholz, NL AF Incardona, JP Collier, TK Scholz, NL TI Defects in cardiac function precede morphological abnormalities in fish embryos exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE petroleum; oil spill; fish development; heart morphogenesis; silent heart gene; CYPIA ID HERRING CLUPEA-PALLASI; PRINCE-WILLIAM SOUND; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; WEATHERED CRUDE-OIL; EARLY-LIFE STAGES; ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TOXICITY; VENTRICULAR MYOARCHITECTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTANTS AB Fish embryos exposed to complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from petrogenic sources show a characteristic suite of abnormalities, including cardiac dysfunction, edema, spinal curvature, and reduction in the size of the jaw and other craniofacial structures. To elucidate the toxic mechanisms underlying these different defects, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to seven non-alkylated PAHs, including five two- to four-ring compounds that are abundant in crude oil and two compounds less abundant in oil but informative for structure-activity relationships. We also analyzed two PAH mixtures that approximate the composition of crude oil at different stages of weathering. Exposure to the three-ring PAHs dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene alone was sufficient to induce the characteristic suite of defects, as was genetic ablation of cardiac function using a cardiac troponin T antisense morpholino oligonucleotide. The primary etiology of defects induced by dibenzothiophene or phenanthrene appears to be direct effects on cardiac conduction, which have secondary consequences for late stages of cardiac morphogenesis, kidney development, neural tube structure, and formation of the craniofacial skeleton. The relative toxicity of the different mixtures was directly proportional to the amount of phenanthrene, or the dibenzothiophene-phenanthrene total in the mixture. Pyrene, a four-ring PAH, induced a different syndrome of anemia, peripheral vascular defects, and neuronal cell death, similar to the effects previously described for potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Therefore, different PAH compounds have distinct and specific effects on fish at early life history stages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Incardona, JP (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM john.incardona@noaa.gov RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 76 TC 317 Z9 334 U1 9 U2 127 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 196 IS 2 BP 191 EP 205 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.026 PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 813LP UT WOS:000220908900002 PM 15081266 ER PT J AU Halthore, RN Miller, MA Ogren, JA Sheridan, PJ Slater, DW Stoffel, T AF Halthore, RN Miller, MA Ogren, JA Sheridan, PJ Slater, DW Stoffel, T TI Further developments in closure experiments for surface diffuse irradiance under cloud-free skies at a continental site SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR IRRADIANCE; THERMAL OFFSET; CLEAR; RADIATION; ABSORPTION; MODELS AB Direct and diffuse surface irradiances measured with the shaded and ventilated Black and White Eppley pyranometer under cloud-free skies at a continental site are compared with radiative transfer model calculated values. For the measurements in 2002, calculations of irradiance utilizing surface-measured aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) agree with that measured to within the mutual uncertainties. For the days in 2001 and 2003, the modeled irradiance values agree with that measured only if highly absorbing aerosols of SSA similar to0.7, well below surface-measured SSA, are used. Modeled diffuse/direct irradiance ratios continue to exceed those measured in the visible and near-IR using silicon detector-based radiometers, suggesting problems with measurements and/or model estimates of atmospheric, most likely, aerosol, absorption. A detailed study is therefore required to establish the role of aerosol absorption in shortwave radiative transfer. C1 USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Halthore, RN (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM halthore@nrl.navy.mil RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 19 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07111 DI 10.1029/2003GL019102 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 815XW UT WOS:000221076000001 ER PT J AU Seth, A Rojas, M Liebmann, B Qian, JH AF Seth, A Rojas, M Liebmann, B Qian, JH TI Daily rainfall analysis for South America from a regional climate model and station observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; PROJECT AB Seasonal rainfall prediction, while useful for some planning, does not have the temporal resolution required for many applications. Information regarding sub-seasonal variations in rainfall is often needed for water management and agriculture sector decisions. Daily station observations are used to characterize rainfall frequency and intensity and to verify a regional climate model (RegCM). The model is driven by reanalyses and by general circulation model ensemble realizations for two anomalous seasons in South America. Rainfall distributions simulated by the RegCM slightly overestimate smaller events at the expense of large events in the Northeast and Amazon, yet the smallest rainfall events are generally well represented. Importantly, the RegCM captures the shift in the rainfall distribution which occurs between 1983 ( more small events) and 1985 ( more large events). The sensitivity of these results to periodic reinitialization show some promise. These results imply that regional models may provide useful statistics on the subseasonal character of rainfall, however, longer nested integrations are needed. C1 Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst climate Predict, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Chile, Dept Geofis, Santiago, Chile. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Seth, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst climate Predict, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM seth@iri.columbia.edu; maisa@dgf.uchile.cl; brant.liebmann@noaa.gov; jqian@iri.columbia.edu RI Rojas, Maisa/A-7229-2013 NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 14 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07213 DI 10.1029/2003GL019220 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 815XW UT WOS:000221076000003 ER PT J AU Blakie, PB Clark, CW AF Blakie, PB Clark, CW TI Wannier states and Bose-Hubbard parameters for 2D optical lattices SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID; INSULATOR AB We consider the physical implementation of a 2D optical lattice with schemes involving three and four light fields. We illustrate the wide range of geometries available to the 3-beam lattice, and compare the general potential properties of the two lattice schemes. Numerically calculating the band structure we obtain the Wannier states and evaluate the parameters of the Bose-Hubbard models relevant to these lattices. Using these results we demonstrate lattices that realize Bose-Hubbard models with 2, 4, or 6 nearest neighbours, and quantify the extent that these different lattices affect the superfluid to Mott-insulator transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blakie, PB (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Phys, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. EM bblakie@physics.otago.ac.nz RI Blakie, Peter/A-1554-2009; Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Blakie, Peter/0000-0003-4772-6514; Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 21 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1391 EP 1404 AR PII S0953-4075(04)74389-8 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/37/7/002 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 815WF UT WOS:000221071700029 ER PT J AU Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA AF Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA TI Mathematical and computational science issues in high precision Hylleraas-configuration interaction variational calculations: I. Three-electron integrals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BODY AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS; GROUND-STATE; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; ATOMIC STATES; CONVERGENCE; LITHIUM; SERIES; TRANSFORMATIONS; ACCELERATION; SEQUENCES AB The most difficult integral arising in Hylleraas-configuration interaction (Hy-CI) calculations, the three-electron triangle integral, is discussed. We focus on recursive techniques at both the double precision and quadruple precision level of accuracy while trying to minimize the use of higher precision arithmetic. Also, we investigate the use of series acceleration to overcome problems of slow convergence of certain integrals defined by infinite series. We find that a direct + tail Levin u-transformation convergence acceleration overcomes problems that arise when using other convergence acceleration techniques, and is the best method for overcoming the slow convergence of the triangle integral. The question of calibrating an acceleration method is also discussed, as well as ways to improve our work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jim.sims@nist.gov NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1519 EP 1540 AR PII S0953-4075(04)74803-8 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/37/7/012 PG 22 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 815WF UT WOS:000221071700039 ER PT J AU Krosky, DJ Schwarz, FP Stivers, JT AF Krosky, DJ Schwarz, FP Stivers, JT TI Linear free energy correlations for enzymatic base flipping: How do damaged base pairs facilitate specific recognition? SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID URACIL-DNA GLYCOSYLASE; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ABASIC SITE; OXIDATIVE DEMETHYLATION; PERMANGANATE OXIDATION; SOLUTION CONFORMATION; ADENINE GLYCOSYLASE; DUPLEX STABILITY; PURINE-THYMINE AB To efficiently maintain their genomic integrity, DNA repair glycosylases must exhibit high catalytic specificity for their cognate damaged bases using an extrahelical recognition mechanism. One possible contribution to specificity is the weak base pairing and inherent instability of damaged sites which may lead to increased extrahelicity of the damaged base and enhanced recognition of these sites. This model predicts that the binding affinity of the enzyme should increase as the thermodynamic stability of the lesion base pair decreases, because less work is required to extrude the base into its active site. We have tested this hypothesis with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) by constructing a series of DNA duplexes containing a single uracil (U) opposite a variety of bases (X) that formed from zero to three hydrogen bonds with U. Linear free energy (LFE) relationships were observed that correlated UDG binding affinity with the entropy and enthalpy of duplex melting, and the dynamic accessibility of the damaged site to chemical oxidation. These LFEs indicate that the increased conformational freedom of the damaged site brought about by enthalpic destabilization of the base pair promotes the formation of extrahelical states that enhance specific recognition by as much as 3000-fold. However, given the small stability differences between normal base pairs and U(.)A or U(.)G base pairs, relative base pair stability contributes little to the > 10(6)-fold discrimination of UDG for uracil sites in cellular DNA. In contrast, the intrinsic instability of other more egregious DNA lesions may contribute significantly to the specificity of other DNA repair enzymes that bind to extrahelical bases. C1 Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Stivers, JT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM jstivers@jhmi.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM56834, R01 GM056834] NR 62 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD APR 13 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 14 BP 4188 EP 4195 DI 10.1021/bi036303y PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 810AK UT WOS:000220677000016 PM 15065862 ER PT J AU Gallo, K Ji, L Reed, B Dwyer, J Eidenshink, J AF Gallo, K Ji, L Reed, B Dwyer, J Eidenshink, J TI Comparison of MODIS and AVHRR 16-day normalized difference vegetation index composite data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; DATA SET AB Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data derived from visible and near-infrared data acquired by the MODIS and AVHRR sensors were compared over the same time periods and a variety of land cover classes within the conterminous USA. The relationship between the AVHRR derived NDVI values and those of future sensors is critical to continued long term monitoring of land surface properties. The results indicate that the 16-day composite values are quite similar over the 23 intervals of 2001 that were analyzed, and a linear relationship exists between the NDVI values from the two sensors. The composite AVHRR NDVI data were associated with over 90% of the variation in the MODIS NDVI values. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat Syst Data Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gallo, K (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kevin.p.gallo@noaa.gov; lji@usgs.gov; reed@usgs.gov; dwyer@usgs.gov; eidenshink@usgs.gov RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010; OI Dwyer, John/0000-0002-8281-0896 NR 7 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 13 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07502 DI 10.1029/2003GL019385 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 815XT UT WOS:000221075700005 ER PT J AU Indebetouw, R Shull, JM AF Indebetouw, R Shull, JM TI OVI, NV, and CIV in the galactic halo. I. Velocity-dependent ionization models SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Galaxy : halo; ISM : structure; ultraviolet : ISM ID ASTROPHYSICALLY ABUNDANT ELEMENTS; RECOMBINATION RATE COEFFICIENTS; PHOTOIONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS; IONIZED INTERSTELLAR GAS; INTER-STELLAR MEDIUM; SEQUENCE-B-STARS; SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS; COSMIC-RAY; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AB We explore theoretical models of the ionization ratios of the Li-like absorbers N V, O VI, and C IV, in the Galactic halo. These ions are believed to form in nonequilibrium processes, such as shocks, evaporative interfaces, or rapidly cooling gas, all of which trace the dynamics of the interstellar medium. As a useful new diagnostic, we focus on velocity-resolved signatures of several common physical structures: ( 1) a cooling Galactic fountain flow that rises, cools, and recombines as it returns to the disk; (2) shocks moving toward the observer; and ( 3) a conductive interface with the observer located in the hotter gas. This last geometry occurs with the solar system inside a hot bubble, or when one looks out through the fragmenting top shell of our local bubble blown into the halo as part of the Galactic fountain. In our second paper, these models are compared to ionization ratio data from Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and Hubble Space Telescope. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Indebetouw, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, 475 N Charter St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM remy@astro.wisc.edu; mshull@casa.colorado.edu NR 72 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD APR 10 PY 2004 VL 605 IS 1 BP 205 EP 215 DI 10.1086/382186 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 811WJ UT WOS:000220801700018 ER PT J AU Collins, JA Shull, JM Giroux, ML AF Collins, JA Shull, JM Giroux, ML TI Highly ionized high-velocity clouds toward PKS 2155-304 and Markarian 509 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Galaxy : halo; ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; quasars : absorption lines; ultraviolet : ISM ID ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; X-RAY FOREST; GALACTIC HALO; COMPLEX-C; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; LOCAL GROUP; H-ALPHA; LOW-METALLICITY; MILKY-WAY AB To gain insight into four highly ionized high-velocity clouds (HVCs) discovered by Sembach et al., we have analyzed data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE) for the PKS 2155 - 304 and Mrk 509 sight lines. We measure strong absorption in O vi and column densities of multiple ionization stages of silicon (Si II, III, and IV) and carbon ( C II, III, and IV). We interpret this ionization pattern as a multiphase medium that contains both collisionally ionized and photoionized gas. Toward PKS 2155 - 304, for HVCs at - 140 and - 270 km s(-1), respectively, we measure log N(O VI) = 13.80 +/- 0.03 and log N(O VI) = 13.56 +/- 0.06; from Lyman series absorption, we find log N(H I) = 16.37(-0.14)(+0.22) and 15.23(-0.22)(+0.38) The presence of high-velocity O VI spread over a broad (100 km s(-1)) profile, together with large amounts of low-ionization species, is difficult to reconcile with the low densities, n(e) approximate to 5 x 10(-6) cm(-3), in the collisional/ photoionization models of Nicastro et al., although the HVCs show a similar relation in N( Si IV)/ N( C IV) versus N( C II)/ N( C IV) to that of high-z intergalactic clouds. Our results suggest that the high-velocity O vi in these absorbers does not necessarily trace the warm-hot intergalactic medium but instead may trace HVCs with low total hydrogen column density. We propose that the broad high-velocity O vi absorption arises from shock ionization, at bow shock interfaces produced from infalling clumps of gas with velocity shear. The similar ratios of high ions for HVC Complex C and these highly ionized HVCs suggest a common production mechanism in the Galactic halo. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 53 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD APR 10 PY 2004 VL 605 IS 1 BP 216 EP 229 DI 10.1086/382269 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 811WJ UT WOS:000220801700019 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Dibb, JE Stark, H Aldener, M Vozella, M Whitlow, S Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Jakoubek, R Middlebrook, AM DeGouw, JA Warneke, C Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Angevine, WM Sueper, DT Quinn, PK Bates, TS Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Dibb, JE Stark, H Aldener, M Vozella, M Whitlow, S Williams, EJ Lerner, BM Jakoubek, R Middlebrook, AM DeGouw, JA Warneke, C Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Angevine, WM Sueper, DT Quinn, PK Bates, TS Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC Ravishankara, AR TI Nighttime removal of NOx in the summer marine boundary layer SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NITRATE RADICALS; DRY DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; N2O5; NITROGEN; IMPACT AB [1] The nitrate radical, NO3, and dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, are two important components of nitrogen oxides that occur predominantly at night in the lower troposphere. Because a large fraction of NO2 reacts to form NO3 and N2O5 during the course of a night, their fate is an important determining factor to the overall fate of NOx (= NO and NO2). As a comprehensive test of nocturnal nitrogen oxide chemistry, concentrations of O-3, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3 and a host of other relevant compounds, aerosol abundance and composition, and meteorological conditions were measured in the marine boundary layer from the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown off the East Coast of the United States as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) during the summer of 2002. The results confirm the prominent role of NO3 and N2O5 in converting NOx to HNO3 at night with an efficiency on par with daytime photochemical conversion. The findings demonstrate the large role of nighttime chemistry in determining the NOx budget and consequent production of ozone. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sbrown@al.noaa.gov RI Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Middlebrook, Ann/E-4831-2011; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Lerner, Brian/H-6556-2013; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Middlebrook, Ann/0000-0002-2984-6304; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Lerner, Brian/0000-0001-8721-8165; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 21 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 6 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 10 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07108 DI 10.1029/2004GL019412 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 813OG UT WOS:000220915800003 ER PT J AU Forster, C Cooper, O Stohl, A Eckhardt, S James, P Dunlea, E Nicks, DK Holloway, JS Hubler, G Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Trainer, M AF Forster, C Cooper, O Stohl, A Eckhardt, S James, P Dunlea, E Nicks, DK Holloway, JS Hubler, G Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Trainer, M TI Lagrangian transport model forecasts and a transport climatology for the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) measurement campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE intercontinental transport; Lagrangian transport modeling; aircraft measurement campaigns ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; AIR-POLLUTION TRANSPORT; CARBON-MONOXIDE; FOREST-FIRES; FLUORESCENCE; TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; CONVECTION; EMISSIONS; AIRCRAFT AB [1] On the basis of Lagrangian tracer transport simulations this study presents an intercontinental transport climatology and tracer forecasts for the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) aircraft measurement campaign, which took place at Monterey, California, in April - May 2002 to measure Asian pollution arriving at the North American West Coast. For the climatology the average transport of an Asian CO tracer was calculated over a time period of 15 years using the particle dispersion model FLEXPART. To determine by how much the transport from Asia to North America during ITCT 2K2 deviated from the climatological mean, the 15-year average for April and May was compared with the average for April and May 2002 and that for the ITCT 2K2 period. It was found that 8% less Asian CO tracer arrived at the North American West Coast during the ITCT 2K2 period compared to the climatological mean. Below 8-km altitude, the maximum altitude of the research aircraft, 13% less arrived. Nevertheless, pronounced layers of Asian pollution were measured during 3 of the 13 ITCT 2K2 flights. FLEXPART was also successfully used as a forecasting tool for the flight planning during ITCT 2K2. It provided 3-day forecasts for three different anthropogenic CO tracers originating from Asia, North America, and Europe. In two case studies the forecast abilities of FLEXPART are analyzed and discussed by comparing the forecasts with measurement data and infrared satellite images. The model forecasts underestimated the measured CO enhancements by about a factor of 4, mainly because of an underestimation of the Asian emissions in the emission inventory and because of biomass-burning influence that was not modeled. Nevertheless, the intercontinental transport and dispersion of pollution plumes were qualitatively well predicted, and on the basis of the model results the aircraft could successfully be guided into the polluted air masses. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. EM forster@forst.tu-muenchen.de RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375 NR 42 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07S92 DI 10.1029/2003JD003589 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813OP UT WOS:000220916700002 ER PT J AU Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD AF Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD TI Streamflow and water balance intercomparisons of four land surface models in the North American Land Data Assimilation System project SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE LDAS; streamflow; water balance ID RIVER-BASIN EXPERIMENT; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; NLDAS PROJECT; PILPS 2(D); RUNOFF; PHASE; SOIL; SIMULATION; HYDROLOGY AB [1] This paper is part of a series of papers about the multi-institutional North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project. It compares and evaluates streamflow and water balance results from four different land surface models (LSMs) within the continental United States. These LSMs have been run for the retrospective period from 1 October 1996 to 30 September 1999 forced by atmospheric observations from the Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) analysis, measured precipitation, and satellite-derived downward solar radiation. These model runs were performed on a common 1/8degrees latitude-longitude grid and used the same database for soil and vegetation classifications. We have evaluated these simulations using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured daily streamflow data for 9 large major basins and 1145 small- to medium-sized basins from 23 km(2) to 10,000 km(2) distributed over the NLDAS domain. Model runoff was routed with a common distributed and a lumped optimized linear routing model. The diagnosis of the model water balance results demonstrates strengths and weaknesses in the models, our insufficient knowledge of ad hoc parameters used for the model runs, the interdependence of model structure and model physics, and the lack of good forcing data in parts of the United States, especially in regions with extended snow cover. Overall, the differences between the LSM water balance terms are of the same magnitude as the mean water balance terms themselves. The modeled mean annual runoff shows large regional differences by a factor of up to 4 between models. The corresponding difference in mean annual evapotranspiration is about a factor of 2. The analysis of runoff timing for the LSMs demonstrates the importance of correct snowmelt timing, where the resulting differences in streamflow timing can be up to four months. Runoff is underestimated by all LSMs in areas with significant snowfall. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Lohmann, D (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM dag.lohmann@noaa.gov; kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; paul.r.houser@nasa.gov; efwood@princeton.edu; john.schaake@noaa.gov; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; brian.cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov; justin@princeton.edu; qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; lluo@princeton.edu; wayne.higgins@noaa.gov; pinker@atmos.umd.edu; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 50 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07S91 DI 10.1029/2003JD003517 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813OP UT WOS:000220916700001 ER PT J AU Mitchell, KE Lohmann, D Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Lettenmaier, DP Marshall, CH Entin, JK Pan, M Shi, W Koren, V Meng, J Ramsay, BH Bailey, AA AF Mitchell, KE Lohmann, D Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Lettenmaier, DP Marshall, CH Entin, JK Pan, M Shi, W Koren, V Meng, J Ramsay, BH Bailey, AA TI The multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): Utilizing multiple GCIP products and partners in a continental distributed hydrological modeling system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE land modeling; land data assimilation; surface energy budget ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; RIVER-BASIN EXPERIMENT; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; FIFE DATA; PROJECT; WATER; PHASE; SNOW; PRECIPITATION AB [1] Results are presented from the multi-institution partnership to develop a real-time and retrospective North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS). NLDAS consists of ( 1) four land models executing in parallel in uncoupled mode, ( 2) common hourly surface forcing, and ( 3) common streamflow routing: all using a 1/8degrees grid over the continental United States. The initiative is largely sponsored by the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project ( GCIP). As the overview for nine NLDAS papers, this paper describes and evaluates the 3-year NLDAS execution of 1 October 1996 to 30 September 1999, a period rich in observations for validation. The validation emphasizes ( 1) the land states, fluxes, and input forcing of four land models, ( 2) the application of new GCIP-sponsored products, and ( 3) a multiscale approach. The validation includes ( 1) mesoscale observing networks of land surface forcing, fluxes, and states, ( 2) regional snowpack measurements, ( 3) daily streamflow measurements, and ( 4) satellite-based retrievals of snow cover, land surface skin temperature (LST), and surface insolation. The results show substantial intermodel differences in surface evaporation and runoff ( especially over nonsparse vegetation), soil moisture storage, snowpack, and LST. Owing to surprisingly large intermodel differences in aerodynamic conductance, intermodel differences in midday summer LST were unlike those expected from the intermodel differences in Bowen ratio. Last, anticipating future assimilation of LST, an NLDAS effort unique to this overview paper assesses geostationary-satellite-derived LST, determines the latter to be of good quality, and applies the latter to validate modeled LST. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Data Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mitchell, KE (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; dag.lohmann@noaa.gov; paul.r.houser@nasa.gov; efwood@princeton.edu; john.schaake@noaa.gov; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; brian.cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov; justin@princeton.edu; qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; lluo@princeton.edu; wayne.higgins@noaa.gov; pinker@atmos.umd.edu; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov; dennisl@u.washington.edu; curtis@atmos.colostate.edu; jared.entin@gsfc.nasa.gov; mpan@princeton.edu; wshi@ncep.noaa.gov; victor.koren@noaa.gov; jesse.meng@noaa.gov; bruce.r.ramsay@noaa.gov; baileya@comcast.net RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Pan, Ming/B-6841-2011; Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Pan, Ming/0000-0003-3350-8719; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 66 TC 248 Z9 249 U1 4 U2 61 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07S90 DI 10.1029/2003JD003823 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813OP UT WOS:000220916700003 ER PT J AU Taguchi, S Collier, MR Moore, TE Fok, MC Singer, HJ AF Taguchi, S Collier, MR Moore, TE Fok, MC Singer, HJ TI Response of neutral atom emissions in the low-latitude and high-latitude magnetosheath direction to the magnetopause motion under extreme solar wind conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cusp; neutral atoms; magnetopause; magnetosheath; solar wind; extreme conditions ID FIELD; SHAPE; PRESSURE; IMAGE; ENA AB [1] On 11 April 2001 the high velocity and density of the solar wind and the strong southward interplanetary magnetic field moved the dayside magnetopause inside of geosynchronous orbit. The Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration ( IMAGE) spacecraft in the magnetosphere observed significant emission in the magnetosheath direction. The total neutral atom flux from the dayside region, ignoring the neutral solar wind flux directly from the Sun, shows a threefold enhancement, and each of the three increases is coincident with the occurrence of the magnetopause inside 6.6 R-E. Observations by LENA also show that emission in the direction of the low-latitude and high-latitude magnetosheath is modulated in such a manner that the sources shift earthward/sunward and equatorward/ poleward in the low-latitude and high-latitude sheath, respectively. A model based on the distributions of the sheath flux and of the number density of the hydrogen exosphere explains these characteristics as a result of the motion of the magnetopause having an indentation at the cusp, suggesting a means for monitoring the cusp motion using IMAGE/LENA. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Taguchi, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM taguchi@ice.uec.ac.jp; mcollier@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov; thomas.e.moore@gsfc.nasa.gov; mei-ching.fok@gsfc.nasa.gov; hsinger@sec.noaa.gov RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 109 IS A4 AR A04208 DI 10.1029/2003JA010147 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 813PT UT WOS:000220919700001 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Roos, PA Jones, DJ Cundiff, ST Bhat, RDR Sipe, JE AF Fortier, TM Roos, PA Jones, DJ Cundiff, ST Bhat, RDR Sipe, JE TI Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; ELECTRONIC PROCESSES; FEMTOSECOND LASER; COHERENT CONTROL; FREQUENCY; GENERATION; GAAS; CURRENTS; PULSES; LIGHT AB We demonstrate quantum interference control of injected photocurrents in a semiconductor using the phase stabilized pulse train from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Measurement of the comb offset frequency via this technique results in a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB (10 Hz resolution bandwidth), enabling solid-state detection of carrier-envelope phase shifts of a Ti:sapphire oscillator. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Fortier, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Sipe, John/B-4668-2014; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 22 TC 109 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 14 AR 147403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.147403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 815JB UT WOS:000221037500055 PM 15089573 ER PT J AU Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Gao, RS Popp, PJ Richard, EC Thompson, TL Rosenlof, KH Ray, EA Salawitch, RJ Atherton, CS Bergmann, DJ Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Loewenstein, M Weinstock, EM Mahoney, MJ AF Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Gao, RS Popp, PJ Richard, EC Thompson, TL Rosenlof, KH Ray, EA Salawitch, RJ Atherton, CS Bergmann, DJ Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Loewenstein, M Weinstock, EM Mahoney, MJ TI Quantifying stratospheric ozone in the upper troposphere with in situ measurements of HCl SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; TRACER CORRELATIONS; HYDROGEN-CHLORIDE; AIRCRAFT; EXCHANGE; ALTITUDE; BALLOON; ER-2; HNO3; NOY AB We have developed a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for precise in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from a high-altitude aircraft. In measurements at subtropical latitudes, minimum HCl values found in the upper troposphere ( UT) were often near or below the detection limit of the measurements (0.005 parts per billion by volume), indicating that background HCl values are much lower than a global mean estimate. However, significant abundances of HCl were observed in many UT air parcels, as a result of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport events. We developed a method for diagnosing the amount of stratospheric ozone in these UT parcels using the compact linear correlation of HCl with ozone found throughout the lower stratosphere (LS). Expanded use of this method will lead to improved quanti. cation of cross-tropopause transport events and validation of global chemical transport models. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Marcy, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tmarcy@al.noaa.gov RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 36 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5668 BP 261 EP 265 DI 10.1126/science.1093418 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 810QS UT WOS:000220719400038 PM 15073371 ER PT J AU Zou, CZ Zheng, WZ AF Zou, CZ Zheng, WZ TI Simulation of diurnal patterns of summer precipitation in the North American monsoon: An assessment using TRMM SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; PART I; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE; CYCLES AB The diurnal pattern of the July 2002 precipitation in the North American monsoon is simulated in a continuous one-month integration using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) coupled with the Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB) land surface model. The simulation is conducted in a two-way, nested grid with a resolution of 45 km for the coarse domain and 15 km for the fine domain and only the fine domain that covers the core region of the North American monsoon is analyzed. Comparisons with the conventional gauge-based observations show that the coupled model successfully simulates the strength, position, and orientation of the monthly mean heavy rainbelt along the western slopes of Sierra Madre Occidental. In addition, the spatial pattern and phasing of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in this region agrees fairly well with the satellite observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). C1 NOAA, NESDIS, NOAA Sci Ctr, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Zou, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, NOAA Sci Ctr, Off Res & Applicat, Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM cheng-zhi.zou@noaa.gov; weizhong.zheng@noaa.gov RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07105 DI 10.1029/2004GL019415 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 813OB UT WOS:000220915300005 ER PT J AU Aichele, M Gebremichael, Y Starr, FW Baschnagel, J Glotzer, SC AF Aichele, M Gebremichael, Y Starr, FW Baschnagel, J Glotzer, SC TI Polymer-specific effects of bulk relaxation and stringlike correlated motion in the dynamics of a supercooled polymer melt (vol 119, pg 5290, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Inst Charles Sadron, F-67083 Strasbourg, France. Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Baschnagel, J (reprint author), Inst Charles Sadron, 6 Rue Boussingault, F-67083 Strasbourg, France. EM baschnag@ics.u-strasbg.fr; sglotzer@umich.edu RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 120 IS 14 BP 6798 EP 6798 DI 10.1063/1.1690246 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 806TO UT WOS:000220456400056 ER PT J AU Gettelman, A Forster, PMD Fujiwara, M Fu, Q Vomel, H Gohar, LK Johanson, C Ammerman, M AF Gettelman, A Forster, PMD Fujiwara, M Fu, Q Vomel, H Gohar, LK Johanson, C Ammerman, M TI Radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE radiation; tropical tropopause ID STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; COMMUNITY-CLIMATE-MODEL; CONTINUUM ABSORPTION; OZONE CLIMATOLOGY; OZONESONDES; HALOCARBONS; PARAMETERIZATION; TEMPERATURES; DEHYDRATION; TROPOSPHERE AB [1] The radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is examined using several different radiation codes with standard profiles compiled from observations in the tropics assuming clear sky conditions. These codes include detailed radiative transfer models and simplified codes for global climate models. The importance of the various radiatively active gases are examined. Water vapor is the most important contributor to the TTL radiation balance, but carbon dioxide and ozone also play a role. Differences in radiative heating between radiation models are mostly due to treatments of shortwave radiation. Differences between models below the TTL are due to different treatments of water vapor continuum absorption. The level of zero clear sky radiative heating, a level important for understanding the transport of air into the stratosphere, is generally found near 15 km, 125 hPa and 200 degreesK ( 360 K potential temperature), consistent with previous work. Changes in time and space can modify this level by +/- 500 m, and individual profiles vary from these averages by +/- 400 m (1sigma). Increases in water vapor in the TTL would tend to increase the altitude of the level at which the net heating is zero, while increases in carbon dioxide or ozone would tend to decrease this level. Clouds in the TTL tend to increase the level due to enhancements in longwave cooling above clouds. The implications for transport are discussed. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 2AH, Berks, England. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gettelman, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM andrew@ucar.edu RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010 OI Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171 NR 49 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07103 DI 10.1029/2003JD004190 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813OL UT WOS:000220916300002 ER PT J AU Rosen, RS Wood, EC Wooldridge, PJ Thornton, JA Day, DA Kuster, W Williams, EJ Jobson, BT Cohen, RC AF Rosen, RS Wood, EC Wooldridge, PJ Thornton, JA Day, DA Kuster, W Williams, EJ Jobson, BT Cohen, RC TI Observations of total alkyl nitrates during Texas Air Quality Study 2000: Implications for O-3 and alkyl nitrate photochemistry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE alkyl nitrates; ozone; thermal dissociation ID REACTIVE OXIDIZED NITROGEN; NONMETHANE ORGANIC-CARBON; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; IN-SITU; NORTH-ATLANTIC; FREE-RADICALS; WESTERN PACIFIC; OZONE FORMATION; CHEBOGUE POINT; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB [1] Observations of total alkyl nitrates (SigmaANs) were obtained using thermal dissociation-laser-induced fluorescence at La Porte, Texas, from 15 August to 15 September 2000, along with an extensive suite of other nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and O-3. The SigmaAN mixing ratios ranged as high as 5.2 ppbv. The median midday mixing ratio was 1.2 ppbv, and the median nighttime mixing ratio was 0.26 ppbv. These are higher mixing ratios than the sum of individual nitrates in virtually every prior study. The diurnal variation of SigmaANs was similar to that of HNO3 and of total peroxy nitrates, with a peak near 1300 local time (LT) indicating a photochemical source. Mixing ratios decreased rapidly in the afternoon, suggesting that SigmaAN deposition is nearly as fast as HNO3 deposition. The observed correlation between O-3 and SigmaANs has a slope that increases from 29 (R-2 = 0.73) DeltaO(x)/DeltaSigmaANs at 0900 - 1200 LT to 41 (R-2 = 0.74) DeltaO(x)/DeltaSigmaANs at 1400 - 1800 LT. We present calculations constrained by the observed hydrocarbons showing that both the mixing ratio of SANs and the correlation of SigmaANs with O-3 are to be expected on the basis of the branching ratios for alkyl nitrate formation in the RO2 + NO reaction. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy & Environm Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, B64A Hildebrand Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867 NR 95 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07303 DI 10.1029/2003JD004227 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813OL UT WOS:000220916300003 ER PT J AU Lee, YS Krauss, M AF Lee, YS Krauss, M TI Structure and reaction in the active site of mammalian adenylyl cyclase SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SUBSTRATE-ASSISTED CATALYSIS; MECHANISM; POTENTIALS; PROTEINS AB The reaction path for the catalytic conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by the enzyme mammalian adenylyl cyclase has been calculated theoretically using the Hartree-Fock method. The crystal structure of a thiophosphate reactant analogue, ATPalphaS, provides the basic structure of the active site binding that is then leveraged into the native reaction path by energy gradient optimization of protein binding residues and the ATP. A two-metal cluster bound to two aspartate residues and the ATP is important both structurally and catalytically. Autocatalytic activation of the reacting ribose 3'OH group is calculated in the reactant conformation but the catalytic MgA divalent cation binds to the developing 3'O anion and stabilizes the formation of a five-coordinate intermediate with the cyclic phosphate already formed. Changes in the coordination of the metals in the complex and the H-bonding of arginines that bridge the phosphate groups stabilize the reaction path complex from reactive intermediate to the product. Final transfer of the 3'H proton to the oxygen bridging the alpha and beta phosphate groups yields the cAMP and pyrophosphate product still bound by many H-bonds in the active site. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIH, Ctr Mol Modeling, CIT, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Krauss, M (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM krauss@carb.nist.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 14 BP 4508 EP 4515 DI 10.1021/jp036564h PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 809MH UT WOS:000220640300042 ER PT J AU Gurski, KF Kollar, R Pego, RL AF Gurski, KF Kollar, R Pego, RL TI Slow damping of internal waves in a stably stratified fluid SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE hydrodynamic stability; viscous fluid; characteristic values; Pontrjagin space; variable-density Navier-Stokes equations ID QUADRATIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEM AB We study the damping of internal gravity waves in a stably stratified fluid with constant viscosity in two- and three-dimensional bounded domains. For the linearized Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow with no-slip boundary conditions that model this fluid, we prove there are non-oscillatory normal modes with arbitrarily small exponential decay rates. The proof is very different from that for a horizontally periodic layer and depends on a structure theorem for compact, operators which are self-adjoint with respect to an indefinite scalar product in a Hilbert space. We give a complete proof of this theorem, which is closely related to results of Pontrjagin. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gurski, KF (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Math, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RI Kollar, Richard/I-7892-2014; Pego, Robert/A-7641-2017; OI Pego, Robert/0000-0001-8502-2820; Gurski, Katharine/0000-0002-4589-8307 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 EI 1471-2946 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD APR 8 PY 2004 VL 460 IS 2044 BP 977 EP 994 DI 10.1098/rspa.2003.1226 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 808JH UT WOS:000220564900003 ER PT J AU Banerjee, S Hemraj-Benny, T Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Misewich, JA Wong, SS AF Banerjee, S Hemraj-Benny, T Balasubramanian, M Fischer, DA Misewich, JA Wong, SS TI Ozonized single-walled carbon nanotubes investigated using NEXAFS spectroscopy SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; FINE-STRUCTURE; FUNCTIONALIZATION; CHEMISTRY AB The use of NEXAFS spectroscopy in studying the electronic structure and chemical composition of pristine, wet-air oxidized, and sidewall-ozonized nanotubes is illustrated. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong, SS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu NR 17 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PD APR 7 PY 2004 IS 7 BP 772 EP 773 DI 10.1039/b315390h PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 816QL UT WOS:000221124300021 PM 15045056 ER PT J AU Hawley, N AF Hawley, N TI Response of the benthic nepheloid layer to near-inertial internal waves in southern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; nepheloid layer; sediment resuspension; Morlet wavelet ID SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; CONTINENTAL SHELVES; DOWNWELLING EVENTS; SOLITARY WAVES; ONTARIO; TRANSPORT; PERIOD; MODEL; OCEAN AB [1] Time series measurements of water transparency, water temperature, and current velocity were made at a station located in 58 m of water in southern Lake Michigan during the summer of 1995. Currents generated by near-inertial internal waves are correlated with variations in the thickness and in the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in the benthic nepheloid layer. Although a direct causal link between internal wave action and changes in the nepheloid layer could not be established, the data suggest that local resuspension by shoaling internal waves maintains the layer during the stratified period. The origin and maintenance of the benthic nepheloid layer is most likely the result of local resuspension due to a combination of internal wave action and longer-term processes. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hawley, N (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM nathan.hawley@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD APR 7 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C4 AR C04007 DI 10.1029/2003JC002128 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 813OW UT WOS:000220917400002 ER PT J AU Maupin, PH Gilman, JW Harris, RH Bellayer, S Bur, AJ Roth, SC Murariu, M Morgan, AB Harris, JD AF Maupin, PH Gilman, JW Harris, RH Bellayer, S Bur, AJ Roth, SC Murariu, M Morgan, AB Harris, JD TI Optical probes for monitoring intercalation and exfoliation in melt-processed polymer nanocomposites SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE extrusion; fluorescence; nanocomposites; Nile Blue A; organoclay ID POLYMER/LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; NYLON-6 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES; NILE BLUE; DISPERSION; STABILITY; SMECTITE AB Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of the optical probe Nile Blue A in polymer clay nanocomposites is described. Concentration quenching of the fluorescence dominates the probe behavior until the clay platelets are physically separated by polymer intercalation. Further separation into an exfoliated structure results in a intense increase in probe fluorescence. Preliminary results indicate the ability to discriminate between intercalated and exfoliated structures in nanocomposites formed by melt processing. C1 US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Engn & Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Mons, Mat Nova Serv Mat Polymeres & Composites, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Maupin, PH (reprint author), US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. EM paul.maupin@science.doe.gov RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 22 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD APR 6 PY 2004 VL 25 IS 7 BP 788 EP 792 DI 10.1002/marc.200300262 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 811LW UT WOS:000220774400002 ER PT J AU Sekerka, RF Cahn, JW AF Sekerka, RF Cahn, JW TI Solid-liquid equilibrium for non-hydrostatic stress SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Clapeyron equation; equilibrium Gibbs; instability; melting; non-hydrostatic; stress ID THERMOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM; LINEAR THEORY; THERMODYNAMICS; CRYSTALS AB We examine Gibbs' conditions for equilibrium of a non-hydrostatically stressed single component solid in equilibrium across one of its faces with a pure liquid at pressure p(F). We show that the equilibrium melting temperature T-N for the non-hydrostatically stressed solid in contact with a melt at pressure p(F), is below the equilibrium melting temperature T-H of the hydrostatically stressed solid at p(F). Furthermore, for small strain and linear isotropic elasticity, the deviation, T-H-T-N, is shown to be quadratic in the differences between the principal values of the stress tensor and -p(F). The result depends on both the bulk modulus and the shear modulus of the solid. Even for stresses as large as a typical yield stress, T-H-T-N is equal to I K or less. Nevertheless, the liquid in equilibrium with this non-hydrostatically stressed solid is always unstable with respect to the formation of hydrostatic solid. (C) 2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Phys & Math Dept, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sekerka, RF (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Phys & Math Dept, 6416 Wean Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM rs07@andrew.cmu.edu NR 17 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 5 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1663 EP 1668 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2003.12.010 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 809DX UT WOS:000220618500027 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Artemev, A Roytburd, AL AF Slutsker, J Artemev, A Roytburd, AL TI Engineering of elastic domain structures in a constrained layer SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE elastic domains; phase field modeling; thin films; phase transformations ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; PHASE-FIELD MODEL; MISFIT RELAXATION MECHANISMS; MARTENSITIC-TRANSFORMATION; POLYDOMAIN HETEROSTRUCTURES; THICKNESS DEPENDENCE; TRANSITIONS; STABILITY; THERMODYNAMICS; CONFIGURATIONS AB The theoretical analysis and phase-field modeling of elastic domain structures in constrained layers depending on their misfit and thickness are presented. Domain diagrams that demonstrate how different domain structures can be obtained by manipulating parameters of constraints are constructed for a model system with cubic-tetragonal transformation. It is shown that depending on the misfit, three-domain stress-free structures (hierarchical and cellular) and two-domain uniaxially stressed structures are the equilibrium states for relatively thick films. When the film thickness decreases, the area of a three-domain hierarchical structure shrinks and disappears followed by the disappearing cellular domain structures. In thin films, two-domain structures with asymmetric architectures are stable at negative symmetric misfit (in-plane contraction), while two-domain structures with symmetric domain architectures are stable at positive symmetric misfit (in-plane expansion). The results of the phase-field modeling are discussed in connection with the experimental data available for film/substrate ferroelectric heterostructures. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM julias@nist.gov NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 5 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1731 EP 1742 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2003.12.015 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 809DX UT WOS:000220618500034 ER PT J AU Liew, LA Knappe, S Moreland, J Robinson, H Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Liew, LA Knappe, S Moreland, J Robinson, H Hollberg, L Kitching, J TI Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We describe the fabrication of chip-sized alkali atom vapor cells using silicon micromachining and anodic bonding technology. Such cells may find use in highly miniaturized atomic frequency references or magnetometers. The cells consist of cavities etched in silicon, with internal volumes as small as 1 mm(3). Two techniques for introducing cesium and a buffer gas into the cells are described: one based on chemical reaction between cesium chloride and barium azide, and the other based on direct injection of elemental cesium within a controlled anaerobic environment. Cesium optical absorption and coherent population trapping resonances were measured in the cells. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liew, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM liew@boulder.nist.gov OI Kitching, John/0000-0002-4540-1954 NR 6 TC 152 Z9 160 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 5 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 14 BP 2694 EP 2696 DI 10.1063/1.1691490 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 808RS UT WOS:000220586800075 ER PT J AU Reed, LA Siewicki, TC Shah, JC AF Reed, LA Siewicki, TC Shah, JC TI Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE oxytetracycline; pharmacokinetics; disposition; shrimp; Litopenaeus setiferus; infection; tissue residues ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PANULIRUS-ARGUS; PENAEID SHRIMP; SPINY LOBSTER; DISPOSITION; PLASMA AB Shrimp are among the most highly valued seafood in the US, and a large proportion are cultured. At least seven species of Vibrio bacteria and other pathogens often infect shrimp during some stage of culture, having profound impacts on productivity. The research described herein was conducted to optimize dosing to allow effective disease control while minimizing environmental residues. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC), a broad spectrum antibiotic were evaluated in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, to characterize its disposition and to determine its potential for use in farm-raised shrimp for the treatment of Vibrio infections. Intravascular dosing and sampling techniques were developed, since this was the first pharmacokinetic study in shrimp using survival sampling. Pharmacokinetics of OTC were evaluated after single low and high bolus intravascular doses and hemolymph sampling. Tissue distribution was investigated after systemic administration, and protein binding was studied in hemolymph isolated from shrimp using ultrafiltration. The hemolymph and tissue levels of OTC were measured by HPLC and fitted to appropriate pharmacokinetic models to characterize the disposition of OTC in shrimp. Hemolymph OTC concentration-time profiles were well described by a biexponential equation indicative of two-compartment pharmacokinetics of OTC in shrimp. The half-lives of distribution and elimination were 2.05 +/- 0.48 and 22.27 +/- 7.45 h, respectively. Systemic clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were 78.04 +/- 24.33 ml/h/kg and 2304 +/- 280 ml/kg, respectively. OTC levels in tail muscle (% of total body burden) were significantly lower than in hemolymph, minimizing concerns of OTC residue in edible shrimp tissue after OTC treatment. Hemolymph protein binding of OTC was found to be low with almost 80% free OTC available systemically, supporting the high volume of distribution observed. Despite the simple anatomy, small size and short life span of shrimp, the disposition of OTC in shrimp after intravascular dosing showed pharmacokinetic characteristics indicative of extensive tissue distribution, such as a long elimination half-life and a high volume of distribution, with the low potential for OTC residues in tail muscle tissue. Our results suggest that shrimp given a therapeutic dose of OTC (i.e., sufficient to exceed the MIC) will have no detectable OTC levels in edible tissues 14 days following withdrawal. However, the salt form and formulation of OTC in feeds can impact dissolution, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and, hence, tissue residues. Thus, withdrawal times should not be drug or agent specific but product and formulation specific. These results must be confirmed with oral dosing studies and bioavailability determinations that are underway in our laboratory. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Reed, LA (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. EM LouAnn.Reed@noaa.gov NR 19 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD APR 5 PY 2004 VL 232 IS 1-4 BP 11 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00451-4 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 804RF UT WOS:000220315100002 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Yang, ZL Jackson, C Stoffa, PL Sen, MK AF Xia, YL Yang, ZL Jackson, C Stoffa, PL Sen, MK TI Impacts of data length on optimal parameter and uncertainty estimation of a land surface model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE optimization; uncertainty estimate; land surface model ID MIDLATITUDE SOIL-MOISTURE; ENERGY BALANCE COMPLEXITY; MULTICRITERIA METHODS; PILPS PHASE-2(E); SCHEMES PILPS; SIMULATIONS; CALIBRATION; SENSITIVITY; HYDROLOGY; CLIMATE AB The optimal parameters and uncertainty estimation of land surface models require that appropriate length of forcing and calibration data be selected for computing error functions. Most of the previous studies used less than two years of data to optimize land surface models. In this study, 18-year hydrometeorological data at Valdai, Russia, were used to run the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM). The optimal parameters were obtained by employing a global optimization technique called very fast simulated annealing. The uncertainties of model parameters were estimated by the Bayesian stochastic inversion technique. Forty-four experiments were conducted by using different lengths of data from the 18-year record, and a total of about 3 million parameter sets were produced. This study found that different calibration variables require different lengths of data to obtain optimal parameters and uncertainty estimates which are insensitive to the period selected. In the case of optimal parameters, monthly root-zone soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration require 8, 3, and 1 years of data, respectively. In the case of uncertainty estimates, monthly root-zone soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration require 8, 8, and 3 years of data, respectively. Spin-up has little impact on the selection of optimal parameters and uncertainty estimates when evapotranspiration and runoff were calibrated. However, spin-up affects the selection of optimal parameters when soil moisture was calibrated. C1 Univ Texas, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Texas, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), Univ Texas, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Inst Geophys, 4412 Spicewood Springs Rd,Bldg 600, Austin, TX 78759 USA. EM youlong.xia@noaa.gov; liang@mail.utexas.edu; charles@utig.ig.utexas.edu; pauls@utig.ig.utexas.edu; mrinal@utig.ig.utexas.edu RI Stoffa, Paul/C-4980-2008; Jackson, Charles/A-2202-2009; Sen, Mrinal/G-5938-2010; Sen, Mrinal /B-5426-2011; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011 OI Jackson, Charles/0000-0002-2870-4494; NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 3 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D7 AR D07101 DI 10.1029/2003JD004419 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 811AM UT WOS:000220744800003 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, K Sarmiento, JL Key, RM Aumont, O Bullister, JL Caldeira, K Campin, JM Doney, SC Drange, H Dutay, JC Follows, M Gao, Y Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Ishida, A Joos, F Lindsay, K Maier-Reimer, E Marshall, JC Matear, RJ Monfray, P Mouchet, A Najjar, R Plattner, GK Schlitzer, R Slater, R Swathi, PS Totterdell, IJ Weirig, MF Yamanaka, Y Yool, A Orr, JC AF Matsumoto, K Sarmiento, JL Key, RM Aumont, O Bullister, JL Caldeira, K Campin, JM Doney, SC Drange, H Dutay, JC Follows, M Gao, Y Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Ishida, A Joos, F Lindsay, K Maier-Reimer, E Marshall, JC Matear, RJ Monfray, P Mouchet, A Najjar, R Plattner, GK Schlitzer, R Slater, R Swathi, PS Totterdell, IJ Weirig, MF Yamanaka, Y Yool, A Orr, JC TI Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; PACIFIC-OCEAN; RADIOCARBON AB New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model. C1 Geol Survey Japan, Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ USA. CEA, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Univ Liege, Liege, Belgium. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Bern, Switzerland. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. CSIR, Ctr Math Modeling & Comp Simulat, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Matsumoto, K (reprint author), Geol Survey Japan, Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, AIST Site 7,1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. EM katsumi@ni.aist.go.jp RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Orr, James/C-5221-2009; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/A-5245-2016; Swathi, P /G-2860-2010; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Caldeira, Ken/E-7914-2011; Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Yool, Andrew/B-4799-2012; matear, richard/C-5133-2011; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Mouchet, Anne/K-1911-2014; gao, yongqi/N-9347-2014; Aumont, Olivier/G-5207-2016; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012 OI Orr, James/0000-0002-8707-7080; Joos, Fortunat/0000-0002-9483-6030; Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/0000-0002-3765-0045; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Yool, Andrew/0000-0002-9879-2776; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Mouchet, Anne/0000-0002-8846-3063; Aumont, Olivier/0000-0003-3954-506X; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248 NR 17 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 2 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07303 DI 10.1029/2003GL018970 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 811AD UT WOS:000220743900001 ER PT J AU Ridley, AJ Kihn, EA AF Ridley, AJ Kihn, EA TI Polar cap index comparisons with AMIE cross polar cap potential, electric field, and polar cap area SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLEWARD BOUNDARY; MAGNETIC ACTIVITY; AURORAL OVAL; MODEL; CONDUCTIVITY; PROXY; PC AB The polar cap index (PCI) has been shown to be quite useful as an index of the electrodynamic processes within the high-latitude ionosphere. Here we use between 150 and 180 magnetometers to model the high-latitude electrodynamics with the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique for all of 1997-2001. We compare AMIE calculations of the cross polar cap potential (CPCP), polar cap electric field, and polar cap area to the Northern PCI and the existing PCI-based relationships for these quantities. We find that the existing PCI estimates underestimate all of the AMIE derived quantities. The PCI is best correlated with the CPCP, while it correlates least with the polar cap electric field. In addition, there is a seasonal effect in the relationship between all AMIE quantities and the PCI. It is most pronounced in the electric field. The polar cap area is shown to have a linear fit in the summer and an asymptotic fit in the winter. These differences indicate that there may be a conductance difference in the techniques. We derive new relationships between the Northern PCI and the AMIE derived polar cap area, CPCP, and polar cap electric field which include the seasonal dependence. C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Space Environm Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ridley, AJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Space Environm Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM ridley@umich.edu RI Kihn, Eric/A-8204-2009; Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011 OI Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534 NR 14 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 2 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 7 AR L07801 DI 10.1029/2003GL019113 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 811AD UT WOS:000220743900004 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Hudson, PK Thomson, DS Wilson, JC Kojima, T Buseck, PR AF Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Hudson, PK Thomson, DS Wilson, JC Kojima, T Buseck, PR TI Particle generation and resuspension in aircraft inlets when flying in clouds SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES; RESIDUAL PARTICLES; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LOW-TEMPERATURES; ICE; EFFICIENCY; MORPHOLOGY; CONTRAILS AB Using on-line analysis of single particles, we have observed both generation and resuspension of particles when ice crystals, cloud droplets, or dust impact an aircraft inlet. Large numbers of particles smaller than 1 mum with a composition suggesting stainless steel were measured when flying a stainless steel inlet through cirrus clouds. Smaller numbers of metal particles were also observed when flying through dust or water clouds. A different instrument, sampling through a different inlet, found zinc particles when sampling in cirrus clouds. Laboratory experiments have verified that high-speed ice crystals can abrade stainless steel. Collision of ice crystals with the inlet wall also resuspended previously deposited particles. A notable example came when a flight through the space shuttle exhaust plume deposited large numbers of unique particles in our inlet. Some of the same types of particles were observed when the aircraft flew into an ice cloud the following day. The generation of particles by impaction of ice crystals and dust in inlets may have affected some published results about ice nuclei and metal particles in the upper troposphere. The newly generated particles cannot be distinguished from atmospheric particles by size alone. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Denver, Denver, CO USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dmurphy@al.noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235 NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 400 EP 408 DI 10.1080/02786820490443094 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825ZF UT WOS:000221797300012 ER PT J AU Hart, RA Grier, JW AF Hart, RA Grier, JW TI Simulation models of harvested and zebra mussel colonized threeridge mussel populations in the upper Mississippi River SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; WESTERN LAKE ERIE; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; UNIONID BIVALVES; SURVIVAL; CONSERVATION; INFESTATION; MANAGEMENT; IMPACT AB We simulated populations of threeridge mussels (Amblema plicata, Say, 1817) using empirically derived survival rates. Survival rates were derived from a mark-recapture study of mussels conducted in the Mississippi and Otter Tail rivers, Minnesota. The software package VORTEX was used to develop a base line population model which changed little or not at all through time. Models based on the initial base line data were constructed to simulate behaviors of A. plicata populations under various levels of mortality attributed to zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas 1771) colonizations. Models were also developed that simulated varying levels of commercial harvesting of A. plicata. Sensitivity analysis revealed that A. plicata populations are most sensitive to alterations in adult survival. Adult survival is the life history stage most often impacted by both D. polymorpha colonizations and commercial harvesting. Population models simulating D. polymorpha mediated mortality revealed that population extinction was likely to occur within 50 y if survival rates remain at the levels recently measured. Models that simulated a commercial harvest of only 5% of the adult A. plicata population predicted that populations will decline by almost 50% in only 40 y. Our recommendation is that a concerted effort should be made to estimate the population size of potentially harvested populations of freshwater mussels. These estimates would allow for a more accurate estimate of what percentage of the adult mussels are actually being harvested. The population estimates would also allow for setting of quotas or limiting the number of permits for harvesters in the face of increased D. polymorpha infestations, thereby ensuring that harvested populations of mussels are not being over exploited. These modeling efforts will be useful for resource managers attempting to establish a sustainable harvest of commercially valuable mussel species which may be competing with a nonindigenous species. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Hart, RA (reprint author), Galveston Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2004 VL 151 IS 2 BP 301 EP 317 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0301:SMOHAZ]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 811RM UT WOS:000220789000010 ER PT J AU Craig, P Parker, D Brainard, R Rice, M Balazs, G AF Craig, P Parker, D Brainard, R Rice, M Balazs, G TI Migrations of green turtles in the central South Pacific SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE sea turtle; Chelonia mydas; migration; South Pacific; American Samoa; Fiji ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; ISLAND AB Migrations of seven post-nesting green turtles at Rose Atoll (American Samoa) were tracked by satellite transmitters in 1993-1995. Most turtles migrated 1600 km to foraging areas in Fiji and occupied home ranges averaging 27 km(2). Additional tag recaptures from other studies indicate a common pattern of turtle movement in the central South Pacific region. In total, the 26 recaptures of primarily post-nesting turtles from French Polynesia, American Samoa, and Cook Islands showed a similar course of direction and destination: 96% migrated westward after nesting, with 58% going specifically to Fiji. We propose that this pattern reflects the lower availability of turtle food east of Fiji where most islands are small, steep and have limited areas suitable for seagrass or algal growth. In contrast, Fiji's extensive pastures of seagrass and algae appear to be a significant resource for many green turtles in the region. These turtles apparently spend most of their adult life in Fijian waters, taking only brief migrations to other islands to nest. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Pk Amer Samoa, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA. Hawaii Preparatory Acad, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Craig, P (reprint author), Natl Pk Amer Samoa, Pago Pago, AS 96799 USA. EM peter_craig@nps.gov NR 31 TC 17 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD APR PY 2004 VL 116 IS 3 BP 433 EP 438 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00217-9 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 800GQ UT WOS:000220017300013 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J TI Spontaneously formed monodisperse biomimetic unilamellar vesicles: The effect of charge, dilution, and time SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MIXED SURFACTANT VESICLES; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS MIXTURES; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; BILE-SALT; PHOSPHOLIPID MIXTURES; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; CATIONIC SURFACTANTS; BILAYER VESICLES; MODEL MEMBRANE AB Using small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering, we have constructed partial structural phase diagrams of lipid mixtures composed of the phosphatidylcholines dimyristoyl and dihexanoyl doped with calcium ions (Ca2+) and/or the negatively charged lipid, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG). For dilute solutions (lipid concentration less than or equal to l wt %), spontaneously forming unilamellar vesicles (ULVs) were found, and their polydispersity was determined to be similar to20%. The stability of the Ca2+- or DMPG-doped ULVs was monitored over a period of 4 days and their structural parameters (e.g., average outer radius, (R-o)) were found to be insensitive to the lipid concentration (C-ip). However, doping the dimyristoyl/ dihexanoyl system with both Ca2+ and DMPG resulted in ULVs whose (R-o) was found to be C-ip dependent. The (R-o) of DMPG-doped ULVs remained unchanged over an extended period of time (at least 4 days), a good indication of their stability. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Raman Res Inst, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Katsaras, J (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. EM john.katsaras@nrc.ca RI Wunder, Stephanie/B-5066-2012; Raghunathan, V./E-5103-2012; Zdilla, Michael/B-4145-2011; OI Nieh, Mu-Ping/0000-0003-4462-8716; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177; Harroun, Thad/0000-0001-9816-2590 NR 62 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD APR PY 2004 VL 86 IS 4 BP 2615 EP 2629 PG 15 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 808KI UT WOS:000220567600063 PM 15041697 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Wei, X AF Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS Wei, X TI Medium-range ensemble "re-forecasting" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 4 BP 507 EP 508 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 817FA UT WOS:000221162200015 ER PT J AU McHenry, JN Ryan, WF Seaman, NL Coats, CJ Pudykiewicz, J Arunachalam, S Vukovich, JM AF McHenry, JN Ryan, WF Seaman, NL Coats, CJ Pudykiewicz, J Arunachalam, S Vukovich, JM TI A real-time eulerian photochemical model forecast system - Overview and initial ozone forecast performance in the Northeast US corridor SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID AIR-QUALITY MODELS; GROUND-LEVEL OZONE; DYNAMICALLY CONSISTENT FORMULATIONS; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; UNITED-STATES; PART II; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; NEURAL-NETWORKS; MEDIUM-RANGE; REGRESSION AB This article reports on the first implementation of a real-time Eulerian photochemical model forecast system in the United States. The forecast system consists of a tripartite set of one-way coupled models that run routinely on a parallel microprocessor supercomputer. The component models are the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), the Sparse-Matrix Opera Kernel for Emissions (SMOKE) model, and the Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform-Real Time (MAQSIP-RT) photochemical model. Though the system has been run in real time since the summer of 1998, forecast results obtained during August of 2001 at 15-km grid spacing over New England and the northern mid-Atlantic-conducted as part of an "early start" NOAA air quality forecasting initiative-are described in this article. The development and deployment of a real-time numerical air quality prediction (NAQP) system is technically challenging. MAQSIP-RT contains a full photochemical oxidant gas-phase chemical mechanism together with transport, dry deposition, and sophisticated cloud treatment. To enable the NAQP system to run fast enough to meet operational forecast deadlines, significant work was devoted to data flow design and software engineering of the models and control codes. The result is a turnkey system now in use by a number of agencies concerned with operational ozone forecasting. Results of the chosen episode are compared against three other models/modeling techniques: a traditional statistical model used routinely in the metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area, a set of publicly issued forecasts in the northeastern United States, and the operational Canadian Hemispheric and Regional Ozone and NOx System (CHRONOS) model. For the test period it is shown that the NAQP system performs as well or better than all of these operational approaches. implications for the impending development of an operational U.S. ozone forecasting capability are discussed in light of these results. C1 N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, State Coll, PA USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Dorval, PQ, Canada. N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, MCNC Environm Modeling Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NWS, NOAA, Off Sci & Technol, Suitland, MD USA. Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP McHenry, JN (reprint author), N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Baron Adv Meteorol Syst, 3021 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM john.mchenry@baronams.com NR 104 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 4 BP 525 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-4-525 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 817FA UT WOS:000221162200025 ER PT J AU Dabberdt, WF Carroll, MA Baumgardner, D Carmichael, G Cohen, R Dye, T Ellis, J Grell, G Grimmond, S Hanna, S Irwin, J Lamb, B Madronich, S McQueen, J Meagher, J Odman, T Pleim, J Schmid, HP Westphal, DL AF Dabberdt, WF Carroll, MA Baumgardner, D Carmichael, G Cohen, R Dye, T Ellis, J Grell, G Grimmond, S Hanna, S Irwin, J Lamb, B Madronich, S McQueen, J Meagher, J Odman, T Pleim, J Schmid, HP Westphal, DL TI Meteorological research needs for improved air quality forecasting - Report of the 11th prospectus development team of the US Weather Research Program SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID ADAPTIVE-GRID ALGORITHM; SURFACE-HYDROLOGY MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; URBAN AREAS; HETEROGENEOUS TERRAIN; REGIONAL-SCALE; ATMOSPHERIC MODELS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; INITIAL CONDITIONS; NITROGEN-FIXATION AB The U.S. Weather Research Program convenes expert working groups on a one-time basis to identify critical research needs in various problem areas. The most recent expert working group was charged to "identify and delineate critical meteorological research issues related to the prediction of air quality." In this context, "prediction" is denoted as "forecasting" and includes the depiction and communication of the present chemical state of the atmosphere, extrapolation or nowcasting, and numerical prediction and chemical evolution on time scales up to several days. Emphasis is on the meteorological aspects of air quality. The problem of air quality forecasting is different in many ways from the problem of weather forecasting. The latter typically is focused on prediction of severe, adverse weather conditions, while the meteorology of adverse air quality conditions frequently is associated with benign weather. Boundary layer structure and wind direction are perhaps the two most poorly determined meteorological variables for regional air quality prediction. Meteorological observations are critical to effective air quality prediction, yet meteorological observing systems are designed to support prediction of severe weather, not the subtleties of adverse air quality. Three-dimensional meteorological and chemical observations and advanced data assimilation schemes are essential. In the same way, it is important to develop high-resolution and self-consistent databases for air quality modeling; these databases should include land use, vegetation, terrain elevation, and building morphology information, among others. New work in the area of chemically adaptive grids offers significant promise and should be pursued. The quantification and effective communication of forecast uncertainty are still in their early stages and are very important for decision makers; this also includes the visualization of air quality and meteorological observations and forecasts. Research is also needed to develop effective metrics for the evaluation and verification of air quality forecasts so that users can understand the strengths and weaknesses of various modeling schemes. Last, but not of least importance, is the need to consider the societal impacts of air quality forecasts and the needs that they impose on researchers to develop effective and useful products. C1 Vaisala, POB 3659, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Vaisala, POB 3659, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM walter.dabberdt@vaisala.com RI Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Grimmond, Sue/A-2179-2009; Schmid, Hans Peter/I-1224-2012; Odman, Mehmet/L-6218-2013; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Madronich, Sasha/D-3284-2015; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Grimmond, Sue/0000-0002-3166-9415; Schmid, Hans Peter/0000-0001-9076-4466; Odman, Mehmet/0000-0002-3947-7047; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; Madronich, Sasha/0000-0003-0983-1313; Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 149 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 4 BP 563 EP 586 DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-4-563 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 817FA UT WOS:000221162200027 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Bohnenstiehl, DR Matsumoto, H Fox, CG Smith, DK Tolstoy, M Lau, TK Haxel, JH Fowler, MJ AF Dziak, RP Bohnenstiehl, DR Matsumoto, H Fox, CG Smith, DK Tolstoy, M Lau, TK Haxel, JH Fowler, MJ TI P- and T-wave detection thresholds, Pn velocity estimate, and detection of lower mantle and core P-waves on ocean sound-channel hydrophones at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMICITY; CRUSTAL; PACIFIC; 35-DEGREES-N; LOCATION; ARRAY AB Since 1999 six Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) hydrophones have been moored along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) (15degrees-35degrees N). These hydrophones (8-bit data resolution) are designed for long-term monitoring of MAR seismicity using the acoustic T waves of seafloor earthquakes. The completeness level of the MAR T-wave earthquake catalog estimated from size-frequency constraints is m(b) similar to 3.0, a significant improvement in detection compared to the m(b) 4.6 completeness level estimated from National Earthquake Information Center magnitude-frequency data. The hydrophones also detect the acoustic phase of converted upper mantle P arrivals from regional earthquakes at epicentral distances of 374-1771 km and from events as small as m(b) 3.6. These regional P waves are used to estimate a Pn velocity of 8.0 +/- 0.1 km sec(-1) along the east and west MAR flanks. An unexpected result was the identification of P arrivals from earthquakes outside the Atlantic Ocean basin. The hydrophones detected P waves from global earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.8-8.3 at epicentral distances ranging from 29.6degrees to 167.2degrees. Examination of travel times suggests these teleseismic P waves constitute the suite of body-wave arrivals from direct mantle P to outer- and inner-core reflected/refracted phases. The amplitudes of the teleseismic P waves also exhibit the typical solid-earth wave field phenomena of a P shadow zone and caustic at Delta similar to 144degrees. These instruments offer a long-term, relatively low-cost alternative to ocean-bottom seismometers that allows for observation of Pn velocities and mantle/core phases arriving at normally inaccessible deep-sea locations. C1 Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. RP Matsumoto, H (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD APR PY 2004 VL 94 IS 2 BP 665 EP 677 DI 10.1785/0120030156 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 817TX UT WOS:000221200900021 ER PT J AU Fivelstad, S Olsen, AB Stefansson, S Handeland, S Waagbo, R Kroglund, F Colt, J AF Fivelstad, S Olsen, AB Stefansson, S Handeland, S Waagbo, R Kroglund, F Colt, J TI Lack of long-term sublethal effects of reduced freshwater pH alone on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts subsequently transferred to seawater SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; RAINBOW-TROUT; L. SMOLTS; ALUMINUM EXPOSURE; GILL MORPHOLOGY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BROWN TROUT; ACID WATER; SOFT-WATER; SEA-WATER AB Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts (mean start weight 42 g) in soft freshwater were exposed to three pH ranges (two replicates in each group) for 35 days: pH 6.5-6.8 (control group), pH 5.9-6.3 (medium-pH group), and pH 5.4-5.9 (low-pH group). All exposures had citrate added to remove labile, toxic Al from the water. On day 35, all groups were transferred to 34e seawater and kept there for 100 days. H+ was the main stressor in the exposures because labile Al was < 6 mug.L-1 and the gill Al was lower than 27 mug.g dry weight(-1) (highest in the medium group). The exposure environments did not cause any significant changes to gill tissue structures, gill Na+,-K+-ATPase activity, mortality, and growth parameters during the freshwater period. However, haematocrit was significantly increased and mean plasma chloride was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the low-pH group compared with the control group. This study indicated that the H+ concentrations in the pH range 5.4-5.9 in water containing no to little gill-reactive Al do not impact salmon growth and physiology during smoltification. However, the reduction in blood haematocrit in the low-pH group 3 months after seawater transfer may imply long-term effects of the treatment. C1 Bergen Coll, Dept Engn, Lab Environm, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Natl Vet Inst Bergen, N-5811 Bergen, Norway. Univ Bergen, Bergen High Technol Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Marine Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Natl Inst Nutr & Seafood Res, N-5804 Bergen, Norway. Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-4879 Grimstad, Norway. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Fivelstad, S (reprint author), Bergen Coll, Dept Engn, Lab Environm, Nygardsgaten 112,PB 7030, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. EM Sveinung.Fivelstad@hib.no RI Waagbo, Rune/B-7532-2012 NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 511 EP 518 DI 10.1139/F04-002 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 829CA UT WOS:000222019600002 ER PT J AU Greene, CM Beechie, TJ AF Greene, CM Beechie, TJ TI Consequences of potential density-dependent mechanisms on recovery of ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SALMON; POPULATION VIABILITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SURVIVAL RATES; RIVER ESTUARY; FRASER-RIVER; COHO SALMON; COASTAL; OREGON; MODEL AB Restoring salmon populations depends on our ability to predict the consequences of improving aquatic habitats used by salmon. Using a Leslie matrix model for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that specifies transitions among spawning nests (redds), streams, tidal deltas, nearshore habitats, and the ocean, we compared the relative importance of different habitats under three density-dependent scenarios: juvenile density independence, density-dependent mortality within streams, delta, and nearshore, and density-dependent migration among streams, delta, and nearshore. Each scenario assumed density dependence during spawning. We examined how these scenarios influenced priorities for habitat restoration using a set of hypothetical watersheds whose habitat areas could be systematically varied, as well as the Duwamish and Skagit rivers. In all watersheds, the three scenarios shared high sensitivity to changes in in nearshore and ocean mortality and produced similar responses to changes in other parameters controlling mortality (i.e., habitat quality). However, the three scenarios exhibited striking variation in population response to changes in habitat area (i.e., capacity). These findings indicate that nearshore habitat relationships may play significant roles for salmon populations and that the relative importance of restoring habitat area will depend on the mechanism of density dependence influencing salmon stocks. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Greene, CM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM correigh.greene@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 27 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 590 EP 602 DI 10.1139/F04-024 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 829CA UT WOS:000222019600010 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Frey, R Pavolonis, M AF Heidinger, AK Frey, R Pavolonis, M TI Relative merits of the 1.6 and 3.75 mu m channels of the AVHRR/3 for cloud detection SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; PATMOS CLIMATE DATASET AB A study was performed to investigate the potential impacts of the cloud-masking capability of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting satellites because of the addition of the 1.6 mum channel (ch3a) and the removal of the 3.75 mum channel (ch3b) during daylight operation. Both channels are measured by the AVHRR, but only one is available in the data stream. Because the AVHRR presents the longest time series of global imager data, this change could impact a critical source of climate data. Specifically, changes in its cloud-masking capability may introduce a discontinuity in its derived clear-sky data records. To study the relative cloud-detection capabilities of the AVHRR with ch3a or ch3b, data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) TERRA mission was used because it offers ch3a, ch3b, and the other AVHRR channels simultaneously. The MODIS data analysis indicated that ch3b offered more capability in separating cloud from snow. Cloud-masking results with ch3a and ch3b were comparable with respect to the separation of cloud from aerosol and the detection of cloud over a desert scene. Although these results are preliminary and based on a limited analysis, they do indicate that the switch from ch3b to ch3a may have significant impacts on the cloud-detection capability of the AVHRR. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM andrew.heidinger@noaa.gov RI Pavolonis, Mike/F-5618-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Pavolonis, Mike/0000-0001-5822-219X; Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2004 VL 30 IS 2 BP 182 EP 194 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 817BK UT WOS:000221152800008 ER PT J AU Cameron, MF Siniff, DB AF Cameron, MF Siniff, DB TI Age-specific survival, abundance, and immigration rates of a Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) population in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID MARKED ANIMALS; RECAPTURE EXPERIMENTS; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; CAPTURE; MORTALITY; VARIABILITY; MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; CENSUS AB Since the 1960s, Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826)) have been tagged and surveyed annually in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mark-recapture analyses and model selection trials using Akaike's Information Criterion indicate that sex, cohort, and year affect juvenile (ages 1 and 2) survival. In contrast, year and perhaps sex and cohort are less important factors for adult survival. Average annual survival is higher among adults (0.93) than juveniles (0.55-0.59) and there is little evidence for senescence to at least age 17. The oldest known-aged female and male in the study were 27 and 24 years old, respectively. Data suggest that the abundance of a resident population of Weddell seals remains relatively stable over time despite annual fluctuations in Jolly-Seber abundance estimates for the entire population. We argue that this annual variability is likely the result of temporary immigration of animals born outside the study area; mean rates are estimated from a simulation model and tagging data to be between 16.8% and 39.7% for females and between -13.1% and 31.6% for males. Sea ice extent appears to affect immigration where, during times of reduced fast-ice, immigrants are forced, or allowed easier access, into the ice-covered areas of Erebus Bay from surrounding locations. Our findings contradict previous studies reporting lower survival and higher immigration. Model choice is shown to be the most likely cause of these discrepancies and we provide evidence that our models are more appropriate than those used elsewhere. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Cameron, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Michael.Cameron@noaa.gov NR 71 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD APR PY 2004 VL 82 IS 4 BP 601 EP 615 DI 10.1139/Z04-025 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 833PH UT WOS:000222349900008 ER PT J AU Davis, RD Gilman, JW Sutto, TW Callahan, JH Trulove, PC De Long, H AF Davis, RD Gilman, JW Sutto, TW Callahan, JH Trulove, PC De Long, H TI Improved thermal stability of organically modified layered silicates SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE alkyl ammonium; montmorillonite; nanocomposites; organic modifier degradation; organoclay; synthetic mica ID CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; MONTMORILLONITE; DISPERSION; QUALITY AB Bromide-containing impurities were found to decrease the thermal stability of quaternary alkyl ammonium-modified layered silicates. Improved purification procedures completely removed bromide and led to a 20degreesC to >100degreesC increase in organic modified layered silicate thermal stability. Using mass spectrometry and thermal and electrochemical analysis, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dioctadecyl quaternary ammonium-modified montmorillonite and fluorinated synthetic mica were found to degrade primarily through elimination and nucleophilic attack by these anions. The nature of residual bromides was identified and quantified, and the efficiency of removing these anions was found to be solvent dependent; sequential extraction, first ethanol then tetrahydrofuran, gave the best results. This exhaustive extraction method represents a viable alternative to the use of expensive, more thermally stable oniumion treatments for layered silicates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Labs, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN Acad, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. US FDA, CFSAN, Instrumentat & Biophys Branch, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Davis, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Labs, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rick.davis@nist.gov NR 11 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 12 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD APR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520203 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 813LZ UT WOS:000220909900003 ER PT J AU Overland, JE Spillane, MC Soreide, NN AF Overland, JE Spillane, MC Soreide, NN TI Integrated analysis of physical and biological Pan-Arctic change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; ICE; TEMPERATURE; ALASKA; OZONE AB We investigate the recent large changes that have occurred in the Arctic over the period of 1965 - 1995 through examination of 86 regionally-dispersed time series representing seven data types: climate indices, atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial, sea ice, fisheries, and other biological data. To our knowledge, this is the first semi-quantitative analysis of Arctic data that spans multiple disciplines and geographic regions. Although visual inspection and Principal Component Analysis of the data collection indicate that Arctic change is complex, three patterns are evident. The temporal pattern of change calculated as the first Principal Component (PC1), representing 23% of the variance, has a single regime-like shift near 1989 based on a large number of time series, which include projections from a strong stratospheric vortex in spring, the Arctic Oscillation, sea ice declines in several regions, and changes in selected mammal, bird, and fish populations. The pattern based on the second Principal Component (PC2) shows interdecadal variability over the Arctic Ocean Basin north of 70degreesN; this variability is observed in surface wind fields, sea ice, and ocean circulation, with the most recent shift near 1989. Contributions to PC1 cover a larger geographic area than PC2, and are consistent with a recent amplification of the interdecadal mode due to polar processes such as increased incidence of cold stratospheric temperature anomalies or internal feedbacks. Most land processes - such as snow cover, greenness, Siberian runoff, permafrost temperatures - and certain subarctic sea ice records show a third pattern of a linear trend over the 30-year interval, which is qualitatively different than either PC1 or PC2. These variables are from lower latitudes and often integrate the atmospheric or oceanographic influence over several seasons including summer. That more than half of the data collection projects strongly onto one of the three patterns, suggests that the Arctic is responding as a coherent system over the previous three decades. However, no single index or class of observations exclusively tracks change in the Arctic, a conclusion that emerges from a multivariate analysis. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM James.E.Overland@noaa.gov RI Spillane, Michael/I-7870-2015 OI Spillane, Michael/0000-0003-0794-5675 NR 56 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD APR PY 2004 VL 63 IS 3 BP 291 EP 322 DI 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000018512.40506.d2 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 800CB UT WOS:000220005400003 ER PT J AU Helvey, M AF Helvey, M TI Seeking consensus on designing marine protected areas: Keeping the fishing community engaged SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Channel Islands; community participation; MPAs; marine reserves ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; REEF FISHES; RESERVES; CONSERVATION; HABITAT; EXPERIENCE; BENEFITS; ISLANDS; ISSUES; OCEAN AB A community group was formed to consider establishing marine reserves within the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary in southern California. Membership included representatives from resource agencies, environmental organizations, commercial and recreational fishing interests, and the general public. While the group agreed on several areas for fishing closures, members could not reach consensus on a specific network design. Several factors interfered with the group's effort in attaining agreement resulting in the endeavor subsequently being replaced by a "topdown" approach that lacks the support of the fishing community. Lessons learned from the project emphasize the need by marine protected area participants to recognize irreconcilable impasses early in the process and to seek solutions to maneuver around them. The importance of keeping the fishing community fully engaged is discussed. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, Habitat Conservat Div, SW Reg,Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. RP Helvey, M (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, Habitat Conservat Div, SW Reg,Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 501 W Ocean Blvd,suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. EM mark.helvey@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 16 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD APR-JUN PY 2004 VL 32 IS 2 BP 173 EP 190 DI 10.1080/08920750490276236 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 777UG UT WOS:000189196200006 ER PT J AU Gass, SI Witzgall, C AF Gass, SI Witzgall, C TI On an approximate minimax circle closest to a set of points SO COMPUTERS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE facility location; quality control; linear programming AB We show how the Chebychev minimax criterion for finding a circle closest to a set of points can be approximated well by standard linear programming procedures. C1 Univ Maryland, Robert H Smith Sch Business, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gass, SI (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Robert H Smith Sch Business, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0548 J9 COMPUT OPER RES JI Comput. Oper. Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 31 IS 4 BP 637 EP 643 DI 10.1016/S0305-0548(03)00015-7 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 759HF UT WOS:000187731700010 ER PT J AU Lee, KS Geem, ZW AF Lee, KS Geem, ZW TI A new structural optimization method based on the harmony search algorithm SO COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE structural optimization; harmony search; meta-heuristic algorithm; size optimization; continuous variables; truss structures ID MINIMUM WEIGHT DESIGN; GENETIC ALGORITHMS; DISCRETE OPTIMIZATION; CONFIGURATION OPTIMIZATION; STEEL STRUCTURES; MOVE-LIMITS; TRUSSES; APPROXIMATION; EFFICIENCY AB Most structural optimization methods are based on mathematical algorithms that require substantial gradient information. The selection of the starting values is also important to ensure that the algorithm converges to the global optimum. This paper describes a new structural optimization method based on the harmony search (HS) meta-heuristic algorithm, which was conceptualized using the musical process of searching for a perfect state of harmony. The HS algorithm does not require initial values and uses a random search instead of a gradient search, so derivative information is unnecessary. Various truss examples with fixed geometries are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the new method. The results indicate that the new technique is a powerful search and optimization method for solving structural engineering problems compared to conventional mathematical methods or genetic algorithm-based approaches. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lee, KS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kslee@nist.gov; zwgeem@yahoo.com RI Geem, Zong Woo/A-2718-2008; UF, MDO/G-8720-2012 OI Geem, Zong Woo/0000-0002-0370-5562; NR 52 TC 443 Z9 466 U1 5 U2 66 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-7949 J9 COMPUT STRUCT JI Comput. Struct. PD APR PY 2004 VL 82 IS 9-10 BP 781 EP 798 DI 10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.01.002 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 814WX UT WOS:000221005900009 ER PT J AU Darby, MR Zucker, LG Wang, A AF Darby, MR Zucker, LG Wang, A TI Joint ventures, universities, and success in the Advanced Technology Program SO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 77th Annual Meeting of the Western-Economic-Association CY JUN 30, 2002 CL Seattle, WA SP W Econom Assoc ID STRATEGIC ALLIANCES; BIOTECHNOLOGY; KNOWLEDGE; COOPERATION; GROWTH AB America's most innovative firms (with 40% + of U.S. patents assigned to U.S. entities during 1988-96) participate, often repeatedly, in the Commerce Department's Advanced Technology Program (ATP). Participation significantly increases firms' innovation (patenting) while receiving ATP support versus before and after. Firms generally increase patenting by 5-30 patents per year when participating-up 4 to 25% from before participation. University participation in a project increases firm patenting. Funding amount matters for single participants (often startups with small R&D budgets) with positive impact limited to firms with large grants. For joint ventures, participation is more important than funding level. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Anderson Grad Sch Management, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Off Econ Assessment, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Darby, MR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Anderson Grad Sch Management, Box 951481, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM darby@ucla.edu; zucker@ucla.edu; andrew.wang@nist.gov RI Zucker, Lynne/C-1467-2008; Darby, Michael/C-1457-2008 OI Zucker, Lynne/0000-0002-1852-6612; Darby, Michael/0000-0003-4565-2670 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU WESTERN ECONOMIC ASSOC INT PI HUNTINGTON BEACH PA 7400 CENTER AVE SUITE 109, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647-3039 USA SN 1074-3529 J9 CONTEMP ECON POLICY JI Contemp. Econ. Policy PD APR PY 2004 VL 22 IS 2 BP 145 EP 161 DI 10.1093/cep/byh011 PG 17 WC Economics; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 808QS UT WOS:000220584200001 ER PT J AU Berkelmans, R De'ath, G Kininmonth, S Skirving, WJ AF Berkelmans, R De'ath, G Kininmonth, S Skirving, WJ TI A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE climate change; coral bleaching; Great Barrier Reef; sea-surface temperature; spatial correlation ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES AB Detailed mapping of coral bleaching events provides an opportunity to examine spatial patterns in bleaching over scales of 10 s to 1,000 s of km and the spatial correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and bleaching. We present data for two large-scale (2,000 km) bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR): one from 1998 and another from 2002, both mapped by aerial survey methods. We examined a wide range of satellite-derived SST variables to determine which one best correlated with the observed bleaching patterns. We found that the maximum SST occurring over any 3-day period (max3d) during the bleaching season predicted bleaching better than anomaly-based SST variables and that short averaging periods (3-6 days) predicted bleaching better than longer averaging periods. Short periods of high temperature are therefore highly stressful to corals and result in highly predictable bleaching patterns. Max3d SST predicted the presence/absence of bleaching with an accuracy of 73.2%. Large-scale (GBR-wide) spatial patterns of bleaching were similar between 1998 and 2002 with more inshore reefs bleached compared to offshore reefs. Spatial change in patterns of bleaching occurred at scales of similar to10 s km, indicating that reefs bleach (or not) in spatial clusters, possibly due to local weather patterns, oceanographic conditions, or both. Approximately 42% of reefs bleached to some extent in 1998 with similar to18% strongly bleached, while in 2002, similar to54% of reefs bleached to some extent with similar to18% strongly bleached. These statistics and the fact that nearly twice as many offshore reefs bleached in 2002 compared to 1998 (41 vs. 21%, respectively) makes the 2002 event the worst bleaching event on record for the GBR. Modeling of the relationship between bleaching and max3d SST indicates that a 1 degreesC increase would increase the bleaching occurrence of reefs from 50% (approximate occurrence in 1998 and 2002) to 82%, while a 2 degreesC increase would increase the occurrence to 97% and a 3 degreesC increase to 100%. These results suggest that coral reefs are profoundly sensitive to even modest increases in temperature and, in the absence of acclimatization/adaptation, are likely to suffer large declines under mid-range International Panel for Climate Change predictions by 2050. C1 Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Great Barrier Reef World Heritag, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applciat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Berkelmans, R (reprint author), Australian Inst Marine Sci, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. EM r.berkelmans@aims.gov.au RI Skirving, William/E-7927-2011; Kininmonth, Stuart/N-9299-2013; OI Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427; Kininmonth, Stuart/0000-0001-9198-3396 NR 30 TC 230 Z9 242 U1 7 U2 95 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 74 EP 83 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0353-y PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 813WM UT WOS:000220937200008 ER PT J AU Elvidge, CD Dietz, JB Berkelmans, R Andrefouet, S Skirving, W Strong, AE Tuttle, BT AF Elvidge, CD Dietz, JB Berkelmans, R Andrefouet, S Skirving, W Strong, AE Tuttle, BT TI Satellite observation of Keppel Islands (Great Barrier Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using IKONOS data SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE coral bleaching; remote sensing; change detection ID SPECTRAL DISCRIMINATION; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTS; IMAGERY AB An examination of IKONOS satellite imagery of the Keppel Islands (Great Barrier Reef) acquired before and during a coral bleaching event indicates that severe bleaching of reefs can be detected as an increase in brightness in the band 1 (blue) and band 2 (green) IKONOS spectral bands (4-m resolution). The bleaching was not detected in band 3 (red), band 4 (near-infrared), or in the 1-m panchromatic band data. A total of 0.74 km(2) of bleached coral was identified, with detection occurring in waters as deep as 15 m. The procedure requires that one of the scenes be radiometrically normalized to match the reference scene prior to image differencing. A relative radiometric normalization was used in this case because variable cloud cover present in the image acquired during the bleaching event prevented reliable modeling of atmospheric effects. The success at coral bleaching detection at Keppel Islands represents both a "best-case" and a "cloud-challenged" scenario. It was a best-case scenario in that coral cover was extensive (70-90% live coral cover, mostly acroporids) and the bleaching level was extreme (92-95% of coral cover white bleached). It was a cloud-challenged scenario in terms of having extensive and highly variable cloud cover present in the image acquired during the bleaching event. Color difference images reveal extensive areas of bleached coral at sites away from our study area, indicating that this platform and methodology may be a valuable tool for mapping high coral cover areas during bleaching events. Additional studies and technique refinements would be required to test the detection limits of bleaching with IKONOS imagery or to develop a spectrally based bleaching detection index. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. CRC Reef Res Ctr, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia. Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Inst Marine Remote Sensing, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM chris.elvidge@noaa.gov RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Strong, Alan/E-7924-2011; Skirving, William/E-7927-2011 OI Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427 NR 20 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0364-8 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 813WM UT WOS:000220937200012 ER PT J AU Roy, D Haffner, GD Brandt, SB AF Roy, D Haffner, GD Brandt, SB TI Estimating fish production potentials using a temporally explicit model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE time; spatially explicit; bioenergetics; modelling; growth rate potential (GRP); habitat quality; resource overlap; alewife; Chinook salmon ID CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; LAKE-ONTARIO; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; VERTICAL MIGRATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; BROWN TROUT; GROWTH-RATE; PREY; MICHIGAN; FISHERIES AB A temporally explicit model is developed to predict the growth rate potential of fish in response to temporal fluctuations in both prey availability and temperature structure of the water column at both long (seasonal) and short (daily) time scales. The model was tested in a 20 m water column in Lake Ontario using chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcsha) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) as predator and prey species, respectively. Prey availability was assessed using acoustic techniques, while temperature was measured with a temperature-depth profiler. Chinook growth rate potential was significantly greater during June than during other sampled months. The latter months supported little to no chinook growth potential as a result of low overlap in conditions supporting growth. On a diel scale, chinook growth rate potential was typically greater during crepuscular and night periods than during the day. Results reveal that both short and long term variability of prey density and thermal structure impose stringent limits to fish growth potential and production, and that fish grow well only over finite periods. The temporally explicit model provides quantitative predictions of fish production potential as influenced by temporal changes in habitat quality and/or climatic conditions. In light of recent modifications to both local and regional climate conditions, and the localised nature of fish harvesting practices, this model can assist in setting realistic production estimates and future potential harvesting quotas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Haffner, GD (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM haffner@uwindsor.ca NR 56 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 173 IS 2-3 BP 241 EP 257 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.06.005 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 807CX UT WOS:000220480700007 ER PT J AU Downing, HF Delorenzo, ME Fulton, MH Scott, GI Madden, CJ Kucklick, JR AF Downing, HF Delorenzo, ME Fulton, MH Scott, GI Madden, CJ Kucklick, JR TI Effects of the agricultural pesticides atrazine, chlorothalonil, and endosulfan on South Florida microbial assemblages SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 11-15, 2001 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE microbial assemblage; atrazine; endosulfan; chlorothalonil; South Florida ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; TOXICITY; COMMUNITIES; PERIPHYTON; WATER; CHLORPYRIFOS; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; BACTERIA AB One of the most impacted watersheds in the US in terms of pesticide usage is South Florida, which drains through a series of canals into the Florida Everglades and Florida Bay. Single species responses to pesticide exposure are well documented; however, little is known about community level responses to pesticides, especially at lower trophic levels. Microbial assemblages at two sites along the C-111 canal in the Dade County agricultural area in October 1999 (wet season, limited pesticide application) and in February 2000 (dry season, heavy pesticide application) were colonized onto artificial substrates, transported to the laboratory and exposed to atrazine (20 and 200 mug/l), chlorothalonil (2 and 20 mug/l), or endosulfan (1 and 10 mug/l). Structural and functional responses were measured at 24 h and 168 h post-dose. Regardless of site, season or exposure time, the highest atrazine dose (200 mug/l) significantly reduced chlorophyll a, phototrophic carbon assimilation and bacterial biomass, but stimulated heterotrophic bacterial productivity. Chlorophyll a was also significantly reduced by 20 mug/l atrazine (October only). The lowest endosulfan dose (1 mug/l) significantly increased phototrophic carbon assimilation. The highest chlorothalonil dose (20 mug/l) stimulated heterotrophic bacterial productivity (October only). An overall decrease in the number of protist taxa was observed with all pesticide treatments. Atrazine significantly decreased the relative abundance of chlorophytes and chrysophytes and increased the number of diatom and heterotrophic protist taxa. Chlorothalonil significantly increased the relative abundance of diatoms and chlorophytes, while chrysophytes and heterotrophic protists decreased. Endosulfan also significantly reduced diatom abundance, as well as decreasing the number of chrysophyte, cryptophyte and dinoflagellate taxa. Although previous agricultural pesticide exposure was greater at site C than at site E, the microbial assemblages at site C did not exhibit increased resistance to a subsequent dose of the pesticides. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Biol Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, Everglades Syst Res Div, W Palm Beach, FL 33411 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Delorenzo, ME (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Coastal Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000023569.46544.9f PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 811PX UT WOS:000220784900007 PM 15217248 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF Duchez, J AF Widmann, JF Duchez, J TI The effect of water sprays on fire fighter thermal imagers SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE thermal imagers; infrared imagers; water sprays; radiation extinction AB The performance of fire fighter thermal imagers through water sprays has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Thermal imagers are finding increasing use in fire fighting applications, and the ubiquitous nature of fire sprinklers, water mist suppression systems, and water curtains for radiation attenuation necessitates a thorough understanding of the effect of water sprays and mists on thermal imager performance. Laboratory-scale and full-scale evaluations of thermal imager performance through water sprays have been conducted, and the results analyzed using Mie theory to predict the extinction of radiation by water drops. Imagers were found to perform satisfactorily even through water sprays produced by sprinkler nozzles with K-factors as large as 6.0 x 10(-4) m(3) s(-1) kPa(-0.5) (25 gal min(-1) psi(-0.5)). Tests were conducted under non-fire conditions; thus, the effect of interaction between water sprays and a hot smoke layer on imager performance was not investigated. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Widmann, JF (reprint author), Fluent Inc, Lebanon, NH USA. EM jfw@fluent.com NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD APR PY 2004 VL 39 IS 3 BP 217 EP 238 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2003.11.006 PG 22 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 773QB UT WOS:000188933500003 ER PT J AU Gann, RG AF Gann, RG TI Sublethal effects of fire smoke SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE fire; fire research; smoke; toxicity; toxic hazard; fire hazard; fire risk AB Fire smoke toxicity has been a recurring theme for fire safety professionals for over four decades. There especially continue to be difficulty and controversy in assessing and addressing the contribution of the sublethal effects of smoke in hazard and risk analyses. The Fire Protection Research Foundation ( FPRF), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and NFPA have begun a private/public fire research initiative, the "International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survival and Health" (SEFS) to provide scientific information on these effects for public policy makers. The papers in this issue of Fire Technology present results from the first phase of the project: estimates of the magnitude and impact of sublethal exposures to fire smoke on the U. S. population, the best available lethal and incapacitating toxic potency values for the smoke from commercial products, the potential for various sizes of fires to produce smoke yields that could result in sublethal health effects, and state-of-the-art information on the production of the condensed components of smoke from fires and their evolutionary changes during transport from the fire. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gann, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 BP 95 EP 99 DI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000016898.88522.79 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 775TZ UT WOS:000189077900001 ER PT J AU Peacock, RD Averill, JD Reneke, PA Jones, WW AF Peacock, RD Averill, JD Reneke, PA Jones, WW TI Characteristics of fire scenarios in which sublethal effects of smoke are important SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compartment fires; fire; fire modeling; incapacitation; lethality; smoke; smoke toxicity AB A number of simulations were performed using the CFAST zone fire model to predict the relative times at which smoke inhalation and heat exposure would result in incapacitation. Fires in three building types were modeled: a ranch house, a hotel, and an office building. Gas species yields and rates of heat release for these design fires were derived from a review of real-scale fire test data. The incapacitation equations were taken from draft 14 of ISO document 13571. Sublethal effects of smoke were deemed important when incapacitation from smoke inhalation occurred before harm from thermal effects occurred. Real-scale HCl yield data were incorporated as available; the modeling indicated that the yield would need to be 5 to 10 times higher for incapacitation from HCl to precede incapacitation from narcotic gases, including CO CO2, HCN and reduce O-2. The results suggest that occupancies in which sublethal effects from open fires could affect escape and survival include multi-room residences, medical facilities, schools, and correctional facilities. In addition, fires originating in concealed spaces in any occupancy pose such a threat. Sublethal effects of smoke are not likely to be of prime concern for open fires in single- or two-compartment occupancies ( e. g., small apartments and transportation vehicles) themselves, although sublethal effects may be important in adjacent spaces; buildings with high ceilings and large rooms ( e. g., warehouses, mercantile); and occupancies in which fires will be detected promptly and from which escape or rescue will occur within a few minutes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peacock, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 BP 127 EP 147 DI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000016840.14947.61 PG 21 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 775TZ UT WOS:000189077900004 ER PT J AU Butler, KM Mulholland, GW AF Butler, KM Mulholland, GW TI Generation and transport of smoke components SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE smoke aerosol; smoke generation; smoke transport; smoke toxicity; ultrafine particulates ID HYDROGEN-CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DIFFUSION FLAMES; SOOT; MODEL; COMBUSTION; SURFACES; FIRES AB Smoke is a mixture of gases, vapors, and suspended particulate matter, or aerosols. The nature of the aerosol component of smoke can play a significant role in its deposition in the fire environment and in its lethal and sublethal effects on people. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about smoke aerosol phenomena that affects smoke toxicity: soot generation, fractal structure of soot, agglomerate transport via thermophoresis, sedimentation, and diffusion, agglomerate growth through coagulation and condensation, and the potential for the aerosols to transport adsorbed or absorbed toxic gases or vapors into the lungs. Tables are included for measured smoke yields and aerodynamic particle sizes, equations and references are provided for the smoke agglomerate transport properties and wall loss, and key literature references are provided for adsorption of irritant gases on soot particles and water droplets and the toxicity of nanosize particles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, KM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 74 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 BP 149 EP 176 DI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000016841.07530.64 PG 28 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 775TZ UT WOS:000189077900005 ER PT J AU Neviaser, JL Gann, RG AF Neviaser, JL Gann, RG TI Evaluation of toxic potency values for smoke from products and materials SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire; smoke; smoke toxicity; incapacitation; lethality ID ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY; COMBUSTION; FIRE AB Many devices have been used to generate data on the toxic potency of smoke from burning products and materials. This paper critically reviews those apparatus and sorts them by the combustion conditions ( related to a type of fire) producing the smoke, the specimens tested, and the animal effect measured. All the usable data were derived using rats, and the toxicological effects encountered were lethality, represented by an LC50 value, and incapacitation, expressed as an IC50 value. The data showed a wide range of toxic potency values for the products and materials tested. For those engineering applications where the mix of combustibles is unknown, generic values of smoke toxic potency were derived. Statistical analysis of the wealth of published data yielded a generic LC50 value of 30 g/m(3) +/- 20 g/m(3) ( one standard deviation) for 30 minute exposure of rats for smoke from well-ventilated combustion. There are limited data for underventilated combustion, and a value of 15 g/m(3) +/- 5 g/m(3) is suggested. The mean value of the ratios of IC50 values to LC50 values is 0.50 +/- 0.21, consistent with a prior review. Thus, for well-ventilated fires, a generic 30 minute IC50 value (for rats) would be 15 g/m(3) +/- 10 g/m(3); for underventilated fires, the corresponding number would be 7 g/m(3) +/- 2 g/m(3). There are some materials with appreciably lower potency values, indicating higher smoke toxicity. If materials like these are expected to comprise a large fraction of the fuel load, a lower generic value should be used. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neviaser, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 BP 177 EP 199 DI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000016842.67144.12 PG 23 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 775TZ UT WOS:000189077900006 ER PT J AU Gann, RG AF Gann, RG TI Estimating data for incapacitation of people by fire smoke SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire; smoke; smoke toxicity; incapacitation; lethality ID RESPIRATORY RESPONSE; BABOON AB Fire hazard and risk analyses establish the basis for providing conditions of safety for people, including those that are more sensitive to fire smoke than others. For this purpose, this paper develops a method for estimating, from information on lethal and incapacitating exposures for rats, smoke toxic potency values for incapacitation of smoke-sensitive people. For those engineering applications where the mix of combustibles is unknown, generic values are derived of the concentration of smoke that would incapacitate smoke-sensitive people in 5 min: 6 g/m(3) for a well-ventilated fire and 3 g/m(3) for an underventilated (e.g., post-flashover) fire. These values are estimated with significant assumptions in their derivation, resulting in an estimated uncertainty of about a factor of two. Further, there is a wide range of smoke toxic potency values reported for various combustibles, and some of these will lead to values significantly higher or lower than these generic figures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gann, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000016843.38848.37 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 775TZ UT WOS:000189077900007 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LD Rathbone, CK Corbett, SC Harrell, LW Strom, MS AF Rhodes, LD Rathbone, CK Corbett, SC Harrell, LW Strom, MS TI Efficacy of cellular vaccines and genetic adjuvants against bacterial kidney disease in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium salmoninarum; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; therapeutic vaccine ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POST-SMOLT PERIOD; PATHOGEN RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; CPG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES ENHANCE; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; BROOD STOCK SEGREGATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION AB DNNA adjuvants and whole bacterial cell vaccines against bacterial kidney disease (BKD) were tested ill juvenile chinook salmon. Whole cell vaccines of either a nonpathogenic Arthrobacicr spp. or an attenuated Renibacterium salmoninarum strain provided limited prophylactic protection against acute intraperitoneal challenge with virulent R. salmoninarum. and the addition of either synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides or purified R. salmoninarum genomic DNA as adjuvants did not increase protection. However, a combination of both whole cell vaccines significantly increased survival among fish naturally infected with R. salmoninarum, and the surviving fish treated with the combination vaccine exhibited reduced levels of bacterial antigens in the kidney. This is the first demonstration of a potential therapeutic effect Of a whole cell vaccine against BKD. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rhodes, LD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM linda.rhodes@noaa.gov OI Rhodes, Linda/0000-0003-4995-9426 NR 68 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1050-4648 J9 FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN JI Fish Shellfish Immunol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 16 IS 4 BP 461 EP 474 DI 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.08.004 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Immunology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 813QU UT WOS:000220922400001 PM 15123289 ER PT J AU Archer, F Gerrodette, T Chivers, S Jackson, A AF Archer, F Gerrodette, T Chivers, S Jackson, A TI Annual estimates of the unobserved incidental kill of pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata attenuata) calves in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB We estimated the total number of pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) mothers killed without their calves ("calf deficit") in all tuna purse-seine sets from 1973-90 and 1996-2000 in the eastern tropical Pacific. Estimates were based on a tally of the mothers killed as reported by color pattern and gender, several color-pattern-based frequency tables, and a weaning model. Over the time series, there was a decrease in the calf deficit from approximately 2800 for the western-southern stock and 5000 in the northeastern stock to about 60 missing calves per year. The mean deficit per set decreased from approximately 1.5 missing calves per set in the mid-1970s to 0.01 per set in the late-1990s. Over the time series examined, from 75% to 95% of the lactating females killed were killed without a calf. Under the assumption that these orphaned calves did not survive without their mothers, this calf deficit represents an approximately 14% increase in the reported kill of calves, which is relatively constant across the years examined. Because the calf deficit as we have defined it is based on the kill of mothers, the total number of missing calves that we estimate is potentially an underestimate of the actual number killed. Further research on the mechanism by which separation of mother and calf occurs is required to obtain better estimates of the unobserved kill of dolphin calves in this fishery. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Archer, F (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM eric.archer@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 233 EP 244 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500001 ER PT J AU Chernova, NV Stein, DL AF Chernova, NV Stein, DL TI A remarkable new species of Psednos (Teleostei : Liparidae) from the western North Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Psednos rossi new species (Teleostei: Liparidae) is described from two specimens collected in the North Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, at depths of 500674 m. Psednos rossi belongs to the P. christinae group, which includes six other species and is characterized by 46-47 vertebrae and the absence of a coronal pore. Psednos rossi differs from those six species by having characters unique within the genus: straight spine, body not humpbacked at the occiput, and a very large mouth with a vertical oral cleft. Other distinguishing characters include a notched pectoral fin with 15-16 rays, eye 17-19% SL, and color in life orange-rose. With P. rossi, the genus Psednos as currently known includes 26 described and five undescribed species of small meso- or bathypelagic liparids from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RP Stein, DL (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Systemat Lab, Smithsonian Inst,Natl Museum Nat Hist, POB 37012,MRC-0153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM david.stein@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500002 ER PT J AU Clark, RD Christensen, JD Monaco, ME Caldwell, PA Matthews, GA Minello, TJ AF Clark, RD Christensen, JD Monaco, ME Caldwell, PA Matthews, GA Minello, TJ TI A habitat-use model to determine essential fish habitat for juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) in Galveston Bay, Texas SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH; PENAEUS-AZTECUS; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NEKTON USE; NATANT MACROFAUNA; ESTUARINE; EDGE; MICROHABITAT; SETIFERUS; DENSITIES AB A density prediction model for juvenile brown shrimp (Farfan-tepenaeus aztecus) was developed by using three bottom types, five salinity zones, and four seasons to quantify patterns of habitat use in Galveston Bay, Texas. Sixteen years of quantitative density data were used. Bottom types were vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom. Multiple regression was used to develop density estimates, and the resultant formula was then coupled with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide a spatial mosaic (map) of predicted habitat use. Results indicated that juvenile brown shrimp (<100 mm) selected vegetated habitats in salinities of 15-25 ppt and that seagrasses were selected over marsh edge where they co-occurred. Our results provide a spatially resolved estimate of high-density areas that will help designate essential fish habitat (EFH) in Galveston Bay. In addition, using this modeling technique, we were able to provide an estimate of the overall population of juvenile brown shrimp (<100 mm) in shallow water habitats within the bay of approximately 1.3 billion. Furthermore, the geographic range of the model was assessed by plotting observed (actual) versus expected (model) brown shrimp densities in three other Texas bays. Similar habitat-use patterns were observed in all three bays-each having a coefficient of determination >0.50. These results indicate that this model may have a broader geographic application and is a plausible approach in refining current EFH designations for all Gulf of Mexico estuaries with similar geomorphological and hydrological characteristics. C1 NOAA, Biogeog Program, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci,Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Fishery Ecol Branch, Galveston SE, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. RP Clark, RD (reprint author), NOAA, Biogeog Program, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci,Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Randy.Clark@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 264 EP 277 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500004 ER PT J AU Delgado, GA Bartels, CT Glazer, RA Brown-Peterson, NJ McCarthy, KJ AF Delgado, GA Bartels, CT Glazer, RA Brown-Peterson, NJ McCarthy, KJ TI Translocation as a strategy to rehabilitate the queen conch (Strombus gigas) population in the Florida Keys SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CORAL TRANSPLANTATION; NUCELLA-LAPILLUS; TRIBUTYLTIN; PATTERNS; RECRUITMENT; ABUNDANCE; NEARSHORE; BAHAMAS; GONAD; TOOL AB Queen conch (Strombus gigas) stocks in the Florida Keys once supported commercial and recreational fisheries, but overharvesting has decimated this once abundant snail. Despite a ban on harvesting this species since 1985, the local conch population has not recovered. In addition, previous work has reported that conch located in nearshore Keys waters are incapable of spawning because of poor gonadal condition, although reproduction does occur offshore. Queen conch in other areas undergo ontogenetic migrations from shallow, nearshore sites to offshore habitats, but conch in the Florida Keys are prevented from doing so by Hawk Channel. The present study was initiated to determine the potential of translocating nonspawning nearshore conch to offshore sites in order to augment the spawning stock. We translocated adult conch from two nearshore sites to two offshore sites. Histological examinations at the initiation of this study confirmed that nearshore conch were incapable of reproduction, whereas offshore conch had normal gonads and thus were able to reproduce. The gonads of nearshore females were in worse condition than those of nearshore males. However, the gonadal condition of the translocated nearshore conch improved, and these animals began spawning after three months offshore. This finding suggests that some component of the nearshore environment (e.g., pollutants, temperature extremes, poor food or habitat quality) disrupts reproduction in conch, but that removal of nearshore animals to suitable offshore habitat can restore reproductive viability. These results indicate that translocations are preferable to releasing hatchery-reared juveniles because they are more cost-effective, result in a more rapid increase in reproductive output, and maintain the genetic integrity of the wild stock. Therefore, translocating nearshore conch to offshore spawning aggregations may be the key to expediting the recovery of queen conch stocks in the Florida Keys. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Coll Sci & Technol, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS 39566 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Delgado, GA (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, 2796 Overseas Highway,Suite 119, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. EM gabriel.delgado@fwc.state.fl.us NR 39 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 278 EP 288 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500005 ER PT J AU Macewicz, BJ Hunter, JR Lo, NCH LaCasella, EL AF Macewicz, BJ Hunter, JR Lo, NCH LaCasella, EL TI Fecundity, egg deposition, and mortality of market squid (Loligo opalescens) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID STATOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES; FORBESI CEPHALOPODA; VULGARIS-REYNAUDII; SOUTHERN PORTUGAL; PATAGONIAN SQUID; PHOTOLOLIGO SP; GROWTH; AGE; LOLIGINIDAE AB Loligo opalescens live less than a year and die after a short spawning period before all oocytes are expended. Potential fecundity (E-P), the standing stock of all oocytes just before the onset of spawning, increased with dorsal mantle length (L), where E-P = 29.8L. For the average female squid (L of 129 mm), E-P was 3844 oocytes. During the spawning period, no oogonia were produced; therefore the standing stock of oocytes declined as they were ovulated. This decline in oocytes was correlated with a decline in mantle condition and an increase in the size of the smallest oocyte in the ovary. Close agreement between the decline in estimated body weight and standing stock of oocytes during the spawning period indicated that maturation and spawning of eggs could largely, if not entirely, be supported by the conversion of energy reserves in tissue. Loligo opalescens, newly recruited to the spawning population, ovulated about 36% of their potential fecundity during their first spawning day and fewer ova were released in subsequent days. Loligo opalescens do not spawn all of their oocytes; a small percentage of the spawning population may live long enough to spawn 78% of their potential fecundity. Loligo opalescens are taken in a spawning grounds fishery off California, where nearly all of the catch are mature spawning adults. Thirty-three percent of the potential fecundity of L. opalescens was deposited before they were taken by the fishery (December 1998-99). This observation led to the development of a management strategy based on monitoring the escapement of eggs from the fishery. The strategy requires estimation of the fecundity realized by the average squid in the population which is a function of egg deposition and mortality rates. A model indicated that the daily total mortality rate on the spawning ground may be about 0.45 and that the average adult may live only 1.67 days after spawning begins. The rate at which eggs escape the fishery was modeled and the sensitivity of changing daily rates of fishing mortality, natural mortality, and egg deposition was examined. A rapid method for monitoring the fecundity of the L. opalescens catch was developed. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Macewicz, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shore Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Bev.Macewicz@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 306 EP 327 PG 22 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500008 ER PT J AU Orr, JW Blackburn, JE AF Orr, JW Blackburn, JE TI The dusky rockfishes (Teleostei : Scorpaeniformes) of the North Pacific Ocean: resurrection of Sebastes variabilis (Pallas, 1814) and a redescription of Sebastes ciliatus (Tilesius, 1813) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SYSTEMATICS; COLLECTIONS; ATLANTIC; MARINE AB The dusky rockfish (Sebastes ciliatus) of the North Pacific Ocean has been considered a single variable species with light and dark forms distributed in deep and shallow water, respectively. These forms have been subjected to two distinct fisheries separately managed by federal and state agencies: the light deep form is captured in the offshore trawl fishery; the dark shallow form, in the nearshore jig fishery. The forms have been commonly recognized as the light dusky and dark dusky rockfishes. From morphological evidence correlated with color differences in some 400 specimens, we recognize two species corresponding with these color forms. Sebastes ciliatus (Tilesius) is the dark shallow-water species found in depths of 5-160 m in the western Aleutian Islands and eastern Bering Sea to British Columbia. The name Sebastes variabilis (Pallas) is resurrected from the synonymy of S. ciliatus to apply to the deeper water species known from depths of 12-675 m and ranging from Hokkaido, Japan, through the Aleutian Islands and eastern Bering Sea, to Oregon. Sebastes ciliatus is uniformly dark blue to black, gradually lightening on the ventrum, with a jet black peritoneum, a smaller symphyseal knob, and fewer lateral-line pores compared to S. variabilis. Sebastes variabilis is more variable in body color, ranging from light yellow to a more usual tan or greenish brown to a nearly uniform dark dorsum, but it invariably has a distinct red to white ventrum. Synonymies, diagnoses, descriptions, and geographic distributions are provided for each species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Orr, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM James.Orr@noaa.gov RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 60 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 328 EP 348 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500009 ER PT J AU Powers, JE AF Powers, JE TI Recruitment as an evolving random process of aggregation and mortality SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; STOCHASTIC-MODEL; FISH; SIZE; INDIVIDUALS; LARVAE; TEMPERATURE; FECUNDITY; BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS AB The dynamics of the survival of recruiting fish are analyzed as evolving random processes of aggregation and mortality. The analyses draw on recent advances in the physics of complex networks and, in particular, the scale-free degree distribution arising from growing random networks with preferential attachment of links to nodes. In this study simulations were conducted in which recruiting fish 1) were subjected to mortality by using alternative mortality encounter models and 2) aggregated according to random encounters (two schools randomly encountering one another join into a single school) or preferential attachment (the probability of a successful aggregation of two schools is proportional to the school sizes). The simulations started from either a "disaggregated" (all schools comprised a single fish) or an aggregated initial condition. Results showed the transition of the school-size distribution with preferential attachment evolving toward a scale-free school size distribution, whereas random attachment evolved toward an exponential distribution. Preferential attachment strategies performed better than random attachment strategies in terms of recruitment survival at time when mortality encounters were weighted toward schools rather than to individual fish. Mathematical models were developed whose solutions (either analytic or numerical) mimicked the simulation results. The resulting models included both Beverton-Holt and Ricker-like recruitment, which predict recruitment as a function of initial mean school size as well as initial stock size. Results suggest that school-size distributions during recruitment may provide information on recruitment processes. The models also provide a template for expanding both theoretical and empirical recruitment research. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Powers, JE (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Viriginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM joseph.powers@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 349 EP 365 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500010 ER PT J AU Yang, MS AF Yang, MS TI Diet changes of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Pavlof Bay associated with climate changes in the Gulf of Alaska between 1980 and 1995 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Yang, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mei-sun.yang@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 102 IS 2 BP 400 EP 405 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817MV UT WOS:000221182500015 ER PT J AU Noren, DP Mangel, M AF Noren, DP Mangel, M TI Energy reserve allocation in fasting Northern Elephant Seal pups: inter-relationships between body condition and fasting duration SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dynamic state variable model; fasting metabolism; individual variation; lipid catabolism; protein catabolism ID MIROUNGA-ANGUSTIROSTRIS PUPS; POSTWEANING FAST; PROTEIN CONSERVATION; PHOCA-VITULINA; METABOLIC-RATE; STARVATION; MASS; LEONINA; ISLAND; WATER AB 1. Organisms are forced to make trade-offs when allocating energy reserves during sustained periods of fasting. 2. For most animals, lipid catabolism is the preferred source of energy to safeguard important protein sources. However, marine mammals also have a compounding pressure to conserve some lipid stores. The main site of lipid storage in these animals is the blubber layer, which is not only an important energy source during fasting, but is also the primary thermal barrier when at sea. 3. To explain how the allocation of protein and lipid reserves during fasting are influenced by body condition (body mass and percentage lipid of total body mass), a dynamic state variable model that takes into account fitness consequences of different allocation strategies was developed. 4. This model was parameterized with respect to conditions faced by weaned Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris Gill) pups. It incorporates the independent effects of body mass and protein mass (the two state variables) on survival and the costs of utilizing either lipid or protein during the postweaning fast. 5. Predictions of lipid and protein allocation by the model were not significantly different from measurements on wild seals. Finally, the model showed that body lipid content and fasting duration both influence allocation of energy reserves. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Jack Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Noren, DP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Dawn.Noren@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0269-8463 EI 1365-2435 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 233 EP 242 DI 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00840.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 809GQ UT WOS:000220625600009 ER PT J AU Jensen, PC Bentzen, P AF Jensen, PC Bentzen, P TI Isolation and inheritance of microsatellite loci in the Dungeness crab (Brachyura : Cancridae : Cancer magister) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Cancer magister; microsatellite; Mendelian inheritance; cross species amplification; Brachyura ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; PENAEUS-VANNAMEI; MARKERS; ATLANTIC; IDENTIFICATION; DECAPODA; CRAYFISH; GENOME; PCR AB The isolation, PCR amplification, and descriptive statistics of six microsatellite loci are described for the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Also reported is the inheritance of these loci in two families obtained from artificial crosses in the laboratory. All six loci conform to expectations under Mendelian inheritance and there is no evidence for linkage between any of the loci. Allelic size ranges for three of the loci are relatively large, ranging from 135-357 bp between the smallest and largest allele detected at that locus. At two of these loci upper allelic drop out (non-amplification of the larger allele in a heterozygous individual) can be problematic for scoring. Results from cross-species amplification in nine congeners are summarized. These loci will be valuable in studies requiring high-resolution genetic markers in Dungeness crabs and related species. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Awuat & Fishery Sci, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Jensen, PC (reprint author), AFSC RACE, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM pam.jensen@noaa.gov NR 50 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 325 EP 331 DI 10.1139/G03-135 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 816JC UT WOS:000221105200011 PM 15060585 ER PT J AU Chaytor, JD Goldfinger, C Dziak, RP Fox, CG AF Chaytor, JD Goldfinger, C Dziak, RP Fox, CG TI Active deformation of the Gorda plate: Constraining deformation models with new geophysical data SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE marine geology; bathymetry; plate tectonics; faulting ID MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION; DE-FUCA PLATE; INTERNAL DEFORMATION; KINEMATIC MODEL; JUAN; EARTHQUAKES; TECTONICS AB The Gorda plate, the southernmost fragment of the larger Juan de Fuca plate system, is an example of a nonrigidly deforming tectonic accommodation zone or buffer plate, absorbing deformation and allowing the surrounding larger plates to act in a more rigid fashion. Here we present a new structural analysis of the plate based on full-plate bathymetric coverage, augmented by seismic reflection data and earthquake moment tensors and locations. We interpret internal deformation of the Gorda plate as an asymmetrical flexural-slip buckle with a vertical axis, utilizing reactivation of spreading-ridge fabric normal faults as strike-slip faults. Newly formed second-generation faults crosscutting the structural grain overprint the reactivated structures. The spreading fabric faults finally begin a second phase of extension as the plate approaches the subduction zone. This model, based on fault constraints, has allowed investigation of ridge-plate-subduction interactions, and suggests that spreading-rate variations along the Gorda Ridge may be controlled by internal deformation of the plate rather than the reverse, as previously hypothesized. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Chaytor, JD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM jchaytor@coas.oregonstate.edu OI Chaytor, Jason/0000-0001-8135-8677 NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD APR PY 2004 VL 32 IS 4 BP 353 EP 356 DI 10.1130/G20178.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 808FB UT WOS:000220553900021 ER PT J AU Kramer, GH Hauck, BM Marro, L Inn, KGW Unterweger, M Hodge, P AF Kramer, GH Hauck, BM Marro, L Inn, KGW Unterweger, M Hodge, P TI The use of autoradiography for investigating the distribution of radioactivity in lung counter calibration sources SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE calibration; lungs, human; phantom; imaging ID GE DETECTORS; TORSO PHANTOM; LLNL; SETS AB This paper shows that autoradiography is a useful technique for investigating radioactivity distributions in lung phantoms and planar sources. It was applied to a sliced lung phantom that had activity homogeneously distributed throughout the tissue substitute material and to laminated planar sources in an attempt to answer three questions: 1) Was the activity distribution the same in each slice of the sliced homogeneous lung set? 2) Was the activity distribution the same for each of the laminated planar sources? and 3) Were the activity distributions the same between slices and planar sources? The activity distribution, including identification of some locations of elevated activity in the sliced homogeneous lungs, was easily obtained using autoradiography. This study demonstrates that neither the sliced homogeneous lung sets nor the laminated planar sources had a homogeneous distribution of radioactivity, as had been previously thought. C1 Radiat Protect Bur, Environm Radiat Hazards Div, Human Monitoring Lab, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Radioact Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, GH (reprint author), Radiat Protect Bur, Environm Radiat Hazards Div, Human Monitoring Lab, 775 Brookfield Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada. EM Gary_H_Kramer@hc-sc.gc.ca NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 2004 VL 86 IS 4 BP 359 EP 364 DI 10.1097/00004032-200404000-00004 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 805EQ UT WOS:000220350000004 PM 15057056 ER PT J AU Domanski, PA Yashar, D Kaufman, KA Michalski, RS AF Domanski, PA Yashar, D Kaufman, KA Michalski, RS TI An optimized design of finned-tube evaporators using the learnable evolution model SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Optimizing the refrigerant circuitry for a finned-tube evaporator is a daunting task for traditional exhaustive search techniques due to the extremely large number of circuitry possibilities. For this reason, more intelligent search techniques are needed. This paper presents and evaluates a novel optimization system called ISHED1 (intelligent system for heat exchanger design). This system uses a recently developed non-Darwinian evolutionary computation method to seek evaporator circuit designs that maximize the capacity of the evaporator under given technical and environmental constraints. Circuitries were developed for an evaporator with three depth rows of 12 tubes each, based on optimizing the performance with uniform and nonuniform airflow profiles. ISHED1 demonstrated the capability to generate designs with capacity equal or superior to that of best human designs, particularly in cases with non-uniform airflow. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Mason Univ, Machine Learning & Inference Lab, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Comp Sci, PL-00901 Warsaw, Poland. RP Domanski, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 201 EP 211 DI 10.1080/10789669.2004.10391099 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 814AZ UT WOS:000220948900007 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, LC AF Hendrickson, LC TI Population biology of northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and initial documentation of a spawning area SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age; ageing precision; growth; Illex illecebrosus; maturity; squid; statolith ID SHORT-FINNED SQUID; GROWTH INCREMENTS; GULF-STREAM; OMMASTREPHIDAE; NEWFOUNDLAND; CEPHALOPODA; MATURATION; STATOLITH; TEUTHOIDEA; WATER AB Growth, maturity, and age structure of the northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) population were characterized from samples collected during a stratified, random bottom-trawl survey conducted in May 2000. The survey was conducted on the continental shelf of the east coast of the US and utilized a commercial squid fishing vessel and standardized sampling protocols and gear. Statolith increment counts of 391 individuals, representing the full maturity spectrum from juveniles to mated females (34-250 mm), ranged in age from 69 to 215 d. Substantial variability in the precision of individual age estimates was encountered. The population consisted of a predominant winter cohort of maturing and mature squid (hatched during October-February, with a peak in January) and a spring cohort of juveniles (hatched during February and March, with a peak in March). Recruitment patterns to northern and southern fishing grounds are discussed. The first evidence of a spawning area, located on the continental shelf in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, is presented. Growth in length and weight was best described by a Gumpertz model and a power model, respectively. The age range of mated females (115-215 d) indicated a shorter lifespan than expected based on maturity and age information for Newfoundland squid. A latitudinal cline in female size-at-maturity was evident, whereby maturity stages of squid in the southern part of the survey area were more advanced than those in the northern part. Also, females from US waters reach maturity and spawn at smaller sizes and younger ages than females from Newfoundland waters. The results suggest that females from the Mid-Atlantic Bight may exhibit faster rates of growth and maturation, and possibly a shorter lifespan, than their Newfoundland counterparts. (C) 2003 International Council for the Exploration ofthe Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hendrickson, LC (reprint author), US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM Lisa.Hendrickson@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 2 BP 252 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.10.010 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 806GL UT WOS:000220422300010 ER PT J AU Alvarez-Flores, CM Heide-Jorgensen, MP AF Alvarez-Flores, CM Heide-Jorgensen, MP TI A risk assessment of the sustainability of the harvest of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas 1776)) in West Greenland SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beluga hunt; Greenland; risk assessment ID MONODON-MONOCEROS; STOCK ASSESSMENT; ABUNDANCE; FISHERIES; NARWHALS AB Risk assessments to assess the efficiency of management procedures to regulate removals of marine mammals have rarely been conducted. Using Bayesian methods, we conducted a risk assessment on a harvested beluga population off West Greenland. The population size in recent years was estimated to be 22% of the size in 1954. Results indicate that current catches are unsustainable and that continuation of this situation represents a 90% probability that the population will become extinct in 20 years. The analyses suggest that the harvest should be reduced to no more than 130 animals. Constant catch quotas represent a greater risk of depletion compared with catch limits that are a function of harvest rate and population size. An alternative gradual reduction schedule is proposed as a viable strategy, reducing the harvest in 5 years and adjusting the subsequent quota using a harvest rate of 0.5 of R(max), with updates in the abundance. This analysis is presented as an alternative for cases where an immediate catch reduction is desirable but not feasible for marine mammal populations that appear vulnerable or in danger and where catch and abundance data are available. (C) 2004 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. RP Alvarez-Flores, CM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Carlos.Alvarez@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 2 BP 274 EP 286 DI 10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.12.004 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 806GL UT WOS:000220422300012 ER PT J AU Meng, LS Roos, PA Carlsten, JL AF Meng, LS Roos, PA Carlsten, JL TI High-efficiency continuous-wave Raman laser pumped by an injection-locked broad-area diode laser SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE continuous wave (CW); frequency conversion; high-finesse cavity; injection-locked oscillator; Raman lasers; semiconductor lasers ID H-2; STABILIZATION AB We report an efficient CW far-off-resonance Raman laser in H-2 gas pumped by an injection-locked broad-area diode laser. The pump wavelength 794 nm is Raman shifted to the Stokes wavelength 1185 nm. The total output Stokes power reaches 21.6 +/- 0.5 mW and the photon conversion efficiency reaches (74 +/- 10)%. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Meng, LS (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM meng@physics.mon-tana.edu; carlsten@physics.montana.edu NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9197 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 4 BP 390 EP 393 DI 10.1109/JQE.2004.825211 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 809SQ UT WOS:000220656800009 ER PT J AU Over, P Leung, C Ip, H Grubinger, M AF Over, P Leung, C Ip, H Grubinger, M TI Multimedia retrieval benchmarks SO IEEE MULTIMEDIA LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. City Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Over, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Clement.Leung@vu.edu.au; cship@cityu.edu.hk; Michael.Grubinger@research.vu.edu.au OI IP, Ho Shing Horace/0000-0002-1509-9002 NR 2 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1070-986X J9 IEEE MULTIMEDIA JI IEEE Multimedia PD APR-JUN PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 BP 80 EP 84 DI 10.1109/MMUL.2004.1289045 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 812PJ UT WOS:000220851100010 ER PT J AU Stenbakken, GN Liu, HK AF Stenbakken, GN Liu, HK TI Empirical modeling methods using partial data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE calibration; error model; missing data; partial data; system identification; testing strategies AB Methods were developed to calculate empirical models for device error behavior from data sets with missing data. These models can be used to develop reduced test point testing procedures for the devices. Normally, models are built from only full data measurement sets, and partial data sets are discarded. For models built from noisy data, the accuracy of the models improves as more data is used. This paper explores methods to use partial data sets. Both real and simulated data results are described. Simulations show that the proposed partial data methods improve the accuracy of the models for some test points. When these methods are applied to real data where the underlying model has changed, the improvement is less than the simulations predict. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stenbakken, GN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2004 VL 53 IS 2 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1109/TIM.2003.822481 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 806DH UT WOS:000220414100006 ER PT J AU Bowen, L Aldridge, BM Gulland, F Van Bonn, W DeLong, R Melin, S Lowenstine, LJ Stott, JL Johnson, ML AF Bowen, L Aldridge, BM Gulland, F Van Bonn, W DeLong, R Melin, S Lowenstine, LJ Stott, JL Johnson, ML TI Class II multiformity generated by variable MHC-DRB region configurations in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) SO IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE MHC; comparative immunology; veterinary immunology; California sea lion ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; HLA SYSTEM; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; 2 PARTS; POLYMORPHISM; GENES; EVOLUTION; POPULATION; DIVERSITY; HUMANS AB In light of the immunological importance of molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), there are numerous studies examining the variability of these genes in wildlife populations. An underlying assumption in many of these studies is that MHC diversity invariably arises from a high level of allelic variation at a single gene locus, leading to widespread descriptions of thriving species with apparently limited MHC polymorphism. Indeed, in a previous study we failed to find sequence features compatible with traditionally diverse peptide-binding functions in MHC class II (DQA and DQB) genes in California sea lions and therefore expanded the search for polymorphism to the DRA and DRB genes. Our results show that, in contrast to Zaca-DQA, -DQB, and -DRA, Zaca-DRB has sequence features compatible with antigen binding and presentation. In fact Zaca-DRB constitutes a gene family, comprising at least seven loci, each of which exhibits limited variability, and which are present in variable configurations between individuals. This unusual mechanism for generating MHC DRB diversity is similar to that observed in the rhesus macaque, but has not been reported in any other species. The identification of a novel system of class II MHC variability in the California sea lion justifies new studies into the organizational basis of immunogenetic diversity in other marine species, and its role in infectious disease susceptibility. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab MArine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Western Hlth Sci Univ, Sch Vet Med, Pomona, CA USA. GGNRA, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA USA. SPAWARSTSCHEN, US Navy Marine Mammal Program, San Diego, CA USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA USA. RP Bowen, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab MArine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lbowen@ucdavis.edu NR 51 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-7711 J9 IMMUNOGENETICS JI Immunogenetics PD APR PY 2004 VL 56 IS 1 BP 12 EP 27 DI 10.1007/s00251-004-0655-4 PG 16 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 813KQ UT WOS:000220906400002 PM 14997355 ER PT J AU Skrzypczak, A Neta, P AF Skrzypczak, A Neta, P TI Rate constants for reaction of 1,2-dimethylimidazole with benzyl bromide in ionic liquids and organic solvents SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS LA English DT Article ID METHYLTRIBUTYLAMMONIUM BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYLSULFONYL)IMIDE; REACTION-KINETICS; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; HALIDE NUCLEOPHILICITY; NILE-RED; PARAMETERS; ENERGY; ET3N; DYE AB The rate constant for the Menschutkin reaction of 1,2-dimethylimidazole with benzyl bromide to produce 3-benzyl-1,2-dimethylimidazolium bromide was determined in a number of ionic liquids and molecular organic solvents The rate constants in 12 ionic liquids are in the range of (1.0-3.2) x 10(-3) L mol(-1) s(-1) and vary with the solvent anion in the order (CF3SO2)(2)N- < PF6- < BF4- Variations with the solvent cation (butylmethylimidazolium, octylmethylimidazolium, butyldimethylimidazolium, octyldimethylimidazolium, butylmethylpyrrolidinium, and hexyltributylammonium) are minimal. The rate constants in the ionic liquids are comparable to those in polar aprotic molecular solvents (acetonitrile, propylene carbonate) but much higher than those in weakly polar organic solvents and in alcohols. Correlation of the rate constants with the solvatochromic parameter ET(30) is reasonable within each group of similar solvents but very poor when all the solvents are correlated together. Better correlation is obtained for the organic solvents by using a combination of two parameters, pi* (dipolarity/polarizibility) and alpha (hydrogen bond acidity), while additional parameters such as delta (cohesive energy density) do not provide any further improvement. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pedatsur.neta@nist.gov RI Skrzypczak, Andrzej/M-2397-2014 NR 26 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0538-8066 J9 INT J CHEM KINET JI Int. J. Chem. Kinet. PD APR PY 2004 VL 36 IS 4 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1002/kin.10162 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 803BJ UT WOS:000220206300005 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, HC AF Manzello, SL Yang, HC TI An experimental investigation of water droplet impingement on a heated wax surface SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE droplet impact; heated surface ID SOLID-SURFACE; LIQUID DROPLET; WEBER NUMBER; COLLISION DYNAMICS; FLUID-DYNAMICS; IMPACT; POOL; EVOLUTION; SPLASH; JET AB The impact of a distilled water droplet upon a heated wax surface was investigated experimentally using a high-speed digital camera. The droplet impact Weber number (We) was varied and the collision dynamics were investigated with the temperature of the wax surface varied from 20 to 75 degreesC. For each impact We number, the evolution of the liquid film diameter was measured as a function of surface temperature. At We = 27, the liquid film diameter was observed to recoil faster as the surface temperature of the wax was increased. At We = 150, as the droplet recoiled, an unstable column of fluid was observed to rise above the wax surface. The instability of the fluid column at We = 150 was explained using Rayleigh instability theory. At the melting point of the wax, 75 degreesC, the droplet impacted upon a liquid surface. Over the range of impact We numbers considered, the jet formed in the molten wax pool did not result in separation of droplets from the jet. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8662,Bldg 224,A361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 8-9 BP 1701 EP 1709 DI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.10.020 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 803UV UT WOS:000220256900011 ER PT J AU Gagliardini, DA Colon, PC AF Gagliardini, DA Colon, PC TI A comparative assessment on the use of SAR and high-resolution optical images in ocean dynamics studies SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Oceans from Space Venice 2000 Symposium CY OCT 09-13, 2000 CL Venice, ITALY AB A comparison of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by the ERS-2 and RADARSAT-1 satellites with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired close in time is presented. Similarities and differences on the kind of ocean information they provide are discussed. The images were acquired over the Brazil-Malvinas (Falkland) Confluence under different solar elevation and azimuth angles. Ocean features observed by both types of sensors are discussed. These observations show that (1) at high solar angles, sun glint prevails over upwelled water-leaving radiance resulting in optical images that tend to provide dynamical information similar to that obtained from SAR imagery and (2) at low solar zenith and azimuth angles, upwelled radiation tends to prevail over sun glint, providing typical ocean colour and water quality information that can still complement and aid in the interpretation of SAR observations. C1 Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NOAA, US Dept Commerce, NESDIS, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Gagliardini, DA (reprint author), Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, Pabellon IAFE,Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. EM agaglia@piafe.uba.ar NR 4 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 7-8 BP 1271 EP 1275 DI 10.1080/01431160310001592166 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 779ZJ UT WOS:000189343600003 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Marsh-Armstrong, N AF Zhang, R Marsh-Armstrong, N TI Autosomal dominant retinal degeneration in ENU mutagnized mice caused by a Cys185Arg mutation in rhodopsin SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology CY APR 24-29, 2004 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP Assoc Res Vis & Ophthalmol C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Optometry, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Vis Sci Program, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 45 SU 1 MA 2480 BP U946 EP U946 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 846TA UT WOS:000223338002413 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Martin, JW AF Nguyen, T Martin, JW TI Modes and mechanisms for the degradation of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel in a marine concrete environment SO JCT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 12-14, 2003 CL Philadelphia, PA SP Fed Soc Coatings Tech DE adhesion loss; fusion-bonded epoxy coating; concrete solution; corrosion; degradation; marine; mode; mechanism; rebars; steel ID COATING SUBSTRATE INTERFACE; ORGANIC COATINGS; CATHODIC DELAMINATION; REINFORCING STEEL; ADHESION LOSS; CORROSION; WATER; CHLORIDE; SURFACE; PERFORMANCE AB Fusion-bonded epoxy is used extensively to protect steel reinforcing bars from corrosion. This coating has proven to be a cost-effective material for increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures. However, field observations have reported premature corrosion of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated reinforcing bars used in marine concrete environments, leading to severe cracking and spalling of the reinforced concretes. This study was initiated to provide a better understanding of the modes and mechanisms of the corrosion of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel exposed in a marine concrete environment. Grit-blasted steel panels were coated with two commercial fusion-bonded powder epoxy coatings at two thicknesses. Half of the coated panels were scribed, the other half were non-scribed. The panels were immersed in a saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 0.6 mole/liter sodium chloride maintained at either 35degreesC or 50degreesC. Degradation was characterized and followed by infrared thermography, wet adhesion, and microscopic and analytical chemical techniques. Unscribed panels exhibited only water-induced adhesion loss, most of which was recovered after drying. However, in addition to the water-induced adhesion loss, scribed panels exhibited two modes of failure: anodic blistering near the scribe mark and cathodic delamination around the anodic blisters. Anodic blistering was attributed to localized crevice corrosion under the coating followed by blistering via an osmotic pressure mechanism. Cathodic delamination was probably induced by the alkaline cathodic reaction products, and water-induced adhesion loss was due to the presence or a water layer at the coating/steel interface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nguyen, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 51 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 15 PU FEDERATION SOC COATINGS TECHNOLOGY PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422-2350 USA SN 1547-0091 J9 JCT RES JI JCT Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 1 IS 2 BP 81 EP 92 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 814DN UT WOS:000220955500002 ER PT J AU Lewis, D Pusztai, T Granasy, L Warren, J Boettinger, W AF Lewis, D Pusztai, T Granasy, L Warren, J Boettinger, W TI Phase-field models for eutectic solidification SO JOM LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; ALLOY; CRYSTALLIZATION; NUCLEATION; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS AB This article discusses two methods for modeling eutectic solidification using the phase-field approach. First, a multi-phase-field model is used to study the three-dimensional morphological evolution of binary eutectics. Performing the calculations in three dimensions allows observation of both lamellar and rod-like structures as well as transient phenomena such as lamellar fault motion, rod-branching, and nucleation or elimination of phases as solidification progresses. The second approach models multiple eutectic grains where the crystallizing phases have an orientation relationship. This approach is promising for modeling complex solidification microstructures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, Budapest, Hungary. RP Lewis, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lewis@research.ge.com RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 20 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD APR PY 2004 VL 56 IS 4 BP 34 EP 39 DI 10.1007/s11837-004-0070-1 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 810KW UT WOS:000220704200006 ER PT J AU Trevino, SF Mildner, DFR AF Trevino, SF Mildner, DFR TI Hot pressing of germanium monochromator crystals SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON MONOCHROMATOR AB The method and parameters for vacuum hot pressing of single-crystal germanium, suitable for a large-area double-focusing neutron monochromator, are presented. The square virgin crystals have a mosaic that is less than 0.01degrees and isotropic. After appropriate pressing at high temperature ( 1073 K at a pressure of 10.7 MPa) the mosaic becomes anisotropic, about 0.5degrees in one direction and 0.2degrees in the other. The distribution of the mosaic widths of the crystals in the two directions are given, together with their composite values. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Multifunct Mat Branch, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.mildner@nist.gov NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD APR PY 2004 VL 37 BP 339 EP 340 DI 10.1107/S0021889804001785 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 802YN UT WOS:000220198900024 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Uttal, T Hazen, DA AF Matrosov, SY Uttal, T Hazen, DA TI Evaluation of radar reflectivity-based estimates of water content in stratiform marine clouds SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID W-BAND RADAR; STRATUS CLOUD; LIQUID WATER; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; PARAMETERS; ALGORITHM; DRIZZLE AB The performance of radar reflectivity (Z(e))-based relations for retrievals of marine stratiform cloud liquid water content (LWC) is evaluated by comparing liquid water path (LWP) estimates from microwave radiometers with vertically integrated LWC values retrieved from radar measurements. Based on a measurement dataset from a research vessel in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, it is shown that reflectivity thresholding allows minimizing of the influence of drizzle drops present in marine stratiform clouds to the extent that LWP estimates from a ground-/shipborne radar can have uncertainties that might be acceptable for different applications. The accuracies of Z(e)-based retrievals depend on the thresholding level Z(et), and they are generally better than a factor of 2 for Z(et) less than or similar to -15 dBZ. These accuracies typically improve when Z(et) is lowered; however, the amount of cloud profiles that pass thresholding diminishes as Z(et) is decreased from about 50% for a -15-dbZ threshold to only about 10% for a -25-dBZ threshold. Different thresholding strategies are considered. Ancillary information on cloudbase heights can improve LWP estimates from reflectivities. The ship-based dataset was used to simulate measurements from prospective 94-GHz spaceborne cloud radar (CloudSat). CloudSat measurements would, on average, detect about 75% of warm marine stratiform clouds, though many clouds with negligible presence of drizzle will be missed. Because of sensitivity and resolution issues for the spaceborne radar, reflectivity-based estimates of LWP are generally biased toward high values and have higher uncertainties when compared with the ground-based radar, for the same Z(et). C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 43 IS 3 BP 405 EP 419 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0405:EORREO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CF UT WOS:000220478900001 ER PT J AU Fast, JD Darby, LS AF Fast, JD Darby, LS TI An evaluation of mesoscale model predictions of down-valley and canyon flows and their consequences using Doppler lidar measurements during VTMX 2000 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; FIELD CAMPAIGN; CLOSURE-MODEL; TURBULENCE; TERRAIN; RAMS AB A mesoscale model, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, and extensive Doppler lidar wind measurements during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) 2000 field campaign were used to examine converging flows over the Salt Lake valley in Utah and their effect on vertical mixing at night and during the morning transition period. The simulated wind components were transformed into radial velocities to make a direct comparison with about 1.3 million Doppler lidar data points and to evaluate critically the spatial variations in the simulated wind fields aloft. The mesoscale model captured reasonably well the general features of the observed circulations, including the daytime up-valley flow; the nighttime slope, canyon, and down-valley flows; and the convergence of the flows over the valley. When there were errors in the simulated wind fields, they were usually associated with the timing, structure, or strength of specific flows. The simulated flow reversal during the evening transition period produced ascending motions over much of the valley atmosphere in the absence of significant ambient winds. Valley-mean vertical velocities became nearly zero as down-valley flow developed, but vertical velocities between 5 and 15 cm s(-1) occurred where downslope, canyon, and down-valley flows converged, and vertical velocities greater than 50 cm s(-1) were produced by hydraulic jumps. A fraction of tracer released at the surface was transported up to the height of the surrounding mountains; however, higher concentrations were produced aloft for evenings characterized by well-developed drainage circulations. Simulations with and without vertical motions in the particle model produced large differences in the tracer concentrations at specific locations and times, but the amount of tracer moving out of the valley atmosphere differed by only 5% or less. Despite the stability, turbulence produced by vertical wind shears mixed particles several hundred meters above the surface stable layer for the particle model simulation without vertical motions. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Fast, JD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,K9-30, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM jerome.fast@pnl.gov RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643 NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 43 IS 3 BP 420 EP 436 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0420:AEOMMP>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CF UT WOS:000220478900002 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, I Yang, W Chang, KS Aronova, MA Venkatesan, T Vispute, RD Bendersky, LA AF Takeuchi, I Yang, W Chang, KS Aronova, MA Venkatesan, T Vispute, RD Bendersky, LA TI Monolithic multichannel ultraviolet detector arrays and continuous phase evolution in MgxZn1-xO composition spreads (vol 94, pg 7336, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Blue Wave Semicond, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Small Smart Syst Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Takeuchi, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM takeuchi@squid.umd.edu RI Venkatesan, Thirumalai/E-1667-2013 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 7 BP 3840 EP 3840 DI 10.1063/1.1688815 PG 1 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 805BV UT WOS:000220342700096 ER PT J AU Cao, CY Weinreb, M Xu, H AF Cao, CY Weinreb, M Xu, H TI Predicting simultaneous nadir overpasses among polar-orbiting meteorological satellites for the intersatellite calibration of radiometers SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHANNELS; MODIS AB A method for accurately predicting simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNOs) among different sun-synchronous polar-orbiting meteorological satellites is presented for intersatellite radiometer calibration. At each SNO, the radiometers on the two satellites view the earth and its atmosphere at nadir within a few seconds of each other, providing an ideal scenario for the intercalibration of radiometers. The basic mechanism and frequency of occurrences of such events are analyzed. Prediction using the Simplified General Perturbations No. 4 (SGP4), an orbital perturbation model, is presented, and examples of SNOs among the NOAA-16, NOAA-17, Terra, and Aqua satellites are provided. Intersatellite calibration using this approach has the potential for achieving the calibration consistency and traceability required for long-term climate studies. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. IM Syst Grp, Kensington, MD USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM changyong.cao@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Xu, Hui/F-5635-2010 OI Xu, Hui/0000-0002-0917-6526 NR 6 TC 117 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 4 BP 537 EP 542 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0537:PSNOAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809PL UT WOS:000220648500001 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY AF Matrosov, SY TI Depolarization estimates from linear H and V measurements with weather radars operating in simultaneous transmission-simultaneous receiving mode SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION; PRECIPITATION; PROPAGATION; RAINFALL; CLOUDS; SHAPES; PHASE AB Circular depolarization ratio (CDR) is a polarimetric parameter, which, unlike linear depolarization ratio (LDR), does not exhibit significant dependence on hydrometeor orientation and can be used for particle type identification and shape estimation if propagation effects are small. The measurement scheme with simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception (STSR) of horizontally and vertically polarized signals is widely used with research and operational radars. The STSR scheme does not provide direct measurements of depolarization. This study presents an estimator to obtain depolarization ratios from STSR complex voltages in radar receivers. This estimator provides true CDR if the phase shift on transmission, beta, is equal to +/-90degrees and the phase shift on reception, gamma, equals -beta. Even if these conditions are not satisfied, depolarization estimates are still possible if beta + gamma = 0degrees (though such estimates deviate slightly from true CDR varying between CDR and slant-45degreesLDR). The sum beta + gamma represents the initial differential phase shift offset and can be accounted for. The use of this depolarization estimator is illustrated with the data from the NOAA X-band radar. The measurements in ice clouds demonstrate the utility of near-CDR estimates to identify dendritic crystals and their gradual aggregation within the cloud. Illustrations are also given for near-CDR estimates in rain. An important advantage of depolarization estimates in the STSR mode is that these estimates are obtained from two "strong'' channel returns. This greatly relaxes the radar sensitivity requirements compared to radar systems that utilize direct depolarization measurements as the power ratio of radar echoes measured in "strong'' and "weak'' receiving channels that represent two orthogonal polarizations. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-E-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Sergey.Matrosov@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 4 BP 574 EP 583 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0574:DEFLHA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809PL UT WOS:000220648500004 ER PT J AU Shupe, MD Kollias, P Matrosov, SY Schneider, TL AF Shupe, MD Kollias, P Matrosov, SY Schneider, TL TI Deriving mixed-phase cloud properties from Doppler radar spectra SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICE WATER-CONTENT; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; STRATUS CLOUD; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVALS; MICROPHYSICS; SIMULATIONS; RADIOMETER; SURFACE; LEVEL AB In certain circumstances, millimeter-wavelength Doppler radar velocity spectra can be used to estimate the microphysical composition of both phases of mixed-phase clouds. This distinction is possible when the cloud properties are such that they produce a bimodal Doppler velocity spectrum. Under these conditions, the Doppler spectrum moments of the distinct liquid and ice spectral modes may be computed independently and used to quantitatively derive properties of the liquid droplet and ice particle size distributions. Additionally, the cloud liquid spectral mode, which is a tracer for clear-air motions, can be used to estimate the vertical air motion and to correct estimates of ice particle fall speeds. A mixed-phase cloud case study from the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cloud Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) is used to illustrate this new retrieval approach. The case of interest occurred on 29 July 2002 when a supercooled liquid cloud layer based at 5 km AGL and precipitating ice crystals advected over a ground measurement site. Ground-based measurements from both 35- and 94-GHz radars revealed clear bimodal Doppler velocity spectra within this cloud layer. Profiles of radar reflectivity were computed independently from the liquid and ice spectral modes of the velocity spectra. Empirical reflectivity-based relationships were then used to derive profiles of both liquid and ice microphysical parameters, such as water content and particle size. Although the ice crystals extended down to a height of 4 km, the radar measurements were able to distinguish the base of the cloud liquid at 5 km, in good agreement with cloud-base measurements from a collocated micropulse lidar. Furthermore, radar-derived cloud liquid water paths were in good agreement with liquid water paths derived from a collocated microwave radiometer. Results presented here demonstrate the ability of the radar to both identify and quantify the presence of both phases in some mixed-phase clouds. They also demonstrate that, in terms of radar reflectivity, the ice component of mixed-phase clouds typically dominates the radar signal, while in terms of mean Doppler velocity, the liquid component can make a significant contribution. The high temporal resolution, 94-GHz Doppler radar observations were able to reveal a periodic cloud-top updraft that, combined with horizontal wind speeds, suggests a horizontal scale for the in-cloud circulations. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shupe, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Matthew.Shupe@noaa.gov RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 39 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 4 BP 660 EP 670 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0660:DMCPFD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809PL UT WOS:000220648500011 ER PT J AU Free, M Bister, M Emanuel, K AF Free, M Bister, M Emanuel, K TI Potential intensity of tropical cyclones: Comparison of results from radiosonde and reanalysis data SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; TRENDS AB Long-term changes in the intensity of tropical cyclones are of considerable interest because of concern that greenhouse warming may increase storm damage. The potential intensity (PI) of tropical cyclones can be calculated from thermodynamic principles, given the state of the sea surface and atmosphere, and has been shown in earlier studies to give a reasonable estimate of maximum intensity for observed storms. The PI calculated using radiosonde data at 14 tropical island locations shows only small, statistically insignificant trends from 1980 to 1995 and from 1975 to 1995. In the mid-1990s PI at most of these stations does not show the strong increase that appears in global and regional PI calculated from reanalysis data. Comparison with results derived from reanalysis data suggests that previous adjustments to the reanalysis-derived PI may overstate PI after 1980 in some regions in comparison with that before 1980. Both reanalysis and radiosonde PI show similar interannual variability in most regions, much of which appears to be related to ENSO and other changes in SST. Between 1975 and 1980, however, while SSTs rose, PI decreased, illustrating the hazards of predicting changes in hurricane intensity from projected SST changes alone. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Free, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SSMC3, Room 3151,1315 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM melissa.free@hoaa.gov NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1722 EP 1727 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1722:PIOTCC>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 811WQ UT WOS:000220802400009 ER PT J AU Barrero, A Lopez-Herrera, JM Boucard, A Loscertales, IG Marquez, M AF Barrero, A Lopez-Herrera, JM Boucard, A Loscertales, IG Marquez, M TI Steady cone-jet electrosprays in liquid insulator baths SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNIVERSAL SCALING LAWS; VISCOUS-LIQUIDS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MU-M; CHARGE; MODE; GENERATION; DROPLETS; DIAMETER; SIZE AB This study shows that conducting liquids can be electrosprayed in steady cone-jet mode inside liquid insulator baths. Experimental results show that the current emitted from the meniscus fits well the scaling laws given in the literature for electrosprays in air at atmospheric pressure or vacuum. The technique may be of interest in obtaining fine liquid-liquid emulsions of uniformly sized droplets in the nanometric range. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sevilla, Escuela Super Ingn, Seville 41092, Spain. YFLOW SL, Seville 41018, Spain. Univ Malaga, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind, Malaga 29013, Spain. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kraft Foods R&D, Nanotechnol Lab, Glenview, IL 60025 USA. RP Barrero, A (reprint author), Univ Sevilla, Escuela Super Ingn, Camino Descubrimientos S-N, Seville 41092, Spain. EM barrero@eurus2.us.es OI Lopez-Herrera, Jose/0000-0002-3063-8676 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 272 IS 1 BP 104 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.10.035 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 800PO UT WOS:000220040400013 PM 14985028 ER PT J AU Estragnat, E Tang, G Liang, H Jahanmir, S Pei, P Martin, JM AF Estragnat, E Tang, G Liang, H Jahanmir, S Pei, P Martin, JM TI Experimental investigation on mechanisms of silicon chemical mechanical polishing SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE silicon CMP; tribology; surface analysis ID COPPER; WEAR; FRICTION; REMOVAL; CUCMP AB In this research, we conducted a series of experiments to investigate the mechanisms of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon. Experimental approaches include tribological tests of frictional and lubricating behavior, chemical analysis, and surface characterization. Specifically, the effects of pH in slurry, surface roughness of wafers, and nano-particle size on removal rate were studied. A transmission electron microscope (TEM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and x-ray characterization tools were used to study the change of surface structure and chemistry. Experimental results indicate that the removal rate and planarization are dominated by the surface chemistry. C1 Ecole Cent Lyon, F-69130 Ecully, France. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Mech Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. MiTiHeart Corp, Mohawk Innovat Technol Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Estragnat, E (reprint author), Ecole Cent Lyon, F-69130 Ecully, France. EM ffhl@uaf.edu NR 30 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 4 BP 334 EP 339 DI 10.1007/s11664-004-0140-8 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 811ZV UT WOS:000220810700011 ER PT J AU Stark, JW AF Stark, JW TI A comparison of the maturation and growth of female flathead sole in the central Gulf of Alaska and south-eastern Bering Sea SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age-and length-at-maturity; growth; spawning ID OOCYTE GROWTH; KODIAK ISLAND; TELEOSTS; MATURITY AB Female flathead sole Hippoglossoides elassodon maturity appears not to be area dependent since the total length (LT) at which 50% were mature (L-T50) was similar for the central Gulf of Alaska (333 mm) and south-eastern Bering Sea (320 mm) areas. Likewise the age at which 50% were mature (A(50)) was similar in the south-eastern Bering Sea (9-7 years) and central Gulf of Alaska (8-7 years). The timing of female flathead sole spawning may also be similar between areas. Batch or serial spawning was indicated for flathead sole. Female flathead sole grew at a similar rate in both the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. In contrast, males grew faster in the Bering Sea than in the Gulf of Alaska. Males grew more slowly than females in both areas after 5 years of age, and reached a smaller maximum LT. The growth of both sexes was similar during 1993 and 1996 in the Gulf of Alaska. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stark, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jim.stark@noaa.gov RI Stark, James/E-1868-2012 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 64 IS 4 BP 876 EP 889 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00356.x PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812ZW UT WOS:000220878400006 ER PT J AU Peck, MA Buckley, LJ Bengtson, DA AF Peck, MA Buckley, LJ Bengtson, DA TI Inter-individual differences in rates of routine energy loss and growth in young-of-the-year juvenile Atlantic cod SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth rate; juvenile cod; routine energy loss ID NORWEGIAN COASTAL COD; GADUS-MORHUA; INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; CLASS STRENGTH; RAINBOW-TROUT; SIZE; CONSUMPTION; GENOTYPE; LARVAL AB Inter-individual differences in rates of routine (non-feeding) metabolism and growth were evaluated in young-of-the-year (YOY) juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Rates of O-2 consumption, CO2 production and ammonia (TAN) excretion were measured in 64, 25-43mm standard length (L-S) YOY growing at different rates (0.27-0.47 mm day(-1)) in a common rearing tank. Parameter rates (y) increased allometrically (y=a.M-b) with increasing body mass (M) with b-values for O-2 production, CO2 consumption and TAN excretion equal to 0.81 0.89 and 0.56, respectively. In some cases, residuals from these regressions were significantly negatively correlated to fish growth rate. In no cases did residuals of parameter rates increase with increasing growth rate. These data suggest that, during unfed periods, relatively fast-growing fish were more metabolically efficient than slower-growing fish from the same cohort. The fish condition factor, derived from M . L-S(-2.89), also significantly decreased with increasing growth rate. Results indicated differences in both the rates of routine energy loss and the patterns of growth allocation among YOY Atlantic cod. Since these physiological attributes were positively correlated with growth rate, they may be indicative of 'survivors' in field populations. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, URI, NOAA CMER Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Fisheries Anim & Vet Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Peck, MA (reprint author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fisheries Res, Olbersweg 240, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. EM myron.peck@uni-hamburg.de RI Peck, Myron/H-6164-2011 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 64 IS 4 BP 984 EP 995 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00366.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812ZW UT WOS:000220878400015 ER PT J AU Piner, KR Wischniowski, SG AF Piner, KR Wischniowski, SG TI Pacific halibut chronology of bomb radiocarbon in otoliths from 1944 to 1981 and a validation of ageing methods SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pacific halibuts; radiocarbon; validation ID AGE VALIDATION; CHRONOMETER AB Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis of known age were used to create a reference chronology of radiocarbon levels for the years 1944-1981. Levels of radiocarbon in Pacific halibut otoliths pre-1958 were among the lowest reported to date, but radiocarbon levels increased dramatically post-1960. Subsequently, this reference chronology was used to validate ages determined using the standard break and burn and surface ageing technique. These older fish were collected at a later date but were born during this period of rapidly increasing radiocarbon levels. Otolith cores were compared to the reference chronology based upon the presumed birth year determined from annulus counts and year of capture. The ages derived from both break and burn and surface ageing methods were determined to be accurate. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Int Pacific Halibut Commiss, Seattle, WA 98145 USA. RP Piner, KR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kevin.piner@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1060 EP 1071 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00371.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812ZW UT WOS:000220878400020 ER PT J AU Wuenschel, MJ Werner, RG Hoss, DE AF Wuenschel, MJ Werner, RG Hoss, DE TI Effect of body size, temperature, and salinity on the routine metabolism of larval and juvenile spotted seatrout SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allometry; energetics; metabolic scaling; routine metabolism ID EVERGLADES-NATIONAL-PARK; CYNOSCION-NEBULOSUS; SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; FLORIDA BAY; FISH LARVAE; RED DRUM; GROWTH; ENERGETICS; OSMOREGULATION; ABUNDANCE AB Routine oxygen consumption rates of young spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosity (Sciaenidae) were measured over a range of temperatures (24, 28, 30 and 32 degreesC) and salinities (5, 10, 20, 35 and 45). Larvae and juveniles, 4(.)1-39(.)5mm standard length (L-S) ranging several orders of magnitude in dry body mass were used to estimate the mass-metabolism relationship. Oxygen consumption (mul O-2 larva(-1) h(-1)) scaled isometrically with body mass for larvae <5-8 mm L-S (phase I, slope = 1(.)04) and allometrically thereafter (phase II, slope = 0(.)78). The inflection in the mass-metabolism relationship coincided with the formation of the hypural plate and an increase in the relative tail size of larvae. Salinity did not have a significant effect on routine metabolism during phase I. Temperature and salinity significantly affected routine metabolism during phase II of the mass-metabolisin relationship. The effect of salinity was temperature dependent, and was significant only at 30degreesC. Response surfaces describing the environmental influences on routine metabolism were developed to provide a bioenergetic basis for modelling environmental constraints on growth. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Wuenschel, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.wuenschel@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 64 IS 4 BP 1088 EP 1102 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00374.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812ZW UT WOS:000220878400022 ER PT J AU Fitzsimmons, MR Bader, SD Borchers, JA Felcher, GP Furdyna, JK Hoffmann, A Kortright, JB Schuller, IK Schulthess, TC Sinha, SK Toney, MF Weller, D Wolf, S AF Fitzsimmons, MR Bader, SD Borchers, JA Felcher, GP Furdyna, JK Hoffmann, A Kortright, JB Schuller, IK Schulthess, TC Sinha, SK Toney, MF Weller, D Wolf, S TI Neutron scattering studies of nanomagnetism and artificially structured materials SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Review ID III-V SEMICONDUCTORS; ANTIFERROMAGNETICALLY COUPLED MULTILAYERS; MAGNETIZATION DENSITY DISTRIBUTION; DOUBLE-SUPERLATTICE STRUCTURES; COFE2O4 COLLOIDAL PARTICLE; SUPERCONDUCTING THIN-FILM; BAR-MNTE SUPERLATTICES; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; BCC FE FILMS; POLARIZED-NEUTRON AB Nanostructured magnetic materials are intensively investigated due to their unusual properties and promise for possible applications. The key issue for these materials is to understand the limits between their physical properties (transport, magnetism, mechanical, etc.) and their chemical-physical structure. In principle, a detailed knowledge of the chemical and physical structures allows calculation of their physical properties. Theoretical and computational methods are rapidly evolving so that magnetic properties of nanostructured materials might soon be predicted. Success in this endeavor requires detailed quantitative understanding of magnetic structure at the microscopic level. Neutron scattering is a well-developed technique that can determine magnetic structure at the atomic length scale in samples of ever diminishing size. This has opened up the use of neutron scattering to nanostructured materials prepared by thin film and lithographic techniques. Many interesting and unexpected results have emerged from the application of elastic neutron scattering to nanostructured magnetic thin films such as superlattices and multilayers. These include, distinguishing between magnetic and chemical boundaries, observing the spatial dependence of the magnetization vector in nonuniform materials, unusual coupling mechanisms across nonmagnetic materials, unexpected magnetic phase diagrams, etc. Extension of elastic neutron scattering to nanostructured arrays and three-dimensional magnetic composites will allow future determination of magnetic structure with unprecedented resolution. In this review, we discuss the impact of neutron scattering to the study of magnetic nanostructures, i.e., magnetic materials that are artificially structured at nanometer length scales, such as magnetic thin films, multilayers and nanodot arrays. The basic interactions and different length scales relevant to these systems as well as the basic issues and phenomena of interest are briefly reviewed. We discuss examples where the techniques of magnetic neutron diffraction, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, grazing incidence diffraction and diffuse scattering have helped to elucidate some of these phenomena. We also discuss potentially fruitful future applications of such techniques to the field of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we argue that the development of inelastic neutron scattering techniques useful for the study of small volumes of material would raise neutron scattering to a much higher level of applicability for nanostructured magnetic materials. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Seagate Technol, Pittsburgh, PA 15203 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM fitz@lanl.gov RI Wolf, Stuart/A-7513-2009; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Bader, Samuel/A-2995-2013; Hoffmann, Axel/A-8152-2009 OI Hoffmann, Axel/0000-0002-1808-2767 NR 320 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 4 U2 67 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 EI 1873-4766 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD APR PY 2004 VL 271 IS 1 BP 103 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.09.046 PG 44 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 804ZZ UT WOS:000220337900012 ER PT J AU Trujillo, RG Loughlin, TR Gemmell, NJ Patton, JC Bickham, JW AF Trujillo, RG Loughlin, TR Gemmell, NJ Patton, JC Bickham, JW TI Variation in microsatellites and mtDNA across the range of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias Jubatus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE geographic variation; micro satellites; mitochondrial DNA; Steller sea lion ID BIASED GENE FLOW; PHOCA-VITULINA; POPULATION DECLINE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; DIFFERENTIATION; ALASKA; LOCI; CONSERVATION; VARIABILITY; SEQUENCES AB Genetic variation at 6 nuclear microsatellite loci with biparental inheritance and the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied at 3 geographic scales (rookeries, regions, and stocks) in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Genetic variation was high in both nuclear and mtDNA markers as revealed by a near range-wide survey of 21 rookeries. However, population structure was not well defined, and there was no obvious phylogeographic pattern to the distribution of microsatellite alleles. This contrasts with a clear phylogeographic pattern revealed by control-region sequences of mtDNA in which 2 well-differentiated stocks, eastern and western, are defined as well as 2 distinct groups, Asian and central, in the western stock. Effective migration estimates are consistently higher for the nuclear loci than for mtDNA. The difference in patterns between the biparentally and maternally inherited genetic markers can be explained by relatively high male dispersal rates and female philopatry, or else there has been insufficient time since populations have been isolated for the nuclear loci to have diverged. It is recommended that the presently accepted stock structure be retained for management purposes and that further studies be carried out to test the male dispersal hypothesis. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Canterbury, Dept Zool, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. RP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM j-bickham@tamu.edu RI Gemmell, Neil/C-6774-2009 OI Gemmell, Neil/0000-0003-0671-3637 NR 34 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 2 BP 338 EP 346 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0338:VIMAMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 813CG UT WOS:000220884600020 ER PT J AU Escorza-Trevino, S Pastene, LA Dizon, AE AF Escorza-Trevino, S Pastene, LA Dizon, AE TI Molecular analyses of the Truei and Dalli morphotypes of Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Dall's porpoise; phylogeny; population differentiation; subspecies ID ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; STATISTICAL POWER; F-STATISTICS; EVOLUTION; MICROSATELLITES; TREES AB The taxonomic status of the 2 morphologically distinct forms of Dall's porpoises, Phocoenoides dalli (dalli- and truei-type) remains unresolved. To address this uncertainty, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships between the 2 types and, in conjunction with microsatellite markers, to test Genetic differentiation between truei- and dalli-type populations. Twenty-three truei-type and 113 dalli-type specimens were sequenced for 379 base pairs of the mtDNA control region and genotyped for 6 microsatellite loci. Twelve haplotypes were shared between truei- and dalli-types. A neighbor-joining tree of mtDNA haplotypes showed 2 distinctive clades, each containing individuals from both types. This suggests that truer and dalli-types are forms of the same species. However, at the population level, statistically significant genetic differentiation was found between truei-type and sympatric dalli-type populations. These results argue that differentiation between truei- and dalli-types is at the population level, much in the same way that dalli-type populations differ among each other. C1 Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Inst Cetacean Res, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040055, Japan. RP Escorza-Trevino, S (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, 5151 State Univ Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. EM sescorza@ucsd.edu NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 5 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 2 BP 347 EP 355 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0347:MAOTTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 813CG UT WOS:000220884600021 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE Bennett, MH AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE Bennett, MH TI Photomask dimensional metrology in the scanning electron microscope, part I: Has anything really changed SO JOURNAL OF MICROLITHOGRAPHY MICROFABRICATION AND MICROSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE metrology; scanning electron microscope; charging; critical dimension; photomask; traceability; accuracy ID INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY; LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL MICROSCOPE; MASK METROLOGY; SEM; IMAGE; SCATTERING; STANDARD AB Photomask dimensional metrology in the scanning electron microscope has not evolved as rapidly as the metrology of resists and integrated circuit features on wafers. This has been due partly to the 4x (or 5x) reduction in optical steppers and scanners used in the lithography process, and partly for the lesser need to account for the real three dimensionality of the mask structures. So, where photomasks are concerned, many of the issues challenging wafer dimensional metrology at 1x are reduced by a factor of 4 or 5 and thus could be temporarily swept aside. This is rapidly changing with the introduction of advanced masks with optical proximity correction and phase shifting features used in 100 nm and smaller circuit generations. Fortunately, photomask metrology generally benefits from the advances made for wafer metrology, but there are still unique issues to be solved in this form of dimensional metrology. It is likely that no single metrology method or tool will ever provide all necessary answers. As with other types of metrology, resolution, sensitivity and linearity in three-dimensional measurements of the shape of the lines and phase shifting features in general (width, height and wall angles) and departure from the desired shape (surface and edge roughness, etc.) are the key parameters. Different methods and tools differ in their capability to collect average and localized signals at acceptable speed, but in any case, application of thorough knowledge of the physics of the given metrology is essential to extract the information needed. This paper will discuss the precision, accuracy and traceability in SEM metrology of photomasks. Current and possible new techniques utilized in the measurements of photomasks including suppression of charge and highly accurate modeling for electron beam metrology will also be explored to answer the question, Has anything really changed? (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Texas Instruments Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1537-1646 J9 J MICROLITH MICROFAB JI J. Microlithogr. Microfabr. Microsyst. PD APR PY 2004 VL 3 IS 2 BP 212 EP 223 DI 10.1117/1.1668271 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA 826GU UT WOS:000221818100004 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE Bennett, MH Rice, T Knowles, R AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE Bennett, MH Rice, T Knowles, R TI Photomask dimensional metrology in the scanning electron microscope, part II: High-pressure/environmental scanning electron microscope SO JOURNAL OF MICROLITHOGRAPHY MICROFABRICATION AND MICROSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE critical dimension; high pressure; variable pressure; photomask; environmental rnicroscopy; metrology; scanning electron microscopy ID SEM; GAS AB Binary and phase-shifting chromium on quartz optical photomasks have been successfully investigated with high-pressure/ environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The successful application of this methodology to semiconductor photomask metrology is new because of the recent availability of high-pressure SEM instrumentation equipped with high-resolution, high-signal, field emission technology in conjunction with large chamber and sample transfer capabilities. The high-pressure SEM methodology employs a gaseous environment to help diminish the charge buildup that occurs under irradiation with the electron beam. Although very desirable for charge reduction, this methodology has not been employed in production photomask or wafer metrology until now. This is a new application of this technology to this area, and it shows great promise in the inspection, imaging and metrology of photomasks in a charge-free operational mode. This methodology also holds the potential of similar implications for wafer metrology. For accurate metrology, high-pressure SEM methodology also affords a path that minimizes, if not eliminates, the need for charge modeling. This paper presents some new results in high-pressure SEM metrology of photomasks. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Texas Instruments Inc, Austin, TX 78741 USA. FEI Co, Peabody, MA 01960 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1537-1646 J9 J MICROLITH MICROFAB JI J. Microlithogr. Microfabr. Microsyst. PD APR PY 2004 VL 3 IS 2 BP 224 EP 231 DI 10.1117/1.1668272 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA 826GU UT WOS:000221818100005 ER PT J AU Suenram, RD DaBell, RS Walker, ARH Lavrich, RJ Plusquellic, DF Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM Cash, L Jensen, JO Samuels, AC AF Suenram, RD DaBell, RS Walker, ARH Lavrich, RJ Plusquellic, DF Ellzy, MW Lochner, JM Cash, L Jensen, JO Samuels, AC TI Rotational spectra of the diastereorners of Soman SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE nerve agent; Soman; GD; rotational spectrum; Fourier transform; molecular beam; chemical agent ID TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROMETER; CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERS; MOLECULAR-BEAM; SPECTROSCOPY; CONFORMERS AB The pure rotational spectrum of the nerve agent Soman has been recorded using a pulsed-molecular-beam Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The spectrum consists of transitions from two different isomers. The two distinguishable isomers are likely the [SS] (or [RR]) and the [RS] (or [SR]) diastereomers that result from the two chiral centers in the molecule. The rotational constants determined for the A internal rotor states of the [SS, RR] and [RS, SR] isomers are A = 1645.39765(9) MHz, B = 591.97752(3) MHz, and C = 547.58168(3) MHz, and A = 1635.0580(l), B = 600.14889(6), and C = 556.45840(6) MHz, respectively, where type A, k = 1 or 1sigma standard uncertainties are given. Structural assignments of the diastereomers were made based on comparisons of the calculated electric dipole moments at the MP2/6-311G level of theory with the observed selection rules. Many of the rotational transitions are split into doublets and correspond to the A- and E-state transitions arising from internal rotation of the methyl top attached to the phosphorus atom. These splittings have been used to obtain the V-3 barriers of the methyl groups for both diastereomers. This work is part of an ongoing project aimed at generating a spectral database of chemical agents and related families of compounds. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Battelle Eastern Sci & Technol Ctr, Nanjing 210014, Peoples R China. Edgewood Area, Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Suenram, RD (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM suenram@aol.com RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 224 IS 2 BP 176 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2004.01.012 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 807MZ UT WOS:000220506900010 ER PT J AU Boccaletti, G Pacanowski, RC Philander, SGH Fedorov, AV AF Boccaletti, G Pacanowski, RC Philander, SGH Fedorov, AV TI The thermal structure of the upper ocean SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; VENTILATED THERMOCLINE; DIAPYCNAL DIFFUSION; STRATIFICATION; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; SURFACE; WIND AB The salient feature of the oceanic thermal structure is a remarkably shallow thermocline, especially in the Tropics and subtropics. What factors determine its depth? Theories for the deep thermohaline circulation provide an answer that depends on oceanic diffusivity, but they deny the surface winds an explicit role. Theories for the shallow ventilated thermocline take into account the influence of the wind explicitly, but only if the thermal structure in the absence of any winds, the thermal structure along the eastern boundary, is given. To complete and marry the existing theories for the oceanic thermal structure, this paper invokes the constraint of a balanced heat budget for the ocean. The oceanic heat gain occurs primarily in the upwelling zones of the Tropics and subtropics and depends strongly on oceanic conditions, specifically the depth of the thermocline. The heat gain is large when the thermocline is shallow but is small when the thermocline is deep. The constraint of a balanced heat budget therefore implies that an increase in heat loss in high latitudes can result in a shoaling of the tropical thermocline; a decrease in heat loss can cause a deepening of the thermocline. Calculations with an idealized general circulation model of the ocean confirm these inferences. Arguments based on a balanced heat budget yield an expression for the depth of the thermocline in terms of parameters such as the imposed surface winds, the surface temperature gradient, and the oceanic diffusivity. These arguments in effect bridge the theories for the ventilated thermocline and the thermohaline circulation so that previous scaling arguments are recovered as special cases of a general result. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Boccaletti, G (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave,54-1423, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM gbocca@mit.edu RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010 NR 31 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2004 VL 34 IS 4 BP 888 EP 902 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0888:TTSOTU>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 815VP UT WOS:000221070100012 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG Munk, JE Cummiskey, PA AF Stevens, BG Munk, JE Cummiskey, PA TI Utilization of log-piling structures as artificial habitats for red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE king crab; habitat; ecology; settlement; artificial reefs; Paralithodes ID ATTRACTION-PRODUCTION ISSUE; CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER; PANULIRUS-ARGUS; REEF RESEARCH; DELAWARE BAY; ENHANCEMENT; TILESIUS; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; SETTLEMENT AB Artificial habitats or reefs have been used to mitigate for alteration of marine habitats and increase populations of desirable marine species. In Kodiak, Alaska, breakwater construction covered 3.5 ha of sedimentary habitat potentially usable by commercially valuable red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Juvenile king crab are common occupants of wooden dock pilings. suggesting that pilings Could be used to mitigate for loss of natural habitat. To test this hypothesis, six log-piling structures were Constructed from untreated spruce and placed in pairs at three different locations in ocean bays near Kodiak. Divers conducted a yearlong study of king crab recruitment by making quarterly counts of crab on the structures and adjacent seafloor areas. Abundance of juvenile (9-21 month-old) king crab increased steadily front June 1997 through March 1998 as crab recruited to the structures. then declined in June 1998. Crab abundance was significantly higher on piling structures than on the adjacent substratum. Site, season. and their interaction had significant effects on abundance. Why juvenile king crab are attracted to pilings is unknown. Pilings are not structurally complex habitats, but provide hard surfaces for fouling organisms such as hydroids, which are preferred habitat for juvenile crab. Additionally. pilings do not persist in the environment. and may not be the best structure for habitat enhancement. For these reasons, and because there is no evidence that red king crab are habitat-limited in our study area, we do not recommend the use of pilings as artificial habitats for red king crab. C1 Kodiak Fishery Res Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AR USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Kodiak Fishery Res Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Ct, Kodiak, AR USA. EM bradley.g.stevens@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 8 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 820QH UT WOS:000221403900031 ER PT J AU Nieukirk, SL Stafford, KM Mellinger, DK Dziak, RP Fox, CG AF Nieukirk, SL Stafford, KM Mellinger, DK Dziak, RP Fox, CG TI Low-frequency whale and seismic airgun sounds recorded in the mid-Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SINGING HUMPBACK WHALES; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; BALAENOPTERA-PHYSALUS; NORTH PACIFIC; FIN WHALES; BLUE WHALE; ACOUSTIC DETECTIONS; SONGS; VOCALIZATIONS; CALIFORNIA AB Beginning in February 1999, an array of six autonomous hydrophones was moored near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (35 degreesN-15 degreesN, 50 degreesW-33 degreesW). Two years of data were reviewed for whale vocalizations by visually examining spectrograms. Four distinct sounds were detected that are believed to be of biological origin: (1) a two-part low-frequency moan at roughly 18 Hz lasting 25 s which has previously been attributed to blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus); (2) series of short pulses approximately 18 s apart centered at 22 Hz, which are likely produced by fin whales (B. physalus); (3) series of short, pulsive sounds at 30 Hz and above and approximately I s apart that resemble sounds attributed to minke whales (B. acutorostrata); and (4) downswept, pulsive sounds above 30 Hz that are likely from baleen whales. Vocalizations were detected most often in the winter, and blue- and fin whale sounds were detected most often on the northern hydrophones. Sounds from seismic airguns were recorded frequently, particularly during summer, from locations over 3000 km from this array. Whales were detected by these hydrophones despite its location in a very remote part of the Atlantic Ocean that has traditionally been difficult to survey. (C) 2004 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Dept Commerce, NGDC, EGC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nieukirk, SL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 85 TC 50 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 26 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 2004 VL 115 IS 4 BP 1832 EP 1843 DI 10.1121/1.1675816 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 809ZR UT WOS:000220675100048 PM 15101661 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Sano, T Rohrer, GS AF Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Sano, T Rohrer, GS TI Distribution of grain boundaries in SrTiO3 as a function of five macroscopic parameters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY ANISOTROPY; MAGNESIA; DEPENDENCE; EVOLUTION; GOLD AB Measurements of the grain boundary population as a function of misorientation and boundary plane orientation show that the distribution is inversely correlated to the sum of the energies of the surfaces comprising each boundary. The observed correlation suggests that the difference between the energy of a high-angle grain boundary and the two component surfaces is relatively constant as a function of misorientation. Two exceptions to this correlation were identified: low-misorientation-angle boundaries and the coherent twin boundary, where the (111) planes in the adjoining crystals are parallel to each other, but rotated by 60degrees around the [111] axis. In these cases, the high degree of coincidence across this interface probably lowers the boundary energy with respect to that of the component surfaces. For all other boundaries, the anisotropy of the population is accurately predicted by the surface energy anisotropy, and in general, boundaries display a preference for 11001 orientations, the planes of minimum surface energy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 17 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 87 IS 4 BP 670 EP 676 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00670.x PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 814NP UT WOS:000220981700023 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Pang, Y Miller, HM Wynblatt, P Rollett, AD Rohrer, GS AF Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Pang, Y Miller, HM Wynblatt, P Rollett, AD Rohrer, GS TI Habits of grains in dense polycrystalline solids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID 5 MACROSCOPIC PARAMETERS; SURFACE-ENERGY; BOUNDARIES; SRTIO3; SIMULATION; MAGNESIA; GROWTH; SPINEL AB We show here that the boundaries of individual grains in dense polycrystals prefer certain crystallographic habit planes, almost as if they were independent of the neighboring crystals. In MgO, SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, TiO2, and aluminum, the specific habit planes within the polycrystal correspond to the same planes that dominate the external growth forms and equilibrium shapes of isolated crystals of the same phase. The observations decrease the apparent complexity of interfacial networks and suggest that the mechanisms of solid-state grain growth may be analogous to conventional crystal growth. The results also indicate that a model for grain-boundary energy and structure based on grain surface relationships is more appropriate than the widely accepted models based on lattice orientation relationships. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Rollett, Anthony/A-4096-2012; Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rollett, Anthony/0000-0003-4445-2191; Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 23 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 87 IS 4 BP 724 EP 726 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00724.x PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 814NP UT WOS:000220981700035 ER PT J AU Cash, BA Kushner, PJ Vallis, GK AF Cash, BA Kushner, PJ Vallis, GK TI Comments on "The structure and composition of the annular modes in an aquaplanet general circulation model'' - Reply SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID OSCILLATION C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Cash, BA (reprint author), COLA, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. EM bcash@cola.iges.org RI Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 8 BP 954 EP 956 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0954:R>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 811WR UT WOS:000220802500009 ER PT J AU Chen, LS Cheng, WY Ye, J AF Chen, LS Cheng, WY Ye, J TI Hyperfine interactions and perturbation effects in the B0(u)(+)((3)Pi(u)) state of I-127(2) SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; I-2 B-STATE; U-G PERTURBATIONS; MAGNETIC PREDISSOCIATION; NATURAL HYPERFINE; DISSOCIATION LIMIT; DIODE-LASER; 532 NM; IODINE; SPECTROSCOPY AB We report new measurements of the hyperfine spectra of B <-- X transitions in the wavelength range 500-517 nm. Four effective hyperfine parameters, eqQ(B), C-B, d(B), and delta(B), are determined for an extensive number of rovibrational. levels spanning the intermediate region 42 less than or equal to upsilon' less than or equal to 70 in the electronically excited B0(u)(+)((3)Pi(u)) state. Second-order perturbation accounts for most of the observed rovibrational dependence of the hyperfine interactions. In addition, it was found that, near vibrational levels upsilon' = 57-60, the 1(g)((1)Pi(g)) electronic state strongly perturbs the B state through rotational coincidence, leading to effects such as abnormal variations in the hyperfine parameters and strong u-g. mixing recorded for the transition P(84) 60-0. Various perturbation effects in the B state identified so far are summarized. Also, the radial dependence of the hyperfine interactions was examined by removal of the vibrational average in the hyperfine parameters. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cheng, WY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 44 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD APR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 4 BP 820 EP 832 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.21.000820 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 810AD UT WOS:000220676300016 ER PT J AU Luke, K Horrocks, JA LeRoux, RA Dutton, PH AF Luke, K Horrocks, JA LeRoux, RA Dutton, PH TI Origins of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) feeding aggregations around Barbados, West Indies SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-MARKERS; SEQUENCES; COAST AB Although green turtles (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus) do not nest in Barbados, the easternmost island in the Caribbean archipelago, juveniles are regularly seen foraging in nearshore waters. To examine the stock composition of this foraging population, mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences were analysed from 60 juvenile (31-70 cm curved carapace length) green turtles and compared with data published for key nesting populations in the Atlantic, as well as other feeding grounds (FGs) in the Caribbean. Eight distinct haplotypes were recognised among the 60 individual green turtles sampled around Barbados. Three of the haplotypes found have only previously been reported from western Caribbean nesting beaches, and two only from South Atlantic beaches. The nesting beach origin of one of the Barbados FG haplotypes is as yet unidentified. Stock mixture analysis based on Bayesian methods showed that the Barbados FG population is a genetically mixed stock consisting of approximately equal contributions from nesting beaches in Ascension Island (25.0%), Aves Island/Surinam (23.0%), Costa Rica (19.0%), and Florida (18.5%), with a lesser but significant contribution from Mexico (10.3%). Linear regression analysis indicated no significant effects of rookery population size or distance of the rookery from the FG on estimated contributions from the source rookeries to the Barbados FG. Our data suggest that the similar-sized green turtles sampled on the Barbados FG are a mixed stock of more diverse origins than any previously sampled feeding aggregations in the Caribbean region. The relatively large contribution from the Ascension Island rookery to the Barbados FG indicates that hatchlings from distant rookeries outside the Caribbean basin enter the North Atlantic gyre and become a significant part of the pool from which eastern Caribbean foraging populations are derived. These data support a life cycle model that incorporates a tendency of immatures to migrate from their initial foraging grounds at settlement towards suitable foraging grounds closer to their natal rookeries as they mature. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ W Indies, Dept Biol & Chem Sci, St Michael, Barbados. RP Dutton, PH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Peter.Dutton@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 144 IS 4 BP 799 EP 805 DI 10.1007/s00227-003-1241-2 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 808HQ UT WOS:000220560600018 ER PT J AU Archer, FI Robertson, KM AF Archer, FI Robertson, KM TI Age and length at weaning and development of diet of pantropical spotted dolphins, Stenella attenuata, from the Eastern Tropical Pacific SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wean; stomach contents; calf; spotted dolphin; Stenella attenuata; diet ID VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION; FEEDING-HABITS; REPRODUCTION; PORPOISE; ATLANTIC; GROWTH AB Using stomach contents from 203 spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) killed in the yellowfin tuna fishery, we modeled the weaning process of calves. Spotted dolphins began to take solid food at approximately 6 mo of age, or 115 cm, but continued to suckle until they were nearly 2 yr old. Calves tended to feed more frequently on squid as they got older, which suggested there was a shift in diet during weaning. The average age and total body length at weaning was estimated to be 0.8 yr (approximately 9 mo) and 122 cm. The oldest suckling calf was almost 2 yr old, which suggests that some calves continued to suckle for more than a year after they could have been weaned. A better understanding of the weaning process, especially quantifying the period of time when calves are nutritionally dependent on their mothers may lead to a better evaluation of their potential vulnerability to the disturbance caused by the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Archer, FI (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM eric.archer@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 232 EP 245 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01153.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 811YJ UT WOS:000220806900004 ER PT J AU Heide-Jorgensen, MP AF Heide-Jorgensen, MP TI Aerial digital photographic surveys of narwhals, Monodon monoceros, in Northwest Greenland SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerial digital photography; surveys; narwhals; Monodon monoceros; population trends ID DIVING BEHAVIOR; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; BAFFIN-ISLAND; ABUNDANCE; BAY; MOVEMENTS; BELUGAS; NUMBERS; SUMMER AB Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) abundance in Inglefield Bredning and adjacent fiords in Northwest Greenland was estimated using aerial digital photographic techniques in August 2001 and 2002. Two digital, large-format cameras continuously downloaded images to two laptop computers together with information on position, altitude, pitch, and roll of the aircraft. In 2001 a total of 11,628 images were obtained corresponding to a swept area of 840 km. The survey of the entire area was repeated four times and produced a count of 360 narwhals on the images or an average abundance in the surveyed area of 873 narwhals (CV = 0.35) at the surface. In 2002 the area was surveyed seven times and approximately 11,402 images were obtained. This corresponded to a swept area of 2,208 km 2 with 566 narwhals counted on the images, and an average estimated abundance of 562 narwhals (CV = 0.24) at the surface. Correcting these figures for availability bias (assuming narwhals are submerged deeper than 2 m for 62% of the time) results in abundance estimates of 2,297 (9590 Cl: 1,472-3,122) in August 2001 and 1,478 (9517b Cl 1,164-1,793) in August 2002. The uncorrected estimates, when compared to the results of visual line-transect surveys conducted in 1985 and 1986 (Born et al. 1994), show a 10% decline in recent years in the abundance of whales visible at the surface. C1 Greenland Inst Nat Res, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Heide-Jorgensen, MP (reprint author), Greenland Inst Nat Res, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM madspeter.heide-joergensen@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 246 EP 261 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01154.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 811YJ UT WOS:000220806900005 ER PT J AU Littnan, CL Baker, JD Parrish, FA Marshall, GJ AF Littnan, CL Baker, JD Parrish, FA Marshall, GJ TI Effects of video camera attachment on the foraging behavior of immature Hawaiian monk seals SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; BODY-MASS LOSS; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; MIROUNGA-LEONINA; CRITTERCAM; HABITAT; DEVICES C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Geog Televis, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Littnan, CL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM charles.littnan@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 14 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 345 EP 352 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01164.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 811YJ UT WOS:000220806900015 ER PT J AU Mayr, GJ Armi, L Arnold, S Banta, RM Darby, LS Durran, DD Flamant, C Gabersek, S Gohm, A Mayr, R Mobbs, S Nance, LB Vergeiner, I Vergeiner, J Whiteman, CD AF Mayr, GJ Armi, L Arnold, S Banta, RM Darby, LS Durran, DD Flamant, C Gabersek, S Gohm, A Mayr, R Mobbs, S Nance, LB Vergeiner, I Vergeiner, J Whiteman, CD TI Gap flow measurements during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPECIAL OBSERVING PERIOD; DOPPLER LIDAR; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; HYDRAULIC ANALOG; WINDS; VALLEY; FOEHN; DEEP; MAP AB The lowest pass through the Alpine crest, the Brenner Pass, was heavily instrumented with ground-based and air-borne in-situ and remote sensors during the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the fall of 1999 to study gap flow. The main objectives were to study the combined effects of changes of terrain height and changes of width in altering the flow characteristics, to investigate the coupling of the gap flow to the flow aloft, and to provide high-density measurements in the along- and cross-gap directions. Gap flows occurred during one third of the 70-day SOP, a frequency above the long term average. Gap flows took place with and without accompanying cross-barrier flow and with and without a capping inversion. A case study demonstrates the hydraulic jump-like features that occurred in gap flow on 30 October 1999 and illustrates the types of data available for further analyses. C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. EM georg.mayr@uibk.ac.at RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Durran, Dale/G-3677-2015; Gohm, Alexander/B-5086-2016 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; Durran, Dale/0000-0002-6390-2584; Gohm, Alexander/0000-0003-4505-585X NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 EI 1436-5065 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD APR PY 2004 VL 86 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 119 DI 10.1007/s00703-003-0022-2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 816NH UT WOS:000221116100008 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Salvat, F Powell, CJ TI Effect of different electron elastic-scattering cross sections on inelastic mean free paths obtained from elastic-backscattering experiments SO MICROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Workshop of the European-Microbeam-Analysis-Society CY MAY 18-22, 2003 CL Chiclana de la Frontera, SPAIN SP European Microbeam Anal Soc, Acerinox SA, Blackwell Publ Ltd, Cambridge Univ Press, Cameca SA, Edax Europe, European commiss, JRC, Inst Transuranium Elements DE electron elastic-scattering cross-sections; inelastic mean free path; Monte-Carlo simulations ID SURFACES AB Inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) of electrons with energies between 100 eV and 5,000 eV have been frequently obtained from measurements of elastic-backscattering probabilities for different specimen materials. A calculation of these probabilities is also required to determine IMFPs. We report calculations of elastic-backscattering probabilities for gold at energies of 100 eV and 500 eV with differential elastic-scattering cross sections obtained from the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac potential and the more reliable Dirac-Hartree-Fock potential. For two representative experimental configurations, the average deviation between IMFPs obtained with cross sections from the two potentials was 11.4%. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis ECM, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jablonski, A (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, Ul Kasprzaka 44-52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. EM jablo@ichf.edu.pl RI Salvat, Francesc/F-8255-2016 OI Salvat, Francesc/0000-0002-6162-8841 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 1436-5073 J9 MICROCHIM ACTA JI Microchim. Acta PD APR PY 2004 VL 145 IS 1-4 BP 75 EP 80 DI 10.1007/s00604-003-0130-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 821IL UT WOS:000221453500013 ER PT J AU Samardzija, Z Bernik, S Marinenko, RB Malic, B Ceh, M AF Samardzija, Z Bernik, S Marinenko, RB Malic, B Ceh, M TI An EPMA study on KNbO3 and NaNbO3 single crystals - Potential reference materials for quantitative microanalysis SO MICROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Workshop of the European-Microbeam-Analysis-Society CY MAY 18-22, 2003 CL Chiclana de la Frontera, SPAIN SP European Microbeam Anal Soc, Acerinox SA, Blackwell Publ Ltd, Cambridge Univ Press, Cameca SA, Edax Europe, European commiss, JRC, Inst Transuranium Elements DE electron-probe microanalysis; potassium-sodium niobate; KNbO3; NaNbO3; microhomogeneity; alkali standards ID NIOBATE AB Single crystals of KNbO3 and NaNbO3 were selected from the limited number of suitable alkali compounds that are available and evaluated as possible reference materials for the electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) of alkaline niobates with a composition described by the general formula K1-xNaxNbO3. The EPMA study verified that KNbO3 and NaNbO3 single crystals are stable under the electron beam and compositionally homogeneous. A quantitative microanalysis confirmed the composition of pure KNbO3, while the NaNbO3 crystal contained 0.3 mass fraction % of Ca. A significant improvement in the accuracy of the quantitative EPMA of polycrystalline potassium-sodium niobates was achieved using these single crystals as standards. The crystals can also be useful as reference materials for the analysis of sodium and potassium in other materials. C1 Jozef Stefan Inst, SL-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Samardzija, Z (reprint author), Jozef Stefan Inst, Jamova 39, SL-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM zoran.samardzija@ijs.si NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 1436-5073 J9 MICROCHIM ACTA JI Microchim. Acta PD APR PY 2004 VL 145 IS 1-4 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1007/s00604-003-0154-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 821IL UT WOS:000221453500034 ER PT J AU Juang, HMH AF Juang, HMH TI A reduced spectral transform for the NCEP seasonal forecast global spectral atmospheric model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EQUATION AB A reduced spectral transformation is applied to the NCEP atmospheric global spectral model for operational seasonal forecasts. The magnitude of the associated Legendre coefficient provides a basis for this new transformation, which is a simple modification of a traditional reduced grid spectral transform. This transformation can be called a "reduced spectral" method because its Fourier and Legendre transformations need less computation than the traditional uniform full grid or reduced grid methods. In addition, the reduced spectral method saves an extra 50% on Legendre transformations and is easy to load balance for massively parallel computing under certain decompositions. A comparison, without model physics, among reduced spectral, reduced grid, and full grid transforms indicates that they have negligible differences up to more than a half-month integration and small differences up to a 1-month integration. Extended integrations without physics for up to 4 months show that there is proximity of zonal symmetry between reduced spectral and full grid transforms. When the comparison includes model physics, the results show negligible differences up to 7 days; but the chaotic nature, known as an internal variability, is amplified by physical parameterizations and produces significant differences among these methods after a 1-month integration, which is expected. The seasonally averaged results from 10 years of AMIP-type runs are similar between the reduced spectral method and the full grid method, indicating that they have similar model climatology. These experiments indicate that this reduced spectral transform can be used for short-range as well as seasonal or climate predictions. C1 NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Juang, HMH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Sci Ctr, Room 201,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM henry.juang@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 4 BP 1019 EP 1035 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1019:ARSTFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RC UT WOS:000220450000012 ER PT J AU Beven, JL Franklin, JL AF Beven, JL Franklin, JL TI Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 1999 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB The 1999 hurricane season in the eastern North Pacific is summarized, and individual tropical storms and hurricanes are described. Producing only nine named storms, the season tied 1996 as the second least active on record. Hurricane Dora was the strongest and longest-lived cyclone of the season. Hurricane Greg, the only cyclone to make landfall during the season, weakened to a tropical storm just before moving ashore in Baja California, Mexico. Fifteen deaths resulted from the tropical cyclones. C1 NOAA, Trop Predict Ctr, NWS, Miami, FL USA. RP Beven, JL (reprint author), Natl Hurricane Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. EM John.L.Beven@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 4 BP 1036 EP 1047 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1036:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RC UT WOS:000220450000013 ER PT J AU Mortensen, DG Wertheimer, AC Taylor, SG AF Mortensen, DG Wertheimer, AC Taylor, SG TI A compact water-heating system for thermally marking salmon otoliths SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB We describe a compact water-heating system for thermally marking salmon otoliths during incubation. The system is portable and can be used to provide heated water for either streamside or instream incubators. The heating system consists of a small, propane-fired boiler and heat exchanger, a jet pump, a motorized set-point, a four-way mixing valve, and two circulating pumps. Warmed stream water exiting the heat exchanger is pumped to a head tank, mixed with ambient water to the desired temperature, and dispersed to the incubators, where some or all of the water can be recirculated or discarded. The mixing valve maintains a constant temperature in water flowing to the head tank based on a sensor feedback loop from the recovery tank. Using this system, we successfully marked approximately 800,000 pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha with no apparent adverse affects. Depending on incubation techniques, larger numbers of eggs or alevins could be marked. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Mortensen, DG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM don.mortensen@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1577/A03-011.1 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 817UY UT WOS:000221203600001 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Castin, Y AF Carr, LD Castin, Y TI Limits of sympathetic cooling of fermions: The role of heat capacity of the coolant SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMS; GAS AB The sympathetic cooling of an initially degenerate Fermi gas by either an ideal Bose gas below T-c or an ideal Boltzmann gas is investigated. It is shown that the efficiency of cooling by a Bose gas below T-c is by no means reduced when its heat capacity becomes much less than that of the Fermi gas, where efficiency is measured by the decrease in the temperature of the Fermi gas per number of particles evaporated from the coolant. This contradicts the intuitive idea that an efficient coolant must have a large heat capacity. In contrast, for a Boltzmann gas a minimal value of the ratio of the heat capacities is indeed necessary to achieve T=0 and all of the particles must be evaporated. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France. RP Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 4 AR 043611 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.043611 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 818WY UT WOS:000221276400109 ER PT J AU Ramirez-Serrano, J DeGraffenreid, W Weiner, J Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Ramirez-Serrano, J DeGraffenreid, W Weiner, J Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Beam-loss spectroscopy of cold collisions in a bright sodium beam SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID 2-COLOR PHOTOASSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING LENGTHS; COOLED ATOMS; IONIZATION; STATE; LIGHT AB We report beam-loss photoassociation (PA) spectra of cold collisions within a slow, bright Na atom beam near the D-1 resonance line. The high collimation and brilliance of the atomic beam permits the detection of atomic fluorescence loss resulting from the photoassociation of cold sodium atoms. The results show that even at high PA laser intensities, where strong coupling of the colliding atoms to the optical field might obscure spectral features, vibrational and rotational progressions are surprisingly well resolved. We attribute the conservation of narrow spectral features to the properties of the saturated line shapes and to the unconventional collision energy distribution in one-dimensional (1D) single-beam collisions compared to 3D collisions in a gas cell. C1 Univ Maryland, Lab Atom Mol & Opt Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Sci Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 298-100, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Weiner, John/C-1065-2008; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 4 AR 042708 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.042708 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 818WY UT WOS:000221276400072 ER PT J AU Safronova, MS Clark, CW AF Safronova, MS Clark, CW TI Inconsistencies between lifetime and polarizability measurements in Cs SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ALL-ORDER CALCULATIONS; ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; PARITY NONCONSERVATION; MATRIX-ELEMENTS; STANDARD MODEL; STARK SHIFT; PRECISION-MEASUREMENT; LASER EXCITATION; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE; CESIUM AB Electric dipole matrix elements for 6p-nd, n=5, 6, 7, transitions in cesium are calculated using a relativistic all-order method. The resulting matrix elements are used to evaluate 5d lifetimes and 6p polarizabilities. The data are compared with experimental lifetime and polarizability measurements made by different groups. Domination of the 6p scalar polarizabilities by 5d-6p dipole matrix elements facilitates an exacting consistency check of 5d lifetime and 6p polarizability data. Values of 5d-6p matrix elements obtained from experimental 5d lifetime data are found to be inconsistent with those inferred from 6p polarizabilities derived from experimental Stark shift data. Our ab initio calculated 6p polarizabilities agree well with experimental determinations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Safronova, MS (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM msafrono@physics.udel.edu RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 26 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 4 AR 040501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.040501 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 818WY UT WOS:000221276400003 ER PT J AU Ticknor, C Regal, CA Jin, DS Bohn, JL AF Ticknor, C Regal, CA Jin, DS Bohn, JL TI Multiplet structure of Feshbach resonances in nonzero partial waves SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DIPOLAR GASES; ATOMS; SCATTERING; SPECTROSCOPY; STATE AB We report a unique feature of magnetic-field Feshbach resonances in which atoms collide with nonzero orbital angular momentum. p-wave (l=1) Feshbach resonances are split into two components depending on the magnitude of the resonant state's projection of orbital angular momentum onto the field axis. This splitting is due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms and it offers a means to tune anisotropic interactions of an ultracold gas of atoms. Furthermore this splitting in the p-wave Feshbach resonance has been experimentally observed and is reported. A parametrization of the p-wave resonance in terms of an effective-range expansion is given. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 38 TC 134 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 4 AR 042712 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.042712 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 818WY UT WOS:000221276400076 ER PT J AU Cockayne, E Burton, BP AF Cockayne, E Burton, BP TI Dipole moment of a Pb-O vacancy pair in PbTiO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC-PHASE-TRANSITION; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; PEROVSKITE OXIDES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; 1ST PRINCIPLES; FATIGUE; POLARIZATION; BEHAVIOR; BATIO3 AB The polarization of a nearest-neighbor (nn) Pb-O vacancy pair [(V-Pb-V-O)(nn)] in PbTiO3 is calculated, using the modern theory of polarization, implemented in the density-functional-theory ultrasoft pseudopotential formalism. The dipole moment per divacancy, (μ) over right arrow ((VPb)-V-O)(nn), is about 2.28e (r) over right arrow (nn), where (r) over right arrow (nn) is the vector from the V-Pb site to the V-O site. This value is slightly larger than the value of 2e (r) over right arrow (nn) for a purely ionic model of PbTiO3. The dipole moment is about twice as large as typical polarizations per cell in Pb-based ferroelectrics, which indicates that V-Pb compensated by V-O can be an important source of local polarization and electric fields in Pb-containing perovskites. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cockayne, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 14 AR 144116 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.144116 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 820YO UT WOS:000221426200033 ER PT J AU Mook, HA Dai, PC Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lee, SH Dogan, F AF Mook, HA Dai, PC Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lee, SH Dogan, F TI Polarized neutron measurement of magnetic order in YBa2Cu3O6.45 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE; SCATTERING; SUPERCONDUCTORS; PSEUDOGAP; DENSITY AB Orbital current order of the d-density-wave type has been postulated to explain the pseudogap in high temperature superconductors. We have performed neutron scattering experiments to search for this order and show here the results obtained on an YBa2Cu3O6.45 sample using the best neutron spectrometers available. We argue that the data are consistent with a small, largely c-axis-directed moment, found below about 200 K. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Ceram Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. RP Mook, HA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Hayden, Stephen/F-4162-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012 OI Hayden, Stephen/0000-0002-3209-027X; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170 NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 13 AR 134509 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.134509 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 818XP UT WOS:000221278100102 ER PT J AU Zheludev, A Masuda, T Sales, B Mandrus, D Papenbrock, T Barnes, T Park, S AF Zheludev, A Masuda, T Sales, B Mandrus, D Papenbrock, T Barnes, T Park, S TI Distribution of exchange energy in a bond-alternating S=1 quantum spin chain SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANTIFERROMAGNETIC HEISENBERG-CHAINS; HALDANE-GAP ANTIFERROMAGNETS; ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS; RENORMALIZATION-GROUPS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; PHASE-DIAGRAM; GROUND-STATE; TRANSITIONS; ANISOTROPY; SPECTRUM AB The quasi-one-dimensional bond-alternating S=1 quantum antiferromagnet [Ni(N,N-'-bis(3aminopropyl)propane-1,3-diamine(mu-NO2)]ClO4 (NTENP) is studied by single-crystal inelastic neutron scattering. Parameters of the measured dispersion relation for magnetic excitations are compared to existing numerical results and used to determine the magnitude of bond-strength alternation. The measured neutron-scattering intensities are also analyzed, using the first-moment sum rules for the magnetic dynamic structure factor, to directly determine the modulation of ground-state exchange energies. These independently determined modulation parameters characterize the level of spin dimerization in NTENP. First-principles density-matrix renormalization-group calculations are used to study the relation between these two quantities. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Zheludev, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM zheludevai@ornl.gov RI Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014; OI Papenbrock, Thomas/0000-0001-8733-2849 NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 14 AR 144417 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.144417 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 820YO UT WOS:000221426200067 ER PT J AU Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Warren, JA Kvamme, B James, PF AF Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Warren, JA Kvamme, B James, PF TI Nucleation and polycrystalline solidification in binary phase field theory SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF GLASSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Crystallisation in Glasses and Liquids CY JUL 06-09, 2003 CL Univ Sheffield, Sheffield, ENGLAND HO Univ Sheffield ID CRYSTAL FLUID INTERFACE; DENDRITIC GROWTH; EUTECTIC GROWTH; LIQUID INTERFACE; SURFACE-TENSION; FREE-ENERGIES; MODEL; CRYSTALLIZATION; MELT; SIMULATION AB We present a phase field theory for the nucleation and growth of one and two phase crystals solidifying with different crystallographic orientations in binary alloys. The accuracy of the model is tested for crystal nucleation in single component systems. It is shown that without adjustable parameters the height of the nucleation harrier is predicted with reasonable accuracy. The kinetics of primary solidification is investigated as a function of model parameters under equiaxial conditions. Finally, we study the formation of polycrystalline growth morphologies (disordered dendrites, spherulites and fractal-like aggregates). C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Glass Res Ctr, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. RP Granasy, L (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM grana@szfki.hu RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC GLASS TECHNOLOGY PI SHEFFIELD PA THORNTON 20 HALLAM GATE ROAD, SHEFFIELD S10 5BT, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0031-9090 J9 PHYS CHEM GLASSES JI Phys. Chem. Glasses PD APR PY 2004 VL 45 IS 2 BP 107 EP 115 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 836AT UT WOS:000222527800013 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC TI Real-time monitoring of fluorescence anisotropy and temperature during processing of biaxially stretched polypropylene film SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WAVELENGTH OPTICAL TECHNIQUE; DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS; SETTING POLYMER-FILMS; BIREFRINGENCE DEVELOPMENT; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; LIQUID-CRYSTALS; ORIENTATION; MELT; DRAW AB An optical sensor based on fiber optics has been developed to measure fluorescence anisotropy and temperature during processing of biaxially stretched polypropylene films. The sensor, containing optical fibers, polarizing elements and lenses, was mounted above the polypropylene film as it was processed in a tenter frame oven stretching machine. Fluorescence observations were made using the fluorescent dye, bis (di-tert butylphenyl) perylenedicarboximide (BTBP), which was doped into the resin at very low concentrations. To monitor biaxial stretching, fluorescence anisotropy measurements were carried out with light polarized in the machine and the transverse directions corresponding to the directions of biaxial stretching. Fluorescence based temperature measurements were obtained from the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 544 nm and 577 nm. A matrix of experiments involving three levels of stretch ratio in both the machine and transverse directions was undertaken. We observed significant differences between anisotropy in the machine and transverse directions that we attributed to the sequential stretching operation, i.e., the film was stretched in the machine direction first, followed by stretching in the transverse direction, and to film temperature and strain rate for each stretching operation. The result was uniformly higher anisotropies in the machine direction. Film temperature obtained from fluorescence corresponded to oven thermocouple measurements within 2degreesC. (C) 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM abur@nist.gov NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 44 IS 4 BP 805 EP 813 DI 10.1002/pen.20072 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 826AS UT WOS:000221801800017 ER PT J AU Flamant, C Richard, E Schar, C Rotunno, R Nance, L Sprenger, M Benoit, R AF Flamant, C Richard, E Schar, C Rotunno, R Nance, L Sprenger, M Benoit, R TI The wake south of the Alps: Dynamics and structure of the lee-side flow and secondary potential vorticity banners SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aircraft measurements; atmospheric boundary layer; Meso-NH model; mesoscale Alpine Programme; North fohn ID SPECIAL OBSERVING PERIOD; SIMULATIONS; MAP; PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTION; MESOSCALE; AIRCRAFT; SYSTEM; SCHEME; MODELS AB The dynamics and structure of the lee-side flow over the Po valley during a northerly fohn event, which occurred in the framework of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme Special Observation Period (on 8 November 1999 during Intensive Observation Period 15), has been investigated using aircraft data and high-resolution numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were performed with the mesoscale non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH, using three nested domains (with horizontal resolutions 32, 8 and 2 km), the 2 km resolution domain being centred on the Po valley. The basic data-model comparison, and back-trajectory and tracer release analyses, provided evidence that the jet/wake Structure of the flow above the Po valley could be reasonably identified with the Mountain pass/peak distributions. Measurements from three aircraft flying below the Alps crestline (at 2700, 1500 and 600 m above sea level) along two 350 kin cast-west legs. designed to be approximately perpendicular to the northerly synoptic flow, were used to compute the potential vorticity (PV) experimentally assuming the lee-side flow to be two-dimensional. (The simplified form of the PV under these assumptions is hereafter referred to as SPV). Due to increasing lee-side flow curvature with decreasing altitude (caused by flow splitting at the scale of the Alps), the experimentally derived SPV was compared to its simulated counterpart. In situ measurements showed that coherent secondary PV banners (PVB2s) do exist downstream of the complex Alpine terrain, as observations show oscillations between positive and negative values of SPV as expected from the simulations. The details of the structure of the SPV field simulated with Meso-NH were found to be different from the observations (i.e. the location of observed maxima and minima of SPV did not match their simulated counterparts at particular points). This is because the correspondence between observed and modelled velocity and potential temperature fields was not good enough to expect good correspondence between differentiated quantities such as vorticity and potential temperature gradient (since less-reliable shorter-scale features are thereby accentuated). Parametrized processes such as surface drag and internal diffusion, and 'numerical' processes, Such as model filters, to which PV production mechanisms are sensitive and whose role is difficult to assess, also contribute to the poor agreement between observed and modelled SPV fluctuations. Finally, simulations suggest that low-level gravity-wave breaking was the main mechanism responsible for the formation of the elongated PVB2 modelled/observed over the Po valley. C1 Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. Atmospher & Climate Sci ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Rech Previs Numer, Dorval, PQ, Canada. RP Flamant, C (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Tour 15,Boite 102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. EM cyrille.flamant@aero.jussieu.fr RI Schar, Christoph/A-1033-2008; Richard, Evelyne/G-9506-2011 OI Schar, Christoph/0000-0002-4171-1613; NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 130 IS 599 BP 1275 EP 1303 DI 10.1256/qj.03.17 PN B PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 832XF UT WOS:000222300300006 ER PT J AU Hodges, JT Layer, HP Miller, WW Scace, GE AF Hodges, JT Layer, HP Miller, WW Scace, GE TI Frequency-stabilized single-mode cavity ring-down apparatus for high-resolution absorption spectroscopy SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID FABRY-PEROT-INTERFEROMETER; SPECTRAL-LINE DATABASE; WATER-VAPOR SPECTRUM; OPTICAL CAVITY; BROADENING COEFFICIENTS; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; TRACE MOISTURE; MU-M; PHASE; INTENSITIES AB We present a cavity ring-down spectroscopy apparatus suitable for high-resolution absorption spectroscopy. The central feature of the spectrometer is a ring-down cavity whose comb of eigenfrequencies is actively stabilized with respect to a tuneable, frequency-stabilized reference laser. By using dichroic ring-down cavity mirrors that are designed to have relatively high losses and low losses at the respective wavelengths of the reference laser and probe laser, the cavity stabilization dynamics are decoupled from frequency jitter of the probe laser. We use the cavity eigenfrequencies as markers in spectral scans and achieve a frequency resolution of approximate to1 MHz. Five rovibrational transitions in the (2,0,1) vibrational band of water vapor near 0.935 mum are probed with a continuous-wave external-cavity diode laser, and their line strengths are determined and compared to literature values. Collisional narrowing effects and pressure shifting are observed, illustrating the applicability of the method for quantitative line shape studies of weakly absorbing systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 70 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 EI 1089-7623 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD APR PY 2004 VL 75 IS 4 BP 849 EP 863 DI 10.1063/1.1666984 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 805CI UT WOS:000220344000008 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC Lee, YH McBrearty, M AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC Lee, YH McBrearty, M TI A dielectric slit die for in-line monitoring of polymer compounding SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; EXTRUSION; ELECTRODE; MODEL AB The dielectric slit die is an instrument that is designed to measure electrical, rheological, ultrasonics, optical, and other properties of a flowing liquid. In one application, it is connected to the exit of an extruder, pump or mixing machine that passes liquefied material such as molten plastic, solvents, slurries, colloidal suspensions, and foodstuffs into the sensing region of the slit-shaped die. Dielectric sensing is the primary element of the slit die, but in addition to the dielectric sensor, the die contains other sensing devices such as pressure, optical fiber, and ultrasonic sensors that simultaneously yield an array of materials property data. The slit die has a flexible design that permits interchangeability among sensors and sensor positions. The design also allows for the placement of additional sensors and instrumentation ports that expand the potential data package obtained. To demonstrate sensor operation, we present data from the extrusion and compounding of a polymer/clay nanocomposite. An analysis of the dielectric data involves a nonlinear fitting procedure that takes into account effects due to electrode polarization and dc conductivity. Light transmission through a filled polymer is analyzed in terms of a Beer's law attenuation coefficient. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chem ElectroPhys, Hockessin, DE 19707 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD APR PY 2004 VL 75 IS 4 BP 1103 EP 1109 DI 10.1063/1.1667256 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 805CI UT WOS:000220344000046 ER PT J AU Wang, YC Lee, L AF Wang, YC Lee, L TI A digitally programmable capacitance standard SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB We constructed a digitally programmable capacitance standard by modifying a commercial temperature-stabilized 100 pF capacitance standard which consists of 23 binary-weighted capacitor elements on a single fused-silica disk. The variable capacitor can be programmed through a computer from 0.000 115 4 to 113.046 496 4 pF with a resolution smaller than 0.000 115 4 pF over the entire range. Using selected combinations, we also demonstrate a method to calibrate the 23 capacitor elements against a 10 pF capacitance standard. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, YC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yicheng.wang@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD APR PY 2004 VL 75 IS 4 BP 1158 EP 1160 DI 10.1063/1.1687044 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 805CI UT WOS:000220344000053 ER PT J AU Morin, PA Luikart, G Wayne, RK AF Morin, PA Luikart, G Wayne, RK CA SNP Workshop Grp TI SNPs in ecology, evolution and conservation SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NATURAL-SELECTION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; LINKAGE-DISEQUILIBRIUM; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; GENETIC-VARIATION; NUCLEAR-DNA; DIVERSITY; MARKERS AB Over the past two decades, new molecular genetic techniques have had substantial impacts on the fields of ecology, evolution and conservation. However, our current toolbox of genetic methodologies remains inadequate for answering many questions and there are significant technological and analytical limitations. We review the possible uses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNIPS) as novel genetic markers for common questions in population genetics. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential of SNPs relative to frequently used genetic markers, such as microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA) sequences, and we discuss statistical power, analytical approaches, and technological improvements and limitations. Although ascertainment bias is a problem for some applications, SNPs can often generate equivalent statistical power whilst providing broader genome coverage and higher quality data than can either microsatellites or mtDNA, suggesting that SNPs could become an efficient and cost-effective genetic tool. C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Lab Conservat Genet, Leipzig, Germany. Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Ecol Alpine Gen Populat & Biodivers, Grenoble, France. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Morin, PA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Lab Conservat Genet, Leipzig, Germany. EM Phillip.Morin@noaa.gov RI Morin, Phillip/E-9515-2010; Palsboll, Per /G-6988-2011; OI Palsboll, Per /0000-0002-4198-7599; Luikart, Gordon/0000-0001-8697-0582 NR 70 TC 455 Z9 477 U1 23 U2 225 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 208 EP 216 DI 10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.009 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 812MA UT WOS:000220842400008 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM AF Fuks, IM TI High-frequency asymptotic expansions of a backscattering cross-section and an HH/VV polarization ratio for smooth two-dimensional surfaces SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID LOW GRAZING ANGLES; DISTURBED SEA SURFACE; RADIOWAVE SCATTERING; WAVES; MODEL AB High-frequency asymptotic expansions of electrical and magnetic fields are obtained at a perfectly conducting smooth 2D surface illuminated by a plane incident wave in two cases of TE and TM polarization. Corrections to the geometrical optics backscattering HH and VV cross-sections are derived and the polarization ratio HH/VV is estimated for the specular points of a general form. It is shown that the coefficient of the first term in this series similar to1/k(2) depends not only on the local surface curvature radius at the specular reflecting points, but also on higher derivatives up to the sixth order. For backscattering from a statistically rough surface, averaging over surface random derivatives at the specular points was performed. It was shown that for statistically uniform (stationary on space variables) random surfaces, the polarization ratio HH/VV (M) is positive on average and proportional to similar to1/k(2). C1 Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, R-ET-0,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM iosif.fuks@noaa.gov NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 143 EP 156 AR PII S0959-7174(04)69207-X DI 10.1088/0959-7174/14/2/005 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 817OD UT WOS:000221185900005 ER PT J AU Hart, KA Steenburgh, WJ Onton, DJ Siffert, AJ AF Hart, KA Steenburgh, WJ Onton, DJ Siffert, AJ TI An evaluation of mesoscale-model-based model output statistics (MOS) during the 2002 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; TEMPERATURE; FORECASTS; PRECIPITATION; SERVICE; SYSTEM AB The skill of a mesoscale-model-based model output statistics (MOS) system that provided hourly forecasts for 18 sites over northern Utah during the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games is evaluated. The MOS system was developed using three winters (November-April 1998/99, 1999/2000, and 2000/01) of forecasts by the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and observations from Olympic venues and transportation corridors. MOS temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction forecasts were considerably more accurate than those produced by the 12- and 4-km MM5 grids. A primary contributor to MM5 temperature and relative humidity errors was a systematic overprediction of surface temperature (i.e., a warm/dry bias) during persistent and nocturnal cold-pool events when corresponding errors in MM5 dewpoint temperature forecasts were not observed. MOS largely corrected for this temperature bias. MOS wind speed forecasts outperformed the 12- and 4-km MM5 forecasts by the largest margin at locations with the lowest wind speed variability. Raw model and MOS performance exhibited minimal sensitivity to variations in model initial and lateral boundary conditions (derived from the forecasts of either the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Eta Model or the Aviation run of the Global Spectral Model). MOS temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed forecasts were equal to or more skillful than human-generated forecasts produced by the Olympic Forecast Team. The results illustrate that statistical techniques continue to improve upon purely numerical predictions even at high resolution. This is particularly true in a region of complex terrain where detailed characteristics of local topography and microclimates remain unresolved. It is recommended that traditional MOS or other statistical techniques based on high-density surface observations available from the MesoWest cooperative networks be used to improve gridded forecast products created by the National Weather Service Interactive Forecast Preparation System (IFPS) and other applications. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Hart, KA (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 South 1460 East,Room 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM khart@met.utah.edu NR 29 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 200 EP 218 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0200:AEOMMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500002 ER PT J AU Harasti, PR McAdie, CJ Dodge, PP Lee, WC Tuttle, J Murillo, ST Marks, FD AF Harasti, PR McAdie, CJ Dodge, PP Lee, WC Tuttle, J Murillo, ST Marks, FD TI Real-time implementation of single-Doppler radar analysis methods for tropical cyclones: Algorithm improvements and use with WSR-88D display data SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; PROGRAM; MOTION AB The NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center has sought techniques that use single-Doppler radar data to estimate the tropical cyclone wind field. A cooperative effort with NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division and NCAR has resulted in significant progress in developing a method whereby radar display data are used as a proxy for a full-resolution base data and in improving and implementing existing wind retrieval and center-finding techniques. These techniques include the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD), tracking radar echoes by correlation (TREC), GBVTD-simplex, and the principal component analysis (PCA) methods. The GBVTD and TREC algorithms are successfully applied to the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) display data of Hurricane Bret (1999) and Tropical Storm Barry (2001). GBVTD analyses utilized circulation center estimates provided by the GBVTD-simplex and PCA methods, whereas TREC analyses utilized wind center estimates provided by radar imagery and aircraft measurements. GBVTD results demonstrate that the use of the storm motion as a proxy for the mean wind is not always appropriate and that results are sensitive to the accuracy of the circulation center estimate. TREC results support a previous conjecture that the use of polar coordinates would produce improved wind retrievals for intense tropical cyclones. However, there is a notable effect in the results when different wind center estimates are used as the origin of coordinates. The overall conclusion is that GBVTD and TREC have the ability to retrieve the intensity of a tropical cyclone with an accuracy of similar to2 m s(-1) or better if the wind intensity estimates from individual analyses are averaged together. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL USA. RP Harasti, PR (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave,MS-2, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM harasti.ucar.ca@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Murillo, Shirley/C-3259-2014; dodge, peter/A-9808-2017 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Murillo, Shirley/0000-0002-2075-8682; NR 32 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 219 EP 239 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0219:RIOSRA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500003 ER PT J AU Smith, TM Elmore, KL Dulin, SA AF Smith, TM Elmore, KL Dulin, SA TI A damaging downburst prediction and detection algorithm for the WSR-88D SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MICROBURST; CELL AB The problem of predicting the onset of damaging downburst winds from high-reflectivity storm cells that develop in an environment of weak vertical shear with Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) is examined. Ninety-one storm cells that produced damaging outflows are analyzed with data from the WSR-88D network, along with 1247 nonsevere storm cells that developed in the same environments. Twenty-six reflectivity and radial velocity-based parameters are calculated for each cell, and a linear discriminant analysis was performed on 65% of the dataset in order to develop prediction equations that would discriminate between severe downburst-producing cells and cells that did not produce a strong outflow. These prediction equations are evaluated on the remaining 35% of the dataset. The datasets were resampled 100 times to determine the range of possible results. The resulting automated algorithm has a median Heidke skill score (HSS) of 0.40 in the 20-45-km range with a median lead time of 5.5 min, and a median HSS of 0.17 in the 45-80-km range with a median lead time of 0 min. As these lead times are medians of the mean lead times calculated from a large, resampled dataset, many of the storm cells in the dataset had longer lead times than the reported median lead times. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Smith, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Travis.Smith@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 240 EP 250 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0240:ADDPAD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500004 ER PT J AU Simpson, JJ Dettinger, MD Gehrke, F McIntire, TJ Hufford, GL AF Simpson, JJ Dettinger, MD Gehrke, F McIntire, TJ Hufford, GL TI Hydrologic scales, cloud variability, remote sensing, and models: Implications for forecasting snowmelt and streamflow SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; OROGRAPHIC-PRECIPITATION; SPATIAL-PATTERNS; ENERGY-BALANCE; CALIFORNIA; RADIATION; MOUNTAINS; SNOWPACK; BASINS AB Accurate prediction of available water supply from snowmelt is needed if the myriad of human, environmental, agricultural, and industrial demands for water are to be satisfied, especially given legislatively imposed conditions on its allocation. Robust retrievals of hydrologic basin model variables (e.g., insolation or areal extent of snow cover) provide several advantages over the current operational use of either point measurements or parameterizations to help to meet this requirement. Insolation can be provided at hourly time scales (or better if needed during rapid melt events associated with flooding) and at 1-km spatial resolution. These satellite-based retrievals incorporate the effects of highly variable (both in space and time) and unpredictable cloud cover on estimates of insolation. The insolation estimates are further adjusted for the effects of basin topography using a high-resolution digital elevation model prior to model input. Simulations of two Sierra Nevada rivers in the snowmelt seasons of 1998 and 1999 indicate that even the simplest improvements in modeled insolation can improve snowmelt simulations, with 10%-20% reductions in root-mean-square errors. Direct retrieval of the areal extent of snow cover may mitigate the need to rely entirely on internal calculations of this variable, a reliance that can yield large errors that are difficult to correct until long after the season is complete and that often leads to persistent underestimates or overestimates of the volumes of the water to operational reservoirs. Agencies responsible for accurately predicting available water resources from the melt of snowpack [e.g., both federal (the National Weather Service River Forecast Centers) and state (the California Department of Water Resources)] can benefit by incorporating concepts developed herein into their operational forecasting procedures. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA USA. Dept Water Resources, Sacramento, CA USA. Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Simpson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM jsimpson@ucsd.edu NR 60 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 251 EP 276 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0251:HSCVRS>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500005 ER PT J AU Brenner, IS AF Brenner, IS TI The relationship between meteorological parameters and daily summer rainfall amount and coverage in west-central Florida SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLORIDA; MODEL AB Considerable daily variations of summer convective rainfall average areal coverage and rainfall amount were identified in west-central Florida for the period May-September 1997-2000 using a 29-site rainfall network. Pearson correlation coefficients identified the correlations to each from among 16 parameters that can be extracted directly from the 1200 UTC radiosonde data at Ruskin, Florida, and that represent moisture, stability/temperature, and flow. The highest correlations were with all of the moisture parameters-precipitable water, minimum theta-e temperature, wet-bulb zero pressure, and average dewpoints in various layers from the 850- to 500-mb height level. Multiple linear regression analysis produced a separate prediction equation each for average areal coverage and rainfall amount, which were tested on independent data from May to September 2001. Reliable predictions of the trend direction and magnitude of the change from the observed value of the previous day occurred about 75% of the time with the average prediction error generally within +/-10% (areal coverage) and +/-0.10 in. (rainfall amount). When the observed trend changed by at least 20% for areal coverage (39 cases), and at least 0.20 in. for average rainfall amount (36 cases), the trend direction was correctly predicted 100% and about 90% of the time, respectively. Of these, the predictions for areal coverage underforecast both the amount of observed increase and decrease by an average of 8% and 6%. For rainfall amount, the predictions underforecast both the magnitude of observed increase and decrease by about 0.18 and 0.06 in., respectively. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA. RP Brenner, IS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 2525 14th Ave SE, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA. EM ira.brenner@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 286 EP 300 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0286:TRBMPA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500007 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE AF Brooks, HE TI On the relationship of tornado path length and width to intensity SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB Reported path lengths and widths of tornadoes have been modeled using Weibull distributions for different Fujita (F) scale values. The fits are good over a wide range of lengths and widths. Path length and width tend to increase with increasing F scale, although the temporal nonstationarity of the data for some parts of the data (such as width of F3 tornadoes) is large enough that caution must be exercised in interpretation of short periods of record. The statistical distributions also demonstrate that, as the length or width increases, the most likely F-scale value associated with the length or width tends to increase. Nevertheless, even for long or wide tornadoes, there is a significant probability of a range of possible F values, so that simple observation of the length or width is insufficient to make an accurate estimate of the F scale. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Harold.Brooks@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 310 EP 319 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500009 ER PT J AU Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ Richman, MB AF Coniglio, MC Stensrud, DJ Richman, MB TI An observational study of derecho-producing convective systems SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; SQUALL LINE; PART I; DENSITY CURRENTS; CLIMATE ZONES; BOW ECHOES; MICROBURST; EVOLUTION AB This study identifies the common large-scale environments associated with the development of derecho-producing convective systems (DCSs) from a large number of events. Patterns are identified using statistical clustering of the 500-mb geopotential heights as guidance. The majority of the events (72%) fall into three main patterns that include a well-defined upstream trough (40%), a ridge (20%), and a zonal, low-amplitude flow (12%), which is identified as an additional warm-season pattern. Consequently, the environmental large-scale patterns idealized in past studies only depict a portion of the full spectrum of the possibilities associated with the development of DCSs. In addition, statistics of derecho proximity-sounding parameters are presented relative to the derecho life cycle as well as relative to the forcing for upward motion. It is found that the environments ahead of maturing derechos tend to moisten at low levels while remaining relatively dry aloft. In addition, derechos tend to decay as they move into environments with less instability and smaller deep-layer shear. Low-level shear (instability) is found to be significantly higher (lower) for the more strongly forced events, while the low-level storm-relative inflow tends to be much deeper for the more weakly forced events. Furthermore, discrepancies are found in both low-level and deep-tropospheric shear parameters between observations and the shear profiles considered favorable for strong, long-lived convective systems in idealized simulations. This study highlights the need to examine DCS simulations within more realistic environments to help reconcile these disparities in observations and idealized models and to provide improved information to forecasters. C1 NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Coniglio, MC (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Michael.coniglio.@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 320 EP 337 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0320:AOSODC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500010 ER PT J AU Cortinas, JV Bernstein, BC Robbins, CC Strapp, JW AF Cortinas, JV Bernstein, BC Robbins, CC Strapp, JW TI An analysis of freezing rain, freezing drizzle, and ice pellets across the United States and Canada: 1976-90 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE STRUCTURE; PRECIPITATION-TYPE; WINTER STORMS; WARM RAIN; AIRCRAFT; EVENTS; CLIMATOLOGY; IMPACTS; REGION AB A comprehensive analysis of freezing rain, freezing drizzle, and ice pellets was conducted using data from surface observations across the United States and Canada. This study complements other studies of freezing precipitation in the United States and Canada, and provides additional information about the temporal characteristics of the distribution. In particular, it was found that during this period 1) spatial variability in the annual frequency of freezing precipitation and ice pellets is large across the United States and Canada, and these precipitation types occur most frequently across the central and eastern portions of the United States and Canada, much of Alaska, and the northern shores of Canada; 2) freezing precipitation and ice pellets occur most often from December to March, except in northern Canada and Alaska where it occurs during the warm season, as well; 3) freezing rain and freezing drizzle appear to be influenced by the diurnal solar cycle; 4) freezing precipitation is often short lived; 5) most freezing rain and freezing drizzle are not mixed with other precipitation types, whereas most reports of ice pellets included other types of precipitation; 6) freezing precipitation and ice pellets occur most frequently with a surface (2 m) temperature slightly less than 0degreesC; and 7) following most freezing rain events, the surface temperature remains at or below freezing for up to 10 h, and for up to 25 h for freezing drizzle. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Cortinas, JV (reprint author), NOAA Res, R-OSSX5,1315 East West Hgwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM john.cortinas@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 377 EP 390 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0377:AAOFRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 807CV UT WOS:000220480500013 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GS Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Adams, BL Rollett, AD Wynblatt, P AF Rohrer, GS Saylor, DM El Dasher, B Adams, BL Rollett, AD Wynblatt, P TI The distribution of internal interfaces in polycrystals SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR METALLKUNDE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd EuroConference on Moving Interfaces in Solids CY AUG 10-15, 2003 CL Kloster Irsee, GERMANY DE grain boundaries; surface energy; grain boundary energy; polycrystals ID TWIST GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; ANISOTROPIC SURFACE ENERGIES; CRYSTALLITE ROTATION METHOD; 5 MACROSCOPIC PARAMETERS; 001 TILT BOUNDARIES; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; RELATIVE ENERGIES; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; 3 DIMENSIONS AB Recent advances both in experimental instrumentation and computing power have made it possible to interrogate the distribution of internal interfaces in polycrystals and the three dimensional structure of the grain boundary network with an unprecedented level of detail. The purpose of this paper is to review techniques that can be used to study the mesoscopic crystallographic structure of grain boundary networks and to summarize current findings. Recent studies have shown that grain surfaces within dense polycrystals favor the same low energy planes that are found on equilibrium crystal shapes and growth forms of crystals in contact with another phase. In the materials for which comprehensive data exists, the distribution of grain boundaries is inversely correlated to the sum of the energies of the surfaces of the grains on either side of the boundary. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Carnegie Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Provo, UT USA. RP Rohrer, GS (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Carnegie Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM gr20@andrew.cmu.edu RI Rollett, Anthony/A-4096-2012; Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rollett, Anthony/0000-0003-4445-2191; Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 115 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 39 PU CARL HANSER VERLAG PI MUNICH PA KOLBERGERSTRASSE 22, POSTFACH 86 04 20, D-81679 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0044-3093 J9 Z METALLKD JI Z. Metallk. PD APR PY 2004 VL 95 IS 4 BP 197 EP 214 PG 18 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 819QK UT WOS:000221329500002 ER PT J AU Messick, GA Vanderploeg, HA Cavaletto, JF Tyler, SS AF Messick, GA Vanderploeg, HA Cavaletto, JF Tyler, SS TI Histological characteristics of abnormal protrusions on copepods from Lake Michigan, USA SO ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Copepoda CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Keelung, TAIWAN SP Natl Museum Marine Biol & Aquarium, World Assoc Copepodologists, Natl Sci Council, Fisheries Adm, Environm Protect Adm, Minist Educ, Minist Foreign Affairs, Natl Ctr Ocean Res, Keeling City Govt, Acad Sinica, Inst Zool HO Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ DE cyclopoid; calanoid; ellobiopsid; herniated; necrotic ID ZOOPLANKTON AB Histological characteristics of abnormal protrusions on copepods from Lake Michigan, USA. Zoological Studies 43(2): 314-322. Abnormal protrusions have been observed on crustacean zooplankton species from Lake Michigan since 1994. Copepods collected from 1994 to 2000 were assayed for the prevalence of protrusions, and histologically characterized for various morphologies. Protrusions occurred more frequently on nauplii than on copepodites or adults. Most protrusions were located laterally on the copepod body. External shapes and surfaces of the protrusions varied from smoothly rounded to bossulated and amorphous. Protrusions had diverse histological characteristics. Necrotic tissue was present in 58% of protrusions. Some protrusions had hyaline, crystal-like structures either on the surface or embedded within tissues of the protrusion. Nearly 40% contained what appeared to be herniated host tissue. A few copepods (3%) had elongated, symmetrical, somewhat transparent gross protrusions that were histologically identified as ellobiopsid parasites. Other protrusions had a histology that suggested ellobiopsid parasites such as a bossulated, bud-like external morphology or a smoothly rounded covering. Additionally, round structures observed within protrusions were similar to sporulation bodies of ellobiopsid parasites. It is unlikely that these protrusions were due to fixation artifacts or were caused by diatoms puncturing copepods in the collection devices. A few protrusions were obvious ellobiopsid parasites, but the histology of most protrusions is not consistent or obvious enough to allow identification of a plausible etiological agent. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Messick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. EM Gretchen.Messick@NOAA.gov OI Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACAD SINICA INST ZOOLOGY PI TAIPEI PA EDITORIAL OFFICE, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1021-5506 J9 ZOOL STUD JI Zool. Stud. PD APR PY 2004 VL 43 IS 2 BP 314 EP 322 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 840JB UT WOS:000222853500018 ER PT J AU Foltz, GR Grodsky, SA Carton, JA McPhaden, MJ AF Foltz, GR Grodsky, SA Carton, JA McPhaden, MJ TI Seasonal salt budget of the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean along 38 degrees W SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE budget; PIRATA buoy; tropical Atlantic ID WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SEA-SURFACE SALINITY; HEAT-BUDGET; FRESH POOL; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BARRIER LAYER; MIXED-LAYER; PART I; TEMPERATURE AB [1] Strong seasonal river discharge, precipitation, evaporation, and the confluence of different water masses all contribute to a complex surface salinity seasonal cycle in the western tropical Atlantic. This paper addresses the atmospheric and oceanic causes of the seasonal variability in mixed layer salinity based on direct observations. Primary data sets include up to 5 years (September 1997 to December 2002) of measurements from moored buoys of the Pilot Research Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), ship-intake salinity observations, and near-surface drifting buoys. We analyze the mixed layer salt balance at four PIRATA mooring locations along 38degreesW (15degreesN, 12degreesN, 8degreesN, and 4degreesN). This region is strongly influenced by seasonally varying precipitation associated with the latitudinal migrations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Thus at all four locations we find that surface freshwater fluxes are a major contributor to the mixed layer salt balance. We also find that horizontal transport plays a key role at most locations. At 15degreesN a strong seasonal cycle of horizontal advection contributes to a semiannual cycle of local storage. At 12degreesN the balance is mostly controlled by local surface freshwater fluxes, with a minor contribution from meridional advection. The strongest seasonal cycle of precipitation occurs at 8degreesN, resulting in a strong seasonal cycle of local salt storage. At 4degreesN the dominant semiannual cycle of precipitation is reflected in the surface freshwater flux. However, zonal and meridional advection are also significant, resulting in a strong annual variation in the mixed layer salt storage at this location. Some implications of our results for tropical Atlantic climate variability are briefly discussed. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Foltz, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM senya@atmos.umd.edu RI carton, james/C-4807-2009; Foltz, Gregory/B-8710-2011; Grodsky, Semyon/F-4929-2010; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI carton, james/0000-0003-0598-5198; Foltz, Gregory/0000-0003-0050-042X; Grodsky, Semyon/0000-0002-0670-1356; NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 31 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C3 AR C03052 DI 10.1029/2003JC002111 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 811AO UT WOS:000220745000003 ER PT J AU Webb, DF Allen, JH AF Webb, DF Allen, JH TI Spacecraft and ground anomalies related to the October-November 2003 solar activity SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB During two weeks in late October and early November 2003, a series of large solar events led to high levels of energetic particles in geospace and produced overlapping large geomagnetic storms on 28-30 October. These storms caused effects ranging from power grid failures to satellite shutdowns. A Japanese satellite was lost completely, the U. S. Federal Aviation Administration issued its first-ever high radiation dosage alert for high-altitude aircraft, and astronauts in the International Space Station had to retreat into their heavily shielded service module. C1 Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Space Weather Ctr Excellence, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Webb, DF (reprint author), Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. NR 1 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD MAR 31 PY 2004 VL 2 IS 3 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 908AO UT WOS:000227759700001 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Berbery, EH AF Mo, KC Berbery, EH TI Low-level jets and the summer precipitation regimes over North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE low level jets; summer rainfall ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; GREAT-PLAINS; MEXICAN MONSOON; MOISTURE TRANSPORT; CLIMATOLOGY; SURGES AB [1] The summer precipitation regimes over the United States and their relation to two low level jets are examined using a daily gauge-based precipitation data set, the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and the 10-yr summer ( June - September) simulations based on the 50-km NCEP regional spectral model (RSM) with the initial and boundary conditions provided by the global reanalyses. The quality at regional scales of the RSM simulations is assessed through the comparison with the NCEP's operational Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) analyses. The RSM, as EDAS, captures the seasonal evolution of the North American monsoon rainfall and the related vertically integrated moisture fluxes, but details differ. The fluxes associated with the Great Plains low level jet (GPLLJ) and the Gulf of California low level jet (GCLLJ) depicted by the two data sets are similar, but the 50-km RSM has difficulty in capturing the vertical structure of the meridional moisture flux associated with the GCLLJ. The recurrent summer precipitation regime is a three cell pattern that consists of an inverse phase relationship between the Great Plains and the core monsoon region with an additional weak center over the southeastern United States. Over the southwestern United States, Arizona and New Mexico belong to two different rainfall regimes and have different moisture sources. The out of phase precipitation relationship is consistently related to an out of phase relationship between the two LLJs, whose variations are in turn associated with the upper level jet streams. The strong GCLLJ cases imply a weaker GPLLJ and less rainfall over the central United States and the Mississippi Valley. The strong GPLLJ cases only imply weaker meridional moisture fluxes from northern Mexico or Gulf of California to the southwestern United States and less monsoon rainfall there, but they do not have an impact on moisture fluxes along the Gulf of California. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov RI Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010 OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 30 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06117 DI 10.1029/2003JD004106 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 811AI UT WOS:000220744400003 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Yim, H Sasaki, DY Satija, S Majewski, J Gog, T AF Kent, MS Yim, H Sasaki, DY Satija, S Majewski, J Gog, T TI Analysis of myoglobin adsorption to Cu(II)-IDA and Ni(II)-IDA functionalized Langmuir monolayers by grazing incidence neutron and X-ray techniques SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID CHELATING LIPID MONOLAYERS; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; 2-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; INCIDENCE DIFFRACTION; PROTEIN CRYSTALS; REFLECTION; SURFACES; MEMBRANES; BINDING; LIGAND AB The adsorption of myoglobin to Langmuir monolayers of a metal-chelating lipid in crystalline phase was studied using neutron and X-ray reflectivity (NR and XR) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). In this system, adsorption is due to the interaction between chelated divalent copper or nickel ions and the histidine moieties at the outer surface of the protein. The binding interaction of histidine with the Ni-IDA complex is known to be much weaker than that with Cu-IDA. Adsorption was examined under conditions of constant surface area with an initial pressure of 40 mN/m. After similar to12 h little further change in reflectivity was detected, although the surface pressure continued to slowly increase. For chelated Cu2+ ions, the adsorbed layer structure in the final state was examined for bulk myoglobin concentrations of 0.10 and 10 muM. For the case of 10 muM, the final layer thickness was similar to43 Angstrom. This corresponds well to the two thicker dimensions of myoglobin in the native state (44 Angstrom x 44 Angstrom x 25 Angstrom) and so is consistent with an end-on orientation for this disk-shaped protein at high packing density. However, the final average volume fraction of amino acid segments in the layer was 0.55, which is substantially greater than the value of 0.44 calculated for a completed monolayer from the crystal structure. This suggests an alternative interpretation based on denaturation. GIXD was used to follow the effect of protein binding on the crystalline packing of the lipids and to check for crystallinity within the layer of adsorbed myoglobin. Despite the strong adsorption of myoglobin, very little change was observed in the structure of the DSIDA film. There was no direct evidence in the XR or GIXD for peptide insertion into the lipid tail region. Also, no evidence for in-plane crystallinity within the adsorbed layer of myoglobin was observed. For 0.1 muM bulk myoglobin concentration, the average segment volume fraction was only 0.13 and the layer thickness was less than or equal to25 Angstrom. Adsorption of myoglobin to DSIDA-loaded with Ni2+ was examined at bulk concentrations of 10 and 50 muM. At 10 muM myoglobin, the adsorbed amount was comparable to that obtained for adsorption to Cu2+- loaded DSIDA monolayers at 0.1 muM. But interestingly, the adsorbed layer thickness was 38 Angstrom, substantially greater than that obtained at low coverage with Cu-IDA. This indicates that either there are different preferred orientations for isolated myoglobin molecules adsorbed to Cu-IDA and Ni-IDA monolayer films or else myoglobin denatures to a different extent in the two cases. Either interpretation can be explained by the very different binding energies for individual interactions in the two cases. At 50 muM myoglobin, the thickness and segement volume fraction in the adsorbed layer for Ni-IDA were comparable to the values obtained with Cu-IDA at 10 muM myoglobin. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 40 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 30 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 7 BP 2819 EP 2829 DI 10.1021/la036207y PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 806LX UT WOS:000220436500048 PM 15835159 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, RJ Work, TM Balazs, GH Sutton, CA Casey, RN Casey, JW AF Greenblatt, RJ Work, TM Balazs, GH Sutton, CA Casey, RN Casey, JW TI The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE quantitative PCR; marine turtle; leech; vector; fibropapillomatosis; fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus; green turtle herpesvirus; latent ID MULTICENTRIC CASTLEMANS-DISEASE; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; MARINE TURTLES; TRANSMISSION; HUMAN-HERPESVIRUS-8; SEQUENCES; PATHOGENS; EXPOSURE AB Fibropapillomatosis (FP) of marine turtles is a neoplastic disease of ecological concern. A fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) is consistently present, usually at loads exceeding one virus copy per tumor cell. DNA from an array of parasites of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was examined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine whether any carried viral loads are sufficient to implicate them as vectors for FPTHV. Marine leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) were found to carry high viral DNA loads; some samples approached 10 million copies per leech. lsopycnic sucrose density gradient/qPCR analysis confirmed that some of these copies were associated with particles of the density of enveloped viruses. The data implicate the marine leech Ozobranchus as a mechanical vector for FPTHV. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of FPTHV gene expression indicated that most of the FPTHV copies in a fibropapilloma have restricted DNA polymerase expression, suggestive of latent infection. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vet Med Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, United States Geol Survey, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Honolulu Lab, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Casey, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vet Med Ctr, C5-153, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jwc3@cornell.edu RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2T32 ES07052-26] NR 29 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAR 30 PY 2004 VL 321 IS 1 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.026 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 807KB UT WOS:000220499300011 PM 15033569 ER PT J AU Anderson, NA Briggrnan, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC AF Anderson, NA Briggrnan, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC TI Doubly-resonant sum frequency generation spectroscopy as a sensitive probe of structure and orientation at interfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neil.anderson@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 258-COLL BP U845 EP U845 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602879 ER PT J AU Armstrong, JT Small, JA AF Armstrong, JT Small, JA TI Quantitative analysis of individual nanoparticles by multiple-voltage X-ray emission spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.armstrong@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 119-IEC BP U1249 EP U1249 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604179 ER PT J AU Batteas, JD Garno, JC Hacker, CA Zangmeister, CD Opdahl, AM AF Batteas, JD Garno, JC Hacker, CA Zangmeister, CD Opdahl, AM TI Charge transport in alkanethiols and molecular wires. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 493-COLL BP U883 EP U883 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603114 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Soles, CL AF Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Soles, CL TI Pore size distributions in low-K dielectric thin films from SANS porosimetry SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barry.bauer@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 296-PMSE BP U534 EP U535 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702748 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Flynn, K Vogt, BD AF Bauer, BJ Flynn, K Vogt, BD TI MALDI of layered polymer films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM barry.bauer@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 276-PMSE BP U531 EP U531 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702728 ER PT J AU Becker, ML Bailey, LO Washburn, NR AF Becker, ML Bailey, LO Washburn, NR TI Quantitative response measurement of cell substrate interactions via RT-PCR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Biomat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mlbecker@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 49-POLY BP U355 EP U355 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701838 ER PT J AU Cabral, JT Hudson, SD Wu, T Beers, KL Douglas, JF Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Cabral, JT Hudson, SD Wu, T Beers, KL Douglas, JF Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Microfluidic combinatorial polymer research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 206-PMSE BP U521 EP U521 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702658 ER PT J AU Cafiero, ML AF Cafiero, ML TI Non-Born-Oppenheimer quantum chemistry of atoms and molecules. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mauricio.cafiero@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 326-PHYS BP U308 EP U308 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701568 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM AF Chaka, AM TI Predicting the impact of the environment on the structure and chemistry of metal oxide surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 065-GEOC BP U1202 EP U1202 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603928 ER PT J AU Chen, H Zhang, J Li, Y Jean, YC Gu, XH Nguyen, T AF Chen, H Zhang, J Li, Y Jean, YC Gu, XH Nguyen, T TI Early detection of degradation in coatings studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeany@umkc.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 66-PMSE BP U480 EP U480 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702518 ER PT J AU Davis, RD Gilman, JW Burg, AJ McBrearty, M Start, PR Lee, YH AF Davis, RD Gilman, JW Burg, AJ McBrearty, M Start, PR Lee, YH TI Dielectric spectroscopy during extrusion processing of polyamide-6 nanocomposites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rick.davis@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 410-PMSE BP U552 EP U552 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702861 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Vogt, BD Prabhu, VM Zacharia, N Hammond, PT AF DeLongchamp, DM Vogt, BD Prabhu, VM Zacharia, N Hammond, PT TI Fundamental mechanisms of superlinear growth in hydrogen bonded layer-by-layer assembled polymer films SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM dean.delongchamp@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 269-PMSE BP U530 EP U530 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702721 ER PT J AU Donaldson, DJ Vaida, V Tuck, AF AF Donaldson, DJ Vaida, V Tuck, AF TI Production of atmospherically important radicals via overtone chemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. EM jdonalds@chem.utoronto.ca NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 528-PHYS BP U338 EP U339 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701768 ER PT J AU Dong, D Yan, XJ Frenkel, M AF Dong, D Yan, XJ Frenkel, M TI Discovering hidden value in physicochemical property databases. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM qdong@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 086-CINF BP U691 EP U691 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602550 ER PT J AU Drain, CM Batteas, JD Garno, JC Milic, T Smeureanu, G AF Drain, CM Batteas, JD Garno, JC Milic, T Smeureanu, G TI Self-organization of self-assembled porphyrin arrays on surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM cdrain@hunter.cuny.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 266-POLY BP U404 EP U404 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702054 ER PT J AU Draxler, AFJ Sherrell, RM Wieczorek, D LaVigne, MG AF Draxler, AFJ Sherrell, RM Wieczorek, D LaVigne, MG TI Manganese uptake by lobsters during seasonal hypoxia in western Long Island sound. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NOAA Fisheries, Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. EM andrew.draxler@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 122-GEOC BP U1211 EP U1211 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603985 ER PT J AU Dunmire, D Briggman, KA Walker, ARH AF Dunmire, D Briggman, KA Walker, ARH TI Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of supported bilayer membranes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.dunmire@nist.gov; ahight@nist.gov RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 237-COLL BP U841 EP U841 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602858 ER PT J AU Dunmire, D Walker, AH AF Dunmire, D Walker, AH TI Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biotin and biotin-avidin complex in a microfluidic device SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ddunmire@nist.gov RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 234-COLL BP U841 EP U841 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602855 ER PT J AU Esker, AR Vastine, BA Deng, JJ Ferguson, MK Morris, JR Satija, SK Viers, BD AF Esker, AR Vastine, BA Deng, JJ Ferguson, MK Morris, JR Satija, SK Viers, BD TI Langmuir-Blodgett films of POSS derivatives SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Chem 0212, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USAF, PRSM, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM aesker@vt.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 612-POLY BP U456 EP U456 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702400 ER PT J AU Fasolka, M Briggman, KA AF Fasolka, M Briggman, KA TI Gradient reference surfaces for scanning probe microscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mfasolka@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 413-PMSE BP U553 EP U553 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702863 ER PT J AU Forster, AM Stafford, CM Karim, A AF Forster, AM Stafford, CM Karim, A TI Energy analysis of multi-lens adhesion measurements. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aaron.forster@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 441-PMSE BP U557 EP U557 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702891 ER PT J AU Fox, DM Bellayer, S Awad, W Gilman, JW Davis, RD Maupin, PH De Long, HC Trulove, PC AF Fox, DM Bellayer, S Awad, W Gilman, JW Davis, RD Maupin, PH De Long, HC Trulove, PC TI Application of trialkylimidazolium liquids and salts to the preparation of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites and polymer-carbon nanotube nanocomposites SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 USN, Div Chem, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Off Sci, Washington, DC USA. USAF, Directorate Chem & Life Sci, Off Sci Res, Washington, DC USA. EM dmfox@ccs.nrl.navy.mil NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 640-POLY BP U461 EP U461 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702428 ER PT J AU Gilman, JW Maupin, PH Harris, RH Bellayer, S Bur, AJ Roth, SC Murariu, M Morgan, AB Harris, JD AF Gilman, JW Maupin, PH Harris, RH Bellayer, S Bur, AJ Roth, SC Murariu, M Morgan, AB Harris, JD TI High throughput methods for nanocomposite materials research: Extrusion and visible optical probes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US DOE, Off Basic Energy Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. US DOE, Off Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Fire Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Ecole Natl Arts & Ind Text, GEMTEX, Roubaix, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. EM jeffrey.gilman@nist.gov RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 411-PMSE BP U553 EP U553 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702862 ER PT J AU Gupta, VK Huang, YW AF Gupta, VK Huang, YW TI Adsorption of flexible and globular polymers on heterogeneous surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 116-COLL BP U821 EP U821 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602737 ER PT J AU Hacker, CA Anderson, KA Richter, LJ Richter, CA AF Hacker, CA Anderson, KA Richter, LJ Richter, CA TI Comparison of solution-based attachment of alcohols and aldehydes to Si(III) for molecular electronic applications. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM christina.hacker@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 444-COLL BP U875 EP U875 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603065 ER PT J AU Hawker, CJ Mackay, ME Russell, TP Malkoch, M Drockenmuller, E Kim, HC Tuteja, A Ho, DL AF Hawker, CJ Mackay, ME Russell, TP Malkoch, M Drockenmuller, E Kim, HC Tuteja, A Ho, DL TI Non-Einstein behaviour of intramolecularly crosslinked nanoparticles SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM hawker@almaden.ibm.com RI Hawker, Craig/G-4971-2011 OI Hawker, Craig/0000-0001-9951-851X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 110-PMSE BP U505 EP U505 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702562 ER PT J AU Heit, JM Batteas, JD AF Heit, JM Batteas, JD TI Synthesis and transfer of materials to and from polymers (STOMP): A new imprinting method for fabrication of micro- to nanoscale structures on surfaces SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. Grad Ctr, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.helt@nist.gov; james.batteas@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 239-COLL BP U842 EP U842 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602860 ER PT J AU Hell, JM Batteas, JD AF Hell, JM Batteas, JD TI Development of a simple predictive model for wear on surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Grad Ctr, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 065-COLL BP U813 EP U813 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602687 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ DeRose, PC AF Hill, RJ DeRose, PC TI Improving the performance of point-of-care and bio-warfare detection methods that use portable fluorescence spectrometers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM rjhill@unity.ncsu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 743-CHED BP U610 EP U611 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602017 ER PT J AU Hsu, JWP Campillo, AL Bryant, GW AF Hsu, JWP Campillo, AL Bryant, GW TI Near-field scanning optical microscopy studies of nandstructured SiN membranes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. USN, Res Labs, Washington, DC USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jwhsu@sandia.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 508-PHYS BP U335 EP U336 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701750 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, KK TI Ab initio characterization of van der Waals excited states of clod. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 260-PHYS BP U283 EP U283 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701502 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI Infrared spectra of neutral and ionic SO2H2 species trapped in solid neon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 466-PHYS BP U329 EP U329 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701708 ER PT J AU Johnson, RD AF Johnson, RD TI NIST computational chemistry comparison and benchmark database. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM russell.johnson@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 194-COMP BP U1013 EP U1013 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603361 ER PT J AU Johnson, RD Huie, RE AF Johnson, RD Huie, RE TI Reaction of NH2 with O-2 in the presence of H2O. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Expt Kinet & Thermodynam Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM russell.johnson@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 368-PHYS BP U314 EP U314 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701610 ER PT J AU Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM AF Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM TI Ultrafast pulse shaping for control and automated learning in quantum systems SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 227-PHYS BP U279 EP U279 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701469 ER PT J AU Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM AF Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM TI Multiphoton EUV photonics and applications in ultrafast chemical spectroscopies SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kapteyn@jila.colorado.edu RI Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 206-PHYS BP U275 EP U276 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701448 ER PT J AU Leopold, DG Marcy, TP Millam, EL Miller, SR AF Leopold, DG Marcy, TP Millam, EL Miller, SR TI Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of MnCu and NbCN(H/D)(N) (N=2,4,6). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ So Indiana, Dept Chem, Evansville, IN USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM dleopold@chem.umn.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 417-PHYS BP U322 EP U322 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701659 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, S Cooper, JA Washburn, N Antonucci, J AF Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, S Cooper, JA Washburn, N Antonucci, J TI Synthesis and characterization of PEG and PEG urethane dimethacrylate hydrogels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.antonucci@nist.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 152-PMSE BP U512 EP U512 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702604 ER PT J AU Maness, S Richter, LJ Briggman, KA AF Maness, S Richter, LJ Briggman, KA TI Non-linear optical studies of self-assembled monolayers of aromatic amino acids SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 213-COLL BP U837 EP U837 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602834 ER PT J AU Matheu, D Dean, AM Grenda, JM Green, WH AF Matheu, D Dean, AM Grenda, JM Green, WH TI Automatic construction of chemical mechanisms for challenging pyrolysis systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM david.matheu@nist.gov RI Green, William/C-9684-2012 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 524-PHYS BP U338 EP U338 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701764 ER PT J AU Matheu, DM Dean, AM Grenda, JM AF Matheu, DM Dean, AM Grenda, JM TI Pressure-dependent automated mechanism generation: Systematic models for difficult systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM david.matheu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 144-FUEL BP U1091 EP U1091 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603801 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Deskevich, MP Wocjik, M Ziemkiewicz, M Zolot, A Whitney, E AF Nesbitt, DJ Deskevich, MP Wocjik, M Ziemkiewicz, M Zolot, A Whitney, E TI IR/UV crossed beam studies of nonadiabatic dynamics: The road taken or not taken? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 JILA NIST, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu RI Zolot, Alexander/C-7450-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 496-PHYS BP U334 EP U334 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701738 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Hodak, JH Pardi, A Downey, C AF Nesbitt, DJ Hodak, JH Pardi, A Downey, C TI Near field studies of RNA folding kinetics by single molecule FRET. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 110-PHYS BP U261 EP U261 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701355 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Gu, XH Chen, LJ Fasolka, M Briggman, KA Hwang, J Karim, A Martin, JW AF Nguyen, T Gu, XH Chen, LJ Fasolka, M Briggman, KA Hwang, J Karim, A Martin, JW TI Mapping chemical heterogeneity of polymeric materials with chemical force microscopy SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tinh.nguyen@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 84-PMSE BP U501 EP U501 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702536 ER PT J AU Norman, AI Cabral, JT Amis, E Karim, A AF Norman, AI Cabral, JT Amis, E Karim, A TI Scattering methods applied to high throughput materials science research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anorman@nist.gov RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 207-PMSE BP U521 EP U521 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702659 ER PT J AU Petrovykh, DY Kimura-Suda, H Opdahl, AM Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ AF Petrovykh, DY Kimura-Suda, H Opdahl, AM Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ TI DNA-DNA and DNA-surface interactions measured using homo-oligonucleotides SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dmitri.petrovykh@nrl.navy.mil RI Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011 OI Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 50-POLY BP U355 EP U355 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701839 ER PT J AU Postek, MT AF Postek, MT TI Discussion of some of the nist research and standards development on nano-particles. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM postek@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 121-IEC BP U1250 EP U1250 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604181 ER PT J AU Prabhu, VM Lin, EK AF Prabhu, VM Lin, EK TI Fundamentals of developer-resist interactions for line-edge roughness and CD control in model 248 nm and 157 nm photoresists. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 15-PMSE BP U471 EP U471 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702467 ER PT J AU Richter, LJ Yang, CSC Briggman, KA Stephenson, JC AF Richter, LJ Yang, CSC Briggman, KA Stephenson, JC TI In-situ characterization of hybrid bilayer membranes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lee.richter@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 043-COLL BP U810 EP U810 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602665 ER PT J AU Romero, D Cheng, GJ Dunmire, D Walker, ARH AF Romero, D Cheng, GJ Dunmire, D Walker, ARH TI Surface-enhanced magneto-Raman spectroscopy of ferritin. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, Phys Sci Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM dbromero@lps.umd.edu RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 335-COLL BP U857 EP U857 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602956 ER PT J AU Simmons, BA McElhanon, JR Loy, DA Jamison, GM Long, TM Wheeler, DR Kline, SR Rahimian, K Zifer, T Even, WR AF Simmons, BA McElhanon, JR Loy, DA Jamison, GM Long, TM Wheeler, DR Kline, SR Rahimian, K Zifer, T Even, WR TI Thermally cleavable surfactants based on furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Chem Mat, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Chem Synth & Nanomat Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Micro Total Analyt Syst Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Organ Mat Dept, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Dept Polymers & Coatings, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Loy, Douglas/D-4847-2009 OI Loy, Douglas/0000-0001-7635-9958 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 439-COLL BP U874 EP U874 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603060 ER PT J AU Small, JA AF Small, JA TI Quantitative analysis of individual nanoparticles in the SEM. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.small@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 120-IEC BP U1249 EP U1250 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604180 ER PT J AU Stafford, G Beauchamp, C Hernandz, EA AF Stafford, G Beauchamp, C Hernandz, EA TI Combinatorial approach to electrodepositing copper-cobalt alloys. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Chem, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Chem Imging Ctr, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Ctr Chem Sensor Dev, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. EM gery.stafford@nist.gov; emil_avier@hotmail.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 751-INOR BP U1521 EP U1521 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655605109 ER PT J AU Stranick, S Chase, DB Buntin, SA Michaels, CA AF Stranick, S Chase, DB Buntin, SA Michaels, CA TI Nanoscale chemical and materials characterization with near-field microscopy and spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stranick@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 122-IEC BP U1250 EP U1250 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604182 ER PT J AU Stranick, SJ AF Stranick, SJ TI Nanoscale chemical and materials characterization with near-field microscopy and spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Expt Stn Res, Wilmington, DE 19898 USA. EM stephan.stranick@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 33-PHYS BP U250 EP U250 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655701278 ER PT J AU Tsang, W AF Tsang, W TI High temperature decomposition of hexyl radicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wing.tsang@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 171-FUEL BP U1096 EP U1096 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603828 ER PT J AU Wang, MX Prabhu, VM Lin, EK Fasolka, MJ Karim, A AF Wang, MX Prabhu, VM Lin, EK Fasolka, MJ Karim, A TI Chemically amplified resist fundamentals studies by combinatorial approaches. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mwang@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 467-PMSE BP U562 EP U562 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702917 ER PT J AU Wang, W Gu, BH Liang, LY Hamilton, WA Butler, PD Porcar, L AF Wang, W Gu, BH Liang, LY Hamilton, WA Butler, PD Porcar, L TI Small angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering studies of organic counterion adsorption and distribution at the silica nanoparticle-water interface. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neurton Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM wangw@ornl.gov RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011; Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012; Wang, Wei/B-5924-2012; Liang, Liyuan/O-7213-2014 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956; Liang, Liyuan/0000-0003-1338-0324 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 104-GEOC BP U1208 EP U1209 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603967 ER PT J AU Washburn, NR Simon, CG Weir, MD Bailey, LO Kennedy, SB Amis, EJ AF Washburn, NR Simon, CG Weir, MD Bailey, LO Kennedy, SB Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial screen of cell-material interactions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM newell.washburn@nist.gov RI Weir, Michael/M-7729-2013 OI Weir, Michael/0000-0002-7961-3787 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 438-PMSE BP U557 EP U557 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702888 ER PT J AU Yan, XJ Dong, Q Frenkel, M AF Yan, XJ Dong, Q Frenkel, M TI Impact of quantity and quality of critical property data on model reliability - Essential information for process simulation applications. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xjyan@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 084-CINF BP U690 EP U691 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602548 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Sasaki, DY Satija, S Majewski, J Gog, T AF Yim, H Kent, MS Sasaki, DY Satija, S Majewski, J Gog, T TI Analysis of myoglobin adsorption to Cu(II)-IDA and Ni(II)-IDA functionalized Langmuir monolayers by grazing incidence neutron and X-ray techniques SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Biomol Mat & Interface Sci Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. NIST, Reactor Div, Boulder, CO USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM hyim@sandia.gov RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 421-POLY BP U428 EP U428 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702209 ER PT J AU Ying, ZC Hsu, S AF Ying, ZC Hsu, S TI Threshold and energy balance for plowing in friction. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM charles.ying@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 063-COLL BP U813 EP U813 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655602685 ER PT J AU Zacharia, N DeLongchamp, DM Hammond, PT AF Zacharia, N DeLongchamp, DM Hammond, PT TI Polyelectrolyte multilayers for electrochemical devices SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM nzach@mit.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 99-PMSE BP U503 EP U503 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702551 ER PT J AU Zachariah, MR Kim, SH Prakash, A McCormick, A AF Zachariah, MR Kim, SH Prakash, A McCormick, A TI Microengineering the formation of energetic nanocomposites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. NIST, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM mrz@umd.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 443-COLL BP U874 EP U875 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603064 ER PT J AU Zachariah, MR Park, K Lee, D AF Zachariah, MR Park, K Lee, D TI Size-dependent reactivity of aluminum nanoparticles measured by single-particle mass-spectrometry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. NIST, College Pk, MD 20754 USA. Pusan Natl Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Pusan 609735, South Korea. EM mrz@umd.edu RI Park, Kihong/F-8366-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 393-COLL BP U867 EP U867 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603014 ER PT J AU Zhang, WH Fasolka, MJ Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Zhang, WH Fasolka, MJ Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Open source informatics system for combinatorial materials research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wenhua.zhang@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 208-PMSE BP U521 EP U521 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655702660 ER PT J AU O'Doherty, S Cunnold, DM Manning, A Miller, BR Wang, RHJ Krummel, PB Fraser, PJ Simmonds, PG McCulloch, A Weiss, RF Salameh, P Porter, LW Prinn, RG Huang, J Sturrock, G Ryall, D Derwent, RG Montzka, SA AF O'Doherty, S Cunnold, DM Manning, A Miller, BR Wang, RHJ Krummel, PB Fraser, PJ Simmonds, PG McCulloch, A Weiss, RF Salameh, P Porter, LW Prinn, RG Huang, J Sturrock, G Ryall, D Derwent, RG Montzka, SA TI Rapid growth of hydrofluorocarbon 134a and hydrochlorofluorocarbons 141b, 142b, and 22 from Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Mace Head, Ireland SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE trends; HCFC; emission estimates ID EUROPEAN EMISSIONS; TROPOSPHERIC OH; TRACE GASES; FIRN AIR; TRENDS; LIFETIME; HALOCARBONS; CHLOROFORM; HFC-134A; ABUNDANCE AB [1] An update of in situ Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)/hydrochlorofluorocarbon ( HCFC) measurements made at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania, from 1998 to 2002 are reported. HCFC-142b, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22 and HFC-134a show continued rapid growth in the atmosphere at mean rates of 1.1, 1.6, 6.0, and 3.4 ppt/year, respectively. Emissions inferred from measurements are compared to recent estimates from consumption data. Minor updates to the industry estimates of emissions are reported together with a discussion of how to best determine OH concentrations from these trace gas measurements. In addition, AGAGE measurements and derived emissions are compared to those deduced from NOAA-Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory flask measurements ( which are mostly made at different locations). European emission estimates obtained from Mace Head pollution events using the Nuclear Accident Model ( NAME) dispersion model and the best fit algorithm ( known as simulated annealing) are presented as 3-year rolling average emissions over Europe for the period 1999-2001. Finally, the measurements of HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, and HCFC-22 discussed in this paper have been combined with the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE)/Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE)/AGAGE measurements of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4, and CH3CCl3 to produce the evolution of tropospheric chlorine loading. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. UK Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Bur Meteorol, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollut Stn, Smithton, Tas 7330, Australia. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP O'Doherty, S (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. EM s.odoherty@bris.ac.uk RI Fraser, Paul/D-1755-2012; Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013 OI Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678 NR 36 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 26 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06310 DI 10.1029/2003JD004277 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809FN UT WOS:000220622700005 ER PT J AU Kulkarni, A Gutleber, J Sampath, S Goland, A Lindquist, WB Herman, H Allen, AJ Dowd, B AF Kulkarni, A Gutleber, J Sampath, S Goland, A Lindquist, WB Herman, H Allen, AJ Dowd, B TI Studies of the microstructure and properties of dense ceramic coatings produced by high-velocity oxygen-fuel combustion spraying SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE porosity; thermal conductivity; elastic modulus; microstructure; coatings; small angle neutron scattering; computed microtomography ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; COMPUTED MICROTOMOGRAPHY; THERMAL-DIFFUSIVITY; OF-STANDARDS; POROUS-MEDIA; DEPOSITS AB High-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying stands out among the various processes to improve metal and ceramic coating density and surface characteristics. This paper explores microstructure development, coating characterization and properties of HVOF sprayed alumina coatings and compares these with those produced using the conventional air plasma spray process. We report on the characterization of these coatings using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) to explain the behavior observed for the two coating systems. Microstructure information on porosity, void orientation distribution, void mean opening dimensions and internal surface areas have been obtained using SANS. XMT (X-ray synchrotron microtomography) has been used to nondestructively image the microstructural features in 3D at a 2.7-mum spatial resolution over a 2-3 turn field of view. 3D medial axis analysis has been used for the quantitative analysis of the coarse void space in order to obtain information on the porosity, specific surface area, pore connectivity and size distribution of the larger voids in the coatings. The results reveal different pore morphologies for the two spray processes. While only globular pores are imaged in the plasma sprayed coatings due to the spatial resolution limit, highly layered porosity is imaged in the HVOF coating. When the quantitative SANS and XMT information are combined, the different thermal and mechanical properties of the two different coating types can be explained in terms of their distinctly different void microstructures. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM anand.kulkarni@sunysb.edu NR 29 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 EI 1873-4936 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD MAR 25 PY 2004 VL 369 IS 1-2 BP 124 EP 137 DI 10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.295 PG 14 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 806RQ UT WOS:000220451400016 ER PT J AU Miller, L Douglas, BC AF Miller, L Douglas, BC TI Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN AB The rate of twentieth-century global sea level rise and its causes are the subjects of intense controversy(1-7). Most direct estimates from tide gauges give 1.5-2.0 mm yr(-1), whereas indirect estimates based on the two processes responsible for global sea level rise, namely mass and volume change, fall far below this range. Estimates of the volume increase due to ocean warming give a rate of about 0.5 mm yr(-1) ( ref. 8) and the rate due to mass increase, primarily from the melting of continental ice, is thought to be even smaller. Therefore, either the tide gauge estimates are too high, as has been suggested recently(6), or one ( or both) of the mass and volume estimates is too low. Here we present an analysis of sea level measurements at tide gauges combined with observations of temperature and salinity in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans close to the gauges. We find that gauge-determined rates of sea level rise, which encompass both mass and volume changes, are two to three times higher than the rates due to volume change derived from temperature and salinity data. Our analysis supports earlier studies that put the twentieth-century rate in the 1.5-2.0 mm yr(-1) range, but more importantly it suggests that mass increase plays a larger role than ocean warming in twentieth-century global sea level rise. C1 NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Florida Int Univ, Lab Coastal Res, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Miller, L (reprint author), NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM laury.miller@noaa.gov RI Miller, Laury/B-8305-2011 OI Miller, Laury/0000-0003-3095-5804 NR 15 TC 148 Z9 158 U1 2 U2 16 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 25 PY 2004 VL 428 IS 6981 BP 406 EP 409 DI 10.1038/nature02309 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 805ZN UT WOS:000220404300037 PM 15042085 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Solomon, S Kjaergaard, HG Schofield, DP AF Daniel, JS Solomon, S Kjaergaard, HG Schofield, DP TI Atmospheric water vapor complexes and the continuum SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-ABSORPTION; EQUILIBRIUM-CONSTANT; BAND INTENSITIES; SOLAR-RADIATION; SPECTRUM; DIMER; DIMERIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ROTATION; SURFACE AB Estimates of absorption optical depths for the bound complexes H2O-H2O and the sum of H2O-N-2, H2O-O-2, and H2O-Ar at visible and near-infrared wavelengths are compared to the same quantities calculated from a frequently used water continuum parameterization (MT_CKD) and from a theoretical far wing water vapor lineshape theory. The temperature dependences of some of these optical depths are also compared. The comparisons suggest qualitatively that water complexes may contribute to the continuum at these wavelengths, and show that the temperature dependence of the continuum might provide insight into the role of the complexes in the atmosphere. Because of the dearth of laboratory measurements of the continuum at these wavelengths, and because the current estimates for the equilibrium constants of these water vapor complexes remain highly uncertain, more observations are needed before the importance of water complexes can be accurately quantified. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jdaniel@al.noaa.gov RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Kjaergaard, Henrik /H-4333-2014 OI Kjaergaard, Henrik /0000-0002-7275-8297 NR 32 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06118 DI 10.1029/2003GL018914 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 809EW UT WOS:000220621000002 ER PT J AU Martin, RV Fiore, AM Van Donkelaar, A AF Martin, RV Fiore, AM Van Donkelaar, A TI Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MONITORING EXPERIMENT; UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN-OXIDES; POLLUTION; GOME; FORMALDEHYDE; MODEL; AIR; HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE AB We present a novel capability in satellite remote sensing with implications for air pollution control strategy. We show that the ratio of formaldehyde columns to tropospheric nitrogen dioxide columns is an indicator of the relative sensitivity of surface ozone to emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The diagnosis from these space-based observations is highly consistent with current understanding of surface ozone chemistry based on in situ observations. The satellite-derived ratios indicate that surface ozone is more sensitive to emissions of NOx than of VOCs throughout most continental regions of the Northern Hemisphere during summer. Exceptions include Los Angeles and industrial areas of Germany. A seasonal transition occurs in the fall when surface ozone becomes less sensitive to NOx and more sensitive to VOCs. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Martin, RV (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. EM rvmartin@fizz.phys.dal.ca RI Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; NR 32 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06120 DI 10.1029/2004GL019416 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 809EW UT WOS:000220621000006 ER PT J AU Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Ogren, JA Ferrare, R AF Andrews, E Sheridan, PJ Ogren, JA Ferrare, R TI In situ aerosol profiles over the Southern Great Plains cloud and radiation test bed site: 1. Aerosol optical properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric aerosol; airborne measurement; in situ measurement ID SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; LIGHT-SCATTERING; HUMIDIFICATION FACTORS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; WATER-VAPOR; DEPTH; BRAZIL AB Aerosol optical properties were measured over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) cloud and radiation test bed site using a light aircraft (Cessna C-172N). The aircraft flew level legs at altitudes between 500 m and 3500 m several times per week over the course of 2 years in order to obtain a statistically representative data set of in situ aerosol vertical profiles. Instrumentation on the aircraft was similar to that at the surface SGP site so that measurements at the surface and aloft could easily be compared. Measured parameters included total light scattering, backscattering, and absorption, while calculated parameters included single-scattering albedo, backscatter fraction, and Angstrom exponent. Statistical plots of aerosol optical properties and their variation in the lower column (0-4000 m) showed that over the course of the 2 years studied, albedo, backscatter fraction, and Angstrom exponent were fairly invariant with altitude (at least up to 1800 m). Despite the vertical consistency the correlation between column average and surface values for single-scattering albedo, backscatter fraction, and Angstrom exponent tended to be quite low, with R-2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 and linear regression slopes ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. These results suggest that long-term surface aerosol measurements capture the column aerosol properties but may not be as representative of day-to-day variations in the column. Comparison of aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculated from the vertical profiles with other measurements of AOD made at SGP (i.e., by the Cimel Sun photometer and the multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR)) showed fair correlation (R(2)similar to0.7 Cimel, R(2)similar to0.8 MFRSR), although the aircraft AODs tend to have a consistent offset of -0.04, even after incorporating a correction for supermicrometer aerosol and stratospheric aerosol. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Chem & Dynam Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Andrews, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM betsy.andrews@noaa.gov; patrick.sheridan@noaa.gov; john.a.ogren@noaa.gov; r.ferrare@larc.nasa.gov NR 50 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06208 DI 10.1029/2003JD004025 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809FI UT WOS:000220622200002 ER PT J AU Delle Monache, L Perry, KD Cederwall, RT Ogren, JA AF Delle Monache, L Perry, KD Cederwall, RT Ogren, JA TI In situ aerosol profiles over the Southern Great Plains cloud and radiation test bed site: 2. Effects of mixing height on aerosol properties SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; vertical profile; boundary layer ID CENTRAL NEW-MEXICO; BOUNDARY-LAYER; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; INVERSION; TEMPERATURE; ENERGY; GAS AB The goal of this study was to determine under what meteorological conditions, if any, measurements of aerosol properties made at the Earth's surface are representative of aerosol properties measured within the column of air above the surface. Specifically, this study uses instrumentation from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site to determine how the observed mixing height (MH) and the degree of mixing affects the vertical variation of aerosol extensive and intensive properties. The MH was estimated by applying the Heffter [1980] technique with a critical lapse rate of 0.001 K m(-1) to the available radiosonde data. This estimate was then used to determine whether each vertical aerosol profile flight leg from 59 flights was within or above the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Although the aerosol extensive properties, such as light absorption by particles sigma(ap), light scattering by particles sigma(sp), and total extinction by particles sigma(ext) measured within the ABL were highly correlated with the surface measurements (R-2=0.74, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively), the airborne measurements of sigma(ap) were systematically lower (slope=0.77). By contrast, the sigma(sp) and sigma(ext) regression line slopes were 0.99 and 1.00. The aerosol extensive properties measured above the ABL were poorly correlated with surface values and were almost an order of magnitude lower than the simultaneous measurements made within the ABL. Aerosol intensive properties such as the single-scattering albedo pi(o), the hemispheric backscatter fraction b, and the Angstrom exponent (a) over circle exhibited a similar behavior (R-2=0.74, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively) but had regression line slopes within the ABL of 0.88, 0.75, and 0.62, respectively. There were no statistically significant correlations between the intensive aerosol properties measured above the ABL and those measured at the surface. Limiting the analysis to well-mixed days with near-neutral static stability did not significantly improve the results. Thus the hypothesis that the best agreement between surface measurements and those within the ABL will occur when the atmosphere is well mixed was not supported by this data set. C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Delle Monache, L (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. EM lucaishere@yahoo.com; perry@met.utah.edu; rcederwall@llnl.gov; jogren@cmdl.noaa.gov NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06209 DI 10.1029/2003JD004024 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809FI UT WOS:000220622200001 ER PT J AU Ehlers, G Cornelius, AL Fennell, T Koza, M Bramwell, ST Gardner, JS AF Ehlers, G Cornelius, AL Fennell, T Koza, M Bramwell, ST Gardner, JS TI Evidence for two distinct spin relaxation mechanisms in 'hot' spin ice Ho2Ti2O7 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Highly Frustrated Magnetism 2003 Conference CY AUG 26-30, 2003 CL Inst Laue Langevin, Grenoble, FRANCE HO Inst Laue Langevin ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; PYROCHLORE; ECHO; FERROMAGNET; CSCOBR3; Y2MO2O7 AB Neutron scattering and ac-susceptibility techniques have been performed on the spin ice material Ho2Ti2O7 to study the spin relaxation processes in the 'hot' paramagnetic phase (T > 1 K). Neutron spin echo (NSE) proves that above T similar or equal to 15 K the spin dynamics are governed by a thermally activated single-ion process. At lower temperatures (T < 15 K) this cannot account for the spin dynamics found in ac-susceptibility measurements. It is inferred that a second, slower process, with a different thermal signature dominates. We suggest that this is a quantum-mechanical tunnelling process between different spin states separated by a large energy barrier. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, TOF, HR Grp, F-38042 Grenoble, France. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehlers, G (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, 701 Scarboro Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. EM ehlersg@ornl.gov RI Cornelius, Andrew/A-9837-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Fennell, Tom/D-1912-2014; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 22 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 11 SI SI BP S635 EP S642 AR PII S0953-8984(04)74220-4 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/16/11/010 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 847XP UT WOS:000223431700011 ER PT J AU Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Bramwell, ST Gaulin, BD AF Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Bramwell, ST Gaulin, BD TI Spin dynamics in geometrically frustrated antiferromagnetic pyrochlores SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Highly Frustrated Magnetism 2003 Conference CY AUG 26-30, 2003 CL Inst Laue Langevin, Grenoble, FRANCE HO Inst Laue Langevin ID TB2TI2O7; GLASS; CRYSTAL; Y2MO2O7; MAGNET; ORDER; ICE; FERROMAGNET; TRANSITION; DISORDER AB We have studied the spin dynamics of several antiferromagnetic pyrochlore oxides. These magnets are geometrically frustrated and only reach their ground states at temperatures much lower than that expected from mean field theory. Here we present data on the magnetic nature, especially the spin dynamics of Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7), Gd(2)Ti(2)O(7) and Y(2)Mo(2)O(7). In these systems the ground states are found to be very different. Y(2)Mo(2)O(7) freezes completely into a spin glass-like state, Tb(2)Ti(2)O(7) is a cooperative paramagnetic and remains dynamic down to 15 mK and Gd(2)Ti(2)O(7) enters a unique partially ordered state at similar to1 K. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, SNS Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. McMaster Univ, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RP Gardner, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM jason.gardner@nist.gov RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 43 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 16 IS 11 SI SI BP S643 EP S651 AR PII S0953-8984(04)74191-0 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/16/11/011 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 847XP UT WOS:000223431700012 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, RD Yao, YX Tour, JM AF Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, RD Yao, YX Tour, JM TI Valence electron orbitals of an oligo(p-phenylene-ethynylene)thiol on gold SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MOLECULAR RECTIFIERS; INTERFACE; SURFACES; DEVICES C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Rice Univ, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Zangmeister, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.zangmeister@nist.gov OI Tour, James/0000-0002-8479-9328 NR 15 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 11 BP 3420 EP 3421 DI 10.1021/ja0389826 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 804GE UT WOS:000220286400026 PM 15025458 ER PT J AU Mei, Y Beers, KL Byrd, HCM Vanderhart, DL Washburn, NR AF Mei, Y Beers, KL Byrd, HCM Vanderhart, DL Washburn, NR TI Solid-phase ATRP synthesis of peptide-polymer hybrids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; CELL-ADHESION PEPTIDES; 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; RGD; SURFACES; POLYDISPERSITY; FIBRONECTIN; ADSORPTION; INTEGRINS AB A versatile methodology to prepare hybrid biornaterials by atom transfer radical polymerization from resin-supported peptides has been established. As an example, we have synthesized a GRGDS-functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The peptide-polymer was characterized by solid-state C-13 NMR and GPC and found to have a number average molecular weight of 4420 and a polydispersity of 1.47. These values are comparable to those obtained from solution-phase syntheses, suggesting the ATRP reaction is successful from a peptide-conjugated solid support. Solid-state C-13 NMR was used to characterize multiple steps in the reaction, and the synthesis was found to be near quantitative. We have performed cell adhesion experiments and observed the GRGDS sequence-promoted cell adhesion, whereas unfunctionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) did not. By incorporating cell-signaling moieties in materials with defined molecular architecture, it will be possible to control the interactions between polymeric materials and biological systems. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Washburn, NR (reprint author), Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM newell.washburn@nist.gov NR 29 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 11 BP 3472 EP 3476 DI 10.1021/ja039583d PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 804GE UT WOS:000220286400042 PM 15025474 ER PT J AU Lai, NC Lankin, K Holts, D AF Lai, NC Lankin, K Holts, D TI Cardiovascular properties of two oceanic elasmobranchs, the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the pelagic ray (Dasyatis violacea) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Univ San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Wells Coll, New York, NY USA. SWFSC, San Diego, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 SU S BP A371 EP A371 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 806ZA UT WOS:000220470601785 ER PT J AU Satterfield, MB Nelson, BC Sniegoski, LT Welch, M AF Satterfield, MB Nelson, BC Sniegoski, LT Welch, M TI New standard reference material for homocysteine and folate SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 SU S BP A177 EP A177 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 806ZA UT WOS:000220470600853 ER PT J AU Tsunoda, RT Ecklund, WL AF Tsunoda, RT Ecklund, WL TI On a summer maximum in the occurrence frequency of 150 km (F-1) radar echoes over Pohnpei SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ZONE SPORADIC-E; EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; DIP EQUATOR; REGION; IRREGULARITIES; INSTABILITY; SCATTERING; JICAMARCA; DRIFT; SHEAR AB Using three and a half years of 50 MHz radar data collected from Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (6.96degreesN, 158.19degreesE geographic, 0.3degrees magnetic dip latitude), we show for the first time that the occurrence frequency of 150 km (or F-1) echoes has a broad but conspicuous maximum during northern summer in this longitude sector with minimal activity in other months. Given a seasonal similarity to sporadic E (E-s), we suggest that an E-s-layer instability [Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2002] generates a polarization electric field ((E) over right arrow), which maps along geomagnetic field lines to the F-1 region. There, (E) over right arrow forms thin plasma sheets that provide gradients to excite 3-m-scale plasma waves via an interchange process. C1 SRI Int, Ctr Geosp Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tsunoda, RT (reprint author), SRI Int, Ctr Geosp Studies, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM tsunoda@sri.com NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 23 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06810 DI 10.1029/2003GL018704 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 809EV UT WOS:000220620900001 ER PT J AU Cafiero, M Adamowicz, L AF Cafiero, M Adamowicz, L TI Molecular structure in non-Born-Oppenheimer quantum mechanics SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED GAUSSIAN FUNCTIONS; LIH AB We present the first fully non-Born-Oppenheimer (BO) calculations of the wave function of a molecule with more than two atoms: HI and its isotopomers. We also calculate expectation values of the internuclear distances (i.e., the molecular geometry). Since the operators representing the internuclear distances do not commute with the internal non-BO Hamiltonian, the only information that can be acquired from the wave function are the average values of bond distances and for each subset of identical nuclei in the system only one unique interparticle distance can be determined. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cafiero, M (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM mauricio.cafiero@nist.gov NR 9 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2004 VL 387 IS 1-3 BP 136 EP 141 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.006 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 804AV UT WOS:000220272500025 ER PT J AU L'Heureux, ML Mann, ME Cook, BI Gleason, BE Vose, RS AF L'Heureux, ML Mann, ME Cook, BI Gleason, BE Vose, RS TI Atmospheric circulation influences on seasonal precipitation patterns in Alaska during the latter 20th century SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Alaska; precipitation; circulation; climate variability; climate change; PNA ID NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC; OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; TRENDS AB [1] A set of long, nearly complete daily precipitation series for Alaska spanning the latter half of the 20th century has been analyzed for seasonal relationships between variations in mean, heavy, and extreme precipitation and large-scale atmospheric circulation variations at interannual, decadal, and secular timescales. Relationships with four candidate predictors (the Pacific North American (PNA), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Nino3 indices) are used for insights into possible large-scale climate forcing. Winter precipitation (mean and extreme) variability and trends along the south coast and interior of Alaska appear to be closely related to variations in the PNA pattern over this timeframe, while El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences, through the Nino3 index, appear to be significant along the south coast alone. Along the south coast the PNA and ENSO exert opposing influences on extreme (and mean) precipitation. Within interior Alaska the positive PNA pattern tends to suppress precipitation owing to orographic factors. Summer variations appear more closely related to the influence of the AO and PDO. The north slope region of Alaska appears to be too far removed from the influences of any of the examined predictors for any clear relationship to be evident. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NOAA, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP L'Heureux, ML (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM michl@atmos.colostate.edu; mann@virginia.edu; bc9z@virginia.edu; byron.gleason@noaa.gov; russell.vose@noaa.gov RI Cook, Benjamin/H-2265-2012; L'Heureux, Michelle/C-7517-2013; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017 OI L'Heureux, Michelle/0000-0002-7095-9706; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 20 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06106 DI 10.1029/2003JD003845 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806MN UT WOS:000220438100001 ER PT J AU Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Marsh, AL Fischer, DA Gland, JL AF Burnett, DJ Gabelnick, AM Marsh, AL Fischer, DA Gland, JL TI Comparisons of propylene and propyne catalytic oxidation on a 100 angstrom Pt/Al2O3 thin film using in situ soft X-ray fluorescence methods SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alkenes; alkynes; oxidation; catalysis; platinum; metallic films; near edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; H BOND ACTIVATION; PT(111) SURFACE; MECHANISMS; OXYGEN; COMBUSTION; PALLADIUM; PLATINUM; HYDROCARBONS; COVERAGE AB Propyne and propylene deep oxidation to form CO2 and H2O in flowing oxygen pressures up to 0.01 Torr has been studied on a 100 Angstrom Pt/Al2O3 thin film catalyst using a combination of synchrotron based soft X-ray techniques. In situ temperature-programmed and isothermal kinetic experiments have been used to evaluate reaction mechanisms and energetics. Propyne oxidation on the thin film occurs in a simple, one-step process with a C3H4 (propyne) intermediate. Propylene oxidation on this surface is more complex. Initial propylene desorption and oxydehydrogenation results in the formation of a C3H5 intermediate (1-methylvinyl). Skeletal oxidation begins with increasing temperature and additional oxydehydrogenation results in the formation of a C3H4 propyne-like intermediate. Thus, as observed previously on the Pt(111) surface, skeletal oxidation of both propyne and propylene above 370 K proceeds through a C3H4 intermediate. Even for this complex, supported Pt thin film sample, the oxidation mechanisms for propyne and propylene remain stable over the entire range of oxygen pressures studied. The propyne and propylene oxidation temperatures on the Pt film are quite similar to the Pt(111) surface. Propyne adsorbs on the 100 Angstrom Pt/Al2O3 thin film through the Tc system nearly parallel to the surface, in a manner very similar to the Pt(111) surface. However, molecular adsorption of propylene on the Pt film surface is more complex. A new weakly adsorbed bonding mode is observed on the Pt film in addition to a strongly adsorbed form similar to propylene bonding on the Pt(111) surface. This weakly bound species desorbs between 200 and 270 K, while the more tightly bound propylene species that remains on the surface undergoes oxydehydrogenation and skeletal oxidation as outlined above. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gland, JL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, 930 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM gland@umich.edu NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD MAR 20 PY 2004 VL 553 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2004.02.004 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 804AL UT WOS:000220271500003 ER PT J AU Foltz, GR Carton, JA Chassignet, EP AF Foltz, GR Carton, JA Chassignet, EP TI Tropical instability vortices in the Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE tropics; instability; Atlantic ID NORTH BRAZIL CURRENT; ISOPYCNIC COORDINATE MODEL; CORE RING 82B; EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; SEASONAL CYCLE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; LONG WAVES; SEA; THERMOCLINE AB This paper examines the physical characteristics and dynamics of Atlantic tropical instability vortices based on observational data from 1997 to 2000 and a high-resolution numerical model simulation. Most prominent during boreal summer, the vortices are characterized by 400 km spatial scales, westward translation at 0-40 cm s(-1), anticyclonic circumferential velocities of 30-110 cm s(-1), and SST anomalies that decrease from 2degreesC in midbasin to 0.5degreesC or less near the western boundary. In contrast, the sea level anomalies grow as the vortices progress westward, reaching maximum amplitudes of 14 cm near 40degreesW. The large circumferential velocities, leading to relative vorticities of -4 x 10(-6) s(-1) and Rossby numbers of 0.5, indicate that centrifugal effects may play an important role in the vortices' vorticity balance. We address the vortices' vertical structure and vorticity dynamics by examination of a high-resolution numerical model. There is a reasonably good agreement between the model and observations. Simulated vortices are confined mostly to the mixed layer, which increases westward in depth from 30 to 100 m near the western boundary. In the eastern basin, potential vorticity within the vortices is not conserved but decreases because of wind stress forcing. In contrast, in the western basin, decreases in potential vorticity are due mostly to the vortices' acquisition of Southern Hemisphere water. We estimate an annualized cross-equatorial transport of up to 1.2 Sv associated with the vortices, which is eventually contributed to the North Brazil Current system. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Carton, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM carton@atmos.umd.edu RI carton, james/C-4807-2009; Foltz, Gregory/B-8710-2011 OI carton, james/0000-0003-0598-5198; Foltz, Gregory/0000-0003-0050-042X NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 19 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C3 AR C03029 DI 10.1029/2003JC001942 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 806MR UT WOS:000220438500001 ER PT J AU Zheng, QN Clemente-Colon, P Yan, XH Liu, WT Huang, NE AF Zheng, QN Clemente-Colon, P Yan, XH Liu, WT Huang, NE TI Satellite synthetic aperture radar detection of Delaware Bay plumes: Jet-like feature analysis SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Delaware Bay; estuarine plume; radar image ID COASTAL CURRENT; BUOYANCY; ESTUARY; SHELF; MODEL AB From the physics of radar imaging of ocean surface processes a theoretical model for the radar imaging of an ocean jet was derived. The theoretical model predicts that the jet current structure, sech(2)eta, constitutes a determining factor for the radar image. The modeled image intensity depends on the axial velocity, decreasing as x(-1) along the jet axis, and is sensitive to the wind direction with respect to the jet axis. The model was used to interpret synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Delaware Bay plumes taken by the RADARSAT-1 (Canadian Radar Satellite) and ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing satellite) satellites during a period from summer 1996 to spring 1997. In all seasons the low-salinity plumes appear as relatively bright, jet-like patterns on SAR images. From a morphological interpretation of the image features, both summer and winter plumes can be divided into three sections along the axis: source, jet, and dispersion region. Along the transverse direction, SAR image interpretations indicate that the plumes have a twin jet structure, which conforms to decomposition of field measurements. In summer the typical axial velocity is estimated at 6 x 10(-1) m s(-1) with a Reynolds number of 18. At about 5 km downstream from the source the plume behaves like a turbulent jet, and beyond that range down to about 10 km downstream, it behaves like a laminar jet. In winter the plumes become weaker than in summer. The typical axial velocity is estimated at 4 x 10(-1) m s(-1) with a Reynolds number of 3. The jet behaves like the laminar jet off the source down to about 4 km downstream. In both summer and winter cases the SAR images were taken at maximum flood tide, and the plumes appeared as jets. In the spring case the SAR image was taken at early flood tide; the plume appeared as an integrated body with relatively uniform bright tunes. In all cases the plume disperses within about 25 km downstream. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Newark, DE USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab 300 323, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Ocean & Ice Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zheng, QN (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM quanan@atmos.umd.edu RI Zheng, Quanan/F-9025-2010; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010 NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 19 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C3 AR C03031 DI 10.1029/2003JC002100 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 806MR UT WOS:000220438500003 ER PT J AU Bendersky, LA Takeuchi, I AF Bendersky, LA Takeuchi, I TI Use of transmission electron microscopy in combinatorial studies of functional oxides SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ferroelectricity; inorganic materials; laser ablation; TEM; thin films ID BA0.3SR0.7TIO3 THIN-FILMS; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITION SPREADS; IDENTIFICATION; DISLOCATIONS; TEMPERATURE; DEVICES; ZNO AB The principles of combinatorial methodology are based on high-throughput properties measurements (HTPM) of multiple compositions in combinatorial libraries, and are recently being increasingly applied in materials research. Nevertheless, the authors' view is that the involvement of detailed but time-consuming investigation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) should be an important part of combinatorial materials research. In this paper we present three examples from our combinatorial studies where the TEM investigation was essential in obtaining a detailed picture of microstructures and their relationship with the physical properties. In the study of microwave dielectrics such as BaTiO3-SrTiO3, TEM provides essential information on the type and distribution of defects in the deposited films. In the case of the wide-band semiconductor ZnO-MgO, the distribution and morphology of the phases were studied and related to the measured electronic properties. Study of the manganates LaMnO3-CaMnO3 with colossal magneto-resistive properties showed an anisotropic distribution of the structural domains and the morphology of the film. The distribution of the domains and the absence of epitaxial stresses found are essential in the interpretation of magnetic measurements. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20886 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20886 USA. EM leoben@nist.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD MAR 19 PY 2004 VL 25 IS 6 BP 695 EP 703 DI 10.1002/marc.200300232 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 809TF UT WOS:000220658300001 ER PT J AU Ma, LS Bi, ZY Bartels, A Robertsson, L Zucco, M Windeler, RS Wilpers, G Oates, C Hollberg, L Diddams, SA AF Ma, LS Bi, ZY Bartels, A Robertsson, L Zucco, M Windeler, RS Wilpers, G Oates, C Hollberg, L Diddams, SA TI Optical frequency synthesis and comparison with uncertainty at the 10(-19) level SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; MODE-LOCKED LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; CLOCKWORK; STANDARD; ION AB A femtosecond laser-based optical frequency synthesizer is referenced to an optical standard, and we use it to demonstrate the generation and control of the frequency of electromagnetic fields over 100 terahertz of bandwidth with fractional uncertainties approaching 1 part in 10(19). The reproducibility of this performance is verified by comparison of different types of femtosecond laser based frequency synthesizers from three laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. E China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Ma, LS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lsma@phy.ecnu.edu.cn; sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 24 TC 189 Z9 206 U1 9 U2 34 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 19 PY 2004 VL 303 IS 5665 BP 1843 EP 1845 DI 10.1126/science.1095092 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 804EI UT WOS:000220281600048 PM 15031498 ER PT J AU Reid, JS Prins, EM Westphal, DL Schmidt, CC Richardson, KA Christopher, SA Eck, TF Reid, EA Curtis, CA Hoffman, JP AF Reid, JS Prins, EM Westphal, DL Schmidt, CC Richardson, KA Christopher, SA Eck, TF Reid, EA Curtis, CA Hoffman, JP TI Real-time monitoring of South American smoke particle emissions and transport using a coupled remote sensing/box-model approach SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCAR-B; BRAZIL; BIOMASS; SENSITIVITY; FIRE AB [1] Since August 2000, the Wild fire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) has been generating half-hourly fire hot spot analyses for the Western Hemisphere using GOES satellites to provide the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) with near-real-time fire products. These are used to generate smoke particle fluxes for aerosol transport forecasting to benefit the scientific, weather, and regulatory communities. In South America, fire hot-spot analysis is shown to be adequate for generating real-time smoke source functions for aerosol forecast models. We present smoke coverage and flux estimates based on the WF_ABBA and NAAPS products. Modeled fluxes of emissions for 2001-2002 are similar to25 + 10 Tg yr(-1), similar to previous estimates. Correlations of optical depth with MODIS and AERONET show good agreement with observations. Comparisons of NAAPS aerosol fields with MODIS also show potential clear sky and other biases as smoke is transported into the Atlantic Ocean and the ITCZ. C1 USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Dept Meteorol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Reid, JS (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper St,Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM reidj@nrlmry.navy.mil RI Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012; Reid, Jeffrey/B-7633-2014; OI Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-5147-7955; HOFFMAN, JAY/0000-0002-1127-6294 NR 18 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 18 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06107 DI 10.1029/2003GL018845 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 806LY UT WOS:000220436600003 ER PT J AU Vinnikov, KY Robock, A Grody, NC Basist, A AF Vinnikov, KY Robock, A Grody, NC Basist, A TI Analysis of diurnal and seasonal cycles and trends in climatic records with arbitrary observation times SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB [1] Many long-term records of climate variables have missing data or have had changes in their times of observation. Here we present a technique to analyze such inhomogeneous records. We assume that the underlying climatic processes are nonstationary, where the observations contain a long-term trend superimposed on periodic shorter time seasonal and diurnal cycles. The seasonal and diurnal variations are approximated using a limited number of Fourier harmonics, while the trend is represented by a monotonic function of time whose amplitude can also vary seasonally and diurnally. A least squares method is used to estimate the unknown Fourier coefficients. As an example of the technique, we present an analysis of multi-decadal hourly observations of surface air temperature obtained from several meteorological stations within the United States. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Commod Hedgers Inc, Alexander, NC USA. RP Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM kostya@atmos.umd.edu; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; norman.grody@noaa.gov; abasist@charter.net RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 18 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06205 DI 10.1029/2003GL019196 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 806LY UT WOS:000220436600007 ER PT J AU Lai, CT Ehleringer, JR Tans, P Wofsy, SC Urbanski, SP Hollinger, DY AF Lai, CT Ehleringer, JR Tans, P Wofsy, SC Urbanski, SP Hollinger, DY TI Estimating photosynthetic C-13 discrimination in terrestrial CO2 exchange from canopy to regional scales SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE C-13 discrimination; biosphere-atmosphere CO2 exchange; carbon isotopes; CO2 mixing ratios; isotopic air sampling; isotopic disequilibrium ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK; ISOTOPIC DISCRIMINATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; FOREST; RESPIRATION; VEGETATION; DELTA-C-13; CYCLE; BIOSPHERE AB [1] We determined delta(13)C values associated with canopy gross and net CO2 fluxes from four U.S. sites sampled between 2001 and 2002. Annual mean, flux-weighted delta(13)C values of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) were estimated for four contrasting ecosystems (three forests and one grassland) by analyzing daytime flask measurements collected at the top of canopies. Combining delta(13)C values associated with respiratory and net (respiration minus photosynthesis) fluxes, we demonstrate a method for estimating whole-canopy photosynthetic discrimination against C-13 (Delta(A)) in terrestrial ecosystems directly from field measurements. This experimental approach offers the possibility of examining interannual variability in Delta(A) from ecosystem delta(13)C measurements. Our estimated delta(13)C values associated with photosynthetic fluxes are in agreement with those measured from foliar organic matter for C-3 forests, and are within the range bounded by C-3 and C-4 grasses in a tallgrass prairie. The delta(13)C associated with NEE fluxes at our C-3 forest sites ranges between -27.1 +/- 2.7 and -28.3 +/- 2.5parts per thousand, and is -22.6 +/- 4.0parts per thousand at the prairie site. These estimates differ from a previous study, particularly for C-3 ecosystems at comparable latitudes. Sensitivity analyses indicate that our estimates of delta(13)C values of net CO2 fluxes are robust with respect to measurement errors, but can vary depending on the selection of background atmospheric values. Other factors (e.g., drought and sampling footprint) that might have influenced our delta(13)C measurements and calculations of Delta(A) are also discussed. Our measurement-based analyses are particularly useful when both latitudinal and longitudinal variations in Delta(A) are to be considered in the global inversion modeling studies. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Lai, CT (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257S,1400E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM lai@biology.utah.edu RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 NR 51 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 18 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 AR GB1041 DI 10.1029/2003GB002148 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806MJ UT WOS:000220437700002 ER PT J AU Zhu, X Farrer, RA Gershgoren, E Kapteyn, HC Fourkas, JT AF Zhu, X Farrer, RA Gershgoren, E Kapteyn, HC Fourkas, JT TI Mode-selective optical Kerr effect spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Letter ID FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; INTERMOLECULAR DYNAMICS; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; POLARIZATION; LIQUIDS AB We demonstrate that by using two pump pulses with independently controllable polarizations, intensity, and timing, different contributions to the optical Kerr effect (OKE) signal in liquids can be enhanced and suppressed. When both pump pulses have the same polarization, intramolecular vibrations can be enhanced or suppressed without affecting the reorientational diffusion contribution to the signal significantly. Similar control can be exerted over intramolecular vibrations when the pump pulses are perpendicularly polarized, and under these conditions it is also possible to suppress the reorientational diffusion component of the signal completely. When two intramolecular vibrational modes are present in the signal, it is possible to enhance one while completely suppressing the other if the pump polarizations and timing are chosen appropriately. This technique should be a useful means for enhancing contrast in OKE microscopy. C1 Boston Coll, Eugene F Merkert Chem Ctr, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fourkas, JT (reprint author), Boston Coll, Eugene F Merkert Chem Ctr, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. EM fourkas@bc.edu RI Fourkas, John/B-3500-2009; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Fourkas, John/0000-0002-4522-9584; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAR 18 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 11 BP 3384 EP 3386 DI 10.1021/jp037286p PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 803ZE UT WOS:000220268200003 ER PT J AU Popp, PJ Gao, RS Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Hudson, PK Thompson, TL Karcher, B Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Baumgardner, D Garrett, TJ Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Dhaniyala, S Bui, TP Mahoney, MJ AF Popp, PJ Gao, RS Marcy, TP Fahey, DW Hudson, PK Thompson, TL Karcher, B Ridley, BA Weinheimer, AJ Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Baumgardner, D Garrett, TJ Weinstock, EM Smith, JB Sayres, DS Pittman, JV Dhaniyala, S Bui, TP Mahoney, MJ TI Nitric acid uptake on subtropical cirrus cloud particles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cirrus clouds; nitric acid; uptake; ice particles ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ICE PARTICLES; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; NASA ER-2; WATER-ICE; HNO3; AEROSOL; MODEL AB [1] The redistribution of HNO3 via uptake and sedimentation by cirrus cloud particles is considered an important term in the upper tropospheric budget of reactive nitrogen. Numerous cirrus cloud encounters by the NASA WB-57F high-altitude research aircraft during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) were accompanied by the observation of condensed-phase HNO3 with the NOAA chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The instrument measures HNO3 with two independent channels of detection connected to separate forward and downward facing inlets that allow a determination of the amount of HNO3 condensed on ice particles. Subtropical cirrus clouds, as indicated by the presence of ice particles, were observed coincident with condensed-phase HNO3 at temperatures of 197-224 K and pressures of 122-224 hPa. Maximum levels of condensed-phase HNO3 approached the gas-phase equivalent of 0.8 ppbv. Ice particle surface coverages as high as 1.4 x 10(14) molecules cm(-2) were observed. A dissociative Langmuir adsorption model, when using an empirically derived HNO3 adsorption enthalpy of -11.0 kcal mol(-1), effectively describes the observed molecular coverages to within a factor of 5. The percentage of total HNO3 in the condensed phase ranged from near zero to 100% in the observed cirrus clouds. With volume-weighted mean particle diameters up to 700 mm and particle fall velocities up to 10 m s(-1), some observed clouds have significant potential to redistribute HNO3 in the upper troposphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Mech & Aeronaut Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Harvard Univ, Atmospher Res Project, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ppopp@al.noaa.gov RI Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 44 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 17 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D6 AR D06302 DI 10.1029/2003JD004255 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806ML UT WOS:000220437900006 ER PT J AU Coles, VJ Wilson, C Hood, RR AF Coles, VJ Wilson, C Hood, RR TI Remote sensing of new production fuelled by nitrogen fixation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; TRICHODESMIUM; PHOSPHORUS; CYANOBACTERIUM; ALTIMETRY; AEROSOLS; PATTERNS; SEAWIFS; CARBON; DUST AB Climatological satellite observations in the tropical North Atlantic generally show a wintertime surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) maximum except over a broad region in the western North Atlantic that has a summer Chl-a maximum. This region also shows decoupling between Chl-a and vertical nutrient flux, based on the positive relationship between sea surface height anomaly (SSH), sea surface temperature, and Chl-a. An analogous summer Chl-a maximum is simulated in a model including a dynamic representation of Trichodesmium and N-2-fixation, but not in runs without. These results suggest that the growth is fuelled by N-2-fixation. Using the observed summertime increase in Chl-a and the model efficiency for N-2-fixation transfer to phytoplankton biomass, we calculate a nitrogen fixation rate of 220 mumol N m(-2) day(-1) in this region. This constitutes the first satellite observation of the effect of nitrogen fixation on Chl-a, and may ultimately provide a means of deriving new global N-2-fixation estimates. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NMFS, NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Coles, VJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. EM vcoles@hpl.umces.edu RI Wilson, Cara/A-8816-2009; hood, raleigh/F-9364-2013; OI Wilson, Cara/0000-0001-9318-2322; Coles, Victoria/0000-0002-7247-0007 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 16 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 6 AR L06301 DI 10.1029/2003GL019018 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 806LS UT WOS:000220436000004 ER PT J AU Jimenez, R Salazar, G Yin, J Joo, T Romesberg, FE AF Jimenez, R Salazar, G Yin, J Joo, T Romesberg, FE TI Protein dynamics and the immunological evolution of molecular recognition SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID T-CELL-RECEPTOR; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; COMBINING SITE; PEPTIDE-MHC; PHOTON-ECHO; INDUCED FIT; FLEXIBILITY; ANTIGEN; BINDING AB While it is accepted that protein flexibility plays a role in protein folding, catalysis, and molecular recognition, few techniques are capable of the rigorous measurement of protein motions required to quantify flexibility. Three-pulse photon echo shift spectroscopy can be used to measure the time scale of protein motions, and we have used this technique, along with steady-state spectroscopy and binding and structural data, to examine the immunological evolution of protein flexibility in an anti-fluorescein antibody. Two light chain somatic mutations increase affinity for fluorescein by 12-fold but also significantly affect flexibility. Specifically, a rigidification of the protein is seen in each of three observable motions; two slower motions undergo decreased amplitudes of displacement, by 3- and 20-fold, respectively; in response to an applied force, and the distribution associated with the amplitude of a faster motion is narrowed upon somatic mutation. The somatic mutations appear to rigidify the antibody-fluorescein complex by more strongly anchoring fluorescein to the protein and by more tightly packing the complex. The data demonstrate that in addition to affinity, antibody dynamics are systematically manipulated during affinity maturation, and they imply that the evolution of protein flexibility may be a central component of the immune response. The results also reflect the type of protein rigiclification that may be important for other biological interactions, such as protein-protein, protein-ligand or protein-drug, and enzyme-substrate recognition. C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Pohang 790784, South Korea. RP Romesberg, FE (reprint author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Med, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd,Maildrop CVN22, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM floyd@scripps.edu RI Joo, Taiha/C-4495-2008 NR 48 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 16 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 11 BP 3803 EP 3808 DI 10.1073/pnas.0305745101 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 804QZ UT WOS:000220314500018 PM 15001706 ER PT J AU Zabotin, NA Wright, JW AF Zabotin, NA Wright, JW TI Phase structure functions for ionospheric radio sounding: Dependence on irregularity scale SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ionospheric irregularities; radio sounding; multiple scattering AB Because the ionospheric plasma drifts, radio sounding signals encounter different irregularities of electron density, even at only slightly different times, causing temporal phase variations; these may be characterized conveniently by the structure function. We have proposed in several recent publications a new irregularity diagnostic method based on this effect, and it is now useful to consider the range of irregularity scales affecting the observed phase fluctuations. We show, in particular, that for the two-dimensional irregularity power spectrum index 2 < n < 3 (quite typical for the ionosphere) the phase structure function value at the smallest available lag (0.01 s) is sensitive to irregularities in a broad range of scales, between several meters and several kilometers. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zabotin, NA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM nikolay.zabotin@colorado.edu RI Zabotin, Nikolay/A-9639-2015 OI Zabotin, Nikolay/0000-0003-0715-1082 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD MAR 16 PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 AR RS2003 DI 10.1029/2003RS002882 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 806NO UT WOS:000220440800001 ER PT J AU Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR AF Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR TI Production of macromolecular chloramines by chlorine-transfer reactions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROGENOUS ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MUNICIPAL WASTE-WATER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; N-CHLOROPIPERIDINE; HYPOCHLOROUS ACID; OUTER-MEMBRANE; ACTIVE CHLORINE; REDOX KINETICS; AQUEOUS-MEDIUM; AMINO-ACIDS AB Chlorination of treated wastewaters is undertaken to prevent dispersal of human pathogens into the environment. Except in well-nitrified effluents, the primary agents in chlorination, Cl-2(g) or NaOCl(aq), are short-lived and quickly transfer oxidative chlorine to secondary agents (N-chloramines), which then participate in the disinfection process. Maturation of residual chlorine resulting from chlorine-transfer reactions is still poorly characterized. Using gel permeation and reversed-phase liquid chromatography combined with a novel, oxidant-specific detector, unanticipated trends during the maturation of residual chlorine in wastewater are identified. Within 2 min after addition of NaOCl, and continuing for several hours at least, significant amounts of oxidative chlorine are transferred to secondary agents that are moderately to strongly hydrophobic and to agents that have high relative molecular masses(M-r 1300-25000). It is hypothesized that hydrophobic stabilization of organic chloramines (RNHCldegrees) thermodynamically drives these transfers, making macromolecular chloramines the ultimate oxidative chlorine carriers. Macromolecular chloramines are expected to be sluggish oxidants, as observed in their reduction by sulfite, and are expected to be poor disinfectants. If transfer of oxidative chlorine to high M-r components occurs widely at treatment plants,then this phenomenon offers a new, physicochemical explanation for the well-known impotency of organic chloramines in wastewater disinfection. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helz, GR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM gh17@umail.umd.edu RI Helz, George/D-1449-2010 NR 61 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1753 EP 1758 DI 10.1021/es035064z PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900024 PM 15074685 ER PT J AU Holloway, T Fiore, A Hastings, MG AF Holloway, T Fiore, A Hastings, MG TI Response to comment on "Intercontinental transport of air pollution: Will emerging science lead to a new hemispheric treaty?" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson Inst Environm Studies, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Holloway, T (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson Inst Environm Studies, 1710 Univ Ave,Room 201A, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RI Hastings, Meredith/C-6199-2008 OI Hastings, Meredith/0000-0001-6716-6783 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1914 EP 1914 DI 10.1021/es0498944 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900047 ER PT J AU Simon, CG Guthrie, WF Wang, FW AF Simon, CG Guthrie, WF Wang, FW TI Cell seeding into calcium phosphate cement SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE alginate; bone graft; calcium phosphate cement; cell seeding; tissue engineering ID MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING/; BONE DEFECT; ALGINATE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; XENOTRANSPLANTATION; RECONSTRUCTION; IMMOBILIZATION; HYDROXYAPATITE; CALCIFICATION AB To improve the effectiveness of calcium phosphate cement (CPC), we have developed a method to seed osteoblasts into the cement. CPC powder is mixed with water to form a paste that can be shaped to fit a bone defect in situ. The paste hardens in 30 min, reacts to form hydroxyapatite, and is replaced with new bone. Reacted CPC is biocompatible but unreacted CPC paste was found to have toxic effects when placed on cell monolayers (MC3T3-E1 cells). In contrast, when cells were indirectly exposed to CPC paste using a porous membrane or by placing a coverslip containing adherent cells onto a bed of CPC paste, the unreacted CPC was nontoxic. These results suggested that gel encapsulation of the cells might protect them from the CPC paste. Thus, cells were encapsulated in alginate beads (3.6-mm diameter), mixed with CPC paste, and incubated overnight. Both vital staining (calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1) and the Wst-1 assay (measures dehydrogenase activity) showed that cell survival in alginate beads that were mixed with CPC was similar to survival in untreated control beads. These results suggest that gel encapsulation could be used as a mechanism to protect cells for seeding into CPC. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM francis.wang@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [YI-DE-7006-01] NR 39 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 68A IS 4 BP 628 EP 639 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.20008 PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 779CG UT WOS:000189277600004 PM 14986318 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Takagi, S Quinn, JB Chow, LC AF Xu, HHK Takagi, S Quinn, JB Chow, LC TI Fast-setting calcium phosphate scaffolds with tailored macropore formation rates for bone regeneration SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; hydroxyapatite; fast-setting; antiwashout; scaffold; bone tissue engineering; craniofacial and orthopedic repair ID CANAL SEALER-FILLER; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; FIBER REINFORCEMENT; IN-VIVO; IMPLANTS; OSTEOCONDUCTION; RECONSTRUCTION; CERAMICS AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is highly promising for craniofacial and orthopedic repair because of its ability to self-harden in situ to form hydroxyapatite with excellent osteoconductivity. However, its low strength, long hardening time, and lack of macroporosity limit its use. This study aimed to develop fast-setting and antiwashout CPC scaffolds with high strength and tailored macropore formation rates. Chitosan, sodium phosphate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used to render CPC fast-setting and resistant to washout. Absorbable fibers and mannitol porogen were incorporated into CPC for strength and macropores for bone ingrowth. Flexural strength, work-of-fracture, and elastic modulus were measured vs. immersion time in a physiological solution. Hardening time (mean +/- SD; n = 6) was 69.5 +/- 2.1 min for CPC-control, 9.3 +/- 2.8 min for CPC-HPMC-mannitol, 8.2 +/- 1.5 min for CPC-chitosan-mannitol, and 6.7 +/- 1.6 min for CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber. The latter three compositions were resistant to washout, whereas the CPC-control paste showed washout in a physiological solution. Immersion for 1 day dissolved mannitol and created macropores in CPC. CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber scaffold had a strength of 4.6 +/- 1.4 MPa, significantly higher than 1.2 +/- 0,1 MPa of CPC-chitosan-mannitol scaffold and 0.3 +/- 0.2 MPa of CPC-HPMC-mannitol scaffold (Tukey's). The strength of CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber scaffold was maintained up to 42 days and then decreased because of fiber degradation. Work-of-fracture and elastic modulus showed similar trends. Long cylindrical macropore channels were formed in CPC after fiber dissolution. The resorbable, fast-setting, anti-washout and strong CPC scaffold should be useful in craniofacial and orthopedic repairs. The novel method of combining fast- and slow-dissolution porogens/fibers to produce scaffolds with high strength and tailored macropore formation rates to match bone healing rates may have wide applicability to other biomaterials. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE11789, R01DE14190, R29 DE12476] NR 45 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 21 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 68A IS 4 BP 725 EP 734 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.20093 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 779CG UT WOS:000189277600013 PM 14986327 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW AF Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW TI Effect of chemical structure and composition of the resin phase on mechanical strength and vinyl conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate-based composites SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE amorphous calcium phosphate; biaxial flexure strength; degree of vinyl conversion; ternary methacrylate resins ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; PHOSPHATE/METHACRYLATE COMPOSITES; ENAMEL AB The mechanical properties of recently developed bioactive, antidemineralizing/remineralizing, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-based composites need improvement. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of structure and composition of resins on the biaxial flexure strength (BFS) and the degree of conversion (DC) of composites attained after photo-polymerization. Two series of 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)/X (X being a neutral or acidic comonomer) ternary resins were prepared and mixed with a mass fraction of 40% of zirconia-hybridized ACP. Both unfilled copolymers and their composites were evaluated for BFS (dry and wet specimens after 2 weeks of immersion in buffered saline) and for DC (after 24 h at 23degreesC). It was found that for the neutral X monomers, no correlation existed between the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the X monomer and the BFS values of the immersed composites. A flexible monomethacrylate yielded copolymers and composites with the highest DC. For the resins utilizing the acidic comonomers, methacrylic acid and mono-4-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimellitate (4MET), dry composites with improved BFS values were obtained. 4MET composites exhibited the least loss of strength of all the ternary resin ACP materials. The effect of acidic X on DC was most pronounced for maleic acid copolymers. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8456, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM drago.skrtic@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-1021-03]; PHS HHS [13169] NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 68A IS 4 BP 763 EP 772 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.20111 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 779CG UT WOS:000189277600017 PM 14986331 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Bryant, GW Sun, GY Nicklaus, MC Heringer, D Frauenheim, T Manaa, MR Smith, VH Araki, Y Ito, O AF Xie, RH Bryant, GW Sun, GY Nicklaus, MC Heringer, D Frauenheim, T Manaa, MR Smith, VH Araki, Y Ito, O TI Excitations, optical absorption spectra, and optical excitonic gaps of heterofullerenes. 1. C-60, C59N+, and C48N12: Theory and experiment SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT POLARIZABILITIES; ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS; SILICON NANOCRYSTALS; SI NANOCRYSTALS; RESPONSE THEORY; SOLID C-60; HYDROAZAFULLERENE C59HN; AZAFULLERENE C48N12; QUANTUM CONFINEMENT AB Low-energy excitations and optical absorption spectrum of C-60 are computed by using time-dependent (TD) Hartree-Fock, TD-density functional theory (TD-DFT), TD DFT-based tight-binding (TD-DFT-TB), and a semiempirical Zerner intermediate neglect of diatomic differential overlap method. A detailed comparison of experiment and theory for the excitation energies, optical gap, and absorption spectrum of C-60 is presented. It is found that electron correlations and correlation of excitations play important roles in accurately assigning the spectral features of C-60, and that the TD-DFT method with nonhybrid functionals or a local spin density approximation leads to more accurate excitation energies than with hybrid functionals. The level of agreement between theory and experiment for C-60 justifies similar calculations of the excitations and optical absorption spectrum of a monomeric azafullerene cation C59N+, to serve as a spectroscopy reference for the characterization of carborane anion salts. Although it is an isoelectronic analogue to C-60, C59N+ exhibits distinguishing spectral features different from C-60: (1) the first singlet is dipole-allowed and the optical gap is redshifted by 1.44 eV; (2) several weaker absorption maxima occur in the visible region; (3) the transient triplet-triplet absorption at 1.60 eV (775 nm) is much broader and the decay of the triplet state is much faster. The calculated spectra of C59N+ characterize and explain well the measured ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and transient absorption spectra of the carborane anion salt [C59N][Ag(CB11H6Cl6)(2)] [Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4024 (2003)]. For the most stable isomer of C48N12, we predict that the first singlet is dipole-allowed, the optical gap is redshifted by 1.22 eV relative to that of C-60, and optical absorption maxima occur at 585, 528, 443, 363, 340, 314, and 303 nm. We point out that the characterization of the UV-vis and transient absorption spectra of C48N12 isomers is helpful in distinguishing the isomer structures required for applications in molecular electronics. For C59N+ and C48N12 as well as C-60, TD-DFT-TB yields reasonable agreement with TD-DFT calculations at a highly reduced cost. Our study suggests that C-60, C59N+, and C48N12, which differ in their optical gaps, have potential applications in polymer science, biology, and medicine as single-molecule fluorescent probes, in photovoltaics as the n-type emitter and/or p-type base of a p-n junction solar cell, and in nanoelectronics as fluorescence-based sensors and switches. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Med Chem Lab, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Paderborn, Dept Theoret Phys, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energet Mat Ctr, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rhxie@nist.gov RI Nicklaus, Marc/N-4183-2014; Frauenheim, Thomas/C-5653-2015; Araki, Yasuyuki/N-5281-2016 OI Frauenheim, Thomas/0000-0002-3073-0616; NR 116 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 120 IS 11 BP 5133 EP 5147 DI 10.1063/1.1647532 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 803IO UT WOS:000220225000019 PM 15267383 ER PT J AU Yebassa, D Balakrishnan, S Feresenbet, E Raghavan, D Start, PR Hudson, SD AF Yebassa, D Balakrishnan, S Feresenbet, E Raghavan, D Start, PR Hudson, SD TI Chemically functionalized clay vinyl ester nanocomposites: Effect of processing parameters SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vinyl ester; nanocomposites; montmorillonite clay; WAXS; TEM ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MONTMORILLONITE; EPOXY; MORPHOLOGY; POLYSTYRENE; HYBRID AB The primary objective of this study was to improve montmorillonite clay-platelet separation in vinyl ester resin matrix by organically modifying the nanoclay platelet with a partially reactive onium salt. The reactive onium salt (omega-undecylenyl amine hydrochloride) was synthesized from commercial (omega-undecylenyl alcohol through a series of synthetic conversions. Nonreactive onium salt (undecyl amine hydrochloride) was made from commercial undecyl amine. These salts were characterized with H-1 and C-13 NMR and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The relative amounts of exfoliated, intercalated, and as-treated clay and the size of the clay particle aggregates depended significantly on the composition of clay and the processing conditions. When the clay was ion-exchanged with a mixture of reactive and nonreactive onium salts, a partially exfoliated vinyl ester resin polymer nanocomposite was formulated. The addition of a comonorner styrene and high-intensity ultrasonic mixing produced vinyl ester nanocomposite with the highest degree of clay-platelet exfoliation. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Grp, 525 Coll St NW,Room 120, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM draghavan@howard.edu NR 31 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-624X J9 J POLYM SCI POL CHEM JI J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1310 EP 1321 DI 10.1002/pola.11073 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 779XY UT WOS:000189328600002 ER PT J AU Hartschuh, R Ding, Y Roh, JH Kisliuk, A Sokolov, AP Soles, CL Jones, RL Hu, TJ Wu, WL Mahorowala, AP AF Hartschuh, R Ding, Y Roh, JH Kisliuk, A Sokolov, AP Soles, CL Jones, RL Hu, TJ Wu, WL Mahorowala, AP TI Brillouin scattering studies of polymeric nanostructures SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Physical-Society-Division-of-Polymer-Physics CY MAR, 2003 CL Austin, TX SP Amer Phys Soc, Div Polymer Phys DE Brillouin scattering; polymeric nanostructures; thin polymer films; nanotechnology; mechanical properties; light scattering ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; LIGHT-SCATTERING; FILMS; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY; COLLAPSE; MODES AB For a range of applications, polymers are now being patterned into nanometer-sized features. In these applications, the robust mechanical properties of the nanostructures are critical for performance and stability. Brillouin light scattering is presented as a nondestructive, noncontact tool used to quantify the elastic constants in such nanostructures. We demonstrate this through a series of thin films and parallel ridges and spacings (gratings) with ridge widths ranging from 180 to 80 nm. For the set of films and structures presented here, the room-temperature elastic moduli did not change with decreasing film thickness or grating ridge width, and this implied that one-dimensional and two-dimensional confinement-induced changes of the mechanical properties were not significant down to feature sizes of 80 nm. Additionally, Brillouin spectra of submicrometer gratings revealed new modes not present in the spectra of thin films. The origin of these new modes remains unclear. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 19 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1106 EP 1113 DI 10.1002/polb.10780 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 779XZ UT WOS:000189328800019 ER PT J AU Protasenko, VV Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ AF Protasenko, VV Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ TI Factors that influence confocal apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ANSOM; fluorescence; enhancement; quenching ID QUANTUM DOTS; FLUORESCENCE; ENHANCEMENT; MOLECULES; SURFACE; NANOCRYSTALLITES; PROBE; LUMINESCENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING AB We demonstrate several influences of a silicon probe of an atomic-force microscope on the fluorescence of single CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on a glass cover slip, measured in a confocal apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope (ANSOM): (a) probe-induced fluorescence quenching with the polarization of excitation orthogonal to probe axes; (b) changes in fluorescence enhancement as the quantum yield of a quantum dot fluctuates (the fluorescence enhancement is much larger in a low quantum yield state); (c) the probe-quantum dot optical interaction depends on very local and sometimes non-uniform optical properties of the probe; some fluorescence ANSOM images of quantum dots are asymmetrical and shifted with respect to topographical images; and (d) probe pressure, not the optical nearfield, bleaches quantum dot fluorescence during vertical probe scans, or when the microscope operates in dynamic-force mode and the probe tip taps the sample. The fluorescence measurements have been done using a confocal ANSOM with 10-12% fluorescence collection efficiency under total internal reflection conditions of excitation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Protasenko, VV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Campus Box 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM protas@jilau1.colorado.edu NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 233 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 56 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2004.01.004 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 800FQ UT WOS:000220014700007 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Kelly, KK Reid, SJ Richard, EC Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Stroud, VR Cziczo, DJ Murphy, DM Thomson, DS Elkins, JW Moore, FL Ray, EA Mahoney, MJ Friedl, RR AF Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Kelly, KK Reid, SJ Richard, EC Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Stroud, VR Cziczo, DJ Murphy, DM Thomson, DS Elkins, JW Moore, FL Ray, EA Mahoney, MJ Friedl, RR TI Horizontal variability 1-2 km below the tropical tropopause SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropical; troposphere; composition ID UPPER-TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; WATER-VAPOR; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; OZONE; SPECTROMETER; OZONESONDES; SIMULATIONS; CONVECTION AB [1] Two long meridional flights of the WB57F high-altitude aircraft 1-2 km below the tropical tropopause are examined for ozone and total water variability in the context of a large suite of tracers having lifetimes ranging from 10(-2) to 10(3) years, together with mass spectra of individual aerosol particles. It is concluded that local correlations are predominant; contributing processes to the maintenance of the composition are marine convection, continental convection, in situ chemical production, biomass burning, downward transport from the stratosphere and recirculation. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Climate Dynam Program, Washington, DC 20550 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tuck, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM atuck@al.noaa.gov; hovde@al.noaa.gov; kkelly@al.noaa.gov; sreid@nsf.gov; erik.c.richard@noaa.gov; eatlas@rsmas.miami.edu; sdonnell@fhsu.edu; fridd@acd.ucar.edu; djcziczo@al.noaa.gov; murphyd@al.noaa.gov; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov; fred.moore@noaa.gov; eray@al.noaa.gov; michael.j.mahoney@jpl.nasa.gov; rfriedl@jpl.nasa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 13 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D5 AR D05310 DI 10.1029/2003JD003942 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806KS UT WOS:000220433400005 ER PT J AU Keren, A Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Fukaya, A Segal, E Uemura, YJ AF Keren, A Gardner, JS Ehlers, G Fukaya, A Segal, E Uemura, YJ TI Dynamic properties of a diluted pyrochlore cooperative paramagnet (TbpY1-p)(2)Ti2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MUON SPIN RELAXATION; ANTIFERROMAGNET TB2TI2O7; SYSTEM; KAGOME; STATE; ICE AB Investigations of the spin dynamics of the geometrically frustrated pyrochlore (TbpY1-p)(2)Ti2O7, using muon spin relaxation and neutron spin echo, as a function of magnetic coverage p, have been carried out. Our major finding is that paramagnetic fluctuations prevail as T-->0 for all values of p, and that they are sensitive to dilution, indicating a cooperative spin motion. However, the percolation threshold p(c) is not a critical point for the fluctuations. We also find that the low temperature spectral density has a 1/f behavior, and that dilution slows down the spin fluctuations. C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-98042 Grenoble 9, France. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Keren, A (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 25 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 12 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 10 AR 107204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.107204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 802TK UT WOS:000220185600052 PM 15089239 ER PT J AU Howe, PT Fahr, A Laufer, AH AF Howe, PT Fahr, A Laufer, AH TI Effect of water vapor on the combination and disproportionation of ethyl radicals in the gas phase SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Letter ID POLAR-SOLVENTS; SOLVATION; H2O; PRESSURE; CLUSTERS; DYNAMICS; O-(H2O)N; MOLECULE; TIME AB The role of H2O vapor on the disproportionation/combination ratio (k(d)/k(c)) Of C2H5 radical reactions in the gas phase has been investigated experimentally and compared to that observed previously in aqueous solution. At added water pressures of 20 kPa (15 Torr), the k(d)/k(c) ratio remains unchanged from that observed in its absence. The relationship of the invariant ratio to bonding and solvation phenomena are discussed. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Laufer, AH (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 10 BP 1638 EP 1639 DI 10.1021/jp040048p PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 801KF UT WOS:000220094100002 ER PT J AU Zink, BL Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Pappas, DP Ullom, JN Huber, ME AF Zink, BL Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Pappas, DP Ullom, JN Huber, ME TI Lithographically patterned magnetic calorimeter X-ray detectors with integrated SQUID readout SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE low-temperature detectors; magnetic calorimeters; x-ray detection AB We describe the design, fabrication and performance of a fully lithographically patterned magnetic microcalorimeter X-ray detector. The detector is fabricated on the same chip as a low-noise SQUID that measures the change in the magnetic sensor film's magnetization as the film is heated by absorbed X-rays. Our proof-of-principle detectors use a 100 mum x 100 mum-2 mum, paramagnetic Au:Er film coupled to a low-noise on-chip SQUID via a meandering superconducting pickup loop that also provides the magnetic field bias to the film. Absorption of 6 keV X-rays in the film causes heating on the order of 1 mK with a decay time of 1 ms, or less, the fastest reported using a magnetic calorimeter. However, the resolution is currently poor due to poor Au:Er film properties and non-optimized coupling to the SQUID. We describe the design and fabrication of this device and present measurements of the heat capacity, decay time constant and effective thermal conductance of the microcalorimeter as a function of temperature. Because the SQUID and calorimeter are lithographically patterned on the same substrate, this technology can be readily applied to the fabrication of arrays of multiplexed magnetic microcalorimeter detectors. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Zink, BL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway MS 81403, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bzink@boulder.nist.gov RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; OI Zink, Barry/0000-0001-7732-532X NR 2 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 52 EP 55 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.218 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900013 ER PT J AU Akerib, DS Armel, MS Attisha, M Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Crisler, MB Cushman, P Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Gaitskell, RJ Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Ogburn, RW Isaac, MCP Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, R Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Thompson, JPF Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Akerib, DS Armel, MS Attisha, M Baudis, L Bauer, DA Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Chang, CL Crisler, MB Cushman, P Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Gaitskell, RJ Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nelson, H Ogburn, RW Isaac, MCP Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, R Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Thompson, JPF Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA TI Further results from the CDMS experiment SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE cold dark matter; athermal phonon detectors; neutrons AB The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment utilizes discriminating detectors where both the recoil energy and ionization produced by each particle event are simultaneously measured. Here we present our latest results from operating 4 Ge (4 x 250 g) and 2 Si (2 x 100 g) detectors at the shallow Stanford site. Our new WIMP exclusion limit excludes new parameter space for low-mass WIMPS. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Brink, PL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM pbrink@hep.stanford.edu RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; OI Bunker, Raymond/0000-0003-2174-7632 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 105 EP 107 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.253 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900027 ER PT J AU Akerib, DS Alvaro-Dean, J Armel, MS Attisha, M Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, AI Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Cushman, P Davies, AK Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Emes, J Ferrill, R Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haldeman, M Hellmig, J Hennessey, M Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Kurylowicz, M Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nam, SW Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perales, J Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Shutt, TA Smith, G Spadafora, AL Thompson, JPF Tomada, A Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Akerib, DS Alvaro-Dean, J Armel, MS Attisha, M Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, AI Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Cushman, P Davies, AK Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Emes, J Ferrill, R Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haldeman, M Hellmig, J Hennessey, M Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Kurylowicz, M Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nam, SW Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perales, J Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Shutt, TA Smith, G Spadafora, AL Thompson, JPF Tomada, A Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA TI Installation and commissioning of the CDMSII experiment at Soudan SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE CDMS; installation; soudan ID DARK-MATTER AB In the past year and a half, the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) collaboration has been active at the Soudan mine in installing a system for running ZIP detectors that will be used to search for dark matter in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles. Presently, there is an operating cryogenic system, working electronics, a functional data acquisition and analysis system, passive shielding, an active muon veto, and 12 ZIP detectors. Six of the 12 ZIP detectors have been tested in situ and are fully operational with acceptable noise profiles. CDMS is in the process of commissioning the experiment and expects to be making a background measurement by the end of summer 2003. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Chang, CL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM clchang@stanford.edu RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; OI Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 116 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.256 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900030 ER PT J AU Ruggiero, ST Williams, A Rippard, WH Clark, AM Deiker, SW Young, BA Vale, LR Ullom, JN AF Ruggiero, ST Williams, A Rippard, WH Clark, AM Deiker, SW Young, BA Vale, LR Ullom, JN TI Dilute Al-Mn alloys for superconductor device applications SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE Mn doped al; transition-edge sensors; SIS devices ID X-RAY MICROCALORIMETER; IMPURITIES; DETECTORS; SENSORS AB We discuss results on the superconducting and electron-transport properties of Mn-doped Al produced by sputter deposition. The critical temperature of Al has been systematically reduced to below 50mK by doping with 1000-3000 ppm Mn. Values of the alpha parameter are in the range of 450-500, indicating sharp normal-to-superconductor transitions. This material is thus of significant interest for both transition-edge sensors operating in the 100 mK regime and superconductor/insulator/superconductor and superconductor/insulator/normal devices, in the latter case where appropriately doped Al-Mn replaces the normal metal. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM ruggiero@boulder.nist.gov NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 274 EP 276 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.236 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900073 ER PT J AU Young, BA Williams, JR Deiker, SW Ruggiero, ST Cabrera, B AF Young, BA Williams, JR Deiker, SW Ruggiero, ST Cabrera, B TI Using ion implantation to adjust the transition temperature of superconducting films SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE ion implantation; superconductor; T-c suppression; cryogenic detectors; molybdenum ID IMPURITIES AB We summarize a continuing investigation into using ion implantation to alter the transition temperature of superconducting thin films. The primary motivation for the work presented here was to study the feasibility of using magnetic ion doping to replace the bi-layer T-c control process currently used for certain cryogenic detector applications at National Institute for Standards and Technology. The results from work with various ion species implanted into aluminum, molybdenum, titanium and tungsten host films are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Young, BA (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. EM byoung@scu.edu NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 307 EP 310 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.245 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900082 ER PT J AU Ullom, JN Doriese, WB Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Xu, Y AF Ullom, JN Doriese, WB Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Xu, Y TI Suppression of excess noise in Transition-Edge Sensors using magnetic field and geometry SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE microcalorimeter; transition-edge sensor; excess noise AB We report recent progress at NIST on Mo/Cu Transition-Edge Sensors (TESs). While the signal-band noise of our sensors agrees with theory, we observe excess high-frequency noise. We describe this noise and demonstrate that it can be strongly suppressed by a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the sensor. Both the excess noise and alpha = (T/R)(dR/dT) depend strongly on field so our results show that accurate comparisons between devices are only possible when the field is well known or constant. We also present results showing the noise performance of TES designs incorporating parallel and perpendicular normal metal bars, an array of normal metal islands, and in wedge-shaped devices. We demonstrate significant reduction of high-frequency noise with the perpendicular bar devices at the cost of reduced alpha. Both the bars and the magnetic field are useful noise reduction techniques for bolometers. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ullom, JN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ullom@boulder.nist.gov NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 333 EP 335 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.260 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900088 ER PT J AU Boerner, P Martinez-Galarce, DS Wamba, K Cabrera, B Deiker, S Irwin, K Barbee, TW Baker, PC AF Boerner, P Martinez-Galarce, DS Wamba, K Cabrera, B Deiker, S Irwin, K Barbee, TW Baker, PC TI The Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Imager - a novel experiment employing a transition-edge sensor to probe the soft X-ray solar corona SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Images; transition edge sensor; solar active regions ID RESOLUTION AB The Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Imager (ATSSI) is a sounding rocket-borne experiment that will employ a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) placed at the focus of a Wolter-I mirror to study large active region loops in the solar corona. The TES instrument will operate in the similar to 500-1500 eV EUV/soft X-ray bandpass, obtaining similar to 3 eV energy-resolved spectra at similar to 6.25 arcsec image resolution with a count rate of similar to 1000 photons/sec/pixel. Over a typical observation period of similar to 360 sec, we will raster scan over a 0.6 x 0.6 arcmin field of view to obtain a 6 x 6 pixel image containing true EUV/soft X-ray spectroheliograms of a solar active region. Using these observations, we can directly determine composition, electron density and thermal differential emission measure of large active region loops in order to constrain models of beating mechanisms and accurately measure the thermal morphology of these structures. In the current analysis, we present an initial instrument concept and discuss some of the mission science goals. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. Baker Consulting, Walnut Grove, CA USA. RP Boerner, P (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM pboerner@stanford.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 372 EP 375 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.270 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900098 ER PT J AU Benford, DJ Devlin, MJ Dicker, SR Irwin, KD Jewell, PR Klein, J Mason, BS Moseley, HS Norrod, RD Supanich, MP AF Benford, DJ Devlin, MJ Dicker, SR Irwin, KD Jewell, PR Klein, J Mason, BS Moseley, HS Norrod, RD Supanich, MP TI A 90 GHz array for the green bank telescope SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE TES bolometer array; millimeter wave receivers; cryogenics AB We report on the design and construction of an 8 x 8 bolometer array designed to operate at 90 GHz on the new 100 in Green Bank Telescope (GBT). The bolometers are Transition Edge Superconducting (TES) detectors read out using a SQUID multiplexing system. The receiver will be one of the first astronomical instruments to use such detectors. To cool the detectors, we have developed He-3 and He-4 sorption refrigerators that cycle from a two-stage pulse-tube cryocooler. The system has been demonstrated to be robust, to be capable of cycling autonomously, and to provide 15 muW of cooling below 286 mK with a hold time over 70 h. Although modest in size, a combination of the size of GBT and the low noise of the TES detectors will make our receiver one of the most sensitive of its kind. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Electromagnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NRAO Green Bank, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dicker, SR (reprint author), Univ Penn, 209 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM sdicker@hep.upenn.edu RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012; Klein, Jeffrey/E-3295-2013 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.341 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900102 ER PT J AU Duncan, W Audley, D Holland, W Atkinson, D Baillie, T Cliffe, M Ellis, M Gao, X Gostick, D Hodson, T Kelly, D MacIntosh, M McGregor, H Peacocke, T Smith, I Robson, I Walton, A Parkes, W Dunare, C Smith, S Terry, J Stevenson, T Gundlach, A Ruthven, A Ade, P Tucker, C Gannaway, F Walker, I Sudiwala, R Woodcraft, A Griffin, M Bintley, D Schulte, E Fich, M Kycia, J Halpern, M Molnar, J Burger, B Naylor, D Bastien, P Mitchell, G Irwin, K Hilton, G Ullom, J Reintsema, C Vale, L Ferreira, L Doriese, W AF Duncan, W Audley, D Holland, W Atkinson, D Baillie, T Cliffe, M Ellis, M Gao, X Gostick, D Hodson, T Kelly, D MacIntosh, M McGregor, H Peacocke, T Smith, I Robson, I Walton, A Parkes, W Dunare, C Smith, S Terry, J Stevenson, T Gundlach, A Ruthven, A Ade, P Tucker, C Gannaway, F Walker, I Sudiwala, R Woodcraft, A Griffin, M Bintley, D Schulte, E Fich, M Kycia, J Halpern, M Molnar, J Burger, B Naylor, D Bastien, P Mitchell, G Irwin, K Hilton, G Ullom, J Reintsema, C Vale, L Ferreira, L Doriese, W TI SCUBA-2 arrays to system interfaces SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE SCUBA-2; niobium flex; array interfaces; SQUID multiplexer AB Submillimeter common user bolometer array (SCUBA)-2 is a wide field sub-mm bolometer camera designed to replace the existing SCUBA instrument on the JCMT in Hawaii. It will be many hundreds of times faster in large area mapping than SCUBA and will also go deeper in a single frame. It will enable the many discoveries of SCUBA to be followed up with deep systematic surveys and help act as a pathfinder for the ALMA interferometer. The key technologies for making the arrays have been demonstrated and will be put together to fabricate the first prototype later this year (2003). The wide field nature of the SCUBA-2 bolometer camera, combined with the diffraction limit at sub-mm wavelengths, leads to physically large focal planes where the issues of stray light control, magnetic shielding, and electrical, thermal and mechanical connection must be carefully addressed in order to realise a successful instrument. We describe the solutions we have adopted for these problem areas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Phys, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. Raytheon Infrared Operat, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Canadian Project Off SCUBA 2, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Duncan, W (reprint author), Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. EM william.duncan@roe.ac.uk RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; gao, xiaofeng/D-4825-2014; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; Terry, Jonathan/K-6638-2016; OI Terry, Jonathan/0000-0002-4012-9330; Tucker, Carole/0000-0002-1851-3918 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 427 EP 430 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.355 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900113 ER PT J AU Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Vale, LR Doriese, WB Beyer, J Ullom, JN Reintsema, CD Xu, Y Irwin, KD AF Hilton, GC Beall, JA Deiker, S Vale, LR Doriese, WB Beyer, J Ullom, JN Reintsema, CD Xu, Y Irwin, KD TI X-ray microcalorimeter arrays fabricated by surface micromachining SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE surface micromachining; transition edge sensor; X-ray microcalorimeter ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; DETECTORS AB We are developing arrays of Mo/Cu transition edge sensor-based detectors for use as X-ray microcalorimeters and sub-millimeter bolometers. We have fabricated 8 x 8 pixel X-ray microcalorimeter arrays using surface micromachining. Surface-micromachining techniques hold the promise of scalability to much larger arrays and may allow for the integration of in-plane multiplexer elements. In this paper we describe the surface micromachining process and recent improvements in the device geometry that provide for increased mechanical strength. We also present X-ray and heat pulse spectra collected using these detectors. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. RP Hilton, GC (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hilton@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 435 EP 438 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.357 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900115 ER PT J AU Audley, MD Holland, WS Duncan, WD Atkinson, D Cliffe, M Ellis, M Gao, X Gostick, DC Hodson, T Kelly, D MacIntosh, MJ McGregor, H Peacocke, T Robson, I Smith, I Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Ullom, JN Walton, A Dunare, C Parkes, W Ade, PAR Bintley, D Gannaway, F Griffin, M Pisano, G Sudiwala, RV Walker, I Woodcraft, A Fich, M Halpern, M Mitchell, G Naylor, D Bastien, P AF Audley, MD Holland, WS Duncan, WD Atkinson, D Cliffe, M Ellis, M Gao, X Gostick, DC Hodson, T Kelly, D MacIntosh, MJ McGregor, H Peacocke, T Robson, I Smith, I Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Ullom, JN Walton, A Dunare, C Parkes, W Ade, PAR Bintley, D Gannaway, F Griffin, M Pisano, G Sudiwala, RV Walker, I Woodcraft, A Fich, M Halpern, M Mitchell, G Naylor, D Bastien, P TI SCUBA-2: A large-format TES array for submillimetre astronomy SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE submillimeter detector array; transition edge sensor; TES bolometer array; SQUID multiplexer AB SCUBA-2, which replaces the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 303 (1999) 659) on the James Clerk Maxwell telescope in 2006, will be the first CCD-like array for submillimeter astronomy. Unlike previous detectors which have used discrete bolometers, SCUBA-2 has two DC-coupled, monolithic, filled arrays with a total of similar to10,000 bolometers. It will offer simultaneous imaging of an 8 x 8 arcmin field of view at wavelengths of 850 and 450 mum. SCUBA-2 is expected to have a huge impact on the study of galaxy formation and evolution in the early Universe as well as star and planet formation in our own Galaxy. Mapping the sky to the same S/N up to 1000 times faster than SCUBA, it will also act as a pathfinder for the new submillimetre interferometers such as ALMA. SCUBA-2's absorber-coupled pixels use superconducting transition edge sensors (Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford, 1995) operating at similar to120 mK for photon noise limited performance. The monolithic silicon detector arrays are deep-etched by the Bosch process to isolate the pixels on silicon nitride membranes (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, these proceedings). Electrical connections are made through indium bump bonds to a backplane that incorporates a SQUID time-domain multiplexer. We describe the key technologies that make SCUBA-2 possible and give an update on the considerable progress in the detector development and instrument design that has taken place over the last 2 years. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Royal Observ, United Kingdom Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. RP Audley, MD (reprint author), Royal Observ, United Kingdom Astron Technol Ctr, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. EM mda@roe.ac.uk RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; gao, xiaofeng/D-4825-2014; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010 NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 479 EP 482 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.378 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900128 ER PT J AU Audley, MD Duncan, WD Holland, WS Walton, A Parkes, W Dunare, C Gundlach, A Stevenson, T Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Schulte, E Ade, PAR Tucker, C AF Audley, MD Duncan, WD Holland, WS Walton, A Parkes, W Dunare, C Gundlach, A Stevenson, T Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Schulte, E Ade, PAR Tucker, C TI Fabrication of the SCUBA-2 detector arrays SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE microfabrication; bolometer array; bump bonding; deep etching AB We describe the techniques used to fabricate SCUBA-2, the first large-format, filled array of bolometers for submillimeter astronomy. With two monolithic arrays of similar to10,000 bolometers, SCUBA-2 is made possible by a unique combination of advanced technologies. The detectors are made from thermally bonded and thinned silicon wafers whose surface is ion-implanted to match the impedance of free space. SCUBA-2s pixels are suspended on a 500 nm silicon nitride membrane with low tensile stress. Deep-etch micromachining to 100 mum by the Bosch process isolates each pixel thermally. Proximity effect transition edge sensors formed from Mo/Cu bilayers (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, these proceedings) are the temperature sensing elements for the bolometers. To read out such a large number of pixels, SCUBA-2 uses a superconducting quantum interference device readout for time domain multiplexing (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, these proceedings). The detector wafer is flip-chip bonded to the multiplexer wafer by indium bumps which provide electrical and thermal connections. The technologies that make SCUBA-2 possible have applications for large-format arrays from the submillimeter through the X-ray spectral regions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Royal Observ, United Kingdom Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. Royal Observ, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Raytheon Vis Syst, Goleta, CA USA. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. RP Audley, MD (reprint author), Royal Observ, United Kingdom Astron Technol Ctr, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. EM mda@roe.ac.uk RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; OI Tucker, Carole/0000-0002-1851-3918 NR 3 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 483 EP 486 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.379 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900129 ER PT J AU Cabrera, B Brink, PL Leman, SW Castle, JP Tomada, A Young, BA Martinez-Galarce, DS Stern, RA Deiker, S Irwin, KD AF Cabrera, B Brink, PL Leman, SW Castle, JP Tomada, A Young, BA Martinez-Galarce, DS Stern, RA Deiker, S Irwin, KD TI Distributed transition-edge sensors for linearized position response in a phonon-mediated X-ray imaging spectrometer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE transition-edge sensor; phonon; phonon-mediated ID DETECTORS AB For future solar X-ray satellite missions, we are developing a phonon-mediated macro-pixel composed of a Ge crystal absorber with four superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) distributed on the backside. The X-rays are absorbed on the opposite side and the energy is converted into phonons, which are absorbed into the four TES sensors. By connecting together parallel elements into four channels, fractional total energy absorbed between two of the sensors provides x-position information and the other two provide y-position information. We determine the optimal distribution for the TES sub-elements to obtain linear position information while minimizing the degradation of energy resolution. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Varian Lab 144, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cabrera, B (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Varian Lab 144, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM cabrera@stanford.edu NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 502 EP 504 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.298 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900134 ER PT J AU Nam, S Miller, AJ Rosenberg, D AF Nam, S Miller, AJ Rosenberg, D TI Low-temperature optical photon detectors for quantum information applications SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE quantum information; quantum optics; quantum computing; single photon detector; photon number detector ID SUPERCONDUCTING TUNNEL-JUNCTION AB There is increasing interest in using high-performance cryogenic optical photon detectors in a variety of applications in quantum information science and technology. These applications require detectors that have extremely low dark count rates, high count rates, high quantum efficiency, and moderate energy resolution for IR to optical photons. We describe three applications, quantum key distribution, quantum optics with spontaneous parametric down converters, and linear optical quantum computing. We also describe preliminary results using a superconducting tungsten transition-edge sensor in a quantum key distribution system and a quantum optics experiment with spontaneous parametric down converters. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nam, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS 814-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nams@boulder.nist.gov NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 523 EP 526 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.304 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900140 ER PT J AU Burney, J Bay, TJ Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Romani, RW Tomada, A Nam, SW Miller, AJ Martinis, J Wang, E Kenny, T Young, BA AF Burney, J Bay, TJ Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Romani, RW Tomada, A Nam, SW Miller, AJ Martinis, J Wang, E Kenny, T Young, BA TI Development and characterization of a TES optical imaging array for astrophysics applications SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE superconducting transition-edge sensor; spectrophotometer; cryogenic detectors AB Our research group has successfully developed photon detectors capable of both time-stamping and energy-resolving individual photons at very high rates in a wide band from the near-IR through optical and into the near-UV. We have fabricated 32-pixel arrays of these Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) devices and have mounted them in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator equipped with windows for direct imaging. We have characterized single pixel behavior; we have also begun operating multiple pixels simultaneously, starting the scaling process towards use of the full array. We emphasize the development of a metalized mask for our array that blocks photons from hitting the inter-pixel areas and reflects them onto the TESs. We also present calibration data on detector resolution, electronics noise, and optical alignment. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94306 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94306 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Burney, J (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94306 USA. EM burney@stanford.edu RI Burney, Jennifer/C-6528-2015 OI Burney, Jennifer/0000-0003-3532-2934 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 533 EP 536 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.307 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900143 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, D Nam, SW Miller, AJ Salminen, A Grossman, E Schwall, RE Martinis, JM AF Rosenberg, D Nam, SW Miller, AJ Salminen, A Grossman, E Schwall, RE Martinis, JM TI Near-unity absorption of near-infrared light in tungsten films SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE single photon detector; efficiency; tungsten; transition-edge sensor AB The number-resolving ability and extremely low dark-count rate of tungsten transition-edge sensors make them excellent candidates to replace avalanche photodiodes in quantum information experiments such as quantum key distribution and quantum computing at the telecommunication wavelengths, 1330 and 1550 nm. Increasing the absorption of these devices from the current value of 20% to near unity would make these detectors even more desirable for these applications. By incorporating the tungsten in a stack of elements including a mirror and an anti-reflective coating, we have demonstrated room-temperature absorption of greater than 97% in films of tungsten. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rosenberg, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rdanna@boulder.nist.gov NR 6 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 537 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.308 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900144 ER PT J AU Irwin, KD Audley, MD Beall, JA Beyer, J Deiker, S Doriese, W Duncan, W Hilton, GC Holland, W Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, YZ AF Irwin, KD Audley, MD Beall, JA Beyer, J Deiker, S Doriese, W Duncan, W Hilton, GC Holland, W Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, YZ TI In-focal-plane SQUID multiplexer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE SQUID; multiplexer; transition-edge sensor; microcalorimeter; bolometer ID SENSORS; ARRAYS AB Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexers make it possible to build arrays of thousands of microcalorimeters and bolometers based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) with a manageable number of readout channels. Previous to this work, TES arrays were multiplexed by extracting leads from each pixel to multiplexer filter and, switching elements. outside of the focal plane. As the number of pixels is increased in a close-packed array, it becomes, difficult to route the leads to the multiplexer. We report on the development of an in-focal-plane SQUID multiplexer-to solve this problem. In this circuit, the filter and switching elements associated with each pixel fit within the pixel area so that signals are multiplexed before being extracted from the focal plane. This in-focal-plane architecture will first be used in the SCUBA-2 instrument at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in 2006. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Royal Observ Edinburgh, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. PTB, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. RP Irwin, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 814-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM irwin@boulder.nist.gov NR 9 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 544 EP 547 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.310 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900146 ER PT J AU Doriese, WB Beall, JA Beyer, J Deiker, S Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Martinis, JM Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y AF Doriese, WB Beall, JA Beyer, J Deiker, S Ferreira, L Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Martinis, JM Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Ullom, JN Vale, LR Xu, Y TI Time-division SQUID multiplexer for the readout of X-ray microcalorimeter arrays SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE SQUID; bolometer; microcalorimeter; time-division; multiplexer; transition-edge sensor AB Large-format (> 1000 pixel) arrays of transition-edge sensors are being developed for applications ranging from Xray materials analysis to submillimeter (SCUBA-2, ACT, SAFIRE) and X-ray (Constellation-X) astronomy. Cryogenic multiplexing allows instrumentation of these large detector arrays with a manageable number of wires and readout channels. We describe a SQUID-based, time-division multiplexer for X-ray microcalorimeter arrays, including a three-stage SQUID amplifier chain and room-temperature digital-feed back electronics. The prototype system has passed two milestone tests. First, energy resolution of 6.6 eV obtained from measuring 5.2 keV joule-heat pulses was not degraded by multiplexing 2, 4, or 8 biased detectors. Second, Fe-55 spectra obtained with four multiplexed detectors showed essentially the same resolution as those obtained from the same detectors while not multiplexed. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. PTB, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. RP Doriese, WB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM doriese@boulder.nist.gov NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 559 EP 561 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.314 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900150 ER PT J AU Miller, NA Ullom, JN Beall, JA Hilton, GC Deiker, S Doriese, WB Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Xu, Y AF Miller, NA Ullom, JN Beall, JA Hilton, GC Deiker, S Doriese, WB Irwin, KD Reintsema, CD Xu, Y TI Robust infrared filters for X-ray spectroscopy SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL Genoa, ITALY DE infrared filters; X-ray spectroscopy; X-ray windows AB One challenge to using cryogenic detectors for X-ray spectroscopy on a scanning electron microscope is the implementation of infrared blocking filters. In order to achieve high X-ray transmission, these filters can be as thin as 250 nm and consequently are extremely fragile. To avoid breaking the filters, the cryostat must be evacuated slowly and by a trained operator. In this presentation, we describe the filter system currently used at NIST. In addition, we describe recent efforts to build a more robust and easy-to-use filter system. We present initial efforts to strengthen conventional aluminum-parylene filters with micromachined silicon grids that only reduce X-ray transmission by 2%. We also describe an automated pump-out system based on a commercial mass-flow controller. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Miller, NA (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nathan.miller@nist.gov RI Tomlin, Nathan/A-4927-2009 OI Tomlin, Nathan/0000-0002-8313-9045 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAR 11 PY 2004 VL 520 IS 1-3 BP 638 EP 640 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.364 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 808ZL UT WOS:000220606900172 ER PT J AU Case, F Chaka, A Friend, DG Frurip, D Golab, J Johnson, R Moore, J Mountain, RD Olson, J Schiller, M Storer, J AF Case, F Chaka, A Friend, DG Frurip, D Golab, J Johnson, R Moore, J Mountain, RD Olson, J Schiller, M Storer, J TI The first industrial fluid properties simulation challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Predicting the Thermophysical Properties of Fluids by Molecular Simulation CY 2001 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE molecular simulation; method of calculation; vapor-liquid equilibria; density; viscosity ID NONEQUILIBRIUM MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SHEAR VISCOSITY; FORCE-FIELDS; N-ALKANES; RHEOLOGY; DECANE; THERMOSTATS; TEMPERATURE; RELAXATION; METHANOL AB The industrial fluid properties simulation challenge [http://www.cstl.nist.gov/fluidsimulationchallenge/] was established to promote the use of molecular simulation methods to predict materials' properties of industrial relevance. The organizing committee (the authors of this paper) also wished to establish reliable comparisons between the available methods that could assist modelers in choosing the most appropriate approach for a particular property or system. The challenge was open to anyone outside of the institutions or companies represented on the organizing committee. Entries were received from three commercial companies, one national lab, and a number of universities. In this first challenge, participants were asked to predict vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE), densities, and viscosities for a specified set of organic fluids, mixtures and aqueous solutions. Accurate experimental measurements of the specified properties were obtained by teams at NIST and The Dow Chemical Company. Entries were judged primarily on the agreement between predicted and experimental data, although the judging teams also awarded a portion of their score based on a more qualitative assessment of the "true predictability" of the method. Most of the groups that accepted the challenge only entered one of the sections. Only one team attempted predictions in all three sections of the contest. This indicates the challenging nature of the problems and the current state-of-the-art for molecular simulations. We would like to recognize the significant efforts made by all the entrants. Their work (summarized in this paper, and described in greater detail in the papers contributed by most of the contestants to this special edition of FPE) has made a significant contribution to the objectives of the challenge during its first year. Building on this success we plan a second industrial fluid properties challenge and welcome your suggestions for suitable challenge problems. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colgate Palmolive, Piscataway, NJ USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, S Charleston, WV USA. BP, Naperville, IL USA. DuPont Co Inc, Wilmington, DE USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raymond.mountain@nist.gov RI Moore, Jonathan/B-8201-2009 NR 43 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 217 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00208-5 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 806FV UT WOS:000220420700001 ER PT J AU Friend, DG Frurip, DJ Magee, JW Olson, JD AF Friend, DG Frurip, DJ Magee, JW Olson, JD TI Establishing benchmarks for the first industrial fluids simulation challenge SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Predicting the Thermophysical Properties of Fluids by Molecular Simulation CY 2001 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP NIST DE benchmark; data evaluation; density; simulation challenge; vapor-liquid equilibrium; viscosity AB In order that the entries in the first industrial fluid properties simulation challenge could be judged, a benchmarking committee comprised of the authors of this paper was established. The mandate of the committee was to determine best values for the physical property questions posed in the challenge based on a thorough evaluation of the available literature and on new experimental measurements, as necessary. A key part of the activity was to determine robust estimates of uncertainty for the benchmarks, as these also played a role in the evaluation of challenge entries. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Analyt Sci, Thermal Grp, Midland, MI 48667 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Analyt Sci, Thermal Grp, S Charleston, WV 25303 USA. RP Friend, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dfriend@boulder.nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 217 IS 1 BP 11 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00357-1 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 806FV UT WOS:000220420700002 ER PT J AU Guo, LD Zhang, JZ Gueguen, C AF Guo, LD Zhang, JZ Gueguen, C TI Speciation and fluxes of nutrients (N, P, Si) from the upper Yukon River SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE flux; nutrients; Yukon River ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; ARCTIC-OCEAN; WEATHERING RATES; NATURAL-WATERS; LENA RIVER; BALTIC SEA; CARBON; PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHATE; NITROGEN AB Water samples were collected from the Yukon River near the Stevens Village Station from May to September 2002 and analyzed for nutrients (N, P, and Si) in dissolved, particulate, organic, and inorganic forms to examine temporal variations in nutrient concentrations, fluxes, and phase partitioning. Both NO(3) and PO(4) concentrations in the Yukon River were much lower than those of world rivers, with an average concentration of 2.43 +/- 0.63 muM-N and 0.053 +/- 0.040 muM-P, respectively. Si(OH)(4) concentrations were more comparable to those of world rivers, with an average concentration of 82 +/- 21 muM-Si. Integrated annual fluxes were 2.4 x 10(8) mole-NO(3), 3.4 x 10(6) mole-PO(4), and 8.7 x 10(9) mole-Si(OH)(4), respectively. Nutrient discharge during the river ice open season contributed 73 to 95% of the annual flux depending on nutrient species. Within the total N pool transported by the Yukon River, dissolved inorganic N comprised 7 +/- 4% and particulate N made up 25 +/- 10%, while dissolved organic N (DON) was the dominant N species (with an average of 67 +/- 10%). In contrast, P was predominantly partitioned in the particulate phase (with an average of 94 +/- 6%), leaving 4 +/- 5% of the total P in the dissolved organic phase and similar to2 +/- 1% in the dissolved inorganic phase. The partitioning of N and P indicates that the transformation between dissolved and particulate or inorganic and organic phases may play a critical role in controlling the flux of bioavailable nutrients and thus the nutrient dynamics in the Yukon River Basin and its coastal region. Nutrient specific fluxes normalized to drainage area in the Yukon River Basin were 0.57 mmole/m(2)/yr for NO(3), 0.012 mmole/m(2)/yr for PO(4), and similar to19 mmole/m(2)/yr for Si(OH)(4), respectively. The relatively low specific fluxes of NO3 and PO4 in the Yukon River Basin reflect its pristine status or little anthropogenic influence, whereas cold climate in the Arctic/subarctic region may be responsible for its lower Si(OH)(4) specific flux, in agreement with a general trend of increasing Si specific flux with decreasing latitude in global river systems. A warming climate and thus deeper permafrost active layer in the Yukon River watershed would likely enhance the export flux of nutrients into the Bering Sea. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Guo, LD (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, 930 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM guol@iarc.uaf.edu; jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov; celine@iarc.uaf.edu RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Guo, Laodong/F-6045-2010 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; Guo, Laodong/0000-0002-5010-1630 NR 46 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 AR GB1038 DI 10.1029/2003GB002152 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806KN UT WOS:000220432900003 ER PT J AU Jahn, A Vreeland, WN Gaitan, M Locascio, LE AF Jahn, A Vreeland, WN Gaitan, M Locascio, LE TI Controlled vesicle self-assembly in microfluidic channels with hydrodynamic focusing SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE liposome; lipid; vesicles; drug delivery; self-assembly ID DELIVERY C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gaitan, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gaitan@nist.gov; laurie.locascio@nist.gov NR 12 TC 182 Z9 184 U1 15 U2 74 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2674 EP 2675 DI 10.1021/ja0318030 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 800OY UT WOS:000220038800010 PM 14995164 ER PT J AU Parker, DR Green, MA Bramwell, ST Wills, AS Gardner, JS Neumann, DA AF Parker, DR Green, MA Bramwell, ST Wills, AS Gardner, JS Neumann, DA TI Crossover from positive to negative magnetoresistance in a spinel SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MAGNETICALLY MODULATED SPINELS; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; CHALCOGENIDE SPINELS; PYROCHLORE TL2MN2O7; PHASE-TRANSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; ZN1-XCUXCR2SE4; VALENCE C1 UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1S 4BS, England. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, 21 Albemarle St, London W1S 4BS, England. EM mark@ri.ac.uk RI Wills, Andrew/C-1622-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 NR 27 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2710 EP 2711 DI 10.1021/ja036965a PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 800OY UT WOS:000220038800028 PM 14995182 ER PT J AU Custer, TG Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Howard, CJ Morrison, GC AF Custer, TG Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Howard, CJ Morrison, GC TI Gas-phase kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of protonated hydrazine with carbonyl compounds. Gas-phase hydrazone formation: Kinetics and mechanism SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FLOWING AFTERGLOW; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AB-INITIO; DENSITY; IONS; THERMOCHEMISTRY; ALDEHYDES; RADICALS; EXCHANGE; KETONES AB The gas-phase reactions of protonated hydrazine (hydrazinium) with organic compounds were studied in a selected ion flow tube-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (SIFT-CIMS) at 0.5 Torr pressure and similar to300 K and with hybrid density functional calculations. Carbonyl and other polar organic compounds react to form adducts, e.g., N2H5+(CH3CH2CHO). In the presence of neutral hydrazine, aldehyde adducts react further to form protonated hydrazones, e.g., CH3CH2CH=HNNH2+ from propanal. Using deuterated hydrazine (N2D4) and butanal, we demonstrate that the gas-phase ion chemistry of hydrazinium and carbonyls operates by the same mechanisms postulated for the reactions in solution. Calculations provide insight into specific steps and transition states in the reaction mechanism and aid in understanding the likely reaction process upon chemical or translational activation. For most carbonyls, rate coefficients for adduct formation approach the predicted maximum collisional rate coefficients, k similar to 10(-9) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Formaldehyde is an exception (k similar to 2 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)) due to the shorter lifetime of its collision complex. Following adduct formation, the process of hydrazone formation may be rate limiting at thermal energies. The combination of fast reaction rates and unique chemistry shows that protonated hydrazine can serve as a useful chemical-ionization reagent for quantifying atmospheric carbonyl compounds via CIMS. Mechanistic studies provide information that will aid in optimizing reaction conditions for this application. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Morrison, GC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cjhome@comcast.net RI Morrison, Glenn/B-4261-2016 OI Morrison, Glenn/0000-0001-6876-7185 NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2744 EP 2754 DI 10.1021/ja0350888 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 800OY UT WOS:000220038800037 PM 14995191 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Mendez, S Balamurugan, SS Balamurugan, S Lopez, GP Satija, S AF Yim, H Kent, MS Mendez, S Balamurugan, SS Balamurugan, S Lopez, GP Satija, S TI Temperature-dependent conformational change of PNIPAM grafted chains at high surface density in water SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLY-N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE; SINGLE-CHAIN; POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); TRANSITION; DETACHMENT; MEMBRANES; GLOBULE; SYSTEM C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 27 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 9 PY 2004 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1994 EP 1997 DI 10.1021/ma0354290 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 800TY UT WOS:000220051800047 ER PT J AU Evju, JK Howell, PB Locascio, LE Tarlov, MJ Hickman, JJ AF Evju, JK Howell, PB Locascio, LE Tarlov, MJ Hickman, JJ TI Atmospheric pressure microplasmas for modifying sealed microfluidic devices SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLOW-DISCHARGE AB A dc microdischarge technique for the chemical modification of microchannel walls is reported. In this method, an atmospheric pressure plasma is ignited directly in the channels of assembled microfluidic devices. Our results show that strongly hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted to the walls of polystyrene microchannels by the appropriate selection of a plasma gas. This localized tuning of the surface and wetting properties is expected to be useful in the manufacture of microfluidic channels in a variety of substrates. Small area x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify oxygen and fluorine on polystyrene surfaces resulting from the plasma treatments. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Bioengn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Evju, JK (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM michael.tarlov@nist.gov; hickman@clemson.edu RI Howell, Peter/E-6214-2010; Howell, Peter/H-8710-2012 OI Howell, Peter/0000-0003-3673-3145 NR 11 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1668 EP 1670 DI 10.1063/1.1668327 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 780ML UT WOS:000189384900016 ER PT J AU Mirowski, E Moreland, J Russek, SE Donahue, MJ AF Mirowski, E Moreland, J Russek, SE Donahue, MJ TI Integrated microfluidic isolation platform for magnetic particle manipulation in biological systems SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; OPTICAL TWEEZERS; DNA; MICROMANIPULATION; MOLECULES; PROTEIN; LEVEL AB We have developed a micromachined fluid-cell platform that consists of patterned magnetic thin-film elements supported on a thin silicon-nitride membrane. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the field gradients near the magnetic elements are sufficiently large to trap magnetic particles that are separated from the patterned films by a 200 nm thick nitride membrane. The two main applications of this fluid-cell platform are to provide a means to control and position magnetic microparticles, which can be tethered to biological molecules, and also to sort superparamagnetic microparticles based on their size and magnetic susceptibility. We determine the characteristic trapping forces of each trap in the array by measuring the Brownian motion of the microparticle as a function of applied external field. Typical force constants and forces on the superparamagnetic particles are 4.8x10(-4)+/-0.7x10(-4) N/m and 97+/-15 pN, respectively. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mirowski, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mirowski@boulder.nist.gov NR 18 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1786 EP 1788 DI 10.1063/1.1664013 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 780ML UT WOS:000189384900056 ER PT J AU Bender, PL AF Bender, PL TI Additional astrophysical objectives for LISA follow-on missions SO CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves CY JUL 06-11, 2003 CL Tirrenia, ITALY ID SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLES; BINARIES AB The main LISA follow-on mission currently being discussed is one that would search with high sensitivity for a primordial gravitational wave background. To extend the discussion of possible astrophysical objectives, two other types of LISA follow-on missions will be considered here. In both cases the expected level of performance improvement is substantial. One is a mission that emphasizes higher sensitivity at frequencies of 0.003 to 10 Hz. The other aims for improved sensitivity at frequencies from 1 to 100 muHz. For the higher frequency mission, a factor 30 increase in the product of telescope area times the square root of laser power would be the goal. This could be achieved with 1 m diameter telescopes and 10 W of laser power. The arm length would be reduced to 0.5 million km, so that the total increase in GW sensitivity above 0.1 Hz would be a factor of 300. A factor 10 reduction in the test mass spurious accelerations at frequencies above 1 mHz would be included also. The main scientific objective would be to observe interactions of 10 M-circle dot BHs with IMBHs out to large redshifts, if MBHs such as the few million M-circle dot BHs observed now grew through the IMBH mass range. For the low frequency mission, 15 million km baselines and a factor 10 or more reduction in the spurious acceleration levels from 1 to 100 muHz would be the goals. The main objective would be the observation of many more MBH-MBH binaries to learn about galaxy formation. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bender, PL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0264-9381 J9 CLASSICAL QUANT GRAV JI Class. Quantum Gravity PD MAR 7 PY 2004 VL 21 IS 5 SI SI BP S1203 EP S1208 AR PII S0264-9381(04)68544-3 DI 10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/120 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 805CQ UT WOS:000220344800121 ER PT J AU Wilson, AB Glaubrecht, M Meyer, A AF Wilson, AB Glaubrecht, M Meyer, A TI Ancient lakes as evolutionary reservoirs: evidence from the thalassoid gastropods of Lake Tanganyika SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ancient lakes; morphological stasis; gastropod phylogeny; Tanganyika ID MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES; DNA; CERITHIOIDEA; INFERENCE; TREES; CAENOGASTROPODA; AMPLIFICATION; SPECIATION; MORPHOLOGY; SEQUENCES AB Ancient lakes are often collectively viewed as evolutionary hot spots of diversification. East Africa's Lake Tanganyika has long been the subject of scientific interest owing to dramatic levels of endemism in species as diverse as cichlid fishes, paludomid gastropods, decapod and ostracod crustaceans and poriferans. It is the largest and deepest of the African rift lakes, and its endemic fauna has been presented with a stable inland environment for over 10 Myr, offering unique opportunities for within-lake diversification. Although astonishing diversification has been documented in the endemic cichlid fauna of the lake, similar patterns of rapid diversification have long been assumed for other groups. In contrast to this hypothesis of rapid speciation, we show here that there has been no acceleration in the rate of speciation in the thalassoid gastropods of the lake following lake colonization. While limited within-lake speciation has occurred, the dramatic conchological diversity of gastropods presently found within the lake has evolved from at least four major lineages that pre-date its formation by as much as 40 Myr. At the same time, a widespread group of African gastropods appears to have evolved from taxa presently found in the lake. While Lake Tanganyika has been a cradle of speciation for cichlid fishes, it has also been an important evolutionary reservoir of gastropod lineages that have been extirpated outside the basin. C1 Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany. Humboldt Univ, Inst Systemat Zool, Museum Nat Kunde, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. RP Wilson, AB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM tony.wilson@noaa.gov RI Meyer, Axel/C-9826-2009; Wilson, Anthony/D-2907-2011 OI Meyer, Axel/0000-0002-0888-8193; NR 55 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAR 7 PY 2004 VL 271 IS 1538 BP 529 EP 536 DI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2624 PG 8 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 779LV UT WOS:000189299600013 PM 15129964 ER PT J AU McKinney, KA Wennberg, PO Dhaniyala, S Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Kunzi, KF Kleinbohl, A Sinnhuber, M Kullmann, H Bremer, H Mahoney, MJ Bui, TP AF McKinney, KA Wennberg, PO Dhaniyala, S Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Kunzi, KF Kleinbohl, A Sinnhuber, M Kullmann, H Bremer, H Mahoney, MJ Bui, TP TI Trajectory studies of large HNO3-containing PSC particles in the Arctic: Evidence for the role of NAT SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID; POLAR STRATOSPHERES; DENITRIFICATION; VORTEX; HNO3 AB Large ( 5 to > 20 mum diameter) nitric-acid-containing polar stratospheric cloud ( PSC) particles were observed in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999 - 2000. We use a particle growth and sedimentation model to investigate the environment in which these particles grew and the likely phase of the largest particles. Particle trajectory calculations show that, while simulated nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) particle sizes are significantly smaller than the observed maximum particle sizes, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particle trajectories are consistent with the largest observed particle sizes. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Amherst Coll, Dept Chem, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. RI Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Sinnhuber, Miriam/A-7252-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 6 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 5 AR L05110 DI 10.1029/2003GL018430 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 803HY UT WOS:000220223400001 ER PT J AU Stan, G Field, SB Martinis, JM AF Stan, G Field, SB Martinis, JM TI Critical field for complete vortex expulsion from narrow superconducting strips SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL DEFECTS; EDGE BARRIER; REDUCTION; DEVICES; NOISE; FILMS AB We have measured the maximum field for which vortices are completely expelled from a thin-film superconducting strip. Niobium strips of width W were field cooled and imaged with a scanning Hall-probe microscope. Below a critical field B(m)approximate toPhi(0)/W-2 all flux was expelled; above this field vortices were observed with a density increasing approximately linearly with field. The small value of the critical field, which is orders of magnitude less than in the bulk, implies that superconducting devices should be designed with narrow wires to eliminate the generation of noise from vortex motion. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stan, G (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 17 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 5 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 9 AR 097003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.097003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 800VI UT WOS:000220055400048 PM 15089502 ER PT J AU Gardner, WS Lavrentyev, PJ Cavaletto, JF McCarthy, MJ Eadie, BJ Johengen, TH Cotner, JB AF Gardner, WS Lavrentyev, PJ Cavaletto, JF McCarthy, MJ Eadie, BJ Johengen, TH Cotner, JB TI Distribution and dynamics of nitrogen and microbial plankton in southern Lake Michigan during spring transition 1999-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; microbial food web; Lake Michigan ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; MISSISSIPPI RIVER PLUME; FOOD-WEB DYNAMICS; COASTAL WATERS; GREAT-LAKES; AMINO-ACIDS; AMMONIUM REGENERATION; SUBSTRATE LIMITATION; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS AB [ 1] Ammonium and amino acid fluxes were examined as indicators of N and microbial food web dynamics in southern Lake Michigan during spring. Either (NH4+)-N-15 or a mixture of N-15-labelled amino acids (both at 4 muM N final concentration) was added to Lake Michigan water. Net fluxes were measured over 24 h under natural light and dark conditions using deck-top incubators and compared to microbial food web characteristics. Isotope dilution experiments showed similar light and dark NH4+ regeneration rates at lake ( 6 versus 5 nM N h(-1)) and river-influenced ( 20 versus 24 nM N h(-1)) sites. Ammonium uptake rates were similar to regeneration rates in dark bottles. Dark uptake ( attributed mainly to bacteria) accounted for -70% of total uptake ( bacteria plus phytoplankton) in the light at most lake sites but only -30% of total uptake at river-influenced sites in or near the St. Joseph River mouth (SJRM). Cluster analysis grouped stations having zero, average, or higher than average N-cycling rates. Discriminant analysis indicated that chlorophyll concentration, oligotrich ciliate biomass, and total P concentration could explain 66% of N-cycling rate variation on average. Heterotrophic bacterial N demand was about one third of the NH4+ regeneration rate. Results suggest that, with the exception of SJRM stations, bacterial uptake and protist grazing mediated much of the N dynamics during spring transition. Since NH4+ is more available to bacteria than NO3-, regenerated NH4+ may have a strong influence on spring, lake biochemical energetics by enhancing N-poor organic matter degradation in this NO3--replete ecosystem. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gardner, WS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. EM gardner@utmsi.utexas.edu NR 76 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 4 PY 2004 VL 109 IS C3 AR C03007 DI 10.1029/2002JC001588 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 803IU UT WOS:000220225600002 ER PT J AU Saltzman, ES Aydin, M De Bruyn, WJ King, DB Yvon-Lewis, SA AF Saltzman, ES Aydin, M De Bruyn, WJ King, DB Yvon-Lewis, SA TI Methyl bromide in preindustrial air: Measurements from an Antarctic ice core SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE methyl bromide; methyl halide; halocarbons ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; POLAR FIRN AIR; ATMOSPHERIC CH3BR; PACIFIC-OCEAN; CHLORIDE; EMISSIONS; RATES; DEGRADATION; HALOCARBONS; HYDROLYSIS AB [1] This paper presents the first ice core measurements of methyl bromide (CH3Br). Samples from a shallow Antarctic ice core (Siple Dome, West Antarctica), ranging in mean gas dates from 1671 to 1942, had a mean CH3Br mixing ratio of 5.8 ppt. These results extend the existing historical record derived from air and Antarctic firn air to about 350 years before present. Model simulations illustrate that the ice core results are consistent with estimates of the impact of anthropogenic activity ( fumigation, combustion, and biomass burning) on the atmospheric CH3Br burden, given the large current uncertainties in the modern atmospheric CH3Br budget. A preindustrial scenario assuming no fumigation, no combustion, and a 75% reduction in biomass-burning sources yields aSouthern Hemisphere mean mixing ratio of 5.8 ppt, in good agreement with the ice core results. There is a significant imbalance between the known CH3Br sources and sinks in the modern atmospheric CH3Br budget. The ice core data do not sufficiently constrain the model to determine how much of the "unknown source'' was present in the preindustrial budget. The results do indicate that most of the southern hemispheric component of this "unknown source'' is not anthropogenic. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Chapman Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Orange, CA 92866 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Saltzman, ES (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, 220 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM esaltzma@uci.edu; maydin@uci.edu; dbruyn@chapman.edu; daniel.king@drexel.edu; shari.yvon-lewis@noaa.gov RI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/E-4108-2012 OI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/0000-0003-1378-8434 NR 61 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 2 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D5 AR D05301 DI 10.1029/2003JD004157 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 803IJ UT WOS:000220224500001 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, G Pursch, M Sander, LC Muller, K AF Srinivasan, G Pursch, M Sander, LC Muller, K TI FTIR studies of C-30 self-assembled monolayers on silica, titania, and zirconia SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-STATE NMR; ORGANIZED MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CH2 WAGGING MODES; STATIONARY PHASES; CHAIN CONFORMATION; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; AIR/WATER INTERFACE AB The conformational order of alkyl chains in four different C-30 self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The C-30 SAMs used in the present study were prepared by reacting C30H61SiCl3 with the humidified surfaces of zirconia, titania, and two different silica gels. The conformational order of the alkyl chains that are attached to the solid substrates is derived from the analysis of well-known conformation-sensitive IR regions, that is, CH2 symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes as well as CH2 wagging bands. The CH2 symmetric and antisymmetric stretching band positions provide a qualitative measure of the conformational order. The CH2 wagging bands are used to determine the relative amounts, that is, integral values over the whole chains of kink/gauche-trans-gauche, double-gauche, and end-gauche conformers in the alkyl chain regions. The results derived from the present IR data analysis demonstrate that the substrate plays an important role for the conformational order of alkyl chains that are attached to inorganic oxide surfaces. C-30 SAMs on titania are found to possess a higher degree of conformational order as compared to C-30 SAMs on zirconia and silica. C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys Chem, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Dow Deutschland Inc, D-77836 Rheinmunster, Germany. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Muller, K (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys Chem, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. EM k.mueller@ipc.uni-stuttgart.de NR 54 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 2 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 5 BP 1746 EP 1752 DI 10.1021/la0354739 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 778KV UT WOS:000189241500031 ER PT J AU Pechik, I Madrazo, J Mosesson, MW Hernandez, I Gilliland, GL Medved, L AF Pechik, I Madrazo, J Mosesson, MW Hernandez, I Gilliland, GL Medved, L TI Crystal structure of the complex between thrombin and the central "E" region of fibrin SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN; PRO-ARG CHLOROMETHYLKETONE; TERNARY COMPLEX; BINDING; RESOLUTION; FRAGMENT; RESIDUES; CHAIN; ANTITHROMBIN; MONOMER AB Nonsubstrate interactions of thrombin with fibrin play an important role in modulating its procoagulant activity. To establish the structural basis for these interactions, we crystallized D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl ketone-inhibited human thrombin in complex with a fragment, E-ht, corresponding to the central region of human fibrin, and solved its structure at 3.65-Angstrom resolution. The structure revealed that the complex consists of two thrombin molecules bound to opposite sides of the central part of Eht in a way that seems to provide proper orientation of their catalytic triads for cleavage of fibrinogen fibrinopeptides. As expected, binding occurs through thrombin's anion-binding exosite I. However, only part of it is involved in forming an interface with the complementary negatively charged surface of Eht. Among residues constituting the interface, Phe-34, Ser-36A, Leu-65, Tyr-76, Arg-77A, Ile-82, and Lys-110 of thrombin and the Aalpha chain Trp-33, Phe-35, Asp-38, Glu-39, the Bbeta chain Ala-68 and Asp-69, and the gamma chain Asp-27 and Ser-30 of E-ht form a net of polar contacts surrounding a well defined hydrophobic interior. Thus, despite the highly charged nature of the interacting surfaces, hydrophobic contacts make a substantial contribution to the interaction. C1 Amer Red Cross, Jerome H Holland Lab Biomed Sci, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Blood Ctr SE Wisconsin Inc, Blood Res Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Medved, L (reprint author), Amer Red Cross, Jerome H Holland Lab Biomed Sci, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. EM gary.gilliland@nist.gov; medvedL@usa.redcross.org FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL056051, HL-56051, HL-70627, R01 HL070627] NR 51 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 2 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 9 BP 2718 EP 2723 DI 10.1073/pnas.0303440101 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 800ZD UT WOS:000220065300016 PM 14978285 ER PT J AU DeLongchamp, DM Hammond, PT AF DeLongchamp, DM Hammond, PT TI High-contrast electrochromism and controllable dissolution of assembled Prussian blue/polymer nanocomposites SO ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID MIXED-VALENCE HEXACYANIDES; LAYER POLYMER-FILMS; THIN-FILMS; METAL HEXACYANOFERRATE; MULTILAYER CAPSULES; MODIFIED ELECTRODES; BLUE; OXIDATION; POLYANILINE; REDUCTION AB To maintain the momentum and impact of the field, assembled materials systems must increasingly incorporate broad functionality ality to meet real-world applications. Here we describe nanocomposite films of specially synthesized inorganic Prussian blue (PB) (PB) nanoparticles and linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) that possess the unusual functional combination of high-performance electrochromism for displays and controllable dissolution for drug delivery. Fabrication using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly was followed by spectroelectrochemical characterization, allowing a full composition determination rarely achieved for LBL films. The electrochromic performance of thick LPEI/PB nanocomposites most relevant to applications surpassed that or inorganic PB films with competitive switching speed and superior contrast. Oxidation beyond the primary electrochromic transition removes nanoparticle ionization and can controllably dissolve the films. Because PB is non-toxic we suggest this mechanism for controlled in-vivo drug delivery. The performance and multifunctional quality of these nanocomposites promise a strong impact on flexible displays, electrochromic windows, and even biomedical devices. C1 MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Elect Mat Grp, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeLongchamp, DM (reprint author), MIT, Dept Chem Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM hammond@mit.edu NR 44 TC 222 Z9 224 U1 13 U2 133 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1616-301X J9 ADV FUNCT MATER JI Adv. Funct. Mater. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 224 EP 232 DI 10.1002/adfm.200304507 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 807KS UT WOS:000220501000003 ER PT J AU Li, QX Liu, XN Zhang, HZ Peterson, TC Easterling, DR AF Li, QX Liu, XN Zhang, HZ Peterson, TC Easterling, DR TI Detecting and adjusting temporal inhomogeneity in Chinese mean surface air temperature data SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE China; surface air temperature; homogeneity; testing and adjusting ID TIME-SERIES AB Adopting the Easterling-Peterson (EP) techniques and considering the reality of Chinese meteorological observations, this paper designed several tests and tested for inhomogeneities in all Chinese historical surface air temperature series from 1951 to 2001. The result shows that, the time series have been widely impacted by inhomogeneities resulting from the relocation of stations and changes in local environment such as urbanization or some other factors. Among these factors, station relocations caused the largest magnitude of abrupt changes in the time series, and other factors also resulted in inhomogeneities to some extent. According to the amplitude of change of the difference series and the monthly distribution features of surface air temperatures, discontinuities identified by applying both the E-P technique and supported by China's station history records, or by comparison with other approaches, have been adjusted. Based on the above processing, the most significant temporal inhomogeneities were eliminated, and China's most homogeneous surface air temperature series has thus been created. Results show that the inhomogeneity testing captured well the most important change of the stations, and the adjusted dataset is more reliable than ever. This suggests that the adjusted temperature dataset has great value of decreasing the uncertaities in the study of observed climate change in China. C1 China Meteorol Adm, Natl Meteorol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Natl Climat Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), China Meteorol Adm, Natl Meteorol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM liqx@cma.gov.cn RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 16 TC 67 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 8 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2 BP 260 EP 268 DI 10.1007/BF02915712 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 811SX UT WOS:000220792700012 ER PT J AU Kucklick, JR Tuerk, KJS Vander Pol, SS Schantz, MM Wise, SA AF Kucklick, JR Tuerk, KJS Vander Pol, SS Schantz, MM Wise, SA TI Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners and toxaphene in selected marine standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE reference material; flame retardant; PBDE; toxaphene; fish; marine mammal ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; FOOD-WEB; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; POLLUTANTS; PBDES; ORGANOCHLORINES; IDENTIFICATION; NOMENCLATURE; BORNANES AB Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and components of the complex mixture toxaphene are stable in the environment and readily bioaccumulated into wildlife and human tissues. PBDEs are presently used in large quantities worldwide as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, computer equipment, and cables. Toxaphene is a complex mixture of chlorinated bornanes and bornenes that was the most heavily used pesticide in the United States until it was banned in 1982; however, some countries continue to use toxaphene. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has quantified PBDE congeners and toxaphene in several available Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) using methods of gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and GC negative chemical ionization (NCI) MS, respectively. SRM 1588a Organics in Cod Liver Oil and SRM 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber were examined for PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154, total toxaphene, and toxaphene congeners 26, 50, and 62. SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue was also examined for total toxaphene and toxaphene congeners. The sum of the PBDE congeners (mean, (1 SD) wet basis) for SRM 1945 was 150 ng g(-1) (7 ng g(-1)). The concentration of PBDE 47 in SRM 1588a was 82.7 ng g(-1) (2.8 ng g(-1)). Other PBDEs were detected in SRM 1588a but were not quantified due their low levels. The total toxaphene (wet mass basis) was 1,210 ng g(-1) (127 ng g(-1)), 1,960 ng g(-1) (133 ng g(-1)), and 3,980 ng g(-1) (248 ng g(-1)) in SRMs 1945, 1946, and 1588a, respectively. The values for PBDEs and toxaphene determined in the SRMs, while not certified, indicate that the SRMs will be suitable control materials for PBDE and toxaphene analyses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kucklick, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.kucklick@nist.gov NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 378 IS 5 BP 1147 EP 1151 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2438-4 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 779CE UT WOS:000189277400001 PM 14749913 ER PT J AU Sharpless, KE Greenberg, RR Schantz, MM Welch, MJ Wise, SA Ihnat, M AF Sharpless, KE Greenberg, RR Schantz, MM Welch, MJ Wise, SA Ihnat, M TI Filling the AOAC triangle with food-matrix standard reference materials SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE certified reference materials; food-matrix reference materials; nutrition labeling ID VALUE ASSIGNMENT; NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS; BAKING CHOCOLATE; CERTIFICATION; COMPOSITE AB Well-characterized reference materials are needed by laboratories in the food testing and nutrition communities to facilitate compliance with nutritional labeling laws, to provide traceability for food exports needed for acceptance in many foreign markets, and to improve the accuracy of nutrition information that is provided to assist consumers in making sound dietary choices. As a result of the enactment of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and the Infant Formula Act of 1980, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a suite of food-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) characterized for nutrient concentrations. These include SRM 1544 Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in a Frozen Diet Composite, SRM 1546 Meat Homogenate, SRM 1548a Typical Diet, SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue, SRM 1846 Infant Formula, SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue, SRM 2383 Baby Food Composite, SRM 2384 Baking Chocolate, SRM 2385 Spinach, and SRM 2387 Peanut Butter. Many of these materials were developed at the request of the food industry to populate a nine-sectored fat-protein-carbohydrate triangle developed by AOAC International. With the completion of SRM 2387, SRMs representing each sector of the triangle are now available. These food-matrix reference materials are intended primarily for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of proximates, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and so on in foods of similar composition. They may also be used as "primary control materials" in the value-assignment of in-house, secondary, control materials to confirm accuracy as well as to establish traceability to NIST. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Pacific Agri Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. RP Sharpless, KE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM katherine.sharpless@nist.gov OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 378 IS 5 BP 1161 EP 1167 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2384-1 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 779CE UT WOS:000189277400003 PM 14689156 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR de Alda, MJL Porter, BJ Pugh, R Wise, SA AF Poster, DL Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR de Alda, MJL Porter, BJ Pugh, R Wise, SA TI Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE standard reference materials; SRMs; mussels; PCBs; pesticides; PAHs ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; MATRIX REFERENCE MATERIALS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; STATIONARY PHASES; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; MARINE SEDIMENT; PCB MIXTURES; CERTIFICATION AB Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) have been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of the concentrations of organic contaminants. The most recently prepared material, SRM 1974b, is a fresh frozen tissue homogenate prepared from mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The other two materials, SRMs 2977 and 2978, are freeze-dried tissue homogenates prepared from mussels collected in Guanabara Bay, Brazil and Raritan Bay, New Jersey, respectively. All three new mussel tissue SRMs complement the current suite of marine natural-matrix SRMs available from NIST that are characterized for a wide range of contaminants (organic and inorganic). SRM 1974b has been developed to replace its predecessor SRM 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue, for which the supply is depleted. Similarly, SRMs 2977 and 2978 were developed to replace a previously available (supply depleted) freeze-dried version of SRM 1974a, SRM 2974, Organics in Freeze-Dried Mussel Tissue. SRM 1974b is the third in a series of fresh frozen mussel tissue homogenate SRMs prepared from mussels collected in Boston Harbor starting in 1988. SRM 1974b has certified concentration values for 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 31 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), and 7 chlorinated pesticides. Reference values are provided for additional constituents: 16 PAHs, 8 PCBs plus total PCBs, 6 pesticides, total extractable organics, methylmercury, and 11 trace elements. PAH concentrations range from about 2 ng g(-1) dry mass (cyclopenta[cd]pyrene) to 180 ng g(-1) dry mass (pyrene). PCB concentrations range from about 2 ng g(-1) dry mass (PCB 157) to 120 ng g(-1) dry mass (PCB 153). The reference value for total PCBs in SRM 1974b is (2020 +/- 420) ng g(-1) dry mass. Pesticide concentrations range from about 4 ng g(-1) dry mass (4,4'-DDT) to 40 ng g(-1) dry mass (4,4'-DDE). SRM 2977 has certified values for 14 PAHs, 25 PCB congeners, 7 pesticides, 6 trace elements, and methylmercury. Reference values for 16 additional PAHs and 9 inorganic constituents are provided, and information values are given for 23 additional trace elements. SRM 2978 has certified and reference concentrations for 41 and 22 organic compounds, respectively, and contains contaminant levels similar to those of SRM 1974b. Organic contaminant levels in SRM 2977 (mussels from Guanabara Bay, Brazil) are typically a factor of 2 to 4 lower than those in SRM 1974b and SRM 2978. The organic contaminant concentrations in each new mussel tissue SRM are presented and compared in this paper. In addition, a chronological review of contaminant concentrations associated with mussels collected in Boston Harbor is discussed as well as a stability assessment of SRM 1974a. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 44 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 EI 1618-2650 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 378 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1231 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2401-4 PG 19 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 779CE UT WOS:000189277400007 PM 15103441 ER PT J AU Wise, SA Poster, DL Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR Sander, LC de Alda, ML Schubert, P Parris, RM Porter, BJ AF Wise, SA Poster, DL Schantz, MM Kucklick, JR Sander, LC de Alda, ML Schubert, P Parris, RM Porter, BJ TI Two new marine sediment standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE certified reference materials (CRMs); gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) marine sediment; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) standard reference materials (RMs) ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PCB MIXTURES; CERTIFICATION; CONSTITUENTS; CONGENERS AB Two new marine sediment standard reference materials (SRMs), SRM 1941b Organics in Marine Sediment and SRM 1944 New York/New Jersey Waterway Sediment, have been recently issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and chlorinated pesticides. Both sediment SRMs were analyzed using multiple analytical methods including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on columns with different selectivity, reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (for PAHs only), and GC with electron capture detection (for PCBs and pesticides only). SRM 1941b has certified concentrations for 24 PAHs, 29 PCB congeners, and 7 pesticides, and SRM 1944 has certified concentrations for 24 PAHs, 29 PCB congeners, and 4 pesticides. Reference concentrations are also provided for an additional 58 (SRM 1941b) and 39 (SRM 1944) PAHs, PCB congeners, and pesticides. SRM 1944, which was collected from multiple sites within New York/New Jersey coastal waterways, has contaminant concentrations that are generally a factor of 10-20 greater than SRM 1941b, which was collected in the Baltimore (Maryland) harbor. These two SRMs represent the most extensively characterized marine sediment certified reference materials available for the determination of organic contaminants. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.wise@nist.gov RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 31 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 378 IS 5 BP 1251 EP 1264 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2431-y PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 779CE UT WOS:000189277400010 PM 14745475 ER PT J AU Zeisler, R AF Zeisler, R TI New NIST sediment SRM for inorganic analysis SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE homogeneity; instrumental neutron activation analysis; marine sediment; solid sampling; trace elements; value assignment ID MARINE SEDIMENT AB NIST maintains a portfolio of more than 1300 standard reference materials (SRM), more than a third of these relating to measurements in the biological and environmental fields. As part of the continuous renewal and replacement efforts, a set of new marine sediments has been recently developed covering organic and inorganic determinations. This paper describes the steps taken in sample preparation, homogeneity assay, and analytical characterization and certification with specific emphasis on SRM 2702 inorganics in marine sediment. Neutron activation analysis showed the SRM to be highly homogeneous, opening the possibility for use with solid sampling techniques. The certificate provides certified mass fraction values for 25 elements, reference values for eight elements, and information values for 11 elements, covering most of the priority pollutants with small uncertainties of only several percent relative. The values were obtained by combining results from different laboratories and techniques using a Bayesian statistical model. An intercomparison carried out in field laboratories with the material before certification illustrates a high commutability of this SRM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zeisler, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8395, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rolf.zeisler@nist.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 378 IS 5 BP 1277 EP 1283 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2417-9 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 779CE UT WOS:000189277400013 PM 14735275 ER PT J AU Wagner, MS AF Wagner, MS TI Impact energy dependence of SF5+-induced damage in poly(methyl methacrylate) studied using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION TOF-SIMS; POLYMER SURFACES; THIN-FILMS; POLYATOMIC PROJECTILES; POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE); ORGANIC SIMS; STATIC SIMS; BEAM DAMAGE; LB-LAYERS; BOMBARDMENT AB Ion-induced damage of polymers is a critical factor in the depth profiling of polymer surfaces using polyatomic primary ions. In this study, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to measure the damage of spin-cast poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films under 5-keV Cs+ and 2.5-8.75-keV SF5+ bombardment. Under 5-keV Cs+ bombardment, the characteristic PMMA secondary ion intensities decreased rapidly for primary ion doses above 5 x 10(13) ionS/cm(2). The damage profiles of PMMA under SF5+ bombardment contained three distinct regions as a function of SF5+ ion dose: a surface transient, an extended quasi-stabilization of the characteristic PMMA secondary ion intensities, and the decay of these intensities as the silicon substrate was reached. The PMMA film sputtered in a controlled manner for SF5+ ion doses up to 4 x 10(14) ions/cm(2), with the maximum ion dose limited by the thickness of the PMMA film. Furthermore, the chemistry at the bottom of the sputter crater was significantly less modified by SF5+ bombardment when compared with Cs+ bombardment. The sputter rate was linearly correlated with the SF5+ impact energy while the damage to the PMMA film varied minimally with the SF5+ impact energy. These results were compared with Monte Carlo (SRIM) calculations of the penetration depth and vacancy production for SF5+ at different impact energies. Since the SF5+ impact energy only affected the sputter rate, selection of the appropriate SF5+ impact energy for polymer depth profiling depends solely on the desired sputter rate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. RP Wagner, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. EM matthew.wagner@nist.gov NR 56 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 5 BP 1264 EP 1272 DI 10.1021/ac035330r PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 779BE UT WOS:000189275100012 PM 14987080 ER PT J AU Wagner, MS Pasche, S Castner, DG Textor, M AF Wagner, MS Pasche, S Castner, DG Textor, M TI Characterization of poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) assembled monolayers on niobium pentoxide substrates using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL LEAST-SQUARES; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ADSORBED PROTEIN FILMS; PLASMA-DEPOSITED FILMS; METAL-OXIDE SURFACES; RESOLUTION TOF-SIMS; POLYMER SURFACES; FIBRINOGEN ADSORPTION; BIOMATERIAL SURFACES AB Control of protein adsorption onto solid surfaces is a critical area of biomaterials and biosensors research. Application of high performance surface analysis techniques to these problems can improve the rational design and understanding of coatings that control protein adsorption. We have used static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to investigate several poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) adlayers adsorbed electrostatically onto negatively charged niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) substrates. By varying the PEG graft ratio (i.e., the number of lysine monomers per grafted PEG chain) and the molecular weights of the PLL and PEG polymers, the amount of protein adsorption can be tailored between 1 and 300 ng/cm(2). Detailed multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) of the positive and negative ion TOF-SIMS spectra showed changes in the outermost surface of the polymer films that were related to the density and molecular weight of the PEG chains on the surface. However, no significant differences were noted due to PLL molecular weight, despite observed differences in the serum adsorption characteristics for adlayers of PLL-g-PEG polymers with different PLL molecular weights. From the PCA results, multivariate peak intensity ratios were developed that correlated with the thickness of the adlayer and the enrichment of the PEG chains and the methoxy terminus of the PEG chains at the outermost surface of the adlayer. Furthermore, partial least squares regression was used to correlate the TOF-SIMS spectra with the amount of protein adsorption, resulting in a predictive model for determining the amount of protein adsorption on the basis of the TOF-SIMS spectra. The accuracy of the prediction of the amount of serum adsorption depended on the molecular weight of the PLL and PEG polymers and the PEG graft ratio. The combination of multivariate analysis and static TOF-SIMS provides detailed information on the surface chemistry and insight into the mechanism for protein resistance of the coatings. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol ETH, Dept Mat, Lab Surface Sci & Technol, BioInterfaceGrp, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Natl ESCA & Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Natl ESCA & Surface Anal Ctr Biomed Problems, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Textor, M (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol ETH, Dept Mat, Lab Surface Sci & Technol, BioInterfaceGrp, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. EM marcus.textor@mat.ethz.ch RI Textor, Marcus/A-6200-2012 OI Textor, Marcus/0000-0002-0178-1801 FU NIBIB NIH HHS [EB-002027] NR 85 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 5 BP 1483 EP 1492 DI 10.1021/ac034873y PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 779BE UT WOS:000189275100039 PM 14987107 ER PT J AU Michaels, CA Gu, XH Chase, DB Stranick, SJ AF Michaels, CA Gu, XH Chase, DB Stranick, SJ TI Near-field infrared imaging and spectroscopy of a thin film polystyrene/poly(ethyl acrylate) blend SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE near-field optical microscopy; infrared microscopy; chemical imaging ID SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SHEAR-FORCE; RESOLUTION; ARTIFACTS; SURFACE; PROBES; LASER AB The application of broadband, near-field infrared microscopy to the characterization of the mesoscale structure of a thin film polymer blend is described. Key features of this instrument, which couples the nanoscale spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy with the chemical specificity of vibrational spectroscopy, include broad tunability and bandwidth, parallel spectral detection for high image acquisition rates, and infrared-transparent aperture probes. Nearfield spectral transmission images of a thin film of polystyrene/ poly(ethyl acrylate) acquired in the C-H stretching region are reported. An assessment of the relative importance of transmission image contrast mechanisms is a significant aim of this work. Analysis of the near-field infrared spectra indicates that the image contrast in the C-H stretching region is largely due to near-held coupling and/or scattering effects. Identification and differentiation of the operative contrast mechanisms on the basis of their relative dependence on wavelength is discussed. Analysis of the contrast attributed to absorption is consistent with the chemical morphology of this sample derived from previous chemical modification/atomic force microscopy studies. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Cent Res & Dev, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. RP Michaels, CA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.michaels@nist.gov NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 58 IS 3 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1366/000370204322886582 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 803AO UT WOS:000220204200001 PM 15035704 ER PT J AU Kendall, MS Christensen, JD Caldow, C Coyne, M Jeffrey, C Monaco, ME Morrison, W Hillis-Starr, Z AF Kendall, MS Christensen, JD Caldow, C Coyne, M Jeffrey, C Monaco, ME Morrison, W Hillis-Starr, Z TI The influence of bottom type and shelf position on biodiversity of tropical fish inside a recently enlarged marine reserve SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE reef fish; coral ecosystem; biodiversity; marine reserve; baseline; inventory ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; ACROPORA-PALMATA; SIZE; ASSEMBLAGES; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; ISLANDS; SCIENCE; GRUNTS AB 1. A necessary component of implementing a successful marine reserve is the quantification of the biological resources that fall under its protection. Without such an initial assessment, the future effects of the reserve on the local habitat and biotic community cannot be quantified and will remain the subject of debate. 2. This study provides such a baseline assessment of fish diversity and habitat types within a recently enlarged marine reserve. Buck Island Reef National Monument, US Virgin Islands, was recently enlarged from approximately 4km(2) to over 76 km(2). Areas of sand, seagrass, and hard-bottom under protection were increased from 0.29km(2), 0.47 km(2), and 1.96 km(2) to 2.70 km(2), 2.89 km(2), and 18.30km(2) respectively when the Monument was expanded. A 53 km(2) area of pelagic/ deep-water habitat with unknown bottom type is now also protected by the Monument. 3. Visual counts of fish within 25 x 4m(2) transects conducted during the day were used to assess fish community structure and habitat utilization patterns. Species richness, diversity, assemblage structure, and fish density were evaluated and compared among sand, seagrass, and hard-bottom habitats. Hard-bottom sites had over twice the mean species richness and diversity as sand and seagrass sites, and several times greater mean fish density. 4. Quantification of the fish community in pelagic and deep-water habitats within the reserve is recommended to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the offshore areas of the reserve. Fish numbers, size, and diversity outside the reserve boundaries must also be evaluated to allow quantification of the effects of the marine reserve on the adjacent fish communities. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, CCMA Biogeog Team, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Christiansted, VI USA. RP Kendall, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, CCMA Biogeog Team, 1305 East West Highway,N-SCII, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM matt.kendall@noaa.gov RI Morrison, Wendy/G-1322-2012 NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1052-7613 EI 1099-0755 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 113 EP 132 DI 10.1002/aqc.601 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 807IT UT WOS:000220495900002 ER PT J AU Gudel, M Audard, M Reale, F Skinner, SL Linsky, JL AF Gudel, M Audard, M Reale, F Skinner, SL Linsky, JL TI Flares from small to large: X-ray spectroscopy of Proxima Centauri with XMM-Newton SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE stars : activity; stars : coronae; stars : individual : Proxima Centauri; X-rays : stars ID EMISSION MEASURE DISTRIBUTION; 2-RIBBON SOLAR-FLARES; RS-CANUM-VENATICORUM; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; STELLAR CORONAE; ACTIVE STARS; CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION; DENSITY DIAGNOSTICS; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION; LINE EMISSION AB We report results from a comprehensive study of the nearby M dwarf Proxima Centauri with the XMM-Newton satellite. using simultaneously its X-ray detectors and the Optical Monitor with its U band filter. We find strongly variable coronal X-ray emission, with flares ranging over a factor of 100 in peak flux. The low-level emission is found to be continuously variable on at least three time scales (a slow decay of several hours, modulation on a time scale of 1 hr, and weak flares with time scales of a few minutes). Several weak flares are characteristically preceded by an optical burst, compatible with predictions from standard solar flare models. We propose that the U band bursts are proxies for the elusive stellar non-thermal hard X-ray bursts suggested from solar observations. In the course of the observation, a very large X-ray flare started and was observed essentially in its entirety. Its peak luminosity reached 3.9x10(28) erg s(-1) [0.15-10 keV], and the total X-ray energy released in the same band is derived to be 1.5x10(32) ergs. This flare has for the first time allowed to measure significant density variations across several phases of the flare from X-ray spectroscopy of the O VII He-like triplet; we find peak densities reaching up to 4x10(11) cm(-3) for plasma of about 1-5 MK. Abundance ratios show little variability in time, with a tendency of elements with a high first ionization potential to be overabundant relative to solar photospheric values. Using Fe XVII lines with different oscillator strengths, we do not find significant effects due to opacity during the flare, indicating that large opacity increases are not the rule even in extreme flares. We model the large flare in terms of an analytic 2-Ribbon flare model and find that the flaring loop system should have large characteristic sizes (approximate to1R(*)) within the framework of this simplistic model. These results are supported by full hydrodynamic simulations. Comparing the large flare to flares of similar size occurring much more frequently on more active stars, we propose that the X-ray properties of active stars are a consequence of superimposed flares such as the example analyzed in this paper. Since larger flares produce hotter plasma, such a model also explains why, during episodes of low-level emission, more active stars show hotter plasma than less active stars. C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Palermo, Sez Astron, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Astron, I-90134 Palermo, Italy. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. EM guedel@astro.phys.ethz.ch; audard@astro.columbia.edu; reale@astropa.unipa.it; skinners@casa.colorado.edu; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu RI Guedel, Manuel/C-8486-2015; OI Guedel, Manuel/0000-0001-9818-0588; Reale, Fabio/0000-0002-1820-4824 NR 86 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1432-0746 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 416 IS 2 BP 713 EP 732 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20031471 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 811PG UT WOS:000220783200029 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Whitall, DR Robarge, W Paerl, HW AF Walker, JT Whitall, DR Robarge, W Paerl, HW TI Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric nitrogen; agricultural emissions; acid gases; PM2.5; denuders ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; NORTH-CAROLINA; DRY DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; NITRIC-ACID; COASTAL-PLAIN; TRANSPORT; FOREST; SITE; USA AB We present 1 year of ambient ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl-), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations at three sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The three sites, Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, are located in counties with total NH3 emission densities of 4800, 2280, and 320 kg NH3-N km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. Average NH3 concentrations were 5.32, 2.46, and 0.58 mug m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. Average NH4+ concentrations were 1.84, 1.25, and 0.91 mug m(-3), and total concentrations of inorganic (NH4+NO3- + SO42-+ Cl-) particulate matter with aerosol diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were 8.66, 6.35, and 5.31 μg m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were highest during the summer at all sites, with summer-to-winter concentration ratios of 2.40, 5.70, and 1.70 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were higher at night at the Clinton site, during the day at the Kinston site, and day vs. night concentrations were similar at the Morehead City site. NH4+ concentrations were highest during the winter at all sites, though this may not be representative of all years. Average daytime concentrations of NH4+ were similar to night values at all sites. NH4+ aerosol was primarily associated with SO42- at all sites, though the degree of SO42- neutralization was highest at Clinton and lowest at Morehead City. NH4+ aerosol formation appeared to be acid-gas-limited at the Clinton site during all seasons and during the spring and summer at the Kinston site. This study shows that agricultural NH3 emissions influence local ambient concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, E305-2,MD-63, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM walker.johnt@epamail.epa.gov RI Walker, John/I-8880-2014 OI Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514 NR 49 TC 92 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 35 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1235 EP 1246 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.027 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 776DT UT WOS:000189102000001 ER PT J AU Ridley, B Atlas, E Selkirk, H Pfister, L Montzka, D Walega, J Donnelly, S Stroud, V Richard, E Kelly, K Tuck, A Thompson, T Reeves, J Baumgardner, D Rawlins, WT Mahoney, M Herman, R Friedl, R Moore, F Ray, E Elkins, J AF Ridley, B Atlas, E Selkirk, H Pfister, L Montzka, D Walega, J Donnelly, S Stroud, V Richard, E Kelly, K Tuck, A Thompson, T Reeves, J Baumgardner, D Rawlins, WT Mahoney, M Herman, R Friedl, R Moore, F Ray, E Elkins, J TI Convective transport of reactive constituents to the tropical and rigid-latitude tropopause region: I. Observations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE convection; aircraft measurements; tropical tropopause; nitrogen oxides; hydrocarbons; methyl iodide; methyl nitrate; upper troposphere; lower stratosphere; chemical tracers ID UPPER TROPOSPHERE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; NITROGEN-OXIDES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; CLOUD TRANSPORT; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER-VAPOR; OZONE; CHEMISTRY AB Measurements of ozone, reactive carbon and nitrogen, and other trace constituents from flights of the NASA WB-57F aircraft in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere reveal that convection in the tropics can present a complex mix of surface-emitted constituents right up to the altitude of the lapse rate tropopause. At higher latitudes over the southern US, the strongest transport signal, in terms of constituent mixing ratios, occurred in the potential temperature range of 340-350 K or approximately over the altitude range of 9-11 km. Weaker convective signals were also seen up to near the tropopause. There was no evidence of convective transport directly into the lower stratosphere from these flights. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Phys Sci Inc, Andover, MA 01810 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Atlas, E (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM eatlas@rsmas.miami.edu RI Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; NR 48 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1259 EP 1274 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.038 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 776DT UT WOS:000189102000003 ER PT J AU Wang, L Reipa, V Blasic, J AF Wang, L Reipa, V Blasic, J TI Silicon nanoparticles as a luminescent label to DNA SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SI NANOPARTICLES; ALKYL MONOLAYERS; SURFACES; SI(111); CHEMISTRY AB We successfully conjugated 1-2 nin diameter silicon nanoparticles to a 5'-amino-modified oligonucleotide (60mer) that contains a C6 linker between amide and phosphate groups. The conjugation was implemented via two photoinduced reactions followed by a DNA labeling step through formation of a carboxamide bond. Photoluminescence of the conjugates is dominated by two blue bands (400 and 450 mn maximal) under 340 nm excitation. The quantum yield of oligonucleotide-conjugated nanoparticles was determined to be 0.08 as measured against quinine sulfate in 0.1 M HClO4 as a reference standard. We report a conjugation process that allows labeling of Si nanoparticles to an oligonucleotide in aqueous solutions. Ways to further optimize the procedure in order to achieve narrower and brighter photoluminescence are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov NR 17 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 409 EP 412 DI 10.1021/bc030047k PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 804FH UT WOS:000220284100023 PM 15025539 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Johanos, TC AF Baker, JD Johanos, TC TI Abundance of the Hawaiian monk seal in the main Hawaiian Islands SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; abundance; body condition ID MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; PHOCA-VITULINA; NORTHWESTERN; EXTINCTION; SIZE; DIET; SHARK; JACKS; GEAR; MOAS AB Most of the extant circa 1400 Hawaiian monk seals Monachus schauinslandi live in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). However, an increasing number of sightings and births have recently occurred in the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), where no systematic surveys of monk seals were conducted prior to 2000. We estimate that there were at least 45 seals in the MHI in 2000 and at least 52 in 2001, based on aerial surveys of all MHI coastlines, supplemented by sightings of seals from the ground. Moreover, annual births in the MHI have evidently increased since the mid-1990s. Weaned pups in the MHI are longer and have greater girth than those in the NWHI, perhaps reflecting greater per-capita abundance of prey resources. We think that Hawaiian monk seals have recently re-colonized the MHI, which were a very likely part of their historic range. Regardless, the MHI habitat appears to be favorable for continued increases of this endangered species. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jason.baker@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 116 IS 1 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00181-2 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 763RD UT WOS:000188113500011 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Synergistic reinforcement of in situ hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate; scaffold; hydroxyapatite; absorbable mesh; synergistic reinforcement; bone tissue engineering ID DENTAL RESIN COMPOSITES; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; POROUS HYDROXYAPATITE; GRAFT SUBSTITUTES; VITRO; OSTEOCONDUCTION; IMPLANTS; RECONSTRUCTION; REGENERATION; CERAMICS AB Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) hardens in situ to form solid hydroxyapatite, can conform to complex cavity shapes without machining, has excellent osteoconductivity, and is able to be resorbed and replaced by new bone. Therefore, CPC is promising for use in craniofacial and orthopaedic repairs. However, the low strength and lack of macroporosity of CPC limit its use. The aim of the present study was to increase the strength and toughness of CPC while creating macropores suitable for cell infiltration and bone ingrowth, and to investigate the effects of chitosan and mesh reinforcement on the composite properties. Specimens were self-hardened in 3 mm x 4 mm x 25 mm molds, immersed in a physiological solution for 1-84 d, and tested in three-point flexure. After 1 d, the unreinforced CPC control had a flexural strength (mean +/- s.d.; n = 6) of (3.3 +/- 0.4) MPa. The incorporation of chitosan or mesh into CPC increased the strength to (11.9 +/- 0.8) and (21.3 +/- 2.7) M Pa, respectively. The incorporation of both chitosan and mesh synergistically into CPC dramatically increased the strength to (43.2 +/- 4.1) MPa. The work-of-fracture (WOF) (toughness) was also increased by two orders of magnitude. After 84 d immersion in a simulated physiological solution, the meshes in CPC dissolved and formed interconnected cylindrical macropores. The novel CPC scaffold had a flexural strength 39% higher, and WOF 256% higher than the conventional CPC without macropores. The new composite had an elastic modulus within the range for cortical bone and cancellous bone, and a flexural strength higher than those for cancellous bone and sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants. In conclusion, combining two different reinforcing agents together in self-hardening CPC resulted in superior synergistic strengthening compared to the traditional use of a single reinforcing agent. The strong and macroprous CPC scaffold may be useful in stress-bearing craniofacial and orthopaedic repairs. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Bldg 224 Room A-153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789, DE14190, R29 DE12476] NR 46 TC 97 Z9 113 U1 5 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1037 DI 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00608-2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 748GF UT WOS:000186853600011 PM 14615168 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Eanes, ED Eldelman, N AF Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Eanes, ED Eldelman, N TI Dental composites based on hybrid and surface-modified amorphous calcium phosphates SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE amorphous phosphate; dental restorative material; mechanical strength; FTIR microspectroscopy ID BIOACTIVE POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; FTIR-MICROSCOPY; HYDROXYAPATITE; REFLECTANCE AB The objectives of this study were to prepare hybrid and surface-modified amorphous calcium phosphates (ACPs) as fillers for mineral-releasing dental composites, and determine whether the mechanical strength of the composites could be improved without decreasing their remineralization potential. ACP was hybridized with tetraethoxysilane or zirconyl chloride and surface-treated with 3-methacryloxypropoxytrimethoxy silane (MPTMS) or zirconyl dimethacrylate (ZrDMA). Composites fabricated with unmodified ACP (u-ACP), hybrid or surface-modified ACP filler and photo-activated Bis-GMA, TEGDMA and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (BTH resin), Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, HEMA and MPTMS (BTHS resin) or Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, HEMA and ZrDMA (BTHZ resin) were tested for their remineralizing potential and biaxial flexure strength (BFS). Ion releases from all composites were significantly above the minimum necessary for reprecipitation of apatite. The BFS of unfilled polymers was not adversely affected by immersion in saline solutions. The BFS of BTH and BTHS composites deteriorated upon soaking. However, BTHZ composites were practically unaffected by exposure to saline solutions. Filler hybridization resulted in a modest, but significant, improvement in the BFS (up to 24%) of BTHZ composites. Heterogeneous distribution of the ACP on disk surfaces was detected by the FTIR microspectroscopy analyses. This might have been caused by uncontrolled aggregation of ACP particles that appeared to hinder interfacial filler/resin interactions and diminish the mechanical strength of composites. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skrtic, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU PHS HHS [13169] NR 20 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 7-8 BP 1141 EP 1150 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.001 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 753PJ UT WOS:000187239500001 PM 14643587 ER PT J AU Washburn, NR Yamada, KM Simon, CG Kennedy, SB Amis, EJ AF Washburn, NR Yamada, KM Simon, CG Kennedy, SB Amis, EJ TI High-throughput investigation of osteoblast response to polymer crystallinity: influence of nanometer-scale roughness on proliferation SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cell proliferation; crystallinity; osteoblast; nanotopography ID IN-VITRO; CELL-GROWTH; FIBRONECTIN; SURFACES; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; PHOSPHORYLATION; SUBSTRATUM; EXPRESSION; PAXILLIN; PROTEINS AB A high-throughput method for analyzing cellular response to crystallinity in a polymer material is presented. Variations in crystallinity lead to changes in surface roughness on nanometer length scales, and it is shown that cells are exquisitely sensitive to these changes. Gradients of polymer crystallinity were fabricated on films Of poly(L-lactic acid) using a gradient in annealing temperature. The resultant morphologies were characterized using an atomic force microscope. Root-mean-square (rms) roughness values ranging from 0.5 to 13 nm were created on a single sample. MCM-E1 osteoblastic cells were cultured for 1, 3 and 5 d, and the number of cells was measured using automated fluorescence microscopy. It is shown that the rate of proliferation on the smooth regions of the films is much greater than that on the rough regions, and a monotonic variation in rate is observed as a function of roughness. The critical rms roughness, above which a statistically significant reduction in rate of proliferation occurs, was approximately 1.1 nm. Fluorescence microscopy measurements on immunostained cells indicate there is no significant change in cell area, the number or type of adhesions formed, or the degree of actin polymerization. Results from enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assays indicated that there was no detectable change in adhesion protein accessibility, suggesting the cells directly respond to substrate topography. The use of the gradient library approach yielded the functional dependence of cell proliferation on nanometer-scale roughness and gave a sensitive estimate of the critical roughness for which a decrease in proliferation is observed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Washburn, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Luong-Van, Emma/A-8685-2012; OI Yamada, Kenneth/0000-0003-1512-6805 NR 26 TC 185 Z9 188 U1 5 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 7-8 BP 1215 EP 1224 DI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.043 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 753PJ UT WOS:000187239500009 PM 14643595 ER PT J AU Burgess, I Li, M Horswell, SL Szymanski, G Lipkowski, J Majewski, J Satija, S AF Burgess, I Li, M Horswell, SL Szymanski, G Lipkowski, J Majewski, J Satija, S TI Electric field-driven transformations of a supported model biological membrane - An electrochemical and neutron reflectivity study SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYBRID BILAYER-MEMBRANES; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; MERCURY WATER INTERFACE; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; PHOSPHOLIPID-VESICLES; LIPID LAYERS; SPECULAR REFLECTION; BIOMIMETIC SYSTEM; GOLD AB A mixed bilayer of cholesterol and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine has been formed on a gold-coated block of quartz by fusion of small unilamellar vesicles. The formation of this bilayer lipid membrane on a conductive surface allowed us to study the influence of the support's surface charge on the structure and hydration of the bilayer lipid membrane. We have employed electrochemical measurements and the specular reflection of neutrons to measure the thickness and water content in the bilayer lipid membrane as a function of the charge on the support's surface. When the surface charge density is close to zero, the lipid vesicles fuse directly on the surface to form a bilayer with a small number of defects and hence small water content. When the support's surface is negatively charged the film swells and incorporates water. When the charge density is more negative than -8 muC cm(-2), the bilayer starts to detach from the metal surface. However, it remains in a close proximity to the metal electrode, being suspended on a thin cushion of the electrolyte. The field-driven transformations of the bilayer lead to significant changes in the film thicknesses. At charge densities more negative than -20 muC cm(-2), the bilayer is similar to37 Angstrom thick and this number is comparable to the thickness determined for hydrated multilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine from x-ray diffraction experiments. The thickness of the bilayer decreases at smaller charge densities to become equal to similar to26 Angstrom at zero charge. This result indicates that the tilt of the acyl chains with respect to the bilayer normal changes from similar to35degrees to 59degrees by moving from high negative charges (and potentials) to zero charge on the metal. C1 Univ Guelph, Guelph Waterloo Ctr Grad Work Chem, Dept Chem & Biochem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lipkowski, J (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Guelph Waterloo Ctr Grad Work Chem, Dept Chem & Biochem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM lipkowski@chembio.uoguelph.ca RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 60 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 43 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 600 TECHNOLOGY SQUARE, 5TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 86 IS 3 BP 1763 EP 1776 DI 10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74244-7 PG 14 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 780JK UT WOS:000189377400045 PM 14990503 ER PT J AU Netz, PA Starr, F Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE AF Netz, PA Starr, F Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE TI Computer simulation of dynamical anomalies in stretched water SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGULARITY-FREE INTERPRETATION; LIQUID WATER; SUPERCOOLED WATER; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; PRESSURE; MODEL; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; DENSITY; MOTION AB In this work, we describe how the anomalous diffusivity is related to the structural anomalies. For this purpose, we study how the thermodynamics and the dynamics of low-temperature water are affected by the decrease of the density. C1 ULBRA, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Unilasalle, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UFRGS, Dept Fis, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Netz, PA (reprint author), ULBRA, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. RI Netz, Paulo/B-1921-2010; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Barbosa, Marcia/C-8809-2012 OI Netz, Paulo/0000-0003-4242-0591; Barbosa, Marcia/0000-0001-5663-6102 NR 60 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA FISICA PI SAO PAULO PA CAIXA POSTAL 66328, 05315-970 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0103-9733 J9 BRAZ J PHYS JI Braz. J. Phys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 24 EP 31 DI 10.1590/S0103-97332004000100004 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 780CY UT WOS:000189354800004 ER PT J AU Kieckbusch, DK Koch, MS Serafy, JE Anderson, WT AF Kieckbusch, DK Koch, MS Serafy, JE Anderson, WT TI Trophic linkages among primary producers and consumers in fringing mangroves of subtropical lagoons SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE STABLE-ISOTOPE; RIVER-DOMINATED ESTUARY; MARSH FOOD-WEBS; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; BENTHIC MICROALGAE; APALACHICOLA BAY; PENAEID PRAWNS; ORGANIC-CARBON; DELTA-C-13; ECOSYSTEM AB Fringe mangroves associated with islands of the subtropical Atlantic/Caribbean region create extensive subtidal mangrove epibiont communities. While increasingly recognized as an important habitat, few studies have focused on the trophic structure of communities associated with mangrove prop-roots. We examined trophic linkages among primary producers (mangroves, seagrass, and algae) and consumers using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in fringe mangroves of the Bahamas and Biscayne Bay, Florida. The average delta(13)C value of primary consumers (-16.4) was similar to macroalgae (-16.7) and seagrass epiphytes (-14.6) and highly distinguishable from mangroves (-27.4). Higher secondary consumers had enriched delta(13)C values (-10.1) relative to primary consumers, and were similar to average seagrass VC values (-10.5). The ranges of delta(15)N signatures of vertebrate (6.3-12) and invertebrate (-0.4-10.7) consumers indicated a multi-trophic structure. Based on mixing equations, the majority of primary consumers diet was algal based, while secondary consumers depended on both algal and seagrass carbon. Mangroves do not appear to be the major source of carbon to consumers in fringe mangroves of subtropical lagoons. Rather, fringe island-associated mangroves constitute refugia for invertebrates and young reef fishes, and create substrate for a diversity of primary producers and consumers, thereby playing an important indirect role to the food web of these systems. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Aquat Plant Ecol Lab, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Koch, MS (reprint author), Florida Atlantic Univ, Aquat Plant Ecol Lab, Dept Biol Sci, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. EM mkoch@fau.edu NR 42 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 25 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 74 IS 2 BP 271 EP 285 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 833AI UT WOS:000222308400003 ER PT J AU Good, TP AF Good, TP TI Distribution and abundance patterns in Caribbean rocky intertidal zones SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TETRACLITA-STALACTIFERA-PANAMENSIS; COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION; CONSUMER PRESSURE; FOOD WEB; SHORE; PANAMA; HETEROGENEITY; RECRUITMENT; PERSISTENCE; SUCCESSION C1 Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Good, TP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM tom.good@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 74 IS 2 BP 459 EP 468 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 833AI UT WOS:000222308400013 ER PT J AU Small, I AF Small, I TI A new index for hail and flood forecasting SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 NOAA, NWS, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Small, I (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 344 EP 344 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400010 ER PT J AU Dunion, JP Velden, CS AF Dunion, JP Velden, CS TI The impact of the Saharan air layer on Atlantic tropical cyclone activity SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; PREDICTION; FORECASTS; OCEAN; TRACK; DUST AB A deep well-mixed, dry adiabatic layer forms over the Sahara Desert and Shale regions of North Africa during the late spring, summer, and early fall. As this air mass advances westward and emerges from the northwest African coast, it is undercut by cool, moist low-level air and becomes the Saharan air layer (SAL). The SAL contains very dry air and substantial mineral dust lifted from the and desert surface over North Africa, and is often associated with a midlevel easterly jet. A temperature inversion occurs at the base of the SAL where very warm Saharan air overlies relatively cooler air above the ocean surface. Recently developed multispectral Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared imagery detects the SAL's entrained dust and dry air as it moves westward over the tropical Atlantic. This imagery reveals that when the SAL engulfs tropical waves, tropical disturbances, or preexisting tropical cyclones (TCs), its dry air, temperature inversion, and strong vertical wind shear (associated with the midlevel easterly jet) can inhibit their ability to strengthen. The SAL's influence on TCs may be a factor in the TC intensity forecast problem in the Atlantic and may also contribute to this ocean basin's relatively reduced level of TC activity. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. RP Dunion, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM jason.dunion@noaa.gov RI Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 21 TC 288 Z9 291 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 353 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-353 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400018 ER PT J AU Seinfeld, JH Carmichael, GR Arimoto, R Conant, WC Brechtel, FJ Bates, TS Cahill, TA Clarke, AD Doherty, SJ Flatau, PJ Huebert, BJ Kim, J Markowicz, KM Quinn, PK Russell, LM Russell, PB Shimizu, A Shinozuka, Y Song, CH Tang, YH Uno, I Vogelmann, AM Weber, RJ Woo, JH Zhang, XY AF Seinfeld, JH Carmichael, GR Arimoto, R Conant, WC Brechtel, FJ Bates, TS Cahill, TA Clarke, AD Doherty, SJ Flatau, PJ Huebert, BJ Kim, J Markowicz, KM Quinn, PK Russell, LM Russell, PB Shimizu, A Shinozuka, Y Song, CH Tang, YH Uno, I Vogelmann, AM Weber, RJ Woo, JH Zhang, XY TI ACE-ASIA - Regional climatic and atmospheric chemical effects of Asian dust and pollution SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHEJU ISLAND; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; NORTH PACIFIC; SURFACE; KOREA; BIOMASS; SYSTEM; OXIDES; WATER AB Although continental-scale plumes of Asian dust and pollution reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface and perturb the chemistry of the atmosphere, our ability to quantify these effects has been limited by a lack of critical observations, particularly of layers above the surface. Comprehensive surface, airborne, shipboard, and satellite measurements of Asian aerosol chemical composition, size, optical properties, and radiative impacts were performed during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) study. Measurements within a massive Chinese dust storm at numerous widely spaced sampling locations revealed the highly complex structure of the atmosphere, in which layers of dust, urban pollution, and biomass-burning smoke may be transported long distances as distinct entities or mixed together. The data allow a first-time assessment of the regional climatic and atmospheric chemical effects of a continental-scale mixture of dust and pollution. Our results show that radiative flux reductions during such episodes are sufficient to cause regional climate change. C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. New Mexico State Univ, CEMRC, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine & Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Naval Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. Meteorol Res Inst KMA, Seoul, South Korea. Warsaw Univ, Inst Geophys, Warsaw, Poland. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM seinfeld@caltech.edu RI Uno, Itsushi/B-5952-2011; Shimizu, Atsushi/C-2810-2009; ZHANG, Xiao-Ye/C-8707-2012; Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Vogelmann, Andrew/M-8779-2014; Doherty, Sarah/D-5592-2015; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Shimizu, Atsushi/0000-0002-7306-7412; ZHANG, Xiao-Ye/0000-0003-1802-3385; Vogelmann, Andrew/0000-0003-1918-5423; Doherty, Sarah/0000-0002-7796-6968; Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 38 TC 190 Z9 202 U1 6 U2 34 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 367 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-367 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400019 ER PT J AU Rodell, M Houser, PR Jambor, U Gottschalck, J Mitchell, K Meng, CJ Arsenault, K Cosgrove, B Radakovich, J Bosilovich, M Entin, JK Walker, JP Lohmann, D Toll, D AF Rodell, M Houser, PR Jambor, U Gottschalck, J Mitchell, K Meng, CJ Arsenault, K Cosgrove, B Radakovich, J Bosilovich, M Entin, JK Walker, JP Lohmann, D Toll, D TI The global land data assimilation system SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SOIL-MOISTURE; CLIMATE MODELS; ETA-MODEL; REAL-TIME; PROJECT; PARAMETERIZATION; PRODUCTS; COVER; IMPLEMENTATION; METHODOLOGY AB A Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) has been developed. Its purpose is to ingest satellite- and ground-based observational data products, using advanced land surface modeling and data assimilation techniques, in order to generate optimal fields of land surface states and fluxes. GLDAS is unique in that it is an uncoupled land surface modeling system that drives multiple models, integrates a huge quantity of observation-based data, runs globally at high resolution (0.25degrees), and produces results in near-real time (typically within 48 h of the present). GLDAS is also a test bed for innovative modeling and assimilation capabilities. A vegetation-based "tiling" approach is used to simulate subgrid-scale variability, with a 1-km global vegetation dataset as its basis. Soil and elevation parameters are based on high-resolution global datasets. Observation-based precipitation and downward radiation and output fields from the best available global coupled atmospheric data assimilation systems are employed as forcing data. The high-quality, global land surface fields provided by GLDAS will be used to initialize weather and climate prediction models and will promote various hydrometeorological studies and applications. The ongoing GLDAS archive (started in 2001) of modeled and observed, global, surface meteorological data, parameter maps, and output is publicly available. C1 NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Data Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Melbourne, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Rodell, M (reprint author), NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 974-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Matthew.Rodell@nasa.gov RI Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; Bosilovich, Michael/F-8175-2012; Walker, Jeffrey/D-2624-2009; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 53 TC 1105 Z9 1189 U1 22 U2 162 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 381 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400020 ER PT J AU Lewis, JM Koracin, D Redmond, KT AF Lewis, JM Koracin, D Redmond, KT TI Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States - A historical essay including outlook SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA COAST; NORTHEAST SCOTLAND; STRATUS; ATMOSPHERE; FORECASTS; SYSTEMS; MODEL; HAAR AB A historical review of research on sea fog is presented. The period of interest is essentially the twentieth century, beginning with the celebrated work of G.I. Taylor in the aftermath of the Titanic tragedy. It has been argued that relative maxima in fog frequency over the North Atlantic (including the British Isles and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland) and the North Pacific (including the U.S. West Coast) has led to major contributions by scientists in England and the United States. The early work (pre-World War II) tended to be phenomenological-that is, conceptual with broad inference from statistical summaries. Yet, this early work laid the foundation for the numerical modeling that came with the advent of computers in the postwar period. The subtleties associated with sea fog formation and maintenance are explored by analyzing some of the results from the numerical simulations. The essay ends with a speculative view on our prospects for a more complete understanding of sea fog in light of the earlier contributions. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM jlewis@dri.edu NR 50 TC 44 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-395 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400021 ER PT J AU Curry, JA Bentamy, A Bourassa, MA Bourras, D Bradley, EF Brunke, M Castro, S Chou, SH Clayson, CA Emery, WJ Eymard, L Fairall, CW Kubota, M Lin, B Perrie, W Reeder, RA Renfrew, IA Rossow, WB Schulz, J Smith, SR Webster, PJ Wick, GA Zeng, X AF Curry, JA Bentamy, A Bourassa, MA Bourras, D Bradley, EF Brunke, M Castro, S Chou, SH Clayson, CA Emery, WJ Eymard, L Fairall, CW Kubota, M Lin, B Perrie, W Reeder, RA Renfrew, IA Rossow, WB Schulz, J Smith, SR Webster, PJ Wick, GA Zeng, X TI Seaflux SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LATENT-HEAT FLUX; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; BULK AERODYNAMIC ALGORITHMS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; TURBULENT FLUXES; WIND-SPEED; TOGA COARE; SATELLITE SCATTEROMETER AB High-resolution surface fluxes over the global ocean are needed to evaluate coupled atmosphere-ocean models and weather forecasting models, provide surface forcing for ocean models, understand the regional and temporal variations of the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and ocean, and provide a large-scale context for field experiments. Under the auspices of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Radiation Panel, the SEAFLUX Project has been initiated to investigate producing a high-resolution satellite-based dataset of surface turbulent fluxes over the global oceans to complement the existing products for surface radiation fluxes and precipitation. The SEAFLUX Project includes the following elements: a library of in situ data, with collocated satellite data to be used in the evaluation and improvement of global flux products; organized intercomparison projects, to evaluate and improve bulk flux models and determination from the satellite of the input parameters; and coordinated evaluation of the flux products in the context of applications, such as forcing ocean models and evaluation of coupled atmosphere-ocean models. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the status of global ocean surface flux products, the methodology being used by SEAFLUX, and the prospects for improvement of satellite-derived flux products. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. IFREMER, Brest, France. Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CETP, IPSL, CNRS, Velizy Villacoublay, France. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. Tokai Univ, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, Shizuoka, Japan. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. British Antarctic Survey, Div Phys Sci, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. RP Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM curryja@eas.gatech.edu RI Renfrew, Ian/E-4057-2010; Castro, Sandra/A-4979-2012; Bradley, Frank/I-6574-2013; Rossow, William/F-3138-2015; OI Renfrew, Ian/0000-0001-9379-8215; Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 NR 73 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 409 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-409 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809AA UT WOS:000220608400022 ER PT J AU Lawson, PW Logerwell, EA Mantua, NJ Francis, RC Agostini, VN AF Lawson, PW Logerwell, EA Mantua, NJ Francis, RC Agostini, VN TI Environmental factors influencing freshwater survival and smolt production in Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OREGON PRODUCTION AREA; MARINE SURVIVAL; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CURRENT VELOCITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; TEMPERATURE; STREAM; OCEAN AB Climate variability is well known to affect the marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon and Washington. Marine factors have been used to explain up to 83% of the variability in Oregon coastal natural coho salmon recruitment, yet about half the variability in coho salmon recruitment comes from the freshwater life phase of the life cycle. This seeming paradox could be resolved if freshwater variability were linked to climate and climate factors influencing marine survival were correlated with those affecting freshwater survival. Effects of climate on broad-scale fluctuations in freshwater survival or production are not well known. We examined the influence of seasonal stream flows and air temperature on freshwater survival and production of two stock units: Oregon coastal natural coho salmon and Queets River coho salmon from the Washington Coast. Annual air temperatures and second winter flows correlated strongly with smolt production from both stock units. Additional correlates for the Oregon Coast stocks were the date of first fall freshets and flow during smolt outmigration. Air temperature is correlated with sea surface temperature and timing of the spring transition so that good freshwater conditions are typically associated with good marine conditions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Joint Inst Sci Atmospher & Ocean Climate Impacts, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lawson, PW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2032 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM peter.w.lawson@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 3 BP 360 EP 373 DI 10.1139/F04-003 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 814SC UT WOS:000220993400005 ER PT J AU Sandahl, JF Baldwin, DH Jenkins, JJ Scholz, NL AF Sandahl, JF Baldwin, DH Jenkins, JJ Scholz, NL TI Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to copper, chlorpyrifos, or esfenvalerate SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM EOG; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; TSHAWYTSCHA; RESPONSES; MYKISS; INSECTICIDE; GAIRDNERI; PESTICIDE; DIAZINON AB The sublethal effects of three different pesticides (a metal, organophosphate, and pyrethroid) on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were evaluated using paired electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. Animals were exposed to copper (5-20 mug.L-1), chlorpyrifos (0.625-2.5 mug.L-1), or esfenvalerate (0.05-0.20 mug.L-1) for 7 days. Sublethal neurotoxicity was examined by recording odor-evoked field potentials from the sensory epithelium and olfactory forebrain using two natural odorants (taurocholic acid or L-serine). Copper and chlorpyrifos decreased the amplitudes of the epithelial and bulbar responses to both odorants in a concentration-dependent manner. Benchmark concentrations for a 20% loss of sensory function were 4.4 mug.L-1 for copper and 0.72 mug.L-1 for chlorpyrifos. Esfenvalerate did not affect the amplitude of odor-evoked field potentials. However, in the olfactory bulbs of coho exposed to 0.2 mug esfenvalerate.L-1, L-serine evoked distinct and irregular bursts of postsynaptic activity in the olfactory bulb, possibly indicating sublethal excitotoxicity to central networks. Collectively, these data indicate that periodic, non-point source contamination of salmon habitats with current-use pesticides could interfere with olfactory function and, by extension, olfactory-mediated behaviors that are important for the survival and migration of salmonids. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Sandahl, JF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, 1007 Ag & Life Sci Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 34 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 3 BP 404 EP 413 DI 10.1139/F04-011 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 814SC UT WOS:000220993400008 ER PT J AU Raikow, DF AF Raikow, DF TI Food web interactions between larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and exotic zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; CRANE LAKE INDIANA; YELLOW PERCH; ONEIDA LAKE; NEW-YORK; SIZE; ZOOPLANKTON; FISH; RECRUITMENT; GROWTH AB Food web interactions between native larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), exotic invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and zooplankton were examined with a mesocosm experiment. Hatchling larval bluegill collected from nests were reared in the presence of size-structured populations of zebra mussels in 1500-L limnocorrals suspended in an artificial pond for 2 weeks. Chlorophyll a, other limnological variables, and zooplankton abundance and biomass (including copepod nauplii and rotifers) were monitored over time. During their first 2 weeks of life, larval fish reared in the presence of mussels grew 24% more slowly than fish reared alone. Differential growth rates can be explained by competition between mussels and bluegill for food in the form of microzooplankton. Also likely was an indirect competition via starvation of the zooplankton community as zebra mussels consumed phytoplankton. Either direct or indirect trophic competition between zebra mussels and obligate planktivores may result in ecological harm as zebra mussels spread throughout inland lakes of North America. C1 Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. RP Raikow, DF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM david.raikow@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 3 BP 497 EP 504 DI 10.1139/F03-171 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 814SC UT WOS:000220993400016 ER PT J AU Kremer, DM Davis, RW Moore, EF Ehrman, SH AF Kremer, DM Davis, RW Moore, EF Ehrman, SH TI A numerical investigation of aerosol dynamics in a wall-less reactor SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerosol dynamics; fluid mechanics; multiphase flow; particle formation; simulation; transport processes ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; COMPLEX FLOW PHENOMENA; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; PARTICLE DYNAMICS; FLUID-MECHANICS; MOCVD REACTORS; LAMINAR-FLOW; THIN-FILMS; NUCLEATION; SIMULATION AB This paper describes a numerical investigation of aerosol formation during silane decomposition in a wall-less reactor. The wall-less reactor is amenable to numerical investigation because the homogeneous chemical reactions leading to the formation of solid particles are isolated from heterogeneous effects, such as occur at the walls of a laminar flow aerosol reactor. The flow/heat transfer and gas-phase chemical kinetics are simulated utilizing separate one-way coupled models. The aerosol dynamics model is based on a simplified sectional model originally developed by Okuyama et al. This model is modified to allow for the simulation of particle growth via condensation. Simulations have been performed which indicate that particle growth via condensation may be an important process. Additionally, the effects of total reactor pressure, temperature and inlet silane concentration on the dynamics of the aerosol population have been investigated. Conditions which result in the formation of larger and more numerous particles have been identified. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kremer, DM (reprint author), Merck & Co Inc, 3517 Radium Springs Rd, Albany, GA 31705 USA. EM douglas_kremer@merck.com NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0009-2509 J9 CHEM ENG SCI JI Chem. Eng. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 5 BP 1115 EP 1130 DI 10.1016/j.css.2003.12.015 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 805BX UT WOS:000220342900014 ER PT J AU Mangan, JM Overpeck, JT Webb, RS Wessman, C Goetz, AFH AF Mangan, JM Overpeck, JT Webb, RS Wessman, C Goetz, AFH TI Response of Nebraska Sand Hills natural vegetation to drought, fire, grazing, and plant functional type shifts as simulated by the century model SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID QUATERNARY EOLIAN DEPOSITION; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; PAST 21,000 YEARS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; MIDDLE-HOLOCENE; CLIMATE; LAKE; USA; COLORADO; GRASSLANDS AB The Nebraska Sand Hills exist in a semi-arid climatic environment and the land surface is grassland growing on sandy soils. These soils have been periodically active throughout the Holocene, but are currently stabilized by the vegetation. However, a shift in climate could cause grassland death and eventual sand dune remobilization. Our studies used the CENTURY nutrient cycling and ecosystem model to investigate the impacts of drought, plant functional type, fire, grazing, and erosion on Nebraska Sand Hills vegetation and dune stability. Fire and grazing alone had little impact on the vegetation, but when combined with mild drought, biomass decreased. Overall biomass increased if one plant functional type was allowed to dominate the ecosystem. Addition of as little as 1 mm of erosion per year under current climate conditions decreases vegetation as much as a drought 20 percent drier than the worst of the 1930s drought years in Nebraska. C1 Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Digital Lib Earth Syst Educ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTARR, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Evolutionary Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Study Earth Space, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Mangan, JM (reprint author), Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Digital Lib Earth Syst Educ, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM mangan@email.arizona.edu; jto@u.arizona.edu; Robert.S.Webb@noaa.gov; wessman@cses.colorado.edu; goetz@cses.colorado.edu NR 55 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2004 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 90 DI 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000018516.53419.90 PG 42 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 800BZ UT WOS:000220005200002 ER PT J AU Lai, NC Dalton, N Lai, YY Kwong, C Rasmussen, R Holts, D Graham, JB AF Lai, NC Dalton, N Lai, YY Kwong, C Rasmussen, R Holts, D Graham, JB TI A comparative echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function in five species of sharks SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE echocardiography; heart function; ventricular filling; elasmobranchs; sharks; Isurus; Heterodontus; Prionace; Mustelus; Cephaloscyllium ID ELASMOBRANCH PERICARDIAL FUNCTION; CARDIAC-FUNCTION; HEART VENTRICLE; FISH HEART; TRIAKIS-SEMIFASCIATA; TELEOST FISHES; LEOPARD SHARK; MORPHOLOGY; PRESSURE; MYOCARDIUM AB A comparative echocardiographic study was carried out on five shark species that differ in heart morphology and in aspects of their behavior and natural history. The study contrasted the ventricular function in the highly active mako shark (heart type IV) and four other sharks (heart type III) that differ in activity levels (i.e. the sedentary horn and swell sharks vs. the moderately active blue and smooth-hound sharks). All five species exhibited biphasic ventricular filling characterized by an early (conduit) and late (atrial systole) phase. In the mako shark, early filling was dominant as indicated by a higher early flow peak velocity, a greater early:late velocity ratio, and a greater early velocity time integral. In contrast, the late filling phase was the more important filling agent in the other species. Indices of systolic function such as ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular fractional shortening also reflect a more efficient cardiac pumping capacity in mako shark relative to the other four sharks. The comparative echocardiographic assessment of in vivo ventricular function integrates structural and functional features with shark activity level to arrive at a new perspective blending the occurrence of biphasic filling with functional concepts based on heart morphological typology and changing views regarding the role of factors such as central filling pressure and pericardial pressure on end-diastolic ventricular volume. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biotechnol & Biomed, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Lai, NC (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM nclai@ucsd.edu NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 137 IS 3 BP 505 EP 521 DI 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.011 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 805WY UT WOS:000220397600004 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC Parry, EE Schumacher, GE AF Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC Parry, EE Schumacher, GE TI Three-body wear of dental resin composites reinforced with silica-fused whiskers SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental resin composite; reinforcement; three-body; wear; mechanisms; whiskers; silica fusion ID IN-VITRO WEAR; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; POSTERIOR COMPOSITE; RESTORATIVE RESINS; CONVERSION; AMALGAM; INLAY; CURE AB Objective. Recent studies used silica-fused whiskers to increase the strength and toughness of resin composites. This study investigated the three-body wear of whisker composites. It was hypothesized that the whisker composites would be more wear resistant than composites reinforced with fine glass particles, and the whisker-to-silica filter ratio would significantly affect wear. Methods. Silica particles were mixed with silicon nitride whiskers at: seven different whisker/(whisker + silica) mass fractions (%): 0, 16.7, 33.3, 50, 66.7, 83.3, and 100. Each mixture was heated at 800 degreesC to fuse the silica particles onto the whiskers. Each powder was then silanized and incorporated into a dental resin to make the wear specimens. A four-station wear machine was used with specimens immersed in a slurry containing polymethyl methacrylate beads, and a steel pin was Loaded and rotated against the specimen at a maximum toad of 76 N. Results. Whisker-to-silica ratio had significant effects (one-way ANOVA; p < 0.001) on wear. After 4 x 105 wear cycles, the whisker composite at whisker/ (whisker + silica) of 16.7% had a wear scar diameter (mean +/- sd; n = 6) of (643 +/- 39) mum and a wear depth of (82 +/- 19) mum, significantly Less than a wear scar diameter of (11184 +/- 34) mum and a wear depth of (173 +/- 15) mum of a commercial prosthetic composite reinforced with fine glass particles (Tukey's multiple comparison). SEM examination revealed that, instead of whiskers protruding from the worn surface, the whiskers were worn with the composite surface, resulting in relatively smooth wear surfaces. Significance. Silica-fused whisker reinforcement produced dental resin composites that exhibited high resistance to wear with smooth wear surfaces. These properties, together with the strength and fracture toughness being twice those of current glass particle-reinforced composites, may help extend the use of resin composite to large stress-bearing posterior restorations. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dental Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dental Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R29 DE12476] NR 40 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3 BP 220 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00096-4 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 804CN UT WOS:000220276900002 PM 15209227 ER PT J AU Zabel, RW Achord, S AF Zabel, RW Achord, S TI Relating size of juveniles to survival within and among populations of chinook salmon SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; endangered species; fish condition; fish length; fish mass; life-stage survival; mortality mechanisms in natural populations; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; recovery planning; selective mortality ID STREAM-TYPE POPULATIONS; NEWLY EMERGED FRY; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SELECTIVE MORTALITY; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; PACIFIC SALMON; MARKED ANIMALS; OCEAN-TYPE; GROWTH; RECOVERY AB Understanding relationships between the size of individuals and their subsequent survival can not only provide insights into mechanisms of mortality, but can also identify traits to measure for monitoring at-risk populations. We analyzed a data set of more than 54000 juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from 15 populations over five years. The juveniles were tagged during the summer in their freshwater rearing habitats and then recaptured at downstream sites the following spring after an extended rearing and overwintering period. We measured the length and weight of fish at tagging and computed a "condition index" that determined how fat or thin a fish was relative to others. Among populations, mean length and mean condition index were poor predictors of survival, but we did detect year and site effects. Within populations, survival was strongly related to the relative length of individuals but not to relative condition index. Our results are consistent with length-related mechanisms of mortality mediated by hierarchical behavior, and thus merely measuring changes in mean values of morphological traits in populations of juveniles may provide little insight into expected changes in population viability. Expanding upon these results, we predicted a nearly 60% increase in selection for juvenile fish length when we extended our observation period through adulthood. Thus, monitoring populations through only a portion of their life history may present an incomplete picture of their survival variability. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Zabel, RW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM Rich.Zabel@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 24 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 795 EP 806 DI 10.1890/02-0719 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805VD UT WOS:000220392900021 ER PT J AU Steel, EA Kelsey, KA Morita, J AF Steel, EA Kelsey, KA Morita, J TI The Truth About Science: A middle school curriculum teaching the scientific method and data analysis in an ecology context SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE scientific method; K-12 mathematics; middle school science; statistics education AB The Truth About Science is a 40-lesson middle school curriculum module that teaches the process of scientific research, integrating mathematics and science concepts and skills. The goal of the curriculum is to teach students to think systematically and statistically about science inquiry. Students participate in each step of the scientific inquiry process, from asking testable research questions, designing unbiased experiments, and collecting their own data, to analyzing these data via graphical representations and statistical summaries, and communicating their research results as both poster and oral presentations. While the necessary statistical skills depend on difficult and abstract mathematical concepts, middle school students have been successful in applying them to their own research projects. The curriculum meets local and national standards in science and mathematics education and fills a gap in available educational materials. It has been piloted and revised through multiple iterations and published by the National Science Teachers Association Press. Feedback from teachers and students has been extremely positive. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Seattle Publ Sch, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, NRCSE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Steel, EA (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Ashley.steel@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1023/B:EEST.0000011362.71923.ce PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 761UT UT WOS:000187934400003 ER PT J AU Liermann, M Steel, A Rosing, M Guttorp, P AF Liermann, M Steel, A Rosing, M Guttorp, P TI Random denominators and the analysis of ratio data SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE ANCOVA; catch per-unit effort; fish density; indices; per-capita; per-unit; randomization tests; t-tests; waste composition ID COVARIANCE; FALLACY AB Ratio data, observations in which one random value is divided by another random value, present unique analytical challenges. The best statistical technique varies depending on the unit on which the inference is based. We present three environmental case studies where ratios are used to compare two groups, and we provide three parametric models from which to simulate ratio data. The models describe situations in which (1) the numerator variance and mean are proportional to the denominator, (2) the numerator mean is proportional to the denominator but its variance is proportional to a quadratic function of the denominator and (3) the numerator and denominator are independent. We compared standard approaches for drawing inference about differences between two distributions of ratios: t-tests, t-tests with transformations, permutation tests, the Wilcoxon rank test, and ANCOVA-based tests. Comparisons between tests were based both on achieving the specified alpha-level and on statistical power. The tests performed comparably with a few notable exceptions. We developed simple guidelines for choosing a test based on the unit of inference and relationship between the numerator and denominator. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Natl Res Ctr Stat & Environm, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Liermann, M (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM martin.liermann@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 55 EP 71 DI 10.1023/B:EEST.0000011364.71236.f8 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 761UT UT WOS:000187934400005 ER PT J AU Gharrett, AJ Keller, S Gustafson, RG Johnson, P Nielsen, JL Seeb, JE Seeb, LW Smoker, WW Thorgaard, GH Wilmot, RL AF Gharrett, AJ Keller, S Gustafson, RG Johnson, P Nielsen, JL Seeb, JE Seeb, LW Smoker, WW Thorgaard, GH Wilmot, RL TI Introduction to genetics of subpolar fish and invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Editorial Material DE quantitative genetics; population genetics; molecular genetics; aquaculture; systematics; wild-hatchery interactions C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Gharrett, AJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022978.62262.47 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700001 ER PT J AU Seeb, LW Crane, PA Kondzela, CM Wilmot, RL Urawa, S Varnavskaya, NV Seeb, JE AF Seeb, LW Crane, PA Kondzela, CM Wilmot, RL Urawa, S Varnavskaya, NV Seeb, JE TI Migration of Pacific Rim chum salmon on the high seas: insights from genetic data SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE Oncorhynchus keta; mixed stock analyses; allozyme electrophoresis ID STOCK IDENTIFICATION; WESTERN ALASKA; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; NORTHERN AB Wild stocks of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, have experienced recent declines in some areas of their range. Also, the release of hatchery chum salmon has escalated to nearly three billion fish annually. The decline of wild stocks and the unknown effects of hatchery fish combined with the uncertainty of future production caused by global climate change have renewed interest in the migratory patterns of chum salmon on the high seas. We studied the composition of high-seas mixtures of maturing and immature individuals using baseline data for 20 allozyme loci from 356 populations from throughout the Pacific Rim. Composition estimates were made from three time series. Two of these time series were from important coastal migratory corridors: the Shumagin Islands south of the Alaska Peninsula and the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The third was from chum salmon captured incidentally in the Bering Sea trawl fishery for walleye pollock. We also analyzed geographically dispersed collections of chum salmon captured in the month of July. The time series show dynamic changes in stock composition. The Shumagin Island corridor was used primarily by Northwest Alaskan and Asian populations in June; by the end of July stocks from the Alaska Peninsula and southern North America dominated the composition. The composition along the Kamchatka coast changed dramatically from primarily Russian stocks in May to primarily Japanese stocks in August; the previously undocumented presence of stocks from the Alaska Peninsula and Gulf of Alaska was also demonstrated. Immature chum salmon from throughout the Pacific Rim, including large proportions of southern North American stocks, contributed to the Bering Sea bycatch during the months of September and October. The migration routes of North American stocks is far more widespread than previously observed, and the Bering Sea is an important rearing area for maturing and immature chum salmon from throughout the species' range. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Gene Conservat Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Fisheries Agcy Japan, Natl Salmon Resources Ctr, Toyohira Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0620922, Japan. Kamchatka Res Inst Fisheries & Oceanog, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683600, Russia. RP Seeb, LW (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Gene Conservat Lab, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. EM lisa_seeb@fishgame.state.ak.us NR 29 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 21 EP 36 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022900.82523.63 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700003 ER PT J AU Sato, S Kojima, H Ando, J Ando, H Wilmot, RL Seeb, LW Efremov, V LeClair, L Buchholz, W Jin, DH Urawa, S Kaeriyama, M Urano, A Abe, S AF Sato, S Kojima, H Ando, J Ando, H Wilmot, RL Seeb, LW Efremov, V LeClair, L Buchholz, W Jin, DH Urawa, S Kaeriyama, M Urano, A Abe, S TI Genetic population structure of chum salmon in the Pacific Rim inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variation SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE mtDNA control region; Pacific salmon; haplotype genealogy; genetic divergence ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KETA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RESTRICTION DATA; WESTERN ALASKA; EVOLUTION; TSHAWYTSCHA; DIVERSITY; TREES; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION AB We examined the genetic population structure of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in the Pacific Rim using mitochondrial (mt) DNA analysis. Nucleotide sequence analysis of about 500 bp in the variable portion of the 5' end of the mtDNA control region revealed 20 variable nucleotide sites, which defined 30 haplotypes of three genealogical clades (A, B, and C), in more than 2,100 individuals of 48 populations from Japan (16), Korea (1), Russia (10), and North America (21 from Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington). The observed haplotypes were mostly associated with geographic regions, in that clade A and C haplotypes characterized Asian populations and clade B haplotypes distinguished North American populations. The haplotype diversity was highest in the Japanese populations, suggesting a greater genetic variation in the populations of Japan than those of Russia and North America. The analysis of molecular variance and contingency chi(2) tests demonstrated strong structuring among the three geographic groups of populations and weak to moderate structuring within Japanese and North American populations. These results suggest that the observed geographic pattern might be influenced primarily by historic expansions or colonizations and secondarily by low or restricted gene flow between local groups within regions. In addition to the analysis of population structure, mtDNA data may be useful for constructing a baseline for stock identification of mixed populations of high seas chum salmon. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Hokkaido Tokai Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0058601, Japan. NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. Kangnung Natl Univ, Kangnung, South Korea. Salmon Resources Ctr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0620922, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Field Sci Ctr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600811, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Ctr Adv Sci & Technol, Lab Anim Cytogenet, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Lab Breeding Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. RP Sato, S (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. EM sabe@ees.hokudai.ac.jp RI Kaeriyama, Masahide/A-8500-2012 NR 42 TC 45 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 37 EP 50 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022881.90237.aa PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700004 ER PT J AU Guthrie, CM Wilmot, RL AF Guthrie, CM Wilmot, RL TI Genetic structure of wild chinook salmon populations of Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE allozyme; postglacial colonization; stock identification ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; PINK SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; LIFE-HISTORY; GORBUSCHA; PATTERNS; MODELS; FISH AB Allozyme variation was used to examine population genetic structure of adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, collected between 1988 and 1993 from 22 spawning locations in Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. Thirty-five loci and two pairs of isoloci were variable, and of these, 25 loci and one pair of isoloci expressed the most abundant allele with a frequency of less than or equal to 0.95 in at least one collection. Aneighbor-joining (NJ) tree of genetic distances defined five regional groups: ( 1) King Salmon River ( the only island collection), which has large allelic frequency differences from other populations in this study; ( 2) heterogeneous coastal populations from southern southeast Alaska; ( 3) transmountain collections from the Taku and Stikine Rivers on the eastern side of the coastal mountain range; ( 4) Chilkat River in northern Southeast Alaska; and ( 5) northern coastal Southeast Alaska, which consists of the Situk River and the Klukshu River, a tributary of the Alsek River. A second NJ tree that included collections from the Yukon River and British Columbia did not reveal any strong genetic similarity between Southeast Alaska and the Yukon River. The data suggest that Southeast Alaska may have been colonized from both northern and southern refugia following the last glaciation - a period of sufficient time to allow for isolation by distance to occur. C1 NMFS Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Guthrie, CM (reprint author), NMFS Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM chuck.guthrie@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 81 EP 93 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022879.88245.d6 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700007 ER PT J AU Thrower, F Guthrie, C Nielsen, J Joyce, J AF Thrower, F Guthrie, C Nielsen, J Joyce, J TI A comparison of genetic variation between an anadromous steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, population and seven derived populations sequestered in freshwater for 70 years SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE rainbow trout; DNA; microsatellites; allozymes ID FISH; MITOCHONDRIAL; HATCHERY; SALMON; STOCK AB In 1926 cannery workers from the Wakefield Fisheries Plant at Little Port Walter in Southeast Alaska captured small trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, from a portion of Sashin Creek populated with a wild steelhead (anadromous O. mykiss) run. They planted them into Sashin Lake which had been fishless to that time and separated from the lower stream by two large waterfalls that prevented upstream migration of any fish. In 1996 we sampled adult steelhead from the lower creek and juvenile O. mykiss from an intermediate portion of the creek, Sashin Lake, and five lakes that had been stocked with fish from Sashin Lake in 1938. Tissue samples from these eight populations were compared for variation in: microsatellite DNA at 10 loci; D-loop sequences in mitochondrial DNA; and allozymes at 73 loci known to be variable in steelhead. Genetic variability was consistently less in the Sashin Lake population and all derived populations than in the source anadromous population. The cause of this reduction is unknown but it is likely that very few fish survived to reproduce from the initial transplant in 1926. Stockings of 50 - 85 fish into five other fishless lakes in 1938 from Sashin Lake did not result in a similar dramatic reduction in variability. We discuss potential explanations for the observed patterns of genetic diversity in relation to the maintenance of endangered anadromous O. mykiss populations in freshwater refugia. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. USGS, Alaska Sci Ctr, Off Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Thrower, F (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM frank.thrower@noaa.gov NR 16 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022880.52256.92 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700009 ER PT J AU Iwamoto, E Ford, MJ Gustafson, RG AF Iwamoto, E Ford, MJ Gustafson, RG TI Genetic population structure of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, in the Pacific Northwest SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE stock structure; marine fish genetics; allozyme electrophoresis; genetic differentiation; distinct population segment; Pacific whiting; heterozygosity ID EUROPEAN HAKE; MARINE; FISH; DIFFERENTIATION; POLYMORPHISMS; MIGRATION; DISTANCE; GADIDAE; LARVAE; FLOW AB This study presents the first protein electrophoretic study of population structure within the Georgia Basin Pacific hake Distinct Population Segment, as defined under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. Forty-one allozyme loci ( 29 polymorphic) were analyzed in samples from three Pacific hake spawning populations on the west coast of North America: ( 1) Port Susan, Puget Sound, Washington ( three temporal samples); ( 2) south-central Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada ( two temporal samples); and ( 3) offshore of southern California ( two temporal samples) ( total n = 664). Mean heterozygosity over all loci was 12 - 13% for all populations. Within-population temporal samples were not significantly different from one another, but statistically significant differences were detected at 15 of the 29 polymorphic loci ( p < 0.05) among the three populations. Differences at eight of these loci were highly significant ( p < 0.001): ADA*, ALAT*, bGALA*, GPI-A*, sIDHP*, LDH-A*, MPI*, and PEP-B*. The two Georgia Basin populations were significantly different at six loci: bGALA*, sIDHP*, LDH-A*, MPI*, PGK*, and PGM-2* ( p < 0.05). Nei's genetic distance (D) was 0.0006 between Port Susan and Strait of Georgia pooled temporal samples, and 0.005 between these populations and offshore Pacific hake. F-ST was 0.02 and 0.0046 among all three populations and among the Georgia Basin populations, respectively. Both F-ST estimates were significantly greater than zero, and the results suggest a high degree of demographic isolation among all three populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Iwamoto, E (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM eric.iwamoto@noaa.gov RI Ford, Michael/K-3147-2012 NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022895.10683.c5 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700015 ER PT J AU Matala, AP Gray, AK Heifetz, J Gharrett, AJ AF Matala, AP Gray, AK Heifetz, J Gharrett, AJ TI Population structure of Alaskan shortraker rockfish, Sebastes borealis, inferred from microsatellite variation SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE population genetics; marine fisheries; Wakefield Symposium ID GENUS SEBASTES; JUVENILES; ECOLOGY; LARVAE; FLOW AB Alaskan shortraker rockfish population structure was analyzed by examining allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci. Samples were collected along the continental shelf and upper slope from the south end of Baranof Island to the western Aleutian Islands, and collections were pooled into eight geographically distinct groups. An exact test of homogeneity indicated population structure ( p < 0.0006) among groups. The proportion of the total variation that was attributable to divergence among populations (θ = 0.0014) was not statistically significant, and no evidence of a geographic cline of structure was detected. Finer scale analyses that compared adjacent collections indicated that the collection from the southern end of the range differed from all remaining collections at three loci. Structure related to geographic location was detected by partitioning the variation among populations. The size distributions of shortraker rockfish varied among collections from east to west. The size differences may reflect divergent oceanographic and biological factors acting on populations that have restricted migration and movement. Alternatively, if there is substantial movement accompanied by lengthy reverse migration to natal grounds, the size differences may be related to ages of cohorts that are differentially distributed along the Pacific Rim. Further biological information including size, age composition, and age of maturity data, as well as information on other life history characteristics will be required to explain shortraker rockfish population structure. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Matala, AP (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022876.71349.be PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700016 ER PT J AU Gilk, SE Wang, IA Hoover, CL Smoker, WW Taylor, SG Gray, AK Gharrett, AJ AF Gilk, SE Wang, IA Hoover, CL Smoker, WW Taylor, SG Gray, AK Gharrett, AJ TI Outbreeding depression in hybrids between spatially separated pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, populations: marine survival, homing ability, and variability in family size SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE conservation biology; local adaptation; microsatellites; salmonid ID COHO SALMON; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; PACIFIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; EVEN-YEAR; KISUTCH; FISH; WILD AB Hybridization between distinct populations and introgression of nonnative genes can erode fitness of native populations through outbreeding depression, either by producing a phenotype intermediate to that of both contributing genomes (and maladapted in either population's environment) or by disrupting distinct coadapted complexes of epistatic genes. In salmon, fitness-related traits such as homing ability or family-size distribution may be eroded. We investigated geographically separated pink salmon populations in repeated trials in independent broodyears (odd and even). Hybrids were made between female Auke Creek (Southeast Alaska) pink salmon and Pillar Creek (Kodiak Island, similar to1000 km away) males; hybrids and their offspring were compared to offspring of control crosses of the same females with Auke Creek males. Parentage assignment from microsatellite analysis was used to improve estimates of survival and straying and to examine variation of family size. Hybridization reduced return rates of adults (a proxy for survival at sea) in the F-1 generation in the odd-year broodline (p < 0.0001) but not in the even-year broodline (p = 0.678). Hybridization reduced survival in both the odd- and even-broodyear F-2 (p < 0.005 and p < 0.0001). Hybridization did not appear to impair homing ability; weekly surveys revealed similar straying rates (&SIM;2%) by both hybrid and control fish into nearby (&SIM;1 km) Waydelich Creek in both generations in both trials. Hybridization did not increase the index of variability (σ(2)/μ) in family size. Decreased survival in the hybrid F-2 generation supports an epistatic model of outbreeding depression; nonepistatic effects may have contributed to reduced survival in the odd-broodyear F-1 hybrid fish. Outbreeding depression in hybrids of geographically separated populations demonstrates that introgression of nonnative fish can erode fitness, and should be recognized as a potential detriment of both aquaculture and management practices. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gharrett, AJ (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Div Fisheries, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ffajg@uaf.edu NR 55 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 287 EP 297 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022888.28218.c1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700023 ER PT J AU Granatha, KL Smoker, WW Gharrett, AJ Hard, JJ AF Granatha, KL Smoker, WW Gharrett, AJ Hard, JJ TI Effects on embryo development time and survival of intercrossing three geographically separate populations of Southeast Alaska coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE outbreeding depression; conservation biology; salmonid; local adaptation ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ATLANTIC SALMON; WILD; HATCHERY; RIVER; TEMPERATURE; WASHINGTON; PACIFIC; STOCKS; FISH AB We investigated adaptive differences among three geographically separate populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by forming first generation intercrosses (hybrid lines) and comparing them to parental types (control lines). Broodstock for the experiment came from the Gastineau Hatchery in Juneau, Hidden Falls Hatchery on Baranof Island, and Neets Bay Hatchery near Ketchikan, Alaska. All were isolated hatchery populations separated by 220-400 km and derived 15-20 years previously from single local wild populations. For each population, gametes were taken from 50 mature salmon of each sex and combined to form nine lines (three control and six hybrid); each line had 50 full-sibling families which were assigned to separate cells of an incubator at Gastineau Hatchery. Embryo survival and development times were measured as indicators of locally adapted fitness traits. Two of the control lines had higher survival rates than hybrid lines formed between either of their parental populations and other populations. Differences (p < 0.05) were found between development times for control and hybrid groups, which varied by as many as 20 days between families and as many as 30 days between control lines. The intermediate expression of development time of intercrossed lines is consistent with additive genetic variation of development time between the ancestral populations of coho salmon and indicates that important genetic divergence exists between the populations. A loss of local adaptation through a change in seasonal timing of completion of embryonic development would occur in intercrosses between the populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Alaska, Div Fisheries, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Granatha, KL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, POB 920587, Dutch Harbor, AK 99692 USA. EM karla_granath@fishgame.state.ak.us RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022882.61940.21 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700024 ER PT J AU Nichols, KM Wheeler, PA Thorgaard, GH AF Nichols, KM Wheeler, PA Thorgaard, GH TI Quantitative trait loci analyses for meristic traits in Oncorhynchus mykiss SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE rainbow trout; vertebrae; lateral line scales; pyloric caeca; fin rays; gill rakers; development ID RAINBOW-TROUT; LINKAGE MAP; DEVELOPMENTAL RATE; VERTEBRAL NUMBER; PYLORIC CECA; LINES; GENE AB Meristic trait variation among species and populations has long been used as the basis for identification and classification of fishes. Within Oncorhynchus mykiss, there is considerable variation in meristic characters such as numbers of vertebrae, lateral line scales, fin rays, gill rakers, and pyloric caeca. In our laboratory the Oregon State University (OSU) rainbow trout and the Clearwater River (CW) steelhead trout clonal lines, produced by androgenesis, exhibit significant differences in values for meristic traits, making quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of these meristic characters possible. Our objective was to determine the number, location, and effects of QTL associated with meristic characters in order to test two hypotheses: (1) that QTL for different meristic traits co-localize to the same linkage group and (2) that meristic trait QTL co-localize to the same linkage group as a previously identified development rate QTL. Doubled haploid individuals, produced by androgenesis from sperm from an F-1 hybrid between the OSU and CW lines, were used to evaluate the joint segregation of each meristic phenotype and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic marker genotypes. Composite interval mapping revealed QTL for six of the seven traits analyzed. One QTL each for scales above the lateral line and for gill rakers co-localized to the same position. Only one QTL for scales above the lateral line co-localized to the same region as that for the development rate QTL, but a greater map resolution is necessary to determine if these loci are truly the same. We failed to detect pleiotropy for most meristic trait QTL. Our results suggest that different major loci are associated with variation in each meristic character and that the expression of these loci may be influenced by maternal and external environmental factors. C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Nichols, KM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM krista.nichols@noaa.gov NR 43 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 317 EP 331 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022905.72702.0e PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700026 ER PT J AU Johnson, O Neely, K Waples, R AF Johnson, O Neely, K Waples, R TI Lopsided fish in the Snake River Basin - fluctuating asymmetry as a way of assessing impact of hatchery supplementation in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL Univ Alaska Sea, Juneau, AK HO Univ Alaska Sea DE developmental instability; Pacific salmon; meristics ID DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; PACIFIC SALMON; OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION; GENOMIC COADAPTATION; DIRECTIONAL ASYMMETRY; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; ATLANTIC SALMON; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; MATING SUCCESS AB The use of developmental instability (an individual's failure to produce a consistent phenotype in a given environment) was evaluated to detect the effects of outplanting hatchery fish on wild salmon. Juvenile chinook salmon were collected in 1989, 1990, and 1991 from five drainages in the Snake River Basin. In each drainage we attempted to collect fish from streams with no hatchery supplementation (wild), naturally spawning fish from streams with hatchery supplementation (natural), and fish collected at a hatchery. Forty fish were collected per site and the number of elements in bilateral characters were counted on each side of the fish. Indices of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of minor, random deviations in perfect symmetry of bilateral counts, were calculated as an estimator of developmental instability. Analysis of character counts from seven paired characters revealed normal distributions. Only one of the characters displayed counts that were statistically larger on one side than the other, indicating that directional asymmetry (DA) or antisymmetry was not a major bias of FA. However, the means of all individual characters revealed a non-statistically significant left side bias. We analyzed our data using two indices of FA (FA1 and FA5) with different levels of sensitivity to DA. Differences in both FA indices were found among years, with collection sites in 1989 having significantly larger FA values than in 1991 (FA p < 0.01). Levels of FA among wild, natural, and hatchery fish were comparatively small (FA1 p = 0.17). This suggests developmental conditions were different in the first year of the study than in the last. The cause of these differences may be linked to either genetic or environmental variation or to gene-environment interactions, but the general population declines of salmon that occurred during this time obscures more specific conclusions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Johnson, O (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM orlay.johnson@noaa.gov RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 82 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1-4 BP 379 EP 393 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022892.42826.1a PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 809YJ UT WOS:000220671700031 ER PT J AU Sanger, DM Holland, AF Hernandez, DL AF Sanger, DM Holland, AF Hernandez, DL TI Evaluation of the impacts of dock structures and land use on tidal creek ecosystems in South Carolina estuarine environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dock structures; tidal creeks; salt marshes; benthos; contaminants; nekton ID CHROMATED-COPPER-ARSENATE; SALT-MARSH SEDIMENTS; CCA-TREATED WOOD; CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; COASTAL ESTUARIES; TOXICITY; METALS; REDUCTION; COMMUNITY; LEACHATES AB Tidal creeks and their associated salt marshes are the primary link between uplands and estuaries in the southeastern region. They are also critical nursery and feeding grounds. In addition, the uplands surrounding creeks are preferred sites for homebuilding because of their natural beauty and the ability to access the estuary from a personal dock structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cumulative impacts of docks on tidal creek nursery habitats for both small and large tidal creeks. The number of docks was associated with the amount of impervious cover in both small and large creeks. The presence of docks had little measurable effect on sediment metal concentrations at the scale of small and large creeks. In small and large creeks, sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were related to the human activity in the upland that includes the presence of docks at the scale of small and large creeks. Some impacts on the benthic community were associated with docks and human activity in small creeks but not in large creeks. Suburban development may reduce fish and crustacean abundances, but the dock may potentially mediate the development effect. Individually, the harm to the marine environment resulting from dock shading, chrominated copper arsenate leachates, and PAH contamination was small at the scale of tidal creeks. However, impacts from dock structures could not be separated from anthropogenic watershed-scale effects. These results demonstrate that suburban development with its accompanying dock construction does represent a major source of environmental degradation to tidal creeks and associated salt marsh habitats. C1 S Carolina Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Div, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Off Ocean & Coastal Resource Management, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Sanger, DM (reprint author), S Carolina Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Marine Resources Div, POB 12559, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. EM sangerdm@dhec.sc.gov NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 385 EP 400 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-0019-0 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823XC UT WOS:000221646400010 PM 15031758 ER PT J AU Vander Pol, SS Becker, PR Kucklick, JR Pugh, RS Roseneau, DG Simac, KS AF Vander Pol, SS Becker, PR Kucklick, JR Pugh, RS Roseneau, DG Simac, KS TI Persistent organic pollutants in Alaskan murre (Uria spp.) eggs: Geographical, species, and temporal comparisons SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEABIRD EGGS; CONTAMINANT RESIDUES; COMMON MURRES; BARENTS SEA; FOOD-HABITS; BERING SEA; GULL EGGS; MERCURY; ORGANOCHLORINES; TRENDS AB Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in eggs of common and thick-billed murres (Uria aalge and U. lomvia) from five Alaskan nesting colonies were dominated by 4,4'-DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs; 46 congeners comprised mainly of PCB congeners 153, 118, 138, 99, and 151), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), and chlordane compounds (SigmaCHL). Concentrations of 4,4'-DDE, cis-nonachlor, and heptachlor epoxide were lower than those reported for some of the same colonies in the 1970s, while HCB concentrations were similar. In general, significantly higher concentrations were found in eggs from Gulf of Alaska colonies compared to those from Bering Sea colonies except for HCB (higher in the Bering Sea) and beta-HCH (no significant difference between the two regions). Thick-billed murre eggs contained higher concentrations of 4,4'-DDE and SigmaPCBs, whereas common murre eggs had higher HCB concentrations. Possible factors contributing to the POPs patterns found in eggs from these murre colonies are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alaska Maritime Natl Refuge, Homer, AK 99603 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Vander Pol, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM stacy.vanderpol@nist.gov NR 48 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1305 EP 1312 DI 10.1021/es034987r PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 780FC UT WOS:000189360800018 PM 15046330 ER PT J AU Baker, JE Totten, LA Gigliotti, CL Offenberg, JH Eisenreich, SJ Bamford, HA Huie, RE Poster, DL AF Baker, JE Totten, LA Gigliotti, CL Offenberg, JH Eisenreich, SJ Bamford, HA Huie, RE Poster, DL TI Response to comment on "Reevaluation of air-water exchange fluxes of PCBs in green bay and southern Lake Michigan" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID HENRY LAW CONSTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; TOXIC-CHEMICALS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GREAT-LAKES; CHLOROBENZENES C1 JRC Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NOAA, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eisenreich, SJ (reprint author), JRC Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. RI Offenberg, John/C-3787-2009; Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011; Rodenburg, Lisa/L-6882-2015 OI Offenberg, John/0000-0002-0213-4024; Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781; Rodenburg, Lisa/0000-0002-6828-173X NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1629 EP 1632 DI 10.1021/es030710f PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 780FC UT WOS:000189360800061 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC May, EB Reichert, WL AF Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC May, EB Reichert, WL TI Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure and response in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the Anacostia River, Washington, DC and Tuckahoe River, Maryland, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tumors; biomarkers; brown bullheads; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; LAKE ERIE TRIBUTARIES; NEW-YORK-STATE; DNA ADDUCTS; GREAT-LAKES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; LIVER-TUMORS; CONTAMINANTS; SEDIMENT AB We evaluated liver and skin tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure and response in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from three locations in the Anacostia River (Washington, DC, USA), a Chesapeake Bay region of concern. The Tuckahoe River (Maryland, USA) served as a reference. Each river was sampled in fall 2000 and spring 2001. In the Anacostia, prevalence of liver tumors was 50 to 68%, and prevalence of skin tumors was 13 to 23% in large ( greater than or equal to260 mm, age greater than or equal to3 years) bullheads. Liver and skin tumor prevalence was 10 to 17% and 0%, respectively, in small (150-225 mm, age 1-2 years) bullheads. Tuckahoe bullhead liver tumor prevalence was 0 to 3% (large) and 0% (small); none had skin tumors. Biliary polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like fluorescent metabolites and liver DNA adduct concentrations were elevated in large and small Anacostia bullheads. Mean adduct concentrations were 16 to 28 times higher than those in Tuckahoe fish. Chromatograms revealed a diagonal radioactive zone, indicating polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC)-DNA adducts. The biomarker data and the 10 to 17% liver tumor prevalence at ages 1 to 2 suggest that these year classes are likely to have a high prevalence as they reach age 3 and older. This study provides the strongest evidence to date of the role of PAHs in tumor development in Anacostia bullheads. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Registry Tumors Lower Anim, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. EM fred_pinkney@fws.gov NR 41 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 3 BP 638 EP 647 DI 10.1897/03-77 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 776NT UT WOS:000189122600015 PM 15285357 ER PT J AU Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Harms, CA McClellan-Green, PD AF Keller, JM Kucklick, JR Harms, CA McClellan-Green, PD TI Organochlorine contaminants in sea turtles: Correlations between whole blood and fat SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE loggerhead; Kemp's ridley; organochlorine; blood; fat ID CARETTA-CARETTA; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; CHELONIA-MYDAS; PCBS; POLLUTANTS; CONGENERS; PLASMA; WATERS AB Monitoring toxic organochlorine (OC) compounds is an important aspect in wildlife studies, especially in protected species such as sea turtles. The goal of this study was to determine whether blood OC concentrations can predict those in adipose tissue of sea turtles. Blood offers many benefits for monitoring OCs. It can be collected nondestructively from live turtles and can be sampled repeatedly for continuous monitoring. Organochlorine concentrations in blood may better represent the exposure levels of target tissues, but blood concentrations may fluctuate more than those in fatty tissues following recent dietary exposure or lipid mobilization. Paired fat and blood samples were collected from 44 live, juvenile loggerhead sea turtles and 10 juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtle carcasses. Organochlorines were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection and mass spectrometry. Lipid-normalized OC concentrations measured in the blood significantly correlated to levels found in the fat samples of both species. This result suggests that sea turtle blood is a suitable alternative to fatty tissues for measuring OCs because blood concentrations reasonably represent those observed in the paired fat samples. However, blood OC concentrations calculated on a wet-mass basis were significantly and inversely correlated to lipid content in the fat samples. Therefore, caution should be used when monitoring spatial or temporal trends, as OC levels may increase in the blood following mobilization of fat stores, such as during long migrations, breeding, or disease events. C1 NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Duke Univ, Integrated Toxicol Program, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Coastal Syst Sci & Policy, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Keller, JM (reprint author), NIST, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM jennifer.keller@noaa.gov RI Keller, Jennifer/C-5006-2008 NR 46 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 3 BP 726 EP 738 DI 10.1897/03-254 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 776NT UT WOS:000189122600026 PM 15285367 ER PT J AU Sheridan, P AF Sheridan, P TI Recovery of floral and faunal communities after placement of dredged material on seagrasses in Laguna Madre, Texas SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water column; seagrass; sediments; benthos; fishes; decapods; dredging; community; recovery ID HALODULE-WRIGHTII ASCHERS; EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; SEASONAL GROWTH; LIGHT REDUCTION; GALVESTON BAY; FLORIDA BAY; BROWN TIDE; NEKTON USE; MEADOWS AB The objectives of this project were to determine how long alterations in habitat characteristics and use by fishery and forage organisms were detectable at dredged material placement sites in Laguna Madre, Texas. Water, sediment, seagrass, benthos, and nekton characteristics were measured and compared among newly deposited sediments and nearby and distant seagrasses each fall and spring over three years. Over this period, 75% of the estimated total surface area of the original deposits was either re-vegetated by seagrass or dispersed by winds and currents. Differences in water and sediment characteristics among habitat types were mostly detected early in the study. There were signs of steady seagrass re-colonization in,the latter half of the study period, and mean seagrass coverage of deposits had reached 48% approximately three years after dredging. Clovergrass Halophila engelmannii was the initial colonist, but shoalgrass Halodule wrightii predominated after about one year. Densities of annelids and non-decapod crustaceans were generally significantly greater in close and distant seagrass habitats than in dredged material habitat, whereas densities of molluscs were not significantly related to habitat type. Nekton (fish and decapod) densities were almost always significantly greater in the two seagrass habitats than in dredged material deposits. Benthos and nekton communities in dredged material deposits were distinct from those in seagrass habitats. Recovery from dredged material placement was nearly complete for water column and sediment components after 1.5-3 years, but recovery of seagrasses, benthos, and nekton was predicted to take 4-8 years. The current 2 to 5 year dredging cycle virtually insures no time for ecosystem recovery before being disturbed again. The only way to ensure permanent protection of the high primary and secondary productivity of seagrass beds in Laguna Madre from acute and chronic effects of maintenance dredging, while ensuring navigation capability, is to remove dredged materials from the shallow waters of the ecosystem. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Sheridan, P (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM pete.sheridan@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 3 BP 441 EP 458 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2003.10.004 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 777QY UT WOS:000189190100006 ER PT J AU Grull, H Sung, L Karim, A Douglas, JF Satija, SK Hayashi, M Jinnai, H Hashimoto, T Han, CC AF Grull, H Sung, L Karim, A Douglas, JF Satija, SK Hayashi, M Jinnai, H Hashimoto, T Han, CC TI Finite-size effects on surface segregation in polymer blend films above and below the critical point of phase separation SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BINARY-LIQUID MIXTURE; CRITICAL ADSORPTION; THIN-FILMS; MODEL-CALCULATIONS; COEXISTENCE; BEHAVIOR; MISCIBILITY; TRANSITIONS; SPHERES; CURVE AB We investigate the influence of temperature and confinement, on surface segregation in thin films of deuterated polybutadiene and polyisoprene near the critical point for phase separation. Neutron reflectivity measurements show that, polyisoprene enriches at the air and silicon interfaces in both the 1- and 2-phase region. A transition between in-plane and surface-directed (layered) phase separation is observed with increasing film thickness. Weak critical adsorption effects cause the blend composition profile to be rounded in comparison with profiles normally measured in small liquid mixtures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands. Kyoto Univ, Dept Polymer Chem, Grad Sch Engn, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. RP Grull, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM holger.gruel@philips.com; jack.douglas@nist.gov RI Jinnai, Hiroshi/F-8456-2014 NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 65 IS 5 BP 671 EP 677 DI 10.1209/epl/i2003-10176-1 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 879RP UT WOS:000225736900014 ER PT J AU Swimmer, Y McNaughton, L Moyes, C Brill, R AF Swimmer, Y McNaughton, L Moyes, C Brill, R TI Metabolic biochemistry of cardiac muscle in three tuna species (bigeye, Thunnus obesus; yellowfin, T-albacares; and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis) with divergent ambient temperature and oxygen tolerances SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enzymes; heart; Scombridae ID MYSID GNATHOPHAUSIA-INGENS; SATELLITE ARCHIVAL TAGS; BLUEFIN TUNA; MINIMUM LAYER; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASES; ULTRASONIC TELEMETRY; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; HEARTS; PACIFIC AB Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) have much greater vertical mobility than yellowfin (T. albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas, due to an apparent greater tolerance of the changes in ambient temperature and oxygen occurring with depth. In an attempt to identify physiological processes (e.g., effects of temperature on cardiac function) responsible for these behavioral differences, we examined enzyme activities (at 12&DEG; C, 17&DEG; C, and 25&DEG; C) of cardiac muscle in all three species. Contrary to our expectations, we found few differences and no clear explanatory patterns in maximum enzyme activities (V-max) or enzyme activity ratios. For example, citrate synthase (CS) activity was the same in bigeye and skipjack tunas, but = 40% lower in yellowfin tuna, whereas carnitine palmotoyltransferase (CPT) activity in skipjack tuna was approximately double that in the other two species. The ratio of CPT to pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, a measure of the tissues' preference for fatty acids as metabolic substrates, was the same in bigeye and yellowfin tunas, but elevated skipjack tuna. The ratios of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to CS activity and of PK to CS activity (anaerobic-aerobic enzyme activity ratios - taken as measures of the tissues' ability to tolerate hypoxia) were both elevated in yellowfin tuna cardiac tissue relative to the other two species. We also found no differences in temperature sensitivity (Q(10) values) when comparing cardiac enzyme activities across species, nor effects of temperature on the substrate affinity (K-m) of LDH. In sum, our results do not suggest any clear metabolic difference in the cardiac muscle that would explain the apparent greater tolerance of bigeye tuna to acute hypoxia and ambient temperature changes or their substantially greater vertical mobility. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelag Fisheries Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Swimmer, Y (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, POB 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM rbrill@vims.edu NR 52 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s10695-004-5465-y PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 922YB UT WOS:000228874700004 ER PT J AU Buckley, LJ Caldarone, EM Lough, RG AF Buckley, LJ Caldarone, EM Lough, RG TI Optimum temperature and food-limited growth of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) on Georges Bank SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Atlantic cod; climate change; Georges Bank; growth; haddock; larval fish; RNA-DNA ratio; temperature ID MARINE FISH LARVAE; CLASS STRENGTH; SCOTIAN SHELF; EARLY-LIFE; RECRUITMENT; STRATIFICATION; ZOOPLANKTON; ABUNDANCE; AREAS; CYCLE AB We estimated recent growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Metahogrammus aeglefinus) larvae collected on the southern flank of Georges Bank in May 1992-94 from the ratio of RNA to DNA (RID) and water temperature. Growth of both species increased with water temperature to about 7degreesC and then decreased. The highest growth rates were observed in May 1993 at water temperatures around 7degreesC. These data confirm an earlier observation of comparable temperature optima for growth of Atlantic cod and haddock larvae in the north-West Atlantic. Comparisons of field growth rates and temperature optima with data for larvae cultured at high temperatures and prey densities in the laboratory suggest that growth may have been food-limited at higher temperatures on Georges Bank. Given that 7degreesC is the long-term mean water temperature on the southern flank in May and that climate models predict a possible 2-4degreesC rise in water temperatures for the western North Atlantic, our findings point to a possible adverse effect of global warming on Atlantic cod and haddock. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Buckley, LJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, NOAA, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM lbuckley@gso.uri.edu NR 46 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 2 BP 134 EP 140 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00278.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 801IX UT WOS:000220090700006 ER PT J AU Bailey, SA Duggan, IC Van Overdijk, CDA Johengen, TH Reid, DF MacIsaac, HJ AF Bailey, SA Duggan, IC Van Overdijk, CDA Johengen, TH Reid, DF MacIsaac, HJ TI Salinity tolerance of diapausing eggs of freshwater zooplankton SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ballast water exchange; biological invasion; hatching rates; resting eggs; salinity tolerance ID AMERICAN GREAT-LAKES; BALLAST WATER; RESTING EGGS; LIFE-HISTORY; ROTIFERS; DAPHNIA; TEMPERATURE; INVASIONS; SHIPS; VIABILITY AB 1. Many freshwater zooplankton produce diapausing eggs capable of withstanding periods of adverse environmental conditions, such as anoxia, drought and extreme temperature. These eggs may also allow oligostenohaline species to survive increased salinity during periods of tidal flux or evaporation, and here we test the ability of diapause eggs to withstand such conditions. 2. Salinity tolerance may also enable organisms to invade new environments. The increased rate of introduction of non-indigenous species to the Laurentian Great Lakes since 1989, when ballast water exchange regulations (to replace fresh/brackish water at sea with full seawater) were first implemented for transoceanic vessels, has stimulated studies that explore mechanisms of introduction, other than of active animals, in ballast water. One hypothesis proposes that freshwater organisms transported in ballast tanks as diapausing eggs may be partially responsible for the increased rate of species introduction, as these eggs may tolerate a wide array of adverse environmental conditions, including exposure to saline water. 3. We collected ballast sediments from transoceanic vessels entering the Great Lakes, isolated diapausing eggs of three species (Bosmina liederi, Daphnia longiremis and Brachionus calyciflorus), and measured the effect of salinity on hatching rate. In general, exposure to salinity significantly reduced the hatching rate of diapausing eggs. However, as non-indigenous species can establish from a small founding population, it is unclear whether salinity exposure will be effective as a management tool. C1 Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bailey, SA (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM sarahbailey@canada.com RI Duggan, Ian/G-2275-2012; Bailey, Sarah/E-8356-2010 OI Duggan, Ian/0000-0002-6037-9759; NR 35 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 49 IS 3 BP 286 EP 295 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01185.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 774NP UT WOS:000188989600006 ER PT J AU Wayne, RK Morin, PA AF Wayne, RK Morin, PA TI Conservation genetics age in the new molecular SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID POPULATION-GENETICS; EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; NATURAL-SELECTION; ANCIENT DNA; BROWN BEARS; ISLAND FOX; ECOLOGY; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY AB Molecular techniques can be used to address questions of conservation significance. At the individual level, these questions concern how kinship affects reproduction, group structure, dispersal, and cooperation which leads to social group assembly rules such that populations can be genetically managed and restored. Furthermore, inbreeding can now be measured at the individual level in natural populations, and, in combination with field studies, can be used to assess fitness declines that might require active management to arrest. We discuss genetic units for conservation and attempt to integrate data on phenotype and the environment into an evaluation that includes genetic data. To a limited extent, genetic surveys can now include genes that may influence fitness, as well as those not under selection. We discuss the use of animal and plant remains to monitor current populations and to determine directly the demographic changes that have occurred in the past. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Resources Div, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Wayne, RK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA USA. EM rwayne@ucla.edu NR 59 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 27 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 2 IS 2 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0089:CGITNM]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 855GD UT WOS:000223960300019 ER PT J AU Fujita, T Fukada, H Shimizu, M Hiramatsu, N Hara, A AF Fujita, T Fukada, H Shimizu, M Hiramatsu, N Hara, A TI Quantification of serum levels of precursors to vitelline envelope proteins (choriogenins) and vitellogenin in estrogen treated masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE choriogenin H; choriogenin L; vitellogenin; estradiol-17 beta; ELISA; induction; masu salmon; digoxigenin ID ZONA-RADIATA-PROTEINS; TAIMEN HUCHO-PERRYI; RAINBOW-TROUT; SAKHALIN TAIMEN; ORYZIAS-LATIPES; EGG ENVELOPE; IN-VIVO; IMMUNOCHEMICAL DETECTION; OOCYTE GROWTH; YOLK PROTEINS AB Previously two precursors to vitelline envelope proteins, choriogenin H (Chg H) and choriogenin L (Chg L), were identified in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, and specific antisera against these two proteins were generated in rabbits. In this study, two methods of immunoassay have been developed using these specific antibodies: single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Non-competitive sandwich ELISAs for Chg H and Chg L were designed using digoxigenin-labeled antibodies and purified Chgs as assay components. The working range of the ELISAs was 1-128 and 2-256 ng/ml for Chg H and Chg L, respectively. Using these immunoassays and a chemiluminescent immunoassay for vitellogenin (Vg), the changes in these three estrogen-responsive proteins were measured in the serum of masu salmon after treatment with various doses of estradiol-17beta (E-2). The changes in serum levels of Chgs and Vg in male fish differed according to the E-2 dose. When fish were given a 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of E-2, Vg was induced to a greater extent than Chgs. By contrast, Chg levels were higher than that of Vg after a 10 tg/ kg BW of E-2 injection. A similar trend was seen in the response time to exogenous E-2. Serum Chgs were induced from 8 h after E-2 injection and reached a peak of about 5 mug/ml at 24 h. Although Vg was not detected until 8 h after E-2 injection, its levels remained considerably low at around 0.03 mug/ml, even after 24 h. Chg H was more sensitive than was Chg L to I mug/kg BW of estrogen: the long-term exposure of fish to E-2 showed that Chg H could be induced from a lower dose of E-2 than could Chg L. Taken together, these results suggest that the serum levels of Chg H, Chg L, and Vg in masu salmon are regulated by circulating levels of E-2. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Div Marine Biosci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hara, A (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Div Marine Biosci, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. EM aki@pop.fish.hokudai.ac.jp NR 40 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 136 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.12.002 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 777DQ UT WOS:000189160500008 PM 14980796 ER PT J AU Walton, AJ Parkes, W Terry, JG Dunare, C Stevenson, JTM Gundlach, AM Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Ullom, JN Holland, WS Duncan, WD Audley, MD Ade, PAR Sudiwala, RV Schulte, E AF Walton, AJ Parkes, W Terry, JG Dunare, C Stevenson, JTM Gundlach, AM Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Ullom, JN Holland, WS Duncan, WD Audley, MD Ade, PAR Sudiwala, RV Schulte, E TI Design and fabrication of the detector technology for SCUBA-2 SO IEE PROCEEDINGS-SCIENCE MEASUREMENT AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; USER BOLOMETER ARRAY; ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK AB The design and fabrication is described of the prototype IR detector for the SCUBA-2 80 x 80 pixel array (Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array), which is to be mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The detector technology is based on silicon micromachining, with transition edge sensors (TES) being used to detect incoming radiation with wavelengths of 450 and 850 mum. Each TES is located on lambda/4 silicon brick suspended on a silicon nitride membrane and supported by a silicon micromachined waffle. Low-temperature indium bump bonding connects each TES to a SQUID multiplexer chip. The paper details the design considerations and the technology used to fabricate the detector wafer. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3NS, S Glam, Wales. Raytheon Vis Syst, Goleta, CA USA. RP Walton, AJ (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Scottish Microelect Ctr, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. RI Walton, Anthony/B-9108-2009; Walton, Anthony/A-1550-2010; Terry, Jonathan/K-6638-2016 OI Terry, Jonathan/0000-0002-4012-9330 NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1350-2344 J9 IEE P-SCI MEAS TECH JI IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 151 IS 2 BP 110 EP 120 DI 10.1049/ip-smt:20040088 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 810OH UT WOS:000220713100009 ER PT J AU Han, JP Vogel, EM Gusev, EP D'Emic, C Richter, CA Heh, DW Suehle, JS AF Han, JP Vogel, EM Gusev, EP D'Emic, C Richter, CA Heh, DW Suehle, JS TI Asymmetric energy distribution of interface traps in n- and p-MOSFETs with HfO(2) gate dielectric on ultrathin SiON buffer layer SO IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE charge pumping; energy distribution; HfO(2) gate; dielectric; high-kappa; interface trap density; MOSFETS; subthreshold swing (SS) ID ELECTRON-MOBILITY; OXIDE; SCATTERING; TRANSISTORS; SILICON AB The variable rise and fall time charge-pumping technique has been used to determine the energy distribution of interface trap density (D(it)) in MOSFETs with a HfO(2) gate dielectric grown on an ultrathin (<1 nm)-SiON buffer layer on Si. Our results have revealed that the (Dit) is higher in the upper half of the bandgap than in the lower half of the bandgap, and are consistent with qualitative results obtained by the subthreshold current-voltage (I-V) measurements, capacitance-voltage (C-V), and ac conductance techniques. These results are also consistent with the observation that n-channel mobilities are more severely degraded than p-channel mobilities when compared to conventional MOSFETs with SiO(2) or SiON as the gate dielectric. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Semicond Res & Dev Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Han, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 19 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0741-3106 J9 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L JI IEEE Electron Device Lett. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 3 BP 126 EP 128 DI 10.1109/LED.2004.824247 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 780PF UT WOS:000189389600004 ER PT J AU Sen Gupta, A Nava, JFG Walls, FL AF Sen Gupta, A Nava, JFG Walls, FL TI Conjugate regenerative dividers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-DIVIDERS; PHASE NOISE AB We discuss a novel design of a self-starting regenerative divider that permits division by 3, 4, 5, 6... instead of the usual 2. This is accomplished by having the loop oscillate simultaneously at two harmonically related conjugate frequencies, e.g., at v/4 and 3v/4. A prototype of the divide-by-four circuit has been constructed for an input frequency of 400 MHz. This divider exhibits very low phase noise, pound (1 kHz) = -162 dBc/Hz and pound (100 kHz) = -170 dBc/Hz, which is approximately 9 dB lower than that of its constituent parts. Simple modifications of the feedback loop of this circuit enabled it to divide by 3, 5, and 8. Operation at higher division ratios appears feasible under certain conditions. C1 NIST, Guest Researchers Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. Total Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. RP NIST, Guest Researchers Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sengupta@mail.nplindia.ernet.in NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 EI 1525-8955 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAR PY 2004 VL 51 IS 3 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320782 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 811NZ UT WOS:000220779900002 PM 15128213 ER PT J AU Flannery, CM Whitfield, MD Jackman, RB AF Flannery, CM Whitfield, MD Jackman, RB TI Surface acoustic wave properties of freestanding diamond films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Letter ID DEPOSITED POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; GROWTH C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. UCL, London WC1E 7JE, England. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mailcode 853,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM flannery@boulder.nist.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-3010 EI 1525-8955 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD MAR PY 2004 VL 51 IS 3 BP 368 EP 371 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320794 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 811NZ UT WOS:000220779900014 PM 15128225 ER PT J AU Rosen, S Froyd, KD Curtius, J Lovejoy, ER AF Rosen, S Froyd, KD Curtius, J Lovejoy, ER TI Kinetics, thermodynamics, and ab initio calculations of HS2O7-(H2SO4)(x) (x=1-3) cluster ions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE cluster ions thermodynamics; sulfur trioxide; sulfuric acid; pyrosulfuric acid ID INVERSE FOURIER-TRANSFORM; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MOLLER-PLESSET; HARTREE-FOCK; DECOMPOSITION; TRAP; HSO4-(H2SO4)(X)(HNO3)(Y)/; CHEMISTRY; MOLECULE AB Temperature and pressure dependent decomposition kinetics of HS2O7-(H2SO4)(x) (x = 1-3) cluster ions were measured in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The kinetic data were analyzed with a master equation model to obtain the decomposition energies and energy transfer parameters for channels leading to elimination of sulfur trioxide and in some cases sulfuric acid. The ion cluster structures, vibrational frequencies and bond enthalpies were calculated ab initio at the HF/6-31 +G(d) level of theory. The calculated bond energies agree well with the experimental results. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM srosen@al.noaa.gov; niovejoy@al.noaa.gov RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 232 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2003.10004 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 803VU UT WOS:000220259400002 ER PT J AU Cao, CY Sullivan, J Maturi, E Sapper, J AF Cao, CY Sullivan, J Maturi, E Sapper, J TI The effect of orbit drift on the calibration of the 3.7 mu m channel of the AVHRR onboard NOAA-14 and its impact on night-time sea surface temperature retrievals SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; INFRARED CHANNELS AB The orbit drift of National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-14 towards the terminator has caused the deterioration of the radiometric calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 3.7 mum channel at night. This deterioration is a result of solar contamination of the radiometric calibration system when the sun strikes the instrument from the spacecraft horizon. The long-term trend and seasonal variation of the contamination are analysed in this study based on trending data from 1995 to 2000. The calibration bias is evaluated and its effect on the sea surface temperature retrievals is quantified. The solar contamination in late 2000 affected as much as 25% of an orbit of data, compared to an average of 7% in 1995. The NOAA/NESDIS operational calibration algorithm partially corrects for the bias but residual effects can still contribute bias on the order of 0.5 K in scene brightness temperature. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Maturi, Eileen/F-5611-2010 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 5 BP 975 EP 986 DI 10.1080/0143116031000095899 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 762RT UT WOS:000187996500006 ER PT J AU Moxey, LE AF Moxey, LE TI Mount Hudson's 1991 eruption provides Holocene palaeoclimatic insights SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN ANDES; VOLCANO; SATELLITE; PINATUBO; TEPHRA AB A study of the 1991 eruption of Mt Hudson, a volcano located in southern Chile, was carried out using NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Landsat-7 "Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+)" imagery. It investigated the plume movements and dispersal trajectories of the volcanic material ejected during this eruption and identified the potential air-fall regions for Mt Hudson's Holocene eruptions. For validation purposes, the satellite imagery was combined with field data and isopach distributions of the August 1991 eruption and two Holocene eruptions, dated at 3600 BP and 6700 BP. The elliptical isopach distributions and the well-defined dispersal axes of the 6700 BP and August 1991 events indicate the existence of stable wind conditions at the time of the eruptions. In contrast, the 3600 BP event presents a circular isopach distribution, reflecting the dispersal effects of variable winds. This contribution will provide further insights regarding the palaeoclimatic conditions existing at the time of the studied eruptions, and also aid in the selection of field locations for future volcanological studies in southern Patagonia. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Moxey, LE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, JIMAR, Honolulu Lab,SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM Lucas.Moxey@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1062 DI 10.1080/0143116031000084288 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 762RZ UT WOS:000187997100001 ER PT J AU Maksimuk, YV Ruzicka, K Diky, VV AF Maksimuk, YV Ruzicka, K Diky, VV TI Enthalpy of formation of dibutyl phthalate SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 2003 CL Univ Colorado, BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO Univ Colorado DE combustion calorimetry; enthalpy of formation; dibutyl phthalate; phthalates AB Standard enthalpy of formation of liquid dibutyl phthalate (DBP, - 864.67 +/- 4.77 kJ . mol(-1)) was determined by combustion calorimetry. Using this value, the reliability of the known enthalpies of formation for alkyl phthalates was assessed. C1 Belarussian State Univ, Res Inst Phys & Chem Problems, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. Inst Chem Technol, Dept Phys Chem, CR-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Maksimuk, YV (reprint author), Belarussian State Univ, Res Inst Phys & Chem Problems, 14 Leningradskaya, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. EM maksimuk@bsu.by RI Ruzicka, Kvetoslav/B-1071-2008 OI Ruzicka, Kvetoslav/0000-0001-9048-1036 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000028475.70749.d6 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 822HS UT WOS:000221530400008 ER PT J AU Basak, D Yoon, HW Rhorer, R Burns, TJ Matsumoto, T AF Basak, D Yoon, HW Rhorer, R Burns, TJ Matsumoto, T TI Temperature control of pulse heated specimens in a Kolsky bar apparatus using microsecond time-resolved pyrometry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 2003 CL Univ Colorado, BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO Univ Colorado DE Kolsky bar apparatus; PID control; pulse heating; pyrometry; temperature control ID HEMISPHERICAL TOTAL EMISSIVITY; STEADY-STATE TECHNIQUE; COMBINED TRANSIENT AB Analysis of machining processes is important in the understanding and improving of manufacturing methods. The modeling of machining processes relies on high-strain-rate, high-temperature material properties. A Split-Hopkinson ( or Kolsky) bar has been developed at NIST for this purpose. By heating the material specimen rapidly with a controlled current pulse prior to the mechanical impact of the bar, structural changes in the specimen are inhibited, thus better simulating conditions during machining. A stress-strain relationship can be determined at various temperatures for a range of materials. For the elevated temperature Kolsky experiments it is essential for the specimen to be maintained at a constant and uniform temperature prior to dynamic loading. The development and implementation of a near-infrared micro-pyrometer (NIMPY) for the precision control of the Kolsky specimen temperature by using a pulse heating system preceding the mechanical impact are described. The pulse-heating system can be operated either in the transient mode, where the current to the specimen is switched off at a preset temperature or time; or in the brief steady-state mode, where the specimen is heated rapidly to achieve the preset temperature ( in the range from 400 to 1300 K) in a short time ( about 200 ms) and then held isothermally for a brief period (< 2 s). A brief description of a model of the pulse heating process is provided, and the predicted specimen temperature history is compared with measured temperature data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Metrol Planning Off, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan. RP Basak, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM debasis.basak@nist.gov NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 561 EP 574 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000028490.97741.4f PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 822HS UT WOS:000221530400023 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Lin, EK Wu, WL Grill, A AF Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Lin, EK Wu, WL Grill, A TI Structural characterization of porous low-k thin films prepared by different techniques using x-ray porosimetry SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SCATTERING AB Three different types of porous low-k dielectric films, with similar dielectric constants, are characterized using x-ray porosimetry (XRP). XRP is used to extract critical structural information, such as the average density, wall density, porosity, and pore size distribution. The materials include a plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposited carbon-doped oxide film composed of Si, C, O, and H (SiCOH) and two spin cast silsesquioxane type films-methylsilsesquioxane with a polymeric porogen (porous MSQ) and hydrogensilsesquioxane with a high boiling point solvent (porous HSQ). The porous SiCOH film displays the smallest pore sizes, while porous HSQ film has both the highest density wall material and porosity. The porous MSQ film exhibits a broad range of pores with the largest average pore size. We demonstrate that the average pore size obtained by the well-established method of neutron scattering and x-ray reflectivity is in good agreement with the XRP results. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Div Res, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jeong.lee@nist.gov NR 18 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 5 BP 2355 EP 2359 DI 10.1063/1.1641955 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 776VG UT WOS:000189139600024 ER PT J AU Hurley, DC Turner, JA AF Hurley, DC Turner, JA TI Humidity effects on the determination of elastic properties by atomic force acoustic microscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; DISPLACEMENT; WATER AB We have investigated how ambient humidity can affect quantitative measurements of elastic properties on the nanoscale. Using an emerging technique called atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM), two samples were examined: a thin film of fluorosilicate glass and a section of borosilicate glass. When experimental results were analyzed using a simple model of the atomic force microscope cantilever dynamics, values of the tip-sample contact stiffness k* increased approximately linearly with relative humidity. The effect is believed to be due to the presence of a humidity-dependent layer of water on the sample. To account for this, the data analysis model was extended to include viscoelastic damping between the tip and the sample. A damping term proportional to the relative humidity was used. The revised values for k* showed virtually no dependence on humidity. Thus, the subsequent calculations of the indentation modulus M from k* yielded similar values regardless of measurement humidity. These results indicate that environmental conditions can influence quantitative nanoscale measurements of elastic properties, at least in some materials. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Engn Mech, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hurley@boulder.nist.gov RI Turner, Joseph/F-5165-2010 NR 12 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 5 BP 2403 EP 2407 DI 10.1063/1.1646436 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 776VG UT WOS:000189139600032 ER PT J AU Birdwell, AG Shaffner, TJ Chandler-Horowitz, D Buh, GH Rebien, M Henrion, W Stauss, P Behr, G Malikova, L Pollak, FH Littler, CL Glosser, R Collins, S AF Birdwell, AG Shaffner, TJ Chandler-Horowitz, D Buh, GH Rebien, M Henrion, W Stauss, P Behr, G Malikova, L Pollak, FH Littler, CL Glosser, R Collins, S TI Excitonic transitions in beta-FeSi2 epitaxial films and single crystals SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTING IRON DISILICIDE; BEAM-SYNTHESIZED BETA-FESI2; LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE; MU-M ELECTROLUMINESCENCE; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY; M LUMINESCENCE; BAND-GAPS AB Photoreflectance spectra were obtained from an epitaxial film and a bulk single crystal of beta-FeSi2 at low temperatures (Tless than or equal to180 K). A model based on the results of low-temperature absorption [M. Rebien , Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 970 (1999)] was used to describe the main features of the spectra. In agreement with the absorption results, transitions corresponding to the ground state and first excited state of the free exciton were observed in both the epitaxial film and single crystal. However, additional subband gap features are revealed in the photoreflectance spectra of the thin film. It is suggested that these may be related to impurity transitions or an impurity transition plus a bound exciton resonance. From the analysis of the spectra taken on the thin film, over a temperature range of 12-180 K, we extract a free exciton binding energy of (0.009+/-0.002) eV and a direct energy gap at T=0 K of (0.934+/-0.002) eV. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, Abt Photovoltaik, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Inst Solid State & Mat Res Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Phys, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, New york State Ctr Adv Technol Ultrafast Photon M, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Richardson, TX 75080 USA. RP Birdwell, AG (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gbirdwell@memc.com NR 59 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 5 BP 2441 EP 2447 DI 10.1063/1.1643778 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 776VG UT WOS:000189139600038 ER PT J AU Komjathy, A Armatys, M Masters, D Axelrad, P Zavorotny, V Katzberg, S AF Komjathy, A Armatys, M Masters, D Axelrad, P Zavorotny, V Katzberg, S TI Retrieval of ocean surface wind speed and wind direction using reflected GPS signals SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE; ALTIMETRY; SCATTERING; SPECTRUM; SYSTEM; PARIS AB Global positioning system (GPS) signals reflected from the ocean surface can be used for various remote sensing purposes. Some possibilities include measurements of surface roughness characteristics from which the rms of wave slopes, wind speed, and direction could be determined. In this paper, reflected GPS measurements that were collected using aircraft with a delay mapping GPS receiver are used to explore the possibility of determining ocean surface wind speed and direction during flights to Hurricanes Michael and Keith in October 2000. To interpret the GPS data, a theoretical model is used to describe the correlation power of the reflected GPS signals for different time delays as a function of geometrical and sea-roughness parameters. The model employs a simple relationship between surface-slope statistics and both a wind vector and wave age or fetch. Therefore, for situations when this relationship holds there is a possibility of indirectly measuring the wind speed and the wind direction. Wind direction estimates are based on a multiple-satellite nonlinear least squares solution. The estimated wind speed using surface-reflected GPS data collected at wind speeds between 5 and 10 m s(-1) shows an overall agreement of better than 2 m s(-1) with data obtained from nearby buoy data and independent wind speed measurements derived from TOPEX/ Poseidon, European Remote Sensing (ERS), and QuikSCAT observations. GPS wind retrievals for strong winds in the close vicinity to and inside the hurricane are significantly less accurate. Wind direction agreement with QuikSCAT measurements appears to be at the 308 level when the airplane has both a stable flight level and a stable flight direction. Discrepancies between GPS retrieved wind speeds/directions and those obtained by other means are discussed and possible explanations are proposed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, CCAR, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Komjathy, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, CCAR, MS 238-643A,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Attila.Komjathy@jpl.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 3 BP 515 EP 526 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0515:ROOSWS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 805BA UT WOS:000220340600011 ER PT J AU Oakes, CS Rard, JA Archer, DG AF Oakes, CS Rard, JA Archer, DG TI Enthalpies of dilution of NdCl3(aq) at temperatures from 297.89 K to 372.08 K and an extended Pitzer ion-interaction model for the NdCl3+H2O system SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID RARE-EARTH CHLORIDES; APPARENT MOLAL VOLUMES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; HEAT-CAPACITIES; ACTIVITY-COEFFICIENTS; ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS; 25 DEGREESC; PERCHLORATE SOLUTIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; DENSITIES AB Enthalpy of dilution measurements were made for NdCl3(aq) over the molality range 0.0080 mol(.)kg(-1) to 2.6883 mol(.)kg(-1) at temperatures from 297.89 K to 372.08 K and at a fixed pressure of 0.5 MPa. Published values of osmotic coefficients, emfs of a reversible electrochemical cell, enthalpies of dilution, apparent molar heat capacities, and apparent molar volumes of NdCl3(aq) were critically assessed, and the more reliable of these results were combined with the present enthalpies of dilution to yield the parameters of an extended form of Pitzer's ion-interaction model valid to high molalities and for the temperature range 280 K to 375 K. Values of the solubility and enthalpy of solution of the hexahydrate crystal and the enthalpy of solution of the anhydrous crystal were also included in the data representation, leading to new standard properties for the solution processes of both of these crystal phases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OLI Syst, Morris Plains, NJ 07950 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM OakesCS@netscape.net; rard1@llnl.gov; donald.archer@nist.gov NR 68 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 49 IS 2 BP 313 EP 325 DI 10.1021/je0302194 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 803JE UT WOS:000220226600029 ER PT J AU Alexander, MA Bhatt, US Walsh, JE Timlin, MS Miller, JS Scott, JD AF Alexander, MA Bhatt, US Walsh, JE Timlin, MS Miller, JS Scott, JD TI The atmospheric response to realistic Arctic sea ice anomalies in an AGCM during winter SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-CLIMATE-MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; HEMISPHERE CIRCULATION; DECADAL OSCILLATIONS; OCEAN INTERACTIONS; LEVEL PRESSURE; LABRADOR SEA; BERING SEA AB The influence of realistic Arctic sea ice anomalies on the atmosphere during winter is investigated with version 3.6 of the Community Climate Model (CCM3.6). Model experiments are performed for the winters with the most (1982/83) and least (1995/96) Arctic ice coverage during 1979-99, when ice concentration estimates were available from satellites. The experiments consist of 50-member ensembles: using large ensembles proved critical to distinguish the signal from noise. The local response to ice anomalies over the subpolar seas of both the Atlantic and Pacific is robust and generally shallow with large upward surface heat fluxes (>100 W m(-2)), near-surface warming, enhanced precipitation, and below-normal sea level pressure where sea ice receded, and the reverse where the ice expanded. The large-scale response to reduced (enhanced) ice extent to the east (west) of Greenland during 1982/83 resembles the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO) with a ridge over the poles and a trough at midlatitudes. The large-scale response was distinctly different in the Pacific, where ice extent anomalies in the Sea of Okhotsk generate a wave train that extends downstream over North America but the wave train response is greatly diminished when the model is driven by ice concentration rather than ice extent anomalies. Comparing the AGCM response to observations suggests that the feedback of the ice upon the atmospheric circulation is positive (negative) in the Pacific (Atlantic) sector. The magnitude of the wintertime response to ice extent anomalies is modest, on the order of 20 m at 500 mb. However, the 500-mb height anomalies roughly double in strength over much of the Arctic when forced by ice concetration anomalies. Furthermore, the NAO-like response increases linearly with the aerial extent of the Atlantic ice anomalies and thus could be quite large if the ice edge retreats as a result of global warming. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Alexander, MA (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDCI,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Michael.Alexander@noaa.gov RI Bhatt, Uma/D-3674-2009; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 62 TC 192 Z9 210 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 5 BP 890 EP 905 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0890:TARTRA>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RX UT WOS:000220114100003 ER PT J AU Randel, W Udelhofen, P Fleming, E Geller, M Gelman, M Hamilton, K Karoly, D Ortland, D Pawson, S Swinbank, R Wu, F Baldwin, M Chanin, ML Keckhut, P Labitzke, K Remsberg, E Simmons, A Wu, D AF Randel, W Udelhofen, P Fleming, E Geller, M Gelman, M Hamilton, K Karoly, D Ortland, D Pawson, S Swinbank, R Wu, F Baldwin, M Chanin, ML Keckhut, P Labitzke, K Remsberg, E Simmons, A Wu, D TI The SPARC intercomparison of middle-atmosphere climatologies SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; STRATOSPHERIC ANALYSES; METEOROLOGICAL-OFFICE; TROPICAL STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE PROFILES; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; RESEARCH SATELLITE; REANALYSIS AB An updated assessment of uncertainties in "observed" climatological winds and temperatures in the middle atmosphere (over altitudes similar to10-80 km) is provided by detailed intercomparisons of contemporary and historic datasets. These datasets include global meteorological analyses and assimilations, climatologies derived from research satellite measurements, historical reference atmosphere circulation statistics, rocketsonde wind and temperature data, and lidar temperature measurements. The comparisons focus on a few basic circulation statistics (temperatures and zonal winds), with special attention given to tropical variability. Notable differences are found between analyses for temperatures near the tropical tropopause and polar lower stratosphere, temperatures near the global stratopause, and zonal winds throughout the Tropics. Comparisons of historical reference atmosphere and rocketsonde temperatures with more recent global analyses show the influence of decadal-scale cooling of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Detailed comparisons of the tropical semiannual oscillation (SAO) and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) show large differences in amplitude between analyses; recent data assimilation schemes show the best agreement with equatorial radiosonde, rocket, and satellite data. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Serv Aeron, Paris, France. Free Univ Berlin, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Randel, W (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM randel@ucar.edu RI Karoly, David/C-8262-2011; Baldwin, Mark/J-6720-2012; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Randel, William/K-3267-2016 OI Karoly, David/0000-0002-8671-2994; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162 NR 48 TC 135 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 5 BP 986 EP 1003 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0986:TSIOMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RX UT WOS:000220114100008 ER PT J AU Bergman, JW Sardeshmukh, PD AF Bergman, JW Sardeshmukh, PD TI Dynamic stabilization of atmospheric single column models SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLOUD ENSEMBLE; CLIMATE MODELS; CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION; SYSTEMS; SCALE AB Single column models (SCMs) provide an economical framework for assessing the sensitivity of atmospheric temperature and humidity to natural and imposed perturbations, and also for developing improved representations of diabatic processes in weather and climate models. Their economy is achieved at the expense of ignoring interactions with the circulation dynamics; thus, advection by the large-scale flow is either prescribed or neglected. This artificial decoupling of the diabatic and adiabatic tendencies can often cause rapid error growth in SCM integrations, especially in the Tropics where large-scale vertical advection is important. As a result, SCMs can quickly develop highly unrealistic thermodynamic structures, making it pointless to study their subsequent evolution. This paper suggests one way around this fundamental difficulty through a simple coupling of the diabatic and adiabatic tendencies. In essence, the local vertical velocity at any instant is specified by a formula that links the local vertical temperature advection to the evolution of SCM-generated diabatic heating rates up to that instant. This vertical velocity is then used to determine vertical humidity advection, and also horizontal temperature and humidity advection under an additional assumption that the column is embedded in a uniform environment. The parameters in the formula are estimated in a separate set of calculations, from the approach to equilibrium of a linearized global primitive equation model forced by steady heat sources. As a test, the parameterized dynamics are used to predict the linear model's local response to oscillating heat sources, and found to perform remarkably well over a wide range of space and time scales. In a second test, the parameterization is found to capture important aspects of a general circulation model's vertical advection and temperature tendencies and their lead-lag relationships with diabatic heating fluctuations at convectively active locations in the Tropics. When implemented in the NCAR SCM, the dynamically coupled SCM shows a clear improvement over its uncoupled counterpart for tropical conditions observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Coupling effectively stabilizes the SCM. As a result, short-term prediction errors are substantially reduced, the ensemble spread is reduced in ensemble runs, and the SCM is able to maintain realistic thermodynamic structures in extended runs. Such a dynamically coupled SCM should therefore be more useful not only for isolating physical parameterization errors in weather and climate models, but also for economical simulations of regional climate variability. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Mail Code R-CDCl,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM bergmanj@colorado.edu NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1004 EP 1021 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1004:DSOASC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RX UT WOS:000220114100009 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Xie, SP Fischer, AS AF Vecchi, GA Xie, SP Fischer, AS TI Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL INSTABILITY WAVES; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SOMALI CURRENT SYSTEM; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHWEST MONSOON; INDIAN-OCEAN; WIND STRESS; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; EDDIES AB The western Arabian Sea exhibits strong spatial variability in sea surface temperature (SST) during the southwest monsoon, with changes in SST that can exceed 5degreesC over 200 km. Exploration of satellite-based and in situ data shows a strong connection between mesoscale SST features and changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. The fundamental relationship is that of weak (strong) wind velocities overlying cold (warm) SST features. There are also coherent changes in other near-surface meteorological parameters, such as the air-sea temperature difference and relative humidity - indicating changes in the stability of the planetary boundary layer over the mesoscale SST features. These relationships are similar to those recently reported over the equatorial Pacific tropical instability wave region. This observed covariability of atmospheric boundary layer structure and SST results in variations of the surface heat and moisture fluxes; latent heat flux is modified by changes in relative humidity (principally through the temperature dependence of saturation specific humidity), wind speed, and boundary layer stability over the cold filaments. The nonlinear dependence of latent heat flux on the three parameters leads to a net enhancement of latent heat flux from the mesoscale features, as compared to that computed using spatially averaged parameters. Additionally, the spatial structure of the heat-flux variability will tend to dampen the mesoscale SST features. The mesoscale wind variability results in strong wind stress curl patterns on the same spatial scales as the oceanic features. The resulting Ekman pumping variations may play an important role in the evolution of the ocean eddy fields in this region. Further examination of the processes controlling the observed covariability, and the oceanic and atmospheric response to the coupling should therefore be undertaken. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, Paris, France. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,US Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325 NR 46 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1213 EP 1224 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1213:OCITWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RD UT WOS:000220450100005 ER PT J AU Toole, JM Zhang, HM Caruso, MJ AF Toole, JM Zhang, HM Caruso, MJ TI Time-dependent internal energy budgets of the tropical warm water pools SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; DATA ASSIMILATION ANALYSIS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; 1982-1983 EL-NINO; HEAT-CONTENT; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; SST VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN AB The exchange of internal energy between the warm water pools of the tropical oceans and the overlying atmosphere is thought to play a central role in the evolving climate system of the earth. Spatial displacements of the warm water pools are observed on annual and interannual time scales, the latter most notably in the Pacific in association with ENSO. Whether such variations are also associated with net changes in pool energy content is investigated. Extending the work of Niiler and Stevenson and Walin who considered the time mean energy budgets for volumes bounded by an isotherm, the time-dependent version of their equation is analyzed in which the main terms involve the time variations of pool volume and average temperature, net energy exchange between the pool and overlying atmosphere, and the turbulent ocean fluxes across the pool boundaries. The dominant signal in the mean seasonal energy budgets of the warm pools is an approximate balance between the annual variation of air pool heat exchange and the time-varying energy storage; the inferred turbulent ocean heat flux per unit area across the bounding surface of the warm pools is relatively steady through the year. Interannual variations of the warm pools are characterized by changes in pool volumes and temperature on ENSO and longer time scales with indications of an out-of-phase relationship between pool pseudo-energy content and the Southern Oscillation index. The ability to diagnose the varying turbulent ocean fluxes exiting the warm water pools on these time scales was impeded by incompatibilities between ocean temperature data and several air-sea flux climatologies. For the unscaled Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) flux product that yields sensibly downgradient ocean heat flux estimates, strong positive correlation between air pool heat flux and inferred turbulent ocean flux at the pool base on an interannual time scale is found. But, given the uncertainties in the air-sea fluxes, it is difficult to firmly attribute these bottom flux changes to variations in ocean mixing processes. Though disappointing in the short term, it is suggested that time-dependent warm pool energy budget analyses constitute powerful diagnostics for validating future air-sea flux climatologies. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, NESDIS Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Toole, JM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, MS 21, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jtoole@whoi.edu NR 70 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1398 EP 1410 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1398:TIEBOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RD UT WOS:000220450100019 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Rao, Q Smith, VH AF Xie, Rui-Hua Rao, Qin Smith, Vedene H., Jr. TI Infrared, Raman, NMR Spectra and Low-Energy Optical Excitations of Heterofullerene C48B12 SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL NANOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Infrared; Raman; NMR; UV-vls; Fluorescence; Nano-electronics; Photovoltaics; Optical Gap; Optical Absorption; Excitation; Doping; Ab Initio Method; DFT; TD-DFT; CSGT; GIAO; C-60; C48B12; C48N12; Heterofullerene ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; C-60; DENSITY; C48N12; BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE; SPECTROSCOPY; FULLERENE; EXCHANGE; CARBON AB Infrared (IR) intensities, Raman scattering activities, nuclear magnetic shielding tensors and low-energy optical excitations of the most stable isomer of heterofullerene C48B12 are reported and discussed. Fifty-eight IR-active and fifty-eight Raman-active vibrational frequencies are assigned. The strongest Raman and IR spectral signals are observed at 1430 cm(-1) and 1490 cm(-1), respectively. Eight C-13 and two B-11 NMR spectral signals are characterized. The first singlet excitation of C48B12 is dipole-allowed, its optical gap is redshifted by about 2.4 eV and 1.1 eV relative to those of C-60 and azafullerene C48N12, respectively, and optical absorption maxima in the visible region are located at 575, 537, 492, 454 and 420 nm. Our theoretical study suggests that C48B12 has potential applications in. photovoltaics, nano-electronics and single-molecule fluorescent probes. C1 [Xie, Rui-Hua; Rao, Qin; Smith, Vedene H., Jr.] Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 8423,1000 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) FX We thank the HPCVL at Queen's University for the use of its parallel supercomputing facilities and Zhongfang Chen for sending LIS the coordinates of C48B12. This work was Supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI VALENCIA PA 26650 THE OLD RD, STE 208, VALENCIA, CA 91381-0751 USA SN 1546-1955 EI 1546-1963 J9 J COMPUT THEOR NANOS JI J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 1 IS 1 BP 106 EP 113 DI 10.1166/jctn.2003.013 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA V03TK UT WOS:000207012900013 ER PT J AU Sogard, SM Spencer, ML AF Sogard, SM Spencer, ML TI Energy allocation in juvenile sablefish: effects of temperature, ration and body size SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioenergetics; growth; lipid storage; trade-offs ID ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; COMPENSATORY GROWTH; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WATER TEMPERATURE; SALMON; SURVIVAL; RESPONSES; MORTALITY; LARVAL AB The lipid deposition of juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria was examined, in particular, the charges in allocation over time. Growth rates of early juveniles (initial size 36-50 ram total length, L-T) were manipulated using two temperatures (10 and 20degreesC) and two rations (ad libitum and 3-4% body mass day(-1)). Fish L-T, mass and lipid content were measured every 3 weeks for 15 weeks. Irrespective of treatment. the relationship of total lipid content with body size was clearly hyperallometric; small juveniles allocated relatively more energy to growth and less to lipid storage than large juveniles. After adjusting for the influence of body size, temperature and ration significantly influenced body composition but these effects varied over the course of the experiment. In the first 3 week time period, fish on the high ration, high temperature treatment had reduced lipid storage relative to other treatments, but in all subsequent time periods their lipid concentrations were similar to or higher than those of fish on other treatments. In contrast, fish held at low rations and low temperatures initially had average levels of lipid concentration, but after 6 weeks their levels were lower than other treatments. Estimation of allocation to lipid storage over time (proportion of dry mass increase comprised of lipid) suggested that fish in all of the treatments were approaching an asymptotic level of lipid concentration (c. 50-60% of dry mass) but with different rates of lipid increase. Within a treatment, it was predicted that individual differences in allocation would result in trade-offs between somatic growth and storage. This trade-off was evident only for fish held on low rations at low temperatures. In contrast, fish held on high rations at high temperatures exhibited the opposite pattern of a positive correlation between somatic growth and storage. These results suggest that lipostatic regulation of appetite is unlikely in juvenile sablefish. When resources are unlimited, this species appears to adopt a maximizing strategy for both somatic growth and lipid accumulation. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sogard, SM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM susan.sogard@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 64 IS 3 BP 726 EP 738 DI 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2004.00342.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 801MK UT WOS:000220099800014 ER PT J AU Gende, SM Quinn, TP Willson, MF Heintz, R Scott, TM AF Gende, SM Quinn, TP Willson, MF Heintz, R Scott, TM TI Magnitude and fate of salmon-derived nutrients and energy in a coastal stream ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH CARCASSES; BEARS URSUS-ARCTOS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; BROWN BEARS; COHO SALMON; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; PRODUCTIVITY; NITROGEN AB We quantified the energy and mineral (nitrogen, phosphorous) composition of live pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta), their eggs, and carcasses, and tracked the fate of chum salmon spawning in a small Alaskan coastal stream. On average, salmon entered streams with 5.3 kJ.g(-1), 3.3% N, 0.48% P. Much of the energy in female salmon was stored in the gametes because the gonads were both large (20% of their wet body mass) and high in energy density (11 kJ/g). Carcasses following senescent death had lower mass-specific energy and N (but not P) compared to fish at stream entrance. Bears removed nearly 50% of the salmon-derived nutrients and energy from the stream by capturing salmon and dragging the carcasses from the stream. Much of the salmon biomass was made available to riparian scavengers because bears partially consumed the fish. Nutrients bound in salmon tissue at senescent death were quickly exported to the estuary after only a few days because of periodic high flows and low rates of scavenging by bears. C1 Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Gende, SM (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Galcier Bay Field Stn, 3100 Natl Pk Rd, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Scott_Gende@nps.gov NR 45 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0270-5060 EI 2156-6941 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 149 EP 160 DI 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664522 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 779WM UT WOS:000189324900018 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZY Koren, V Smith, M Reed, S Wang, D AF Zhang, ZY Koren, V Smith, M Reed, S Wang, D TI Use of next generation weather radar data and basin disaggregation to improve continuous hydrograph simulations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE hydrologic models; aggregation; simulation; weather forecasting; Oklahoma; hydrographs ID RAINFALL; FLOOD; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; SENSITIVITY; PREDICTION; WSR-88D AB Currently, the river forecasting system deployed in each of 13 River Forecast Centers of the National Weather Service primarily uses lumped parameter models to generate hydrologic simulations. With the deployment of the weather surveillance radar 1988 Doppler radars, more and more precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution have become available for hydrologic modeling. Hydrologists inside and outside the National Weather Service are now investigating how to effectively use these data to enhance river-forecasting capabilities. In this paper, six years of continuously simulated hydrographs from an eight-subbasin model are compared to those from a single-basin (or lumped) model, both applied to the Blue River basin (1,232 km(2)) in Oklahoma. The Sacramento soil moisture accounting model is used to generate runoff in all cases. Synthetic unit hydrographs for each subbasin convey the water to the outlet of the basin without explicit flow routing. Subdividing the basin into eight subbasins captures spatially variable rainfall reflected in the next generation weather radar products and produces improved results without greatly increasing the computational and data requirements. Strategies for calibrating the hydrologic model parameters for multiple subbasins are explored. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, WOHDI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zhang, ZY (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, WOHDI, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 9 IS 2 BP 103 EP 115 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:2(103) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 779WR UT WOS:000189325300003 ER PT J AU Fox-Kemper, B Pedlosky, J AF Fox-Kemper, B Pedlosky, J TI Wind-driven barotropic gyre I: Circulation control by eddy vorticity fluxes to an enhanced removal region SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FINITE REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; OCEAN CIRCULATION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SUBTROPICAL GYRE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MODEL AB It is well known that the barotropic, wind-driven, single-gyre ocean model reaches an inertially-dominated equilibrium with unrealistic circulation strength when the explicit viscosity is reduced to realistically low values. It is shown here that the overall circulation strength can be controlled nonlocally by retaining thin regions of enhanced viscosity parameterizing the effects of increased mixing and topographic interaction near the boundaries. The control is possible even when the inertial boundary layer width is larger than the enhanced viscosity region, as eddy fluxes of vorticity from the interior transport vorticity across the mean streamlines of the inertial boundary current to the frictional region. In relatively inviscid calculations the eddies are the major means of flux across interior mean streamlines. C1 MIT WHOI Joint Program Oceanog & Ocean Engn, Woods Hole, MA USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Fox-Kemper, B (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM baylor@princeton.edu RI Fox-Kemper, Baylor/A-1159-2007 OI Fox-Kemper, Baylor/0000-0002-2871-2048 NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 62 IS 2 BP 169 EP 193 DI 10.1357/002224004774201681 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 830LZ UT WOS:000222125000002 ER PT J AU Fox-Kemper, B AF Fox-Kemper, B TI Wind-driven barotropic gyre II: Effects of eddies and low interior viscosity SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; FINITE REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; OCEAN CIRCULATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SUBTROPICAL GYRE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PACIFIC-OCEAN; MODEL; TIME AB Using boundary-enhanced viscosity to control the mean circulation, a simple model can be created and used for study of strong inertial effects in a western-intensified calculation. The simplicity allows for a greater number of strongly-inertial numerical experiments than computationally feasible in a general circulation model. This paper is an introduction to the behavior of this model, covering its general features. Some of the inertial phenomena, including the primary balances of the boundary current and basin interior, the temporal behavior, and the changes in the mean state across parameter space are presented. The analysis of these phenomena focuses on the effects of eddies and the type of eddies present. The low interior viscosity allows for more pronounced eddy effects. As this model is intended for use in future studies, many of the diagnostic tools found to be useful here are likely to be reused effectively. C1 MIT WHOI Joint Program Oceanog & Ocean Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM baylor@princeton.edu RI Fox-Kemper, Baylor/A-1159-2007 OI Fox-Kemper, Baylor/0000-0002-2871-2048 NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 EI 1543-9542 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 62 IS 2 BP 195 EP 232 DI 10.1357/002224004774201690 PG 38 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 830LZ UT WOS:000222125000003 ER PT J AU Siegel, JA Zimmerman, BE Kodimer, K Dell, MA Simon, WE AF Siegel, JA Zimmerman, BE Kodimer, K Dell, MA Simon, WE TI Accurate dose calibrator activity measurement of Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Y-90 measurement; dose calibrator; ibritumomab tiuxetan ID STANDARDIZATION AB This investigation examined the accuracy of dose calibrator activity measurement of the beta-emitting radiopharmaceutical Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Methods: Five different facilities independently measured Y-90 in a 10-mL syringe geometry with 30 dose calibrator models from 3 different manufacturers. The activities ranged from 81.4 MBq (2.2 mCi) to 1,406 MBq (38 mCi) over the volume range of 3-9 mL. Results: The mean dial settings for Y-90 measurement were 375, 51 x 10, and 897 x 100 for Atomlab, CRC, and Mark V dose calibrators, respectively. The maximum volume dependence was 0.28%/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that when measuring all volumes of Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan activity prescriptions, only a single dial setting for a given manufacturer's dose calibrator is required for accurate measurements. Volume corrections are not necessary. For best accuracy, an individually determined dial value should be used. C1 Nucl Phys Enterprises, Wellington, FL 33414 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cardinal Hlth Nucl Pharm Serv, Woodland Hills, CA USA. Capintec Inc, Ramsey, NJ USA. Sun Nucl Corp, Melbourne, FL USA. RP Siegel, JA (reprint author), Nucl Phys Enterprises, 2202 Balsan Way, Wellington, FL 33414 USA. EM siegelja@aol.com NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 45 IS 3 BP 450 EP 454 PG 5 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 801LZ UT WOS:000220098700022 PM 15001686 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ AF Lovas, FJ TI NIST recommended rest frequencies for observed interstellar molecular microwave transitions - 2002 revision SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE hyperfine structure; interstellar molecules; microwave spectra; molecules; radio astronomy; rotational spectra ID MILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTRUM; STAR-FORMING REGIONS; CARBON-CHAIN MOLECULE; DUST CLOUD TMC-1; VIBRATIONALLY EXCITED-STATE; VINYL CYANIDE ACRYLONITRILE; ROTATIONAL EMISSION-LINE; GROUND ELECTRONIC-STATE; GRAIN-SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; BEAM-MASER MEASUREMENTS AB Critically evaluated transition frequencies for the molecular transitions detected in interstellar and circumstellar clouds are presented. The tabulated transitions are recommended for reference in future astronomical observations in the microwave and millimeter wavelength regions. The transition frequencies have been selected through a critical examination and analysis of the laboratory spectral data obtained from the literature. The information tabulated includes the species identity, transition frequency, uncertainty, and quantum state labels. For convenience, representative line antenna temperatures are listed for a typical astronomical source for each transition, and the references are cited for the laboratory and astronomical literature that have been employed. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lovas@nist.gov NR 745 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 EI 1529-7845 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 177 EP 355 DI 10.1063/1.1633275 PG 179 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 808AV UT WOS:000220542900002 ER PT J AU Harvey, AH Lemmon, EW AF Harvey, AH Lemmon, EW TI Correlation for the second virial coefficient of water SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE H2O; second virial coefficient; steam; thermodynamics; water ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; PVT PROPERTIES; HEAVY-WATER; STEAM; ADSORPTION; DENSITIES; EQUATIONS; COMPLEX; HELIUM; DIMER AB A new correlation has been developed to represent the second virial coefficient of water (H2O) as a function of temperature. The formulation was fitted to experimental data, both for the second virial coefficient itself and for a quantity related to its first temperature derivative, at temperatures between approximately 310 and 1170 K. The high-temperature extrapolation behavior was guided by results calculated from a high-quality intermolecular pair potential. The new correlation agrees well with the experimental data deemed to be reliable, and at high temperatures is a significant improvement over the best previous formulation. (C) 2004 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Harvey, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM aharvey@boulder.nist.gov NR 29 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD MAR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1063/1.1587731 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 808AV UT WOS:000220542900004 ER PT J AU Mellor, G Blumberg, A AF Mellor, G Blumberg, A TI Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal response SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID KINETIC-ENERGY DISSIPATION; DRAG COEFFICIENTS; TURBULENCE; ROUGHNESS; MODEL AB The effect of breaking waves on ocean surface temperatures and surface boundary layer deepening is investigated. The modification of the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure model by Craig and Banner and others to include surface wave breaking energetics reduces summertime surface temperatures when the surface layer is relatively shallow. The effect of the Charnock constant in the relevant drag coefficient relation is also studied. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Civil Environm & Ocean Engn, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. RP Mellor, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM glm@splash.princeton.edu NR 23 TC 133 Z9 142 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 34 IS 3 BP 693 EP 698 DI 10.1175/2517.1 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 807CG UT WOS:000220479000011 ER PT J AU Ornolfsdottir, EB Lumsden, SE Pinckney, JL AF Ornolfsdottir, EB Lumsden, SE Pinckney, JL TI Phytoplankton community growth-rate response to nutrient pulses in a shallow turbid estuary, Galveston Bay, Texas SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; CHLOROPHYLL-A; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; BLOOM DYNAMICS; NORTH-CAROLINA; CARBON BIOMASS; RIVER ESTUARY; LIMITATION AB Phytoplankton growth is a physiological process often limited by temperature, nutrients or light, while biomass accumulation is a function of growth rates, grazing and deposition. Although primary productivity measurements are usually used to assess responses to limiting factors, the rates are proportional to biomass and inversely related to grazing pressure during experimental incubations. Alternatively, carbon-specific growth-rate determinations provide insights into physiological responses without the confounding effects of biomass and grazing. The objective of this study was to quantify the growth-rate responses of phytoplankton to enhanced nutrient availability (nitrate and phosphate) over a range of in situ irradiances. Growth rates were determined based on chlorophyll a-specific C-14-uptake rates by phytoplankton. Phytoplankton demonstrated high (24 h) growth rates when exposed to increased concentrations of limiting nutrients, independent of the surface irradiances (12-41%). Growth-rate responses were also compared with the biomass (chlorophyll a) responses and community composition. Observed and estimated phytoplankton biomass changes during the incubations differed, emphasizing the structural role of grazers on the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community in Galveston Bay has the potential to instantaneously respond to nutrient pulses, facilitating diatom biomass accumulations in spring and summer and small, flagellated species and cyanobacteria during periods of low nutrient inputs. Thus, Galveston Bay phytoplankton biomass and community composition reflect a dynamic balance between the frequency of nutrient pulsing and grazing intensity. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, TAMU 3146, Estuarine Ecol Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Ornolfsdottir, EB (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOAA, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Erla.Ornolfsdottir@noaa.gov NR 69 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 325 EP 339 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbh035 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 802RA UT WOS:000220179400008 ER PT J AU Currie, LA AF Currie, LA TI The remarkable metrological history of radiocarbon dating [II] SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE accelerator mass spectrometry; apportionment of fossil and biomass carbon; "bomb" C-14 as a global tracer; dual isotopic authentication; metrological history; molecular dating; radiocarbon dating; the Turin Shroud; SRM 1649a ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CARBON; C-14; AEROSOLS; URBAN; DISTRIBUTIONS; HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE; COMBUSTION; PARTICLES AB This article traces the metrological history of radiocarbon, from the initial breakthrough devised by Libby, to minor (evolutionary) and major (revolutionary) advances that have brought C-14 measurement from a crude, bulk [8 g carbon] dating tool, to a refined probe for dating tiny amounts of precious artifacts, and for "molecular dating" at the 10 mug g to 100 mug level. The metrological advances led to opportunities and surprises, such as the non-monotonic dendrochronological calibration curve and the "bomb effect," that gave rise to new multidisciplinary areas of application, ranging from archaeology and anthropology to cosmic ray physics to oceanography to apportionment of anthropogenic pollutants to the reconstruction of environmental history. Beyond the specific topic of natural C-14, it is hoped that this account may serve as a metaphor for young scientists, illustrating that just when a scientific discipline may appear to be approaching maturity, unanticipated metrological advances in their own chosen fields, and unanticipated anthropogenic or natural chemical events in the environment, can spawn new areas of research having exciting theoretical and practical implications. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Currie, LA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lloyd.currie@nist.gov NR 76 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 26 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 185 EP 217 DI 10.6028/jres.109.013 PG 33 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800001 PM 27366605 ER PT J AU Eidelman, N Simon, CG AF Eidelman, N Simon, CG TI Characterization of combinatorial polymer blend composition gradients by FTIR microspectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomaterials; combinatorial methods; combinatorial materials science; FTIR microspectroscopy; high-throughput assay; low-e glass; poly(lactic acid); polymer blends ID PHASE-BEHAVIOR; SPECTROSCOPY; MICROSCOPY; FILMS; SURFACES AB A new FTIR technique was developed for characterizing thin polymer films used in combinatorial materials science. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy mapping technique was used to determine the composition of polymer blend gradients. Composition gradients were made from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D, L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) in the form of thin films (6 cm x 2 cm) deposited on IR reflective substrates. Three composition gradient films were prepared and characterized. The results demonstrate the reproducibility and feasibility of a new, high-throughput approach for preparing and characterizing polymer composition gradients. The combination of composition gradient film technology and automated nondestructive FTIR microspectroscopy makes it possible to rapidly and quantitatively characterize polymer composition gradients for use in combinatorial materials science. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarer Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eidelman, N (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Paffenbarer Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM naomi.eidelman@nist.gov; carl.simon@nist.gov NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 17 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.6028/jres.109.014 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800002 PM 27366606 ER PT J AU Denisov, AA Shakarji, CM Lawford, BB Maev, RG Paille, JM AF Denisov, AA Shakarji, CM Lawford, BB Maev, RG Paille, JM TI Spot weld analysis with 2D ultrasonic Arrays SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE least-squares; nondestructive analysis; spot weld; transducer; two-dimensional; ultrasonic AB This paper describes a threefold method of testing the performance of an array-based ultrasonic tool for nondestructive testing of spot welds. The tool is described in its capabilities, use, and advantages over existing counterparts. Performance testing for and the results from carrying out the testing are described. The three performance testing methods include 1) the use of calibrated samples, 2) comparisons with actual spot-welds, and 3) a performance evaluation of the embedded fitting software. The test of the fitting software was carried out by a comparison of results with reference fits supplied by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. C1 Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20450 USA. DaimlerChrysler, Auburn Hills, MI 48326 USA. RP Denisov, AA (reprint author), Univ Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. EM craig.shakarji@nist.gov; bonnie.lawford@nist.gov NR 7 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 233 EP 244 DI 10.6028/jres.109.015 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800003 PM 27366607 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Schantz, MM Leigh, SD Wise, SA AF Poster, DL Schantz, MM Leigh, SD Wise, SA TI Standard reference materials (SRMs) for the calibration and validation of analytical methods for PCBs (as Aroclor mixtures) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aroclors; PCBs; Standard Reference Materials (SRMs); transformer oil; water ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; IONIZING-RADIATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MARINE SEDIMENT; TRANSFORMER OIL; WATER; CERTIFICATION AB Six Standard Reference Materials (SRMs(R)) have been prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of PCBs as different Aroclor mixtures in methanol. Six additional SRMs of the same Aroclors in transformer oil have also been prepared. Specifically, solutions of Aroclors 1016, 1232, 1242, 1254, and 1260 have been gravimetrically prepared ( individually) in methanol and transformer oil, mixed, and transferred to amber glass ampoules in approximately 1.2 mL aliquots. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) has been used to verify the gravimetric data for each solution and transformer oil SRM. Liquid chromatography was used for the isolation of the Aroclors from the transformer oil SRMs prior to GC-ECD analysis. Separate calibration solutions and oils were prepared with Aroclor levels similar to those in each methanol solution and transformer oil SRM and were processed alongside the samples. The GC-ECD response of each Aroclor was monitored relative to internal standards that were added to the complex mixtures for quantification. The gravimetric concentrations of Aroclors 1242 and 1254 in methanol were also examined by the same method of analysis (GC-ECD) using several different sources of Aroclors and two different capillary GC columns: a 5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane phase and a relatively non-polar phase. The preparation of the materials, the gas chromatographic results, and the certified concentration values for each Aroclor SRM are described in this paper. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov NR 59 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 245 EP 266 DI 10.6028/jres.109.016 PG 22 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800004 PM 27366608 ER PT J AU Sims, JS Martys, N AF Sims, JS Martys, N TI Simulation of sheared suspensions with a parallel implementation of QDPD SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dissipative particle dynamics; domain decomposition; mesoscopic modeling; parallel algorithms; rheology; spatial decomposition; suspensions ID DISSIPATIVE-PARTICLE-DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AB A parallel quaternion-based dissipative particle dynamics (QDPD) program has been developed in Fortran to study the flow properties of complex fluids subject to shear. The parallelization allows for simulations of greater size and complexity and is accomplished with a parallel link-cell spatial (domain) decomposition using MPI. The technique has novel features arising from the DPD formalism, the use of rigid body inclusions spread across processors, and a sheared boundary condition. A detailed discussion of our implementation is presented, along with results on two distributed memory architectures. A parallel speedup of 24.19 was obtained for a benchmark calculation on 27 processors of a distributed memory cluster. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.sims@nist.gov; nicos.martys@nist.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 267 EP 277 DI 10.6028/jres.109.017 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800005 PM 27366609 ER PT J AU Lee, YG Lyons, KW Feng, SC AF Lee, YG Lyons, KW Feng, SC TI Software architecture for a Virtual Environment for nano scale assembly (VENSA) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanoscale assembly; software architecture; software reuse; VENSA; virtual reality ID VR JUGGLER; REALITY AB A Virtual Environment (VE) uses multiple computer-generated media to let a user experience situations that are temporally and spatially prohibiting. The information flow between the user and the VE is bidirectional and the user can influence the environment. The software development of a VE requires orchestrating multiple peripherals and computers in a synchronized way in real time. Although a multitude of useful software components for VEs exists, many of these are packaged within a complex framework and can not be used separately. In this paper, an architecture is presented which is designed to let multiple frameworks work together while being shielded from the application program. This architecture, which is called the Virtual Environment for Nano Scale Assembly (VENSA), has been constructed for interfacing with an optical tweezers instrument for nanotechnology development. However, this approach can be generalized for most virtual environments. Through the use of VENSA, the programmer can rely on existing solutions and concentrate more on the application software design. C1 Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YG (reprint author), Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, 1 Oryong Dong, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. EM lygu@gist.ac.kr; kevin.lyons@nist.gov; shaw.feng@nist.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 279 EP 290 DI 10.6028/jres.109.018 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800006 PM 27366610 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH Vayshenker, I Livigni, DJ Hadler, J AF Lehman, JH Vayshenker, I Livigni, DJ Hadler, J TI Intramural comparison of NIST laser and optical fiber power calibrations SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absolute responsivity; calorimeter; cryogenic radiometer; intercomparison; laser; optical power; optical fiber; pyroelectric detector; spectral responsivity ID ENERGY MEASUREMENTS; TRAP DETECTOR; CALORIMETER AB The responsivity of two optical detectors was determined by the method of direct substitution in four different NIST measurement facilities. The measurements were intended to demonstrate the determination of absolute responsivity as provided by NIST calibration services at laser and optical-communication wavelengths; nominally 633 nm, 850 nm, 1060 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm. The optical detectors have been designated as checks standards for the purpose of routine intramural comparison of our calibration services and to meet requirements of the NIST quality system, based on ISO 17025. The check standards are two optical-trap detectors, one based on silicon and the other on indium gallium arsenide photodiodes. The four measurement services are based on: (1) the laser optimized cryogenic radiometer (LOCR) and free field collimated laser light; (2) the C-series isoperibol calorimeter and free-field collimated laser light; (3) the electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer and fiber-coupled laser light; (4) the pyroelectric wedge trap detector, which measures light from a lamp source and mono-chromator. The results indicate that the responsivity of the check standards, as determined independently using the four services, agree to within the published expanded uncertainty ranging from approximately 0.02% to 1.24%. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov; igor@boulder.nist.gov; livigni@boulder.nist.gov; hadler@boulder.nist.gov RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.6028/jres.109.019 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800007 PM 27366611 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC AF Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC TI Statistical interpretation of key comparison reference value and degrees of equivalence (vol 108, pg 439, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, RN (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 299 EP 299 DI 10.6028/jres.109.020 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800008 PM 27366612 ER PT J AU Seltzer, SM Lamperti, PJ Loevinger, R Mitch, MG Weaver, JT Coursey, BM AF Seltzer, SM Lamperti, PJ Loevinger, R Mitch, MG Weaver, JT Coursey, BM TI New national air-kerma-strength standards for I-125 and Pd-103 brachytherapy seeds (vol 108, pg 337, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seltzer, SM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 109 IS 2 BP 301 EP 301 DI 10.6028/jres.109.021 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 846WS UT WOS:000223350800009 PM 27366613 ER PT J AU Grey, IE Bordet, P Li, C Roth, RS AF Grey, IE Bordet, P Li, C Roth, RS TI Phase stability and non-stoichiometry in M-phase solid solutions in the system LiO0.5-NbO2.5-TiO2 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-NIOBATE; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; DEFECT; LINBO3; CRYSTALS; COMPOUND AB Phase relations at 1050degreesC have been determined for M-phase solid solutions in the LiO0.5-NbO2.5-TiO2 ternary phase system by the quench method. Rietveld analysis has been used to help determine phase boundaries and to study structure composition relations. The M-phases have trigonal structures based on intergrowth of corundum-like layers, [Ti2O3](2+) with slabs of (N - 1) layers of LiNbO3-type parallel to (0001). Ideal compositions are defined along the pseudobinary join LiNbO3-Li4Ti5O12 by the homologous series formula LiNNbN-4Ti5O3N. N greater than or equal to 4. Homologues with N less than or equal to 10 lie to the low-lithia side of the LiNbO3-Li4Ti5O12 join and show extended single-phase solid solution ranges separated by two-phase regions. The composition variations along the solid solutions are controlled by a major substitution mechanism, Li+ + 3Nb(5+) <----> 4Ti(4+), coupled with a minor substitution 4Li(+) <----> Ti4+ + 3 square, where square = vacancy. The latter substitution results in increasing deviations from the stoichiometric compositions A(2N+1)O(3N) with increasing Ti Substitution. The non-stoichiometry can be reduced by re-equilibration at lower temperatures. Expressions have been developed to describe the compositional changes along the solid solutions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. CNRS, Lab Cristallog, F-38042 Grenoble, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grey, IE (reprint author), CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. EM ian.grey@csiro.au NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 177 IS 3 BP 660 EP 669 DI 10.1016/j.jssc.2003.08.010 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 807PI UT WOS:000220513000005 ER PT J AU Wiederhorn, SM Lopez, ARD Luecke, WE Hoffmann, MJ Hockey, BJ French, JD Yoon, KJ AF Wiederhorn, SM Lopez, ARD Luecke, WE Hoffmann, MJ Hockey, BJ French, JD Yoon, KJ TI Influence of grain size on the tensile creep behavior of ytterbium-containing silicon nitride SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOLUTION-PRECIPITATION CREEP; LIQUID-PHASE; COMPRESSIVE CREEP; CERAMICS; MODEL; RUPTURE; ALLOYS; GROWTH; SI3N4; MECHANISM AB The effect of grain size on the tensile creep of silicon nitride was investigated on two materials, one containing 5% by volume Yb(2)O(3), the other containing 5% by volume Yb(2)O(3) and 0.5% by mass Al(2)O(3). Annealing of the Al(2)O(3)-free silicon nitride for a longer period during processing increased the grain size by a factor of 2. This increase did not affect the tensile creep rate; the grain size exponent of the creep rate differed little from zero, p = -0.20 +/- 1.37 (95% confidence level). This finding supports the more recent theories of tensile creep for which p = 0 or -1 and rejects the more classical theory of solution-precipitation. In compression, a more limited data set showed p = -1.89 +/- 1.72 (95 % confidence level). In contrast to the Al(2)O(3)-free material, a longer term anneal of the Al(2)O(3)-containing material during processing did not increase its grain size. Despite this, the longer-annealed Al(2)O(3)-containing material crept 10 to 100 times slower than the short-annealed material. The enhancement of creep resistance may be a consequence of SiAlON formation during the additional annealing, which reduces the Al content in the amorphous phase and increases its viscosity. Such changes in chemical composition of the grain boundaries are more effective in controlling tensile creep rate than is the grain size. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI R. de Arellano Lopez, Antonio/0000-0002-7443-0244 NR 46 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 87 IS 3 BP 421 EP 430 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 807PG UT WOS:000220512800018 ER PT J AU Kanematsu, W Ives, LK AF Kanematsu, W Ives, LK TI Propagation behavior of machining cracks in delayed fracture SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SILICON-NITRIDE; STRENGTH; PARAMETERS; CERAMICS; DAMAGE AB The propagation behavior of machining-induced cracks in silicon nitride was investigated by conducting constant-stress and constant-stress-rate tests. A dye-impregnation technique that forced a palladium nitrate solution into the cracks gave clear evidence of subcritical crack growth of machining cracks in suspended constant-stress test specimens. The fracture origin before subcritical crack growth usually consisted of a series of small cracks within an elongated semielliptical envelope. The dye-impregnation results gave evidence that some of the elemental cracks had coalesced during subcritical crack growth. It was hypothesized that coalescence might explain an initially higher crack-growth rate suggested by constant-stress-rate tests. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Ceram Res Inst, Nagoya, Aichi 4628510, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kanematsu, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Ceram Res Inst, Nagoya, Aichi 4628510, Japan. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 87 IS 3 BP 500 EP 503 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 807PG UT WOS:000220512800033 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Eichler, J Eisele, U Rodel, J AF Quinn, GD Eichler, J Eisele, U Rodel, J TI Fracture mirrors in nanoscale 3Y-TZP SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FLEXURE; TESTS AB The strengths of fine-microstructural scale yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal rectangular bars and circular disks were measured by four-point flexure and flat ball (piston) on three-ball methods. Fracture mirror sizes were measured and correlated to the strengths. Although it was difficult to precisely judge the mirror boundary location in this material, consistent readings could be obtained once simple guidelines were followed. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Technol, Mat Sci Grp, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. Robert Bosch GmbH, FV, FLW, D-70049 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 87 IS 3 BP 513 EP 516 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 807PG UT WOS:000220512800037 ER PT J AU Myhre, G Stordal, F Johnsrud, M Ignatov, A Mishchenko, MI Geogdzhayev, IV Tanre, D Deuze, JL Goloub, P Nakajima, T Higurashi, A Torres, O Holben, B AF Myhre, G Stordal, F Johnsrud, M Ignatov, A Mishchenko, MI Geogdzhayev, IV Tanre, D Deuze, JL Goloub, P Nakajima, T Higurashi, A Torres, O Holben, B TI Intercomparison of satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth over the ocean SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; INDIVIDUAL AVHRR CHANNELS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SULFATE AEROSOLS; CLOUD DETECTION; AIR-POLLUTION; SAHARAN DUST; VALIDATION; THICKNESS; ALGORITHM AB For an 8-month period aerosol optical depth (AOD) is compared, derived over global oceans with five different retrieval algorithms applied to four satellite instruments flown on board three satellite platforms. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) was flown on board NOAA-14, the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) and the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER) on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS), and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board the Earth Probe satellites. The aerosol data are presented on the same format and converted to the same wavelength in the comparison and can therefore be a useful tool in validation of global aerosol models, in particular models that can be driven with meteorological data for the November 1996 to June 1997 period studied here. Large uncertainties in the global mean AOD are found. There is at least a factor of 2 difference between the AOD from the retrievals. The largest uncertainties are found in the Southern Hemisphere, and the smallest differences mostly near the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. The largest relative differences are probably caused by differences in cloud screening. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Geophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Climate Res & Applicat Div, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. UST Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Univ Oslo, Dept Geophys, POB 1022,Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. EM gunnar.myhre@geofysikk.uio.no RI Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; OI Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X; Stordal, Frode/0000-0002-5190-6473 NR 61 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 5 BP 499 EP 513 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0499:IOSRAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 780PR UT WOS:000189390900002 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, MD Ricciuto, DM Bakwin, PS Davis, KJ Wang, WG Yi, CX Butler, MP AF Hurwitz, MD Ricciuto, DM Bakwin, PS Davis, KJ Wang, WG Yi, CX Butler, MP TI Transport of carbon dioxide in the presence of storm systems over a Northern Wisconsin forest SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TALL TOWER; FLUX; VARIABILITY; MODELS; CYCLE AB Mixing ratios of CO2 often change abruptly in the presence of inclement weather and low pressure systems. Water vapor mixing ratio, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction data are used to infer that the abrupt changes in CO2 mixing ratios at a site in northern Wisconsin are due to tropospheric mixing, horizontal transport, or a combination of both processes. Four different scenarios are examined: the passage of a summer cold front, a summer convective storm, an early spring frontal passage, and a late autumn low pressure system. Each event caused CO2 mixing ratios to change rapidly when compared to biological processes. In one summer convective event, vertical mixing caused CO2 mixing ratios to rise more than 22 ppm in just 90 s. Synoptic-scale transport was also evident in the presence of storm systems and frontal boundaries. In the cases examined, synoptic-scale transport changed CO2 mixing ratios as much as 15 ppm in a 1-h time period. The events selected here represent extremes in the rate of change of boundary layer CO2 mixing ratios, excluding the commonly observed venting of a shallow, stable boundary layer. The rapid changes in CO2 mixing ratios that were observed imply that large mixing ratio gradients must exist, often over rather small spatial scales, in the troposphere over North America. These rapid changes may be utilized in inverse modeling techniques aimed at identifying sources and sinks of CO2 on regional to continental scales. C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ricciuto, DM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ricciuto@essc.psu.edu RI Wang, Weiguo/B-4948-2009; Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013; Ricciuto, Daniel/I-3659-2016 OI Ricciuto, Daniel/0000-0002-3668-3021 NR 13 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 5 BP 607 EP 618 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0607:TOCDIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 780PR UT WOS:000189390900007 ER PT J AU Drobinski, P Carlotti, P Newson, RK Banta, RM Foster, RC Redelsperger, JL AF Drobinski, P Carlotti, P Newson, RK Banta, RM Foster, RC Redelsperger, JL TI The structure of the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; DOPPLER LIDAR; COHERENT STRUCTURES; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; LARGE EDDIES; CASES-99; SPECTRA; FLOW; ORGANIZATION; SIMULATION AB Recent observational data (turbulence variables by sonic anemometers and three-dimensional flow pattern by Doppler lidar), obtained during the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study field campaign in October 1999 (CASES-99), show evidence of a layered structure of the near-neutral surface layer: (i) the eddy surface layer (ESL), which is the lower sublayer where blocking of impinging eddies is the dominating mechanism; and (ii) the shear surface layer (SSL), which is an intermediate sublayer, where shear affects the isotropy of turbulence. The origin of the eddies impinging from aloft (probably from the SSL) down to the ESL is preliminarily addressed in this study, since the Doppler lidar data show evidence of linearly organized eddies embedded in the surface layer (i.e., about 100-m vertical extent) and horizontally spaced by about 300 m. This is consistent with theories predicting that the primary mechanism of eddy motion in high Reynolds number wall layers is "top-down." The layered structure of the surface layer also has a visible effect on vertical profiles of vertical velocity variance ((w(2)) over bar) and momentum transport. In the ESL, (w(2)) over bar scales as z(2/3) while it is constant or slightly decreases within the SSL. Concerning momentum transport, ejections contribute identically to the momentum flux as do sweeps in the ESL, whereas in the SSL, ejections give about 50% higher relative contribution. C1 Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. Ctr Etud Tunnels, Bron, France. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France. RP Drobinski, P (reprint author), Ecole Polytech, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. EM philippe.drobinski@aero.jussieu.fr RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Jean-Luc, Redelsperger/L-4021-2015 NR 68 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 6 BP 699 EP 714 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0699:TSOTNA>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 805YN UT WOS:000220401700005 ER PT J AU Wu, ZH Moore, DW AF Wu, ZH Moore, DW TI The completeness of eigenfunctions of the tidal equation on an equatorial beta plane SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WAVES AB The approximate tidal theory on an equatorial beta plane has been widely applied to tropical atmospheric dynamics. There are many successful examples of such applications. However, the mathematical and physical origin of the recently discovered continuous spectrum associated with meridional eigenfunctions of negative equivalent depth is yet to be given, and the completeness of the meridional eigenfunctions in the approximate tidal theory remains to be proved. In this note, a proof of the completeness of the meridional eigenfunction is presented. The differential equation is first transformed into an equivalent integral equation that relates the solution of the differential equation to the corresponding Green's function. It is then shown that the Green's function corresponding to the meridional eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem is linear, self-adjoint, completely continuous, and square integrable over the meridional infinite domain under the principle of analytic continuation. Therefore, the eigenfunctions form a complete Hilbert space. All the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are then identified using the method of spectral representation of a second-order differential operator. Related physical properties of the eigenfunctions are also discussed. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Ocean Climate Res Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wu, ZH (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. EM zhwu@cola.iges.org RI Wu, Zhaohua/N-7102-2013; OI Wu, Zhaohua/0000-0003-1660-0724 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 61 IS 6 BP 769 EP 774 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0769:TCOEOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 805YN UT WOS:000220401700010 ER PT J AU Gutman, SI Sahm, SR Benjamin, SG Schwartz, BE Holub, KL Stewart, JQ Smith, TL AF Gutman, SI Sahm, SR Benjamin, SG Schwartz, BE Holub, KL Stewart, JQ Smith, TL TI Rapid retrieval and assimilation of ground based GPS precipitable water observations at the NOAA forecast systems laboratory: Impact on weather forecasts SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on GPS Meteorology CY JAN 14-17, 2003 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN ID VAPOR; METEOROLOGY; DESIGN AB Since 1994, the NOAA Research-Forecast Systems Laboratory (NOAA/FSL) has been evaluating the utility of ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) remote sensing techniques for operational weather forecasting, climate monitoring, atmospheric research, and other applications such as satellite calibration and validation. Techniques have been developed to acquire, process, distribute GPS integrated precipitable water vapor (IPW) retrievals and ancillary surface meteorological observations every 30-minutes with less than 15 minute latency. Techniques to assimilate these observations into the research version of the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) numerical weather prediction assimilation/model system running hourly at NOAA/FSL have been developed, and the impacts of these observations on short-range weather forecast accuracy have been evaluated since 1998 using a 60-km version of the system. These assessments consist of data denial experiments (parallel runs with and without GPS water vapor observations) to determine the impact that GPS-derived integrated (or total column) precipitable water vapor (IPW) retrievals have on short-range moisture and precipitation forecasts. The experiments have been conducted over a portion of the central United States that, from a meteorological perspective, is one of the best-observed areas on Earth. While this greatly facilitates the impact assessments, it also presents a special challenge to a new observing system under evaluation, such as GPS-Met, since relatively few measurements have to "compete" with an enormous number of other (conventional and non-conventional) observations of similar and related parameters. Despite this, five years of experiments indicate more or less continuous improvements in 3-hour relative humidity forecasts at pressure levels below 500 hPa. The greatest skill is seen during the cold season when moisture changes are dominated by synoptic-scale weather systems. Perhaps the most significant result is that the impact in improved forecast skill from assimilation of GPS-IPW data has increased each year as the number of stations has increased, suggesting that further increases in the network density over the United States will result in further forecast improvement. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, GPS Met Observ Syst Branch, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gutman, SI (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, GPS Met Observ Syst Branch, 325 Broadway R-FS3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Seth.I.Gutman@noaa.gov RI Smith, Tracy/C-7619-2015; Stewart, Jebb/D-3700-2015; Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015; Holub, Kirk/N-3744-2014 OI Smith, Tracy/0000-0002-7189-4027; Stewart, Jebb/0000-0001-7390-8675; Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236; Holub, Kirk/0000-0001-5378-576X NR 19 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 11 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1B BP 351 EP 360 DI 10.2151/jmsj.2004.351 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 820UE UT WOS:000221414100009 ER PT J AU Zou, X Liu, H Anthes, RA Shao, H Chang, JC Zhu, YJ AF Zou, X Liu, H Anthes, RA Shao, H Chang, JC Zhu, YJ TI Impact of CHAMP radio occultation observations on global analysis and forecasts in the absence of AMSU radiance data SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on GPS Meteorology CY JAN 14-17, 2003 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN ID ESTIMATION INVERSE METHOD; WATER-VAPOR; NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE; GPS OCCULTATIONS; SURFACE PRESSURE; GPS/MET; TEMPERATURE; ASSIMILATION; HUMIDITY; PROFILES AB Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) radio occultation (RO) observations during a two-week period are assimilated into global analyses using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) system with a recently improved observation operator for assimilating GPS bending angle data. The NCEP 3D-Var system used in this research is suboptimal since Advanced Microwave Unit (AMSU) radiances are not included in our experiments. Analyses with and without CHAMP observations are compared with each other and with collocated conventional radiosonde and dropsonde data, which are excluded from both experiments. Zonal mean temperature, humidity and surface pressure differences between the GPS analyses and NO-GPS analyses are examined. The GPS analyses in the Southern Hemisphere show higher temperatures than the NO-GPS analyses, particularly in the mid- and high latitudes. The GPS analyses show drier air in the lower troposphere and more moist air in the middle troposphere compared to the NO-GPS analyses. The surface pressure is slightly increased (maximum 0.8 hPa) in the Southern Hemisphere and decreased (maximum 0.25 hPa) in the Northern Hemisphere due to the inclusion of GPS observations. Compared with the collocated independent soundings, the large cold bias (as large as 2.5 K) in the NCEP Southern Hemisphere analyses produced without CHAMP observations is significantly reduced. On average, a 20% mean error reduction in the temperature analysis is obtained in the Southern Hemisphere when CHAMP data are included. Degradations in the surface pressure analysis found from previous the GPS/Meteorology data assimilation studies are greatly reduced. The differences between the surface pressure analysis errors with and without CHAMP data are less than 0.8 +/- 1.5 hPa. Comparisons of numerical forecasts initialized with analyses produced with and without CHAMP occultations display a small improvement in the forecasts in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere associated with the use of the CHAMP observations. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Chinese Culture Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zou, X (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 404,Love Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM zou@met.fsu.edu NR 30 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 82 IS 1B BP 533 EP 549 DI 10.2151/jmsj.2004.533 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 820UE UT WOS:000221414100024 ER PT J AU Hill, SB McClelland, JJ AF Hill, SB McClelland, JJ TI Performance of a feedback-controlled, deterministic source of single chromium atoms SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; DIPOLE TRAP; FREQUENCY; SODIUM AB A magneto-optical trap with feedback-controlled loading and loss rates is used to realize a deterministic source of single chromium atoms with single-atom occupation probability as high as 0.987 +/- 0.001. We present a series of measurements of the performance of this source and discuss the dependence of the probability of not having a single atom in the trap (error rate) on experimental parameters. We describe a simple analytical model that considers mean load rate, trap lifetime, stray load rate, and feedback response time, and we also present results of Monte Carlo calculations that take into account all experimental conditions. We find that the analytical model describes the behavior well for error rates as small as about 0.03, but the Monte Carlo simulations must be used to model behavior at error rates lower than this, as the occupation probability approaches unity. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jabez.mcclelland@nist.gov RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 EI 1520-8540 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 3 BP 473 EP 479 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.21.000473 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 800WB UT WOS:000220057300001 ER PT J AU Ling, L Hua, X Li, X Oehrlein, GS Celii, FG Kirmse, KHR Jiang, P Wang, YC Anderson, HM AF Ling, L Hua, X Li, X Oehrlein, GS Celii, FG Kirmse, KHR Jiang, P Wang, YC Anderson, HM TI Study of C4F8/CO and C4F8/Ar/CO plasmas for highly selective etching of organosilicate glass over Si3N4 and SiC SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE GAS; SIO2; DISCHARGES; MECHANISM; SILICON AB We have examined the effect of CO addition to C4F8 or C4F8 /Ar plasmas for selective etching of organosilicate glass (OSG) over SiC etch stop layers. The variation of important gas phase species, thin film etching rates and surface chemistry with feedgas composition was determined. CO addition exhibits dramatically different consequences on OSG/SiC etching selectivity when added to C4F8 or C4F8 /Ar plasmas containing a high proportion of Ar. An improvement of the OSG/SiC etching selectivity results from CO addition to C4F8. We observe little CO dissociation in this case, which is plausible considering the lower dissociation energy, threshold of C4F8 relative to CO. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of OSG and SiC surfaces shows that the etching selectivity improvement for C4F8 /CO may be explained not only by an increase of the thickness and a reduction of the F/C ratio of the steady-state fluorocarbon surface layer on the SiC surface during etching, but little incorporation of CO into deposited fluorocarbon films. Adding CO to C4F8 /Ar discharges with a high proportion of Ar leads to a reduction of the OSG/SiC etching selectivity. Significant dissociation of CO in Ar-rich C4F8 /Ar/CO discharges is observed, consistent with the fact that the dissociation energy threshold of CO is lower than the Ar ionization and metastable energies. Oxygen incorporation in deposited fluorocarbon films and a reduction of the steady-state fluorocarbon, surface layer thickness on SiC are observed by XPS in this case, explaining the loss of OSG/SiC etching selectivity for C4F8 /Ar/CO discharges. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Ling, L (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM oehrlein@glue.umd.edu NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 22 IS 2 BP 236 EP 244 DI 10.1116/1.1638780 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 802VA UT WOS:000220189800002 ER PT J AU Edamura, M Benck, EC AF Edamura, M Benck, EC TI Effects of voltage distribution along an induction coil and discharge frequency in inductively coupled plasmas SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID LANGMUIR PROBE MEASUREMENTS; HEATING-MODE TRANSITION; ELECTRON-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION; RF REFERENCE CELL; 13.56 MHZ; REACTOR; WAFER AB Recent etching processes often use low to middle plasma density in order to increase etching controllability or to reduce charging damages. In inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) in low to middle plasma density, effects of a capacitively coupled discharge (E discharge) on the total plasma characteristic cannot be neglected. It is thus more difficult to understand the ICPs in low to middle density than to understand high-density ICPs which can be regarded as being generated by an inductively coupled discharge (H discharge) only. In this research, we changed the voltage distribution of the induction coil of an ICP-modified gaseous electronics conference reference cell by inserting a termination capacitor between the coil and the ground. We also changed the discharge frequencies (6.28 MHz, 13.56 MHz, and 20 MHz), and investigated their effects on Ar plasmas. As a result, it was observed that the structure of the E discharge was changed by the voltage distribution of the coil and, therefore, E-to-H mode transitions were dramatically altered. Although no difference between the electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) was observed in a pure H discharge with an electrostatic shield for the experimental conditions studied (1.33 Pa and 150 W), it was observed that EEDFs were affected by the discharge frequency without an electrostatic shield, probably due to a decrease of electron density by the effect of an E discharge and an increase of the ratio of the E to H discharge with increasing discharge frequency. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Edamura, M (reprint author), Hitachi Ltd, Mech Engn Res Lab, 502 Kandatsu Machi, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 3000013, Japan. EM edamura@merl.hitachi.co.jp NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 22 IS 2 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1116/1.1641052 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 802VA UT WOS:000220189800011 ER PT J AU Rao, PVM Jensen, CR Silver, RM AF Rao, PVM Jensen, CR Silver, RM TI Enhanced model for scanning tunneling microscope tip geometry measured with field ion microscopy SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER SIMULATION; IMAGES; RECONSTRUCTION; ALLOYS AB Estimating the shape and size of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip before scanning is often necessary for the correct interpretation of the STM data. This is particularly essential when using the STM as a metrology tool. It is common among researchers to idealize the tip shape as conical, spherical, or parabolic. By using a field ion microscope (FIM), the tip shape and size can be measured directly on an atomic scale. Based on FIM measurements, it has been realized that simple idealizations of the tip shape are not satisfactory in many cases, particularly for sharp tips. In the present work, we have developed an enhanced model of the shape of a STM tip measured with FIM using Lame's curves. The proposed model, which assumes an axisymmetric tip shape, is validated with comparisons between the theoretical simulations of FIM images and experimental FIM images from tips made of tungsten (110). For tips smaller than a limiting size, applications of the model may no longer be valid. (C) 2004 American Vacuum. Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM richard.silver@nist.gov NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 22 IS 2 BP 636 EP 641 DI 10.1116/1.1648064 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 816ED UT WOS:000221092300033 ER PT J AU van Tilburg, HK AF van Tilburg, HK TI The social construction of the ocean. SO JOURNAL OF WORLD HISTORY LA English DT Book Review C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP van Tilburg, HK (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV HAWAII PRESS PI HONOLULU PA 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA SN 1045-6007 J9 J WORLD HIST JI J. World Hist. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 88 EP 90 DI 10.1353/jwh.2004.0014 PG 3 WC History SC History GA 774VW UT WOS:000189007500007 ER PT J AU Chung, SN Park, GH Lee, K Key, RM Millero, FJ Feely, RA Sabine, CL Falkowski, PG AF Chung, SN Park, GH Lee, K Key, RM Millero, FJ Feely, RA Sabine, CL Falkowski, PG TI Postindustrial enhancement of aragonite undersaturation in the upper tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean: The role of fossil fuel CO2 SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; INORGANIC CARBON; SEAWATER; WATER; ACID; DISSOLUTION; PRESSURE; SYSTEM; BUDGET AB The dissolution of aragonite particles in the ocean primarily depends on the degree of undersaturation of seawater with respect to that mineral. Most of the upper Atlantic Ocean, particularly north of 30degreesS and at depths of less than 2000 m, is supersaturated with respect to aragonite, whereas much of the deep Atlantic is undersaturated. Here we report, for the first time, shallow layers of aragonite-undersaturated water between 20degreesS and 15degreesN in the eastern tropical Atlantic. These layers are centered at 800 m and are surrounded by aragonite-supersaturated water above and below. This feature most likely results from a combination of chemical and biological processes including the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and the oxidation of organic matter falling from the highly productive overlying surface water. Reaction with protons resulting from these processes decreases the carbonate ion concentration and consequently the saturation state of the waters with respect to aragonite. The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 during the industrial era has caused a significant increase in the size of the undersaturated layers. Future expansion will likely occur laterally to the west and south, where the degree of supersaturation is low compared to waters to the north. This expansion of the undersaturated layers is a prime example of how human activity during the industrial era has altered the upper ocean chemistry by injecting fossil fuel CO2 into the ocean. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM ktl@postech.ac.kr RI Park, Geun-Ha/A-5705-2011; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 49 IS 2 BP 315 EP 321 DI 10.4319/lo.2004.49.2.0315 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 869JP UT WOS:000224979500001 ER PT J AU Ciannelli, L Brodeur, RD Napp, JM AF Ciannelli, L Brodeur, RD Napp, JM TI Foraging impact on zooplankton by age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around a front in the southeast Bering Sea SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRIBILOF-ISLANDS; ANOMALOUS CONDITIONS; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; PREY SELECTION; ENERGY CONTENT; BODY-SIZE; ALASKA; GROWTH; VARIABILITY; PLANKTON AB The waters around the Pribilof Islands in the southeast Bering Sea are a center of abundance for age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Each spring and summer a tidal front is formed around the islands separating a well-mixed inshore habitat from a stratified offshore habitat. The objective of this study was to assess the foraging impact on zooplankton by age-0 pollock in the vicinity of this frontal structure. A bioenergetic model was used to estimate age-0 pollock food consumption from field estimates of water temperature, age-0 pollock density, diet and growth. Sampling of field variables took place over three hydrographic habitats along an inshore-offshore transect located north of the islands. The bioenergetics analysis was applied for a 2-week period during the late summer of four consecutive years, 1994-1997. Model results of age-0 pollock food consumption indicated variable levels of food depletion, changing with prey type, year and habitat. The foraging impact of age-0 pollock on copepods and euphausiids (most common prey) ranged from about 3% to 77% of the biomass available at the start of the simulation. Copepod depletion was typically greater than euphausiid depletion. Consequently, juvenile pollock <60 mm in standard length were more likely to experience food limitation due to the greater proportion of copepods in their diet. We present evidence of severe foraging impact during 1996, when one of the primary prey items of juvenile pollock (i.e. large copepods) was scarcely represented both in their diet and in the water column. In all years, most instances of prey depletion were found at the inshore and front habitats; age-0 pollock densities were too low relative to their prey to severely impact the offshore zooplankton populations. We discuss these results with respect to modeling assumptions and in the context of previously acquired knowledge of fish behavior around frontal regions. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Ciannelli, L (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Lorenzo.Ciannelli@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 144 IS 3 BP 515 EP 526 DI 10.1007/s00227-003-1215-4 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 780GP UT WOS:000189364200011 ER PT J AU Sunda, W Huntsman, S AF Sunda, W Huntsman, S TI Effect of pH, light, and temperature on Fe-EDTA chelation and Fe hydrolysis in seawater (vol 84, 35, 2003) SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, NOS, CCFHR, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Sunda, W (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, CCFHR, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM bill.sunda@noaa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3-4 BP 193 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(04)00005-2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 773DF UT WOS:000188881900007 ER PT J AU Felthoven, RG Paul, CJM AF Felthoven, RG Paul, CJM TI Directions for productivity measurement in fisheries SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE productivity; policy impacts; bycatch; technical change; econometrics ID TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY; CAPACITY UTILIZATION; COMMON PROPERTY; TECHNOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; INDUSTRIES; ATLANTIC; INPUTS AB Fisheries policy is often aimed at sustaining and improving economic performance, but the use of traditional productivity measurement to assess performance over time has been quite limited. In this paper we review the currently sparse literature on productivity in fisheries, and suggest ways to better account for many of the relevant issues unique to the industry. Specifically, we discuss the need to incorporate bycatch levels, to better account for environmental and stock fluctuations, and to relax some of the restrictive economic assumptions that have been imposed in the research to date. A methodological framework that may be used to incorporate these factors is proposed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Paul, CJM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM ron.felthoven@noaa.gov; cjmpaul@primal.ucdavis.edu NR 51 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 28 IS 2 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00084-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 766KE UT WOS:000188374900006 ER PT J AU Breaker, LC Rao, DB Kelley, JGW Rivin, I Balasubramaniyan, B AF Breaker, LC Rao, DB Kelley, JGW Rivin, I Balasubramaniyan, B TI Development of a real-time Regional Ocean Forecast System with application to a domain US East Coast SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; GULF-STREAM; MODEL; ASSIMILATION AB This paper discusses the needs to establish a capability to provide real-time regional ocean forecasts and the feasibility of producing them on an operational basis. Specifically the development of a Regional Ocean Forecast System using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) as a prototype and its application to the East Coast of the U.S. are presented. The ocean forecasts are produced using surface forcing from the Eta model, the operational mesoscale weather prediction model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). At present, the ocean forecast model, called the East Coast-Regional Ocean Forecast System (ED-ROFS) includes assimilation of sea surface temperatures from in situ and satellite data and sea surface height anomalies from satellite altimeters. Examples of forecast products, their evaluation, problems that arose during the development of the system and solutions to some of those problems are also discussed. Even though work is still in progress to improve the performance of EC-ROFS, it became clear that the forecast products which are generated can be used by marine forecasters if allowances for known model deficiencies are taken into account. The EC-ROFS became fully operational at NCEP in March 2002, and is the first forecast system of its type to become operational in the civil sector of the United States. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. NR 78 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 61 EP 79 PG 19 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 827MT UT WOS:000221904700009 ER PT J AU Mourtada, F Soares, CG Horton, JL AF Mourtada, F Soares, CG Horton, JL TI A segmented P-32 source Monte Carlo model to derive AAPM TG-60 dosimetric parameters used for intravascular brachytherapy SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE intravascular brachytherapy; Monte Carlo simulation; beta dosimetry; P-32 ID MCNP AB A new high dose rate 20 mm P-32 intravascular brachytherapy (IVB) beta source used with automated stepping has recently been introduced. The AAPM Task Group 60 recommends that beta IVB sources should have well characterized dosimetric parameters in water. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations (MCNPX v 2.4) were used to derive these parameters for a 2 nun source segment rather than the entire 20 mm source to ensure the correct formulation using the traditional TG-60 and TG-43 polar coordinate system (r, theta) parameters. The dose rate at the reference depth of 2 mm, the radial dose function, and the anisotropy function were generated for the 2 mm P-32 source segment at the mid-plane, distal edge and proximal edge of the original 20 mm source. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the 2 mm distal and proximal segments are the same, but differ from that of the mid-plane segment due to the perturbation of the adjacent tungsten marker. Using the TG-60 formulation of the mid-plane and edge segments resulted in dose distributions similar to those obtained for a 20 mm linear beta source model. The segmented formulation provides a method consistent with the familiar TG-60 formulation and ability to calculate the dose-distribution inside curved vessels. (C) 2004 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ionizing Radiat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mourtada, F (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM fmourtad@mdanderson.org NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 31 IS 3 BP 602 EP 608 DI 10.1118/1.1646651 PG 7 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 804IF UT WOS:000220291700023 PM 15070260 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Coursey, BM DeWerd, LA Hanson, WF Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF AF Rivard, MJ Coursey, BM DeWerd, LA Hanson, WF Huq, MS Ibbott, GS Mitch, MG Nath, R Williamson, JF TI Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE TG-43; brachytherapy dosimetry protocol; TLD dosimetry; Monte Carlo calculations; I-125; Pd-103 ID RADIATION-THERAPY COMMITTEE; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; COLLABORATIVE OCULAR MELANOMA; ABANDON GEOMETRY FACTORS; MED. PHYS. 22; INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY; I-125 SOURCE; DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION; RATE CONSTANT AB Since publication of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group No. 43 Report in 1995 (TG-43), both the utilization of permanent source implantation and the number of low-energy interstitial brachytherapy source models commercially available have dramatically increased. In addition, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has introduced a new primary standard of air-kerma strength, and the brachytherapy dosimetry literature has grown substantially, documenting both improved dosimetry methodologies and dosimetric characterization of particular source models. In response to these advances, the AAPM Low-energy Interstitial Brachytherapy Dosimetry subcommittee (LIBD) herein presents an update of the TG-43 protocol for calculation of dose-rate distributions around photon-emitting brachytherapy sources. The updated protocol (TG-43U1) includes (a) a revised definition of air-kerma strength; (b) elimination of apparent activity for specification of source strength; (c) elimination of the anisotropy constant in favor of the distance-dependent one-dimensional anisotropy function; (d) guidance on extrapolating tabulated TG-43 parameters to longer and shorter distances; and (e) correction for minor inconsistencies and omissions in the original protocol and its implementation. Among the corrections are consistent guidelines for use of point- and line-source geometry functions. In addition, this report recommends a unified approach to comparing reference dose distributions derived from different investigators to develop a single critically evaluated consensus dataset as well as guidelines for performing and describing future theoretical and experimental single-source dosimetry studies. Finally, the report includes consensus datasets, in the form of dose-rate constants, radial dose functions, and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) anisotropy functions, for all low-energy brachytherapy source models that met the AAPM dosimetric prerequisites as of July 15, 2001. These include the following I-125 sources: Amersham Health models 6702 and 6711, Best Medical model 2301, North American Scientific Inc. (NASI) model MED3631-A/M, Bebig/Theragenics model I25.S06, and the Imagyn Medical Technologies Inc. isostar model IS-12501. The Pd-103 sources included are the Theragenics Corporation model 200 and NASI model MED3633. The AAPM recommends that the revised dose-calculation protocol and revised source-specific dose-rate distributions be adopted by all end users for clinical treatment planning of low energy brachytherapy interstitial sources. Depending upon the dose-calculation protocol and parameters currently used by individual physicists, adoption of this protocol may result in changes to patient dose calculations. These changes should be carefully evaluated and reviewed with the radiation oncologist preceding implementation of the current protocol. (C) 2004 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Accredited Dosimetry & Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Therapeut Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Radiat Therapy Comm, Low Energy Intersitial Brachytherapy Dosimetry Su, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Rivard, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Grams, Michael/G-5197-2011 NR 156 TC 769 Z9 805 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 31 IS 3 BP 633 EP 674 DI 10.1118/1.1646040 PG 42 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 804IF UT WOS:000220291700027 PM 15070264 ER PT J AU DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Das, IJ Ibbott, GS Hanson, WF Slowey, TW Williamson, JF Coursey, BM AF DeWerd, LA Huq, MS Das, IJ Ibbott, GS Hanson, WF Slowey, TW Williamson, JF Coursey, BM TI Procedures for establishing and maintaining consistent air-kerma strength standards for low-energy, photon-emitting brachytherapy sources: Recommendations of the Calibration Laboratory Accreditation Subcommittee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE brachytherapy; dosimetry; low dose rate sources ID PROSTATE-CANCER; I-125; DOSIMETRY; PD-103; CARCINOMA; OUTCOMES AB Low dose rate brachytherapy is being used extensively for the treatment of prostate cancer. As of September 2003, there are a total of thirteen I-125 and seven Pd-103 sources that have calibrations from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratories (ADCLs) of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). The dosimetry standards for these sources are traceable to the NIST wide-angle free-air chamber. Procedures have been developed by the AAPM Calibration Laboratory Accreditation Subcommittee to standardize quality assurance and calibration, and to maintain the dosimetric traceability of these sources to ensure accurate clinical dosimetry. A description of these procedures is provided to the clinical users for traceability purposes as well as to provide guidance to the manufacturers of brachytherapy sources and ADCLs with regard to these procedures. (C) 2004 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Phys, Accredited Dosimetry Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Radiat Oncol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Radiat Phys, Accredited Dosimetry Calibrat Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. K&S Associates, Accredited Dosimetry Calibrat Lab, Nashville, TN 37210 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huq, MS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Phys, Accredited Dosimetry Calibrat Lab, 1530 Med Sci Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM saiful.huq@mail.tju.edu NR 14 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 31 IS 3 BP 675 EP 681 DI 10.1118/1.1645681 PG 7 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 804IF UT WOS:000220291700028 PM 15070265 ER PT J AU Vasquez, GB Zullo, SJ Barker, PE AF Vasquez, GB Zullo, SJ Barker, PE TI Standards requirements for systems biology approaches to health care: mitochondrial proteomics SO MITOCHONDRION LA English DT Review DE mitochondrial proteomics; community; model system ID PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE; AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDE; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA; DISEASE; DEATH; RAT; CHONDROCYTES; DYSFUNCTION; EXPRESSION AB (A) review of the standards needs of the mitochondrial proteomics communities is presented based on the presentations and discussions at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) workshop, Systems Biology Approaches to Health Care: Mitochondrial Proteomics, held on September 17-18, 2002. The mitochondrial proteomics areas addressed for standards needs are model systems, methods and data. This review outlines the challenges in the field, proposes standards efforts that the community would like to see pursued to meet those challenges, and is followed by a summary and NIST's planned efforts to address these standards requirements. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Mitochondria Research Society. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vasquez, GB (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gregory.vasquez@nist.gov NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-7249 J9 MITOCHONDRION JI Mitochondrion PD MAR PY 2004 VL 3 IS 4 BP 205 EP 215 DI 10.1016/j.mito.2003.11.001 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 805UX UT WOS:000220392300002 PM 16120355 ER PT J AU Keeler-Foster, CL Spies, IB Bondu-Hawkins, V Bentzen, P AF Keeler-Foster, CL Spies, IB Bondu-Hawkins, V Bentzen, P TI Development of microsatellite markers in bonytail (Gila elegans) with cross-species amplification in humpback chub (Gila cypha) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE bonytail; Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center; enrichment; Gila; humpback; microsatellites AB Bonytail, Gila elegans, is an endangered species of fish native to the Colorado River. Primers are presented for 17 microsatellites cloned from bonytail as well as the results of test amplifications in bonytail and humpback chub, G. cypha. Bonytail exhibited three to 18 alleles per locus across the 17 microsatellites and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.58 among 10 loci used to screen 160 broodstock. Humpback chub exhibited one to six alleles and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.69 among 10 loci that were successfully amplified in that species. C1 Dexter NFHTC, Mol Ecol Program, Dexter, NM 88230 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Pathol, Infect Dis & Inflammat Program, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Fisheries Resource Conservat Genet, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. RP Keeler-Foster, CL (reprint author), Dexter NFHTC, Mol Ecol Program, POB 219, Dexter, NM 88230 USA. EM Connie_KeelerFoster@fws.gov NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 23 EP 25 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00553.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 777DJ UT WOS:000189159500008 ER PT J AU Pauluis, O Emanuel, K AF Pauluis, O Emanuel, K TI Numerical instability resulting from infrequent calculation of radiative heating SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTION; FORECASTS; MODEL AB Owing to its relative expense, radiative heating is often not calculated for every time step in numerical simulations of the atmosphere. This is justified when the radiation field evolves slowly in comparison to the atmospheric flow. However, when the effects of variable water vapor and clouds are taken into account, the radiation field can change rapidly, and the finite time between calls to the radiation scheme can introduce a destabilizing time lag. In the worst case, this lag gives rise to an exponential numerical instability with a growth rate proportional to the time interval between radiative calculations. In less drastic circumstances, in which the radiation would damp oscillations of the real system, numerical instability occurs when the time interval between calls to the radiation scheme exceeds a critical value that depends on the Doppler-shifted natural oscillation frequency and the radiative damping rate. It is shown that this type of instability occurs in a single-column model as well as in an idealized general circulation model. The critical frequency at which the radiative heating rate should be computed is found to depend on several factors, including the large-scale circulation and the model resolution. Several potential remedies are discussed. C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Pauluis, O (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, Princeton Forrestal Campus,US Rte 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM omp@gfdl.gov NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 3 BP 673 EP 686 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0673:NIRFIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RV UT WOS:000220113900001 ER PT J AU Cucurull, L Vandenberghe, F Barker, D Vilaclara, E Rius, A AF Cucurull, L Vandenberghe, F Barker, D Vilaclara, E Rius, A TI Three-dimensional variational data assimilation of ground-based GPS ZTD and meteorological observations during the 14 December 2001 storm event over the Western Mediterranean Sea SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; ZENITH DELAY OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; MESOSCALE MODEL; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION AB The impact of GPS zenith total delay (ZTD) measurements on mesoscale weather forecasts is studied. GPS observations from a permanent European network are assimilated into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) using its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The case study focuses on a snow storm that occurred during the period of 14-15 December 2001 over the western Mediterranean Sea. The experiments show that the most significant improvement in forecast is obtained when GPS ZTD data are assimilated together with local surface meteorological observations into the model within a cycling assimilation framework. In this case, the root-mean-square (rms) differences between forecasted and observed values are reduced by 1.7% in the wind component, 4.1% in the temperature variable, and 17.8% in the specific humidity field. This suggests the deployment of GPS receivers at surface stations to better initialize numerical weather prediction models during strong storm mesoscale events. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Serv Meteorol Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. RP Cucurull, L (reprint author), NOAA, Cosm Project, JCSDA, NWS,NCEP,EMC, W-NP2,5200 Auth Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. EM Lidia.Cucurull@noaa.gov RI Barker, David/A-5671-2013; Antonio, Rius/A-4873-2012; Cucurull, Lidia/E-8900-2015 OI Antonio, Rius/0000-0002-5947-2649; NR 27 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 3 BP 749 EP 763 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0749:TVDAOG>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RV UT WOS:000220113900006 ER PT J AU Grasso, LD Greenwald, TJ AF Grasso, LD Greenwald, TJ TI Analysis of 10.7-mu m brightness temperatures of a simulated thunderstorm with two-moment microphysics SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; ABSORBING GAS; MODEL CLOUDS; WATER; ICE; PARAMETERIZATION; EXTINCTION; ABSORPTION AB A cloud-resolving model was used in conjunction with a radiative transfer (RT) modeling system to study 10.7-mum brightness temperatures computed for a simulated thunderstorm. A two-moment microphysical scheme was used that included seven hydrometeor types: pristine ice, snow, aggregates, graupel, hail, rain, and cloud water. Also, five different habits were modeled for pristine ice and snow. Hydrometeor optical properties were determined from an extended anomalous diffraction theory approach. Brightness temperatures were computed using a delta-Eddington two-stream model. Results indicate that the enhanced "`V,'' a feature sometimes seen in satellite infrared observations, may be formed through an interaction between the overshooting dome and the upstream flanking region of high pressure. This idea is contrary to one in which the overshooting dome is viewed as an obstacle to the environmental flow. As expected, the radiative effects of pristine ice particles within the anvil largely determined the brightness temperature field. Although brightness temperatures were found to be insensitive to microphysical characteristics of moderate to thick portions of the anvil, a strong relationship did exist with column-integrated pristine ice mass for cloud optical depths below about 5. Precipitation-sized hydrometeors and surface precipitation rate, on the other hand, failed to exhibit any meaningful relationship with the cloud-top brightness temperature. The combined mesoscale model and RT modeling system used in this study may also have utility in satellite product development prior to launch of a satellite and in satellite data assimilation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Grasso, LD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, RAMMT CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM grasso@genesis.cira.colostate.edu NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 3 BP 815 EP 825 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0815:AOMBTO>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RV UT WOS:000220113900010 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Arndt, DS Stensrud, DJ Hanna, JW AF Schultz, DM Arndt, DS Stensrud, DJ Hanna, JW TI Snowbands during the cold-air outbreak of 23 January 2003 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GREAT-SALT-LAKE; HORIZONTAL CONVECTIVE ROLLS; EFFECT SNOW STORM; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SHALLOW CONVECTION; FAIR-WEATHER; RADAR ECHOES; CLOUD BANDS; MESOSCALE; ATMOSPHERE AB A cold-air outbreak east of the Rocky Mountains on 23 January 2003 produced banded clouds and snow across the central and southeastern United States. The bands occurred through two processes: 1) thermal instability in the planetary boundary layer produced horizontal convective rolls (HCRs) over widespread areas, and 2) lake-effect processes downstream of small lakes (fetch, 100 km) produced localized bands. Characteristics of the observed bands associated with the HCRs, such as horizontal scale, depth of circulation, orientation, duration, and dynamics, are explored through observations, previous literature, and theoretical models. Snow from clouds produced by HCRs over land during the cold season has not been extensively studied previously. In this event, cold-air advection over the warm ground led to an upward sensible heat flux, promoting the occurrence of the HCR circulations. As the surface temperature decreased, the height of the lifting condensation level decreased, eventually forming cloud bands within the ascending portion of the HCR circulations. Ice crystals are inferred to have fallen from a large-scale precipitation system aloft into the cloud bands in the planetary boundary layer, which was within the favored temperature regime for dendritic growth of ice crystals. The ice crystals grew and reached the surface as light snow. This seeder-feeder process suggests one way to anticipate development of such snowbands in the future, as demonstrated by other similar events on other days in Oklahoma and Illinois. As the cloud bands were advected equatorward, they ingested drier air and dissipated. Among the several lake-effect bands observed on 23 January 2003, one notable band occurred downwind of Lake Kentucky. Midlake convergence of the land breeze may have initially produced a narrow cloud band that broadened as the land breeze ended. That the snowbands due to the HCRs and lake effect were both associated with heat and/or moisture fluxes from the earth's surface highlights the potential importance of ground- and water-surface temperature measurements for accurate numerical weather prediction. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climatol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Serv Div, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.schultz@noaa.gov RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010; Arndt, Derek/J-3022-2013 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975; NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 132 IS 3 BP 827 EP 842 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0827:SDTCOO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801RV UT WOS:000220113900011 ER PT J AU Kuramochi, H Perez-Murano, F Dagata, JA Yokoyama, H AF Kuramochi, H Perez-Murano, F Dagata, JA Yokoyama, H TI Faradaic current detection during anodic oxidation of the H-passivated p-Si(001) surface with controlled relative humidity SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCANNED PROBE OXIDATION; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; SILICON SURFACES; NANO-OXIDATION; SI NANOSTRUCTURES; KINETICS; NANOFABRICATION; GROWTH AB Faradaic current during anodic oxidation is measured over a relative humidity range of 40-70% using an atomic force microscope with humidity control. The level of detected current during the fabrication of oxide dots on H-passivated Si(001) is in the picoampere (pA) level. Current flow began immediately (within a few milliseconds) after applying an oxidation voltage above a threshold value and decreased with time according to oxide growth. The total charge resulting from the current flow was calculated by integrating the current-time curve and was found to agree well with an estimation of expected current from the volume of the fabricated oxide dots. Actual monitoring of the oxidation process by the Faradaic current is demonstrated during the fabrication of a two-dimensional lattice. C1 Res Consortium Synth Nano Funct Mat, AIST, SYNAF, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Seiko Instruments Inc, Shizuoka 4101393, Japan. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, IMB, CNM, CSIC, E-01893 Bellaterra, Spain. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NRI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. RP Kuramochi, H (reprint author), Res Consortium Synth Nano Funct Mat, AIST, SYNAF, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. RI Perez-Murano, Francesc/A-6384-2013 OI Perez-Murano, Francesc/0000-0002-4647-8558 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 15 IS 3 BP 297 EP 302 AR PII S0957-4484(04)70056-2 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/15/3/012 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 807VW UT WOS:000220530000015 ER PT J AU Boeing, WJ Leech, DM Williamson, CE Cooke, S Torres, L AF Boeing, WJ Leech, DM Williamson, CE Cooke, S Torres, L TI Damaging UV radiation and invertebrate predation: conflicting selective pressures for zooplankton vertical distribution in the water column of low DOC lakes SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet; Chaoborus; vertical distribution; vertical migration; predator-prey overlap ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; B RADIATION; CHAOBORUS-FLAVICANS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; SEASONAL DIFFERENCES; ACIDIFIED LAKES; NORTH-AMERICA AB In nature most organisms have to manage conflicting demands of food gathering, predator avoidance, and finding a favorable abiotic environment (oxygen, temperature, etc.) in order to maximize their fitness. In the vertical water column of lakes with high solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) and invertebrate predators, zooplankton face two particularly strong and conflicting selective pressures. During daylight hours invertebrate predators often induce an upward vertical migration of zooplankton prey while potentially damaging UV forces a downward migration. We used 2.2 m long columns suspended vertically in a lake to conduct 2x2 factorial experiments to examine patterns of depth selection behavior by zooplankton in the presence and absence of both the invertebrate predator Chaoborus and UV. We hypothesized that Chaoborus and UV both affect the distribution of zooplankton and a combination of both factors would lead to a narrowing of depth distribution. We found that when Chaoborus were present zooplankton tended to be distributed at shallower depths in the columns, while in the presence of UV they exhibited a deeper distribution. Chaoborus themselves were always found near the bottom of the columns regardless of the UV treatment. Simultaneous exposure to predators and UV resulted in a peak of zooplankton (especially Daphnia catawba) distribution at intermediate depths. In a significant number of cases, depth range was narrowed in response to Chaoborus, UV, or both. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Boeing, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Wiebke.Boeing@noaa.gov RI Cooke, Sandra/A-5033-2010 NR 76 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 EI 1432-1939 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2004 VL 138 IS 4 BP 603 EP 612 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1468-0 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805KR UT WOS:000220365700013 PM 14685849 ER PT J AU Gu, ZH Fulks, IM Ciftan, M AF Gu, ZH Fulks, IM Ciftan, M TI Grazing angle enhanced backscattering from a dielectric film on a reflecting metal substrate SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE enhanced backscattering effect; coherence effect; rough surface scattering ID MULTILAYER-COATED OPTICS; PLANE-LAYERED MEDIUM; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ROUGH-SURFACE; THIN-FILMS; WAVE DIFFRACTION; POLARIZATION; INTERFACES AB We have recently observed several features from a randomly rough dielectric film on a reflecting metal substrate including a change in the spectrum of light at the satellite peaks, the high-order correlation, and enhanced backscattering from the grazing angle. In this paper, we focus on the enhanced backscattering phenomena. The backscattering signal at small grazing angles is very important for vehicle re-entrance and subsurface radar sensing applications. Recently, we performed an experimental study of far-field scattering at small grazing angles, especially enhanced backscattering at grazing angles. For a randomly weak, rough dielectric film on a reflecting metal substrate, a much larger enhanced backscattering peak is measured. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions based on a two-scale surface roughness scattering model. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Surface Opt Corp, San Diego, CA 92127 USA. Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USA, Res Off, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gu, ZH (reprint author), Surface Opt Corp, 11555 Rancho Bernardo Rd, San Diego, CA 92127 USA. EM zgu@surfaceoptics.com NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 43 IS 3 BP 559 EP 567 DI 10.1117/1.1646410 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 808EM UT WOS:000220552400005 ER PT J AU Spraker, TR Lyons, ET DeLong, RL Zink, RR AF Spraker, TR Lyons, ET DeLong, RL Zink, RR TI Penetration of the small intestine of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pup by adult hookworms (Uncinaria spp) SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB During a study on the mortality of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups born on San Miguel Island, California in 2002, two adult female hookworms (Uncinaria spp) were found penetrating the serosal surface of the intestinal wall and protruding into the peritoneal cavity of one pup. Documentation and a description of this unexpected finding and associated lesions are presented here. Also, adult hookworms were found in the peritoneal fluid of two other dead Z. californianus pups. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40545 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Spraker, TR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM tspraker@colostate.edu NR 2 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 92 IS 5 BP 436 EP 438 DI 10.1007/s00436-003-1050-z PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 808JA UT WOS:000220564200014 PM 15115001 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Giebultowicz, TM TI Domain structure of EuS/PbS and EuS/YbSe superlattices studied by polarized neutron reflectometry SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarised Neutrons and Synchrotron X-rays for Magnetism CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL San Servolo Venice Int Univ Campus, Venice, ITALY HO San Servolo Venice Int Univ Campus DE neutron reflectivity; superlattices; magnetic semiconductors; domain structure; magnetic anisotropy AB Polarized neutron reflectivity experiments have been carried out on a number of specimens of ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductor superlattices EuS/PbS and EuS/YbSe with (001) growth plane in order to determine the distribution of magnetization directions of the in-plane FM domains. A preferred magnetic domain orientation within the growth plane was found in all the samples investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Warsaw Univ, Inst Phys Expt, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Tech Univ, Kharkov Polytech Inst, UA-31002 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Warsaw Univ, Inst Phys Expt, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM henryk.kepa@fuw.edu.pl OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 345 IS 1-4 BP 193 EP 196 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2003.11.052 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 777NR UT WOS:000189184900046 ER PT J AU Osborn, KD Keller, MW Mirin, RP AF Osborn, KD Keller, MW Mirin, RP TI Single-electron transistor spectroscopy of InGaAs self-assembled quantum dots SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures (MSS11) CY JUL 14-18, 2003 CL Nara, JAPAN DE self-assembled; InGaAs; quantum dot; single-electron transistor ID TURNSTILE DEVICE; CHARGE AB A single-electron transistor (SET) is used to detect tunneling of single electrons into individual InGaAs self-assembled quantum dots (QDs). By using an SET with a small island area and growing QDs with a low density we are able to distinguish and measure three QDs. The bias voltage at which resonant tunneling into the dots occurs can be shifted using a surface gate electrode. From the applied voltages at which we observe electrons tunneling, we are able to measure the electron addition energies of three QDs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Osborn, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM osborn@boulder.nist.gov OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2-4 BP 501 EP 505 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.047 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 812XX UT WOS:000220873300074 ER PT J AU Carr, LD Bourdel, T Castin, Y AF Carr, LD Bourdel, T Castin, Y TI Limits of sympathetic cooling of fermions by zero-temperature bosons due to particle losses SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM KINETIC-THEORY; MASTER EQUATION; TRAPPED ATOMS; GAS AB It has been suggested by Timmermans [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 240403 (2001)] that loss of fermions in a degenerate system causes strong heating. We address the fundamental limit imposed by this loss on the temperature that may be obtained by sympathetic cooling of fermions by bosons. Both a quantum Boltzmann equation and a quantum Boltzmann master equation are used to study the evolution of the occupation number distribution. It is shown that, in the thermodynamic limit, the Fermi gas cools to a minimal temperature k(B)T/muproportional to(gamma(loss)/gamma(coll))(0.44), where gamma(loss) is a constant loss rate, gamma(coll) is the bare fermion-boson collision rate not including the reduction due to Fermi statistics, and musimilar tok(B)T(F) is the chemical potential. It is demonstrated that, beyond the thermodynamic limit, the discrete nature of the momentum spectrum of the system can block cooling. The unusual nonthermal nature of the number distribution is illustrated from several points of view: the Fermi surface is distorted, and in the region of zero momentum the number distribution can descend to values significantly less than unity. Our model explicitly depends on a constant evaporation rate, the value of which can strongly affect the minimum temperature. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Carr, Lincoln/E-3819-2016 OI Carr, Lincoln/0000-0002-4848-7941 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 AR 033603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.033603 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 808YU UT WOS:000220605200084 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Hu, BL Calzetta, E Roura, A Clark, CW AF Rey, AM Hu, BL Calzetta, E Roura, A Clark, CW TI Nonequilibrium dynamics of optical-lattice-loaded Bose-Einstein-condensate atoms: Beyond the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SELF-CONSISTENT APPROXIMATIONS; QUANTUM-FIELD THEORY; HARD THERMAL LOOPS; PARTICLE CREATION; CURVED SPACETIME; GAS; SUPERFLUID; NUMBER; ENTROPY; FORMULATION AB In this work a two-particle irreducible (2PI) closed-time-path (CTP) effective action is used to describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate selectively loaded into every third site of a one-dimensional optical lattice. The motivation of this work is the recent experimental realization of this system. Patterned loading methods may be useful for quantum computing with trapped atoms. This system also serves to illustrate many basic issues in nonequilibrium quantum-field theory pertaining to the dynamics of quantum correlations and fluctuations which goes beyond the capability of a mean-field theory. By numerically evolving in time the initial-state configuration using the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian an exact quantum solution is available for this system in the case of few atoms and wells. One can also use it to test various approximate methods. Under the 2PI CTP scheme with this initial configuration, three different approximations are considered: (a) the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation, (b) the next-to-leading-order 1/N expansion of the 2PI effective action up to second order in the interaction strength, and (c) a second-order perturbative expansion in the interaction strength. We present detailed comparisons between these approximations and determine their range of validity by contrasting them with the exact many-body solution for a moderate number of atoms and wells. As a general feature we observe that because the second-order 2PI approximations include multiparticle scattering in a systematic way, they are able to capture damping effects exhibited in the exact solution, which a mean-field collisionless approach fails to produce. While the second-order approximations show a clear improvement over the HFB approximation, our numerical results show that they fail at late times, when interaction effects are significant. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Technol Adm, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 83 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 AR 033610 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.033610 PG 21 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 808YU UT WOS:000220605200091 ER PT J AU Song, DG AF Song, DG TI Secure key distribution by swapping quantum entanglement SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOGRAPHY; STATES AB We report two key distribution schemes achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. Using two Bell states, two bits of secret key can be shared between two distant parties that play symmetric and equal roles. We also address eavesdropping attacks against the schemes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 AR 034301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.034301 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 808YU UT WOS:000220605200113 ER PT J AU Harris, AB Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY Yildirim, T AF Harris, AB Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY Yildirim, T TI Landau expansion for the Kugel-Khomskii t(2g) Hamiltonian SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS; ISING-MODEL; SPIN-ORBIT; PHASES; ORDER; ANISOTROPIES; FRUSTRATION; TRANSITION; DISORDER AB The Kugel-Khomskii (KK) Hamiltonian describes spin and orbital superexchange interactions between d(1) ions in an ideal cubic perovskite structure, in which the three t(2g) orbitals are degenerate in energy and electron hopping is constrained by cubic site symmetry. In this paper we implement a variational approach to mean-field theory in which each site i has its own nxn single-site density matrix rho(i), where n, the number of allowed single-particle states, is 6 (3 orbital times 2 spin states). The variational free energy from this 35 parameter density matrix is shown to exhibit the unusual symmetries noted previously, which lead to a wave-vector-dependent susceptibility for spins in alpha orbitals which is dispersionless in the q(alpha) direction. Thus, for the cubic KK model itself, mean-field theory does not provide wavevector "selection," in agreement with rigorous symmetry arguments. We consider the effect of including various perturbations. When spin-orbit interactions are introduced, the susceptibility has dispersion in all directions in q space, but the resulting antiferromagnetic mean-field state is degenerate with respect to global rotation of the staggered spin, implying that the spin-wave spectrum is gapless. This possibly surprising conclusion is also consistent with rigorous symmetry arguments. When next-nearest-neighbor hopping is included, staggered moments of all orbitals appear, but the sum of these moments is zero, yielding an exotic state with long-range order without long-range spin order. The effect of a Hund's rule coupling of sufficient strength is to produce a state with orbital order. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 9 AR 094409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.094409 PG 19 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 812AQ UT WOS:000220812800071 ER PT J AU Matsuura, M Dai, P Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN Onose, Y Tokura, Y AF Matsuura, M Dai, P Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN Onose, Y Tokura, Y TI Magnetic-field effect on static antiferromagnetic order above the upper critical field in Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS; T-C SUPERCONDUCTOR; SPURIOUS MAGNETISM AB We use neutron scattering to study the effect of a c-axis-aligned magnetic field on superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 for fields above its upper critical field. We also determine the effect of such a field on the cubic impurity phase (Nd,Ce)(2)O-3. By comparing these data with previous field-induced results on other electron-doped materials, we conclude that while the impurity phase is responsible for scattering at (1/2,0,0), application of a magnetic field does induce a quantum phase transition from the superconducting to an antiferromagnetic state in electron-doped high-T-c superconductors. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Japan Sci & Technol, ERATO, Spin Superstruct Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Matsuura, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Onose, Yoshinori/F-1977-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Tokura, Yoshinori/C-7352-2009; Matsuura, Masato/C-2827-2013 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Matsuura, Masato/0000-0003-4470-0271 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 10 AR 104510 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.104510 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 812AX UT WOS:000220813500082 ER PT J AU Migas, DB Miglio, L Rebien, M Henrion, W Stauss, P Birdwell, AG Davydov, AV Shaposhnikov, VL Borisenko, VE AF Migas, DB Miglio, L Rebien, M Henrion, W Stauss, P Birdwell, AG Davydov, AV Shaposhnikov, VL Borisenko, VE TI Structural, electronic, and optical properties of beta-(Fe1-xCox)Si-2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; ION-BEAM SYNTHESIS; WAVE BASIS-SET; DOPED BETA-FESI2; IRON DISILICIDE; THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; CO; SEMICONDUCTORS AB Optimized crystal structure, electronic bands, and density of states near the band gap, and the dielectric function of beta-(Fe1-xCox)Si-2 with x equal to 0.0625 and 0.125 were obtained by means of total energy ultrasoft pseudopotential and full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave calculations. We address a preferential occupation of the Fe-1 and Fe-2 sites by the Co atoms at different concentrations indicating the Fe-2 site to be energetically favorable. We also discuss a variation in the energy gap and in the position of the donor level in beta-(Fe1-xCox)Si-2 with increasing Co content. Calculated imaginary and real parts of the dielectric function show a good agreement with results of ellipsometric measurements of samples grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. C1 Univ Milano Bicocca, INFM, I-20125 Milan, Italy. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Sci Mat, I-20125 Milan, Italy. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, Dept Photovolt, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Belarussian State Univ Informat & Radioelect, Minsk 220013, Byelarus. RP Migas, DB (reprint author), Univ Milano Bicocca, INFM, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milan, Italy. EM migas@mater.unimib.it RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 11 AR 115204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.115204 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 812BC UT WOS:000220814000062 ER PT J AU Rao, GH Huang, Q Yang, HF Ho, DL Lynn, JW Liang, JK AF Rao, GH Huang, Q Yang, HF Ho, DL Lynn, JW Liang, JK TI Magnetic phase transitions in Pr5Ge4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; GD-5(SI2GE2); SILICON; ND5GE4 AB The magnetic structure and magnetic phase transitions of the Pr5Ge4 compound are investigated by means of neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Both NPD and SANS indicate the existence of two magnetic phase transitions at 25 K and 42 K. Refinement of the crystal structure based on the high-resolution NPD data shows that from room temperature to 1.6 K the compound maintains the Sm5Ge4-type structure (Pnma, Z=4), in which Ge atoms occupy two 4c sites and one 8d site and Pr atoms occupy two 8d sites and one 4c site. Refinements of the magnetic structures reveal that the two magnetic transitions essentially correspond to the long-range orderings of the Pr moments on different crystallographic sites. The Pr moments on the 4c site order ferromagnetically with Pn(')ma(') symmetry at 42 K and induce small ordered Pr moments on the 8d sites. The long-range ordering of the Pr moments on the 8d sites develops at 25 K with Pnm(')a(') symmetry. The separate ordering of the Pr moments on different crystallographic sites can be readily understood by the salient difference in the rare earth metal environments between the different crystallographic sites. The Pr moments on the 4c site in Pr5Ge4 compound align along the b axis, in contrast to other reported R5Ge4 compounds, and can be attributed to the contribution of higher-order terms of crystal-field to magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the various R atoms in the R5Ge4 compounds. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rao, GH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, POB 603, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 9 AR 094430 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.094430 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 812AQ UT WOS:000220812800092 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK TI Multiscale Green's-function method for modeling point defects and extended defects in anisotropic solids: Application to a vacancy and free surface in copper SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ALUMINUM; METALS; STRAIN AB The elastic response of a vacancy in a semi-infinite fcc copper lattice containing a free surface is calculated by using a new multiscale Green's function method. The method treats the lattice distortion near the vacancy at the atomistic level and the free surface at the macroscopic continuum level in the same formalism. The lattice is modeled using the lattice statics Green's function that fully accounts for the discrete atomistic structure of the lattice and can model a large crystallite containing a million atoms without excessive CPU effort. The method is especially useful for modeling the elastic response of nanocrystals containing point defects in which surfaces and interfaces play important roles. The method bridges the length scales seamlessly by relating the microscopic lattice distortion near a point defect to measurable macroscopic parameters of the solid such as the strain and the displacement field at a free surface. Using the interatomic potential derived by Cleri and Rosato, the lattice distortion, relaxation energy, and relaxation volume due to a vacancy are calculated in an otherwise perfect copper lattice for a million-atom model containing a free (100) surface. The calculated value of the relaxation volume is in excellent agreement with the observed value. Numerical results are also presented for the strain and the displacement fields at the free surface due to a vacancy and the interaction energy between a vacancy and the free surface in anisotropic semi-infinite copper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tewary@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 9 AR 094109 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.094109 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 812AQ UT WOS:000220812800042 ER PT J AU Watanabe, M AF Watanabe, M TI Single-electron transistors in electromagnetic environments SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID COULOMB-BLOCKADE; JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS AB The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of single-electron transistors (SETs) have been measured in various electromagnetic environments. Some SETs were biased with one-dimensional arrays of dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The purpose was to provide the SETs with a magnetic-field-tunable environment in the superconducting state, and a high-impedance environment in the normal state. The comparison of SETs with SQUID arrays and those without arrays in the normal state confirmed that the effective charging energy of SETs in the normal state becomes larger in the high-impedance environment, as expected theoretically. In SETs with SQUID arrays in the superconducting state, as the zero-bias resistance of the SQUID arrays was increased to be much larger than the quantum resistance R(K)equivalent toh/e(2)approximate to26 kOmega, a sharp Coulomb blockade was induced, and the current modulation by the gate-induced charge was changed from e periodic to 2e periodic at a bias point 0