FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT B AU Connor, LN Chang, PS Jelenak, Z Wang, NY Mavor, TP AF Connor, LN Chang, PS Jelenak, Z Wang, NY Mavor, TP GP ieee TI WindSat validation datasets: An overview SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE radiometry; polarimetry; ocean surface winds; calibration; validation AB Since the January 6, 2003 launch of the Naval Research Laboratory satellite Coriolis, the WindSat instrument onboard has provided over a Near of unprecedented polarimetric microwave measurements of the globe. The WindSat radiometer has five operating frequencies at 6.8, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8 and 37 GHz, with the 10.7, 18.7, and 37 GHz channels providing fully polarimetric signals. The primary mission of Coriolis is to exploit the unique information provided by WindSat's polarimetric capabilities to retrieve the complete ocean surface wind vector (speed and direction), though the retrieval of numerous other environmental parameters is being actively pursued as well. As part of a pre-NPOESS risk reduction effort, the NOAA/NESDIS/Office of Research and Applications has been collaborating with the Naval Research Laboratory's Remote Sensing Division in the calibration/validation of WindSat in preparation for the release of WindSat data products to the scientific and operational communities. An extensive overview is presented of the WindSat calibration/validation effort being put forth at NOAA/NESDIS and the associated comparison databases constructed for that purpose. These databases include data of WindSat measurements collocated with measurements from oceanographic buoys, ships, other satellites, and global data assimilation models. The strengths and limitations of these various datasets will be discussed in detail. This includes a synopsis of the colocation strategies used in matchup database construction for comparing WindSat measurements with other satellite based measurements, focusing particularly on similar orbit SSM/I data and its use in brightness temperature calibration. In addition, the use of NCEP's Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) as a powerful source of plentiful comparison data is explored, particularly with regard to WindSat model function development. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Connor, LN (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RI Jelenak, Zorana/F-5596-2010; Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Connor, Laurence/E-7930-2011; Wang, Nai-Yu/E-5303-2016 OI Jelenak, Zorana/0000-0003-0510-2973; Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Connor, Laurence/0000-0002-5276-6257; NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 386 EP 389 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900101 ER PT B AU Reinking, RF AF Reinking, RF GP ieee TI Radar radial velocity variance measurements to decipher mountain-influenced Kelvin-Helmholtz waves, slope flows, and rotors SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE cloud radar; Doppler second moment; mountain airflows; K-H waves; turbulence and shears AB The variance of the radial velocity in a cloud radar's signature is an underused parameter. The parameter represents a combination of the effects of convective turbulence and mechanical mixing from wind shear. It's usefulness in deciphering laminar, sheared, and turbulent mountain-influenced airflows within clouds is demonstrated in this paper. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. RP Reinking, RF (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 444 EP 447 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900116 ER PT B AU Zrnic, DS Melnikov, VM Ryzhkov, AV AF Zrnic, DS Melnikov, VM Ryzhkov, AV GP ieee TI Use of backscatter differential phase in weather surveillance radars SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 456 EP 458 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900119 ER PT B AU Randa, J Cox, AE Walker, DK Francis, M Guerrieri, J MacReynolds, K AF Randa, J Cox, AE Walker, DK Francis, M Guerrieri, J MacReynolds, K GP ieee TI Standard radiometers and targets for microwave remote sensing SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE brightness temperature; microwave radiometry; radiometer calibration; remote sensing; standards AB We describe the NIST effort to develop brightness-temperature standards for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Results of preliminary measurements; at 26 GHz are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 695 EP 698 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900183 ER PT B AU Wick, GA Jackson, DL Castro, SL AF Wick, GA Jackson, DL Castro, SL GP ieee TI Production of an enhanced blended infrared and microwave sea surface temperature product SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB The simultaneous availability of infrared and passive microwave satellite sensors provides highly complementary information enabling the creation of improved all-weather, high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) products. Existing SST products from the infrared Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and TRMM Microwave Imager are blended to produce daily, pre-dawn, 0.25degrees resolution SST grids representative of the temperature at 1-m depth. Complex spatial and temporal differences between the original products resulting from different retrieval errors and measurement times are first addressed using derived bias adjustments and diurnal warming corrections. The products are then combined using an optimal interpolation approach that accounts for differing uncertainties in the products. Evaluation of the resulting analyzed SSTs with buoy observations demonstrates that the bias corrections improve the accuracy of the products making them comparable to single-sensor products but with improved sampling. Diurnal corrections based on limited forcing data reduce bias in the analysis but add scatter, suggesting further improvements are required. C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway,R-ET6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 835 EP 838 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900220 ER PT B AU Naugolnykh, K Charnotskii, M AF Naugolnykh, K Charnotskii, M GP ieee TI Ocean-atmosphere interaction and surface temperature modulation by gravity-capillary waves SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB There is a difference between the temperature at the ocean-air interface and that of the interior layers, the surface is generally cooler than the subsurface water. The major temperature variation concentrated in the thin skin layer of about 10(-1) cm thickness. Development of subsurface vorticity induced by steep capillary waves increases the heat conductivity and correspondingly; decreases the surface cooling. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, ETL Zeltech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Naugolnykh, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, ETL Zeltech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 843 EP 844 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900222 ER PT B AU Westwater, R Crewell, S Matzler, CA AF Westwater, R Crewell, S Matzler, CA GP ieee TI Frontiers in surface-based microwave and millimeter wavelength radiometry SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci ID CLOUD LIQUID WATER; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; PROFILES; NETWORK AB Surface-based radiometric sensing of atmospheric parameters has a long history of providing useful measurements of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid. In this Special Tributary Session to Professor Calvin Swift, several contemporary instruments are discussed and representative results are presented. Recent and promising developments include new absorption models, improved retrieval techniques, multi-frequency radiometers, scanning observations of clouds, and combined active-passive remote sensing. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Westwater, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Crewell, Susanne/O-1640-2013 OI Crewell, Susanne/0000-0003-1251-5805 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1268 EP 1272 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900333 ER PT B AU Westwater, ER Klein, M Leuski, V Gasiewski, AJ Uttal, T Hazen, DA Cimini, D Mattioli, V Weber, BL Dowlatshahi, S Shaw, JA Liljegren, JS Lesht, BM Zak, BD AF Westwater, ER Klein, M Leuski, V Gasiewski, AJ Uttal, T Hazen, DA Cimini, D Mattioli, V Weber, BL Dowlatshahi, S Shaw, JA Liljegren, JS Lesht, BM Zak, BD GP ieee TI Initial results from the 2004 north slope of Alaska arctic winter radiometric experiment SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB A multi-instrument radiometric experiment was conducted on the North Slope of Alaska near Barrow, Alaska, during March 9 to April 9 2004. Initial radiometric and radiosonde data from this experiment are presented. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1374 EP 1377 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900361 ER PT B AU Rogers, EO Fleischer, GW Simpson, PK Denny, GF AF Rogers, EO Fleischer, GW Simpson, PK Denny, GF GP ieee TI Broadband fish identification of Laurentian Great Lakes fishes SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE broadband; sonar; fish identification; classification ID NEURAL NETWORKS; CLASSIFICATION; MICHIGAN; MIDWATER AB Broadband acoustic echoes were collected on free-swimming alewives Alosa psuedoharungus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and bloaters Coregonus hoyi. Concurrent midwater trawls were used to determine species composition. A genetic neural network was trained on broadband echoes from each species to an overall correct classification rate of 91%. Tests of the trained network suggested an overall expected correct classification rate of 80-85% and indicated rainbow smelt and alewife echoes were less likely confused as compared to bloater. Application of the trained network to recorded echo data resulted in predicted species compositions that did not correspond well to those observed in the trawls. The classifiers may have been confounded by inclusion of echoes from various species, especially for bloater. A restriction to echoes collected concurrent to trawls or other controlled situations (e.g., pens or smaller lakes with single species) may be needed for building 'clean' classifiers. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries, Seattle, WA USA. RP Rogers, EO (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries, Seattle, WA USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1430 EP 1434 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900375 ER PT B AU Randa, J Walker, DK Cox, AE Billinger, RL AF Randa, J Walker, DK Cox, AE Billinger, RL GP ieee TI Errors due to the reflectivity of calibration targets SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE calibration; calibration target; microwave radiometer; radiometer; remote sensing; uncertainty analysis AB For a microwave total-power radiometer, we consider the error introduced by neglecting the difference in the antenna reflection coefficient between when it views a distant scene and when it views a nearby calibration target. An approximate expression is presented for the error, and measurement results are presented that enable one to estimate the resulting uncertainty in the measured brightness temperature. This uncertainty ranges from about 0.1 K to several kelvins for the representative cases considered. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1715 EP 1718 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900447 ER PT B AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV AF Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV GP ieee TI Recent anomalies in Great Lakes ice cover based on statistical analysis and observation SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1857 EP 1857 PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900484 ER PT B AU Li, XF Zheng, WZ Pichel, WG Zou, CZ Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS AF Li, XF Zheng, WZ Pichel, WG Zou, CZ Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS GP ieee TI Analysis of island wakes and katabatic winds imaged by RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE SAR; katabatic wind; gap wind; MM5 model ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; SAR IMAGES; SATELLITE; OCEAN; ABOARD; WAVES; ROLLS; MODEL AB In this study, the sea surface imprints of strong mountain katabatic winds and gap winds are observed on RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ScanSAR wide images off the west coast of the U.S. and in the Gulf of Alaska. Two case studies are presented. In the first case study, a RARASAT-1 SAR scene taken at 14:25:30 UTC on January 21, 2003 shows a finger-like wind pattern that mirrors the coastal mountain height. In the second case, the SAR image was taken at 4:41:4-5 UTC on December 22, 1999. It shows it strong gap wind and vortex streets through the Aleutian Islands. In order to understand the dynamics of these wind patterns observed in the SAR images, we simulated the low level atmospheric circulation using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model, MM5. A triple nested-grid (9/3/1 km) technique is employed to achieve a multi-scale simulation. In general the MM5 model captures the wind pattern very well and reveals the dynamics of these meso-scale atmospheric phenomena. However, the MM5 did not resolve the vortex shedding due to the model resolution and the complex nature of this phenomenon. C1 NOAA, ERA 3, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, ERA 3, WWBG, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1899 EP 1902 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900496 ER PT B AU Raizer, V AF Raizer, V GP ieee TI Correlation analysis of high-resolution ocean microwave radiometric images SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB Recent remote sensing studies haw shown that a high-resolution passive microwave imaging technique enables detailed observations of ocean variables. Multi-channel sets of ocean microwave radiometric images (OMIs) were obtained using the NOAA airborne Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) that operated at five frequencies: 10.7, 18.7, 21.5, 37, and 89 GHz and two polarizations. Radiometric features such as mosaic spot-type structures were extracted digitally from the OMIs using enhanced image processing methods. In this paper, we explore their statistical characteristics including power 2-D Fourier spectra and both covariance and correlation matrices. Our analysis has shown that the correlations can be observed at low and mid-spatial frequencies where the ocean radiometric features are revealed in the form of quasi-periodic brightness variables (hot and cold spots). Geophysical interpretation based on the random field models and a hydrodynamic-electromagnetic approach allows us to explain the nature of stochastic ocean microwave image textures. We suppose that the low-contrast radiometric features are associated mostly with the spatial variability of the ocean surface roughness and the near-surface wind. Results of the statistical image processing and related hypotheses are presented and discussed. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. RP Raizer, V (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA, 10281 Friendship Court, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 1907 EP 1910 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900498 ER PT B AU Ghedira, H Lakhankar, T Jahan, N Khanbilvard, R AF Ghedira, H Lakhankar, T Jahan, N Khanbilvard, R GP ieee TI Combination of passive and active microwave data for soil moisture estimates SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci ID CLASSIFICATION; TEXTURE; IMAGES; RADAR AB Various remote sensing techniques haw been evaluated and proven to be a valuable source of information for different hydrological applications. For example, with the actual Earth observation satellites, we can observe the entire river basin rather than sparse points and provide unique information about properties of the surface or shallow layers of the earth. Furthermore, the actual remote sensing sensors offer the potential of measuring new hydrologic variables not generally Possible with traditional techniques such as soil moisture, snow status, land cover parameters... etc. Previous researches in microwave remote sensing technology indicate that surface soil moisture can be inferred with remote sensing systems operating in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ability to estimate soil moisture in the upper surface layer by microwave remote sensing (active and passive) has been demonstrated under a variety of the topographic and land-cover conditions. C1 CUNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Ghedira, H (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA, CREST, Convent Ave,138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 2783 EP 2786 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900728 ER PT B AU Von Ahn, JM Sienkiewicz, JM AF Von Ahn, JM Sienkiewicz, JM GP ieee TI The operational impact of QuikSCAT winds at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Prediction Center SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB The primary responsibility of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Ocean Prediction Center (OPC) is to issue marine warnings and forecasts of winds and seas for the High Seas and Offshore waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This covers vast open ocean areas from the subtropics to the near arctic. Accurate and timely surface data are necessary to make these warning decisions. Although conventional observations from buoys and ships of opportunity are very useful to marine forecasters, their distribution is sparse. often being limited to trade routes or continental waters. Over the past twelve years, forecasters have come to rely more and more on remotely sensed data. Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) winds have been used to help fill in the gaps between conventional observations. However the SSM/I retrievals are not available in areas of liquid cloud and precipitation and are restricted to the lowest wind warning category (GALE). Wind retrievals from various scatterometers flown onboard satellites have been available to OPC forecasters over the last ten years and were used with some success. QuikSCAT winds are now fully integrated into OPC operations and have proven to be invaluable. The wide swath width and all weather capabilities have enabled OPC forecasters to use these winds routinely to determine the extent and magnitude of strong winds, the location of fronts and pressure systems. and wind gradients associated with oceanographic thermal features. Since the inclusion of QuikSCAT into OPC operations the marine forecaster's ability to accurately assess wind conditions over the open oceans has never been better. C1 ORA, STG, NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Von Ahn, JM (reprint author), ORA, STG, NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 3180 EP 3183 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900835 ER PT B AU Raizer, V AF Raizer, V GP ieee TI Passive microwave detection of bubble wakes SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB Microwave detection of ocean (sub)surface bubble populations including patches, patterns, flows, and wakes is considered. The physical principles are based on specific electromagnetic properties of the air-bubble-water media that produce strong anomalies in ocean thermal microwave emission, especially at X- G, S- and L- bands (e.g., at wavelengths of 4, 6, 8, 18, and 21 cm). Related model estimations are presented. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Zel Technol LLC, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. RP Raizer, V (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Zel Technol LLC, 10281 Friendship Court, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 3592 EP 3594 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900945 ER PT B AU Ghedira, H Arevalo, JC Azar, AE Khanbilvardi, R AF Ghedira, H Arevalo, JC Azar, AE Khanbilvardi, R GP ieee TI Evaluation of SSM/I filtering algorithm for snow cover identification in Northern New York State SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB Snow-cover parameters are being increasingly used as input to hydrological models. An accurate knowledge of the onset of snow melts and snow water equivalent values are important variables in different hydrological applications such as flooding prediction, reservoir management and agricultural activities. However, the traditional field sampling methods and the ground-based data collection are often very sparse, time consuming, and expensive compared to the coverage provided by remote sensing techniques. Microwave remote sensing techniques have been investigated by numerous researchers using various sensors and have been demonstrated to be effective for monitoring snow pack parameters such as spatial and temporal distribution, snow water equivalent, depth, and snow condition (wet/dry state). Those researches have resulted that the microwave brightness temperature and the microwave backscattering are related to the snow cover structure with different correlation degrees. The primary objective of this research is to produce a spatial estimation of snow water equivalent in a timely fashion with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution using multi-source microwave and optical data. The final product of this project will be an additional tool for flood warning and water resource forecasts, which can be an additional input to the actual hydrological models. The contribution of remote sensing snow related information into the advanced hydrologic prediction system (AHPS) operated by NWS/NOAA (with 4 km grid resolution) will be also evaluated. This paper presents the first step of this project: data collection and evaluation. C1 CUNY City Coll, NOAA CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Ghedira, H (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, NOAA CREST, Convent Ave 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 3677 EP 3679 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006900968 ER PT B AU Ghedira, H Bernier, M AF Ghedira, H Bernier, M GP ieee TI The effect of some internal neural network parameters on SAR texture classification Performance SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci AB Artificial neural networks have been successfully applied to image processing, and have shown a great potential in the classification of a wide range of remote sensing data. The major advantages of neural network algorithm over traditional classifiers tire its non-parametric nature and its easy adaptation to different types of data format from multiple sources. However, a successful application of neural networks in remote sensing data classification requires a good comprehension of the effect of some internal parameters related to the neural network structure and training process. In this work we report the application of backpropagation neural network in classifying natural wetlands vegetation using SAR data. The effect of some parameters related to the architecture and the training process on classification performance was investigated and newer techniques for ameliorating this performance are discussed. The results showed that the variations of the number of hidden layers and the number of nodes by layer have not a substantial effect on classification accuracy but affect only the training time. However, other parameters related to the neural algorithm computation (such as the threshold value) affect significantly the overall classification. It is concluded that, although the neural net-work method ha,,have a great potential in remote sensing data classification, a rigorous choice of the threshold value still necessary to optimize the ratio of the incorrectly and the correctly classified pixels. C1 CUNY, NOAA, CREST, New York, NY 10031 USA. RP Ghedira, H (reprint author), CUNY, NOAA, CREST, Convent Ave & 138th St, New York, NY 10031 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 3845 EP 3848 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006901013 ER PT B AU Walker, DK Coakley, K Splett, JD AF Walker, DK Coakley, K Splett, JD GP ieee TI Nonlinear modeling of tunnel diode detectors SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE calibrating; microwave radiometer; nonlinearity; radiometer; remote sensing ID MICROWAVE DETECTORS AB We investigate the sensitivity and nonlinear properties of a tunnel diode microwave detector as functions of the input power and the load impedance presented at the detector's output. We estimate the systematic error associated with using a linear calibration model to estimate received power and, hence, brightness temperature from the nonlinear voltage-power transfer function of the detector. One estimate is provided by the two-tone method, the other by an empirical regression spline method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Walker, DK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 3969 EP 3972 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006901046 ER PT B AU Friedman, KS Li, XF Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Walker, N Veenstra, T AF Friedman, KS Li, XF Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Walker, N Veenstra, T GP ieee TI Eddy detection using RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar SO IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7: SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: EXPLORING AND MANAGING A CHANGING PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Geophys Inst, Univ Missouri Columbia, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Ball Aerosp &Technol Corp, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Raytheon, US Geol Survey, ITT Ind, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc, Int Union Radio Sci DE SAR; Loop Current; Ghostnet; eddies ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; LOOP CURRENT; WIND AB Two projects undertaken by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) have shown success in using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to identify oceanic eddies and current boundaries. In addition to detecting the frontal area and change in slick patterns, the SAR imagery may also pick up a change in the low-level wind structure as a result of the sea surface temperature (SST) gradient between the eddy and its surroundings affecting the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) stability. This wind fluctuation modulates the sea surface roughness, allowing the eddy boundaries to be imaged by SAR. Two examples, one of an eddy in the Gulf of Alaska, and the second of the Loop Current boundary in the Gulf of Mexico, are analyzed to show the correlation between the SST and surface wind gradients across their boundaries. C1 NOAA, ERA 3, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Friedman, KS (reprint author), NOAA, ERA 3, WWBG, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8742-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2004 BP 4707 EP 4710 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP98 UT WOS:000227006901246 ER PT J AU Rippey, WG AF Rippey, WG TI Network communications for weld cell integration - status of standards development SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE welding; robotics; standards AB Network technology is being used more and more to replace direct-wired links to integrate equipment making up automated and semi-automated welding systems. Two formal welding standards efforts, one by the American Welding Society A9 Committee and the other by the Open DeviceNet Vendor Association (ODVA) are described. This paper should be useful to users and integrators of weld cells as part of their evaluation of the different network technologies available for implementation of welding systems. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rippey, WG (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.rippey@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 64 EP 70 DI 10.1108/01439910410512019 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 801JD UT WOS:000220091300011 ER PT S AU Jung, JW Montgomery, D Lim, K Kahng, HK AF Jung, JW Montgomery, D Lim, K Kahng, HK BE Kahng, HK Goto, S TI Dynamic agent advertisement of mobile IP to provide connectivity between ad hoc networks and Internet SO INFORMATION NETWORKING: NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BROADBAND AND MOBILE NETWORKS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN 2004) CY FEB 18-20, 2004 CL Busan, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Informat Sci Soc, Informat Proc Soc Japan AB Although the Ad Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol (AODV) is well designed for the ad hoc network, it does not deal with Internet connectivity. While some of solutions are proposed for integrating the ad hoc networks with global Internet, there are some limitations and drawbacks. In this paper, we propose the dynamic agent advertisement to reduce the control packets overhead and the power consumption due to a redundant packet processing. We use ns2 to compare the proposed approach with the existing solutions in terms of the overhead and throughput for packet transmission. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Korea Univ, Dept Elect Informat Engn, Seoul, South Korea. RP Jung, JW (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjw@korea.ac.kr NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23034-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3090 BP 277 EP 286 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BAW85 UT WOS:000223980100029 ER PT S AU Amon, F Bryner, N Hamins, A AF Amon, F Bryner, N Hamins, A BE Holst, GC TI Evaluation of thermal imaging cameras used in fire fighting applications SO INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEMS: DESIGN, ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND TESTING XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Imaging Systems - Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV CY APR 14-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE thermal imager; evaluation; performance; metrics; heat detection; fire fighting; infrared camera AB Thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming integral equipment for first responders for use in structure fires. Currently there are no standardized test methods or performance metrics available to the users or manufacturers of these instruments. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a testing facility and methods to evaluate the performance of thermal imagers used by fire fighters to search for victims and hot spots in burning structures. The facility will test the performance of currently available imagers and advanced fire detection systems, as well as serve as a test bed for new technology. An evaluation of the performance of different thermal imaging detector technologies under field conditions is also underway. Results of this project will provide a quantifiable physical and scientific basis upon which industry standards for imaging performance, testing protocols and reporting practices related to the performance of thermal imaging cameras can be developed. The background and approach that shape the evaluation procedure for the thermal imagers are the primary focus of this paper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amon, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5330-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5407 BP 44 EP 53 DI 10.1117/12.564331 PG 10 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAV18 UT WOS:000223712700006 ER PT S AU Amon, F Benetis, V Kim, J Hamins, A AF Amon, F Benetis, V Kim, J Hamins, A BE Holst, GC TI Development of a performance evaluation facility for fire fighting thermal imagers SO INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEMS: DESIGN, ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND TESTING XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Imaging Systems - Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV CY APR 14-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE thermal imager; evaluation; performance; metrics; heat detection; fire fighting; infrared camera AB The Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a new bench-scale testing facility and methods to evaluate the performance of thermal imagers used by fire fighters to search for victims and hot spots in burning structures. A larger-scale laboratory testing facility was constructed in 2002. This facility was used to determine the effects of water sprays on the imaging performance of a selection of thermal imagers. A new, smaller-scale laboratory facility, currently under construction, will provide a carefully controlled laboratory setting in which aspects of the environment inside a burning structure are simulated as closely as possible. It will also serve as a test bed for new technology. An evaluation of the performance of different thermal imaging detector technologies under field conditions is also underway. Results of this project will provide a quantifiable physical and scientific basis upon which industry standards for imaging performance, testing protocols and reporting practices related to the performance of thermal imaging cameras can be developed. In this paper a description of the testing facilities, including both generations of laboratory apparatus is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amon, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5330-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5407 BP 244 EP 252 DI 10.1117/12.566779 PG 9 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAV18 UT WOS:000223712700026 ER PT S AU Eppeldauer, GP Rice, JP Zhang, J Lykke, KR AF Eppeldauer, GP Rice, JP Zhang, J Lykke, KR BE Strojnik, M TI Spectral irradiance responsivity measurements between 1 mu m and 5 mu m SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer ID ACCURACY CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; WORKING-STANDARD RADIOMETERS; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; CALIBRATION; DETECTOR; PHOTODIODES; BOLOMETER; SCALE; POWER AB Infrared radiometers for irradiance measurement have been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These high performance irradiance meters are used to realize and maintain the spectral irradiance responsivity scale between I gm and 5 gm. They are also working standards that disseminate the infrared irradiance responsivity scale to other institutions and facilities. Both design considerations and responsivity scale transfer to the irradiance meters are discussed. The radiometers were calibrated for spectral irradiance responsivity on the new NIST Infrared Facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (IR-SIRCUS). The spectral irradiance responsivity calibrations described are derived from absolute cryogenic radiometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5481-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5543 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.1117/12.559939 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBI75 UT WOS:000225669300026 ER PT S AU Zha, XF Sriram, R AF Zha, XF Sriram, R BE Gopalakrishnan, B TI Feature-based component model for design of embedded systems SO INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing V CY OCT 25-26, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE embedded system; feature-based modeling; component-based approach; UML; object-oriented representation AB An embedded system is a hybrid of hardware and software, which combines software's flexibility and hardware real-time performance. Embedded systems can be considered as assemblies of hardware and software components. An Open Embedded System Model (OESM) is currently being developed at NIST to provide a standard representation and exchange protocol for embedded systems and system-level design, simulation, and testing information. This paper proposes an approach to representing an embedded system feature-based model in OESM, i.e., Open Embedded System Feature Model (OESFM), addressing models of embedded system artifacts, embedded system components, embedded system features. and embedded system configuration/assembly. The approach provides an object-oriented UML (Unified Modeling Language) representation for the embedded system feature model and defines an extension to the NIST Core Product Model. The model provides a feature-based component framework allowing the designer to develop a virtual embedded system prototype through assembling virtual components. The framework not only provides a formal precise model of the embedded system prototype but also offers the possibility of designing variation of prototypes whose members are derived by changing certain virtual components with different features. A case study example is discussed to illustrate the embedded system model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5558-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5605 BP 226 EP 237 DI 10.1117/12.571612 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BBN53 UT WOS:000226283100023 ER PT S AU Hamilton, JR Masterson, KD AF Hamilton, JR Masterson, KD BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI Accurate bias point control for an electrically isolated Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator via an analog optical-fiber link SO INTERFEROMETRY XII: TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XII - Techniques and Analysis CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc DE bias control; electro-optic modulator; optical uplink; RF probe ID FIELD SENSOR AB We describe a new method to keep an electrically isolated Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator biased in quadrature despite changes in temperature and optical coupling efficiency. The modulator is part of a system to measure electromagnetic waves in an outdoor environment. All data and control signals between the modulator and electronics control module are carried by analog optical-fiber links, and all of the bias signals and control procedures are implemented with an onboard computer and digital signal-processing, unit. Our method compares the average DC optical power in the complementary outputs of the modulator and adjusts the bias point by controlling the optical power to small photocells in the sensor head. A second control loop balances responses from a small dither signal applied to the modulator, consequently balancing the optical losses in each of the complementary outputs by way of a variable optical attenuator. This control system allows us to maintain the bias to within 2 degrees of the quadrature point. The response time of the control loop is about 10 ms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hamilton, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, 818-02 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5469-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5531 BP 323 EP 331 DI 10.1117/12.562970 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BAY02 UT WOS:000224154100037 ER PT J AU Bakas, MP Greenhut, VA Niesz, DE Quinn, GD McCauley, JW Wereszczak, AA Swab, JJ AF Bakas, MP Greenhut, VA Niesz, DE Quinn, GD McCauley, JW Wereszczak, AA Swab, JJ TI Anomalous defects and dynamic failure of armor ceramics SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The ballistic performance of state-of-the-art silicon carbide armor material call exhibit a Fairly wide variability in certain rest configurations, which, it is proposed, may be due to the presence of large (> 0.1 mm), rare defects, termed, herein, "anomalous" defects. SiC rubble resulting from ballistic tests was examined, as were quasi-static test samples. Ballistic fragment fracture surfaces revealed large carbonaceous defects that seemed to affect fracture path and mode. Low-strength biaxial flexure samples demonstrated similar defects (> 0.1 mm) as failure origins. Carbonaceous defects similar in appearance but smaller in size were also found at the fracture origins of SiC bend bars. Frequently, alumina inclusions were found within the carbonaceous discontinuities. These alumina inclusions may cause the graphitic regions to form during sintering. The random distribution of such lame, rare carbonaceous discontinuities from sample-to-sample, as well as batch-to-batch variability, may explain high ballistic variability for SiC armor ceramics. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Aberdeen, MD 21005 USA. RP Bakas, MP (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Wereszczak, Andrew/I-7310-2016 OI Wereszczak, Andrew/0000-0002-8344-092X NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2004 VL 1 IS 3 BP 211 EP 218 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 914PO UT WOS:000228240100003 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT AF Lemmon, EW Jacobsen, RT TI Viscosity and thermal conductivity equations for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE air; argon; nitrogen; oxygen; thermal conductivity; viscosity ID RANGE 25-700 DEGREES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY FORMULATION; TEMPERATURE GAS VISCOSITIES; CAPILLARY-FLOW VISCOMETER; BINARY GASEOUS MIXTURES; LIQUID ARGON; DEGREES-C; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; HIGH-PRESSURES; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB New formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air are given. Air is treated as a pseudo-pure fluid using an approach adopted from previous research on the equation of state for air. The equations are valid over all liquid and vapor states, and a simplified cross-over equation was used to model the behavior of the critical enhancement for thermal conductivity. The extrapolation behavior of the equations for nitrogen and argon well below their triple points was monitored so that both could be used as reference equations for extended corresponding states applications. The uncertainties of calculated values from the equations are generally within 2% for nitrogen and argon and within 5% for oxygen and air, except in the critical region where the uncertainties are higher. Comparisons with the available experimental data are given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cricl@boulder.nist.gov NR 288 TC 184 Z9 191 U1 16 U2 78 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 1 BP 21 EP 69 DI 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000022327.04529.f3 PG 49 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 808QY UT WOS:000220584800003 ER PT J AU Zhulidov, AV Pavlov, DF Nalepa, TF Scherbina, GH Zhulidov, DA Gurtovaya, TY AF Zhulidov, AV Pavlov, DF Nalepa, TF Scherbina, GH Zhulidov, DA Gurtovaya, TY TI Relative distributions of Dreissena bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha in the lower Don River system, Russia SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zebra mussels; quagga mussels; dreissenid abundances; invaders; mineral content ID GREAT-LAKES; MUSSELS; ERIE; FEDERATION AB A survey was conducted in the lower Don River system in Russia to confirm the presence of Dreissena bugensis, and to compare its distribution relative to that of Dreissena polymorpha. In 1999 and 2001-2002, dreissenid mussels were collected at 15 sites in the main river, in connecting reservoirs, and in a major tributary, the Manych River. Collections were made near stations where long-term monitoring data on total mineral (sum of principal ions) and calcium content were available. Both dreissenid species were found at all sites, with D. bugensis comprising 4-75% of all dreissenids at individual sites. D. bugensis was relatively more abundant than D. polymorpha in the Manych River where total mineral and calcium content was significantly higher than in the Don River, suggesting the two species may have different calcium requirements. Examination of archived samples indicated that D. bugensis was present in the Don River system as early as the 1980s, presenting the unresolved enigma of why D. bugensis has not displaced D. polymorpha as the dominant species as typically found over shorter time periods in other water bodies. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. S Russian Reg Ctr Preparat & Implementat Int Proj, CPPIS, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biol Inland Waters, Borok 152742, Yaroslavl Oblas, Russia. Rostov State Univ, Rostov Na Donu 344006, Russia. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM thomas.nalepa@noaa.gov RI Pavlov, Dmitry/Q-5410-2016; Shcherbina, Georgiy/P-1845-2015 OI Pavlov, Dmitry/0000-0003-1851-2605; NR 26 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1434-2944 J9 INT REV HYDROBIOL JI Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. PY 2004 VL 89 IS 3 BP 326 EP 333 DI 10.1002/iroh.200310727 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 841YJ UT WOS:000222968200009 ER PT S AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D BE Reinisch, BW Bilitza, DK McKinnell, LA TI Ionospheric variability for quiet and perturbed conditions SO IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPHERIC VARIABILITY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Workshop of the International-Reference-Ionosphere-Working-Group CY OCT 06-10, 2003 CL Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA SP URSI, COSPAR, Int Reference Ionosphere Working Grp HO Rhodes Univ DE ionosphere; ionospheric variability; ionospheric modelling; ionospheric storms ID HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; CORRECTION MODEL; STORM; THERMOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB An F2 region critical frequency database, from 75 ionosonde stations and 25 storms, covering a full solar cycle, was built as the basis of the STORM Time Empirical Ionospheric Correction Model. This database has been sorted by season (five intervals from summer to winter, including intermediate seasons), geomagnetic latitude (four regions, 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80), and storm intensity (as a function of filtered a(p)). For each bin of latitude-season, the standard deviation was used to quantify the scatter around the fit, i.e. the geophysical variability. The first interval, between 0 and 500 units of the filtered a(p), corresponds to non-perturbed conditions; where approximately one half of the data lay. The rest of the intervals, with increments of 500 units, cover perturbed conditions. For quiet conditions, the lowest variability of the data was found to be about 0.15, in the summer hemisphere. The standard deviation of the data increases up to 0.23 for intermediate seasons, up to 0.22 for equinox, and up to 0.40 for the winter hemisphere. In general, low latitudes show higher variability for both perturbed and un-perturbed conditions, while the summer hemisphere, mid-latitudes have the lowest. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eduardo.araujo@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1914 EP 1921 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.06.007 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN80 UT WOS:000226373800010 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD Werner, EE AF Peacor, SD Werner, EE TI Context dependence of nonlethal effects of a predator on prey growth SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS; GROUP-SIZE; TRADE-OFF; COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; TROPHIC CASCADE; LARVAL ANURANS; RISK; VIGILANCE AB Predators can have a large influence on their prey through induced changes in prey phenotype. Such "nonlethal" predator effects have been abundantly demonstrated empirically in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. But the extent to which changes in species traits alter short-term responses such as growth rate or probability of survival is not clear. Here we develop models to examine the nonlethal effects of predators on prey growth. Our analyses illustrate how the nonlethal effects of predators on individual prey growth depend on environmental context; e.g., factors such as focal species density, competitor density, resource dynamics, and the timescale over which the interactions occur. This context dependence arises because of complex interactions of three mechanisms; (1) the direct negative effect of induced reduction in foraging rates, which is opposed by (2) the potential positive effects of reductions in intra- and interspecific competition, and (3) resource responses to reduced foraging. We present new empirical work, and review previous work, on larval-anuran growth that is in general support of model predictions. The framework presented here can serve to facilitate the design and interpretation of experimental results and predict how the nonlethal predator effect on prey growth in natural systems will vary over time and space. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM peacor@msu.edu NR 49 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU LASER PAGES PUBL LTD PI JERUSALEM PA MERKAZ SAPIR 6/36, GIVAT SHAUL, PO BOX 35409, JERUSALEM 91352, ISRAEL SN 0021-2210 J9 ISRAEL J ZOOL JI Isr. J. Zool. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 139 EP 167 DI 10.1560/KPRR-X1C3-5NHE-QV2N PG 29 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 880JN UT WOS:000225786200003 ER PT B AU Foedisch, M Takeuchi, A AF Foedisch, M Takeuchi, A GP IEEE TI Adaptive real-time road detection using neural networks SO ITSC 2004: 7TH INTERNATIONAL IEEE CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems CY 2004 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB We have developed an adaptive real-time road detection application based on Neural Networks for autonomous driving. By taking advantage of the unique structure in road images, the network training can be processed while the system is running. The algorithm employs color features derived from color histograms. We have focused on the automatic adaptation of the system, which has reduced manual road annotations by human. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Foedisch, M (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8500-4 PY 2004 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1109/ITSC.2004.1398891 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation Science & Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation GA BBF45 UT WOS:000225223000030 ER PT B AU Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C AF Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C GP IEEE TI Planning for on-road driving through incrementally created graphs SO ITSC 2004: 7TH INTERNATIONAL IEEE CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems CY 2004 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB A general-purpose hierarchical planning framework that allows for cost-optimal, logic-constrained plans will be presented. This framework will be applied to planning an on-road path for an autonomous vehicle traveling amongst moving and stationary objects. Through this application, the ability to implement both hard and soft constraints, as well as cope with dynamic environments and user objectives will be demonstrated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen@nist.gov; scrapper@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8500-4 PY 2004 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1109/ITSC.2004.1398894 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation Science & Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation GA BBF45 UT WOS:000225223000033 ER PT B AU Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C AF Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C GP IEEE TI The effect of process models on short-term prediction of moving objects for unmanned ground vehicles SO ITSC 2004: 7TH INTERNATIONAL IEEE CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems CY 2004 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE DE unmanned ground vehicles; estimation theory; moving object prediction AB We are developing a novel framework, PRIDE (PRediction In Dynamic Environments), to perform moving object prediction for unmanned ground vehicles. The underlying concept is based upon a multi-resolutional, hierarchical approach which incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. The lower levels of the framework utilize estimation-theoretic short-term predictions while the upper levels utilize a probabilistic prediction approach based on situation recognition with an underlying cost model. The estimation-theoretic short-term prediction is via an extended Kalman filter-based algorithm using sensor data to predict the future location of moving objects with an associated confidence measure. The proposed estimation-theoretic approach does not incorporate a priori knowledge such as road networks and traffic signage and assumes uninfluenced constant trajectory and is thus suited for short-term prediction in both on-road and off-road driving. In this paper, we analyze the complementary role played by vehicle kinematic models in such short-term prediction of moving objects. In particular, the importance of vehicle process models and their effect on predicting the position and orientation of moving objects for unmanned ground vehicle navigation are examined in this paper. We present results using field data obtained from different unmanned ground vehicles operating in a variety of unstructured and unknown environments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8500-4 PY 2004 BP 471 EP 476 DI 10.1109/ITSC.2004.1398945 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation Science & Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Transportation GA BBF45 UT WOS:000225223000084 ER PT B AU Allmang, N Remshard, JA AF Allmang, N Remshard, JA BE Chen, H Christel, M Lim, EP TI NIKE: Integrating workflow, digital library, and Online Catalog systems SO JCDL 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ACM/IEEE JOINT CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL LIBRARIES: GLOBAL REACH AND DIVERSE IMPACT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Joint Conference on Digital Libraries CY JUN 07-11, 2004 CL Tucson, AZ SP ACM SIGIR, ACM SIGWEB, IEEE, Tech Comm Digital Libraries DE NIKE; digital library; knowledge management; publications; submission & tracking; crosswalk; public access C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-58113-832-6 PY 2004 BP 399 EP 399 DI 10.1145/996350.996465 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA BAM92 UT WOS:000222881400091 ER PT J AU Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Velichansky, VL Kargapoltsev, SV Wynands, R Kitching, J Hollberg, L AF Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Velichansky, VL Kargapoltsev, SV Wynands, R Kitching, J Hollberg, L TI High-contrast dark resonances on the D-1 line of alkali metals in the field of counterpropagating waves SO JETP LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES AB A new method providing a significant increase in the amplitude and contrast of dark resonances is proposed. The method is based on the use of the sigma(+)-sigma(-) configuration of polarized counterpropagating waves, D-1-line excitation in alkali metal atoms, and small-sized cells. Qualitative considerations of the scheme are confirmed by the results of numerical calculations. A variant of a standing wave with homogeneous circular polarization is also discussed. (C) 2004 MAIK "Nauka / Interperiodica". C1 Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Div, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Taichenachev, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Div, Inst Laser Phys, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. EM llf@laser.nsc.ru RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015; Velichansky, Vladimir/M-4861-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066; NR 12 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-3640 J9 JETP LETT+ JI Jetp Lett. PY 2004 VL 80 IS 4 BP 236 EP 240 DI 10.1134/1.1813678 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 861XH UT WOS:000224451400006 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Hudson, PK Schein, ME Thomson, DS AF Murphy, DM Cziczo, DJ Hudson, PK Schein, ME Thomson, DS TI Particle density inferred from simultaneous optical and aerodynamic diameters sorted by composition SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerodynamic diameter; optical diameter; density; aerosol; particle composition ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; INSTRUMENT AB On the same atmospheric particles, we have measured the aerodynamic diameter, the height of the scattered light pulse to estimate the optical diameter, and the composition with a laser ionization mass spectrometer. Different types of particles, as determined by the mass spectra, have distinct relationships between optical and aerodynamic diameters. The relative densities of organic and sulfate particles inferred from the aerodynamic and optical diameters are consistent with the composition inferred from the mass spectra. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Mail Stop R-AL6 325, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dmurphy@al.noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235 NR 9 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 135 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00386-0 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760CX UT WOS:000187794700010 ER PT J AU Venzie, JL Davis, WC Marcus, RK AF Venzie, JL Davis, WC Marcus, RK TI Organic and inorganic arsenic speciation through ion exchange chromatography with particle beam-glow discharge mass spectrometry detection SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; HPLC-ICP-MS; HEXAPOLE COLLISION CELL; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; IONIZATION SOURCE; AMINO-ACIDS; SPECTROSCOPY; PERFORMANCE; SELENIUM AB A mixture of organic and inorganic arsenic compounds has been separated using ion exchange liquid chromatography and detected using a particle beam glow discharge mass spectrometer (PB-GDMS). The particle beam interface makes use of nebulization and momentum separation to deliver a stream of dry analyte particles to the glow discharge source from the LC output. In the glow discharge, the analyte particles are vaporized and ionized at or near the cathode surface. The ions are analyzed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer collecting data in either single ion monitoring (SIM) or total ion counting ( TIC) modes. The separation of arsenobetaine ( 2-(trimethylarsonio) acetate), arsenic(III) chloride and dimethylarsenic acid was performed on a universal cation-exchange column using an isocratic mobile phase, with a total elution time of less than four minutes. The mass spectrum for each of these compounds contains a strong elemental arsenic signal as well as the molecular fragments that allow for the identification of the specific species responsible for the chromatographic peak. The limits of detection (LOD) for organic arsenic ( dimethylarsenic acid) were found to be 2 ppm ( 90 ng DMA molecular ion) in the TIC mode and 15 ppb (0.8 ng As from DMA) in the SIM mode. Inorganic arsenic( III) chloride has an LOD of 11 ppb or 0.55 ng As absolute. This work suggests that the PB-GDMS has high potential as a comprehensive (inorganic/ organic) detector for both biological and environmental speciation work. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Marcus, RK (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Biosyst Res Complex,51 New Cherry St, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 45 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1309 EP 1314 DI 10.1039/b404973j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 859NO UT WOS:000224275400006 ER PT J AU Howard, ME Vocke, RD AF Howard, ME Vocke, RD TI A closed system digestion and purification procedure for the accurate assay of chlorine in fossil fuels SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CARBON; SULFUR; FRACTIONATION AB This paper describes a robust and quantitative method to separate, purify, and assay the amount of chlorine in fossil fuels using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The digestion/ extraction process uses Carius tubes containing the fossil fuel samples in the presence of HNO3, AgNO3 and a Cl-37 spike. The closed system oxidation permits complete equilibration of the sample and spike Cl. The evolved chlorine is trapped as AgCl within the Carius tube, and can then be separated and cleaned. The purified AgCl is also amenable to isotopic analysis by solid or gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry. For isotope dilution mass spectrometry, the chlorine can be readily measured in a thermal ionization mass spectrometer in a negative ion mode as Cl-37/Cl-35 ratios with an approximate detection limit ( LOD) of 0.3 mug Cl and a precision of 0.2%, relative. This technique may also be used to produce samples suitable for high precision measurements of chlorine isotopic variations in fossil fuels and chlorinated hydrocarbons. C1 SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Howard, ME (reprint author), SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, SLU Box 10878, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. EM mhoward@selu.edu; robert.vocke@nist.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1423 EP 1427 DI 10.1039/b409925g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 868DR UT WOS:000224894800001 ER PT J AU Davis, WC Vander Pol, SS Schantz, MM Long, SE Day, RD Christopher, SJ AF Davis, WC Vander Pol, SS Schantz, MM Long, SE Day, RD Christopher, SJ TI An accurate and sensitive method for the determination of methylmercury in biological specimens using GC-ICP-MS with solid phase microextraction SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; ATOMIC-EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MERCURY SPECIATION ANALYSIS; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY; FISH-TISSUES; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; RAPID-DETERMINATION AB A highly sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of methylmercury in biological specimens and NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The procedure involves microwave extraction with acetic acid, followed by derivatization and headspace solid-phase microextraction ( SPME) with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated silica fiber. Optimization of conditions including gas chromatograph injection temperature, microwave extraction power and microwave extraction time are presented. The identification and quanti. cation ( via the method of standard additions) of the extracted compounds is carried out by capillary gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (GC-ICP-MS) using a unique heated interface that was designed for this work. The SPME-GC-ICP-MS method was validated for the determination of methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in a variety of biological Standard Reference Materials ( SRMs), ranging from 13.2 ng g(-1) in SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue, to 397 ng g(-1) in SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue. Additionally, this method was applied to the determination of MeHg in seabird eggs ( common murres, Uria aalge and thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia) collected from colonies on Little Diomede and Bogoslof islands in the Bering Sea and Saint Lazaria Island in the Gulf of Alaska and cryogenically banked in the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank. The results obtained demonstrate that SPME-GC-ICP-MS is a sensitive technique for the determination of methylmercury at trace and ultra-trace levels in a variety of natural matrices with high reproducibility and accuracy. In all instances, the sample-to-sample variability was typically 2% relative standard deviation (RSD) and the method detection limit for methylmercury was 4.2 pg g(-1) ( as Hg), based on a 0.5 g tissue sample of SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Christopher, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM steven.christopher@nist.gov NR 44 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1546 EP 1551 DI 10.1039/b412668h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 874WR UT WOS:000225381800006 ER PT J AU Pagowski, M Gultepe, I King, P AF Pagowski, M Gultepe, I King, P TI Analysis and Modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN METEOROLOGICAL CENTER; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; RADIATION FOG; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SENSITIVITY TESTS; LIFE-CYCLE; PART II; SIMULATION; IMPLEMENTATION AB In this study, a dense fog episode that occurred near Windsor, Ontario, Canada, on 3 September 1999 is investigated. The fog patch, with a spatial scale of several kilometers, reduced visibility on a major highway to a few meters and led to a series of collisions and loss of life. Satellite imagery and surface observations are used to analyze the physics of the event, and several hypotheses on the origin of the fog are presented. A series of simulations of the event with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) suggest that the fog formed because of convergence of land breezes developing along the shores of a lake and subsequent advection of moisture over the site of the accident. Tests indicate that the small scale of the modeled event contributes to sensitivity of the results to a broad range of factors. Sensitivity to the initial and boundary conditions, including initial soil moisture content and parameterization of turbulence, is discussed. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP Pagowski, M (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NOAA Bldg,325 Broadway,FSL FS, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mariusz.pagowski@noaa.gov RI pagowski, mariusz/H-4498-2013 OI pagowski, mariusz/0000-0002-7703-0529 NR 41 TC 53 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0003:AAMOAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RT UT WOS:000188467000001 ER PT J AU Raymond, WH Wade, GS Zapotocny, TH AF Raymond, WH Wade, GS Zapotocny, TH TI Assimilating GOES brightness temperatures. Part I: Upper-tropospheric moisture SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIMITED-AREA MODEL; WATER-VAPOR; VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; PREDICTION MODEL; FORECAST MODEL; CIRRUS CLOUDS; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; INFORMATION AB Imager channel 3 (at 6.7 mum) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) is particularly sensitive to water vapor in the atmosphere. Channel-3 data from both clear and cloudy regions are used in a new assimilation scheme to improve the initial upper-tropospheric moisture fields for modeling and numerical weather prediction purposes. In this assimilation, the navigated and calibrated radiance (brightness temperature) observations from GOES are used in combination with a forward radiative transmittance model and a numerical optimization procedure to produce modifications to the upper-tropospheric moisture field. All modifications are made proportional to the contribution weighting function, which is associated with the forward radiative model. Cloudy regions are given special consideration. When processed by a forward radiative transfer model, the assimilated moisture fields are shown to correlate better with GOES observations both initially and in 24- and 48-h forecasts. Additional merits of the proposed assimilation technique, which does not require an adjoint or linearization, are discussed. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ASPT, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Wade, GS (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ASPT, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM gary.s.wade@noaa.gov RI Wade, Gary S./F-5630-2010 NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0017:AGBTPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RT UT WOS:000188467000002 ER PT J AU Kain, JS AF Kain, JS TI The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SCHUBERT CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENT; MASS-FLUX; MESOSCALE MODELS; CLOUD ENSEMBLE; UNITED-STATES; PLUME MODEL; TOGA COARE; ETA-MODEL; SCHEME AB Numerous modifications to the Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization have been implemented over the last decade. These modifications are described, and the motivating factors for the changes are discussed. Most changes were inspired by feedback from users of the scheme (primarily numerical modelers) and interpreters of the model output (mainly operational forecasters). The specific formulation of the modifications evolved from an effort to produce desired effects in numerical weather prediction while also rendering the scheme more faithful to observations and cloud-resolving modeling studies. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM jack.kain@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 1326 Z9 1401 U1 13 U2 86 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 170 EP 181 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RT UT WOS:000188467000013 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Grantham, S Paterson, DJ McNulty, I Noyan, IC Levin, TM AF Levine, ZH Grantham, S Paterson, DJ McNulty, I Noyan, IC Levin, TM TI Imaging material components of an integrated circuit interconnect SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION; ELECTROMIGRATION; METROLOGY AB Two regions of interest on a copper/tungsten integrated circuit interconnect were imaged using two techniques: (a) the absorption spectrum was measured at 15 x-ray energies between 1687 and 1897 eV, and (b) the x-ray fluorescence spectrum was recorded with incident photon energies of 1822, 1797, and 1722 eV. The energies were chosen to optionally excite tungsten and tantalum above their M-5 edges yet stay below the silicon K edge. Four materials in the circuits, tantalum, tungsten, silica, and copper were mapped using both techniques. The two sets of images agree in their main features, but differ for finer features. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 95 IS 1 BP 405 EP 407 DI 10.1063/1.1631067 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 754QL UT WOS:000187341900065 ER PT J AU Ignatov, A Sapper, J Cox, S Laszlo, I Nalli, NR Kidwell, KB AF Ignatov, A Sapper, J Cox, S Laszlo, I Nalli, NR Kidwell, KB TI Operational aerosol observations (AEROBS) from AVHRR/3 on board NOAA-KLM satellites SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; NEAR-INFRARED CHANNELS; OPTICAL DEPTH; CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS; POSTLAUNCH CALIBRATION; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; INFORMATION-CONTENT; CONSISTENCY CHECKS AB Since 1988, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has provided operational aerosol observations (AEROBS) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/2) on board the afternoon NOAA satellites [nominal equator crossing time, (EXT)similar to1330]. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been retrieved over oceans from channel 1 of AVHRR/2 on board NOAA-11 (1988-94) and -14 (1995-2000) using the first- and second-generation algorithms, respectively. With the launch of the NOAA-KLM series of satellites, in particular NOAA-16 (L) in September 2000 (EXTsimilar to1400), and NOAA-17 (M) in June 2002 (EXTsimilar to1000), an extended and improved third-generation algorithm was enabled. Like its predecessors, this algorithm continues to employ a single-channel methodology, by which all parameters in the retrieval algorithm (excluding AOD) are set globally as nonvariables. But now, in addition to AOD from channel 1, tau(1) (lambda(1)=0.63 mum), the algorithm also retrieves tau(2) and tau(3) in AVHRR/3 channels 2 (lambda(2)=0.83 mum) and 3A (lambda(3)=1.61 mum). The retrievals are made with more accurate and flexible, satellite- and channel-specific lookup tables generated with the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer code. From pairs of tau(i) and tau(j), the Angstrom exponent (AE) parameters can then be determined as alpha(ij)=-ln(tau(i)/tau(j))/ln(tau(i)/tau(j)). This paper describes the AEROBS processing and gives examples of aerosol products, along with a preliminary diagnostics of their quality using some of the previously developed self-consistency checks. Interconsistency between the NOAA-16 and -17 aerosol retrievals is also checked. The AODs are largely coherent but distorted by the AVHRR calibration uncertainties, and subject to noise and outliers. These tau errors, unavoidable in real-time AVHRR processing, severely impact the derived AE, demonstrating a fundamental instability in estimating the aerosol model under typical maritime conditions from AVHRR. Consequently, it is concluded that the robust single-channel retrievals should be continued in the AEROBS operations in the KLM era. The more sophisticated multichannel techniques may be tested while reprocessing historical AVHRR data, only after the data quality issues have been resolved (viz., calibration uncertainties constrained, outliers removed, and noise suppressed by spatial averaging). C1 NOAA, WWBG, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Satellite Data Proc & Distribut, Suitland, MD USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Suitland, MD USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Environm Prod Syst, Suitland, MD USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, WWBG, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1,Rm 7113,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Alex.Ignatov@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 43 TC 36 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 3 EP 26 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0003:OAOAFO>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770CZ UT WOS:000188706800001 ER PT J AU Gunshor, MM Schmit, TJ Menzel, WP AF Gunshor, MM Schmit, TJ Menzel, WP TI Intercalibration of the infrared window and water vapor channels on operational geostationary environmental satellites using a single polar-orbiting satellite SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION; IMAGERS AB The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) has been intercalibrating radiometers on five geostationary satellites (GOES-8, -10, Meteosat-5, -7, and GMS-5) using a single polar-orbiting or low-earth orbiting satellite [NOAA-14 High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)] as a reference on a routine basis using temporally and spatially collocated measurements. This is being done for the 11-mum infrared window (IRW) channels as well as the 6.7-mum water vapor (WV) channels. IRW results between AVHRR or HIRS and all five geostationary instruments show relatively small differences, with all geostationary instruments vicariously comparing to within 0.6 K. The WV results between HIRS and all five geostationary instruments show larger differences, with geostationary instruments separating into two groups: GOES-8, -10, and GMS-5 comparing within 1 K; Meteosat-5 and -7 comparing within 0.1 K; and the two groups comparing within 2.7 K. C1 CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Adv Satellite Prod Team, Madison, WI USA. RP Gunshor, MM (reprint author), CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM matg@ssec.wisc.edu RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; NR 23 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0061:IOTIWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770CZ UT WOS:000188706800004 ER PT J AU Mofjeld, HO Venturato, AJ Gonzalez, FI Titov, VV Newman, JC AF Mofjeld, HO Venturato, AJ Gonzalez, FI Titov, VV Newman, JC TI The harmonic constant datum method: Options for overcoming datum discontinuities at mixed-diurnal tidal transitions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The harmonic constant datum (HCD) method is a computationally efficient way of estimating tidal datums relative to mean sea level, without the need to compute long time series. However, datum discontinuities can occur between mixed and diurnal tidal regimes using this method. Solutions to this problem are investigated, with a hypothetical strait that contains a semidiurnal node, using three different procedures: algorithms specifically designed for diurnal tides (DTA), mixed tidal algorithms (MTA) throughout, and cubic polynomial interpolation (CPI) across the diurnal region. DTA creates small discontinuities (less than or equal to11% for the strait) in mean higher high water and mean lower low water but does not provide estimates of mean high water or mean low water. MTA gives continuous datums but creates artificial structures in the middle of the diurnal region. CPI provides smooth, continuous datums but does not use the tidal information within the diurnal regions. Which procedure works best depends on the size of the diurnal region and the application. The standard time series method can be used for limited transitional regions requiring high accuracy, with the efficient HCD method used elsewhere. However, the discontinuity issues still exist. Global distributions of datums computed by the HCD method are shown, based on the 0.5degreesx0.5degrees Oregon State University (OSU) TPXO 5.0 tide model. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mofjeld, HO (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Harold.Mofjeld@noaa.gov RI Newman, Jean/K-6638-2015; OI Titov, Vasily/0000-0002-1630-3829 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 95 EP 104 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0095:THCDMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770CZ UT WOS:000188706800006 ER PT J AU Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Sandanger, MI Evans, DS Greer, MS AF Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Sandanger, MI Evans, DS Greer, MS TI Evidence for particle injection as the cause of D-st reduction during HILDCAA events SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY DE HILDCAA; ring current; D-st; energetic protons ID RING CURRENT; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC STORMS; FEBRUARY 1986; DISTRIBUTIONS; PRECIPITATION; EVOLUTION; LOSSES; PHASE; BELT AB The Earth's magnetic field at the equator, as monitored by the D-st index, can stay below its quiet day value for days. This can happen after storms resulting in a very slow recovery of the D-st index, or it can happen in the absence of a storm. Such "anomalous" behavior of the D-st recovery is observed during times showing continuous auroral activity called High Intensity Long Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) (Planet. Space Sci. 35 (1987) 405). The D-st is mostly attributed to the ring current (RC), but it also depends on other current systems in the magnetosphere such as magnetopause, tail and auroral currents. It is well established that the magnetic effect of the RC is proportional to the energy content of the charged particles generating it (J. Geophys. Res. 64 (1959) 2239; 71 (1966) 3125). It is thus of interest to determine if the reduction of the D-st during HILDCAAs is due to an increased RC or/and can be accounted for by an increase or a relocation of other current systems. This paper considers the injection of electrons and protons into the auroral and subauroral zone for four cases exhibiting HILDCAA activity. The total energy flux of the ions into the midnight/evening quadrant gives a good estimate of the energy injection into the RC (J. Geophys. Res. 107 (2002) 149). This injection, if it occurs during the recovery phase of a storm, prolongs the final decay of the D-st to quiet day values, and if it occurs during times without storms the injection can maintain D-st at more or less constant negative values for days. The ion injection into the RC is sufficient to account for the reduced D-st index during HILDCAAs. It is determined that the HILDCAA events are associated with a low-level injection of protons into the outer portion of the RC above L equal 4. The HILDCAA events are thus not due to plasma sheet current intensifications or earthward motion of this current. The prolonged low-level ion injection is associated with fluctuations in the B-z component of the solar wind magnetic field giving rise to magnetic field line merging on the front side of the magnetosphere (Planet. Space Sci. 35 (1987) 405). The duration of the B-z negative phases are not long enough to drive a magnetic storm. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Soraas, F (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, Allegaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. EM finn.soraas@fi.uib.no; kjell.aarsnes@fi.uib.no; kjellmar.oksavik@fi.uib.no; marit.jakobsen@fi.uib.no; devans@sec.noaa.gov; sgreer@sec.noaa.gov OI Oksavik, Kjellmar/0000-0003-4312-6992; Sandanger, Marit Irene/0000-0002-9696-3527 NR 22 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 177 EP 186 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.05.001 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100008 ER PT J AU Gan, MA Kousky, VE Ropelewski, CF AF Gan, MA Kousky, VE Ropelewski, CF TI The South America monsoon circulation and its relationship to rainfall over west-central Brazil SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOON; TROPOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE; ONSET; OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION; WINTER; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION AB The mean atmospheric circulation for the rainy season over west-central Brazil (20degrees - 10degreesS, 60degrees - 50degreesW) is investigated for a 21-yr period (July 1979 - June 2000). The NCEP - NCAR reanalysis, pentad outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and daily gridded precipitation analyses from NCEP are used in this study. The analysis presented here provides an improved description of the mean annual cycle based on daily and pentad (5-day) rainfall and atmospheric circulation data. The pentad precipitation averaged for the study region shows a rapid increase during the spring months ( September - November) and a rapid decrease in April. The rainiest period ( more than 8 mm day(-1)) is from December to February. There are distinct wet ( 7 months) and dry ( 5 months) seasons, with approximately 90% of the total annual rainfall occurring during October - April. The rainy season begins following the period when temperature is at its seasonal maximum. The pre-rainy-season warmth acts to destabilize the atmosphere and to create a reversal in the low-latitude temperature gradient. This results in a reversal of the vertical shear of the zonal wind from increasing ( decreasing) westerly ( easterly) winds with height to decreasing ( increasing) westerly ( easterly) winds with height. The examination of the vertical structure of the average zonal wind over the area reveals that prior to the onset of the rainy season easterlies prevail in the lower troposphere ( up to 600 hPa) and westerly winds prevail at upper levels with maximum speed in the layer 200 - 150 hPa. During the rainy season the vertical structure of zonal wind is opposite to that of winter ( June - August). Within each rainy season, west-central Brazil experiences anomalously wet and dry periods. Wet periods are associated with low-level northwesterly and westerly flow east of the Andes that converges on west-central Brazil. Dry periods are associated with enhanced northwesterly flow over Paraguay and northern Argentina, and easterly anomalies over west-central Brazil. C1 INPE, BR-12201970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY USA. RP Gan, MA (reprint author), INPE, CP515, BR-12201970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NR 49 TC 80 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 47 EP 66 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0047:TSAMCA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 759MX UT WOS:000187742400004 ER PT J AU Carvalho, LMV Jones, C Liebmann, B AF Carvalho, LMV Jones, C Liebmann, B TI The South Atlantic convergence zone: Intensity, form, persistence, and relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity and extreme rainfall SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SCALE COMMON FEATURES; BAIU FRONTAL ZONE; PRECIPITATION EVENTS; TROPICAL CONVECTION; LIFE-CYCLE; VARIABILITY; AMERICA; CIRCULATION; MONSOON AB The characteristics of intensity, geographical location, and persistence of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) during the austral summer are investigated. Intensity and spatial features of the SACZ are identified by performing a factor analysis of structural properties of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. The first two leading factors explain 65% of the total variance of structural properties and characterize the SACZ according to intensity and location ( oceanic versus continental). An index is constructed based on the magnitude of the factor scores to identify intense ( weak) and oceanic ( continental) SACZ. The intense SACZ category is associated with negative OLR anomalies over a large area of tropical South America, extending from the western Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean. The weak SACZ category is observed with positive OLR anomalies over tropical South America and negative OLR anomalies over southeastern South America. Oceanic and continental aspects of the SACZ are related to a midlatitude wave train pattern. The Madden - Julian oscillation (MJO) modulates intense SACZ events with persistence longer than 3 days. Interannual variability of persistent events indicates that the ratio of oceanic to continental SACZ as well as their frequency depends on the phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Occurrence of extreme rainfall in Brazil is discussed in the context of variations in the SACZ and MJO. Intense ( weak) SACZ increases ( decreases) the 95th daily rainfall percentile over central-eastern Brazil compared to the climatology. Oceanic ( continental) SACZ increases ( decreases) the 95th daily rainfall percentile over southeastern Brazil. The MJO phase characterized by suppression of convective activity over Indonesia and enhancement over the central Pacific increases the 95th daily rainfall percentile over north-northeastern Brazil, whereas opposite features are observed for the phase of the MJO characterized by the enhancement of convection over Indonesia and suppression over the central Pacific. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Carvalho, LMV (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, R Matao 1226,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012; Jones, Charles/I-4574-2012 OI Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 35 TC 204 Z9 232 U1 4 U2 28 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 88 EP 108 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0088:TSACZI>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 759MX UT WOS:000187742400007 ER PT J AU Boone, A Habets, F Noilhan, J Clark, D Dirmeyer, P Fox, S Gusev, Y Haddeland, I Koster, R Lohmann, D Mahanama, S Mitchell, K Nasonova, O Niu, GY Pitman, A Polcher, J Shmakin, AB Tanaka, K van den Hurk, B Verant, S Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Yang, ZL AF Boone, A Habets, F Noilhan, J Clark, D Dirmeyer, P Fox, S Gusev, Y Haddeland, I Koster, R Lohmann, D Mahanama, S Mitchell, K Nasonova, O Niu, GY Pitman, A Polcher, J Shmakin, AB Tanaka, K van den Hurk, B Verant, S Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Yang, ZL TI The Rhone-aggregation land surface scheme intercomparison project: An overview SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; SOIL WETNESS PROJECT; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; SUBGRID VARIABILITY; WATER-BUDGET; RAINFALL INTERCEPTION; CLIMATE MODELS; ENERGY-BALANCE; RIVER FLOWS; SCALE AB The Rhone-Aggregation (Rhone-AGG) Land Surface Scheme (LSS) intercomparison project is an initiative within the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)/Global Land - Atmosphere System Study ( GLASS) panel of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is a intermediate step leading up to the next phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) ( Phase 2), for which there will be a broader investigation of the aggregation between global scales (GSWP-1) and the river scale. This project makes use of the Rhone modeling system, which was developed in recent years by the French research community in order to study the continental water cycle on a regional scale. The main goals of this study are to investigate how 15 LSSs simulate the water balance for several annual cycles compared to data from a dense observation network consisting of daily discharge from over 145 gauges and daily snow depth from 24 sites, and to examine the impact of changing the spatial scale on the simulations. The overall evapotranspiration, runoff, and monthly change in water storage are similarly simulated by the LSSs, however, the differing partitioning among the fluxes results in very different river discharges and soil moisture equilibrium states. Subgrid runoff is especially important for discharge at the daily timescale and for smaller-scale basins. Also, models using an explicit treatment of the snowpack compared better with the observations than simpler composite schemes. Results from a series of scaling experiments are examined for which the spatial resolution of the computational grid is decreased to be consistent with large-scale atmospheric models. The impact of upscaling on the domain-averaged hydrological components is similar among most LSSs, with increased evaporation of water intercepted by the canopy and a decrease in surface runoff representing the most consistent inter-LSS responses. A significant finding is that the snow water equivalent is greatly reduced by upscaling in all LSSs but one that explicitly accounts for subgrid-scale orography effects on the atmospheric forcing. C1 Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, F-31401 Toulouse, France. Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Water Problems, Moscow 103064, Russia. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Norwegian Water Resources & Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway. NASA, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow 109017, Russia. Kyoto Univ, DPRI, Water Resources Res Ctr, Gokasho, Japan. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX USA. RP Boone, A (reprint author), Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, 18 Ave Edouard Belin,Room 214, F-31401 Toulouse, France. EM aaron.boone@free.fr RI Clark, Douglas/A-6102-2010; Viterbo, Pedro/B-7184-2008; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; Niu, Guo-Yue/B-8317-2011 OI Clark, Douglas/0000-0003-1348-7922; Viterbo, Pedro/0000-0001-6587-3062; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; NR 71 TC 126 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 187 EP 208 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0187:TRLSSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 759MX UT WOS:000187742400014 ER PT J AU Stouffer, RJ AF Stouffer, RJ TI Time scales of climate response SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CIRCULATION; SENSITIVITY; SURFACE; RADIOCARBON; FLUXES; CO2 AB A coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) is integrated to a near-equilibrium state with the normal, half-normal, and twice-normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Most of the ocean below the surface layers achieves 70% of the total response almost twice as fast when the changes in radiative forcing are cooling as compared to the case when they are warming the climate system. In the cooling case, the time to achieve 70% of the equilibrium response in the midoceanic depths is about 500 - 1000 yr. In the warming case, this response time is 1300 - 1700 yr. In the Pacific Ocean and the bottom half of the Atlantic Ocean basins, the response is similar to the global response in that the cooling case results in a shorter response time scale. In the upper half of the Atlantic basin, the cooling response time scales are somewhat longer than in the warming case due to changes in the oceanic thermohaline circulation. In the oceanic surface mixed layer and atmosphere, the response time scale is closely coupled. In the Southern Hemisphere, the near-surface response time is slightly faster in the cooling case. However in the Northern Hemisphere, the near-surface response times are faster in the warming case by more than 500 yr at times during the integrations. In the Northern Hemisphere, both the cooling and warming cases have much shorter response time scales than found in the Southern Hemisphere. Oceanic mixing of heat is the key in determining these time scales. It is shown that the model's simulation of present-day radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) distributions compares favorably to the observations indicating that the quantitative time scales may be realistic. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Stouffer, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 20 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0209:TSOCR>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 759MX UT WOS:000187742400015 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Nath, MJ AF Lau, NC Nath, MJ TI Coupled GCM simulation of atmosphere-ocean variability associated with zonally asymmetric SST changes in the tropical Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR WAVE; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EL-NINO; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; CAUTIONARY NOTE; ANNULAR MODES; DIPOLE MODE; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION AB The nature of a recurrent pattern of variability in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) during the boreal autumn has been investigated using a 900-yr experiment with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. This Indian Ocean Pattern (IOP) is characterized by zonal surface wind perturbations along the equator, as well as east-west contrasts in the anomalous sea surface temperature (SST), surface pressure, and precipitation fields. The IOP is seen to be linked to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. By constructing composite charts and analyzing the heat budget for the top ocean layer, it is illustrated that the ENSO-related changes in the surface wind modify the intensity of oceanic upwelling, horizontal temperature advection, and surface heat fluxes in various parts of the IO basin. These processes lead to SST perturbations with opposite signs in the eastern and western equatorial IO. Further diagnosis of the model output reveals that some strong IOP episodes occur even in the near absence of ENSO influences. In such IOP events that do not coincide with prominent ENSO development, the most noteworthy signal is a zonally elongated sea level pressure anomaly situated south of Australia during the southern winter. The anomalous atmospheric circulation on the equatorward flank of this feature contributes to the initiation of IOP-like events when the ENSO forcing is weak. Both simulated and observational data show that the pressure anomaly south of Australia is part of a hemisphere-wide pattern bearing a considerable resemblance to the Antarctic Oscillation. This annular mode of variability is characterized by opposite pressure changes in the midlatitude and polar zones, and is only weakly correlated with ENSO. The findings reported here indicate that the IOP is attributable to multiple factors, including remote influences due to ENSO and extratropical changes, as well as internal air-sea feedbacks occurring within the IO basin. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM Gabriel.Lau@noaa.gov NR 66 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 245 EP 265 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0245:CGSOAV>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RR UT WOS:000188466900001 ER PT J AU Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM AF Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM TI Influence of ENSO on flood frequency along the California coast SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; LA-NINA EVENTS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; STREAMFLOW AB The influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on flooding in California coastal streams is investigated by analyzing the annual peak floods recorded at 38 gauging stations. The state of ENSO prior to and during flooding is characterized by the multivariate ENSO index (MEI), where MEI, 20.5 is defined as the La Nina phase and MEI>0.5 as the El Nino phase. Flood magnitude in all 20 streams located south of 35degreesN has a significant positive correlation (r=0.3 to 0.6), whereas in 3 of the 4 streams located north of 41degreesN flood magnitude has a significant negative correlation (r=-0.3 to 20.4), with MEI from -2.2 to +3.2. Correlations with MEI are uniformly weak and insignificant, however, when the floods are subdivided into El Nino and non-El Nino phases. A comparison of the geometric mean El Nino flood to the geometric mean non-El Nino flood determined that the means were statistically different at gauging stations south of 35degreesN and north of 41degreesN. For 20 streams located south of 35degreesN, the geometric mean of annual peak floods recorded at a stream gauge during El Nino phases is 2-14 times the geometric mean of annual peak floods recorded during non-El Nino phases. Thus, south of 35degreesN along the California coast, floods are significantly larger during an El Nino phase than a non-El Nino phase. For the three streams located north of 41degreesN, the geometric mean of annual peak floods during an El Nino phase was less than 70% of the geometric mean of annual peak floods during a non-El Nino phase. The relative strength of the El Nino phase, however, has, at most, a weak influence on flood magnitude. Flood exceedance probabilities for the El Nino and non-El Nino periods were calculated for all gauging stations using a three-parameter log gamma distribution. For exceedance probabilities from 0.50 to 0.02, the ratio of the El Nino to non-El Nino floods varies from greater than 10 near 32degreesN to less than 0.7 near 42degreesN. Latitude explains 76%-90% of the observed variation in the relative magnitude of El Nino versus non-El Nino floods over the range of exceedance probabilities. C1 US Geol Survey, WRD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Andrews, ED (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WRD, 3215 Marine St,Suite E127, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM eandrews@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 337 EP 348 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0337:IOEOFF>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RR UT WOS:000188466900007 ER PT J AU Shinoda, T Alexander, MA Hendon, HH AF Shinoda, T Alexander, MA Hendon, HH TI Remote response of the Indian Ocean to interannual SST variations in the tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; RAINFALL ANOMALIES; ATMOSPHERIC BRIDGE; VARIABILITY; ENSO; CIRCULATION; MECHANISMS; MODEL AB Remote forcing of sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the Indian Ocean during the course of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated using NCEP reanalysis and general circulation model (GCM) experiments. Three experiments are conducted to elucidate how SST variations in the equatorial Pacific influence surface flux variations, and hence SST variations, across the Indian Ocean. A control experiment is conducted by prescribing observed SSTs globally for the period 1950-99. In the second experiment, observed SSTs are prescribed only in the tropical eastern Pacific, while climatological SSTs are used elsewhere over the global oceans. In the third experiment, observed SSTs are prescribed in the tropical eastern Pacific, while a variable-depth ocean mixed layer model is used at all other ocean grid points to predict the SST. Composites of surface fluxes and SST over the Indian Ocean are formed based on El Nino and La Nina events during 1950-99. The surface flux variations in the eastern Indian Ocean in all three experiments are similar and realistic, confirming that much of the surface flux variation during ENSO is remotely forced from the Pacific. Furthermore, the SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean are well simulated by the coupled model, which supports the notion of an "atmospheric bridge'' from the Pacific. During boreal summer and fall, when climatological winds are southeasterly over the eastern Indian Ocean, remotely forced anomalous easterlies act to increase the local wind speed. SST cools in response to increased evaporative cooling, which is partially offset by increased solar radiation associated with reduced rainfall. During winter, the climatological winds become northwesterly and the anomalous easterlies then act to reduce the wind speed and evaporative cooling. Together with increased solar radiation and a shoaling mixed layer, the SST warms rapidly. The model is less successful at reproducing the ENSO-induced SST anomalies in the western Indian Ocean, suggesting that dynamical ocean processes contribute to the east-west SST dipole that is often observed in boreal fall during ENSO events. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Shinoda, T (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM Toshiaki.Shinoda@noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; Shinoda, Toshiaki/J-3745-2016 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; Shinoda, Toshiaki/0000-0003-1416-2206 NR 36 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 362 EP 372 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0362:RROTIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 767RR UT WOS:000188466900009 ER PT J AU Duthinh, D Starnes, M AF Duthinh, D Starnes, M TI Strength and ductility of concrete beams reinforced with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer plates and steel SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE anchorage; beams; fiber reinforced polymers; ductility; flexure; concrete; reinforced; rehabilitation AB Seven concrete beams reinforced internally with varying amounts of steel and externally with precured carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) plates applied after the concrete had cracked under service loads were tested under four-point bending. Strains measured along the beam depth allowed computation of the beam curvature in the constant moment region. Results show that FRP is very effective for flexural strengthening. As the amount of steel increases, the additional strength provided by the carbon FRP plates decreases. Compared to a beam reinforced heavily with steel only, beams reinforced with both steel and carbon have adequate deformation capacity, in spite of their brittle mode of failure. Clamping or wrapping of the ends of the precured FRP plate enhances the capacity of adhesively bonded FRP anchorage. Design equations for anchorage, allowable stress, ductility, and amount of reinforcement are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duthinh, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0268 J9 J COMPOS CONSTR JI J. Compos. Constr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 8 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:1(59) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 768GP UT WOS:000188535500008 ER PT J AU Liu, ZK Chen, LQ Raghavan, R Du, Q Sofo, JO Langer, SA Wolverton, C AF Liu, ZK Chen, LQ Raghavan, R Du, Q Sofo, JO Langer, SA Wolverton, C TI An integrated framework for multi-scale materials simulation and design SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Heterogeneous Material Mechanics (ICHMM) CY JUN 21-26, 2004 CL Chongqing Univ, Chongqing, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Chongqing Univ DE CALPHAD; finite element analysis; first-principles; grid computing; phase-field ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION; PHASE-DIAGRAMS; AL-ZN; 1ST-PRINCIPLES; ALLOYS; STABILITY; SYSTEM AB In this paper, we describe initial results of an ongoing research activity involving materials scientists, computer scientists, mathematicians, and physicists from academia, industry and a national laboratory. The present work aims to develop a set of integrated computational tools to predict the relationships among chemistry, microstructure and mechanical properties of multicomponent materials systems. It contains a prototype grid-enabled package for multicomponent materials design with efficient information exchange between structure scales and effective algorithms and parallel computing schemes within individual simulation/modeling stages. As part of our multicomponent materials design framework, this paper reports the materials simulation segment in developing materials design knowledgebase, which involves four major computational steps: (1) Atomic-scale first-principles calculations to predict thermodynamic properties, lattice parameters, and kinetic data of unary, binary and ternary compounds and solutions phases; (2) CALPHAD data optimization approach to compute thermodynamic properties, lattice parameters, and kinetic data of multicomponent systems; (3) Multicomponent phase-field approach to predict the evolution of microstructures in one to three dimensions (1-3D); and (4) Finite element analysis to generate the mechanical response from the simulated microstructure. These four stages are to be integrated with advanced discretization and parallel algorithms and a software architecture for distributed computing systems. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Math, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ford Motor Co, Res & Adv Engn, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. RP Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16803 USA. EM zikui@psu.edu RI Du, Qiang/B-1021-2008; Wolverton, Christopher/B-7542-2009; Sofo, Jorge/J-4415-2012; Sofo, Jorge/B-4344-2014; Chen, LongQing/I-7536-2012; Liu, Zi-Kui/A-8196-2009 OI Du, Qiang/0000-0002-1067-8937; Sofo, Jorge/0000-0003-4513-3694; Sofo, Jorge/0000-0003-4513-3694; Chen, LongQing/0000-0003-3359-3781; Liu, Zi-Kui/0000-0003-3346-3696 NR 43 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 183 EP 199 DI 10.1007/s10820-005-3173-2 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 957RK UT WOS:000231390800007 ER PT J AU Villaquiran, M Nuty, LC Gipson, TA Goetsch, AL Blackburn, HD AF Villaquiran, M. Nuty, L. C. Gipson, T. A. Goetsch, A. L. Blackburn, H. D. TI Evaluation of predictions of body weight and feed intake by growing crossbred Boer goats with a goat simulation model SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract DE coats; simulation model C1 [Nuty, L. C.] Prairie View A&M Univ, Cooperat Agr Res Ctr, Prairie View, TX USA. [Blackburn, H. D.] ARS, USDA, NPA, NSSL,NAGP, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PY 2004 VL 87 SU 1 BP 357 EP 357 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA V45UN UT WOS:000203095301470 ER PT J AU Tatarskii, VI AF Tatarskii, VI TI On the possibility of measuring the phase velocity, group velocity, and dispersion parameter of surface waves by means of coherent amplitude-modulated RADA SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB dispersion law w(S) = f (q(s)) of a hydrodynamic surface wave determines the phase velocity u(ph)(q(s)) = w(s)/q(s), the group Velocity u(gr) (q(s)) = dw(s)/dq(s), and the dispersion parameter D(q(s)) = du(gr)(q(s))/dq(s) = d(2)w(s)/dq(s)(2). Each type of surface wave is characterized completely by its dispersion law. By measuring parameters u(ph)(q(s)), u(gr)(q(s)), and D (q(s)) it is possible to distinguish between the different types of surface waves. In this paper I show that when using a coherent radar that has an amplitude-modulated signal, it is possible to measure these parameters. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tatarskii, VI (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5071 J9 J ELECTROMAGNET WAVE JI J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 BP 429 EP 435 DI 10.1163/156939304774113043 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 807RZ UT WOS:000220519900001 ER PT J AU Walse, SS Pennington, PL Scott, GI Ferry, JL AF Walse, SS Pennington, PL Scott, GI Ferry, JL TI The fate of fipronil in modular estuarine mesocosms SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID FIELD CONDITIONS; TOXICITY; DEGRADATION; ENDOSULFAN; INSECTICIDE; KINETICS; PHENYLPYRAZOLE; METABOLISM; MECHANISMS; HYDROLYSIS AB The degradation and corresponding product manifold for the pesticide fipronil was determined in three replicate estuarine mesocosms. Aqueous fipronil concentrations rapidly decreased over the 672 h timescale of the experiment (95% removal). Loss was apparently first-order in fipronil, although there appeared to be a change in the removal mechanism after 96 h that corresponded to a dramatic slowdown in its disappearance. The reduction product of fipronil, fipronil sulfide, was not detected in the water column; however, it formed rapidly in sediments and was identified as the major product of fipronil degradation in the system (20% yield at 672 h, with respect to initial fipronil concentration). Fipronil sulfone is thought to form primarily via biological oxidation; and, although it was generated rapidly in the water column (10% yield), only trace amounts were detected in the sediment (1% yield). The direct photolysis product of fipronil, fipronil desulfinyl, was present in all samples; it formed rapidly in the water column (4% yield) and partitioned into the sediment phase (7% yield) over the course of the experiment. The mass balance on fipronil and associated products was 42% at 672 h. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NOAA, NOS, NCCOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ferry, JL (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Ferry, John/G-8646-2013; OI Ferry, John/0000-0002-1420-8406 NR 47 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 58 EP 64 DI 10.1039/b307304a PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 761CE UT WOS:000187881500010 PM 14737471 ER PT J AU Keckhut, P McDermid, S Swart, D McGee, T Godin-Beekmann, S Adriani, A Barnes, J Baray, JL Bencherif, H Claude, H di Sarra, AG Fiocco, G Hansen, G Hauchecorne, A Leblanc, T Lee, CH Pal, S Megie, G Nakane, H Neuber, R Steinbrecht, W Thayer, J AF Keckhut, P McDermid, S Swart, D McGee, T Godin-Beekmann, S Adriani, A Barnes, J Baray, JL Bencherif, H Claude, H di Sarra, AG Fiocco, G Hansen, G Hauchecorne, A Leblanc, T Lee, CH Pal, S Megie, G Nakane, H Neuber, R Steinbrecht, W Thayer, J TI Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Review ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH; NEW-ZEALAND; STOIC 1989; PROFILER ASSESSMENT; VOLCANIC AEROSOLS; THERMAL STRUCTURE; GAS EXPERIMENT; RAMAN LIDAR; LAUDER AB The use of assimilation tools for satellite validation requires true estimates of the accuracy of the reference data. Since its inception, the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change ( NDSC) has provided systematic lidar measurements of ozone and temperature at several places around the world that are well adapted for satellite validations. Regular exercises have been organised to ensure the data quality at each individual site. These exercises can be separated into three categories: large scale intercomparisons using multiple instruments, including a mobile lidar; using satellite observations as a geographic transfer standards to compare measurements at different sites; and comparative investigations of the analysis software. NDSC is a research network, so each system has its own history, design, and analysis, and has participated differently in validation campaigns. There are still some technological differences that may explain different accuracies. However, the comparison campaigns performed over the last decade have always proved to be very helpful in improving the measurements. To date, more efforts have been devoted to characterising ozone measurements than to temperature observations. The synthesis of the published works shows that the network can potentially be considered as homogeneous within +/- 2% between 20 - 35 km for ozone and +/- 1 K between 35 - 60 km for temperature. Outside this altitude range, larger biases are reported and more efforts are required. In the lower stratosphere, Raman channels seem to improve comparisons but such capabilities were not systematically compared. At the top of the profiles, more investigations on analysis methodologies are still probably needed. SAGE II and GOMOS appear to be excellent tools for future ozone lidar validations but need to be better coordinated and take more advantage of assimilation tools. Also, temperature validations face major difficulties caused by atmospheric tides and therefore require intercomparisons with the mobile systems, at all sites. C1 Serv Aeron IPSL, Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CNR, Ist Fis Atmosfera, Rome, Italy. Mauna Loa Observ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hilo, HI USA. Univ La Reunion, Lab Phys Atmosphere, St Denis Messageries, Reunion. Meteorol Observ Hohenpeissenberg, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Rome, Italy. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. Kyung Hee Univ, Lidar Ctr, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Alfred Wegener Inst, Potsdam, Germany. SRI Int, Ctr Geospace Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Keckhut, P (reprint author), Serv Aeron IPSL, Verrieres Le Buisson, France. RI Bencherif, Hassan/F-1671-2010; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/G-6113-2010; Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013; Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; THAYER, JEFFREY P./B-7264-2016; di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016; OI Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/0000-0003-0680-6729; Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; THAYER, JEFFREY P./0000-0001-7127-8251; di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898; Adriani, Alberto/0000-0003-4998-8008; Nakane, Hideaki/0000-0002-9032-6105; Hauchecorne, Alain/0000-0001-9888-6994 NR 59 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 9 BP 721 EP 733 DI 10.1039/b404256e PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 851BF UT WOS:000223659700001 PM 15346175 ER PT J AU Gornakov, VS Kabanov, YP Nikitenko, VI Tikhomirov, OA Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Gornakov, VS Kabanov, YP Nikitenko, VI Tikhomirov, OA Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Chirality of a forming spin spring and remagnetization features of a bilayer ferromagnetic system SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC ANISOTROPIES; BIQUADRATIC EXCHANGE; FILMS; MAGNETORESISTANCE; SUPERLATTICE; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB Distribution of a magnetic moment in an exchange-coupled bilayer Fe/SmCo epitaxial structure grown on a (110) MgO substrate is visualized by the magnetooptic indicator film technique. The direction and the magnitude of the effective magnetization in this structure are determined both under external magnetic fields of variable magnitude and direction and after the removal of these fields. It is shown that such a heterostructure is remagnetized by a nonuniform rotation of a magnetic moment both along the thickness of a sample and in its plane. A field antiparallel to the axis of unidirectional anisotropy gives rise to spin springs with opposite chiralities in different regions of the magnetically soft ferromagnetic layer. The contributions of these springs to the net magnetization cancel out, thus decreasing the averaged magnetic moment and the remanent magnetization without their rotation. When the external field deviates from the easy axis, the balance is violated and the sample exhibits a quasi-uniform rotation of the magnetic moment. Asymmetry in the rotation of the magnetic moment is observed under the reversal of the field as well as under repeated remagnetization cycles. It is established that a monochiral spin spring is also formed in a rotating in-plane magnetic field when the magnitude of the field exceeds the critical value. Possible mechanisms of remagnetization in this system are discussed with regard to the original disordered orientation of magnetization of the magnetically soft layer with respect to the easy axis, which is defined by the variance of unidirectional anisotropy axes of this layer on the interface. (C) 2004 MAIK "Nauka / Interperiodica". C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gornakov, VS (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. EM gornakov@issp.ac.ru RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1063-7761 J9 J EXP THEOR PHYS+ JI J. Exp. Theor. Phys. PY 2004 VL 99 IS 3 BP 602 EP 612 DI 10.1134/1.1809689 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 861NP UT WOS:000224423900019 ER PT J AU Nghiem, SV Leshkevich, GA Stiles, BW AF Nghiem, SV Leshkevich, GA Stiles, BW TI Wind fields over the Great Lakes measured by the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; wind fields; storm; remote sensing; satellite; scatterometer ID RADAR CROSS-SECTION; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; MODEL FUNCTION; NSCAT OBSERVATIONS; GENERATED WAVES; OCEAN; SURFACE; STORM; BACKSCATTER; IMPACTS AB This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite scatterometer measurements for wind retrieval over the Great Lakes on a daily basis. We use data acquired by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite launched in June 1999 to derive wind speeds and directions over the lakes at a resolution of 12.5 km, which is two times finer than the QSCAT standard ocean wind product at a resolution of 25 km. To evaluate QSCAT performance for high-resolution measurements of lake wind vectors, we compare QSCAT results with Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System (GLCFS) nowcast windfields and with standard QSCAT measurements of ocean wind vectors. Although the satellite results over the Great Lakes are obtained with an ocean model function, QSCAT and GLCFS windfields compare well together for low to moderate wind conditions (4-32 knots). For wind speed, the analysis shows a correlation coefficient of 0.71, a bias of 2.6 knots in mean wind speed difference (nowcast wind is lower) with a root-mean-square (rms) deviation of 3.8 knots. For wind direction, the correlation coefficient is 0.94 with a very small value of 1.3degrees in mean wind direction bias and an rms deviation of 38degrees for all wind conditions. When excluding the low wind range of 4-12 knots, the rms deviation in wind direction reduces to 22degrees. Considering QSCAT requirements designed for ocean wind measurements and actual evaluations of QSCAT performance over ocean, results for high-resolution lake wind vectors indicate that QSCAT performs well over the Great Lakes. Moreover, we show that windfields derived from satellite scatterometer data before, during, and after a large storm in October 1999, with winds stronger than 50 knots, can monitor the storm development over large scales. The satellite results for storm monitoring are consistent with GLCFS nowcast winds and lake buoy measurements. A geophysical model function can be developed specifically for the Great Lakes using long-term data from satellite scatterometers, to derive more accurate wind fields for operational applications as well as scientific studies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Nghiem, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-235, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. EM Son.V.Nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov NR 55 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 148 EP 165 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812SF UT WOS:000220858500014 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Harting, SL Jeong, J Robbins, JA Rossmann, R AF Kerfoot, WC Harting, SL Jeong, J Robbins, JA Rossmann, R TI Local, regional, and global implications of elemental mercury in metal (copper, silver, gold, and zinc) ores: Insights from Lake Superior sediments SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediments; Lake Superior; mining; trace mercury; base metal ores; copper smelting; gold; silver; copper; mercurian sphalerite; mercury release; mercury inventories ID GREAT-LAKES; TRACE-METALS; MASS FLUX; CONTAMINATION; ONTARIO; DEPOSITION; NORTH; DIAGENESIS; NEARSHORE; PROFILES AB Anthropogenic inventories for copper (229 89 ug/cm(2), N = 30), and mercury (470 307 ng/cm(2), N = 25) in Lake Superior sediments are much greater than inventories in remote lakes (Cu 50 +/- 31 ug/cm(2), Hg 64 +/- 34 ng/cm(2), N = 16) that receive inputs largely from long-distance atmospheric sources. Whereas the absolute concentration o mercury in Lake Superior sediments is not high (80-110 ng/g), enrichment ratios along coastal margins indicate industrial sources. An example of previously unreported mining-related inputs comes from native copper mining on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Around the peninsula, sediment inventories for mercury, silver, and copper are highly correlated and can be traced back to shoreline tailing piles, smelters, and parent ores. Elemental mercury occurs as a natural amalgam or solid solution substitution in native metal (copper, silver, gold) deposits and associated gangue minerals (e.g., sphalerite, ZnS) mu g/g or higher concentrations. Native copper stamp mills discharged more than 364 million metric tons of "stamp sand" tailings, whereas copper smelters refined five million metric tons of copper, liberating together at least 42 metric tons of mercury. Release of trace mercury from Lake Superior mining deserves regional attention as preliminary estimates resemble EPA Region #9 patterns and could help explain the 4-7fold sediment inventory discrepancies. We show that the Keweenaw situation is not unique geographically, as mineral-bound trace mercury is commonplace in U.S. and Canadian Greenstone Belts and of worldwide occurrence in precious (gold, silver) and massive base metal (copper, zinc) ore deposits. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Superior Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Superior Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM wkerfoot@mtu.edu NR 72 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 18 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 162 EP 184 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500012 ER PT J AU Sano, LL Mapili, MA Krueger, A Garcia, E Gossiaux, D Phillips, K Landrum, PF AF Sano, LL Mapili, MA Krueger, A Garcia, E Gossiaux, D Phillips, K Landrum, PF TI Comparative efficacy of potential chemical disinfectants for treating unballasted vessels SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ballast water; invasive nonindigenous species; biocides; Laurentian Great Lakes; glutaraldehyde; hypochlorite; SeaKleen ID ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; BALLAST WATER; SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; SORPTION; CHLORINATION; SENSITIVITY; TOXICANTS AB The release of ballast water from transoceanic vessels is a major vector for the introduction of nonindigenous species into the Laurentian Great Lakes. This study assessed the effectiveness of treating unballasted transoceanic vessels using three different biocides: glutaraldehyde plus a surfactant adjuvant (Disinfekt 1000(R)), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and SeaKleen(TM) (menadione and menadione metabisulfite 2:8). Efficacy against several classes of aquatic organisms was evaluated using 24 h acute toxicity experiments and 11 day ballast tank simulation experiments. The results indicate substantial, compound-specific variations in organism sensitivity. For water-only exposures, NaOCl and SeaKlee(TM) were most effective: NaOCl had the lowest LC90 (90% lethal concentration value) for the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (1.0 mg L-1), while SeaKleen(TM) had the lowest LC90 for the amphipod Hyalella azteca (2.5 mg L-1). Sediments profoundly affected efficacy, particularly for NaOCl: At a 1:4 sediment-water ratio, the estimated LC90 for L. variegatus was > 2,000 mg L-1. Sediment quality also impacted efficacy: Sediments with higher organic carbon content typically required greater biocide concentrations to achieve comparable toxicity. Efficacy was further evaluated with 11 day bioassays using sediments from unballasted vessels. Results indicated that NaOCl and Disinfekt 10008 were more effective than predicted based on small scale sediment-water exposures. Overall, the data suggest that although NaOCl may be effective under water-only conditions, the higher concentrations required in the presence of sediments may cause corrosion problems for ballast tanks. Because of this, less reactive, non-oxidizing biocides such as SeaKleen(TM) and Disinfekt 1000(R) may be better candidates for treating sedimented tanks. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 14 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 201 EP 216 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812SF UT WOS:000220858500017 ER PT J AU Rohli, RV Hsu, SA Lofgren, BM Binkley, MR AF Rohli, RV Hsu, SA Lofgren, BM Binkley, MR TI Bowen ratio estimates over Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bowen ratio; energy fluxes; Lake Erie ID AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE; SEA AB Estimates of the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux (the Bowen ratio) are derived for Lake Erie based on the method introduced by Roll (1965), using hourly automated observations of lake and air temperatures for Buoy 45005 for the period 1992-1997 (May through November). Roll's method computes beta as the product of the drag coefficient (which varies by atmospheric stability class) and the ratio of the difference between lake temperature (T-sea) and air temperature (T-air) to the sea-air vapor pressure difference. The latter can be estimated empirically as a function of Tsea and dew point temperature (T-d). In the diurnal cycle, beta usually peaks in the afternoon hours and tends to increase as the warm season proceeds. Specifically, during unstable atmospheric conditions, beta varies from approximately .15 to .30, and during times of high static stability, beta tends to have near-zero to slightly negative values. Results allow for an improved understanding of turbulent energy fluxes from a large water body, which may affect other processes, such as ice cover, evaporation rates, and contaminant advection. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Geog & Anthropol, So Reg Climate Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Inst Coastal Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Davey Tree Expert Co, Davey Resource Grp, Kent, OH 44240 USA. RP Rohli, RV (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Geog & Anthropol, So Reg Climate Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM garohl@lsu.edu OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 2 BP 241 EP 251 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 843MA UT WOS:000223086800002 ER PT J AU Hawley, N AF Hawley, N TI A comparison of suspended sediment concentrations measured by acoustic and optical sensors SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE suspended sediment measurement; optical sensor; acoustic sensor; Lake Michigan ID LAKE-MICHIGAN; BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS; PARTICLE-SIZE; TRANSPORT; RESUSPENSION; PROFILER AB Simultaneous acoustic and optical measurements of suspended sediment concentration were made during five deployments in southern Lake Michigan. The sensors gave similar results when bottom resuspension was the main cause of changes in suspended sediment concentration, but during the stratified period, when a nepheloid layer was present and large-scale zooplankton movement occurred, the sensors gave quite different results. Since the two types of sensors are most sensitive to particles of different sizes, the simultaneous deployment of acoustic and optical sensors may allow the response of different sized particles to similar forcings to be identified. Care, however, must be taken when comparing suspended sediment concentrations derived from optical and acoustic observations. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hawley, N (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Nathan.Hawley@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 2 BP 301 EP 309 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 843MA UT WOS:000223086800008 ER PT J AU Auer, NA Kahn, JE AF Auer, NA Kahn, JE TI Abundance and distribution of benthic invertebrates, with emphasis on Diporeia, along the Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE benthic invertebrates; Diporeia; distribution; Lake Superior ID PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; MICHIGAN; BAY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; MACROBENTHOS; AMPHIPODA; ONTARIO; AFFINIS; BIOMASS AB The benthic invertebrate community in Lake Superior is an important component in the fisheries food web. Among the Great Lakes, only Lake Superior contains populations of Diporeia spp. that have not been reduced or extirpated in the last 20 years. The objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and distribution of benthic invertebrates along the Keweenaw coast, and to investigate the reproductive ecology of Diporeia. The benthic community was sampled monthly from 1998 to 2000, using a ponar dredge along three transects with distinctly different bathymetry. Each transect contained shelf, slope, and profundal depth regions. Diporeia was the most abundant invertebrate, accounting for 48% of the invertebrate community, while chironomids composed 21.3%, oligochaetes 18.7%, and sphaeriids 8.4%. Only chironomids showed a statistically significant change in monthly density, being more abundant in September than earlier or later in the year. Diporeia and Sphaeriidae were most densely distributed along the slope, and the distribution of chironomids and oligochaetes was even more specific within the slope region, with peak densities occurring at 50 meters on all three transects. Diporeia reproduced when the water temperature was 4 degrees C or colder. Along the shelf Diporeia released their young in May, whereas in the slope and profundal regions young appeared in June and September, suggesting two periods of reproduction, late spring and summer. In the shelf area Diporeia grew at a faster rate than those offshore. There was a linear correlation between the length of,female Diporeia and the number of eggs carried, similar to what has been shown for the other Great Lakes. The benthic invertebrate community peaks in abundance in the slope region of Lake Superior along the Keweenaw Peninsula. This region may provide important habitat and nutrients for other organisms in the Lake Superior food web. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Grangeville, ID 83530 USA. RP Auer, NA (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM naauer@mtu.edu NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 340 EP 359 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500024 ER PT J AU Scharold, JV Lozano, SJ Corry, TD AF Scharold, JV Lozano, SJ Corry, TD TI Status of the amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Superior, 1994-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; benthic macro-inertebrates; amphipods; Diporeia; ecological status ID SLIMY SCULPINS; FOOD-WEB; MICHIGAN; ONTARIO; POPULATIONS; REGION; TROUT; ECOLOGY; BURBOT; WATERS AB The amphipod Diporeia spp. is the dominant component of the Great Lakes benthic macroinvertebrate fauna, and plays an important role in the ecosystem. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 (GLWQA) calls for the use of Diporeia as an indicator of ecological condition, with a goal of 220 to 320/m(2) at depths less than 100 m, and 30-160/m(2) at greater depths. To ascertain the status of Diporeia in Lake Superior, a probability-based survey of 27 sites representing the U.S. nearshore (10 to 110 m) waters of Lake Superior was conducted in 1994, and again in 2000. During 1995 to 1998, ten nearshore non-depositional sites and five sites in major depositional basins in the western half of the lake were revisited yearly to examine variability of Diporeia abundance. In 1994, nearshore Diporeia abundance ranged from 550 to 5500/m(2), and the entire nearshore area met or exceeded the GLWQA ecosystem objective. In 2000, abundance ranged from less than 10 to 2,800/m(2), and 11% of the nearshore area did not meet the GLWQA objective. The area that did not meet the GLWQA objective was located in the eastern half of the lake. Examination of yearly abundance data in the western half of Lake Superior did not reveal a significant trend at nearshore or offshore sites. Although Diporeia abundance in the eastern half of the lake was lower in 2000 than 1994, the severe declines in Diporeia populations that have been observed in the lower Great Lakes are not evident in Lake Superior. Abundances of Diporeia observed in the present study are higher than those reported in the 1970s by a factor of seven. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Scharold, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM scharold.jill@epa.gov NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 360 EP 368 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500025 ER PT J AU Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Geddes, CA Mason, DM Schwab, DJ Fleischer, GW AF Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Geddes, CA Mason, DM Schwab, DJ Fleischer, GW TI Landscape scale measures of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) bioenergetic growth rate potential in Lake Michigan and comparison with angler catch rates SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE steelhead; Lake Michigan; bioenergetics; spatial model; habitat; AVHRR ID SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT MODELS; SURFACE-WATER TEMPERATURE; FISH GROWTH; HABITAT QUALITY; STRIPED BASS; FOOD-WEB; SIZE; DYNAMICS; ONTARIO; TROUT AB The relative quality of a habitat can influence fish consumption, growth, mortality, and production. In order to quantify habitat quality, several authors have combined bioenergetic and foraging models to generate spatially explicit estimates of fish growth rate potential (GRP). However, the capacity of GRP to reflect the spatial distributions of fishes over large areas has not been fully evaluated. We generated landscape scale estimates of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) GRP throughout Lake Michigan for 1994-1996, and used these estimates to test the hypotheses that GRP is a good predictor of spatial patterns of steelhead catch rates. We used surface temperatures (measured with AVHRR satellite imagery) and acoustically measured steelhead prey densities (alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus) as inputs for the GRP model. Our analyses demonstrate that potential steelhead growth rates in Lake Michigan are highly variable in both space and time. Steelhead GRP tended to increase with latitude, and mean GRP was much higher during September 1995, compared to 1994 and 1996. In addition, our study suggests that landscape scale measures of GRP are not good predictors of steelhead catch rates throughout Lake Michigan, but may provide an index of interannual variation in system-wide habitat quality. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. USGS BRD, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hook, TO (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM thook@umich.edu RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 4 BP 545 EP 556 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 896RU UT WOS:000226952000008 ER PT J AU Kingston, SE Rosel, PE AF Kingston, SE Rosel, PE TI Genetic differentiation among recently diverged delphinid taxa determined using AFLP markers SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; PHYLOGENY; DIVERSITY; DOLPHIN; CATTLE AB In the mid-1990s, a new common dolphin species (Delphinus capensis) was defined in the northeast Pacific using morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. This species is sympatric with a second species, Delphinus delphis; morphological differences between the two are slight and it is clear they are closely related. Does the phenotypic distinction result from only a few important genes or from large differences between their nuclear genomes? We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to broadly survey the nuclear genomes of these two species to examine the levels of nuclear divergence and genetic diversity between them. Furthermore, to create an evolutionary context in which to compare the level of interspecific divergence found between the two Delphinus taxa, we also examined two distinct morphotypes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis clearly differentiated both Delphinus species, indicating that significant nuclear genetic differentiation has arisen between the species despite their morphological similarity. However, the AFLP data indicated that the two T. truncatus morphotypes exhibit greater divergence than D. capensis and D. delphis, suggesting that they too should be considered different species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Coll Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Rosel, PE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, 646 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM patricia.rosel@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 95 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1093/jhered/esh010 PG 10 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 771QQ UT WOS:000188797900001 PM 14757724 ER PT J AU Michalak, AM Kitanidis, PK AF Michalak, AM Kitanidis, PK TI Application of geostatistical inverse modeling to contaminant source identification at Dover AFB, Delaware SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Groundwater Symposium CY MAR 25-28, 2002 CL Berkeley, CA DE stochastic inverse modeling; contaminant source identification; inference under constraints; Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC); Metropolis-Hastings algorithm; Bayesian inference ID AQUITARD; PROFILES AB Analysis of subsurface soil cores from the site of a field-scale groundwater remediation experiment at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, has revealed that tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene contamination extends into an aquitard underlying a groundwater aquifer. Geostatistical inverse modeling is used to make inferences regarding the historical concentration conditions in the overlying aquifer. Because geostatistical inverse modeling is a stochastic approach, it treats parameters as jointly distributed random fields. Therefore, this approach is used to compute confidence intervals in addition to best estimates. This framework is also used to compute large numbers of conditional realizations, which are equally probable solutions given the data, and which allow for a better understanding of the form of the unknown function. Finally, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method combined with the application of Lagrange multipliers is used to enforce concentration non-negativity. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Michalak, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 15 PU INT ASSN HYDRAULIC RESEARCH PI MADRID PA PASEO BAJO VIRGEN DEL PUERTO, 3, 28005 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0022-1686 J9 J HYDRAUL RES JI J. Hydraul. Res. PY 2004 VL 42 SI SI BP 9 EP 18 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 818JG UT WOS:000221240800004 ER PT J AU Qiao, FL Zhang, SQ Yuan, YL AF Qiao Fang-li Zhang Shao-qing Yuan Ye-li TI UNIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MODERN OCEANIC/ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION ALGORITHMS SO JOURNAL OF HYDRODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; oceanic/atmospheric system; filtering; Optimal Interpolation (OI); 4-dimensional variational(4D-Var) approach AB The key mathematics and applications of various modern atmospheric/oceanic data assimilation methods including Optimal Interpolation (OI), 4-dimensional variational approach (4D-Var) and filters were systematically reviewed and classified. Based on the data assimilation philosophy, i. e., using model dynamics to extract the observational information, the common character of the problem, such as the probabilistic nature of the evolution of the atmospheric/oceanic system, noisy and irregularly spaced observations, and the advantages and disadvantages of these data assimilation algorithms, were discussed. In the filtering framework, all modern data assimilation algorithms were unified: OI/3D-Var is a stationary filter, 4D-Var is a linear (Kalman) filter and an ensemble of Kalman filters is able to construct a nonlinear filter. The nonlinear filter such as the Ensemble Kalman Filter (ENKF), Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF) and Ensemble Transformation Kalman Filter (ETKF) can, to some extent, account for the non-Gaussian information of the prior distribution from the model. The flow-dependent covariance estimated by an ensemble filter may be introduced to OI and 4D-Var to improve these traditional algorithms. In practice, the performance of algorithms may depend on the specific numerical model and the choice of algorithm may depend on the specific problem. However, the unification of algorithms allows us to establish a unified test system to evaluate these algorithms, which provides more insights into data assimilation philosophies and helps improve data assimilation techniques. C1 [Qiao Fang-li] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Oceanog, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. [Qiao Fang-li; Yuan Ye-li] State Ocean Adm, Key Lab Marine Sci & Numer Modeling, Inst Oceanog 1, Qingdao 266061, Peoples R China. [Qiao Fang-li] Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. [Zhang Shao-qing] Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Qiao, FL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Oceanog, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. EM qiaofl@fio.org.cn FU National Key Basic Research Program [G1999043809] FX This study was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (Grant No: G1999043809). NR 117 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1001-6058 J9 J HYDRODYN JI J. Hydrodyn. PY 2004 VL 16 IS 5 BP 501 EP 517 PG 17 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA V22FM UT WOS:000208261100001 ER PT J AU Thomas, JE Hemmer, SL Kinast, J Turlapov, A Gehm, ME O'Hara, KM AF Thomas, JE Hemmer, SL Kinast, J Turlapov, A Gehm, ME O'Hara, KM TI Dynamics of a highly-degenerate, strongly-interacting Fermi gas of atoms SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids CY AUG 03-08, 2003 CL UNIV NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO HO UNIV NEW MEXICO ID STATE AB We use all-optical methods to produce a highly-degenerate, Fermi gas of Li-6 atoms near a Feshbach resonance, where strong interactions are predicted. In this regime, the zero-energy scattering length is larger than the interparticle spacing, and both the mean field energy and the collision rate take on universal forms as a consequence of unitarity and many-body interactions. Our experiments study universal hydrodynamic expansion of the gas and universal mean field interactions. By measuring the cloud radii of the trapped gas, we determine a universal parameter for strongly interacting two-component Fermi systems, the ratio of the mean field energy to the kinetic energy. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, JE (reprint author), Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Turlapov, Andrey/S-1786-2016 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 655 EP 664 DI 10.1023/B:JOLT.0000012624.69815.77 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 764ZV UT WOS:000188241800098 ER PT J AU Engels, P Coddington, I Schweikhard, V Cornell, EA AF Engels, P Coddington, I Schweikhard, V Cornell, EA TI Vortex lattice dynamics in a dilute gas BEC SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids CY AUG 03-08, 2003 CL UNIV NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO HO UNIV NEW MEXICO AB We study the dynamics of large vortex lattices in a dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensate. Rapidly rotating condensates are created that contain vortex lattices with up to 300 vortices. The condensates are held in a parabolic trapping potential, and rotation rates exceeding 99% of the radial trapping frequency are achieved. By locally suppressing the density while maintaining the phase singularities, we create vortex aggregates. To illustrate the underlying Coriolis force driven dynamics, oscillation frequencies of the vortex aggregate area are measured. A related technique also enables us to excite and directly image Tkachenko modes in a vortex lattice. These modes provide evidence for the shear strength that a vortex lattice in a superfluid can support. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Engels, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 683 EP 688 DI 10.1023/B:JOLT.0000012628.78400.ef PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 764ZV UT WOS:000188241800102 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR AF Lawn, BR TI Fracture and deformation in brittle solids: A perspective on the issue of scale SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SODA-LIME GLASS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; STRENGTH DEGRADATION; INDENTATION DAMAGE; MICRO-INDENTATION; CRACK INITIATION; LAYER STRUCTURES; CONTACT DAMAGE; CERAMICS; COATINGS AB A perspective on the issue of scale in the fracture and deformation properties of ordinarily brittle covalent-ionic solids (ceramics) is presented. Characteristic scaling dimensions for nanomechanical properties of this class of solids are identified-specimen size or layer thickness, microstructural scale, and contact dimension. Transitions in mechanical damage processes occur as the characteristic dimensions diminish from the macroscale to the submicroscale. Such transitions generally preclude unconditional extrapolations of macroscopic-scale fracture and deformation laws into the nanomechanics region. Strength of brittle solids tends to increase while toughness tends to decrease as the scaling dimensions diminish. The nature of flaws that control strength in the submicroscale region also undergoes fundamental changes-even flaws without well-developed microcracks can be deleterious to strength. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 56 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 7 U2 36 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 EI 2044-5326 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 22 EP 29 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DH UT WOS:000222316100003 ER PT J AU Pratt, JR Smith, DT Newell, DB Kramar, JA Whitenton, E AF Pratt, JR Smith, DT Newell, DB Kramar, JA Whitenton, E TI Progress toward Systeme International d'Unites traceable force metrology for nanomechanics SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPRING CONSTANTS; MICROSCOPE; FILMS; WEAR AB Recent experiments with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electrostatic Force Balance (EFB) have achieved agreement between an electrostatic force and a gravitational force of 10(-5) N to within a few hundred pN/muN. This result suggests that a force derived from measurements of length, capacitance, and voltage provides a viable small force standard consistent with the Systeme International d'Unites. In this paper, we have measured the force sensitivity of a piezoresistive microcantilever by directly probing the NIST EFB. These measurements were linear and repeatable at a relative standard uncertainty of 0.8%. We then used the calibrated cantilever as a secondary force standard to transfer the unit of force to an optical lever-based sensor mounted in an atomic force microscope. This experiment was perhaps the first ever force calibration of an atomic force microscope to preserve an unbroken traceability chain to appropriate national standards. We estimate the relative standard uncertainty of the force sensitivity at 5%, but caution that a simple model of the contact mechanics suggests errors may arise due to friction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 25 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 8 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 366 EP 379 DI 10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.366 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DH UT WOS:000222316100042 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Yarusso, DJ AF McGuiggan, PM Yarusso, DJ TI Measurement of the loss tangent of a thin polymeric film using the atomic force microscope SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES; NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES; CONTACT MECHANICS; SURFACE; MODULATION; FRICTION; NANOINDENTATION; STIFFNESS; MODULUS AB An atomic force microscope was used to measure the loss tangent, tall delta, of a pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape as a function of frequency (0.01 to 10 Hz). For the measurement, the sample was oscillated normal to the surface and the response of the cantilever resting on the polymer surface (as measured via the photodiode) was monitored. Both oscillation amplitude and phase were recorded as a function of frequency. The atomic force microscopy measurement gave the same frequency dependence of tan delta as that measured by a dynamic shear rheometer on a film 20 times thicker. The results demonstrate that the atomic force microscope technique can quantitatively measure rheological properties of soft thin polymeric films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. 3M Ctr, Commercial Graph Div, St Paul, MN 55144 USA. RP McGuiggan, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM patricia.mcguiggan@nist.gov RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 387 EP 395 DI 10.1557/jmr.2004.0044 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DH UT WOS:000222316100044 ER PT J AU Burnett, JH Kaplan, SG AF Burnett, JH Kaplan, SG TI Measurement of the refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of water near 193 nm SO JOURNAL OF MICROLITHOGRAPHY MICROFABRICATION AND MICROSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE index of refraction; refractive index; thermo-optic coefficient; 193-nm immersion lithography ID THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; RADIOMETRY AB We present accurate measurements of several important optical constants of high-purity water for wavelengths near 193.39 nm at 21.50degreesC: the absolute refractive index n = 1.43662(2), the dispersion dn/dlambda = -2.109(17) x 10(-3) nm(-1), and the thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT = -1.00(4) x 10(-4) (degreesC)(-1). We determine these values by two independent approaches, the minimum deviation prism method and an interferometric technique, and find that they give mutually consistent results. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1537-1646 J9 J MICROLITH MICROFAB JI J. Microlithogr. Microfabr. Microsyst. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1 BP 68 EP 72 DI 10.1117/1.1632501 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA 826GT UT WOS:000221818000010 ER PT J AU Harrison, C Cabral, JT Stafford, CM Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Harrison, C Cabral, JT Stafford, CM Karim, A Amis, EJ TI A rapid prototyping technique for the fabrication of solvent-resistant structures SO JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS; GRADIENTS AB We demonstrate a rapid prototyping technique for the fabrication of solvent-resistant channels up to and exceeding one millimeter in height. The fabrication of channels with such dimensions by conventional lithography would be both challenging and time consuming. Furthermore, we show that this technology can be used to fabricate channels with a depth that varies linearly with distance. This technique requires only a long-wavelength ultraviolet source, a mask made by a desktop printer and a commercially available optical adhesive. We demonstrate two lithographic methods: one that fabricates channels sealed between glass plates (close-faced) and one that fabricates structures on a single plate (open-faced). The latter is fully compatible with silicon replication techniques to make fluid handling devices. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cabral, JT (reprint author), Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, 36 Old Quarry Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA. EM joao.cabral@nist.gov RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 16 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 13 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0960-1317 J9 J MICROMECH MICROENG JI J. Micromech. Microeng. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 153 EP 158 AR PII S0960-1317(04)65426-X DI 10.1088/0960-1317/14/1/021 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771PZ UT WOS:000188796400021 ER PT J AU Suenram, RD Plusquellic, DF Lovas, FJ Walker, ARH Liu, QA Xu, LH Jensen, JO Samuels, AC AF Suenram, RD Plusquellic, DF Lovas, FJ Walker, ARH Liu, QA Xu, LH Jensen, JO Samuels, AC TI Rotational spectra, conformational structures and dipole moments of 2-(ethylthio)ethanol by jet-cooled FTMW and ab initio calculations SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article AB The rotational spectra of three low-energy conformers of 2-(ethylthio)ethanol also known as ethyl 2-hydroxyethylsulfide or hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide (HOEES), together with the monosubstituted C-13 and S-34 isotopic forms of the two lowest energy conformers, have been measured in a molecular beam using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. To search for the likely conformational structures, ab initio calculations were performed at the MP2/6-31G* level for reduced dimensionality potential energy mapping and at the MP2 = FULL/6-311G** and B3LYP = FULL/6-311G** levels for full structural optimization and electronic energy calculations of possible lower energy conformers. In all, five low-energy conformers, each of C, point group symmetry, were located in the ab initio search with complete information obtained on rotational constants, dipole moments, and structures. Rotational constants for three of the conformers agree well with the experimental observations, leaving the other two with no experimental partners. The three having experimental matches display relatively open "chain-like" structures corresponding to TG-, and GG-like forms, while the two with no experimental matches display relatively closed or "folded" structures with significantly different rotational constants. Although results using different ab initio level theories with and without zero point energy corrections alter the conformer energy ordering slightly, the no-match conformers always stay in the lower energy group, leaving an unsolved question as to why these lower energy conformers with "folded-like" structures were not observed in the jet-cooled FTMW spectra. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Edgewood Chem & Biol Ctr, Pass Standoff Detect, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. RP Xu, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015; Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 223 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2003.08.009 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 757UG UT WOS:000187579400002 ER PT J AU Davidson, SA Evenson, KM Brown, JM AF Davidson, SA Evenson, KM Brown, JM TI The far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectrum of the (CH)-C-13 radical SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL DOUBLE-RESONANCE; GROUND-STATE PARAMETERS; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE MOMENT; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; ISOTOPE DEPENDENCE; DOUBLING SPECTRUM; INTERSTELLAR CH; BAND SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY; CONSTANTS AB Transitions between the spin-rotational levels of the 13 CH radical in the v = 0 level of the X(2)Pi ground state have been detected by the technique of laser magnetic resonance at far-infrared wavelengths. These measurements have been combined with the previous measurements of the lambda-doubling intervals of the molecule [J. Chem. Phys. 85 (1986) 1276] to determine an improved set of molecular parameters for (CH)-C-13. The analysis provides accurate predictions of the transition frequencies between the low-lying spin-rotational levels of the radical at zero magnetic field. A comparison is made with the values of the corresponding parameters of (CH)-C-12 which reveals small effects due to the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Brown, JM (reprint author), Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 223 IS 1 BP 20 EP 30 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2003.09.002 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 757UG UT WOS:000187579400003 ER PT J AU Masiello, T Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL AF Masiello, T Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL TI Analysis of high-resolution infrared and CARS spectra of (SO3)-S-34-O-18 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared; spectrum; sulfur trioxide; sulfur-34; oxygen-18 ID SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; COHERENT RAMAN; HOT BANDS; NU(2); (SO3)-S-32-O-16; SPECTROSCOPY; BF3 AB Three fundamental modes and several hot bands of (SO3)-S-34-O-18 have been investigated using both infrared spectroscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS). Coriolis coupling effects are particularly noticeable in (SO3)-S-34-O-18 due to the close proximity of the v(2) and v(4) fundamental vibrations, whose wavenumber values are 477.50864(5) and 502.05565(4) cm(-1). The uncertainties in the last digits are shown in parentheses and are two standard deviations. Hot band transitions from v(2), v(4) levels give access to infrared inactive v(2), v(4) combination/overtone levels which interact strongly with levels of the Raman-active v, symmetric stretching mode due to indirect Coriolis couplings, l-resonances, and Fermi resonances. The result is a complex vi CARS Q-branch spectrum that is the most perturbed of the four SO3 isotopomers we have studied. The relative importance of these interaction terms on the v(1) CARS spectrum is examined in some detail and accurate rovibrational constants are determined for all of the mixed states, leading to deperturbed values of 1004.662(24), 0.0003503(9), and 0.0007066(12) cm(-1) for v(1), alpha(1)(beta), and alpha(1)(C), respectively. The B-e value is found to be 0.310875(12) cm(-1), which gives an equilibrium bond length r(e) of 141.7339(3) pm, in excellent agreement with values of 141.7340(1) and 141.7347(7) pm reported earlier for (SO3)-S-32-O-16 and (SO3)-S-34-O-16. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Gilbert Hall 153, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 223 IS 1 BP 84 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2003.09.010 PG 12 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 757UG UT WOS:000187579400010 ER PT J AU Struntz, DJ McLellan, WA Dillaman, RM Blum, JE Kucklick, JR Pabst, DA AF Struntz, DJ McLellan, WA Dillaman, RM Blum, JE Kucklick, JR Pabst, DA TI Blubber development in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) SO JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blubber; development; cetacean; bottlenose dolphin; adipocyte; hypodermis ID PORPOISES PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HARBOR PORPOISES; FETAL; CELLULARITY; ALLOMETRY; GROWTH AB Blubber, the lipid-rich hypodermis of cetaceans, functions in thermoregulation, buoyancy control, streamlining, metabolic energy storage, and locomotion. This study investigated the development of this specialized hypodermis in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) across an ontogenetic series, including fetuses, neonates, juveniles, subadults, and adults. Blubber samples were collected at the level of the mid-thorax, from robust specimens (n = 25) that stranded along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia. Blubber was dissected from the carcass and its mass, and the depth and lipid content at the sample site, were measured. Samples were prepared using standard histological methods, viewed by light microscopy, and digital images of blubber captured. Images were analyzed through the depth of the blubber for morphological and structural features including adipocyte size, shape, and numbers, and extracellular, structural fiber densities. From fetus to adult, blubber mass and depth increased proportionally with body mass and length. Blubber lipid content increased dramatically with increasing fetal length. Adult and juvenile blubber had significantly higher blubber lipid content than fetuses, and this increase was reflected in mean adipocyte size, which increased significantly across all robust life history categories. In juvenile, subadult, and adult dolphins, this increase in cell size was not uniform across the depth of the blubber, with the largest increases observed in the middle and deep blubber regions. Through-depth counts of adipocytes were similar in all life history categories. These results suggest that blubber depth is increased during postnatal growth by increasing cell size rather than cell number. In emaciated adults (n = 2), lipid mobilization, as evidenced by a decrease in adipocyte size, was localized to the middle and deep blubber region. Thus, in terms of both lipid accumulation and depletion, the middle and deep blubber appear to be the most metabolically dynamic. The superficial blubber likely serves a structural role important in streamlining the animal. This study demonstrates that blubber is not a homogeneous tissue through its depth, and that it displays life history-dependent changes in its morphology and lipid content. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Math, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Pabst, DA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. EM pabsta@uncw.edu NR 43 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0362-2525 EI 1097-4687 J9 J MORPHOL JI J. Morphol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1 BP 7 EP 20 DI 10.1002/jmor.10154 PG 14 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 754UU UT WOS:000187350700002 PM 14666521 ER PT J AU Song, D AF Song, D TI Remarks on entanglement swapping SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS B-QUANTUM AND SEMICLASSICAL OPTICS LA English DT Letter DE quantum computing; entanglement swapping AB In two partially entangled states, entanglement swapping by Bell measurement will yield the weaker entanglement of the two. This scheme is optimal because the average entanglement cannot increase under local operation and classical communication. However, for more than two states, this scheme does not always yield the weakest link. We consider projective measurements other than Bell-type measurement and show, numerically, that while Bell measurement may not be unique, it is indeed optimal among these projective measurements. We also discuss the non-uniqueness of Bell measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4266 J9 J OPT B-QUANTUM S O JI J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP L5 EP L7 AR PII S1464-4266(04)66780-2 DI 10.1088/1464-4266/6/1/L02 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 768QU UT WOS:000188587200002 ER PT J AU Saloman, EB Sansonetti, CJ AF Saloman, EB Sansonetti, CJ TI Wavelengths, energy level classifications, and energy levels for the spectrum of neutral neon SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE atomic energy levels; atomic spectra; atomic wavelengths; atomic wave numbers; energy level classifications; infrared wavelengths; ionization energy; ultraviolet wavelengths; wavelength standards ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; OPTOGALVANIC SPECTRUM; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; REGION; NM; TRANSITIONS; RESONANCES; STATES AB We have prepared a comprehensive critically evaluated compilation of the most accurate wavelength measurements for classified lines of neutral neon (Ne I) in its natural isotopic abundance. Data from 19 sources spanning the region 256 Angstrom to 54 931 Angstrom are included. Based on this line list we have derived optimized values for the energy levels of neutral neon. Tabular data for 1595 classified lines and 374 energy levels are provided. In addition to the observed wavelengths, we present revised wavelengths calculated from the optimized energy levels for all lines that have been previously recommended for use as secondary wavelength standards. (C) 2005 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Saloman, EB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.saloman@nist.gov; craig.sansonetti@nist.gov NR 58 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PY 2004 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1113 EP 1158 AR 10.1063/1.1797771 DI 10.1063/1.1797771 PG 46 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 893ZZ UT WOS:000226760900007 ER PT J AU Oey, LY Winant, C Dever, E Johnson, WR Wang, DP AF Oey, LY Winant, C Dever, E Johnson, WR Wang, DP TI A model of the near-surface circulation of the Santa Barbara Channel: Comparison with observations and dynamical interpretations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; DATA ASSIMILATION MODEL; WIND STRESS; OCEAN; TEMPERATURE; PATTERNS; DESIGN; FLUX; FLOW AB Previous studies indicate the importance of wind, wind curl, and density differences in driving the near-surface circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC). Here model sensitivity experiments and dynamical analyses of the near-surface currents in the SBC are presented. Various approximations of the wind-from coarse-resolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) archives to a high-resolution dataset that incorporates buoy, oil-platform, and land-based wind stations-are used. In some experiments, observed temperatures at 10 moorings are also assimilated into the model. Model solutions are sensitive to channel-scale [O(10 km)] wind distribution. Modeled currents forced by the ECMWF wind yield poor results when compared with observations. The simulation using the high-resolution wind (without assimilation) captures the observed spatial and seasonal patterns of the circulation, though the intensity is underestimated. With assimilation, the intensity is increased. In particular, the western-channel cyclone is reproduced well. Momentum analyses suggest that the cyclone is maintained by oppositely directed, time-dependent pressure gradients (PG) along the northern and southern coasts of the channel. These PGs are, in turn, caused by warming episodes probably related to wind relaxations. Momentum analysis also identifies along-channel PG (APG) as a dynamic index of the seasonal circulation. APG is strongly poleward in summer and autumn and becomes weak in winter. The poleward APG is eroded by equatorward wind bursts in late winter through spring during which period it changes sign to weakly equatorward. The APG becomes poleward again in early summer with the arrival of a large-scale warming signal from the Southern California Bight. The model does poorly in the eastern portion of the channel, in which region remote forcing at long periods (10-30 days) has been identified in previous observational studies. The model fails to reproduce the intense springtime (April) equatorward current (approximate to-20.2 m s(-1)) at the eastern channel entrance. The corresponding variance is also underestimated. The remote forcing is not accounted for in the model because climatological conditions are specified at the open boundary in the Southern California Bight. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. US Dept Interior Mineral Management Serv, Herndon, VA USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Oey, LY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM lyo@princeton.edu NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 23 EP 43 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0023:AMOTNC>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 770DA UT WOS:000188706900002 ER PT J AU Arbic, BK Flierl, GR AF Arbic, BK Flierl, GR TI Effects of mean flow direction on energy, isotropy, and coherence of baroclinically unstable beta-plane geostrophic turbulence SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; VORTEX CRYSTALS; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; MIDOCEAN EDDIES; KINETIC-ENERGY; 2D TURBULENCE; OCEAN; INSTABILITY; WAVES; EQUILIBRATION AB The effects of mean flow direction on statistically steady, baroclinically unstable, beta-plane quasigeostrophic (QG) turbulence are examined in a two-layer numerical model. The turbulence is forced by an imposed, horizontally homogeneous, vertically sheared mean flow and dissipated by bottom Ekman friction. The model is meant to be an idealization of the midocean eddy field, which generally has kinetic energies larger than the mean and is isotropic. Energetic eddies can be generated even when planetary beta (beta) dominates gradients of mean potential vorticity (PV; also, q), as long as the mean shear has a substantial meridional component. However, eddies are isotropic only when the angle between layer mean PV gradients exceeds approximately 90degrees. This occurs when planetary and shear-induced gradients are comparable. Maps of PV indicate that these gradients may indeed be comparable over much of the midocean. Coherent jets form when the mean flow has a substantial meridional component and beta is large. When beta is nonzero, but small enough to permit isotropy, and the zonal component of the mean flow is not strongly eastward, lattices of like-signed coherent vortices develop. Like-signed vortex formation from initial and forcing conditions without a vorticity preference has not been observed before in QG systems. The vortex arrays are sensitive to the details of small-scale dissipation. Both cyclonic and anticyclonic fields arise in the simulations, depending on initial conditions, but they have different energies, consistent with broken symmetries in the governing equations. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. MIT, MITWHOI Joint Program Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Program Atmosphers Oceans & Climate, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Princeton Univ, GFDL, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,SAyre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM bka@gfdl.gov OI Arbic, Brian K/0000-0002-7969-2294 NR 69 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 77 EP 93 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0077:EOMFDO>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 770DA UT WOS:000188706900005 ER PT J AU Dong, CM Ou, HW Chen, D Visbeck, M AF Dong, CM Ou, HW Chen, D Visbeck, M TI Tidally induced cross-frontal mean circulation: Analytical study SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FINITE-AMPLITUDE BANKS; GEORGES-BANK; TOPOGRAPHIC RECTIFICATION; RESIDUAL CURRENTS; MODEL; SIDES; OCEAN; SEA AB An analytical model is developed to study the tidally induced mean circulation in the frontal zone. Four distinct forcing mechanisms are identified, which result in the generation of the counterclockwise Bernoulli cell, the clockwise Ekman cell, the clockwise frontal cell, and the Stokes drift (facing in the direction with the shallow water to the left). The decomposition of the cross-frontal circulation provides a dynamical framework for interpreting and understanding its complex structure. To illustrate the underlying physics, three model configurations are considered pertaining to a homogenous ocean and winter and summer fronts. For a homogeneous ocean, the circulation is dominated by three cells; for the winter front, the offshore Bernoulli cell is strengthened; and for the summer front, two counterrotating cells are found in the vertical direction, associated with the two branches of the front. The dependence of the cell structure on the Ekman, Burger, and other dimensionless numbers is examined. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Dong, CM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM cdong@splash.princeton.edu RI Visbeck, Martin/G-2461-2011; Visbeck, Martin/B-6541-2016; Chen, Dake/E-7082-2011 OI Visbeck, Martin/0000-0002-0844-834X; Visbeck, Martin/0000-0002-0844-834X; NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 293 EP 305 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0293:TICMCA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 770DA UT WOS:000188706900020 ER PT J AU Waldron, JEL Green, MA Neumann, DA AF Waldron, JEL Green, MA Neumann, DA TI Structure and electronic properties of monoclinic Nb12O29 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; OXIDES AB Monoclinic Nb12O29 is metallic and antiferromagnet (T-N = 12 K), despite possessing a low number of unpaired electrons. The origin of its magnetic ordering is described, which is due to a charge ordering transition, localising half of the unpaired electrons onto a specific crystallographic site within its (4 x 3) block structure, causing the formation of a one-dimensional chain of spins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, 21 Albemarle St, London W1X 4BS, England. EM mark@ri.ac.uk NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD JAN PY 2004 VL 65 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.jpcs.2003.09.001 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 763YE UT WOS:000188127400013 ER PT J AU Kucera, J Zeisler, R AF Kucera, J Zeisler, R TI Do we need radiochemical separation in activation analysis? SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION; COMPTON SUPPRESSION; HUMAN-SERUM; VANADIUM; IRRADIATION; SAMPLES; DECAY; TIMES AB The optimization of neutron activation analysis with regard to detection limit and uncertainty of measurement using physical and chemical means is reviewed. Using selected examples it is demonstrated that radiochemical separation is the most effective means of optimization, especially in neutron activation analysis, because it yields the lowest detection limits and uncertainties. C1 Inst Phys Nucl, CZ-25068 Rez, Czech Republic. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kucera, J (reprint author), Inst Phys Nucl, CZ-25068 Rez, Czech Republic. RI Kucera, Jan/G-8507-2014 NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PY 2004 VL 262 IS 1 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1023/B:JRNC.0000040883.15153.db PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 852HW UT WOS:000223747400044 ER PT J AU Cheary, RW Coelho, AA Cline, JP AF Cheary, RW Coelho, AA Cline, JP TI Fundamental parameters line profile fitting in laboratory diffractometers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Accuracy in Powder Diffraction CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL NIST, Gaithersburg, MD HO NIST DE fundamental parameters; microstructure analysis; parafocusing optics; profile convolution; profile fitting; x-ray powder diffraction ID SENSITIVE PROPORTIONAL-COUNTERS; RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTOMETER; AXIAL DIVERGENCE; K-ALPHA; EMISSION-SPECTRUM; DIFFRACTION LINES; COPPER; PEAK; SATELLITES; DISPERSION AB The fundamental parameters approach to line profile fitting uses physically based models to generate the line profile shapes. Fundamental parameters profile fitting (FPPF) has been used to synthesize and fit data from both parallel beam and divergent beam diffractometers. The refined parameters are determined by the diffractometer configuration. In a divergent beam diffractometer these include the angular aperture of the divergence slit, the width and axial length of the receiving slit, the angular apertures of the axial Soller slits, the length and projected width of the x-ray source, the absorption coefficient and axial length of the sample. In a parallel beam system the principal parameters are the angular aperture of the equatorial analyser/Soller slits and the angular apertures of the axial Soller slits. The presence of a monochromator in the beam path is normally accommodated by modifying the wavelength spectrum and/or by changing one or more of the axial divergence parameters. Flat analyzer crystals have been incorporated into FPPF as a Lorentzian shaped angular acceptance function. One of the intrinsic benefits of the fundamental parameters approach is its adaptability any laboratory diffractometer. Good fits can normally be obtained over the whole 20 range without refinement using the known properties of the diffractometer, such as the slit sizes and diffractometer radius, and emission profile. C1 Univ Technol Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. Bruker AXS, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Alan.Coelho@attglobal.net; Cline@credit.nist.gov NR 43 TC 185 Z9 186 U1 3 U2 38 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 109 IS 1 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.6028/jres.109.002 PG 25 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 839JU UT WOS:000222781000002 PM 27366594 ER PT J AU Armstrong, N Kalceff, W Cline, JP Bonevich, JE AF Armstrong, N Kalceff, W Cline, JP Bonevich, JE TI Bayesian inference of nanoparticle-broadened X-ray line profiles SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Accuracy in Powder Diffraction CY APR 22-25, 2001 CL NIST, Gaithersburg, MD HO NIST DE Bayesian; fuzzy pixel; instrumental broadening; inverse problem; maximum entropy; morphology; nanoparticles; size broadening; size distribution; x-ray line profiles ID CRYSTALLITE SIZE DISTRIBUTION; MAXIMUM-ENTROPY METHOD; MINIMUM CROSS-ENTROPY; VOIGT-FUNCTION; AXIOMATIC DERIVATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; PRINCIPLES AB A single-step, self-contained method for determining the crystallite-size distribution and shape from experimental x-ray line profile data is presented. It is shown that the crystallite-size distribution can be determined without invoking a functional form for the size distribution, determining instead the size distribution with the least assumptions by applying the Bayesian/MaxEnt method. The Bayesian/MaxEnt method is tested using both simulated and experimental CeO2 data, the results comparing favourably with experimental CeO2 data from TEM measurements. C1 Univ Technol Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Armstrong, N (reprint author), Univ Technol Sydney, POB 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. EM Nicholas.Armstrong@uts.edu.au NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 109 IS 1 BP 155 EP 178 DI 10.6028/jres.109.012 PG 24 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 839JU UT WOS:000222781000012 PM 27366604 ER PT J AU Ostashev, VE Wilson, DK Goedecke, GH AF Ostashev, VE Wilson, DK Goedecke, GH TI Spherical wave propagation through inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence: Log-amplitude and phase correlations SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-LAYER TURBULENCE; SOUND; FLUCTUATIONS AB Inhomogeneity and anisotropy are intrinsic characteristics of daytime and nighttime turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the present paper, line-of-sight sound propagation through inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence with temperature and velocity fluctuations is considered. Starting from a parabolic equation and using the Markov approximation, formulas are derived for the correlation functions and variances of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of a spherical sound wave. These statistical moments of a sound field are important for many practical applications in atmospheric acoustics. The derived formulas for the correlation functions and variances generalize those already known in the literature for two limiting cases: (a) homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, and (b) inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence with temperature fluctuations only. Furthermore, the formulas differ from those for the case of plane wave propagation. Using the derived formulas and Mann's spectral tensor of velocity fluctuations for shear-driven turbulence, the correlation functions and variances of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations are studied numerically. The results obtained clearly show that turbulence inhomogeneity and anisotropy significantly affect sound propagation in the atmosphere. (C) 2004 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 115 IS 1 BP 120 EP 130 DI 10.1121/1.1628680 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 765CJ UT WOS:000188249300012 PM 14759002 ER PT J AU Phair, JW Schulz, JC Aldridge, LP Smith, JD AF Phair, JW Schulz, JC Aldridge, LP Smith, JD TI Small-angle neutron scattering and rheological characterization of aluminosilicate hydrogels SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 104th Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP Amer Ceram Soc ID SODIUM ALUMINATE SOLUTIONS; SOL-GEL SYNTHESIS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; ZEOLITE PRECURSORS; ALKALINE-SOLUTIONS; NMR INVESTIGATIONS; CROSS-LINKING; SILICA-GELS; SI-29 NMR; MAS NMR AB Structure and formation of aluminosilicate hydrogels were investigated as a function of chemical composition. Oscillatory rheometry was used to measure the dynamic moduli, G' and G", of the gels during setting. The formation of aluminosilicate hydrogels was monitored over time as a function of the storage modulus for gels of low solids volumes, phi < 0.030. Overall gel strength correlated well to the fractal dimension, D, observed by neutron scattering. Scattering data were interpreted using the power law, and the Guinier relationship was used to determine the size of the constructing colloidal/gel particles. Aluminosilicate hydrogels were observed to consist of large fractal aggregates of indeterminable size constructed from smaller subunits of similar to45 Angstrom in dimension. Structure and formation of the gels were highly dependent on [Al2O3] and [Na2O] content. C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Chem Engn, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ANSTO, Menai, NSW 2334, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Sch Chem, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RP Phair, JW (reprint author), FHWA, Fairbank Highway Res Ctr, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RI Schulz, Jamie/B-3819-2008 NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 129 EP 137 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 767FH UT WOS:000188429200021 ER PT J AU Yin, L Ives, LK Jahanmir, S AF Yin, L Ives, LK Jahanmir, S TI Effects of fluids on the simulated clinical-dental machining of a glass ceramic SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Effects of fluids on material removal rate, chipping damage, and surface roughness in the simulated clinical-dental machining of a dental-type glass ceramic were investigated. Significant differences in removal rate were obtained among the fluids investigated, but only a 4 wt% boric acid solution gave a higher removal rate than conventionally used water. Chipping damage was substantially lower for the boric acid and an oil-emulsion coolant compared with other fluids tested. Surface roughness was independent of the fluids used. The results indicate that improvement can be achieved in both material removal rate and machining damage by the appropriate selection of coolant chemistry. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yin, L (reprint author), Tianjin Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China. EM lingyin@tju.edu.cn NR 8 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 173 EP 175 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 767FH UT WOS:000188429200031 ER PT J AU Josell, D Moffat, TP Wheeler, D AF Josell, D Moffat, TP Wheeler, D TI An exact algebraic solution for the incubation period of superfill SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; SUBMICROMETER FEATURES; BUMP FORMATION; COPPER; MODEL; SILVER; FABRICATION; ADDITIVES; VIAS AB Recent publications have used the impact of area change coupled with conservation of adsorbed catalyst to quantify the "superfill'' effect of bottom-up feature filling during electrodeposition and chemical vapor deposition. This work describes how that superfilling process can be quantified using planar fronts that grow from corners where surfaces impinge. The results obtained apply only when catalyst is preadsorbed on the surface, with no subsequent accumulation or consumption. However, because they are exact solutions, they can also be used to check the accuracy of models and computer codes concerned with the more general problems of feature filling. Implications for sidewall deposition associated with the incubation period are discussed. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 151 IS 1 BP C19 EP C24 DI 10.1149/1.1626672 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 755UA UT WOS:000187428800035 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Josell, D AF Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Josell, D TI Electrodeposition of copper in the SPS-PEG-Cl additive system - I. Kinetic measurements: Influence of SPS SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; SULFATE BATH; ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; AU(111) ELECTRODES; DISK ELECTRODE; CHLORIDE-ION; DEPOSITION; SURFACE; DISSOLUTION AB The kinetics of copper electrodeposition from an acidified cupric sulfate electrolyte containing SPS-PEG-Cl were examined. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric experiments reveal a competition between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and Na-2[SO3(CH2)(3)S](2) (SPS) for surface sites. PEG interacts synergistically with Cl- and Cu+ to form a passivating film that inhibits the metal deposition rate by two orders of magnitude. Subsequent adsorption of short chain disulfide or thiol molecules with a sulfonate-end group(s) leads to the disruption and/or displacement of the passivating surface complex and acceleration of the metal deposition rate. The effect of submonolayer quantities of catalytic SPS is sustained even after extensive metal deposition, indicating that the catalyst largely remains segregated on the growth surface. Multicycle voltammetry reveals a significant potential dependence for SPS adsorption as well as its subsequent deactivation. Catalyst deactivation, or consumption, was examined by monitoring the quenching of the metal deposition rate occurring on SPS-derivatized electrodes in a SPS-free electrolyte. Catalyst consumption is a higher order process in terms of its coverage dependence and a maximum deactivation rate is observed near an overpotential of -0.1 V. Derivatization experiments are shown to be particularly effective in revealing the influence of molecular functionality in additive electroplating. Specifically, the charged sulfonate end group is shown to be central to effective catalysis. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.moffat@nist.gov RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 46 TC 184 Z9 185 U1 10 U2 80 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 4 BP C262 EP C271 DI 10.1149/1.1651530 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 808HR UT WOS:000220560700035 ER PT J AU Polk, BJ Bernard, M Kasianowicz, JJ Misakian, M Gaitan, M AF Polk, BJ Bernard, M Kasianowicz, JJ Misakian, M Gaitan, M TI Microelectroplating silver on sharp edges toward the fabrication of solid-state nanopores SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; DEPOSITION; COPPER; NICKEL AB Electrodeposition of silver was investigated as a fabrication tool for constricting large (10(3) mum(2)) vias in silicon substrates while leaving a small opening in the center of the via. Silver reduction from ammoniacal silver nitrate was studied at electrodes of novel geometry, i.e., the edge of the vias, with respect to reduction potential, reduction pulse type, and pulse duration. A variety of crystal nucleation and growth patterns were observed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that electroplated silver occluded the vias to leave open areas of less than 1 mum(2). Such occlusions might be used as restrictions in microfluidics systems, forming a type of solid-state micropore or nanopore. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Polk, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.polk@nist.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 9 BP C559 EP C566 DI 10.1149/1.1773732 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 850OJ UT WOS:000223622000043 ER PT J AU Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR Kongstein, O AF Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR Kongstein, O TI Electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys from lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROALUMINATE MOLTEN-SALTS; GRAIN REFINEMENT; METALLIC-GLASS; SOLID-SOLUTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; TITANIUM; ZIRCONIUM; DECOMPOSITION; PRECIPITATION; PHASE AB The electrochemistry of Zr(IV) and Zr(II) and the electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys were examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 mol % aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt at 353 K. The electrochemical reduction of Zr(IV) to Zr(IT) is complicated by the precipitation of ZrCl3; however, solutions of Zr(II) can be prepared by reducing Zr(IV) with Al wire. Al-Zr alloys can be electrodeposited from plating baths containing either Zr(IV) or Zr(II), but for a given concentration and current density, baths containing Zr(IV) lead to Al-Zr alloys with the higher Zr content. This result was traced to the diminutive concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for Zr(II). It was possible to prepare Al-Zr alloys containing up to similar to17% atomic fraction (atom %) Zr. The structure of these deposits depended on the Zr content. Alloys containing less than 5 atom % Zr could be indexed to a disordered face-centered cubic structure similar to pure At, whereas alloys containing similar to17 atom % Zr were completely amorphous (metallic glass). The chloride pitting potentials of alloys with more than 8 atom % Zr were approximately +0.3 V relative to pure Al. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsuda, T (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. EM chclh@cheml.olemiss.edu RI Tsuda, Tetsuya/F-7234-2014; OI Tsuda, Tetsuya/0000-0001-9462-8066; Kongstein, Ole Edvard/0000-0002-2607-0109 NR 48 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 7 BP C447 EP C454 DI 10.1149/1.1753231 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 837YC UT WOS:000222676300036 ER PT J AU Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR AF Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR TI Electrodeposition of Al-Mo alloys from the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PITTING CORROSION; METALLIC-GLASS; MOLYBDENUM; BEHAVIOR; ION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; RESISTANCE; CHEMISTRY; FILMS; TITANIUM AB The electrodeposition of aluminum-molybdenum alloys was examined at copper rotating disk and wire substrates in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 mol % aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt containing Mo(II) in the form of dissolved (Mo6Cl8) Cl-4. The molybdenum content of the electrodeposits depended on the electrode rotation rate, Mo(II) concentration, and bath temperature. It was possible to produce nonequilibrium alloys containing up to 11 atom % Mo. These alloy deposits were compact and chloride-free. Al-Mo alloys containing more than 8 atom % Mo exhibited a chloride corrosion pitting potential of approximately 1800 mV against pure aluminum. The corrosion resistance of this alloy is superior to that of all the aluminum-transition metal alloys that have been electrodeposited to date from chloroaluminate molten salts. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsuda, T (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. EM chclh@chem1.olemiss.edu RI Tsuda, Tetsuya/F-7234-2014 OI Tsuda, Tetsuya/0000-0001-9462-8066 NR 46 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 30 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 6 BP C379 EP C384 DI 10.1149/1.1704611 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 821CL UT WOS:000221437300038 ER PT J AU Wheeler, D Moffat, TP McFadden, GB Coriell, S Josell, D AF Wheeler, D Moffat, TP McFadden, GB Coriell, S Josell, D TI Influence of a catalytic surfactant on roughness evolution during film growth SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; BLOCKING INHIBITORS; ADDITIVES; COPPER; MODEL; STATE AB A numerical analysis is presented to explain the effect of catalytic surfactant on roughness evolution during film growth mediated by an electrochemical or chemical reaction. The analysis uses the previously published curvature enhanced accelerator coverage (CEAC) mechanism; the CEAC mechanism accounts for the conservation of local coverage of adsorbed catalyst on a deforming interface. It has recently been demonstrated that the CEAC mechanism stabilizes surfaces against the growth of instabilities when the coverage of an adsorbed catalyst is in a steady state governed by catalyst consumption balanced by accumulation from the ambient. Surfaces with global conservation of catalyst during deposition, i.e., experiencing neither accumulation nor consumption, are not predicted to be stable. Experimental evidence suggests otherwise. This paper uses numerical analysis to demonstrate that such surfaces, while not strictly stable to arbitrarily small perturbations, are effectively stabilized through the formation of time dependent oscillatory states with extremely small amplitudes. A simple front tracking algorithm is used to model the evolution of the interface. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wheeler, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.wheeler@nist.gov RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 8 BP C538 EP C544 DI 10.1149/1.1767351 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 841YV UT WOS:000222969500039 ER PT J AU Hedden, RC Waldfried, C Lee, HJ Escorcia, O AF Hedden, RC Waldfried, C Lee, HJ Escorcia, O TI Comparison of curing processes for porous dielectrics - Measurements from specular X-ray reflectivity SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; PROFILE AB Specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR) was employed to compare structure and barrier properties of a series of nanoporous organo-silicate low dielectric constant (low-k) thin films cured by several different techniques. The polymethylsilsesquioxane films were prepared by curing the same starting material by five different techniques: standard furnace cure, a novel UV light-assisted process, and three plasma-assisted processes. The films' electron density vs. depth profile, pore volume fraction, and moisture uptake were measured by SXR. The measurements illustrate how curing technology can significantly impact low-k film structure and barrier properties and also illustrate the value of SXR for characterization of depth-dependent phenomena in nanoporous thin films. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Axcelis Technol Inc, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. RP Hedden, RC (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM hedden@matse.psu.edu RI Hedden, Ronald/M-3909-2014 OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 8 BP F178 EP F181 DI 10.1149/1.1766311 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 841YV UT WOS:000222969500047 ER PT J AU Levin, I Kovler, M Roizin, Y Vofsi, M Leapman, RD Goodman, G Kawada, N Funahashi, M AF Levin, I Kovler, M Roizin, Y Vofsi, M Leapman, RD Goodman, G Kawada, N Funahashi, M TI Structure, chemistry, and electrical performance of silicon oxide-nitride-oxide stacks on silicon SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; FILMS; SIO2/SI3N4/SIO2; SPECTROSCOPY AB The structure and chemistry of silicon oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) stacks on silicon with differently processed top oxide layers were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and X-ray specular reflectometry. The changes observed in the structure and chemistry of the ONO stacks were correlated with the electrical performance of these stacks in flash-memory devices. The results demonstrated that using larger thermal budgets to form the top oxide layer yields (i) broader N distribution across the nitride/oxide interfaces, ( ii) reduced H content at the Si/SiO2 interfaces, (iii) increased density of the top oxide layer, and ultimately, (iv) improved electrical performance of ONO-based memory devices. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tower Semicond Ltd, IL-23105 Migdal Haemeq, Israel. NIH, Div Bioengn & Phys Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Charles Evans & Associates, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA. Rigaku Corp, Akishima, Tokyo 1968666, Japan. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 12 BP G833 EP G838 DI 10.1149/1.1811594 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 870OY UT WOS:000225068500068 ER PT J AU Hong, FL Diddams, S Guo, RX Bi, ZY Onae, A Inaba, H Ishikawa, J Okumura, K Katsuragi, D Hirata, J Shimizu, T Kurosu, T Koga, Y Matsumoto, H AF Hong, FL Diddams, S Guo, RX Bi, ZY Onae, A Inaba, H Ishikawa, J Okumura, K Katsuragi, D Hirata, J Shimizu, T Kurosu, T Koga, Y Matsumoto, H TI Frequency measurements and hyperfine structure of the R(85)33-0 transition of molecular iodine with a femtosecond optical comb SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ND-YAG LASERS; HETERODYNE SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY; 532 NM; I-2-STABILIZED ND; ROTATION DEPENDENCE; I-127(2); MODULATION; RESONANCES; STANDARDS; GENERATOR AB Absolute frequency measurements of the R(85)33-0 transition of molecular iodine at the blue end of the tuning range of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser are implemented with a femtosecond optical comb based on a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. The hyperfine structure of the R(85)33-0 transition is observed by use of high-resolution laser spectroscopy and is measured by the femtosecond optical comb. The observed hyperfine transitions are good frequency references for both frequency-doubled Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 lasers in the 532-nm region. High-accuracy hyperfine constants are obtained by our fitting the measured hyperfine splittings to a four-term Hamiltonian, which includes the electric quadrupole, spin-rotation, tensor spin-spin, and scalar spin-spin interactions. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. E China Normal Univ, Opt Quant Lab, Shanghai, Peoples R China. Sci Univ Tokyo, Onada, Yamaguchi 7560884, Japan. RP Hong, FL (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba Cent 3,1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Hong, Feng-Lei/N-3098-2014 OI Hong, Feng-Lei/0000-0003-1318-2635 NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 88 EP 95 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.21.000088 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 759EH UT WOS:000187725000014 ER PT J AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG Simons, D Chau, Q AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG Simons, D Chau, Q TI Towards reproducible scanning capacitance microscope image interpretation SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on the Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 26-MAY 01, 2003 CL Santa Curz, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Accurel Syst Int, ATOMIKA Instruments GmbH, Cameca, Digital Instruments, Evans Analyt Grp, Phys Elect ID CARRIER PROFILES AB Scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) images, and the two-dimensional (2D) dopant profiles extracted from them, show poor reproducibility from laboratory to laboratory. Major factors contributing to SCM image variability include: poor sample surface and oxide quality, excess carrier Generation from stray light, reduced sensor dynamic range from stray capacitance, and use of nonoptimal SCM operating voltages. This article discusses the sources of SCM image variability, how they affect the measured SCM images, and possible approaches for mitigating their effects. Recommended procedures for extracting quantitative 2D are discussed. Finally, a set of informal research materials is introduced consisting of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor pair, an identical pair without metallization, and a pair of transistor-like structures with the conductivity type of the source/drains reversed. These structures are intended for use with the FASTC2D software to help improve laboratory-to-laboratory dopant profile reproducibility. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.kopanski@nist.gov NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 399 EP 405 DI 10.1116/1.1627794 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 808MS UT WOS:000220573800078 ER PT J AU Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ AF Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ TI On calculating scanning capacitance microscopy data for a dopant profile in semiconductors SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on the Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 26-MAY 01, 2003 CL Santa Curz, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Accurel Syst Int, ATOMIKA Instruments GmbH, Cameca, Digital Instruments, Evans Analyt Grp, Phys Elect ID 3 DIMENSIONS; COLLOCATION; SIMULATION; NEEDS AB One scanning probe method that holds great promise for two-dimensional dopant profiling in semiconductors is scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). The usual way to calculate the SCM signal (the derivative capacitance) for a dopant profile is to use the finite-element method to solve Poisson's equation. The domain region includes the doped semiconductor substrate region, the oxide layer region, and the air region bordering the metallic probe-tip of the SCM. The bias between the probe and sample is determined by using Dirichlet boundary conditions along the boundary of the probe-tip and the grounded plane deep within the doped semiconductor substrate. Managing this mesh-object (domain geometry and boundary conditions) requires sophisticated software. To help simplify these calculations, it is proposed that the SCM signal be found by using the areal capacitance distribution of the oxide and the air near the probe-tip to specify a natural boundary condition along the probed surface of the doped semiconductor sample, so that only the doped semiconductor substrate region needs to be meshed. For this configuration, it is found that linear finite-elements can give inaccurate results, and that cubic finite-elements can give accurate results. To help speed the calculations, it is proposed that a reasonably coarse mesh may be used, as well. The method is applied to a. model one-dimensional ion-implanted dopant profile in a two-dimensional geometry, and the results of calculation for the forward problem are compared with that of using Dirichlet boundary conditions along the probe-tip. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marchiando, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8121, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jay.marchiando@nist.gov NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 411 EP 416 DI 10.1116/1.1619422 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 808MS UT WOS:000220573800080 ER PT J AU Buh, GH Tran, C Kopanski, JJ AF Buh, GH Tran, C Kopanski, JJ TI PSPICE analysis of a scanning capacitance microscope sensor SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on the Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 26-MAY 01, 2003 CL Santa Curz, CA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Accurel Syst Int, ATOMIKA Instruments GmbH, Cameca, Digital Instruments, Evans Analyt Grp, Phys Elect AB A detailed analysis of the capacitance sensor from a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) is presented. PSPICE circuit simulations are compared with experimental results. The general behavior of the SCM sensor and practical aspects of the sensor-tuning curve are described. It is found that stray capacitances of the magnitude encountered in a conventional SCM measurement configuration are large enough to significantly decrease measurement sensitivity and sensor high-frequency voltage across the tip sample. We have also calculated and measured the delocalized dC/dV caused by stray capacitance, revealing that this background dC/dV must be accounted for in order to obtain the true localized dC/dV. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Buh, GH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.kopanski@nist.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 417 EP 421 DI 10.1116/1.1631290 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 808MS UT WOS:000220573800081 ER PT J AU As-Salek, JA Schwab, DJ AF As-Salek, JA Schwab, DJ TI High-frequency water level fluctuations in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE water level fluctuations; spectra; Great Lakes; edge waves; oscillations AB During certain meteorological events, water level oscillations up to 1.5 m with periods of less than 2 It have been observed in the Great Lakes. The squall line events of 7-11 March 1998, 29 May-2 June 1998, and 8-12 November 1998 in Lake Michigan, are analyzed by spectral and analytical methods. Dominant periods of less than 2 h are identified in the spectra of water level fluctuations and coherencies among the spectral peaks of water levels of different station pairs are calculated to determine whether the oscillations are localized or basin wide. Explicit numerical calculations of normal mode periods and structures using a Lanczos procedure show that the dominant periods in the observed data are consistent with the structures and periods of some of the calculated modes. The March 1998 and the November 1998 episodes show higher surges with a gradual rise of water level, while the episode of May 1998 shows an abrupt rise in the water level at Calumet Harbor and about ten times higher spectral signature than the former two. Many of the high-frequency modes have large amplitude at or near Calumet Harbor and the periods are close to the periods of edge waves that would be generated by a squall line similar to the May 1998 squall line. The trapping of energy and localized higher modes in a water body can work together to excite edge waves and localized seiches causing abrupt water level fluctuations. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP As-Salek, JA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Junaid.As-Salek@dep.state.fl.us; schwab@glerl.noaa.gov RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 130 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:1(45) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 761XQ UT WOS:000187941100005 ER PT J AU McFee, WE Osborne, CA AF McFee, WE Osborne, CA TI Struvite calculus in the vagina of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphins; case report; struvite; Tursiops truncatus; vaginal calculus AB On 27 January 2000, a struvite calculus was observed in the vagina during necropsy of a 138-cm-long female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) collected from the Stono River, South Carolina (USA). Vaginal calculi have been reported in other species of cetaceans but not in bottlenose dolphins. Urinary tract infection might have been an underlying cause of the calculus. While urinary tract inflammation was not detected by light microscopic evaluation of sections of the urinary tract, it is conceivable that sufficient time had lapsed following voiding of the calculus through the urethra for urinary tract infection to have resolved. To further define the prevalence and significance of urolithiasis, prosectors of dead stranded marine mammals are encouraged to closely observe their urinary and genital tracts for calculi and to submit them for quantitative analysis. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Minnesota Urolith Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McFee, WE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM wayne.mcfee@noaa.gov NR 11 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 40 IS 1 BP 125 EP 128 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 811IU UT WOS:000220766400017 PM 15137499 ER PT S AU Cheok, GS Stone, WC AF Cheok, GS Stone, WC BE Kamerman, GW TI Performance evaluation facility for LADARs SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications IX CY APR 13-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE artifact; calibration; LADAR; performance evaluation; range measurements; standardization; uncertainties AB The use and scope of LADAR (laser detection and ranging) applications continues to expand as the technology matures. This growth is reflected in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) experience with research into the applications of LADARs for construction, manufacturing, and autonomous vehicle navigation. However, standard protocols or procedures for calibrating and testing LADARs have yet to be developed. Currently, selections of LADAR instruments are generally based on the manufacturer's specifications, the availability of standard test procedures would promote more uniform definitions of these specifications and provide a basis for a better informed differentiation between LADAR instruments. Consequently, NIST's Construction Metrology and Automation Group (CMAG) has conducted exploratory experiments to characterize the performance of a LADAR instrument. The experiences gained in these efforts are summarized in this paper. These experiences also pointed to the need for an internal calibration/evaluation facility at NIST, as well as to the need for the development of uniform specifications and test procedures for characterizing LADARs. As a result, NIST convened a workshop on the establishment of a LADAR calibration facility. Discussions of some issues relating to the performance evaluation of LADARs, facility requirements, and similar efforts are presented in this paper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheok, GS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5335-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5412 BP 54 EP 65 DI 10.1117/12.553985 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAZ39 UT WOS:000224312200006 ER PT B AU Hollberg, L Oates, CW Wilpers, G Curtis, EA Hoyt, CW Diddams, SA Bartels, A Ramond, TM AF Hollberg, L Oates, CW Wilpers, G Curtis, EA Hoyt, CW Diddams, SA Bartels, A Ramond, TM BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Optical clocks with cold atoms and stable lasers SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS AB The performance and prospects for neutral-atom optical frequency standards are discussed based on our recent progress with a calcium optical frequency standard. Second stage narrow-line cooling to microkelvin (and even 300 nK) temperatures, combined with launched atoms, should reduce Doppler frequency errors to about 1x10(-16). Advanced femtosecond optical frequency combs allow direct comparisons between the Ca optical standard, the Hg+ optical standard and the Cs primary standard. These comparisons provide independent "reality checks" on both the stability and accuracy. Relative frequency measurements also constrain the possible time variation of atomic energy levels and fundamental constants. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hollberg, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 14 EP 21 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0002 PG 8 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900002 ER PT B AU Loftus, T Xu, XY Ido, T Boyd, M Hall, JL Gallagher, A Ye, J AF Loftus, T Xu, XY Ido, T Boyd, M Hall, JL Gallagher, A Ye, J BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Ultracold atomic strontium: From unconventional laser cooling and future optical standards to photon-free anisotropic many body physics SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci AB We report the first experimental study of sub-Doppler cooling in alkaline earth atoms (Sr-87) enabled by the presence of nuclear spin-originated magnetic degeneracy in the atomic ground state. A detailed investigation of system thermodynamics with respect to trapping beam parameters clearly reveals sub-Doppler temperatures despite the presence of multiple, closely spaced excited-states. This novel result is confirmed by a multi-level theory of the radiative cooling force. In addition, we describe an experimental study of magnetically trapped P-3(2) state metastable Sr-88, a system that may ultimately provide unique insights into the physics of many-body systems with anisotropic interactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Loftus, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM ye@jila.colorado.edu NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 34 EP 36 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0005 PG 3 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900005 ER PT B AU Ye, Y Chen, LS Jones, RJ Holman, K Jones, DJ AF Ye, Y Chen, LS Jones, RJ Holman, K Jones, DJ BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Ultra-precise phase control of short pulses applications to nonlinear spectroscopy SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; AMPLIFICATION; GENERATION; HYPERFINE; CAVITY; NM AB Recent progress in precision control of pulse repetition rate and carrier-envelope phase of ultrafast lasers has found a wide range of applications in both precision spectroscopy and ultrafast science. In this contribution we discuss the impact of optical frequency comb to precision molecular spectroscopy, optical standards, nonlinear optics, and sensitive detection. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0013 PG 8 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900013 ER PT B AU Phillips, WD Huckans, JH Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Porto, JV Rolston, SL Anderlini, M AF Phillips, WD Huckans, JH Tolra, BL O'Hara, KM Porto, JV Rolston, SL Anderlini, M BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Experimental study of a Bose gas in one dimension SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; ATOMS; DECAY C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, WD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 124 EP 128 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0019 PG 5 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900019 ER PT B AU Leibfried, D Barrett, MD Kish, AB Britton, J Chiaverini, J Demarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Lucas, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Rowe, MA Schaetz, T Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D Barrett, MD Kish, AB Britton, J Chiaverini, J Demarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Lucas, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Rowe, MA Schaetz, T Wineland, DJ BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Building blocks for a scalable quantum information processor based on trapped ions SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci ID COMPUTATION; COMPUTER AB We describe the underlying concept and experimental demonstration of the basic building blocks of a scalable quantum information processor architecture using trapped ion-qubits. The trap structure is divided into many subregions. In each several ion-qubits can be trapped in complete isolation from all the other ion-qubits in the system. In a particular subregion, ion-qubits can either be stored as memory or subjected to individual rotations or multi-qubit gates. The ion-qubits are guided through the array by appropriately switching control electrode potentials. Excess energy that is gained through the motion of ion-qubits in the array or other heating mechanisms can be removed by sympathetic cooling of the ion-qubits with another ion species. The proposed architecture can be used in a highly parallel fashion, an important prerequisite for fault-tolerant quantum computation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0045 PG 9 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900045 ER PT B AU Lett, PD Wang, LJ AF Lett, PD Wang, LJ BE Hannaford, P Sidorov, A Bachor, H Baldwin, K TI Abraham's force on a highly dispersive medium SO LASER SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy CY JUL 13-18, 2003 CL Palm Cove, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Acad Sci, Australian Inst Phys, ARC Ctr Excellence Quantum Atom Opt, Coherent Inc, Coherent Sci, Lastek, Sacher Lasertechnik, Spectra Phys, Swinburne Univ Technol, Topt Photon, Wiley VCH, World Sci ID MOMENTUM AB We consider the radiation force on highly dispersive media. In doing so we reconsider an experiment proposed to measure the "Abraham force" term in the stress-energy tensor at optical frequencies by measuring the displacement of a transparent dielectric caused by a light pulse passing through it. We demonstrate that, using a cold atomic vapor with a large normal dispersion as the sample medium, such an experiment should now be feasible. We also show that this radiation force can be measured for a light pulse in a highly anomalously dispersive medium, where the group velocity exceeds c. This leads to the non-intuitive result that the sample recoil changes direction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lett, PD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8424, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-616-5 PY 2004 BP 365 EP 368 DI 10.1142/9789812703002_0054 PG 4 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCM25 UT WOS:000229968900054 ER PT S AU Lafitte, B Curry, JJ AF Lafitte, B Curry, JJ BE Zissis, G TI Bench-top x-ray absorption imaging of Hg in ceramic metal-halide lamps SO LIGHT SOURCES 2004 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources CY JUL 18-22, 2004 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP European COST 529 Network, GE, Philips, Heraeus, Osram, SLi, Welch Allyn C1 Univ Toulouse 3, CPAT, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lafitte, B (reprint author), Univ Toulouse 3, CPAT, 118 rte Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France. EM bruno.lafitte@cpat.ups-tlse.fr NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-1007-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2004 IS 182 BP 333 EP 334 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BAU82 UT WOS:000223655300110 ER PT S AU Karabourniotis, D Curry, JJ Drakakis, E Benck, E AF Karabourniotis, D Curry, JJ Drakakis, E Benck, E BE Zissis, G TI Deviations from equilibrium of thallium level populations in a metal halide arc lamp SO LIGHT SOURCES 2004 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources CY JUL 18-22, 2004 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP European COST 529 Network, GE, Philips, Heraeus, Osram, SLi, Welch Allyn C1 Univ Crete, Inst Plasma Phys, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Karabourniotis, D (reprint author), Univ Crete, Inst Plasma Phys, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. EM dk@plasma.physics.uoc.gr RI Karabourniotis, Dimitris/G-8531-2011; Drakakis, Emmanuel/D-7396-2012 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-1007-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2004 IS 182 BP 523 EP 524 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BAU82 UT WOS:000223655300205 ER PT S AU Curry, JJ Sansonetti, CJ AF Curry, JJ Sansonetti, CJ BE Zissis, G TI Systematic observations of 150 W metal-halide arc lamps containing a progression of additive chemistries SO LIGHT SOURCES 2004 SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources CY JUL 18-22, 2004 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP European COST 529 Network, GE, Philips, Heraeus, Osram, SLi, Welch Allyn C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-1007-3 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2004 IS 182 BP 557 EP 558 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BAU82 UT WOS:000223655300222 ER PT S AU Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Libert, JM AF Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Libert, JM BE Chien, LC Wu, MH TI Projection display metrology at NIST: Measurements and diagnostics SO LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS X AND PROJECTION DISPLAYS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Liquid Crystal Materials, Devices and Applications X and Projection Displays X CY JAN 19-21, 2003 CL San Jose, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE measurement diagnostics; projection metrology; stray-light; veiling glare AB With the advent of digital cinema, medical imaging, and other applications, the need to properly characterize projection display systems has become increasingly more crucial. Several standards organizations have developed or are presently developing measurement procedures (including ANSI, IEC, ISO, VESA, and SMPTE). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has played an important role by evaluating standards and procedures, developing diagnostics, and providing technical and editorial input, especially where unbiased technical expertise is needed to establish credibility and to investigate measurement problems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boynton, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5192-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5289 BP 302 EP 313 DI 10.1117/12.527093 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAH94 UT WOS:000222340800033 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Hinton, A Carr, T Fanning, E AF Roberts, JW Hinton, A Carr, T Fanning, E BE Chien, LC Wu, MH TI Temporal image capture and display characterization for metrics for moving image quality SO LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS X AND PROJECTION DISPLAYS X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Liquid Crystal Materials, Devices and Applications X and Projection Displays X CY JAN 19-21, 2003 CL San Jose, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE display measurement; metrology; projection; temporal; moving images; image quality; video; DMD; micromirror; plasma; interpretability AB Temporal measures of display performance are important for depiction of still images, and are even more critical for depiction of moving images (video). In addition to the flicker and crawling patterns that occasionally appear when certain colors/grayscales and patterns are displayed (e.g. DMD/plasma temporal modulation), moving images are susceptible to a host of time-based artifacts (visible defects) such as motion blur, color breakup, image distortion, and incorrect depiction of object motion. Accuracy of temporal representation can be affected by temporal compression (e.g. motion prediction) in the image data handling, and by the operation of the display system (e.g. scaling algorithm). It is widely known that well-presented motion imagery can offer both improved quality and improved interpretability compared to comparable still imagery (for example a freeze frame of a video), provided that timing characteristics are accurately reproduced. Because of the importance of display characteristics, positional measurement of the physical light output of the display is a necessary addition to measurement of image component motion in the video data file. The NIST Motion Image Quality Project team is adapting its method of sequential image capture with external hardware timestamp (Electronic Imaging 2003), to make precision measurements of the temporal characteristics of displays. Hardware measurements are being combined with subjective evaluation of video content and image file analysis, to produce a new model for moving image quality and interpretability, which will serve as a guide both for content creation and for display design. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5192-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5289 BP 314 EP 321 DI 10.1117/12.527168 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAH94 UT WOS:000222340800034 ER PT B AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W Suh, J AF Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W Suh, J BE Claeys, CL WongNg, W Nair, KM TI Interfacial reactions in LTCC materials SO LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS AND LOW TEMPERATURE COFIRED CERAMIC BASED ELECTRONIC DEVICES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Low Temperature Electronics/International Symposium on Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Based Electronic Devices CY OCT 12-16, 2003 CL Orlando, FL SP Electrochem Soc, Elect, Dielect Sci & Technol, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat, Amer Ceram Soc, Elect Div ID SILVER AB State-of-the-art low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) structures incorporate several types of embedded electronic components, including resistors, capacitors, filters, resonators, inductors, heat sinks, and sensors. Such complexity gives rise to intimate contact between diverse materials. When the laminated green LTCC structures are processed, typically at 800 degreesC - 900 degreesC, there are numerous opportunities for interfacial reaction. The resulting permutations and combinations form a large set of chemical systems which should be investigated, a task impractical for the short term; furthermore, new materials are continually being added to the list. To model LTCC interfacial reactions, with the aim of developing a method of treatment for general application, we have selected the system Ag-Bi2O3-Nb2O5-O. Certain aspects of interfacial reactions, as documented in the model system, may be extended to other systems in which dissimilar materials are in contact: 1. Interfacial reaction zones have fewer phases than would be predicted by the phase rule; 2. Although fewer phases are present, the sequence of reaction zones is consistent with the associated phase equilibrium diagram; 3. The chemical potential diagram, which can be derived from a thermodynamic model of the system, is useful in interpreting and predicting interfacial reaction zones. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-412-8 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2004 VL 2003 IS 27 BP 218 EP 227 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAP61 UT WOS:000223147700022 ER PT B AU Stoudt, MR Munitz, A Banovic, SW Fields, RJ AF Stoudt, MR Munitz, A Banovic, SW Fields, RJ TI Effect of uniaxial strain on the surface roughness of pure Mg and Mg-AZ31 alloy SO MAGNESIUM TECHNOLOGY 2004 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Magnesium Technology 2004 held at the TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Magnesium Comm Light Met Div, Int Magnesium Assoc DE surface roughness; metal forming; scanning laser confocal microscopy; strain localization ID CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DEFORMATION AB Pure Mg and Mg AZ31 alloy samples were deformed in uniaxial tension and the resultant surface topographies were characterized with optical, scanning laser confocal (SLCM), and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy techniques. Initial results indicate that three principal deformation mechanisms contributed to the development of a critical surface morphology: a) grain boundary rotations that produced surface features with magnitudes on the order of several hundred microns, b) deformation twins that produced features with magnitudes on the order of several microns, and c) slip steps within individual grains that produced surface features with magnitudes on the order of five hundred nanometers. An analysis of the surface roughness also indicated that the magnitude of the disparities in the deformation morphology could promote an intense localization of strain in the pure Mg leading to limited room temperature ductility. In contrast, the alloying elements in the Mg-AZ31 promoted a better accommodation of the plastic strain through the enhancement of crystallographic slip and through the suppression of twinning. In addition, the strain localizations that promote failure in the pure Mg also appeared to have been dispersed over a larger number of grains. Thus in Mg-AZ31, the result was a macroscopically homogeneous deformation character that was more consistent with what is observed in alloys that demonstrate good room-temperature ductility. This suggests that further studies designed to optimize the grain size control and twinning suppression could provide an effective route to improving the low-temperature formability of magnesium alloys. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoudt, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-568-9 PY 2004 BP 269 EP 274 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Electrochemistry; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BAG76 UT WOS:000222131600043 ER PT S AU Shin, HJ Shin, SH Kim, YT AF Shin, HJ Shin, SH Kim, YT BE Vicente, J Hutchison, D TI Sub-network based hierarchical segment restoration in MPLS network SO MANAGEMENT OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS AND SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services CY OCT 03-06, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP IFIP, IEEE AB In this paper, we propose a segment restoration scheme based on network partitioning to enhance the restoration performance and to manage network efficiently. The proposed restoration scheme divides a large network into several small sub-networks. Since most faults can be restored in a partitioned sub-network or AS(Autonomous System), restoration time is reduced obviously. In this paper, we compare and analyze restoration performance according to the size of sub-networks and restoration schemes. From simulation results, the proposed restoration scheme has high restoration performance compared with other restoration schemes. C1 Yeungnam Univ, ANT Lab, Kyongsan 712749, Gyeongbuk, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ANTD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shin, HJ (reprint author), Yeungnam Univ, ANT Lab, Kyongsan 712749, Gyeongbuk, South Korea. EM fisher@yu.ac.kr; shshin@nist.gov; ytkim@yu.ac.kr NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23239-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3271 BP 164 EP 175 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAZ88 UT WOS:000224324600014 ER PT J AU Piner, KR Jones, CM AF Piner, KR Jones, CM TI Age, growth and the potential for growth overfishing of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) from the Chesapeake Bay, eastern USA SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mortality rates; otolith validation; yield-per-recruit ID LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS; MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; ATLANTIC CROAKER; NORTH-CAROLINA; CYNOSCION-REGALIS; SAMPLING DESIGNS; LARVAL SPOT; REGION; MORTALITY; ESTUARY AB Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) are a popular commercial and sport fish in the Chesapeake Bay region (USA), but have not been managed with age-based models because of a lack of information on vital rates. This study determined that transversely sectioned otoliths were the most appropriate structure to age spot, and subsequently used those ages to estimate biological parameters and evaluate the potential for growth overfishing. Because spot are short-lived, this study explored estimating population parameters using both whole annulus counts and fractional ages. Although fractional ages may be more realistic, parameters estimated using fractions of a year should be interpreted with caution. Growth of spot was rapid (84% of length attained in the first year), the natural mortality rate was high (59% year(-1)), and the total mortality rate (natural + fishing) was very high (80-94% year(-1)). Spot maximised cohort biomass early in life (similar to1 year) and were relatively impervious to growth overfishing. This study illustrates the difficulty in providing management advice for species that maximise cohort biomass about the same time as their first potential spawning event. This study also documents that high exploitation rates and size selective fishing gear probably affect estimates of population parameters. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Quantitat Fisheries Ecol, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Piner, KR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM Kevin.Piner@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 13 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2004 VL 55 IS 6 BP 553 EP 560 DI 10.1071/MF04038 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 854AN UT WOS:000223872400002 ER PT J AU Pittman, SJ McAlpine, CA Pittman, KM AF Pittman, SJ McAlpine, CA Pittman, KM TI Linking fish and prawns to their environment: a hierarchical landscape approach SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE marine landscape ecology; landscape structure; spatial scale; hierarchy; fish; penaeid prawns; mangroves; seagrass; path analysis ID OREGON COAST RANGE; CORAL-REEF FISHES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SEAGRASS HABITAT; BREEDING BIRDS; PATH-ANALYSIS; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; POSIDONIA SEAGRASS; RELATIVE INFLUENCE AB Little is known about the relative influence of landscape structure on the spatial distribution and abundance of marine organisms. To address this problem, we applied landscape ecology concepts and methods, together with conventional sampling techniques and path analysis, to test alternative hypotheses of linkages between marine nekton and landscape structure in Moreton Bay, Queensland (Australia). We quantified substratum structure at 3 spatial scales: (1) whole landscape mosaic (10s of hectares); (2) habitat type (benthic class) (100S m(2) to hectares) and (3) within-patch scale (cm(2) to m(2)). Substratum structure at all scales was important for assemblage density and number of species, with the landscape structure of individual habitat types explaining more of the spatial variation than either within-patch structure or the structure of the whole landscape mosaic. Density and the number of species of seagrass residents were strongly influenced by landscape composition quantified as the proportion of all seagrass habitat (r(2) = 0.40 and 0.48 respectively) and the proportion of long-leaved Zostera capricorni (r(2) = 0.34 and 0.30 respectively) seagrass in the landscape. An abrupt decline in assemblage density and number of species was evident at < 20% seagrass cover. More species of fish used mangroves with adjacent continuous seagrass beds than mangroves with adjacent patchy seagrasses or unvegetated sandflats. Several species of fish using mangroves at high tide were more strongly influenced by the spatial configuration of mangrove patches and the composition of adjacent substratum than the internal structure of mangrove patches. The study highlights the need for a hierarchical landscape approach when investigating animal-environment relations in marine landscapes. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Geog Planning & Architecture, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Pittman, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, CCMA, NOS, Biogeog Program, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM simon.pittman@noaa.gov RI McAlpine, Clive/A-3907-2010 NR 122 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 7 U2 35 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 233 EP 254 DI 10.3354/meps283233 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 886BE UT WOS:000226200600018 ER PT J AU Green, J Jones, R Brownell, S AF Green, J Jones, R Brownell, S TI Age and growth of larval cod and haddock on Georges Bank during 1995 and 1996 SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE cod larvae; haddock larvae; temperature variability; growth; otolith ID GADUS-MORHUA; MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; ATLANTIC COD; ANCHOA-MITCHILLI; SCOTIAN SHELF; TEMPERATURE; FISHES; INCREMENTS; MORTALITY; OTOLITHS AB Growth rates of larval cod Gadus morhua and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus were estimated based on collections in winter and spring of 1995 and 1996 during the US Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) Georges Bank Program. Growth was determined using length-at-age data derived from otolith increments to indicate age in days from hatching. Growth varied significantly among months and between 1995 and 1996. In general, cod growth exceeded 0.2 mm d(-1) and reached a maximum growth rate of 0.7 mm d(-1) in May 1996. Haddock growth was also greater than 0.2 mm d(-1) with a peak of 0.5 mm d(-1) in June 1995. For cod, instantaneous growth rates of 3.3 to 3.5% V were higher than those published previously for the Georges Bank region. Haddock growth was comparable to that of cod in 1995 (3.3% d(-1)), but a higher growth rate for haddock (3.5% d(-1)) in 1996 was probably due to an under-representation of larger sizes in the data available. Increased size-at-age was associated with higher temperatures for both species; however, the effect of temperature on growth appears to have decreased in May as temperatures exceeded 6degreesC and approached 8degreesC. Insufficient numbers of larvae of either species were available in May of 1996 for a similar analysis; however, cod growth during May 1996 was the most rapid observed in this study (0.7 mm d(-1)). This corresponded to a period of high production of suitable food organisms, early stage Calanus finmarchicus, in May 1996 resulting from cooler winter temperatures and late warming after the winter of 1996, suggesting that cooler temperatures favor a prolonged period of food production for larvae and better conditions for growth late in the larval period. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Green, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM john.green@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 255 EP 268 DI 10.3354/meps283255 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 886BE UT WOS:000226200600019 ER PT J AU Kimball, ME Miller, JM Whitfield, PE Hare, JA AF Kimball, ME Miller, JM Whitfield, PE Hare, JA TI Thermal tolerance and potential distribution of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles complex) on the east coast of the United States SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE marine introduction; biological invasion; lionfish; Pterois volitans; Pterois miles; invasive species; species range limits; temperature tolerance ID LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE; SOUTH-ATLANTIC BIGHT; MARINE FISHES; COLD TOLERANCE; SCORPAENIDAE; REQUIREMENTS; DENDROCHIRUS; VARIABILITY; SALINITY; HABITATS AB The occurrence of lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) complex on the southeast United States shelf represents one of the first documented invasions of a Pacific marine fish species into the western Atlantic Ocean. Temperature has been proposed as a possible factor limiting the range of this introduction. To examine this hypothesis, temperature-tolerance studies were conducted following the chronic lethal minimum protocol, with death as the endpoint. Overall, the mean chronic lethal minimum was 10.0degreesC and mean temperature at feeding cessation was 16.1degreesC. Rate of temperature decrease and acclimation temperature did not have a significant effect on chronic lethal minimum or temperature at feeding cessation. When combined with mean February water temperatures, lionfish thermal tolerance data indicated that lionfish could overwinter on the southeast United States continental shelf, with a northern limit of Cape Hatteras and an inshore limit coincident with the mean 12degreesC isotherm, which equates to a 10degreesC minimum water temperature. The mean 12degreesC bottom isotherm also runs along the continental shelf break (200 m isobath), marking the offshore limit for lionfish on the southeast United States continental shelf. The current southern limit of the invasion is not bound by temperature, as lionfish could survive (but have not yet been reported) on the Florida coast south of Miami, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, extending into the southern hemisphere. Possible reasons for the constrained southern limit may include planktonic transport mechanisms, patterns of juvenile and adult movements, and the initial lionfish introduction site. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, 800 C-O 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM jon.hare@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 73 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.3354/meps283269 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 886BE UT WOS:000226200600020 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G AF Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G TI Tracking turtles to their death - reply to Hays et al. SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID MORTALITY C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv, POB 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 3 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 301 EP 302 DI 10.3354/meps283301 PG 2 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 886BE UT WOS:000226200600024 ER PT J AU Reeves, RR Josephson, E Smith, TD AF Reeves, RR Josephson, E Smith, TD TI Putative historical occurrence of North Atlantic right whales in mid-latitude offshore waters: 'Maury's Smear' is likely apocryphal SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE North Atlantic right whale; Eubalaena glacialis; distribution; Matthew Fontaine Maury; North Atlantic ocean ID EUBALAENA-GLACIALIS; MOVEMENTS AB The seasonal distribution of North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis is generally well known in coastal areas but poorly known in offshore portions of the species' range. Two main areas of offshore occurrence have been known or suspected, based largely on evidence from 19th century American whaling logbooks: the Cape Farewell Ground east and south-east of the southern tip of Greenland, and 'Maury's Smear', a mid-latitude area bounded by 35 to 43degreesN and 25 to 48degreesW. While the modern occurrence of whales on the old Cape Farewell Ground has been demonstrated by recent sightings, this is not the case for Maury's Smear. Moreover, by examination of original sources we provide direct evidence that the offshore distribution illustrated by Maury in 1852 and 1853 was at least partly and possibly entirely erroneous, based on faulty data extraction and transcription procedures. Our results cast doubt on Maury's charts of 19th century whale distribution more generally, leading us specifically to question the reliability of his depictions of right whale occurrence in offshore portions of other ocean basins. C1 Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, PQ J0P 1H0, Canada. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Reeves, RR (reprint author), Okapi Wildlife Associates, 27 Chandler Lane, Hudson, PQ J0P 1H0, Canada. EM rrreeves@total.net NR 46 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 282 BP 295 EP 305 DI 10.3354/meps282295 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 880LS UT WOS:000225791900026 ER PT J AU Marchetti, A Trainer, VL Harrison, PJ AF Marchetti, A Trainer, VL Harrison, PJ TI Environmental conditions and phytoplankton dynamics associated with Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and domoic acid in the Juan de Fuca eddy SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Juan de Fuca eddy; Pseudo-nitzschia; domoic acid; nitrate uptake; carbon uptake; chlorophyll; phytoplankton; biological processes ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SILICATE LIMITATION; WASHINGTON COAST; NITROGEN UPTAKE; BATCH CULTURE; RAZOR CLAMS; BACILLARIOPHYCEAE AB The Juan de Fuca eddy, located off the coasts of Washington (USA) and British Columbia (Canada), has been identified as a region that frequently contains relatively high levels of domoic acid (DA), d toxin produced by some members of the marine diatom genus, Pseudo-nitzschia. This seasonal eddy provides a unique environment to study the influence of nutrients on Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and DA accumulation in the field. Vertical sampling in the Juan de Fuca region was conducted in May, July and September of 2001 in an effort to determine environmental conditions and phytoplankton dynamics within the eddy compared to surrounding waters. The eddy was characterized by high primary productivity and high biomass in May and September relative to surrounding waters and was dominated by diatoms in the >5 mum size-fraction. In May, nitrate (NO3-) concentrations and the corresponding NO3- assimilation rates by phytoplankton within the eddy surface waters were relatively low. In contrast, in September, NO3- was high and NO3- assimilation rates increased by 7 times relative to those in May. DA was below detection levels at all stations in May and July. In September, Pseudo-nitzschia reached highest cell densities (-2 x 10(4) cells l(-1)) and particulate DA (-30 ng DA equivalents l(-1)) was detected in surface waters of the eddy. The presence of DA in healthy growing phytoplankton communities indicates a need to examine other environmental conditions that induce DA production in natural Pseudo-nitzschia populations than have previously been reported in nutrient-stressed laboratory studies. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, AMCE Program, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Marchetti, A (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM adrianm@mail.botany.ubc.ca NR 50 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 281 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.3354/meps281001 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 877BS UT WOS:000225543400001 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G AF Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G TI Modelling post-release mortality of loggerhead sea turtles exposed to the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE loggerhead sea turtles; pelagic longline fisheries; satellite telemetry; post-release; mortality; failure time modelling; competing risks ID SATELLITE TELEMETRY; INCIDENTAL CAPTURE; CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; NORTH PACIFIC; SURVIVAL; CATCH; CALIFORNIA; RESIDENT; BYCATCH AB Loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta are an endangered species exposed to anthropogenic hazards such as pelagic longline fisheries. Many loggerheads caught in these fisheries are alive when released from the gear, but many probably die soon after because of hook injuries or line entanglement. Robust estimates of post-release mortality are essential for stock assessment and evaluating the benefit of releasing turtles caught alive in the gear, yet none are available for any sea turtle species. Here, the post-release mortality of 40 loggerheads caught in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery was investigated using satellite telemetry deployed by a National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) observer program. We modelled time-to-failure of all transmitters using nonparametric statistical modelling (Kaplan-Meier-Turnbull, local regression) to derive survival and hazard functions for light and deep hooked loggerheads. There was a significant difference between the survival functions for light and deep hooked loggerheads within 90 d of release, but no difference between survival functions after this time. But satellite transmitters fail for many reasons (defects, battery failure, transmitter detachment, turtle death), which results in a hazard function that confounds these competing risks. Hence we propose that it might not be possible to infer true post-release mortality based on satellite telemetry unless the cause of each transmitter failure is known, which is rarely the case. We discuss other survey design and statistical modelling challenges involved in the evaluation of post-release mortality based on satellite telemetry. C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, POB 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 44 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 280 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps280285 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 873GS UT WOS:000225268500024 ER PT J AU Andrews, KS Anderson, TW AF Andrews, KS Anderson, TW TI Habitat-dependent recruitment of two temperate reef fishes at multiple spatial scales SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE recruitment; habitat; California sheephead; blackeye goby ID CORAL-REEF; POPULATION REGULATION; MICROHABITAT CHARACTERISTICS; SEMICOSSYPHUS-PULCHER; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; ARTIFICIAL REEF; PREY REFUGES; MARINE FISH; RAIN-FOREST AB The distribution and abundance of reef fishes has often been attributed to several processes that result in some measure of recruitment success (settlement and survival of young individuals). We employed a large-scale experimental rocky reef system to examine patterns of recruitment of 2 fishes, the California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher and the blackeye goby Rhinogobiops nicholsii. We quantified recruitment over a 2 yr period on 21 experimental reefs (each 1600 m(2)) that represented low, medium, and high treatments of habitat coverage. Recruitment of California sheephead was higher on reefs of medium habitat coverage than on reefs with other coverages, while the blackeye goby exhibited lower recruitment on reefs of low coverage than on reefs with other coverages. Within reefs, recruitment to 'edge' habitat was lower than 'inside' the reef for each species. At the smallest scale, several measures of habitat structure were quantified within 1 m(2) quadrats to identify microhabitat characteristics that might explain the distribution of recruits. Rugosity was an important characteristic for predicting the presence of recruits for each species at this small scale. The densities of recruits of California sheephead among treatments of habitat corresponded to the densities of Age 1+ (individuals which recruited during the previous year) california sheephead among treatments the following year, suggesting that spatial patterns of abundance may be established early in life. The abundance of predators did not appear to influence the patterns of recruitment observed for either species. Low densities of recruits for each species may have led to the patterns of recruitment observed through the processes of habitat selection at settlement and density-independent mortality. Longer temporal studies covering variable recruitment are needed to determine the importance of habitat structure relative to other processes. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Andrews, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM kelly.andrews@noaa.gov OI Andrews, Kelly/0000-0001-7734-3800 NR 88 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 277 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.3354/meps277231 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 857DH UT WOS:000224095900018 ER PT J AU Ruiz-Cooley, RI Gendron, D Aguiniga, S Mesnick, S Carriquiry, JD AF Ruiz-Cooley, RI Gendron, D Aguiniga, S Mesnick, S Carriquiry, JD TI Trophic relationships between sperm whales and jumbo squid using stable isotopes of C and N SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE trophic relationships; trophic position; stable isotopes; sperm whales; jumbo squid; cetaceans ID GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; PHYSETER-MACROCEPHALUS; DOSIDICUS-GIGAS; MARINE MAMMALS; FOOD WEB; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; SOUTHEAST PACIFIC; CARBON ISOTOPES; FEEDING SUCCESS; DIET AB The trophic position and the predator-prey relationship between the sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus and the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were examined by measuring stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. Skin samples of sperm whales and muscle samples of small and large jumbo squid were collected between 1996 and 1999 in the Gulf of California. Gender determination through molecular analysis and field identification of size were used to identify adult male, female and immature male sperm whales. The stable isotope ratios of C and N of females and immature males were significantly different from those of adult male sperm whales; however, between females and immature males they did not differ significantly. The delta(13)C and delta(15)N values of females and immature males were higher than large jumbo squid by 1.1parts per thousand. and 2.7parts per thousand, respectively, suggesting a predator-prey relationship between them. A low isotopic interannual variation among the years 1997 to 1999 was observed in the isotopic signature of females and males. Adult males exhibited a lower isotopic signature than females and immature males, and did not show a trophic relationship with D. gigas. We hypothesized that the stable isotopic signature of mature males reflected their diet from an earlier high-latitude feeding ground. This study shows that stable isotope analysis of sloughed skin samples from free-ranging sperm whales can be an alternative method to stomach content and fecal analyses for evaluating trophic relationships. C1 Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. NOAA, Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Inst Invest Oceanol, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. RP Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Apartado Postal 592, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. EM riruiz@ipn.mx NR 64 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 29 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 277 BP 275 EP 283 DI 10.3354/meps277275 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 857DH UT WOS:000224095900022 ER PT J AU Sissenwine, M Murawski, S AF Sissenwine, M Murawski, S TI Moving beyond 'intelligent tinkering': advancing an ecosystem approach to fisheries SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article C1 NOAA Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Sissenwine, M (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, 1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM michael.sissenwine@noaa.gov; steve.murawski@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 274 BP 291 EP 295 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 841QR UT WOS:000222947000031 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Friedlander, AM AF DeMartini, EE Friedlander, AM TI Spatial patterns of endemism in shallow-water reef fish populations of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE endemism; dispersal; recruitment; replenishment; advection; larval transport; coral reef fishes; northwestern Hawaiian Islands ID EASTERN PACIFIC-OCEAN; MARINE RESERVES; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS; LARVAL STAGE; CORAL-REEFS; RECRUITMENT; ARCHIPELAGO; DESIGN; CONSERVATION; COMMUNITIES AB The spatial distribution and magnitude of endemism in shallow-water (<18 m) reef fishes of the 10 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) are described in terms of occurrence, and numerical and biomass densities, using a series of diver-observation surveys conducted during September/October 2000, 2001, and 2002. Based on species-presence in our surveys, we found endemism to be equal (20.6% using all available data) for fishes in the NWHI and the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI; 20.9 %). On average, percentage endemism was much higher based on the biomass (37 %) and numerical densities (52 %) of endemics, increased with latitude, and was especially pronounced at the 4 northernmost reefs that are the most ancient emergent geological features of the archipelago. Endemic reef fishes were appreciably smaller bodied than non-endemics within the NWHI. Median body size did not vary with latitude and longitude for either endemics or nonendemics, negating environmental effects. Reef fish populations at higher latitude reefs included larger proportions of young-of-year (YOY) recruits. YOY length frequencies did not differ for most species between northern and southern reefs, suggesting that a seasonal lag in spawning and recruitment at higher latitudes cannot explain the greater YOY densities observed there. Disproportionate recruitment at higher-latitude reefs may be related to better growth and survivorship after settlement onto reefs, higher levels of within-reef and regional reseeding at higher latitudes, or other factors. Resolution of these issues will be difficult, but it is profoundly important to the future siting of no-take Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve and to the rational conservation and management of reef fish resources throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Inst Oceanol, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM edward.demartini@noaa.gov NR 71 TC 43 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 271 BP 281 EP 296 DI 10.3354/meps271281 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 827DT UT WOS:000221879800023 ER PT J AU Link, JS AF Link, JS TI Using fish stomachs as samplers of the benthos: integrating long-term and broad scales SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE benthic communities; benthic ecology; fish feeding; disturbance; spatial distribution; abundance index; Georges Bank; Gulf of Maine; continental shelves ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; TRAWLING DISTURBANCE; GEORGES-BANK; SEA BENTHOS; INFAUNAL COMMUNITIES; DIFFERENT HABITATS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CLOSED AREAS; IRISH SEA; IMPACTS AB Sampling benthic organisms in a synoptic manner is difficult, particularly at the scale of large marine ecosystems, Several known omnivorous and benthivorous fishes were evaluated as possible samplers of the benthic community on the scale of the US northeast continental shelf ecosystem, collected from the early 1970s to 2001. Frequency of occurrence of organisms in the diet across time was examined as an index of relative abundance. Other prey and sampling caveats were accounted for by considering only those predators that met criteria such as adequate sample size, appropriate diet compositions, asymptotic stomach-prey curves, and relative constancy of all major prey groups comprising the diet. The geographic distribution of a suite of benthic organisms found in the stomachs of predators was also examined. The benthic organisms focused on were ophiuroids, echinoids, holothuroideans, asteroids, octopods, stomatopods, cumaceans, pagurids, aphroditids, anthozoans, hydrozoans and caprellids. Of these 12 prey groups, only 3 showed a decline over time based on evidence from multiple predator stomachs. Most benthic organisms exhibited non-negative trends in an index of relative abundance, and 2 showed an increase over the time-series. Additionally, many of the organisms were widely distributed, with some concentrated more on Georges Bank and others more in the Gulf of Maine. Only 1 of 9 organisms showed a shift in distribution compared to studies from 50 yr earlier. I conclude that at broad spatial and temporal scales, the routine and systematic sampling of fish stomachs can be a useful indirect method for inferring information about benthic communities on continental shelves. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 269 BP 265 EP 275 DI 10.3354/meps269265 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 815RT UT WOS:000221060100023 ER PT J AU Tester, PA Cohen, JH Cervetto, G AF Tester, PA Cohen, JH Cervetto, G TI Reverse vertical migration and hydrographic distribution of Anomalocera ornata (Copepoda : Pontellidae) in the US South Atlantic Bight SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE diel migration; frontal zone; horizontal and vertical abundance ID ZOOPLANKTON FEEDING ECOLOGY; MEXICO CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MARINE COPEPODS; PLANKTONIC COPEPOD; EASTERN GULF; WIND STRESS; FISH; LARVAE; PREDATION; NEUSTON AB The vertical and horizontal abundance of juvenile and adult stages, of the pontellid copepod Anomalocera ornata was determined on cruises of the 'Oregon II' during February 1991 and 1994 at coastal, shelf and Gulf Stream-influenced stations in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA. The presence and patterns of diel vertical migration (DVM) in this species, as well as its hydrographic habitat, were inferred from these data. Juveniles exhibited twilight vertical migration with residence in the upper water column at night, whereas adults had a reverse vertical migration pattern with residence in surface water during the day. The hydrographic distribution of A. ornata is primarily limited to the colder waters of coastal and shelf regions, with very few copepods present in warmer water influenced by the Gulf Stream. Given the hydrographic structure of Onslow Bay during the winter months, undergoing any DVM pattern could aid in retaining this species inshore. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM pat.tester@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 268 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.3354/meps268195 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 810YG UT WOS:000220739000017 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Stoner, AW Titgen, RH AF Ryer, CH Stoner, AW Titgen, RH TI Behavioral mechanisms underlying the refuge value of benthic habitat structure for two flatfishes with differing anti-predator strategies SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE habitat complexity; Pacific halibut; rock sole; predator-prey interaction; behavior; essential fish habitat ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; JUVENILE WINTER FLOUNDER; EASTERN BERING SEA; TIDAL MARSH CREEK; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SEDIMENT PREFERENCES; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; ALASKA FLATFISHES AB Juvenile flatfish habitat is usually modeled on the basis of sediment grain-size, depth and temperature. Recent evidence indicates that some juvenile flatfishes associate with emergent structures such as sponge, shell and other biogenic and bed-form features of otherwise low-relief shelf habitats. In laboratory experiments we examined the habitat preference and effects of habitat structure upon predation vulnerability of sub-yearling (Age-0) Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis and northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra. When given the choice between bare sand or sand with 16% sponge coverage, halibut demonstrated strong preference for sponge, while rock sole showed no preference. Larger Age-2 halibut (used as predators in the subsequent experiment) also preferred sponge, but this preference declined with increasing hunger. When allowed to forage for Age-0 flatfishes in either bare sand or sponge, predators consumed more prey in sand and consumed more Age-0 halibut than rock sole. We were able to determine which behavioral processes in the predator-prey interaction were modified by the presence of habitat structure. Predator-prey encounter rates decreased in the sponge habitat as predator search was impeded: predators paused more frequently and swam more slowly to maneuver through the sponges. Sponges also tended to hinder the pursuit of prey. Rock sole utilized stereotypic flatfish defense-mechanisms, relying upon immobility, burial and crypsis, and were less likely to flush at a predator's approach than halibut. Halibut have a less developed ability to mimic sediments, but a deeper/narrower body that confers greater swimming speed, and were more likely to flush as a predator approached. Once they had flushed and were pursued by a predator, halibut were more likely to escape than were rock sole. These experiments support an accumulating body of evidence that emergent structure, in otherwise low-relief benthic habitats, may play an important role in the ecology of some juvenile flatfishes. Removal of emergent structure by towed fishing gear and other anthropogenic and/or natural disturbance may influence patterns of distribution for juvenile halibut, as fish redistribute to less preferred habitat, and may decrease survival rates through increased losses to predation. C1 NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 268 BP 231 EP 243 DI 10.3354/meps268231 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 810YG UT WOS:000220739000020 ER PT J AU Bethea, DM Buckel, JA Carlson, JK AF Bethea, DM Buckel, JA Carlson, JK TI Foraging ecology of the early life stages of four sympatric shark species SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE foraging ecology; resource partitioning; competition; prey size-predator size relationships; Apalachicola Bay; Rhizoprionodon terraenovae; Carcharbinus limbatus; Carcharhinus isodon; Carcharhinus brevipinna ID JUVENILE BLACKTIP SHARKS; FEEDING-HABITS; NURSERY AREA; NEGAPRION-BREVIROSTRIS; CARCHARHINUS-LIMBATUS; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; DIET; BIOLOGY; PREDATORS; TELEMETRY AB Sharks may have an important role in marine ecosystems in relation to populations of fish and invertebrates at lower trophic levels. Fishery management plans stress the need for an ecosystem approach, but few quantitative studies on the foraging ecology of sharks have been published. Stomach contents and catch data of early life stages of Atlantic sharpnose Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, blacktip Carcharhinus limbatus, finetooth Carcharhinus isodon, and spinner sharks Carcharhinus brevipinna taken from fishery independent surveys in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA, were examined to test for overlap in resource use. Young-of-the-year Atlantic sharpnose sharks were found to feed mainly on shrimp, juveniles on sciaenids, and adults on clupeids. Young-of-the-year blacktip sharks were found to feed mainly on sciaenids, whereas juveniles fed on clupeids. The primary prey of young-of-the-year and juvenile finetooth and spinner sharks was clupeids. Eight of 10 prey size-selectivity tests showed neutral selection. Compared to relative prey sizes published for teleost piscivores, Atlantic sharpnose and finetooth sharks consume relatively small-sized prey while blacktip sharks consume relatively large prey. Regardless of maturity state and species, diet overlap was high for species-life stage combinations that are similar in size; however, species-life stages did not show significant habitat overlap. Prey categories shared by similar-sized species may not be limiting, although shark species may have alleviated competition pressure by partitioning the resource of time or space. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Bethea, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM dana.bethea@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 6 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 268 BP 245 EP 264 DI 10.3354/meps268245 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 810YG UT WOS:000220739000021 ER PT J AU Whitfield, PE Kenworthy, WJ Durako, MJ Hammerstrom, KK Merello, MF AF Whitfield, PE Kenworthy, WJ Durako, MJ Hammerstrom, KK Merello, MF TI Recruitment of Thalassia testudinum seedlings into physically disturbed seagrass beds SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Thalassia testudinum; seedling; disturbance; succession; seagrass; recovery process; sexual reproduction ID BANKS EX-KONIG; OUTER FLORIDA BAY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; TURTLE GRASS; VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY; SYRINGODIUM-FILIFORME; HYDROCHARITACEAE; PRODUCTIVITY; HEMPRICHII; GROWTH AB Thalassia testudinum seedling recruitment, survival, and growth were examined within physically disturbed seagrass beds in the Florida Keys. Two separate studies were conducted. In the first, a large-scale study, T testudinum seedlings were surveyed and collected from a large seagrass disturbance (1560 m(2)), 4.8 yr after the initial impact from a motor-vessel grounding. In the second, a smaller-scale study, T testudinum seedling recruitment was examined over a 2 yr period within 9 smaller motor-vessel disturbances located within intact T testudinum beds. In the large-scale study, we reconstructed the age of the seedlings based on shoot production rates from a previous study and from the small-scale study. A total of 79 seedlings were collected that varied in age from young of the year to 4.8 yr old; 6 different seedling cohorts were identified. The average density and rhizome-elongation rate for 1 yr old seedlings were 1 m(-2) and 6.6 cm yr(-1), respectively. In the small-scale study, we surveyed and permanently marked all newly recruited seedlings; monitoring was conducted 5 more times over a 2 yr period. The average seedling survival after Year 1 was 42%; after Year 2, average survival dropped to 20%. The average seedling density after Year 1 was 0.071 m(-2); after Year 2, average density dropped to 0.026 m(-2). The average rhizome-elongation rate and shoot-production rate of 1 yr old seedlings were 6 cm yr(-1) and 1.8 shoots yr(-1), respectively. The results of this study suggest that T testudinum seedlings are a regular and reliable source of new recruits on seagrass banks in the Florida Keys. C1 NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Fish & Wildlife Conservat, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Whitfield, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM paula.whitfield@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 267 BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.3354/meps267121 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 808IF UT WOS:000220562100010 ER PT J AU Hanson, PJ Koenig, CC Zdanowicz, VS AF Hanson, PJ Koenig, CC Zdanowicz, VS TI Elemental composition of otoliths used to trace estuarine habitats of juvenile gag Mycteroperca microlepis along the west coast of Florida SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE otolith chemistry; juvenile habitat; gag; manganese; strontium; carbon isotopes ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SHAD ALOSA-SAPIDISSIMA; FISH OTOLITHS; GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ARAGONITIC OTOLITHS; NEURAL NETWORKS; MARINE FISH; STRONTIUM AB The spatial relationships and relative contributions of known juvenile gag Mycteroperca microlepis habitats to specific fishery grounds and populations along the Florida west coast are virtually unknown. To determine if otolith composition is a valid tracer of specific nursery sites and can be used to classify adult fish to their nursery area, chemical concentrations in juvenile gag otoliths (Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cu, Pb, delta(13)C and delta(18)O,) were measured for 4 nursery areas along the Florida west coast in 1992, 1995 and 1996. Classification of fish to nursery area was by parametric discriminant function analysis and neural network simulation; both gave similar results in the spatial and temporal patterns of classification error and in identification of important classification variables (Mn, Sr and delta(13)C). Classification success rates ranged from 66 to 100%. Interannual variability in otolith composition had a negative effect on classification success rate at the spatial scale of site separation (< 200 km). At regional spatial scales (> 300 km) the year effect was reduced and classification success remained high without consideration of year class. Analysis of classification errors supports the separation of sites into northern and southern groups. The observed negative trend in otolith Sr and positive trend in otolith Mn with increasing latitude are positively correlated with corresponding trends in groundwater Sr and sediment Mn, respectively, which are hypothesized to be the proximal causes for the otolith trends. Otolith composition is a valid technique for classifying juvenile gag to estuarine habitats along the west coast of Florida. Classification error rates of less than 10% are obtained when the year class of the fish is considered. Similar error rates were achieved across multi-year data at regional spatial scales. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Inst Fishery Resource Ecol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NOAA, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Hanson, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM peter.hanson@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 267 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.3354/meps267253 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 808IF UT WOS:000220562100021 ER PT J AU Kooyman, GL Siniff, DB Stirling, I Bengtson, JL AF Kooyman, GL Siniff, DB Stirling, I Bengtson, JL TI Moult habitat, pre- and post-moult diet and post-moult travel of Ross Sea emperor penguins SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE satellite transmitter; Eastern Ross Sea; Antarctica; pack ice; krill; body mass; emperor penguin ID FORAGING ECOLOGY; ANTARCTICA; BEHAVIOR AB During a series of transect legs through the pack ice of the eastern Ross Sea, aboard the RV icebreaker 'Nathaniel B. Palmer', we: (1) assessed the habitat chosen for moulting by emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri, (2) determined their pre- and post-moult diets, (3) measured the pre- and post-moult body mass of the birds, and (4) tracked their post-moult movements. Diet was based on the colour of guano near the edges of ice floes and fast-ice areas. Pre- and post-moult birds were weighed at locations along the transect. Satellite transmitters were attached to 7 birds, and tracked for up to 5 mo. Birds moulted in concentrated pack ice and coastal fast ice. Offshore from the shelf slope, diet was mostly Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Over the shelf, the diet was mainly fish and squid. Body masses of birds immediately after the moult were often less than 20 kg. After moult, satellite tracked birds remained in the pack ice but moved to the west at a rate of 13 to 41 km d(-1). One bird traveled to the Cape Roget colony, where it arrived on 15 April after 70 d and 2140 km of travel. We conclude that (1) birds are close to starvation by the end of the moult, (2) it is essential that an abundant food supply is in close proximity to the moult area, (3) penguins travel more than 2000 km on the return journey to their colonies of the western Ross Sea, and (4) reduction in the extent and seasonal duration of the pack ice would be reflected in a rapid change in the size of the breeding population of coastal west Antarctica. C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92014 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kooyman, GL (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Scholander Hall, La Jolla, CA 92014 USA. EM gkooyman@ucsd.edu NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 267 BP 281 EP 290 DI 10.3354/meps267281 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 808IF UT WOS:000220562100023 ER PT J AU Lawrence, D Dagg, MJ Liu, HB Cummings, SR Ortner, PB Kelble, C AF Lawrence, D Dagg, MJ Liu, HB Cummings, SR Ortner, PB Kelble, C TI Wind events and benthic-pelagic coupling in a shallow subtropical bay in Florida SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE benthic-pelagic coupling; suspended sediments; nutrients; phytoplankon; microzooplankton grazing; mesozooplankton grazing; net heterotrophy; Florida Bay ID INNER-SHELF LAGOON; MICROBIAL FOOD-WEB; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; PLANKTON RESPONSE; SPECIAL EMPHASIS; FEEDING RATES; PHYTOPLANKTON; COASTAL; NUTRIENTS; USA AB During the winter months (December to April), the SE United States is influenced by continental air masses from the north or northwest which pass at approximately 4 to 7 d intervals. These wind events can cause suspension of bottom sediments in Florida Bay. Over a 9 d period in March 2001, we examined the effects of a wind-mixing event on the pelagic system within the NW part of Florida Bay, where water depth is 2 to 3 m. This event caused significant suspension of bottom materials, large increases in NH4 and PO4, smaller increases in NO3+NO2 and Si(OH)(4), a decrease in microzooplankton abundance, and an increase in benthic copepods in the water column. As wind speeds declined, there was a rapid decline in PO4 concentration, gradual declines in suspended sediment, NH4 and Si(OH)(4), an increase in chlorophyll a (chl a) stock, an increase in phytoplankton growth and productivity, an increase in microzooplankton grazing rate, and a settling of the benthic harpacticoid community. No grazing response was apparent in the mesozooplankton community. The wind event clearly injected dissolved and particulate benthic materials into the water column, where they directly stimulated the bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and microzooplankton communities within 1 to 2 d after the event. The water column was strongly net heterotrophic at this time, suggesting a large input of dissolved organic matter from the bottom. Stimulation of the pelagic food web continued at least until we completed our study 6 d after the event. By the end of our study, the water column was net autotrophic. C1 Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Dagg, MJ (reprint author), Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. EM mdagg@lumcon.edu RI Kelble, Christopher/A-8511-2008 OI Kelble, Christopher/0000-0003-0914-4134 NR 46 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 266 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.3354/meps266001 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 801ZT UT WOS:000220134500001 ER PT J AU Scharroo, R Lillibridge, JL Smith, WHF Schrama, EJO AF Scharroo, R. Lillibridge, J. L. Smith, W. H. F. Schrama, E. J. O. TI Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometer; brightness temperature; calibration; wet tropospheric path delay; satellite altimetry; sea level change AB The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements. C1 [Scharroo, R.] NOAA, NESDIS, LSA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Schrama, E. J. O.] Delft Univ Technol, Dept Earth Observat & Satellite Syst, Delft, Netherlands. RP Scharroo, R (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, LSA, Code E RA31,1335 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM remko.scharrroo@noaa.gov RI Scharroo, Remko/F-5623-2010; Lillibridge, John/F-5606-2010; Smith, Walter/F-5627-2010 OI Lillibridge, John/0000-0001-9102-171X; Smith, Walter/0000-0002-8814-015X FU Office of Research and Applications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [263100-B-4572] FX This study was supported and monitored by the Office of Research and Applications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under Grant Number 263100-B-4572. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or U.S. Government position, policy, or decision. The authors thank ECMWF and NCEP for provision of their reanalysis model output. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 279 EP 297 DI 10.1080/01490410490465265 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V24ZP UT WOS:000208448600017 ER PT J AU Mellinger, DK Stafford, KM Fox, CG AF Mellinger, DK Stafford, KM Fox, CG TI Seasonal occurrence of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) sounds in the Gulf of Alaska, 1999-2001 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sperm whale sound; Physeter macrocephalus; remote acoustic survey; automatic detection; autonomous hydrophone ID GALAPAGOS-ISLANDS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SOUTH-PACIFIC; BEHAVIOR; TIME; COMMUNICATION; VOCALIZATIONS; CETACEANS; FEATURES; GROUNDS AB An acoustic survey for sperm whales was conducted in the Gulf of Alaska. Six autonomous hydrophones continuously recorded sound signals below 500 Hz from October 1999 to May 2001. After recovery, recordings were processed using an automatic process to detect usual clicks of sperm whales. The detection algorithm equalized background noise, summed the data in a frequency band, and then used autocorrelation to detect the whales' highly regular clicks. Detections were checked manually, revealing that 98% of detections did contain clicks. Results indicate that sperm whales are present in the Gulf of Alaska year-round; this result extends what is known from whaling data, which were gathered principally in summer. Sperm whales were more common in summer than winter by a factor of roughly two, and occurred less often at the westernmost site surveyed (52degreesN, 157degreesW) than elsewhere in the Gulf. This is the first study of sperm whales based exclusively on remote acoustic sensing. This methodology is feasible because sperm whale clicks extend to frequencies (similar to100 Hz) low enough to be recorded by low-sample-rate instruments that operate continuously, and because the detection algorithm has a low false-detection rate. The methodology may be replicated to facilitate comparisons between different time periods and geographic regions. C1 Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mellinger, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM david.mellinger@oregonstate.edu NR 63 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 1 BP 48 EP 62 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01140.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 765FB UT WOS:000188255500003 ER PT J AU Calambokidis, J Barlow, J AF Calambokidis, J Barlow, J TI Abundance of blue and humpback whales in the eastern North Pacific estimated by capture-recapture and line-transect methods SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE abundance; humpback whale; Alegaptera novaeangliae; blue whale; Balaenoptera musculus; line transect; capture recapture; eastern North Pacific; assessment methods ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; CALIFORNIA; WATERS; IDENTIFICATION; CETACEANS; MOVEMENTS; MIGRATION; FALL AB We estimated humpback and blue whale abundance from 1991 to 1997 off the west coast of the U.S. and Mexico comparing capture-recapture models based on photographically identified animals and line-transect methods from ship-based surveys. During photo-identification research we obtained 4,212 identifications of 824 humpback whales and 2,403 identifications of 908 blue whales primarily through non-systematic small-boat surveys along the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Line-transect surveys from NOAA ships in 1991, 1993, and 1996 covered approximately 39,000 km along the coast of Baja California, California, Oregon, and Washington out to 555 km from shore. The nearshore and clumped distribution of humpback whales allowed photographic identification from small boats to cost-effectively sample a substantial portion of the population, but made it difficult to obtain effective samples in the line-transect surveys covering broad areas. The humpback capture-recapture estimates indicated humpback whale abundance increased over the six years (from 569 to 837). The broader more offshore distribution of blue whales made it harder to obtain a representative sample of identification photographs, but was well suited to the line-transect estimates. The line-transect estimates, after correction for missed animals, indicated approximately 3,000 blue whales (CV = 0.14). Capture-recapture estimates of blue whales were lower than this: approximately 2,000 when using photographs obtained from the line-transect surveys as one of the samples. Comparison of the results from the two methods provides validation, as well as insight into potential biases associated with each method. C1 Cascadia Res Collect, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Calambokidis, J (reprint author), Cascadia Res Collect, 218 1-2 W 4th Ave, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM Calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org NR 55 TC 96 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 23 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 1 BP 63 EP 85 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01141.x PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 765FB UT WOS:000188255500004 ER PT J AU Struntz, WDJ Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM Becker, PR McFee, WE Stolen, MK AF Struntz, WDJ Kucklick, JR Schantz, MM Becker, PR McFee, WE Stolen, MK TI Persistent organic pollutants in rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) sampled during an unusual mass stranding event SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MARINE MAMMALS; DIOXINS PCDDS; FOOD-CHAINS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, Orlando, FL 32821 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Hollings Marine Lab, 331 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.kucklick@nist.gov NR 46 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1-2 BP 164 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.09.002 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 769HB UT WOS:000188642800029 PM 14725888 ER PT S AU Obrzut, J Anopchenko, A Kano, K Wang, H AF Obrzut, J Anopchenko, A Kano, K Wang, H BE Muralt, P Cho, YS Klee, M Maria, JP Randall, CA Hoffmann, C TI High frequency loss mechanism in polymers filled with dielectric modifiers. SO MATERIALS, INTEGRATION AND PACKAGING ISSUES FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-03, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc, DuPont Elect Technologies, EPCOS, Philips Res Labs Aachen AB We analyzed the high frequency dielectric relaxation mechanism in high-k composite materials using film substrates made of low loss organic resin filled with ferroelectric ceramics and with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). We performed broadband permittivity measurements of high-k film substrates at frequencies of 100 Hz to about 10 GHz. In order to analyze the effect of the dielectric thickness, dielectric constant, loss and conductive loss on the impedance characteristics, we used a High Frequency Structure Simulator to perform a full wave numerical analysis of several power planes. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to probe the dispersion of SWNTs in polymer matrices. It was found that organic-ceramic composites exhibit an intrinsic high frequency relaxation behavior that gives rise to frequency dependent dielectric loss. The highest frequency relaxation process dominates the overall loss characteristic. In the case of polymers modified with SWNTs, we observed that 2 % mass fraction of p-doped semi-conducting SWNTs increases the dielectric constant by 3 orders of magnitude, in apparent violation of the mixing-rule. The hybrid material appears to have preferential coupling within the dispersed phase. The experimental data and numerical simulation indicate that these materials can play a significant role as embedded passive devices with functional characteristics superior to that of discrete components. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Anopchenko, Oleksiy/D-9478-2011 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-721-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 783 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BAD30 UT WOS:000221648200025 ER PT S AU Liew, LA Knappe, S Moreland, J Robinson, H Hollberg, L Kitching, J AF Liew, LA Knappe, S Moreland, J Robinson, H Hollberg, L Kitching, J GP IEEE TI Micromachined alkali atom vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks SO MEMS 2004: 17TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, TECHNICAL DIGEST SE PROCEEDINGS: IEEE MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems CY JAN 25-29, 2004 CL Maastricht, NETHERLANDS SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc AB This paper describes the fabrication of chip-scale alkali atom vapor cells, for use in highly miniaturized atomic frequency references, using silicon micromachining and anodic bonding technology. The cells consist of silicon cavities with internal volume ranging from a few mm(3) to less than 1 mm(3). The cells were filled with cesium and nitrogen buffer gas either by chemical reaction of cesium chloride and barium azide, or by direct injection of elemental cesium within a controlled anaerobic environment. Cesium optical absorption spectra were obtained from the cells, and coherent population trapping resonances with linewidths of about 1 kHz were measured. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liew, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1084-6999 BN 0-7803-8265-X J9 PROC IEEE MICR ELECT PY 2004 BP 113 EP 116 DI 10.1109/MEMS.2004.1290535 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY67D UT WOS:000189435200029 ER PT J AU Iyer, HK Wang, CM Vecchia, DF AF Iyer, HK Wang, CM Vecchia, DF TI Consistency tests for key comparison data SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID COMPARISON REFERENCE VALUES; EXCLUSIVE STATISTICS; EQUIVALENCE AB Results of International Key Comparisons of National Measurement Standards provide the technical basis for the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) formulated by Le Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). With many key comparisons already completed and a number of new key comparison experiments currently under way, we now have a better understanding of the statistical issues that need to be addressed for successfully analysing data from key comparisons and making proper interpretations of the results. There is clearly a need for a systematic approach to statistical analyses of key comparison data that can be implemented routinely by all participating laboratories. The determination of a key comparison reference value (KCRV) and its associated uncertainty and the degrees of equivalence are the central tasks in the evaluation of key comparison data. A satisfactory definition of a KCRV, however, is based on the assumption that all laboratories are estimating the same unknown quantity of the common circulating artefact, that is, the results from the different laboratories are mutually consistent. In this paper, we compare a number of statistical procedures for testing the consistency assumption. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Iyer, HK (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM hari@stat.colostate.edu NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP 223 EP 230 AR PII S0026-1394(04)78516-3 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/001 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 849MM UT WOS:000223542800004 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF Liu, HK Sedransk, N Strawderman, WE AF Zhang, NF Liu, HK Sedransk, N Strawderman, WE TI Statistical analysis of key comparisons with linear trends SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A statistical analysis for key comparisons with linear trends is proposed. The approach has the advantage that it is consistent with the no-trend cases. The uncertainties for the key comparison reference value, which is time dependent in this case, and the degrees of equivalence are also provided. As an example, the approach is applied to key comparison CCEM-K2. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Stat, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP 231 EP 237 AR PII S0026-1394(04)78515-1 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/002 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 849MM UT WOS:000223542800005 ER PT J AU Mehl, JB Moldover, MR Pitre, L AF Mehl, JB Moldover, MR Pitre, L TI Designing quasi-spherical resonators for acoustic thermometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE; RESONANCE FREQUENCIES; MERCURY; SOUND; SPEED AB We describe a quasi-spherical, noble-gas-filled cavity designed to determine the thermodynamic temperature of the gas from measurements of the frequencies and the half-widths of microwave and acoustic resonances in the cavity. The quasi-spherical shape retains the advantages of spherical acoustic resonators (non-degenerate, radially symmetric acoustic modes, negligible viscous damping at the boundary) while simplifying the determination of the cavity's thermal expansion using microwave resonances. As a specific example, we consider a cavity bounded by four quadrants of a perfect sphere of radius a connected to each other by narrow cylindrical sections of thickness 2is an element of(1)a and 2is an element of(2)a, where is an element of(1) and is an element of(2) are of the order of 10(-3). The cylindrical sections split the degenerate microwave triplets (TM11, TE11, TM12, etc) into three easily resolved components with predictable orientations. Preliminary measurements show that two judiciously located microwave probes excite and detect all three components of each microwave triplet with approximately equal amplitudes. We discuss the placement of acoustic transducers and the dimensions of ducts that admit gas from a manifold into the cavity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Conservatoire Natl Arts & Metiers, Inst Natl Metrol, Bur Natl Metrol, F-75003 Paris, France. RP Mehl, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jmehl@rockisland.com; michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013; OI pitre, laurent/0000-0001-9885-7544 NR 24 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP 295 EP 304 AR PII S0026-1394(04)80814-4 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/011 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 849MM UT WOS:000223542800014 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC AF Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC TI Statistical analysis of CIPM key comparisons based on the ISO Guide SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB An international Advisory Group on Uncertainties has published guidelines for the statistical analysis of a simple key comparison carried out by the Consultative Committees of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) where a travelling standard of a stable value is circulated among the participants. We discuss several concerns regarding these guidelines. Then, we describe a statistical model based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement to establish the key comparison reference value, the degrees of equivalence, and their associated standard uncertainties on the basis of the data submitted by the participants. The proposed statistical model applies to all those CIPM key comparisons where the submitted results are mutually comparable and appropriate for determining the key comparison reference value and the submitted uncertainties are sufficiently reliable. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov NR 16 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP 340 EP 352 AR PII S0026-1394(04)81455-5 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/017 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 849MM UT WOS:000223542800020 ER PT J AU Vitouchkine, AL Faller, JE AF Vitouchkine, AL Faller, JE TI A direct and sensitive method for positioning the centre of mass of a dropping object at the optical centre of the enclosed corner cube in ballistic absolute gravimeters SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY AB In a ballistic gravimeter, when a test body rotates during free fall an optical path error results, unless the centre of mass (COM) and the optical centre of the corner cube are exactly co-located. The error associated with the rotation needs to be held to 1 muGal (1 muGal == 10(-8) m s(-2)) or less, so as to not compromise the accuracy of today's absolute gravimeters. This error is systematic, difficult to monitor and can be decreased in only two ways: (1) by reducing the rotation rate of the failing object and/or (2) by minimizing the distance between the COM of the dropping object and the optical centre of the corner cube embedded in it. We report here on a new direct and extremely sensitive method for minimizing the distance between the COM and the optical centre. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vitouchkine, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP L19 EP L21 AR PII S0026-1394(04)78797-6 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/L01 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 849MM UT WOS:000223542800001 ER PT S AU Silver, RM Attota, R Stocker, M Bishop, M Jun, JJ Marx, E Davidson, MP Larrabee, RD AF Silver, RM Attota, R Stocker, M Bishop, M Jun, JJ Marx, E Davidson, MP Larrabee, RD BE Silver, RM TI High-resolution optical overlay metrology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH AB Optical methods are often thought to lose their effectiveness as a metrology tool beyond the Rayleigh criterion. However, using advanced modeling methods, the conventional resolution limitations encountered in well-defined edge-to-edge measurements using edge thresholds do not apply. In fact, in this paper we present evidence that optics can be used to image and measure features as small as 10 nm in dimension, well below the imaging wavelength. To understand the limits of optical methods we have extensively studied both linewidth and overlay metrology applications. Although overlay applications are usually thought to involve pitch or centerline measurements of features from different process levels, some target designs present optical proximity effects which pose a significant challenge. Likewise, line width measurements require determination of the physical edges and geometry which created that profile. Both types of measurements require model-based analysis to accurately evaluate the data and images. In this paper we explore methods to optimize target geometry, optical configurations, structured illumination, and analysis algorithms with applications in both critical dimension and overlay metrology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 78 EP 95 DI 10.1117/12.539028 PN 1&2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500009 ER PT S AU Jones, RL Hu, T Soles, CL Lin, EK Wu, W Casa, DM Mahorowala, A AF Jones, RL Hu, T Soles, CL Lin, EK Wu, W Casa, DM Mahorowala, A BE Silver, RM TI Preliminary evaluation of line-edge roughness metrology based on CD-SAXS SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE CD metrology; X-ray scattering; sub-100 nm lithography ID FABRICATION; SCATTERING AB Line edge roughness (LER) remains a predominant measure of pattern quality used to evaluate processing parameters throughout the many steps of fabricating microelectronics. In the effort to minimize LER, a critical component is a metrology capable of rapid and non-destructive characterization of fluctuations in the position of the pattern, or line, edge. Previously, we have demonstrated a non-destructive metrology capable of sub-nm precision in the measurement of pitch and linewidth termed Critical Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering (CD-SAXS). Here, we explore the capability of CD-SAXS to measure line edge fluctuations using the diffuse scattering from diffraction peaks. Models of varying forms of line edge roughness are used to explore the effects of different types of line edge roughness on CD-SAXS results. It is found that the frequency and the degree of correlation of the roughness between patterns greatly influences the scattering pattern predicted. Model predictions are then compared to CD-SAXS results from a photoresist grating. C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 191 EP 198 DI 10.1117/12.535693 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500018 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Bunday, BD Bishop, M AF Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Bunday, BD Bishop, M BE Silver, RM TI Dimensional metrology of resist lines using a SEM model-based library approach SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE critical dimension (CD); linewidth; model-based library metrology; resist; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; BIAS AB The widths of 284 lines in a 193 nm resist were measured by two methods and the results compared. One method was scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cross-sections. The other was a model-based library (MBL) approach in which top-down CD-SEM line scans of structures are compared to a library of simulated line scans, each one of which corresponds to a well-defined sample structure. Feature edge shapes and locations are determined by matching measured to simulated images. This way of determining critical dimensions makes use of known physics of the interaction of the electron beam with the sample, thereby removing some of the ambiguity in sample edge positions that are assigned by more arbitrary methods. Thus far, MBL has shown promise on polycrystalline silicon samples [Villarrubia et al., Proc. SPIE 4689, pp. 304-312 (2002)]. Resist lines, though important in semiconductor manufacturing, pose a more difficult problem because resist tends to shrink and charge upon electron beam exposure. These phenomena are not well characterized, and hence are difficult to include in the models used to construct libraries. Differences between the techniques had a systematic component of 3.5 nm and a random component of about 5 rim. These differences are an upper bound on measurement errors attributable to resist properties, since they are partly attributable to other causes (e.g,. linewidth roughness). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 199 EP 209 DI 10.1117/12.536871 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500019 ER PT S AU Pedulla, JM Potzick, J Silver, R AF Pedulla, JM Potzick, J Silver, R BE Silver, RM TI Improving the uncertainty of photomask linewidth measurements SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE photomask; linewidth; measurement uncertainty; optical modeling AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently developing a photomask linewidth standard (SRM 2059) with a lower expected-uncertainty of calibration than the previous NIST standards (SRMs 473, 475, 476). In calibrating these standards, optical simulation modeling has been used to predict the microscope image intensity profiles, which are then compared to the experimental profiles to determine the certified linewidths. Consequently, the total uncertainty in the linewidth calibration is a result of uncertainty components from the optical simulation modeling and uncertainty due to experimental errors or approximations (e.g., tool imaging errors and material characterization errors). Errors of approximation in the simulation model and uncertainty in the parameters used in the model can contribute a large component to the total linewidth uncertainty. We have studied the effects of model parameter variation on measurement uncertainty using several different optical simulation programs that utilize different mathematical techniques. We have also evaluated the effects of chrome edge runout and varying indices of refraction on the linewidth images. There are several experimental parameters that are not ordinarily included in the modeling simulation. For example, the modeling programs assume a uniform illuminating field (e.g., Kohler illumination), ideal optics and alignment. In practice, determining whether Kohler illumination has been achieved is difficult, and the perfect optical ali optical components and their alignments are never ideal. We will present some techniques for evaluating Kohler illumination and methods to compensate for scattered (Hare) light. Any such experimental elements, that are assumed C accurate in the modeling, may actually present significant components to the uncertainty and need to be quantitatively estimated. The present state of metrology does not permit the absolute calibration of linewidth standards to the level of uncertainty called for in the semiconductor roadmap. However, there are applications for a linewidth standard and calibration strategies which do not require a NIST certified calibration (e.g., determining measurement precision). In this paper we present various critical elements of a systematic and thorough evaluation of the key components of linewidth uncertainty as well as our methods for evaluating and reducing modeling and experimental uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pedulla, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 317 EP 327 DI 10.1117/12.539142 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500030 ER PT S AU Zhao, XZ Fu, J Chu, W Nguyen, C Vorburger, T AF Zhao, XZ Fu, J Chu, W Nguyen, C Vorburger, T BE Silver, RM TI An image stitching method to eliminate the distortion of the sidewall in linewidth measurement SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE linewidth; sidewall; atomic force microscopy (AFM); nanotube probe; image stitching method; image registration ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY; TIP GEOMETRY; HEIGHT; AFM AB Nano-scale linewidth measurements are performed in semiconductor manufacturing, the data storage industry, and micro-mechanical engineering. It is well known that the interaction of probe and sample affects the measurement accuracy of linewidth measurements performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The emergent ultra-sharp carbon nanotube tips provide a new approach to minimizing the distortion of the measured profile caused by interaction with the finite probe tip. However, there is nearly always a significant tilt angle resulting when the nanotube is attached to an ordinary probe. As a result, we can obtain an accurate sidewall image of only one side of the linewidth sample rather than two sides. This somewhat reduces the advantage of using nanotube probes. To solve this problem, a dual image stitching method based on image registration is proposed in this article. After the first image is obtained, which provides an accurate profile of one side of the measured line, we rotate the sample 180degrees to obtain the second image, which provides an accurate profile of the other side of the line. We keep the sidewall data for the better side of each image and neglect the data taken for the other side of each image. Then, we combine these better two sides to yield a new image for which the linewidth can be calculated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhao, XZ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1117/12.536692 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500035 ER PT S AU Attota, R Silver, RM Bishop, M Marx, E Jun, J Stocker, M Davidson, M Larrabee, R AF Attota, R Silver, RM Bishop, M Marx, E Jun, J Stocker, M Davidson, M Larrabee, R BE Silver, RM TI Evaluation of new in-chip and arrayed line overlay target designs SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE in-chip overlay targets; overlay metrology; proximity effect; optical interaction; focus metric; best focus; CD metrology; focus metric signature AB Two types of overlay targets have been designed and evaluated for the study of optical overlay metrology. They are in-chip and arrayed overlay targets. In-chip targets are three-bar two-level targets designed to be placed in or near the active device area of a chip. They occupy a small area in the range of 5 mum(2) to 15 mum(2) and have line widths, which are nominally device dimensions. The close proximity of the line features result in strong proximity effects. We have used two well-established theoretical models to simulate and study the effects of proximity on overlay measurements. In this paper, we also present a comparison of optical overlay results with scanning electron microscope measurements. Arrayed targets have also been designed to improve and enhance the optical signal for small critical dimension features. We have also compared theoretical simulations of arrayed targets to experimental results. In these comparisons we observe a significant variation in the location of the best focus image with respect to the features. The through-focus focus-metric we have implemented in the current work to determine the best focus image shows interesting properties with potential applications for line width metrology and process control. Based on simulation results, the focus-metric is sensitive to changes in line width dimensions on the nanometer scale. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Attota, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 395 EP 402 DI 10.1117/12.539164 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500038 ER PT S AU Bunday, BD Bishop, M McCormack, DW Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Dixson, R Vorburger, TV Orji, NG Allgair, JA AF Bunday, BD Bishop, M McCormack, DW Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Dixson, R Vorburger, TV Orji, NG Allgair, JA BE Silver, RM TI Determination of optimal parameters for CD-SEM measurement of line edge roughness SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE dimensional metrology; Line Edge Roughness (LER); Line Width Roughness (LWR); metrics; power spectral density (PSD); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) AB The measurement of line-edge roughness (LER) has recently become a topic of concern in the litho-metrology community and the semiconductor industry as a whole. The Advanced Metrology Advisory Group (AMAG), a council composed of the chief metrologists from the International SEMATECH (ISMT) consortium's Member Companies and from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has a project to investigate LER metrics and to direct the critical dimension scanning, electron microscope (CD-SEM) supplier community towards a semiconductor industry-backed, standardized solution for implementation. The 2003 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has included a new definition for roughness. The ITRS envisions root mean square measurements of edge and width roughness. There are other possible metrics, some of which are surveyed here. The ITRS envisions the root mean square measurements restricted to roughness wavelengths falling within a specified process-relevant range and with measurement repeatability better than a specified tolerance. This study addresses the measurement choices required to meet those specifications. An expression for the length of line that must be measured and the spacing of measurement positions along that length is derived. Noise in the image is shown to produce roughness measurement errors that have both random and nonrandom (i.e., bias) components. Measurements are reported on both UV resist and polycrystalline silicon in special test patterns with roughness typical for those materials. These measurements indicate that the sensitivity of a roughness measurement to noise depends importantly both on the choice of edge detection algorithm and the quality of the focus. Measurements are less sensitive to noise when a model-based or sigmoidal fit algorithm is used and when the images are in good focus. Using, the measured roughness characteristics for UV resist lines and applying the ITRS requirements for the 90 nm technology node, the derived expression for sampling length and sampling interval implies that a length of line at least 8 times the node (i.e., 720 nm) must be measured at intervals of 7.5 nm or less. C1 Int SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Motorola Inc, Austin, TX USA. RP Int SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. NR 17 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 515 EP 533 DI 10.1117/12.535926 PN 1&2 PG 19 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500050 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Guerry, A AF Dixson, R Guerry, A BE Silver, RM TI Reference metrology using a next generation CD-AFM SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE AFM; metrology; CD; linewidth; reference measurement system; standards; calibration; traceability ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY; MAGNIFICATION STANDARD; CALIBRATION; PROTOTYPE; HEIGHT AB International SEMATECH (ISMT) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are working together to improve the traceability of AFM dimensional metrology in semiconductor manufacturing. Due to the unique metrology requirements and the rapid change in the semiconductor industry, relevant standards are often not available. Consequently, there is often no traceable linkage between the realization of the SI (Systeme International d'Unites, or International System of Units) unit of length - the meter - and measurements in the fab line. To improve this situation, we have implemented a Reference Measurement System (RMS) using a next-generation critical-dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM). We performed measurements needed to establish a traceability chain and developed uncertainty budgets for pitch, height, and critical dimension (CD) measurements. At present, the standard uncertainties are estimated to be approximately 0.2% for pitch measurements, 0.4% for step height measurements, and 5 nm for CD measurements in the sub-micrometer range. Further improvement in these uncertainties is expected with the use of newer samples for scale and tip calibration. We will describe our methodology for RMS implementation and the major applications for which it has been used. These include measurements on new NIST/ISMT linewidth standards, a reference tool for CD-scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), metrology on photo-masks, CD-SEM benchmarking, and 193 nm resist shrinkage measurements. As part of the NIST/ISMT linewidth standards project, we are performing an extensive comparison experiment of AFM and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) measurements of linewidth. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 633 EP 646 DI 10.1117/12.536898 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500061 ER PT S AU Damazo, BN Jayewardene, EC Vladar, AE Keery, WJ Postek, MT AF Damazo, BN Jayewardene, EC Vladar, AE Keery, WJ Postek, MT BE Silver, RM TI New method for the measurement of SEM stage vibrations SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE SEM; magnification; vibration; laser; interferometer; sample stage ID MAGNIFICATION STANDARD AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has implemented a high bandwidth laser interferometer measurement system in a specialized metrology microscope. The purpose of the system is the certification of SEM magnification calibration samples by moving the sample under a finely focused stationary electron beam in the metrology electron microscope. Using a laser interferometer with displacement measurements traceable to basic wavelength standards, the motion is measured while recording the secondary or backscattered electron output signal. The recent upgrade to the laser measurement system enables a measurement bandwidth of 300 kHz to be achieved in the sampling of the X-Y position of a test sample, along with measuring the intensity of the secondary electron beam output signal. This high bandwidth stage position measurement capability becomes a tool to measure the effects of environmental vibrations on SEM measurements. This paper outlines this ongoing research and presents the current results along with details of the measurement possibilities based on this new technique. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Damazo, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 1205 EP 1211 DI 10.1117/12.537502 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500124 ER PT S AU Vladar, AE Jayewardene, EC Damazo, BN Keery, WJ Postek, MT AF Vladar, AE Jayewardene, EC Damazo, BN Keery, WJ Postek, MT BE Silver, RM TI Laser sample stage-based image resolution enhancement method for SEMs SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVIII CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Santa Clara, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE SEM; CD-SEM; scanning electron microscope; resolution; stage; laser; interferometer; enhancement; image; measurement AB The development of a very fast, very accurate laser stage measurement system facilitates a new method to enhance the image and line scan resolution of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). This method, allows for fast signal intensity and displacement measurements, and can report hundreds of thousands of measurement points in just a few seconds. It is possible then, to account for the stage position in almost real time with a resolution of 0.2 nm. The extent and direction of the stage motion reveal important characteristics of the stage vibration and drift, and helps to minimize them. The high accuracy and speed also allow for a convenient and effective technique for diminishing these problems by correlating instantaneous position and imaging intensity. The new measurement technique gives a possibility for significantly improving SEM-based dimensional measurement quality. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vladar, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5288-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5375 BP 1382 EP 1388 DI 10.1117/12.562367 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Microscopy; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Microscopy; Physics GA BAP06 UT WOS:000223096500143 ER PT J AU Ekberg, M Skotte, PU Utterback, T Kishkovich, O Ruede, D Higley, J Orkin, VL AF Ekberg, M Skotte, PU Utterback, T Kishkovich, O Ruede, D Higley, J Orkin, VL TI Meeting airborne molecular contamination challenges in laser pattern generators SO MICRO LA English DT Article C1 Micron Laser Syst, Taby, Sweden. Extract Syst, Franklin, MA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ekberg, M (reprint author), Micron Laser Syst, Taby, Sweden. EM mats.ekberg@micronic.se; peruno.skotte@micronic.se; tomas.utterback@micronic.se; okishkovich@extraction.com; druede@extraction.com; ihigley@extraction.com; vladimir.orkin@nist.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANON COMMUNICATIONS INC PI LOS ANGELES PA 11444 W OLYMPIC BLVD, SUITE 900, LOS ANGELES, CA 90064 USA SN 1081-0595 J9 MICRO JI Micro PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 47 EP + PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 769QL UT WOS:000188661200021 ER PT S AU Wang, L Gaigalas, AK Zong, Y Zhang, S Shi, J Wang, Y AF Wang, L Gaigalas, AK Zong, Y Zhang, S Shi, J Wang, Y BE Nicolau, DV Raghavachari, R TI Effect of target and probe concentrations on hybridization in DNA microarrays SO MICROARRAYS AND COMBINATORIAL TECHNIQUES: DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND ANALYSIS II SE PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL OPTICS AND IMAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microarrays and Combinatorial Techniques - Design, Fabrication and Analysis II CY JAN 25-26, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE oligo microarray; hybridization; concentration; Cy3; Cy5; calibration; retention ID OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; FLUORESCENCE AB Efficient hybridization of complementary strands of DNA is the underlying principle of all microarray-based techniques for gene expression analysis. Recently studies have been published to assess oligonucleotide (55-70 bases) performance on glass-slide microarrays and stress advantages over the cDNA arrays. Importantly the oligo arrays eliminate possible failure in PCR amplifications and attain sequence optimization. In the present study, we have used 60mer oligo microarrays to investigate the effect of target (immobilized on the glass slides) and probe concentrations and possible probe interactions on hybridization. Scanner calibration slides (manufactured by Full Moon BioSystems) were used to concert the fluorescence signals into fluorophore per pm 2 in order to eliminate possible variation from scanner. The retention of the target was determined based on mock hybridization using Cy3-labeled oligonucleotide. We found that hybridization signals fell within the linear response range when the target concentration (printing solution) was equal or less than 2.5 muM. With fixed target concentrations, there is a non-linear relationship between the probe concentration and the hybridization signal. Dual-probe hybridization measurements suggest that hybridization of probes is not ideally independent. In this study, hybridization signal from Cy5 is consistently lower than that from Cy3. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 1605-7422 BN 0-8194-5236-X J9 PRO BIOMED OPT IMAG PY 2004 VL 5 IS 17 BP 129 EP 139 DI 10.1117/12.528245 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Physics, Applied SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physics GA BAP11 UT WOS:000223100800015 ER PT J AU Mell, WE McGrattan, KB Baum, HR AF Mell, WE McGrattan, KB Baum, HR TI g-Jitter effects on spherical diffusion flames SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABOARD; FLOWS AB Acceleration disturbances or g-jitter exist in all reduced gravity experimental platforms. These disturbances often have a fully three-dimensional orientation and are transient. An important element in experimental design, therefore, is a determination of how sensitive the physical processes under investigation may be to the expected g-jitter. Very few experimental studies exist that are focused on quantifying acceptable levels of g-jitter due to their expense and the wide range of relevant parameters. A three-dimensional fully transient computer simulation approach was developed, validated, and used to assess the potential that a given acceleration disturbance will have an unacceptable influence on spherical diffusion flames. An emphasis was pill oil computational efficiency resulting in the use of a simple, mixture fraction based, combustion model. Given the limitations of this model the simulation provided accurate predictions of flame behaviour in experiments conducted in NASAs drop tower and aircraft reduced gravity platforms. Spherical diffusion flames in acceleration environments characteristic of the International Space Station were also simulated The results implied that a passive isolation system combined with appropriate scheduling of crew activity would provide a sufficiently, disturbance free environment for spherical diffusion flame experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mell, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8663, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ruddy@nist.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU Z A R M TECHNIK PUBLISHING DIV PI BREMEN PA AM FALLTURM, 28359 BREMEN, GERMANY SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP 12 EP 30 DI 10.1007/BF02870965 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 884CU UT WOS:000226063000003 ER PT J AU Urban, BD Kroenlein, K Kazakov, A Dryer, FL Yozgatligil, A Choi, MY Manzello, SL Lee, KO Dobashi, R AF Urban, BD Kroenlein, K Kazakov, A Dryer, FL Yozgatligil, A Choi, MY Manzello, SL Lee, KO Dobashi, R TI Sooting behavior of ethanol droplet combustion at elevated pressures under microgravity conditions SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION; METHANOL; FLAMES AB Liquid ethanol is widely used in practical fuels as a means to extend petroleum-derived resources or as a fuel additive to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide from spark ignition engines. Recent research has also suggested that ethanol and other oxygenates could be added to diesel fuel to reduce particulate emissions. In this cursory study, the combustion of small ethanol droplets in microgravity environments was observed to investigate diffusion flame characteristics at higher ambient pressures and at various oxygen indices, all with nitrogen as the diluent species. At the NASA Glenn Research Center 2.2-second drop tower free ethanol droplets were ignited in the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) apparatus, and backlit and flame view data were collected to evaluate flame position and burning rate. Profuse sooting was noted above 3 atm ambient pressure. In experiments performed at the Japan Microgravity Center 10-second (JAMIC) drop shaft with Sooting Effects in Droplet Combustion (SEDC) apparatus, the first data that displayed a spherical soot shell for ethanol droplet combustion was obtained. Because of the strong sensitivity of soot formation to small changes in an easily accessible range of pressures, ethanol appears to be a simple liquid fuel suitable for fundamental studies of soot formation effects on spherical diffusion flames. The results impact discussions regarding the mechanism of particulate reduction by ethanol addition to fuels in high-pressure practical combustors. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech & Engn Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Transportat Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem Engn, Tokyo 113, Japan. RP Urban, BD (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM kennethk@Princeton.EDU RI Yozgatligil, Ahmet/A-9682-2016 OI Yozgatligil, Ahmet/0000-0002-7655-7695 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU Z A R M TECHNIK PUBLISHING DIV PI BREMEN PA AM FALLTURM, 28359 BREMEN, GERMANY SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 15 IS 3 BP 12 EP 18 DI 10.1007/BF02870960 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 868XV UT WOS:000224947300002 ER PT S AU Williams, CR Gage, KS AF Williams, CR Gage, KS BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Application of radar profilers in multi-sensor hydrologic field campaigns SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE profilers; Doppler radar; precipitation; calibration; disdrometers ID CLOUDS; CALIBRATION; STRATIFORM AB Precipitation profiling from vertically-looking ground-based radar profilers operating at frequencies of 915- and 2835-MHz have been demonstrated to be useful tools in several field campaigns during the past decade. When combined with a surface disdrometer and a nearby scanning radar, the calibrated profiling radar provides high resolution details of the precipitation vertical structure while the scanning radar provides the horizontal context of the precipitation relative to the profiler site. Profiling radars provide detailed information of reflectivities and drop-size distributions that are essential for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). One role that profiling radars have in QPE is monitoring the calibration of the scanning radar reflectivity used to map the precipitation over a large area. The concept of up-scaling uses a surface disdrometer to calibrate the profiling radar which is then used to calibrate the scanning radar. This method of up-scaling the reflectivities observed by the surface disdrometer to the scanning radar reflectivities eliminates some of the uncertainties of Z-R relationships inherent in surface rain gauge to scanning radar calibrating and monitoring techniques. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Williams, CR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Mail Stop R-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.578096 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200001 ER PT S AU Ferraro, RR McCollum, JR Zhao, LM Kongoli, C Pellegrino, P AF Ferraro, RR McCollum, JR Zhao, LM Kongoli, C Pellegrino, P BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI The current status of passive microwave precipitation retrievals at NOAA/NESDIS SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE precipitation; passive microwaves DMSP; NPOESS; TRMM; GPM; SSM/I; AMSU; TMI; AMSR-E ID SOUNDING UNIT; ALGORITHMS; SENSOR; LAND; IMAGER; SSM/I; CLOUD; AMSU AB Researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) have been at the forefront in the development of precipitation retrieval algorithms from passive microwave sensors for over 20 years. This includes algorithms used for the DMSP Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), the NOAA Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and the EOS Aqua Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer (AMSR-E). NOAA requires such retrievals to support two of its main scientific mission elements: "Weather and Water" and "Climate Monitoring and Prediction". This presents an overview of the algorithm development, recent advances (i.e., the expansion of the retrievals to over snow covered surfaces) and future plans (i.e., the development of a general retrieval framework adaptable for use with any microwave sensor) as NOAA enters into the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) era. Application examples to highlight the use of these products at NOAA are also presented. C1 Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ferraro, RR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NOAA, NESDIS, 2207 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1117/12.576913 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200008 ER PT S AU Grody, NC Vinnikov, KY AF Grody, NC Vinnikov, KY BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Calibration of multi-satellite observations for climatic studies SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE microwave radiometer calibration; multi-satellite analysis; Microwave Sounding Unit; climatic temperature trend ID TEMPERATURES AB The Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) aboard the NOAA series of polar orbiting satellites has been used to monitor the very small trend in the global tropospheric temperature over the 25 year satellite record. To obtain a homogeneous data set, calibration corrections were made to each of the nine MSUs in the form of fixed biases, and in some cases temperature-dependent adjustments, using data during the overlap periods. Up until now, however, the adjustments are empirically based. To improve the accuracy, this paper develops a calibration model that includes errors in the cold space and warm target measurements, as well as the nonlinear factor. Corrections for these calibration errors are estimated using a least squares minimization where the predictors are the differences between all twelve overlapping satellite measurements. After applying the calibration corrections, the globally averaged differences between satellite instruments are no larger than 0.03 K. It is also found that the globally averaged tropospheric temperature trend obtained from MSU channel 2 measurements is 0.17 K/decade, which is nearly the same as the surface trend. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Washington, DC USA. RP Grody, NC (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Washington, DC USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 84 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.569973 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200010 ER PT S AU Baker, ET German, CR AF Baker, ET German, CR BE German, CR Lin, J Parson, LM TI On the global distribution of hydrothermal vent fields SO MID-OCEAN RIDGES: HYDROTHERMAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE LITHOSPHERE AND OCEANS SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st InterRidge Theoretical Institute on Thermal Regime of Ocean Ridges and Dynamics of Hydrothermal Circulation CY SEP, 2002 CL Pavia, ITALY ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; SPREADING MIDOCEAN RIDGES; APPARENT MAGMATIC BUDGET; AZORES TRIPLE JUNCTION; ST-PAUL PLATEAU; REYKJANES RIDGE; RIFT-VALLEY AB The "magmatic budget hypothesis" proposes that variability in magma supply is the primary control on the large-scale hydrothermal distribution pattern along oceanic spreading ridges. The concept is simple but several factors make testing the hypothesis complex: scant hydrothermal flux measurements, temporal lags between magmatic and hydrothermal processes, the role of permeability, nonmagmatic heat sources, and the uncertainties of vent-field exploration. Here we examine this hypothesis by summarizing our current state of knowledge of the global distribution of active vent fields, which presently number similar to280, roughly a quarter of our predicted population of similar to1000. Approximately 20% of the global ridge system has now been surveyed at least cursorily for active sites, but only half that length has been studied in sufficient detail for statistical treatment. Using I I ridge sections totaling 6140 km we find a robust linear correlation between either site frequency or hydrothermal plume incidence and the magmatic budget estimated from crustal thickness. These trends cover spreading rates of 10-150 mm/yr and strongly support the magma budget hypothesis. A secondary control, permeability, may, become,increasingly important as spreading rates decrease and deep faults mine supplemental heat from direct cooling of the upper mantle, cooling gabbroic,intrusions, and serpentinization of underlying ultramafics. Preliminary observations and theory suggest that hydrothermal activity on hotspot-affected ridges is relatively deficient, although paucity of data precludes generalizing this result. While the fullness of our conclusions depends upon further detailed study of vent field frequency, especially on slow-spreading ridges, they. are consistent with global distributions of deep-ocean He-3, an unequivocally magmatic tracer. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 106 TC 139 Z9 149 U1 5 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-413-0 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2004 VL 148 BP 245 EP 266 DI 10.1029/148GM10 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA BBJ26 UT WOS:000225757800010 ER PT S AU Golmie, N Cypher, D Rebala, O AF Golmie, N Cypher, D Rebala, O GP IEEE TI Performance evaluation of low rate WPANs for medical applications SO MILCOM 2004 - 2004 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2004) CY OCT 31-NOV 03, 2004 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB In this article we consider the emerging low-rate wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology as specified in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and evaluate its suitability for medical applications. The main objective for this effort is to develop a universal and interoperable interface for medical equipments. We focus on scalability issues and the need to support several communicating devices near a patient's bedside. Given the nature and the diversity of the clinical environment, it is most likely that different medical applications will use different wireless technologies. We choose to quantify the perfiormance of IEEE 802.15.4 devices in the presence of IEEE 802. 11b devices since it may be the technology of choice for most web access, email, video, and printing applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Golmie, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8847-X J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2004 BP 927 EP 933 PG 7 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BCQ43 UT WOS:000230724200145 ER PT S AU Juberts, M Barbera, A AF Juberts, M Barbera, A BE Gage, DW TI Status report on next generation LADAR for driving unmanned ground vehicles SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV); real-time 3D imaging; on & off-road autonomous driving; laser radar (LADAR); Time-of-Flight (TOF); scanning; Focal Plane Array (FPA); Field-of-View (FOV); range & range resolution AB The U.S. Department of Defense has initiated plans for the deployment of autonomous robotic vehicles in various tactical military operations starting in about seven years. Most of these missions will require the vehicles to drive autonomously over open terrain and on roads which may contain traffic, obstacles, military personnel as well as pedestrians. Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) must therefore be able to detect, recognize and track objects and terrain features in very cluttered environments. Although several LADAR sensors exist today which have successfully been implemented and demonstrated to provide somewhat reliable obstacle detection and can be used for path planning and selection, they tend to be limited in performance, are effected by obscurants, and are quite large and expensive. In addition, even though considerable effort and funding has been provided by the DOD R&D community, nearly all of the development has been for target detection (ATR) and tracking from various flying platforms. Participation in the Army and DARPA sponsored UGV programs has helped NIST to identify requirement specifications for LADAR to be used for on and off-road autonomous driving. This paper describes the expected requirements for a next generation LADAR for driving UGVs and presents an overview of proposed LADAR design concepts and a status report on current developments in scannerless Focal Plane Array (FPA) LADAR and advanced scanning LADAR which may be able to achieve the stated requirements. Examples of real-time range images taken with existing LADAR prototypes will be presented. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Juberts, M (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1117/12.580235 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200001 ER PT S AU Barbera, T Horst, J Schlenoff, C Aha, D AF Barbera, T Horst, J Schlenoff, C Aha, D BE Gage, DW TI Task analysis of autonomous on-road driving SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE sensory processing; task analysis; autonomous; driving; finite state machines; task knowledge; world model AB The Real-time Control System (RCS) Methodology has evolved over a number of years as a technique to capture task knowledge and organize it into a framework conducive to implementation in computer control systems. The fundamental premise of this methodology is that the present state of the task activities sets the context that identifies the requirements for all of the support processing. In particular, the task context at any time determines what is to be sensed in the world, what world model states are to be evaluated, which situations are to be analyzed, what plans should be invoked, and which behavior generation knowledge is to be accessed. This methodology concentrates on the task behaviors explored through scenario examples to define a task decomposition tree that clearly represents the branching of tasks into layers of simpler and simpler subtask activities. There is a named branching condition/situation identified for every fork of this task tree. These become the input conditions of the if-then rules of the knowledge set that define how the task is to respond to input state changes. Detailed analysis of each branching condition/situation is used to identify antecedent world states and these, in turn, are further analyzed to identify all of the entities, objects, and attributes that have to be sensed to determine if any of these world states exist. This paper explores the use of this 4D/RCS methodology in some detail for the particular task of autonomous on-road driving, which work was funded under the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Mobile Autonomous Robot Software (MARS) effort (Doug Gage, Program Manager). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barbera, T (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1117/12.580233 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200006 ER PT S AU Horst, JA Barbera, A Schlenoff, C Aha, DW AF Horst, JA Barbera, A Schlenoff, C Aha, DW BE Gage, DW TI Identifying sensory processing requirements for an on-road driving application of 4D/RCS SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE on-road driving; hierarchical control architecture; 4D/RCS; task decomposition; sensory processing; world model; world model entities; sensory processing; requirements; autonomous on-road driving; behavior generation; intelligent control AB Sensory processing for real-time, complex, and intelligent control systems is costly, so it is important to perform only the sensory processing required by the task. In this paper, we describe a straightforward metric for precisely defining sensory processing requirements. We then apply that metric to a complex, real-world control problem, autonomous on-road driving To determine these requirements the system designer must precisely and completely define 1) the system behaviors, 2) the world model situations that the system behaviors require, 3) the world model entities needed to generate all those situations, and 4) the resolutions, accuracy tolerances, detection timing, and detection distances required of all world model entities. C1 US Dept Commerce, NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Horst, JA (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1117/12.579982 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200007 ER PT S AU Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C Messina, E AF Balakirsky, S Scrapper, C Messina, E BE Gage, DW TI Cost-based adaptive planning for on-road driving SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA AB This paper presents a cost-based adaptive planning agent that is operating at the route-segment level of a deliberative hierarchical planning system for autonomous road driving. At this level, the planning agent is responsible for developing fundamental driving maneuvers that allow a vehicle to travel safely amongst moving and stationary objects. This is facilitated through the use of an incrementally expanded planning graph that provides the ability to implement a dynamic cost function. This cost function varies to comply with particular road, regional, or event driven situations, and when coupled with the incremental graph expansion allows for the agent to implement hard and soft system constraints. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 85 EP 96 DI 10.1117/12.580164 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200008 ER PT S AU Ajot, J Schlenoff, C Madhavan, R AF Ajot, J Schlenoff, C Madhavan, R BE Gage, DW TI Towards autonomous on-road driving via multi-resolutional and hierarchical moving object prediction SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE autonomous vehicle; on-road driving; PRIDE; moving object prediction; hierarchical AB In this paper, we present the PRIDE framework (Prediction In Dynamic Environments), which is a hierarchical multi-resolutional approach for moving object prediction that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. PRIDE is based upon the 4D/RCS (Real-time Control System) and provides information to planners at the level of granularity that is appropriate for their planning horizon. The lower levels of the framework utilize estimation theoretic short-term predictions based upon an extended Kalman filter that provide predictions and associated uncertainty measures. The upper levels utilize a probabilistic prediction approach based upon situation recognition with an underlying cost model that provide predictions that incorporate environmental information and constraints. These predictions are made at lower-frequencies and at a level of resolution more in line with the needs of higher-level planners. PRIDE is run in the systems' world model independently of the planner and the control system. The results of the prediction are made available to a planner to allow it to make accurate plans in dynamic environments. We have applied this approach to an on-road driving control hierarchy being developed as part of the DARPA Mobile Autonomous Robotic Systems (MARS) effort. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ajot, J (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.580172 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200009 ER PT S AU Hong, T Takeuchi, A Foedisch, M Shneier, M AF Hong, T Takeuchi, A Foedisch, M Shneier, M BE Gage, DW TI Performance evaluation of road detection and following systems SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA AB We describe a methodology for evaluating algorithms to provide quantitative information about how well road detection and road following algorithms perform. The approach relies on generating a set of standard data sets annotated with ground truth. We evaluate the algorithms used to detect roads by comparing the output of the algorithms with ground truth, which we obtain by having humans annotate the data sets used to test the algorithms. Ground truth annotations are acquired from more than one person to reduce systematic errors. Results are quantified by looking at false positive and false negative regions of the image sequences when compared with the ground truth. We describe the evaluation of a number of variants of a road detection system based on neural networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hong, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.580103 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200010 ER PT S AU Schlenoff, CI Evans, J Barbera, T Albus, J Messina, E Balakirsky, S AF Schlenoff, CI Evans, J Barbera, T Albus, J Messina, E Balakirsky, S BE Gage, DW TI Achieving intelligent performance in autonomous on-road driving SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE autonomous navigation; on-road driving; human-level performance; 4D/RCS; MARS AB This paper describes NIST's efforts in evaluating what it will take to achieve autonomous human-level driving skills in terms of time and funding. NIST has approached this problem from several perspectives: considering the current state-of-the-art in autonomous navigation and extrapolating from there. decomposing the tasks identified by the Department of Transportation for on-road driving and comparing that with accomplishments to date, analyzing computing power requirements by comparison with the human brain. and conducting a Delphi Forecast using the expert researchers in the field of autonomous driving. A detailed description of each of these approaches is provided along with the major finding from each approach and an overall picture of what it will take to achieve human level driving skills in autonomous vehicles. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schlenoff, CI (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 116 EP 127 DI 10.1117/12.580221 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200011 ER PT S AU Scholtz, J AF Scholtz, J BE Gage, DW TI The effect of situation awareness acquisition in determining the ratio of operators to semi-autonomous driving vehicles SO MOBILE ROBOTS XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mobile Robots XVII CY OCT 26-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE human-robot interaction; situation awareness; neglect tolerance; off-road driving; autonomy ID AUTOMATION AB We used a technical readiness level assessment to obtain intervention time and the time to acquire situation awareness for different classifications of interventions. We analyzed this data to determine if it is feasible for one operator to control multiple robots of this type in similar environments. We conclude that in both terrains analyzed (an and terrain and a wooded terrain) it would be feasible for one operator to control two robots. While it is also possible for an operator to work on another task and control a robot as well, there is an issue of providing situation awareness about the robot. There are also constraints on the tasks that could be effectively accomplished. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5562-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5609 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.1117/12.580143 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics; Transportation GA BBP24 UT WOS:000226861200027 ER PT J AU Ewald, B Penland, C Temam, R AF Ewald, B Penland, C Temam, R TI Accurate integration of stochastic climate models with application to El nino SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SINGULAR VECTORS; ROSSBY WAVES; ENSO; PREDICTION; ANOMALIES AB Numerical models are one of the most important theoretical tools in atmospheric research, and the development of numerical techniques specifically designed to model the atmosphere has been an important discipline for many years. In recent years, stochastic numerical models have been introduced in order to investigate more fully Hasselmann's suggestion that the effect of rapidly varying "weather'' noise on more slowly varying "climate'' could be treated as stochastic forcing. In this article an accurate method of integrating stochastic climate models is introduced and compared with some other commonly used techniques. It is shown that particular care must be used when the size of rapid variations in the "weather'' depends upon the "climate.'' How the implementation of stochasticity in a numerical model can affect the detection of multiple dynamical regimes in model output is discussed. To illustrate the usefulness of the numerical schemes, three stochastic models of El Nino having different assumptions about the random forcing are generated. Each of these models reproduces by construction the observed mean and covariance structure of tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature. It is shown that the skew and kurtosis of an observed time series representing El Nino is well within the distributions of these statistics expected from finite sampling. The observed trend, however, is unlikely to be explained by sampling. As always, more investigation of this issue is required. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Math, Inst Appl Math & Sci Comp, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Penland, C (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Cecile.Penland@noaa.gov NR 60 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 154 EP 164 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0154:AIOSCM>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 765BK UT WOS:000188247100009 ER PT J AU Zhu, T Zhang, DL Weng, FH AF Zhu, T Zhang, DL Weng, FH TI Numerical simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part I: Eyewall evolution and intensity changes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; TROPICAL CYCLONES; INNER-CORE; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GLORIA 1985; FLOW; DROPWINDSONDE; CONVECTION; RAINFALL AB In this study, a 5-day explicit simulation of Hurricane Bonnie ( 1998) is performed using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) with the finest grid length of 4 km. The initial mass, wind, and moisture fields of the hurricane vortex are retrieved from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) satellite measurements, and the sea surface temperature (SST) is updated daily. It is shown that the simulated track is within 3degrees latitude-longitude of the best track at the end of the 5-day integration, but with the landfalling point close to the observed. The model also reproduces reasonably well the hurricane intensity and intensity changes, asymmetries in cloud and precipitation, as well as the vertical structures of dynamic and thermodynamic fields in the eye and eyewall. It is shown that the storm deepens markedly in the first 2 days, during which period its environmental vertical shear increases substantially. It is found that this deepening could occur because of the dominant energy supply by a strong low-level southeasterly flow into the eastern eyewall plus the presence of underlying warm SST and favorable upper-level divergent outflow. However, the approaching of a strong upper-level northwesterly flow tends to generate mass convergence and subsidence warming and drying, thereby suppressing the development of deep convection in the western semicircle. This gives rise to wavenumber-1 asymmetries in clouds and precipitation (i.e., a partial eyewall) and the eastward tilt of the eyewall and storm center. Both the observed and simulated storms also appear to exhibit eyewall replacement scenarios in which the storms weaken as double eyewalls appear, and then reintensify as their inner eyewalls diminish and concentric eyewalls develop. The results indicate that the eyewall replacement process may be predictable because it appears to depend on the large-scale flow. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zhang, DL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM dalin@atmos.umd.edu RI Zhang, Da-Lin/F-2634-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Zhang, Da-Lin/0000-0003-1725-283X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 38 TC 72 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 225 EP 241 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0225:NSOHBP>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 765BK UT WOS:000188247100014 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Persson, POG Ralph, FM Jorgensen, DP White, AB Kingsmill, DE AF Neiman, PJ Persson, POG Ralph, FM Jorgensen, DP White, AB Kingsmill, DE TI Modification of fronts and precipitation by coastal blocking during an intense landfalling winter storm in southern California: Observations during CALJET SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MOIST DEFORMATION FRONTOGENESIS; AIRBORNE DOPPLER OBSERVATIONS; MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; COLD-FRONT; SIERRA-NEVADA; APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE STRUCTURE; VANCOUVER-ISLAND AB The California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) was carried out along the California coast, and up to 1000-km offshore, during the winter of 1997/98 to study the underlying physical processes that cause flooding rains and high winds in the orographically complex coastal zone and to explore the impact of potential future observing systems on short-term (<24 h) quantitative precipitation and wind forecasts during the landfall of winter storms from the data- sparse eastern Pacific Ocean. Using the suite of experimental and operational observing systems that were available during CALJET, this study documented the mesoscale modification of an intense landfalling cyclone by the steep coastal orography on 3 February 1998. This storm heavily impacted the populous and highly vulnerable coastal zone of southern California with flooding rains, strong winds, and major beach erosion. A pair of landfalling cold-frontal zones produced most of the damaging weather, while the primary cyclone circulation remained offshore. Special attention is given to the development of blocking of the low-level flow by the steep coastal mountains of southern California and to the influence of this blocked flow on the observed nearshore frontal evolution. In particular, unique observations are presented of blocking-induced frontal splitting and frontal merging, as well as unparalleled documentation of terrain-forced frontal waves. The impact of these frontal modifications on rainfall distributions is explored. This study also provides clear observational evidence of the orographic modulation of a landfalling prefrontal low-level jet (LLJ) near the coast of southern California. This is especially important, given that LLJs efficiently transport moisture into the coastal mountains, often resulting in orographically enhanced flooding. The results described in this study have important generalized implications for understanding the complex interactions that occur between shallow blocked flows and landfalling winter storms along the mountainous west coast of North America and for understanding the impact of these interactions on rainfall, winds, and erosion in the coastal zone. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, ETL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM Paul.J.Neiman@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009 NR 79 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 242 EP 273 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0242:MOFAPB>2.0.CO;2 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 765BK UT WOS:000188247100015 ER PT B AU Banerjee, D AF Banerjee, D BE Nastac, L Li, BQ TI Programs and opportunities at ATP focusing on modeling and simulation of engineering processes SO MULTIPHASE PHENOMENA AND CFD MODELING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on CFD Modeling and Simulation of Engineering Process/Multi-Scale Phenomena in Materials Processing Conference CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE process modeling; casting; mathematical modeling; process control; simulation; numerical modeling AB This paper discusses the Advanced Technology Program (ATP)'s support over the last decade to the development and use of process modeling as a tool to address some of the challenges faced by the U.S. metal casting industries. A particular focus will be given to highlight how process modeling can be used to improve the manufacturability of components needed for high performance and critical applications. The challenges associated with the design and production of thin-walled, cast parts with intricate and complex internal geometries will be discussed. Modeling issues associated with the control of the final grain structure in the solidified parts will also be addressed. This paper will describe the advantages of using appropriate mathematical models for designing new alloys for use in various applications. Finally, the role that ATP has played in uplifting the U.S. technological base through partnerships with industry and academia in high-risk research in order to bring to market new and improved products for the broader benefit of the nation will be discussed. C1 NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banerjee, D (reprint author), NIST, Adv Technol Program, 100 Bur Dr,MS 4730, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-570-0 PY 2004 BP 199 EP 207 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BAA65 UT WOS:000221357100020 ER PT S AU Yildirim, T Gulseren, O Ciraci, S AF Yildirim, T Gulseren, O Ciraci, S BE Guceri, S Gogotsi, YG Kuznetsov, V TI Intimate relationship between structural deformation and properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes and its hydrogenated derivatives SO NANOENGINEERED NANOFIBROUS MATERIALS SE NATO Science Series II-Mathematics Physics and Chemistry LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Nanoengineered Nanofibrous Materials CY SEP 01-12, 2003 CL Belek-Antalya, TURKEY SP NATO Adv Study Inst DE carbon nanotubes; SWNT; first-principles calculations; absorption; nanodevices; hydrogenated SWNT ID TRANSITION; CUBANE AB Carbon nanotubes continue to surprise scientists with their novel properties. Recently we have discovered many intimate relationships between structural deformation and the properties of single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) that could be important in technological applications. From the first-principles we show that by using pressure, carbon nanotubes can be covalently joined to form one and two-dimensional networks of interlinked nanotubes. We also found that the band gap of an insulating nanotube can be engineered by elliptical distortion, which is found to be in the elastic range. This could allow the fine-tuning of the properties of SWNTs via reversible deformation and ultimately lead to variable quantum devices. Finally, we have shown that the chemical reactivity of nanotubes can be tuned by elliptical deformation, which may provide a way to attach various atoms such as H and metals to a specific location on a nanotube. In particular, we have studied hydrogenated carbon nanotubes for a large number of configurations and hydrogen coverage. We show that the electronic and atomic structure of carbon nanotubes undergo dramatic changes with hydrogen chemisorption. The first principle calculations indicate that selective bonding of hydrogen to nanotubes can give rise to a number of potentially useful applications in the emerging field of molecular electronics. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-2609 BN 1-4020-2548-3 J9 NATO SCI SER II-MATH PY 2004 VL 169 BP 199 EP 211 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BBH08 UT WOS:000225477500021 ER PT S AU Nikoobakht, B Davydov, A Stranick, SJ AF Nikoobakht, B Davydov, A Stranick, SJ BE Glembocki, OJ Hunt, CE TI Controlling the growth direction of ZnO nanowires on c-plane sapphire SO NANOPARTICLES AND NANOWIRE BUILDING BLOCKS-SYNTHESIS, PROCESSING, CHARACTERIZATION AND THEORY SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanoparticles and Nanowire Building Blocks held at the 2004 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Well oriented vertical ZnO nanowires (NWs) are grown on c-plane sapphire via a vapor-phase transport process using an Au thin film as a catalyst. This new finding is unexpected due to the fact that the lattice mismatch between the zinc oxide and the underlying substrate is 18%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that single-crystal, wurtzite NWs grow in the [0001] direction normal to the basal sapphire plane, which proves that a-plane sapphire is not essential for growth of vertical ZnO NWs, as has been previously stated.[l] We have found that by controlling the thickness of the Au-film and pre-growth annealing of the Au/sapphire substrate NWs can be grown either tilted or vertical. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on Au films with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 nm show that in the absence of film annealing, NWs can be grown 32degrees tilted from the surface normal, whereas pre-annealed An films result in growth of NWs in the surface normal direction. We attribute the formation of the normal and tilted growth directions to the surface concentration of O and Al ions on sapphire. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nikoobakht, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; Nikoobakht, Babak/D-7562-2011 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-768-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 818 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BBF84 UT WOS:000225284900034 ER PT J AU Taylor, CJ Cavicchi, RE Montgomery, CB Turner, S AF Taylor, CJ Cavicchi, RE Montgomery, CB Turner, S TI A microarray approach for optimizing localized deposition of carbon nanotubes using microhotplate arrays SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATALYTIC GROWTH; NICKEL; OPTIMIZATION; IRON AB A 340-element array of microhotplates was used to characterize the chemical vapour deposition growth of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres under a variety of process conditions. One dimension of the 17 by 20 element array was used to vary the thickness of a Ni catalyst layer. The second dimension was used for temperature control. Growth took place in an ambient temperature gas flow system, with processes only occurring on activated heaters. This allowed different process sequences to be defined on different columns of the array. Four parameters were varied: pre-anneal temperature of the catalyst, growth temperature of the carbon nanostructures, growth pressure, and growth time. Scanning electron microscope images of each array element revealed trends in microstructure as these parameters, together with the catalyst thickness, were varied. C1 Pomona Coll, Dept Chem, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Taylor, CJ (reprint author), Pomona Coll, Dept Chem, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JAN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 62 EP 65 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/15/1/012 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 767QF UT WOS:000188463600013 ER PT J AU James, P Stohl, A Spichtinger, N Eckhardt, S Forster, C AF James, P Stohl, A Spichtinger, N Eckhardt, S Forster, C TI Climatological aspects of the extreme European rainfall of August 2002 and a trajectory method for estimating the associated evaporative source regions SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; MOISTURE SOURCES; REMOTE SOURCES; PRECIPITATION; TRANSPORT; FLOOD; TROPOSPHERE; STRATOSPHERE; MODEL; CYCLE AB During the first half of August 2002, a sequence of extreme precipitation episodes affected many regions of central and southern Europe, culminating in one of the most severe flooding events ever experienced along sections of the river Elbe and its tributaries. In this paper, the synoptic meteorological situation during the primary flooding event, 11-13 August 2002, and its recent background is illustrated and discussed. Then, backward trajectory modelling of water vapour transport is employed to determine the sources and transport pathways of the moisture which rained out during the event. The Lagrangian trajectory model FLEXTRA is used together with high resolution operational meteorological analyses from the ECMWF to track a very large number of trajectories, initialized in a dense three-dimensional grid array over the extreme rainfall region. Specific humidity changes along each trajectory are mapped out to yield source-receptor relationships between evaporation and subsequent precipitation for the event. Regions of significant surface evaporation of moisture which later rained out were determined to be parts of the Aegean and Ligurian Seas during the initial stages of the event, while strong evaporation from eastern European land surfaces and from the Black Sea became dominant later on. The method also provides precipitation estimates based solely on specific humidity changes along Lagrangian airmass trajectories, which can be compared to ECMWF model forecast precipitation estimates. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Munich, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP James, P (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Munich, Germany. EM paul.m.james@metoffice.gov.uk RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375 NR 30 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 17 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1561-8633 J9 NAT HAZARD EARTH SYS JI Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2004 VL 4 IS 5-6 BP 733 EP 746 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 882YM UT WOS:000225976300015 ER PT J AU Sarmiento, JL Gruber, N Brzezinski, MA Dunne, JP AF Sarmiento, JL Gruber, N Brzezinski, MA Dunne, JP TI High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC INTERMEDIATE WATER; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; NORTH; SI; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORTS; PATTERNS; CYCLE; FLOW AB The ocean's biological pump strips nutrients out of the surface waters and exports them into the thermocline and deep waters. If there were no return path of nutrients from deep waters, the biological pump would eventually deplete the surface waters and thermocline of nutrients; surface biological productivity would plummet. Here we make use of the combined distributions of silicic acid and nitrate to trace the main nutrient return path from deep waters by upwelling in the Southern Ocean(1) and subsequent entrainment into subantarctic mode water. We show that the subantarctic mode water, which spreads throughout the entire Southern Hemisphere(2,3) and North Atlantic Ocean(3), is the main source of nutrients for the thermocline. We also find that an additional return path exists in the northwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, where enhanced vertical mixing, perhaps driven by tides(4), brings abyssal nutrients to the surface and supplies them to the thermocline of the North Pacific. Our analysis has important implications for our understanding of large-scale controls on the nature and magnitude of low-latitude biological productivity and its sensitivity to climate change. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Sarmiento, JL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM jls@princeton.edu RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489 NR 30 TC 494 Z9 502 U1 5 U2 126 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 427 IS 6969 BP 56 EP 60 DI 10.1038/nature02127 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 758YP UT WOS:000187710000031 PM 14702082 ER PT J AU Prodi, A Gilioli, E Gauzzi, A Licci, F Marezio, M Bolzoni, F Huang, Q Santoro, A Lynn, JW AF Prodi, A Gilioli, E Gauzzi, A Licci, F Marezio, M Bolzoni, F Huang, Q Santoro, A Lynn, JW TI Charge, orbital and spin ordering phenomena in the mixed valence manganite (NaMn33+)(Mn23+Mn24+)O-12 SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PEROVSKITE-TYPE; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; PHASE-SEPARATION; OXIDES; TEMPERATURE; PHYSICS; SERIES; METAL AB Mixed-valence manganites with the ABO(3) perovskite structure display a variety of magnetic and structural transitions, dramatic changes of electrical conductivity and magnetoresistance effects. The physical properties vary with the relative concentration of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the octahedral corner-sharing network, and the proportion of these two cations is usually changed by doping the trivalent large A cation (for example, La3+) with divalent cations. As the dopant and the original cation have, in general, different sizes, and as they are distributed randomly in the structure, such systems are characterized by local distortions that make it difficult to obtain direct information about their crystallographic and physical properties. On the other hand, the double oxides of formula AA'3Mn4O12 contain a perovskite-like network of oxygen octahedra centred on the Mn cations, coupled with an ordered arrangement of the A and A' cations, whose valences control the proportion of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the structure. The compound investigated in this work, (NaMn33+)(Mn23+Mn24+)O-12, contains an equal number of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the octahedral sites. We show that the absence of disorder enables the unambiguous determination of symmetry, the direct observation of full, or nearly full, charge ordering of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in distinct crystallographic sites, and a nearly perfect orbital ordering of the Mn3+ octahedra. C1 CNR, Ist Mat Elettron & Magnetismo, Area Sci, I-43010 Parma, Italy. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prodi, A (reprint author), CNR, Ist Mat Elettron & Magnetismo, Area Sci, I-43010 Parma, Italy. EM prodi@imem.cnr.it RI Santoro, Alberto/E-7932-2014; OI GILIOLI, Edmondo/0000-0001-6973-2179 NR 14 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 26 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 DI 10.1038/nmat1038 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 759PL UT WOS:000187746000015 PM 14704785 ER PT B AU Day, GW AF Day, GW BE Sudo, S Okamoto, K TI Standards for optical communications and sensing SO NEW PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE INFORMATION AGE: THE DREAM OF UBIQUITOUS SERVICES SE ARTECH HOUSE OPTOELECTRONICS LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on New Frontiers for Ubiquitous IT Services CY 2003 CL Atsugi R& D Ctr, Atsugi, JAPAN HO Atsugi R& D Ctr ID DIAMETER; ENERGY; FIBER C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Day, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 1-58053-696-4 J9 ART H OPTO PY 2004 BP 83 EP 91 PG 9 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BBC50 UT WOS:000224793800006 ER PT S AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Chadwick, RB Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Chadwick, RB Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V BE Jones, WV TI Results of the recent GAINS flight test SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; GAINS; GAINS flight test AB A demonstration flight of the Global Atmosphere-ocean IN-situ System Prototype III balloon occurred on 21 and 22 June 2002. The 18-m diameter PIII superpressure balloon carried a 147-kg payload and floated above 15 km for 10 h. This paper discusses the performance of the balloon's systems over the 15.5-h flight. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Basic Automat, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Global Solut Sci & Learning Inc, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Lab Phys Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Aerosp Innovat, Yorktown, VA 23692 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cecilia.girz@noaa.gov RI Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1642 EP 1647 DI 10.1016/j.ars.2003.06.021 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800010 ER PT S AU Collander, RS Girz, CMIR AF Collander, RS Girz, CMIR BE Jones, WV TI Evaluation of balloon trajectory forecast routines for GAINS SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; GAINS; evaluation of balloon trajectory forecast routines AB GAINS preflight planning and post-flight recovery requires accurate prediction of balloon trajectories. We have developed computer software to perform these calculations. This paper discusses methods employed by this software, and an evaluation of prediction accuracy for the period 1 March 2001 through 31 August 2001. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Collander, RS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM collande@fs1.noaa.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1727 EP 1731 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.016 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800025 ER PT S AU Pathak, JA Robertson, E Hudson, SD Migler, KB AF Pathak, JA Robertson, E Hudson, SD Migler, KB BE Pojman, JA TranCongMiyata, Q TI Droplet microstructure and string stability in sheared emulsions: Role of finite-size effects SO NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IN POLYMERIC SYSTEMS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics in Polymeric Systems held at the 224th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Phys Chem ID INTERFACIAL-TENSION; INDUCED DISPERSION; BREAKUP; FLOW; FLUID; COLLISION; MIGRATION AB We discuss the influence of confinement on the microstructure of emulsions in steady shear flow and present initial results on experiments on stability of confined strings. We use flow visualization to get information about the structure and velocity of droplets and strings. In experiments on model emulsions comprising polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), using a well-defined step-down protocol in shear, we find the organization of droplets in layers, starting with two layers at high shear rates and then one layer at lower shear rates. We reiterate arguments on the physics behind separation of droplets in layers. Strings formed under confinement can remain stable upon an increase in shear rate, so long as confinement effects due to the walls are still felt. Upon reduction in shear, strings turn into ellipsoidal droplets when interfacial stress effects overwhelm shear stress. Direct observation helps in unambiguous identification of string breakup and relaxation mechanisms. Evidence points to the role of confinement in "kinetic stabilization" of string breakup upon cessation of shear. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pathak, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3850-2 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 869 BP 236 EP 249 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Polymer Science GA BY63R UT WOS:000189426800019 ER PT J AU Pena, M Kalnay, E AF Pena, M Kalnay, E TI Separating fast and slow modes in coupled chaotic systems SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PREDICTIONS; ENSO AB We test a simple technique based on breeding to separate fast and slow unstable modes in coupled systems with different time scales of evolution and variable amplitudes. The technique takes advantage of the earlier saturation of error growth rate of the fastest mode and of the lower value of the saturation amplitude of perturbation of either the fast or the slow modes. These properties of the coupled system allow a physically-based selection of the rescaling time interval and the amplitude of initial perturbations in the "breeding" of unstable modes (Toth and Kalnay, 1993, 1996, 1997; Aurell et a]., 1997; Boffetta et al., 1998) to isolate the desired mode. We perform tests in coupled models composed of fast and slow versions of the Lorenz (1963) model with different strengths of coupling. As examples we present first a coupled system which we denote "weather with convection", with a slow, large amplitude model coupled with a fast, small amplitude model, second an "ENSO" system with a "tropical atmosphere" strongly coupled with a "tropical ocean", and finally a triply coupled system denoted "tropical-extratropical" in which a fast model (representing the "extratropical atmosphere") is loosely coupled to the "ENSO" system. We find that it is always possible to isolate the fast modes by taking the limit of small amplitudes and short rescaling intervals, in which case, as expected, the results are the same as the local Lyapunov growth obtained with the linear tangent model. In contrast, slow modes cannot be isolated with either Lyapunov or Singular vectors, since the linear tangent and adjoint models are dominated by the fast modes. Breeding is successful in isolating slow modes if rescaling intervals and amplitudes are chosen from physically appropriate scales. C1 NCEP, SAIC, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Pena, M (reprint author), NCEP, SAIC, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. EM malaquias.pena.mendez@noaa.gov RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; OI Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 21 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 3 BP 319 EP 327 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 866VP UT WOS:000224801800005 ER PT B AU Phelan, FR Hudson, SD AF Phelan, FR Hudson, SD BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Flow simulation of a microfluidic analog of the four-roll mill SO NSTI NANOTECH 2004, VOL 1, TECHNICAL PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2004) CY MAR 07-11, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Nano Sci & Technol Inst, Intel Corp, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, iMediasoft Grp, Frontier Carbon Corp, Veeco Instruments, Hitachi High Technologies Amer Inc, Racepoint Grp Inc, Int SEMATECH, FEI Co, Keithley, St Gobain High Performance Mat, Zyvex Corp, Accelrys, ANSYS Inc, Atomistix, PolyInsight, GA Dept Ind & Trade, Swiss Business Hub USA, Australian Govt, Invest Australia, State Bavaria, Germany, United States Off Econ Dev, m+w zander, Engis Corp, COMSOL, Engelhard Corp, Nanonex Inc, nanoTITAN, Tegal Corp, Umech Technologies, MEMSCAP, Swiss House Adv Res & Educ SHARE, Basel Area Business, Dev, Dev Econ Western Switzerland, Nanoworld AG, Nanosensors, Nanofair, Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, LLP, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, PC, Jackson Walker LLP, Greater Zurich Area DE microfluidics; four-roll mill; flow classification; finite element analysis; linear flow ID ROLL MILL AB The fluid dynamics of channel geometries for liquid state materials characterization in microfluidic devices are investigated using finite element flow simulation and flow classification criteria. A pressure driven microchannel device is sought that has an adjustable flow type, approximating the function of the four-roll mill. Channel flow geometries are investigated in which the full range of linear flows (extension, shear and rotation) can be approximated in the neighborhood surrounding a stagnation point. A class of flow geometries is identified which makes use of opposing, laterally offset fluid streams that produce a stagnation point in the center of the geometry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phelan, FR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INST PI CAMBRIDGE PA ONE KENDALL SQUARE, PMB 308, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-7-6 PY 2004 BP 288 EP 291 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BAO45 UT WOS:000223073000076 ER PT B AU Dagata, JA Richter, CA Silver, RM Vogel, EM de Pinillos, JVM AF Dagata, JA Richter, CA Silver, RM Vogel, EM de Pinillos, JVM BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Metrology development for the nanoelectronics industry at the National Institute for Standards and Technology SO NSTI NANOTECH 2004, VOL 3, TECHNICAL PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2004) CY MAR 07-11, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Nano Sci & Technol Inst, Intel Corp, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, iMediasoft Grp, Frontier Carbon Corp, Veeco Instruments, Hitachi High Technologies Amer Inc, Racepoint Grp Inc, Int SEMATECH, FEI Co, Keithley, St Gobain High Performance Mat, Zyvex Corp, Accelrys, ANSYS Inc, Atomistix, PolyInsight, GA Dept Ind & Trade, Swiss Business Hub USA, Australian Govt, Invest Australia, State Bavaria, Germany, United States Off Econ Dev, m+w zander, Engis Corp, COMSOL, Engelhard Corp, Nanonex Inc, nanoTITAN, Tegal Corp, Umech Technologies, MEMSCAP, Swiss House Adv Res & Educ SHARE, Basel Area Business, Dev, Dev Econ Western Switzerland, Nanoworld AG, Nanosensors, Nanofair, Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, LLP, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, PC, Jackson Walker LLP, Greater Zurich Area DE gate dielectrics; molecular electronics; nanoelectronics; nanolithography; thin films AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology has provided and continues to provide critical metrology development for the semiconductor manufacturing industry as it moves from the microelectronics era into the nanoelectronics era. This presentation will describe the National Semiconductor Metrology Program, including a detailed discussion of several projects: Nanolithography Using Scanning Probe Oxidation; Atomic-Level Film Characterization; and Nanoelectronic Device Characterization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dagata, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INST PI CAMBRIDGE PA ONE KENDALL SQUARE, PMB 308, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-9-2 PY 2004 BP 354 EP 357 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BAO52 UT WOS:000223078200094 ER PT J AU Hubbell, JH Seltzer, SM AF Hubbell, JH Seltzer, SM TI Cross section data for electron-positron pair production by photons: a status report SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Topical Meeting on Industrial Radiation and Radioisotope Measurement Applications CY JUN 09-14, 2002 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Univ Bologna, Amer Nucl Soc, Int Atom Energy Acgy, Natl Inst Phys Matter, INFN, CNR, ENEA, EPS, ICS UNIDO, ICTP, Int Radiat Phys Soc, Italian Natl Soc Appl & Ind Math, NC State Univ, Ctr Engn Applicat Radioisotopes, Fdn Monte, Fdn Flaminia, Fdn CARISBO, Museum Ind Patrimony Bologna, Emilia Romagna Reg DE attenuation coefficient; gamma rays; pair production; photons; triplet production; X-rays ID INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHOTONS; SIMPLE ANALYTIC EXPRESSIONS; MAUE WAVE-FUNCTIONS; ATOMIC FORM-FACTORS; COULOMB CORRECTION; POLARIZATION CORRELATIONS; ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; SCREENED CALCULATIONS; ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION; VACUUM POLARIZATION AB Photons of energies primarily above 2m(e)c(2) (1.022 MeV) can interact with the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus to be transformed into an electron-positron pair, the probability increasing with increasing photon energy, up to a plateau at high energies, and increasing with increasing atomic number approximately as the square of the nuclear charge (proton number). This interaction can also take place in the field of an atomic electron, for photons of energy in excess of 4m(e)c(2) (2.044 MeV), in which case the process is called triplet production due to the track of the recoiling electron adding to the tracks of the created electron-positron pair. The last systematic computations and tabulations of pair and triplet cross sections, which are the predominant contributions to the photon mass attenuation coefficient for photon energies 10 MeV and higher, were those of Hubbell, Gimm and Overbo in 1980, from threshold (1.022 MeV) up to 100 GeV, for all elements Z = 1-100. These computations required some ad hoc bridging functions between the available low-energy and high-energy theoretical models. Recently, Sud and others have developed some new approaches including using DWBA (distorted wave Born approximation) theory to compute pair production cross sections in the intermediate energy region (5.0-10.0 MeV) on a firmer theoretical basis. Also, Bergstrom et al. [Phys. Rev. A 53 (1996) 2865], Agger and Sorensen [Phys. Rev. A 55 (1997) 402] and others discuss bound-free pair production below the above mentioned 1.022 MeV threshold. These and other recent developments are discussed with an eye toward new computations, if warranted, to update and improve the accuracy of the 1980 Hubbell et al. tabulations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubbell, JH (reprint author), 11830 Rocking Horse Rd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 158 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2004 VL 213 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01524-6 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 750WD UT WOS:000187020700002 ER PT J AU Adams, JM AF Adams, JM TI Present and future trends for neutron source calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Topical Meeting on Industrial Radiation and Radioisotope Measurement Applications CY JUN 09-14, 2002 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Univ Bologna, Amer Nucl Soc, Int Atom Energy Acgy, Natl Inst Phys Matter, INFN, CNR, ENEA, EPS, ICS UNIDO, ICTP, Int Radiat Phys Soc, Italian Natl Soc Appl & Ind Math, NC State Univ, Ctr Engn Applicat Radioisotopes, Fdn Monte, Fdn Flaminia, Fdn CARISBO, Museum Ind Patrimony Bologna, Emilia Romagna Reg DE neutron source calibration; neutron source emission rate; NIST AB The neutron source calibration facility operated by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a world-class calibration laboratory providing neutron source calibration services for radioisotopic ;sources with neutron emission rates ranging from 5 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(10) s(-1). Calibrations are performed using the manganous sulfate bath technique with a relative expanded uncertainty of approximately 3.5% (2sigma). Recently, an improvement to the calibration procedure has been implemented whereby sources are regularly cross-calibrated against the national standard neutron source as well as one of three (international) standard sources formerly maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. This feature helps ensure that the fidelity of NIST neutron source calibrations is maintained at the highest level. In addition to the Institute's external customers, NIST's neutron source calibration facility also provides important contributions to other neutron irradiation and calibration services provided by the Institute, as well as to NIST's intramural research programs in neutron metrology, nuclear reactor pressure-vessel dosimetry, and fundamental neutron physics. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Adams, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 2004 VL 213 BP 218 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01575-1 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 750WD UT WOS:000187020700040 ER PT J AU Thacker, WC Lee, SK Halliwell, GR AF Thacker, WC Lee, SK Halliwell, GR TI Assimilating 20 years of Atlantic XBT data into HYCOM: a first look SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE oceanic data assimilation; estimation theory; salinity; HYCOM ID SALINITY VARIABILITY; SEA-LEVEL; PROFILES; MODELS; OCEAN AB Expendable bathythermographic (XBT) data for the years 1972-1991 have been assimilated into a Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) for the Atlantic Ocean. Climatological salinity profiles were combined with the observed temperature profiles to estimate companion potential-density profiles, which are used to determine the observation-based local structure of the model's hybrid layers. The model's density, temperature, and layer-interface-depth fields were corrected monthly via optimal interpolation. Preliminary results presented here show that the data have a major impact on the simulation, correcting model biases, and that the corrections persist between monthly assimilations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Thacker, WC (reprint author), Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM carlisle.thacker@noaa.gov; sang-ki.lee@noaa.gov; grh@rsmas.miami.edu RI Lee, Sang-Ki/A-5703-2011; Halliwell, George/B-3046-2011; Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Lee, Sang-Ki/0000-0002-4047-3545; Halliwell, George/0000-0003-4216-070X; Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.08.002 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 824TQ UT WOS:000221710000011 ER PT J AU Simmons, HL Jayne, SR St Laurent, LC Weaver, AJ AF Simmons, HL Jayne, SR St Laurent, LC Weaver, AJ TI Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID ROMANCHE FRACTURE-ZONE; ROUGH TOPOGRAPHY; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; DEEP-OCEAN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; VERTICAL DIFFUSION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ABYSSAL OCEAN; BOTTOM WATER AB Astronomical data reveals that approximately 3.5 terawatts (TW) of tidal energy is dissipated in the ocean. Tidal models and satellite altimetry suggest that 1 TW of this energy is converted from the barotropic to internal tides in the deep ocean, predominantly around regions of rough topography such as mid-ocean ridges. A global tidal model is used to compute turbulent energy levels associated with the dissipation of internal tides, and the diapycnal mixing supported by this energy flux is computed using a simple parameterization. The mixing parameterization has been incorporated into a coarse resolution numerical model of the global ocean. This parameterization offers an energetically consistent and practical means of improving the representation of ocean mixing processes in climate models. Novel features of this implementation are that the model explicitly accounts for the tidal energy source for mixing, and that the mixing evolves both spatially and temporally with the model state. At equilibrium, the globally averaged diffusivity profile ranges from 0.3 cm(2) s(-1) at thermocline depths to 7.7 cm(2) s(-1) in the abyss-with a depth average of 0.9 cm(2) s(-1), in close agreement with inferences from global balances. Water properties are strongly influenced by the combination of weak mixing in the main thermocline and enhanced mixing in the deep ocean. Climatological comparisons show that the parameterized mixing scheme results in a substantial reduction of temperature/salinity bias relative to model solutions with either a uniform vertical diffusivity of 0.9 cm(2) s(-1) or a horizontally uniform bottom-intensified arctangent mixing profile. This suggests that spatially varying bottom intensified mixing is an essential component of the, balances required for the maintenance of the ocean's abyssal stratification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. RP Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM hsimmons@iarc.uaf.edu RI Weaver, Andrew/E-7590-2011 NR 71 TC 198 Z9 203 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 245 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 766VX UT WOS:000188397000003 ER PT J AU Ezer, T Mellor, GL AF Ezer, T Mellor, GL TI A generalized coordinate ocean model and a comparison of the bottom boundary layer dynamics in terrain-following and in z-level grids SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE numerical modeling; sigma coordinates; ocean mixing ID SIGMA-COORDINATE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CIRCULATION MODELS; TOPOGRAPHY; SIMULATIONS; FLOW; PARAMETERIZATION; REPRESENTATION; FORMULATION; SEAMOUNT AB Sensitivity studies with a new generalized coordinate ocean model are performed in order to compare the behavior of bottom boundary layers (BBLs) when terrain-following (sigma or combined sigma and z-level) or z-level vertical grids are used, but most other numerical aspects remain unchanged. The model uses a second-order turbulence closure scheme that provides surface and BBL mixing and results in a quite realistic climatology and deep water masses after 100 year simulations with a coarse resolution (1degrees x 1degrees) basin-scale terrain-following grid. However, with the same turbulence scheme but using a z-level grid, the model was unable to produce dense water masses in the deep ocean. The latter is a known problem for coarse resolution z-level models, unless they include highly empirical BBL schemes. A set of dense water overflow experiments with high-resolution grids (10 and 2.5 km) are used to investigate the influence of model parameters such as horizontal diffusivity, vertical mixing, horizontal resolution, and vertical resolution on the simulation of bottom layers for the different coordinate systems. Increasing horizontal diffusivity causes a thinner BBL and a bottom plume that extends further downslope in a sigma grid, but causes a thicker BBL and limited downslope plume extension in a z-level grid. A major difference in the behavior of the BBL in the two grids is due to the larger vertical mixing generated by the turbulence scheme over the step-like topography in the z-level grid, compared to a smaller vertical mixing and a more stably stratified BBL in the sigma grid. Therefore, the dense plume is able to maintain its water mass better and penetrates farther downslope in the sigma grid than in the z-level grid. Increasing horizontal and vertical resolution in the z-level grid converges the results toward those obtained by a much coarser resolution sigma coordinate grid, but some differences remain due to the basic differences in the mixing process in the BBL. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ezer@splash.princeton.edu OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 NR 48 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 379 EP 403 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00026-X PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 766VX UT WOS:000188397000008 ER PT J AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, HL TI Inverse modeling of discrete interaction approximations for nonlinear interactions in wind waves SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE wind waves; nonlinear interactions; numerical modeling ID LINEAR ENERGY-TRANSFER; SPECTRUM; PARAMETERIZATIONS; COMPUTATIONS; EVOLUTION AB In the last two decades, the Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA) has been the only economically feasible parameterization for nonlinear wave-wave interactions in operational wind wave models. Its major drawback is its limited accuracy. Several improvements to the DIA have been suggested recently. The present study summarizes these improvements and suggests some new modifications to the DIA. Using inverse modeling techniques, where the potential of various DIAs is assessed by optimal fitting to exact solutions, a comprehensive comparison of the potential of several such improvements is made. An in depth analysis of the behavior of DIAs in full wave models will be the subject of a second study, to be reported elsewhere. The major findings of this study are that: (i) An expanded definition of the representative quadruplet with additional degrees of freedom is necessary for an accurate representation of the exact interactions; (ii) Slowly varying the free parameters in such a DIA as a function of the spectral frequency f results in a (mostly qualitative) improvement; (iii) A DIA with expanded quadruplet definition and with four representative quadruplets is found to reproduce the exact source term accurately; (iv) Adding additional tunable constants to the equation for the strength of the interactions has little impact on the quality of the DIA. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SAIC GSO, NCEP, EMC,Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, SAIC GSO, NCEP, EMC,Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM hendrik.tolman@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 405 EP 422 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.09.002 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 766VX UT WOS:000188397000009 ER PT B AU Spinrad, R AF Spinrad, R GP IEEE TI A vision for the ocean planet in 2020 SO OCEANS '04 MTS/IEEE TECHNO-OCEAN '04, VOLS 1- 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS. 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 Conference CY NOV 09-12, 2004 CL Kobe, JAPAN SP IEEE, OES, TON, JAMSTEC, Korea Convent Vis Assoc, AESTO, CEROS C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv & Coastal Zones Management, Washington, DC USA. RP Spinrad, R (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv & Coastal Zones Management, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8669-8 PY 2004 BP 4 EP 5 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BBT22 UT WOS:000227674100004 ER PT B AU Virden, W Habermann, T Glover, G Divins, D Sharman, G Fox, C AF Virden, W Habermann, T Glover, G Divins, D Sharman, G Fox, C GP IEEE TI Multibeam bathymetric data at NOAA/NGDC SO OCEANS '04 MTS/IEEE TECHNO-OCEAN '04, VOLS 1- 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS. 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 Conference CY NOV 09-12, 2004 CL Kobe, JAPAN SP IEEE, OES, TON, JAMSTEC, Korea Convent Vis Assoc, AESTO, CEROS AB Multibeam Bathymetry is being collected in exponentially increasing quantities, which are expected to be tens of terabytes per year in the near future. The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) is the national and international steward of marine geophysical data, including multibeam bathymetry, and has developed a MultiBeam Bathymetric Data Base (MBBDB) for acquiring, managing, and delivering these data over the Internet. NGDC manages a wide variety of geophysical data including trackline and survey data as two distinct types. Multibeam data tends to bridge these data models depending on scale and track pattern. The MBBDB system has been assembled from existing Commercial, and Government,-Off-The-Shelf (COTS and GOTS) software systems: ORACLE, ArcIMS, Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), MBSystem, and Autochart. The MBDDB will continue to grow and evolve, guided by feedback from our user community. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, US Dept Commerce, NESDIS,NGDC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Virden, W (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, US Dept Commerce, NESDIS,NGDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8669-8 PY 2004 BP 1159 EP 1162 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BBT22 UT WOS:000227674101099 ER PT B AU Teng, CC Bouchard, R Taft, B AF Teng, CC Bouchard, R Taft, B GP IEEE TI Determination of pitch and roll angles from data buoys SO OCEANS '04 MTS/IEEE TECHNO-OCEAN '04, VOLS 1- 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS. 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 Conference CY NOV 09-12, 2004 CL Kobe, JAPAN SP IEEE, OES, TON, JAMSTEC, Korea Convent Vis Assoc, AESTO, CEROS AB Pitch and roll angles are crucial for determining directional wave information from data buoys. A gimbaled gyro sensor is typically used to provide the pitch and roll information. There are three alternatives using lighter, smaller, cheaper, and easier to handle sensors to determine this information: (1) deriving the angles by using magnetometers, (2) deriving the angles from angular rate sensors, and (3) direct pitch and roll angle outputs from a dedicated motion package. Two sets of data measured from two data buoys were used in this study. The results show the pitch and roll angles derived from angular rate sensors are better than those from the other two methods using the data from the gimbaled gyro sensor as a reference. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Bouchard, Richard/A-5921-2009 OI Bouchard, Richard/0000-0002-4414-7499 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8669-8 PY 2004 BP 1348 EP 1355 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BBT22 UT WOS:000227674102031 ER PT B AU Manley, JE AF Manley, JE GP IEEE TI Technology development for ocean exploration SO OCEANS '04 MTS/IEEE TECHNO-OCEAN '04, VOLS 1- 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS. 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 Conference CY NOV 09-12, 2004 CL Kobe, JAPAN SP IEEE, OES, TON, JAMSTEC, Korea Convent Vis Assoc, AESTO, CEROS AB This paper describes the technology program at NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration (OE). Motivation for the program and guiding concepts will be presented. Funding mechanisms including grants, inter-government programs and contracts will be discussed. Technology areas of interest, including remote and autonomous underwater vehicles and new sensors will be described. Case studies of completed activities will describe: I) a joint technology demonstration involving, NOAA, Navy and NASA tools and teams 2) advances in AUV programs at NOAA supported by OE and 3) highlights of OE grants for technology programs. Additionally this paper will present a discussion of future technologies required for advancing ocean exploration within NOAA and the United States. C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Manley, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8669-8 PY 2004 BP 1701 EP 1705 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BBT22 UT WOS:000227674102093 ER PT J AU Allmang, N Remshard, JA AF Allmang, N Remshard, JA TI Leading the pack: Librarians create an original model for a customer-friendly publications system SO ONLINE LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Res Lib Informat Grp, Redesign Team, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Allmang, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Res Lib Informat Grp, Redesign Team, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ONLINE INC PI WILTON PA 213 DANBURY RD, WILTON, CT 06897-4007 USA SN 0146-5422 J9 ONLINE JI Online PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 34 EP 37 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 757VZ UT WOS:000187583300006 ER PT S AU Shirley, EL Soininen, JA Rehr, JJ AF Shirley, EL Soininen, JA Rehr, JJ BE Soufli, R Seely, JF TI First-principles ultraviolet and x-ray spectra over broad ranges SO OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF MATERIALS FOR UV TO X-RAY WAVELENGTHS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Constants of Materials for UV to X-Ray Wavelengths CY AUG 04-05, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE BeO; Bethe-Salpeter; first-principles; LiF; MgO; optical constants; Si; x-ray absorption spectrum ID NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; QUASI-PARTICLE ENERGIES; BERYLLIUM-OXIDE; ELECTRON-GAS; ABSORPTION; SOLIDS; SEMICONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SCATTERING; STATE AB We discuss a first-principles method to compute electronic optical excitation spectra of solids over energy ranges varying from 20 eV to 70 eV. We discuss the principal components of the method that is used, which centers around solving the coupled electron-hole Bethe-Salpeter equation. Results are presented for the 1s edge of Si in silicon and F in LiF, as well as valence excitation spectra of BeO and MgO. We conclude by noting areas for future improvement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.shirley@nist.gov NR 47 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5476-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5538 BP 125 EP 137 DI 10.1117/12.564301 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BBD65 UT WOS:000225039500014 ER PT J AU Silver, RM Zou, H Gonda, S Damazo, B Jun, J Jensen, C Howard, L AF Silver, RM Zou, H Gonda, S Damazo, B Jun, J Jensen, C Howard, L TI Atomic-resolution measurements with a new tunable diode laser-based interferometer SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE interferometer; tunable diode laser; atomic resolution; picometer resolution; frequency measurement; birefringence ID REAL-TIME; CALIBRATION AB We develop a new implementation of a Michelson interferometer designed to make measurements with an uncertainty of less than 20 pm. This new method uses a tunable diode laser as the light source, with the diode laser wavelength continuously tuned to fix the number of fringes in the measured optical path. The diode laser frequency is measured by beating against a reference laser. High-speed, accurate frequency measurements of the beat frequency signal enables the diode laser wavelength to be measured with nominally 20-pm accuracy for the measurements described. The new interferometer design is lightweight and is mounted directly on an ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope capable of atomic resolution. We report the simultaneous acquisition of an atomic resolution image, while the relative lateral displacement of the tip along the sample distance is measured with the new tunable diode laser Michelson interferometer. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. AIST, Adv Semicond Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. Danish Space Res Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1117/1.1631002 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 776FV UT WOS:000189106700013 ER PT S AU Helmerson, K Reiner, JE Edgu-Fry, E Wells, J Kishore, R Locascio, L Gilson, M AF Helmerson, K Reiner, JE Edgu-Fry, E Wells, J Kishore, R Locascio, L Gilson, M BE Dholakia, K Spalding, GC TI Optical manipulation of nano-containers for biotechnology SO OPTICAL TRAPPING AND OPTICAL MICROMANIPULATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE optical tweezers; optical scalpel; microfluidics; nano-containers; liposomes; polymersomes; hydrosomes; nanotubes ID VESICLES; NETWORKS; NANOTUBES AB We are developing optically based techniques for the manipulation of nano-containers (containers with sub-picoliter volumes) for handling chemicals in order to perform ultra-small volume chemistry. We are currently investigating three systems, liposomes, polymersomes and hydrosomes, for use as nano-containers. Liposomes and polymersomes are closed structures composed of a lipid and polymer membrane, respectively, that acts as a barrier to separate an aqueous interior environment from an aqueous exterior environment. We are typically working with liposomes or polymersomes that are approximately 10 mum in diameter. Hydrosomes are micron-sized, surfactant-stabilized water droplets that reside in a fluorocarbon environment. The optical techniques we are using include optical tweezers, for trapping and remotely moving the nano-containers, and an "optical scalpel,, for localized disruption of lipid and polymer membranes in order to induce fusion of liposomes and polymersomes. In all three systems, we are able to bring together two similar nano-container using optical trapping and subsequently fuse them together, which allows their contents to mix. With the liposomes and hydrosomes we have been able to demonstrate their use for performing a controlled, elementary chemical reaction. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5452-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5514 BP 91 EP 98 DI 10.1117/12.560018 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BBN52 UT WOS:000226283000010 ER PT S AU Reiner, JE Kishore, R Pfefferkorn, C Wells, J Helmerson, K Howell, P Vreeland, W Forry, S Locasio, L Reyes-Hernandez, D Gaitan, M AF Reiner, JE Kishore, R Pfefferkorn, C Wells, J Helmerson, K Howell, P Vreeland, W Forry, S Locasio, L Reyes-Hernandez, D Gaitan, M BE Dholakia, K Spalding, GC TI Optical manipulation of lipid and polymer nanotubes with optical tweezers SO OPTICAL TRAPPING AND OPTICAL MICROMANIPULATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE optical tweezers; microfluidics; liposomes; polymersomes; nanotubes ID NETWORKS AB Using optical tweezers and microfluidics, we stretch either the lipid or polymer membranes of liposomes or polymersomes, respectively, into long nanotubes. The membranes can be grabbed directly with the optical tweezers to produce sub-micron diameter tubes that are several hundred microns in length. We can stretch tubes up to a centimeter in length, limited only by the travel of our microscope stage. We also demonstrate the cross linking of a pulled polymer nanotube. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reiner, JE (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; OI Reiner, Joseph/0000-0002-1056-8703 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5452-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5514 BP 246 EP 253 DI 10.1117/12.584265 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BBN52 UT WOS:000226283000027 ER PT J AU Gormly, JR Reid, DF AF Gormly, JR Reid, DF TI William Malcolm Sackett 1930-2003 - Obituary SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2004 VL 35 IS 5 BP 529 EP 530 DI 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.02.001 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AV UT WOS:000221507400001 ER PT S AU Ignatov, A Minnis, P Wielicki, B Loeb, N Remer, L Kaufman, Y Miller, W Sun-Mack, S Laszlo, I Geier, E AF Ignatov, A Minnis, P Wielicki, B Loeb, N Remer, L Kaufman, Y Miller, W Sun-Mack, S Laszlo, I Geier, E BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI Consistency of two global MODIS aerosol products over ocean on Terra and Aqua CERES SSF datasets SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE MODIS; aerosol optical depth; CERES; SSF ID INDIVIDUAL AVHRR CHANNELS; INFORMATION-CONTENT; RETRIEVALS; SATELLITES; MULTIYEAR; RADIANCES AB MODIS aerosol retrievals over ocean from Terra and Aqua platforms are available from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) datasets generated at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). Two aerosol products are reported side-by-side. The primary M product is generated by subsetting and remapping the multi-spectral (0.44-2.1 mum) MOD04 aerosols onto CERES footprints. MOD04 processing uses cloud screening and aerosol algorithms developed by the MODIS science team. The secondary (AVHRR-like) A product is generated in only two MODIS bands: I and 6 on Terra, and I and 7 on Aqua. The A processing uses NASA/LaRC cloud-screening and NOAA/NESDIS single channel aerosol algorithm. The M and A products have been documented elsewhere and preliminarily compared using two weeks of global Terra CERES SSF (Edition IA) data in December 2000 and June 2001. In this study, the M and A aerosol optical depths (AOD) in MODIS band 1 (0.64 mum), tau(IM) and tau(IA), are further checked for cross-platform consistency using 9 days of global Terra CERES SSF (Edition 2A) and Aqua CERES SSF (Edition 1A) data from 13-21 October 2002. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1117/12.577927 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000012 ER PT S AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Anghel, A AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Anghel, A BE Bilitza, DK Rawer, KM Reinisch, B TI Evaluation and prospects for storm-time corrections in the International Reference Ionosphere SO PATH TOWARD IMPROVED IONOSPHERE SPECIFICATION AND FORECAST MODELS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE ionosphere; International Reference Ionosphere; geomagnetic activity; electron density; ionospheric storms ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; ELECTRON-DENSITY; CORRECTION MODEL; GPS DATA; VALIDATION AB IRI2000 [Radio Sci. 36 (2) (2001) 261] now contains a geomagnetic activity dependence based on an empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model STORM [Geof. Int. 39 (1) (2000) 29; Radio Sci. 37 (5) (2002) 1070] The storm correction is driven by the previous time-history of a, and is designed to scale the quiet-time F-layer critical frequency (f(0)F2) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. The quality of the storm.-time correction has been evaluated by comparing the model with the observed ionospheric response during all the significant geomagnetic storms in 2000 and 2001. The model output was compared with the actual ionospheric response at 15 stations for each storm. The comparisons show the model captures the decreases in electron density particularly well in summer and equinox conditions, but has less quality during winter conditions. The value of the model has been quantified by comparing the data with the IR12000 model, which contains the storm correction, and with IRI95, which has no geomagnetic activity dependence. The results of this study illustrate that the root mean square error (RMSE) with IRI2000 has a 28% improvement over IRI95 during the storm days, a significant improvement. A similar model for TEC is currently being developed based on data from ground-based dual frequency GPS observations. During the Bastille Day storm the GPS data over Florida showed dramatic changes. Data such this will be used to develop an empirical storm-time TEC correction model adopting a similar approach, as was done for the F-region model. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Eduardo.araujo@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 6 BP 902 EP 909 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.010 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAF39 UT WOS:000221995500014 ER PT J AU Streicher, JJ Culverhouse, WC Dulberg, MS Fornaro, RJ AF Streicher, JJ Culverhouse, WC Dulberg, MS Fornaro, RJ TI Modeling the anatomical distribution of sunlight SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASAL-CELL CARCINOMA; CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; WESTERN CANADA MELANOMA; SKIN-CANCER; PERSONAL DOSIMETRY; SUN EXPOSURE; UV-RADIATION; BODY SITES; RISK AB One of the major technical challenges in calculating solar irradiance on the human form has been the complexity of the surface geometry (i.e. the surface-normal vis-a-vis the incident radiation). Over 80% of skin cancers occur on the face, head, neck and back of the hands. The quantification, as well as the mapping of the anatomical distribution of solar radiation on the human form, is essential if we are to study the etiology of skin cancers or cataracts or immune system suppression. Using advances in computer graphics, including high-resolution three-dimensional mathematical representations of the human form, the calculation of irradiance has been attained to subcentimeter precision. Lighting detail included partitioning of direct beam and diffuse skylight, shadowing effects and gradations of model surface illumination depending on model surface geometry and incident light angle. With the incorporation of ray-tracing and irradiance algorithms, the results are not only realistic renderings but also accurate representations of the distribution of light on the subject model. The calculation of light illumination at various receptor points across the anatomy provides information about differential radiant exposure as a function of subject posture, orientation relative to the sun and sun elevation. The integration of a geodesic sun-tracking model into the lighting module enabled simulation of specific sun exposure scenarios, with instantaneous irradiance, as well as the cumulative radiant exposure, calculated for a given latitude, date, time of day and duration. Illustration of instantaneous irradiance or cumulative radiant exposure is achieved using a false-color rendering-mapping light intensity to color-creating irradiance or exposure isopleths. This approach may find application in the determination of the reduction in exposure that one achieves by wearing a hat, shirt or sunglasses. More fundamentally, such an analysis tool could provide improved estimates, of scenario-speciflc dose (i.e. absorbed radiant exposure) needed to develop doser-response functions for sunlight-induced disease. C1 NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Streicher, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Attn Streicher,Mail Drop E243-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM streicher.jolin@epa.gov NR 46 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 40 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09855.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 765GZ UT WOS:000188259900006 PM 14974714 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Abbott, IA AF Vroom, PS Abbott, IA TI Acrosymphyton brainardii sp nov (Gigartinales, rhodophyta) from French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Acrosymphyton brainardii sp. nov. is described from the remote and unpopulated French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The new species is distinguished from other known species of Acrosymphyton by its extremely long carpogonial and auxiliary-cell branches, uncoiled trichogynes, auxiliary-cell branches organized into dense fascicles, ovoid to ellipsoidal gonimoblasts, and thick outer cortex. Gametophytes are assumed to be spring or summer annuals, because populations disappear during autumn months. Male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes remain unknown. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM pvroom@mail.nmfs.hawaii.edu NR 16 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-43-1-66.1 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 772GE UT WOS:000188832800007 ER PT J AU Donahue, MJ Porter, DG AF Donahue, MJ Porter, DG TI Exchange energy formulations for 3D micromagnetics SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hysteresis and Micromagnetic Modeling (HMM 2003) CY MAY 28-30, 2003 CL SALAMANCA, SPAIN DE micromagnetics; exchange; convergence AB Exchange energy is especially sensitive to the numerical representation selected. We compare three discretized exchange energy formulations for 3D numerical micromagnetics on rectangular grids. Explicit formulae are provided for both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Results illustrate the convergence order of these methods as a function of discretization cell size and the effect of cell size on vortex pinning. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Donahue, MJ (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.donahue@nist.gov NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 343 IS 1-4 BP 177 EP 183 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2003.08.090 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 767RE UT WOS:000188465800034 ER PT J AU Yanik, L Della Torre, E Donahue, MJ AF Yanik, L Della Torre, E Donahue, MJ TI A test bed for a finite-difference time domain micromagnetic program with eddy currents SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hysteresis and Micromagnetic Modeling (HMM 2003) CY MAY 28-30, 2003 CL SALAMANCA, SPAIN DE eddy current; micromagnetics; FDTD AB The inclusion of eddy currents into micromagnetic programs is important for the proper analysis of dynamic effects in conducting magnetic media. This subject has received little attention in the past although it can cause significant errors in device calculations. This paper introduces a computational test bed for eddy current calculations and discusses some interesting analytic cases in this simplified geometry. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Della Torre, E (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM edt@gwu.edu NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 343 IS 1-4 BP 216 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.physb.2003.08.097 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 767RE UT WOS:000188465800041 ER PT J AU Zhao, W Lukic-Zrnic, R Gorman, BP Cottier, RL Golding, TD Littler, CL Dinan, JH Almeida, LA Dura, JA Lindstrom, RM Schaake, HF Liao, P AF Zhao, W Lukic-Zrnic, R Gorman, BP Cottier, RL Golding, TD Littler, CL Dinan, JH Almeida, LA Dura, JA Lindstrom, RM Schaake, HF Liao, P TI Magnetoconductivity tensor analysis of anomalous transport effects in neutron irradiated HgCdTe epilayers SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL UNIV BUFFALO, BUFFALO, NEW YORK HO UNIV BUFFALO DE HgCdTe; p-type doping; elemental transmutation; magnetoconductivity tensor analysis AB Hg1-xCdxTe(x similar to 0.22) samples grown by LPE on CdZnTe(111B)-oriented substrates were exposed to various doses of thermal neutrons (similar to 1.0 x 10(16) - 1.7 x 10(16) n/cm(2)) and subsequently annealed for similar to 24 h in Hg overpressure to remove damage and reduce the presence of Hg vacancies. Extensive magnetotransport measurements were performed on these samples as part of an investigation into the use of elemental transmutation for efficient p-type doping of this material. The data were analyzed using a multi-carrier approach which incorporates various scattering mechanisms and the presence of two conduction channels of differing alloy content to describe the changes in the transport properties due to neutron irradiation. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. USA, RDECOM, CERDEC, NVESD, Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DRS Infrared Technol, Dallas, TX 75374 USA. RP Zhao, W (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA. EM wz0007@unt.edu RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008; Gorman, Brian/F-4999-2011 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X; Gorman, Brian/0000-0002-1837-564X NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 246 EP 250 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.08.011 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 768VF UT WOS:000188555200012 ER PT J AU Collins, LA Mazevet, S Kress, JD Schneider, BI Feder, DL AF Collins, Lee A. Mazevet, Stephane Kress, Joel D. Schneider, Barry I. Feder, David L. TI Time-dependent simulations of large-scale quantum dynamics SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article AB We present a progress report on the use of large-scale time-dependent simulations methods to address an extensive variety of problems in atomic, molecular, and optical physics. This includes identification of relevant problems, a short summary of methods, and a few representative examples. C1 [Collins, Lee A.; Mazevet, Stephane; Kress, Joel D.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, T Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Schneider, Barry I.] Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. [Schneider, Barry I.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Feder, David L.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Collins, LA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, T Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM lac@lane.gov NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 EI 1402-4896 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2004 VL T110 BP 408 EP 412 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.110a00408 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V63EY UT WOS:000204271600074 ER PT J AU Thornberry, T Abbatt, JPD AF Thornberry, T Abbatt, JPD TI Heterogeneous reaction of ozone with liquid unsaturated fatty acids: detailed kinetics and gas-phase product studies SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MASS ACCOMMODATION COEFFICIENT; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ARCTIC AEROSOLS; POLAR COMPOUNDS; SURFACES; ALDEHYDES; PACIFIC AB Detailed kinetics and product yield studies have been performed for the heterogeneous reaction between gas-phase ozone and three liquid fatty acids using a coated-wall flow tube and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Gas-surface reaction probabilities for ozone loss of (8.0 +/- 1.0) x 10(-4), (1.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(-3), and (1.8 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) have been measured at room temperature ( 298 K) for oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, respectively. The temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was found to be small and positive. Comparison of these results to the kinetics of the equivalent gas-phase reactions implies that there is a definite enhancement in the rate for the heterogeneous process due to entropic factors, i.e. due to collisional trapping of ozone in the surface layers of the liquid, and a possible effect on the activation energy of the reaction. For linoleic acid, the reaction probability was found to be independent of relative humidity (up to 55%), to +/-10%, at 263 K. Volatile reaction products were observed using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Nonanal was observed with a 0.50 (+/-0.10) yield for the reaction with oleic acid, whereas hexanal and nonenal were observed for linoleic acid with 0.25 (+/-0.05) and 0.29 (+/-0.05) yields, respectively. These results indicate that the primary ozonide formed initially in the reaction can decompose via two equal probability pathways and that a secondary ozonide is not formed in high yield in the aldehydic channel. These reactions represent a source of oxygenates to the atmosphere and will modify the hygroscopic properties of aerosols. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tthornberry@al.noaa.gov RI Thornberry, Troy/H-7106-2013 NR 44 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 5 U2 45 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 EI 1463-9084 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 84 EP 93 DI 10.1039/b310149e PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 755YA UT WOS:000187438000014 ER PT J AU Dunlea, EJ Ravishankara, AR Strekowski, RS Nicovich, JM Wine, PH AF Dunlea, EJ Ravishankara, AR Strekowski, RS Nicovich, JM Wine, PH TI Temperature-dependent quantum yields for O(P-3) and O(D-1) production from photolysis of O-3 at 248 nm SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HARTLEY BAND PHOTODISSOCIATION; OZONE PHOTOLYSIS; UV PHOTODISSOCIATION; STATE DISTRIBUTION; PHOTOFRAGMENT; DISSOCIATION; FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; DISTRIBUTIONS; SPECTROSCOPY AB A pulsed laser photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique was employed independently by two laboratories to measure Phi(O3P), the quantum yield for production of O(P-3) from O-3 photolysis at 248 nm, between 196 and 427 K. The agreement between the two studies is very good, and the combined results are adequately represented by the function Phi(O3P) = (0.115 +/- 0.030) x exp((35 +/- 60)/T) where the uncertainties are 2sigma. Within experimental uncertainties, the new results are in agreement with previously reported room temperature results as well as with the single previous temperature dependence study, and greatly reduce the uncertainties in Phi(O3P)(T) and Phi(O1D)(T) (=1- Phi(O3P)(T)) especially at temperatures other than room temperature. The yield of O(P-3) in the reaction of O(D-1) with O-3 is shown to be greater than unity at room temperature and below, and to increase slightly with decreasing temperature. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,RAL 2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM edward.dunlea@colorado.edu; a.r.ravishankara@al.noaa.gov; rafal.strekowski@univ-lyon1.fr; mike.nicovich@chemistry.gatech.edu; paul.wine@chemistry.gatech.edu RI Strekowski, Rafal/D-2271-2010; Strekowski, Rafal/D-2732-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Wine, Paul/J-4820-2015 OI Strekowski, Rafal/0000-0003-0030-9318; Strekowski, Rafal/0000-0003-0030-9318; Wine, Paul/0000-0002-5537-4304 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 24 BP 5484 EP 5489 DI 10.1039/b414326d PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 877MB UT WOS:000225573600006 ER PT J AU Blakie, PB Porto, JV AF Blakie, PB Porto, JV TI Adiabatic loading of bosons into optical lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; NEUTRAL ATOMS AB The entropy-temperature curves are calculated for noninteracting bosons in a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice and a 2D lattice with transverse harmonic confinement for ranges of depths and filling factors relevant to current experiments. We demonstrate regimes where the atomic sample can be significantly heated or cooled by adiabatically changing the lattice depth. We indicate the critical points for condensation in the presence of a lattice and show that the system can be reversibly condensed by changing the lattice depth. We discuss the effects of interactions on our results and consider nonadiabatic processes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blakie, PB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Blakie, Peter/A-1554-2009 OI Blakie, Peter/0000-0003-4772-6514 NR 20 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 AR 013603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.013603 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 779MQ UT WOS:000189304700064 ER PT J AU Pichler, M Stwalley, WC Beuc, R Pichler, G AF Pichler, M Stwalley, WC Beuc, R Pichler, G TI Formation of ultracold Cs-2 molecules through the double-minimum Cs-2 3 (1)Sigma(+)(u) state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; POTASSIUM MOLECULES; RESONANCE LINES; PHOTOASSOCIATION; CESIUM; ATOMS; BANDS AB We present a simple model of ultracold cesium dimer formation in which the photoassociation into rovibrational levels of the double-minimum Cs-2 3 (1)Sigma(u)(+) state above its internal barrier enables spontaneous or stimulated emission into the,lowest rovibrational levels of the Cs-2 1 (X) (1)Sigma(g)(+) ground electronic state. The transition dipole moment should be sufficiently large for observation of such spectral transitions. The use of the Cs-2 3 (1)Sigma(u)(+) double-minimum potential could be extended to molecular Bose-Einstein condensates in which an optical trap can be employed for trapping of both atomic and molecular species. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Inst Phys, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM w.stwalley@uconn.edu RI Pichler, Goran/A-3587-2010 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 AR 013403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.013403 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 779MQ UT WOS:000189304700054 ER PT J AU Han, SW Gardner, JS Booth, CH AF Han, SW Gardner, JS Booth, CH TI Structural properties of the geometrically frustrated pyrochlore Tb2Ti2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-GLASS PYROCHLORE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ANTIFERROMAGNET; Y2MO2O7; TEMPERATURE; LIQUID; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; POLARIZATION; DEPENDENCE; DISORDER AB Although materials that exhibit nearest-neighbor-only antiferromagnetic interactions and geometrical frustration theoretically should not magnetically order in the absence of disorder, few such systems have been observed experimentally. One such system appears to be the pyrochlore Tb2Ti2O7. However, previous structural studies indicated that Tb2Ti2O7 is an imperfect pyrochlore. To clarify the situation, we performed neutron powder-diffraction (NPD) and x-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements on samples that were prepared identically to those that show no magnetic order. The NPD measurements show that the long-range structure of Tb2Ti2O7 is well ordered with no structural transitions between 4.5 and 600 K. In particular, mean-squared displacements u(2)'s for each site follow a Debye model with no offsets. No evidence for Tb/Ti site interchange was observed within an upper limit of 2%. Likewise, no excess or deficiency in the oxygen stoichiometry was observed, within an upper limit of 2% of the nominal pyrochlore value. Tb L-III- and Ti K-edge XAFS measurements from 20 K to 300 K similarly indicate a well-ordered local structure. Other aspects of the structure are considered. We conclude that Tb2Ti2O7 has, within experimental error, an ideal, disorder-free pyrochlore lattice, thereby allowing the system to remain in a dynamic, frustrated spin state to the lowest observed temperatures. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Han, SW (reprint author), Chonbuk Natl Univ, Jeonju 561756, South Korea. EM swhan@mail.chonbuk.ac.kr; jason.gardner@nist.gov; chbooth@lbl.gov RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Booth, Corwin/A-7877-2008 NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 2 AR 024416 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.024416 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 773WJ UT WOS:000188947300058 ER PT J AU Harris, AB Yildirim, T Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY AF Harris, AB Yildirim, T Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY TI Hidden symmetries and their consequences in t(2g) cubic perovskites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN DYNAMICS; SUPEREXCHANGE; ANISOTROPIES; LATIO3; ORBIT AB The five-band Hubbard model for a d band with one electron per site is a model which has very interesting properties when the relevant ions are located at sites with high (e.g., cubic) symmetry. In that case, if the crystal-field splitting is large, one may consider excitations confined to the lowest threefold-degenerate t(2g) orbital states. When the electron hopping matrix element (t) is much smaller than the on-site Coulomb interaction energy (U), the Hubbard model can be mapped onto the well-known effective Hamiltonian (at order t(2)/U) derived by Kugel and Khomskii (KK). Recently we have shown that the KK Hamiltonian does not support long-range spin order at any nonzero temperature due to several novel hidden symmetries that it possesses. Here we extend our theory to show that these symmetries also apply to the underlying three-band Hubbard model. Using these symmetries we develop a rigorous Mermin-Wagner construction, which shows that the three-band Hubbard model does not support spontaneous long-range spin order at any nonzero temperature and at any order in t/U-despite the three-dimensional lattice structure. The introduction of spin-orbit coupling does allow spin ordering, but even then the excitation spectrum is gapless due to a subtle continuous symmetry. Finally we show that these hidden symmetries dramatically simplify the numerical exact diagonalization studies of finite clusters. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Harris, AB (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 AR 035107 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.035107 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 773EB UT WOS:000188883800025 ER PT J AU Lee, YS Chou, FC Tewary, A Kastner, MA Lee, SH Birgeneau, RJ AF Lee, YS Chou, FC Tewary, A Kastner, MA Lee, SH Birgeneau, RJ TI Neutron scattering study of the effects of dopant disorder on the superconductivity and magnetic order in stage-4 La2CuO4+y SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; FLUCTUATIONS; FIELD AB We report neutron scattering measurements of the structure and magnetism of stage-4 La2CuO4+y with T(c)similar or equal to42 K. Our diffraction results on a single crystal sample demonstrate that the excess oxygen dopants form a three-dimensional ordered superlattice within the interstitial regions of the crystal. The oxygen superlattice becomes disordered above Tsimilar or equal to330 K, and a fast rate of cooling can freeze in the disordered-oxygen state. Hence, by controlling the cooling rate, the degree of dopant disorder in our La2CuO4+y crystal can be varied. We find that a higher degree of quenched disorder reduces T-c by similar to5 K relative to the ordered-oxygen state. At the same time, the quenched disorder enhances the spin-density wave order in a manner analogous to the effects of an applied magnetic field. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Lee, YS (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 2 AR 020502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.020502 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 773WJ UT WOS:000188947300019 ER PT J AU Tsolakidis, A Shirley, EL Martin, RM AF Tsolakidis, A Shirley, EL Martin, RM TI Effect of coupling of forward- and backward-going electron-hole pairs on the static local-field factor of jellium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT EXCHANGE CORRECTION; WAVE-NUMBER DEPENDENCE; AB-INITIO CALCULATION; DIELECTRIC FUNCTION; METALLIC DENSITIES; SCREENING FUNCTION; GAS; SEMICONDUCTORS; LIQUIDS; ENERGY AB We investigate the effect of the coupling of the forward- and backward-going electron-hole pairs on the static local-field factor of jellium with and without a gap. We calculate the static local-field factor for the two types of jellium as a function of q using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. We assume that a particle and a hole interact via a statically screened Coulomb interaction. The polarization diagrams that include this interaction are summed to infinite order, leading to a matrix equation for the inverse of the polarization propagator. Employing a string of manipulations we convert the matrices in convenient forms, and we then invert the resulting matrices iteratively. This allows us to use matrices of very large size, something that would have not been feasible with straightforward inversion, and therefore achieve a very high level of convergence of results with respect to sampling of electron states in the Fermi sea with relative computational ease. For the calculation of the static local-field factor, we find that the coupling of both kinds of pairs gives qualitatively different results compared to the case when there is no coupling, and that the coupling of both kinds of electron-hole pairs is necessary for obtaining the most accurate results. We compare our results with recent calculations and point out the similarities and differences. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 52 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 AR 035104 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.035104 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 773EB UT WOS:000188883800022 ER PT J AU Gorshkov, KA Ostrovsky, LA Soustova, IA Irisov, VG AF Gorshkov, KA Ostrovsky, LA Soustova, IA Irisov, VG TI Perturbation theory for kinks and its application for multisoliton interactions in hydrodynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES; INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS; SOLITARY WAVES; SOLITONS AB Using an integrable Gardner equation as an example, a perturbation theory is developed for systems in which limiting-amplitude solitons exist in the form of a pair of distanced kinks. Approximate equations describing multisoliton interactions are derived and further used for modeling the evolution of an arbitrary set of solitons. The results are compared with an exact solution and numerical results. The theory is applied to data from observation of a train of strongly nonlinear internal waves in the ocean. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. Zel Technol, NOAA Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gorshkov, KA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 AR 016614 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.016614 PN 2 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 773WD UT WOS:000188946700085 PM 14995743 ER PT J AU Grianik, N Held, IM Smith, KS Vallis, GK AF Grianik, N Held, IM Smith, KS Vallis, GK TI The effects of quadratic drag on the inverse cascade of two-dimensional turbulence SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; ENERGY CASCADE AB We explore the effects of a quadratic drag, similar to that used in bulk aerodynamic formulas, on the inverse cascade of homogeneous two-dimensional turbulence. If a two-dimensional fluid is forced at a relatively small scale, then an inverse cascade of energy will be generated that may then be arrested by such a drag at large scales. Both scaling arguments and numerical experiments support the idea that in a statistically steady state the length scale of energy-containing eddies will not then depend on the energy input to the system; rather, the only external parameter that defines this scale is the quadratic drag coefficient itself. A universal form of the spectrum is suggested, and numerical experiments are in good agreement. Further, the turbulent transfer of a passive tracer in the presence of a uniform gradient is well predicted by scaling arguments based solely on the energy cascade rate and the nonlinear drag coefficient. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Vallis, GK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. OI Smith, K Shafer/0000-0003-0740-3067 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD JAN PY 2004 VL 16 IS 1 BP 73 EP 78 DI 10.1063/1.1630054 PG 6 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 752RX UT WOS:000187181900010 ER PT S AU Wiese, WL AF Wiese, WL BE Hadzievski, L TI New and expanded spectroscopic databases of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SO PHYSICS OF IONIZED GASES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Summer School and International Symposium on the Physics of Ionized Gases CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Tara Natl Pk, YUGOSLAVIA ID ATOMIC SPECTRAL TABLES AB Three atomic spectroscopic databases of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology are reviewed. First, our principal spectroscopic database, the Atomic Spectra Database (ASD), is discussed, which will soon be put on the internet in a new, entirely redesigned and expanded version 3.0. This new edition will include several additional critical compilations that were recently completed at NIST. Furthermore, two new smaller specialized databases will be reviewed, -- a handbook of basic atomic spectroscopic data and a tabulation of data for soft x-ray lines, tailored to the needs of x-ray space observatories. Finally, an overview of our plans for new critical data compilations during the next two-to-three years will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0224-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 740 BP 245 EP 251 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BBM88 UT WOS:000226251200020 ER PT S AU Spencer, PSJ Robertson, DS Mader, GL AF Spencer, PSJ Robertson, DS Mader, GL GP ieee TI Ionospheric data assimilation methods for geodetic applications SO PLANS 2004: POSITION LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium CY APR 26-29, 2004 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE, Aerosp & elect Syst Soc ID TOMOGRAPHY AB One of the major limiting factors in geodetic applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is lack of knowledge of the propagation delays imposed by the ionosphere. Single frequency, differential carrier phase measurements are limited to baselines with lengths less than the correlation size of the ionosphere (typically 10-20 km). Extending these measurements to longer distances requires accurate estimates of the slant total electron content (TEC) from a receiver to all observable GPS satellites. While dual frequency carrier phase measurements permit an ionosphere-free linear combination, accurate estimates of the double difference in integrated TEC between pairs of satellites and receivers provide an important constraint for accurate and rapid carrier phase ambiguity resolution. To achieve these accuracy requirements various approaches to the assimilation of ground-based GPS data from the CORS network and the mathematical representation of the ionospheric electron density field have been studied. The model presented uses a Kalman filter algorithm to assimilate data in various forms and an optional mapping function to alter the representation of the state vector in terms of a set of discrete radial empirical orthonormal functions (EOF's). Initial results from local networks show agreement with ambiguity-fixed double-differenced ionosphere delays of a few tenths of a TEC. The advantages of the various approaches and additional results will be discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS,Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Spencer, PSJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS,Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-8416-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2004 BP 510 EP 517 DI 10.1109/PLANS.2004.1309036 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BAC54 UT WOS:000221540400070 ER PT S AU Smith, DA AF Smith, DA GP ieee TI Computing unambiguous TEC and ionospheric delays using only carrier phase data from NOAA's CORS network SO PLANS 2004: POSITION LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium CY APR 26-29, 2004 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE, Aerosp & elect Syst Soc AB A new method for computing absolute (unambiguous) levels of Total Electron Content (TEC) and subsequently the L1 and L2 phase delays of GPS is presented. Unlike previous computational methods, this one relies solely upon dual frequency, ambiguous carrier phase data without any reliance on pseudo-range, a-priori values or other external information. The only requirements for this method are that the ionosphere is assumed to lie in a two-dimensional shell of constant ellipsoidal height, and that the GPS data come from a network of ground stations, geographically separated so as to allow satellites to be viewed by a variety of stations at overlapping times. The usefulness of this method and its application toward nowcasting and forecasting of the ionosphere are also discussed. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, DA (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-8416-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2004 BP 527 EP 537 DI 10.1109/PLANS.2004.1309038 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BAC54 UT WOS:000221540400072 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC Lee, YH Noda, N McBrearty, M AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC Lee, YH Noda, N McBrearty, M TI In-line monitoring of dielectric and fluorescence spectroscopy during polymer/filter compounding SO PLASTICS RUBBER AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE dielectric spectroscopy; fluorescence spectroscopy; nanocomposites; nylon; polymer processing; process monitoring AB A new multipurpose instrument has been used to obtain real-time dielectric and fluorescence spectroscopy from polymer resins compounded with inorganic fillers. The instrument, which is mounted at the exit of an extruder, contains a flow-through slit channel that provides a constant geometry platform for dielectric and fluorescence sensors and for other sensors that can be added as needed. The results of real-time monitoring of Nylon 6 and ethyl vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) compounded with organo modified montmorillonite clays will be presented. Real-time dielectric data are corrected for electrode and conductivity effects before analysis yields information about dielectric relaxation phenomena. Significant differences in dielectric dispersion parameters were observed for clay nanocomposites in the aggregate, intercalated and exfoliated states. Fluorescent dyes, doped into EVA copolymer, are being used as molecular probes to study the effects of microstructure conformation on their spectra. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chem Electrophys Corp, Hockessin, DE 19707 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anthony.bur@nist.gov NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 1465-8011 J9 PLAST RUBBER COMPOS JI Plast. Rubber Compos. PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 5 EP 10 DI 10.1179/146580104225018319 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 839LN UT WOS:000222786700003 ER PT J AU Flores, H Kock, KH Wilhelms, S Jones, CD AF Flores, H Kock, KH Wilhelms, S Jones, CD TI Diet of two icefish species from the South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island, Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASTRIC EVACUATION; NOTOTHENIOID FISH; MACKEREL ICEFISH; ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; STOMACH CONTENTS; DEMERSAL FISH; LIFE-CYCLE; GEORGIA; TEMPERATURE AB The summer diet of two species of icefishes (Channichthyidae) from the South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island, Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus, was investigated from 2001 to 2003. Champsocephalus gunnari fed almost exclusively on krill (Euphausia superba) in all years. The importance of other taxa (Themisto gaudichaudii, mysids, myctophids) in the diet was negligible. The average feeding rate of Champsocephalus gunnari inferred from an exponential gastric evacuation model was between 1.0 and 1.5% body weight per day. Most of the stomachs of Chaenocephalus aceratus were empty. Stomachs with food contained mainly krill, mysids and fish. Among the fish taken, locally abundant species formed the bulk of the diet: Gobionotothen gibberifrons in 2001, Lepidonotothen larseni and Champsocephalus gunnari in 2002 and L. larseni in 2003. An ontogenetic shift in feeding preference of Chaenocephalus aceratus was observed: fish smaller than 30 cm fed on krill and mysids, while larger animals relied primarily on fish. C1 Alterra, NL-1790 AD Den Burg, Netherlands. Bundesforsch Anstalt Fischerei, Inst Seefischerei, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Flores, H (reprint author), Alterra, Postbus 167, NL-1790 AD Den Burg, Netherlands. EM Hauke.flores@wur.nl NR 52 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1007/s00300-003-0570-4 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 761QC UT WOS:000187918600008 ER PT S AU Jones, RL Prabhu, VM Goldfarb, DL Lin, EK Soles, CL Lenhart, JL Wu, WL Angelopoulos, M AF Jones, RL Prabhu, VM Goldfarb, DL Lin, EK Soles, CL Lenhart, JL Wu, WL Angelopoulos, M BE Lin, Q Pearson, RA Hedrick, JC TI Correlation of the reaction front with roughness in chemically amplified photoresists SO POLYMERS FOR MICROELECTRONICS AND NANOELECTRONICS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Polymers for Micro- and Nano-Electronics CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn ID LINE EDGE ROUGHNESS; POSITIVE-TONE; RESIST; SIMULATION; DISSOLUTION; LITHOGRAPHY AB A model bilayer geometry is used to correlate the reaction front profile width with roughness after development in 0.26 N tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous base developer. The bilayer geometry utilizes a bottom layer of protected photoresist polymer with a top layer of deprotected photoresist loaded with photoacid generator. Neutron reflectivity measurements show that the reaction front profile broadens during post-exposure bake (PEB) times between 15 s and 90 s to a width approaching 150 Angstrom. The subsequent development and atomic force microscopy experiments reveal an increase in nominal root-mean-squared (RMS) roughness as well as increased lateral length scale features with PEB time. While the form and size of the deprotection profile have been proposed as an important factor in line edge roughness (LER) formation, this study shows the connection of sidewall morphology to a measured deprotection profile. C1 NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3857-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 874 BP 86 EP 97 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Engineering; Polymer Science GA BAB65 UT WOS:000221484500007 ER PT S AU Lenhart, JL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Soles, CL Jones, RL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M AF Lenhart, JL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Soles, CL Jones, RL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M BE Lin, Q Pearson, RA Hedrick, JC TI Utilizing near edge X-ray absorption fine structure to probe interfacial issues in photolithography SO POLYMERS FOR MICROELECTRONICS AND NANOELECTRONICS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Polymers for Micro- and Nano-Electronics CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED PHOTORESISTS; AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION; REACTION FRONT; RESIST AB Control of the shape, critical dimension (CD), and roughness is critical for the fabrication of sub 100 nm features, where the CD and roughness budget are approaching the molecular dimension of the resist polymers. Here we utilize near edge Xray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to provide detailed chemical insight into two interfacial problems facing sub 100 run patterning. First, chemically amplified photo-resists are sensitive to surface phenomenon, which causes deviations in the pattern profile near the interface. Striking examples include T-topping, closure, footing, and undercutting. NEXAFS was used to illustrate that the surface extent of deprotection in a model resist film can be different than the bulk deprotection. Second, line edge roughness becomes increasingly critical with shrinking patterns, and may be intimately related to the line edge deprotection profile. A NEXAFS technique to surface depth profile for compositional gradients is described with the potential to provide chemical information about the resist line edge. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1411, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3857-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 874 BP 98 EP 117 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Engineering; Polymer Science GA BAB65 UT WOS:000221484500008 ER PT S AU Soles, CL Lee, HJ Hedden, RC Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL AF Soles, CL Lee, HJ Hedden, RC Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL BE Lin, Q Pearson, RA Hedrick, JC TI X-ray reflectivity as a metrology to characterize pores in low-k dielectric films SO POLYMERS FOR MICROELECTRONICS AND NANOELECTRONICS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Polymers for Micro- and Nano-Electronics CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL Boston, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn ID THIN-FILMS; ADSORPTION; SYSTEMS; DISTRIBUTIONS; POROSIMETRY; HYSTERESIS; NANOPORES; LAYERS AB A form of porosimetry is described whereby X-ray reflectivity is a highly sensitive metrology to quantify the capillary condensation of toluene vapor inside porous low-K dielectric films on a silicon substrate. As the partial pressure of the toluene environment over the film increases, capillary condensation occurs in progressively larger pores. This results in an appreciable increase in the electron density of the film. By monitoring the changes in the critical angle for total X-ray reflectance, one can directly calculate the average electron density, and therefore the toluene uptake. By invoking traditional porosimetry absorption/desorption procedures, characterstics such as porosity and the distribution of pore sizes can be extracted. To illustrate, the porosity in a number of low-K films are characterized using this methodology. C1 NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3857-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2004 VL 874 BP 209 EP 222 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Engineering; Polymer Science GA BAB65 UT WOS:000221484500016 ER PT S AU Chen, H Zhang, R Li, Y Zhang, JJ Wu, YC Sandreczki, TC Mallon, PE Suzuki, R Ohdaira, T Gu, X Nguyen, T Jean, YC AF Chen, H Zhang, R Li, Y Zhang, JJ Wu, YC Sandreczki, TC Mallon, PE Suzuki, R Ohdaira, T Gu, X Nguyen, T Jean, YC BE Hyodo, T Kobayashi, Y Nagashima, Y Saito, H TI Durability and free volume in polymeric coatings studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy SO POSITRON ANNIHILATION, ICPA-13, PROCEEDINGS SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Positron Annihilation (ICPA-13) CY SEP 07-12, 2003 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Commemorat Assoc Japan World Exposit (1970), Res Fdn Mat Sci, Sci Council Japan, Phys Soc Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Chem Soc Japan, Japanese Soc Radiat Chem, Japan Radioisotope Assoc DE coatings; durability; lifetime spectroscopy; photo-degradation; polymers; slow positron beam ID LIFETIME; SURFACE; BEAM AB A simple positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectrometer using secondary electrons as the starting signal has been constructed inside the existing slow positron beam at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). This instrument has been employed for investigating photo-degradation of amine-cured epoxy coatings exposed to UV radiation. The lifetime results are compared with the S-parameter changes obtained from positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). A significant decrease of the S-parameter and of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) intensity in polymers is observed as a function of exposure time and of depth from the bulk to the surface. This is interpreted as due to a loss of free volume and holes resulting from photo-degradation in the samples. UV irradiation in epoxy produces a "dead layer" near the surface up to a thickness of 0.3 mum, where a substantial change in the o-Ps intensity and the S-parameter is observed. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Univ Stellenbosch, Div Polymer Sci, Dept Chem, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jean, YC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. EM jeany@umkc.edu NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 4 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-936-9 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2004 VL 445-6 BP 274 EP 276 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BY55H UT WOS:000189406800080 ER PT B AU Gilsinn, DE AF Gilsinn, DE BE Ladde, GS Medhin, NG Sambandham, M TI Approximating limit cycles of a Van Der Pol equation with delay SO PROCEEDINGS OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Dynamic Systems and Applications CY MAY 21-24, 2003 CL Moorehouse Coll, Atlanta, GA SP Int Federat Nonlinear Analysts, Dept Math, Moorehouse Coll, Clark Atlanta Univ, Ctr Theoret Studies Phys Syst HO Moorehouse Coll AB In this paper a theorem of Stokes is used to establish the existence of a periodic solution of a Van der Pol equation with fixed delay in the neighborhood of an approximating solution that satisfies a certain noncriticality condition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilsinn, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DYNAMIC PUBLISHERS PI ATLANTA PA PO BOX 48654, ATLANTA, GA 30362 USA BN 1-890888-00-1 PY 2004 BP 270 EP 276 PG 7 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BBX76 UT WOS:000228293100039 ER PT S AU Grother, P Phillips, PJ AF Grother, P Phillips, PJ GP IEEE Computer Society TI Models of large population recognition performance SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION, VOL 2 SE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CY JUN 27-JUL 02, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Comp Soc AB We present new binomial models of open- and closed-set identification recognition performance, giving formulae for identification and false match rates as functions of database size, match rank and operating threshold. We compare these with previously published models and with results from face recognition trials on populations of size 4 10(4). We note verification to be a special case of open-set identification and relate area under the receiver operating characteristic to closed-set identification. We find the binomial model approximates performance at low false match rates but underestimates identification rates on closed sets. We implicate the binomial iid assumption, but show conditioning and score transformation methods that ameliorate this. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Image Grp, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grother, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Image Grp, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6919 BN 0-7695-2158-4 J9 PROC CVPR IEEE PY 2004 BP 68 EP 75 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BAU37 UT WOS:000223605500010 ER PT B AU McLean, CN Manley, JE Gorell, F AF McLean, CN Manley, JE Gorell, F GP IEEE TI Ocean exploration: Building innovative partnerships in the spirit of discovery SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Underwater Technology CY APR 20-23, 2004 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP IEEE OES, Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Ocean Engn, IEEE OES Taipei Chapter, Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Natl Sci Council ROC, Minist Educ ROC, Off Naval Res Int Field Off AB NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration (OE) is engaged on an innovative mission to expand knowledge of the seas. To complete this mission OE works with a broad spectrum of partners and projects. Both the international and industrial communities offer valuable contributions to ocean exploration. This paper describes these partnerships and offers ideas for future collaborative efforts to explore the oceans. C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP McLean, CN (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8541-1 PY 2004 BP 3 EP 6 DI 10.1109/UT.2004.1405452 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BBR41 UT WOS:000227356400001 ER PT B AU Qiao, GX Riddick, F AF Qiao, GX Riddick, F BE Ingalls, RG Rossetti, MD Smith, JS Peters, BA TI Modeling information for manufacturing-oriented supply-chain simulations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Winter Simulation Conference 2004 CY DEC 05-08, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE, Comp soc, IEEE, SMC, IIE, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB This paper discusses a new approach that facilitates the use of simulation in supply chain applications, especially for manufacturing-related activities. A neutral information representation methodology, which is based on the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), referred to as the Manufacturing Information Model for Simulation (MIMS), is being developed at NIST to address the needs of information integration and exchange along supply chain applications. This information model can be applied to create a data-driven simulation that supports supply chain optimization. An example of a manufacturing-oriented supply-chain simulation is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qiao, GX (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8786-4 PY 2004 BP 1184 EP 1188 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBO57 UT WOS:000226725600150 ER PT B AU Feng, SC Stouffer, KA Jurrens, KK AF Feng, SC Stouffer, KA Jurrens, KK BE Shen, W Li, TQ Lin, ZK Barthes, JP Zeng, WH Li, S Yang, CH TI Intelligent agents-enabled integrated manufacturing planning and control SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK IN DESIGN, VOL 2 SE International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design CY MAY 26-JUN 28, 2004 CL Xiamen, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Xiamen Univ, Xiamen Comp Federat, IEEE, CIMS, China Comp Federat, Zhongshan Univ, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Fuzhou Univ AB Intelligent agents provide a means to integrate various manufacturing software applications. The agents are typically executed in a computer-based collaborative environment, sometimes referred to as a multi-agent platform. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a prototype agent-based platform supporting the integration of manufacturing planning, predictive machining models, and manufacturing control. The agents within this platform have access to a knowledge base, a manufacturing resource database, a numerical control programming system, a mathematical equation solving system, and a computer-aided design system. Intelligence has been implemented within the agents in rules that are used for process planning, service selection, and job execution. The primary purposes for developing such a platform are to support the integration of predictive models, process planning, and shop floor machining activities and to demonstrate an integration framework to enable the use of machining process knowledge with higher-level manufacturing applications. C1 NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shaw.feng@nist.gov; keith.stouffer@nist.gov; kevin.jurrens@nist.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI HONG KONG PA UNIT 1205, 12 FLOOR, SINO PLAZA, 255 GLOUCESTER ROAD, HONG KONG 00000, CAUSEWAY BAY, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 0-7803-7941-1 J9 INT C COMP SUPP COOP PY 2004 BP 208 EP 214 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAN11 UT WOS:000222931800046 ER PT B AU Luo, Y Lee, YT AF Luo, Y Lee, YT BE Hamza, MH TI A database application for manufacturing simulation system integration SO Proceedings of the Fifteenth IASTED International Conference on Modelling and Simulation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th IASTED International Conference on Modelling and Simulation CY MAR 01-03, 2004 CL Marina Del Rey, CA SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev, TC Modelling & Simulat, World Modelling & Simulat Forum DE database; information model; machine shop operations; simulation AB This report describes a database model currently under development at the Manufacturing System Integration Division (MSID) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The database model contains a set of tables that are mapped onto the machine shop information model developed by MSID. The information model provides neutral data interfaces for integrating machine shop software applications with simulation. The interface data include organizations, calendars, work, resources, schedules, parts, process plans, and layout within a machine shop environment. The database model is implemented using Microsoft Access; it is used to support the integration of manufacturing applications and simulations for machine shops. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Luo, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACTA PRESS PI CALGARY PA B6, STE 101, 2509 DIEPPE AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T3E 7J9, CANADA BN 0-88986-391-1 PY 2004 BP 161 EP 166 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Energy & Fuels SC Computer Science; Energy & Fuels GA BCB08 UT WOS:000228484000030 ER PT B AU Jacobs, JM Van Heukelem, WF Gieseker, C Harrell, RM AF Jacobs, JM Van Heukelem, WF Gieseker, C Harrell, RM BE Eversole, AG TI Caging Atlantic menhaden: Collection, husbandry, and in situ bioassays with a sensitive estuarine species SO Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 58th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 31-NOV 03, 2004 CL Hilton Head Isl, SC SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agcy DE Atlantic menhaden; cage design; biomonitoring; physiology ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; FISH; ARTIFACTS; REEF AB Cages as tools for in situ bioassays have a proven track record in monitoring the effects of effluent and sediment toxicity. Application to biomonitoring, however, has received comparably little attention. With the increasing threat of harmful algal blooms to both humans and aquatic organisms, their use as sentinels for early warning and for the examination of organism response in situ is evident. During efforts to monitor and describe the response of juvenile menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) to the reportedly toxic dinoflagellates of the genus Pfiesteria, we devised a simple, inexpensive cage for the conduct of in situ bioassays. This design, in combination with fish husbandry and transport techniques specific for menhaden, allows for rapid, inexpensive deployment of cages in at least a 4-h radius of the holding facility with an acceptable level of mortality and minimal caging effects. Here we describe their application in Middle River, Maryland, where a high prevalence of menhaden with ulcerative lesions was detected in the presence of Pfiesteria-like organisms in August 1999. In all cages, no mortalities occurred that were attributable to anything other than transport stress, and physiological and neurological variables investigated proved to be in the normal range for the species. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of using inexpensive cages for biomonitoring with a sensitive piscine species. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS,Cooperat Oxford Lab, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Jacobs, JM (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS,Cooperat Oxford Lab, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2004 BP 207 EP 218 PG 12 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Zoology GA BDS15 UT WOS:000235161800021 ER PT B AU Grace, M Fuentes, DEDA Castillo-Geniz, JL AF Grace, M Fuentes, DEDA Castillo-Geniz, JL BE Creswell, RL TI Biological surveys to assess the relative abundance and distribution of coastal sharks and teleosts of the Mexican Gulf of Mexico; 1997,1998,2001, and 2002 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fishieries-Institute CY NOV 11-15, 2002 CL Xel Ha, MEXICO SP Gulf & Caribbean Fisheries Inst, CYTED CONACyT, ECOSUR, Govt Burmuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, FL Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, FL Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nat Conservancy, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE longline; MEXUS-Gulf; survey AB In efforts to maintain viable shark populations, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, an agency of NOAA) developed the 1993 Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean (NOAA 1993).. This plan stresses the need for monitoring and assessment of shark populations to determine the efficacy of FMP measures. NMFS Mississippi Laboratories (MSL) instituted field surveys (beginning 1995), with support from the NMFS Highly Migratory Species Division, to assess distribution and relative abundance of coastal sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. In order to assess the extent of shared shark and teleost populations between Mexico and the U. S. within the. western North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, NMFS and the Instituto Nacional de la Pesca (INP) of Mexico instituted a cooperative bottom longline research initiative that operates under auspices of MEXUS-Gulf. The first of a series of cooperative projects was conducted during summer of 1997, with subsequent projects during 1998, 2001 and 2002 [Grace 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002]. Scientists representing INP, NMFS and several Mexican and U. S. based institutions and universities participated. Gear, survey design and project objectives for the Mexico based effort was consistent with NMFS U. S. based surveys. One hundred and sixty five bottom longline stations were completed during 51 survey days. Captures include 97 sharks, 57 other elasmobranches and 248 teleosts. The MEXUS-Gulf bottom longline surveys have been successful for developing a useful fisheries independent database. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Grace, M (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2004 BP 271 EP 279 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBB34 UT WOS:000224516900022 ER PT B AU Gledhill, C David, A AF Gledhill, C David, A BE Creswell, RL TI Survey of fish assemblages and habitat within two marine protected areas on the West Florida shelf SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fishieries-Institute CY NOV 11-15, 2002 CL Xel Ha, MEXICO SP Gulf & Caribbean Fisheries Inst, CYTED CONACyT, ECOSUR, Govt Burmuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, FL Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, FL Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nat Conservancy, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE Gulf of Mexico; marine protected area; reef fish ID GROUPERS AB The Madison-Swanson and Steamboat Lumps MPAs were established by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council in 1999 to protect spawning aggregations of groupers. The primary goals of this project were to: i) Establish baseline estimates of fish abundance, especially for species of groupers and snappers; ii) Describe significant habitat features in the Madison-Swanson and Steamboat Lumps MPAs; and, iii) Analyze the relationship between habitat and species assemblages. The secondary objective was to locate spawning aggregations of gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), and scamp (Mycteroperca phenax). Side scan mosaics and multibeam bathymetry were used to stratify each MPA based upon benthic topography and geology. The Madison-Swanson, and Steamboat Lumps MPAs were surveyed during 5 cruises between February, 2001 and May, 2002. Gear employed during the surveys included stationary video camera arrays, (Hi-8 cameras or digital cameras), chevron fish traps, and an ROV. Spawning aggregations of gag and/or scamp were confirmed within the Madison-Swanson MPA in 2001 and 2002. Species assemblages varied with habitat. At sites along ridges and rocky outcrops, species observed included gag, scamp, red grouper (Epinephelus morio), snowy grouper (Epinephelus niveatus), speckled hind (Epinephelus drummondhayi), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), silk snapper (Luyanus vivanus), vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens), red porgy (Pagruspagrus), knobbed porgy (Calamus nodosus), gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus), and greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). At sites on sandy substrates, species observed included honeycomb moray (Gymnothorax saxicola), bank sea bass (Centropristis ocyurus), and bandtail puffer (Sphoeroides spengleri). C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Gledhill, C (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula Lab, 3209 Freder St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2004 BP 614 EP 625 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBB34 UT WOS:000224516900051 ER PT B AU Hill, RL AF Hill, RL BE Creswell, RL TI Predicting community changes in marine reserves SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fishieries-Institute CY NOV 11-15, 2002 CL Xel Ha, MEXICO SP Gulf & Caribbean Fisheries Inst, CYTED CONACyT, ECOSUR, Govt Burmuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, FL Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, FL Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nat Conservancy, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE marine reserves; ecopath; coral reef ecosystem AB Although marine reserves are proving, throughout the world, to be valuable tools for fishery management, uncertainty in the timing and magnitude of expected changes has left some resource managers and many fishers hesitant to accept establishment of reserves. Trophic models, using Ecopath with Ecosim, can be used to predict changes in target species, to assess differences in reserve performance based on inclusion/exclusion of different habitat types, and to predict time frames within which changes in species abundance and size distributions can be expected. A trophic model of a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem, representing the Turromote reef platform off La Parguera, is being generated using both extensive historical data sets and recent field data. By using the combination, we can track historical trends in community changes, evaluate fishing pressure over time, and predict future changes in fish assemblages. The first stage of model construction, updating and completing a generalized Caribbean model, is presented along with model simulations run over space and time. Results of the model simulations can estimate the effects of a no-take reserve on different target species and can predict time frames within which benefits should accrue. Future work will continue the customization of the model and will use changes in field conditions to validate the model. Reliable predictions should help fishery managers to understand the use and applicability of no-take marine reserves for improved management and realistic time frames for assessing reserve effectiveness. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Hill, RL (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2004 BP 634 EP 641 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBB34 UT WOS:000224516900053 ER PT B AU Libes, D Flater, D Wallace, E Steves, M Feeney, AB Barkmeyer, E AF Libes, D Flater, D Wallace, E Steves, M Feeney, AB Barkmeyer, E BE Hamza, MH TI The challenges of automated methods for integrating systems SO Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering CY FEB 17-19, 2004 CL Innsbruck, AUSTRIA SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev, TC Software Engn DE automated integration; ontology integration challenges; legacy integration AB Automated methods for integrating systems (AMIS) have been presented as a new approach to solving the dilemmas of multiple and uncoordinated standards, ontologies, legacy systems and the ever-growing cost of traditional integration. This paper explores the challenges of automated methods. By identifying the challenges, we can focus our effort on the areas that are most promising as well as those most likely to fail. We may also contribute to clearing away the hype that distracts, misleads, and ultimately wastes money and labor that is better spent elsewhere. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Libes, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PRESS PI CALGARY PA B6, STE 101, 2509 DIEPPE AVE SW, CALGARY, ALBERTA T3E 7J9, CANADA BN 0-88986-410-1 PY 2004 BP 486 EP 492 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BCB37 UT WOS:000228511000080 ER PT B AU Lee, HJ Vogt, BD Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL Lin, EK Kang, GG Ko, MJ AF Lee, HJ Vogt, BD Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL Lin, EK Kang, GG Ko, MJ GP IEEE TI X-ray and neutron porosimetry as powerful methodologies for determining structural characteristics of porous Low-k thin films SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2004 INTERNATIONAL INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual International Interconnect Technology Conference CY JUN 07-09, 2004 CL Burlingame, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc ID SCATTERING AB Methylsilsesquioxane based porous low-k dielectric films with varying porogen loading have been characterized using X-ray and neutron porosimetry to determine their pore size distribution, average density, wall density, porosity, density profiles, and porosity profiles. The porosity and the average pore size of the sample with 45 % porogen were 52 % and 23 Angstrom in radius, respectively. Pore size was consistent with that from small angle neutron scattering measurements. The wall density was found to be independent of the porogen content and it appeared that the porogen was 100 % effective in generating pores. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vogt, Bryan/H-1986-2012 OI Vogt, Bryan/0000-0003-1916-7145 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8308-7 PY 2004 BP 136 EP 138 DI 10.1109/IITC.2004.1345718 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BAU62 UT WOS:000223636300040 ER PT S AU Doviak, RJ Zhang, G Yu, TY AF Doviak, RJ Zhang, G Yu, TY GP IEEE TI Crossbeam, wind measurements with phased array Doppler weather radar: Theory SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2004 RADAR CONFERENCE SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2004 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 26-29, 2004 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP IEEE Philadelphia Sect, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc AB Doppler weather radars measure only the radial wind component of wind, and thus are limited in providing accurate information of damaging wind potential. The use of a phased array antenna opens the possibility that crossbeam winds can also be measured. This paper examines and compares two alternatives whereby a phased array weather radar can measure crossbeam winds. The theoretical accuracy of the quasi-horizontal component of the crossbeam wind for each of these alternatives is shown to be strongly dependent on turbulence intensity. Crossbeam winds can be measured with accuracies on the order of 2 m s(-1) in less than 10 s if turbulence intensity is less than 1 m s(-1). C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Doviak, RJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 J9 RADAR CONF PY 2004 BP 312 EP 316 DI 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316441 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Remote Sensing; Physics; Telecommunications GA BAE91 UT WOS:000221923200056 ER PT B AU Lippiatt, BC Ahmad, S AF Lippiatt, BC Ahmad, S BE Wang, K TI Measuring the life-cycle environmental and economic performance of concrete: The BEES approach SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology CY MAY 20-21, 2004 CL Tsunghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Amer Concrete Inst Int, Northwestern Univ, Ctr Adv Cement Baeed Mat, Iowa State Univ HO Tsunghua Univ AB Society is increasingly concerned about the implications of manufactured products for the environment, public health, and future costs. How does a product affect global warming, smog, fossil fuel depletion, and human toxicity? How about its costs over time? Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) addresses these questions by measuring the life-cycle environmental and economic performance of construction products. Used by thousands of designers worldwide, BEES measures environmental performance using the life-cycle assessment approach specified in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages in the life of a product are analyzed raw material acquisition, manufacture, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste management. Twelve environmental impacts are assessed: global warming, acidification, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion, indoor air quality, habitat alteration, si-nog, ozone depletion, ecological toxicity, human health, criteria air pollutants, and water intake. Economic performance is measured using the American Society for Testing and Materials, International (ASTM) standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal. Environmental performance and economic performance are combined into an overall performance measure using the ASTM standard for Multiattribute Decision Analysis. The paper will explain the BEES approach and illustrate its application to alternative concrete products with and without supplementary cementitious materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Lippiatt, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU CENTER TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH & EDUCATION PI AMES PA IOWA STATE UNIV, 2901 SOUTH LOOP DRIVE, SUITE 3100, AMES, IA 50010-8634 USA BN 0-9652310-7-0 PY 2004 BP 213 EP 230 PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BAS01 UT WOS:000223336500020 ER PT S AU Maslar, JE Hurst, WS Wang, CA Shiau, DA AF Maslar, JE Hurst, WS Wang, CA Shiau, DA BE Friedman, DJ Manasreh, O Buyanova, IA Munkholm, A Auret, FD TI Non-contact determination of free carrier concentration in n-GaInAsSb SO PROGRESS IN COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS III - ELECTRONIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Progress in Compound Semiconductor Materials III held at MRS Fall Meeting CY FEB 17, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, AF Res Lab ID RAMAN-SCATTERING; LO PHONONS; GASB; GROWTH AB GaSb-based semiconductors are of interest for mid-infrared optoelectronic and high-speed electronic devices. Accurate determination of electrical properties is essential for optimizing the performance of these devices. However, electrical characterization of these semiconductors is not straightforward since semi-insulating (SI) GaSb substrates for Hall measurements are not available. In this work, the capability of Raman spectroscopy for determination of the majority carrier concentration in n-GaInAsSb epilayers was investigated. Raman spectroscopy offers the advantage of being non-contact and spatially resolved. Furthermore, the type of substrate used for the epilayer does not affect the measurement. However, for antimonide-based materials, traditionally employed Raman laser sources and detectors are not optimized for the analysis wavelength range dictated by the narrow band gap of these materials. Therefore, a near-infrared Raman spectroscopic system, optimized for antimonide-based materials, was developed. Ga0.85In0.15As0.13Sb0.87 epilayers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy with doping levels in the range 2 to 80 x 10(17) cm(-3), as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. For a particular nominal doping level, epilayers were grown both lattice matched to n-GaSb substrates and lattice-mismatched to SI GaAs substrates under nominally identical conditions. Single magnetic field Hall measurements were performed on the epilayers grown on SI GaAs substrates, while Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the carrier concentration of epilayers grown on GaSb and the corresponding SI GaAs substrates. Contrary to Hall measurements, Raman spectra indicated that the GaInAsSb epilayers grown on GaSb substrates have higher free carrier concentrations than the corresponding epilayers grown on SI GaAs substrates under nominally identical conditions. This is contrary to the assumption that for nominally identical growth conditions, the resulting carrier concentration is independent of substrate, and possible mechanisms will be discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maslar, JE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-737-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 799 BP 167 EP 172 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BAD63 UT WOS:000221673900025 ER PT S AU Vallone, PM Butler, JA AF Vallone, PM Butler, JA BE Doutremepuich, C Morling, N TI Multiplexed assays for evaluation of Y-SNP markers in US populations SO PROGRESS IN FORENSIC GENETICS 10 SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress of the International-Society-for-Forensic-Genetics CY SEP 09-13, 2003 CL Arcachon, FRANCE SP Int Soc Forens Genet DE forensic science; Y chromosome; single nucleotide polymorphism; SNP typing; Y-SNPs; primer extension; allele-specific hybridization AB Genetic markers located on the Y chromosome are of increasing importance in human identity testing. In an effort to evaluate the forensic utility of Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we constructed several novel multiplex allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) assays and utilized a new commercial allele-specific hybridization (ASH) multiplex kit to examine 50 Y-SNP markers in 229 males from two US Caucasian and African American populations. The novel ASPE assays covered 18 Y-SNP markers in three multiplex reactions while a commercial ASH kit was used to type 42 Y-SNPs plus amelogenin for sex-typing purposes. There were 10 overlapping loci between the ASPE and ASH methods permitting an evaluation of concordance on over 2000 allele calls. The 50 Y-SNP markers examined in this study define 45 of the 159 possible Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) haplogroups. Only 18 different haplogroups were observed in our samples. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vallone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51505-4 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1261 BP 85 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2003.11.023 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA BAU90 UT WOS:000223657000028 ER PT S AU Butler, JM Schoske, R AF Butler, JM Schoske, R BE Doutremepuich, C Morling, N TI Forensic value of the multicopy Y-STR marker DYS464 SO PROGRESS IN FORENSIC GENETICS 10 SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Congress of the International-Society-for-Forensic-Genetics CY SEP 09-13, 2003 CL Arcachon, FRANCE SP Int Soc Forens Genet DE Y-STR; Y-chromosome; DYS464; multicopy loci; DNA typing ID CHROMOSOME AB The tetranucleotide Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) marker, DYS464, first reported by Redd et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 130 (2002) 97] appears to be the most polymorphic Y-STR marker discovered to date. A single primer pair can generate up to four distinct peaks over an allele range of 9-20 repeats. Allele calls can be made based on peaks that are present (conservative approach, C-type) or a combination of alleles and peak height ratios (expanded typing method; E-type). e have observed 113 C-types and 179 E-types in 679 males from three US populations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Biotechnol Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), NIST, Biotechnol Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51505-4 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1261 BP 278 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01713-8 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA BAU90 UT WOS:000223657000091 ER PT J AU Molinari, RL AF Molinari, RL TI Annual and decadal variability in the western subtropical North Atlantic: signal characteristics and sampling methodologies SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE Gulf stream; recirculation gyre; annual period; decadal period; North Atlantic oscillation; sampling ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GULF-STREAM; WIND STRESS; OCEAN; TRANSPORT; OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION; PACIFIC; MODEL; CLIMATE AB Upper ocean (above 750 in) temperature structure of the northwestern subtropical Atlantic, including the Gulf Stream and a recirculation gyre south of the Stream, is characterized using primarily bathythermograph (BT) data collected between 1950 and 2003. Geostrophic calculations, using mean temperature-salinity relationships to compute dynamic height.. are used to estimate velocities and transports. The mean annual Gulf Stream transport at 720 W relative to 750 in, 36.1 Sv, is approximately equal to the sum of the transport of the Florida Current, 32.0 Sv, and a shallow recirculation gyre described by Wang and Koblinsky [Journal of Physical Oceanography 26 (1996) 2462-2479], 5.5 Sv. The annual cycle of geostrophic transport relative to 750 in at 72degrees W is in phase with both an earlier published annual cycle of transport relative to 2000 in derived from hydrographic observations and the annual cycle of Florida Current transport measured indirectly by a submarine cable (i.e., maximum transports are observed in the summer and minimum in the fall, early winter). However, simple Sverdrup dynamics are inadequate to explain these cycles as maximum Sverdrup transports extend from winter to summer, while observed transports are minimum (maximum) in fall/winter (summer). The annual cycles derived from the BT data of the size of the shallow southern recirculation gyre, Gulf Stream position and upper layer transport (relative to 300 m) are in phase (maximum size, northern position and transport in fall) and consistent with the WK results derived from altimetry. However, the shallower annual cycles are out of phase with the deeper signals (i.e., maximum for the former (latter) are observed in fall (summer)). Decadal signals after 1965 in Gulf Stream position, geostrophic transport relative to 450 m, and the size of a recirculation gyre south of the Stream are approximately in phase as observed for the annual signal. This gyre and the shallow WK gyre exhibit the same horizontal structure, however, the decadal signal propagates deeper into the water column (at least to 700 m). The eastern expansion and contraction of the gyre on decadal time-scales is correlated with propagating SST signals. The sampling implications of these findings are addressed. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Molinari, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM bob.molinari@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2004 VL 62 IS 1 BP 33 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.002 PG 34 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 868QI UT WOS:000224927700003 ER PT S AU Berejikian, B Flagg, T Kline, P AF Berejikian, B Flagg, T Kline, P BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Release of captively reared adult anadromous salmonids for population maintenance and recovery: Biological trade-offs and management considerations SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; COHO SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; BREEDING SUCCESS; PACIFIC SALMON; COMPETITIVE ABILITY AB Captive broodstocks have been initiated for maintenance and recovery of imperiled anadromous satmonid populations because they can provide a rapid demographic boost and reduce short-term extinction risk. As with captive propagation programs for other vertebrates, difficulties with reintroduction to the natural environment may impede success in achieving the prograds objectives. Strategies for reintroduction of anadromous salmonid captive broodstocks in the United States and Canada include release of captively reared adults (currently four programs), stocking their offspring as eyed eggs (two programs), part (six programs), or smolts (nine programs). Captive broodstock programs that release adults considered the management objectives of (i) evaluating of different reintroduction strategies, and (ii) spreading the risk of failure of any one particular strategy to be much more important than programs that do not release adults. This distinction indicates that the programs releasing adults consider the strategy to be an experimental one that may serve to offset potential risks associated with juvenile release options. However, the finding that preventing extinction was considered to be very important in adult and juvenile release programs alike indicates that programs releasing adults believe the strategy, at a minimum, will not impede that objective. We summarized the salmonid literature on (1) natural and sexual selection during reproduction, (2) homing and straying, (3) rearing effects on social behavior, (4) domestication, and (5) survival as it relates to biological trade-offs of different reintroduction strategies for captive broodstocks. The adult release strategy provides potential biological benefits that include the opportunity for natural and sexual selection to occur on the spawning grounds-selection that is relaxed during artificial spawning. Adult release and egg stocking may reduce potential for unnaturally high straying rates and may minimize domestication selection of the offspring compared to programs that artificially spawn adults and release their offspring as smolts. The potential benefits of adult and egg releases must be weighed against (and may be offset by) the greater F-1 production that could be achieved by releasing hatchery-reared smolts. A variety of reintroduction strategies will likely continue to be appropriate for captive broodstock programs. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Berejikian, B (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 76 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 233 EP 245 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200020 ER PT S AU Matlock, GC AF Matlock, GC BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Managing the intersection of aquaculture development and invasive species SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID AB Aquaculture development in the United States continues its expansion from freshwater into coastal and nearshore oceanic environments. As it does so, the selection of species to culture and the location of culture operations are generating much debate about the role of government entities, especially agriculture and conservation agencies, in the management of this development. Many in the industry argue that regulations are already too onerous, subsidies are too few, governmental encouragement is too little, and that the best way to correct these problems is to place all control over the development in governmental agriculture agencies. Others argue that the potential environmental impacts of aquaculture Could be so adverse, or at least so uncertain that conservation agencies need to impose even more controls. This debate occurred in Texas in the 1980s as private aquaculture sought to increase the culture of nonindigenous species, in both private and public waters. The potential effects on native species in public waters led to legislation that attempted to balance economic development with environmental safeguards. However, only Texas was affected by the statute and subsequent regulations. Since the potential environmental affects of aquaculture development will undoubtedly cross local, state, and tribal boundaries, it is now felt by many that the regulation of the species Cultured and sites selected should be a federal issue. The same questions about who within the federal government should have responsibility for managing aquaculture development require resolution. This paper will examine lessons learned from the Texas experience for possible application in the federal arena. C1 Natl Ocean Sci, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Matlock, GC (reprint author), Natl Ocean Sci, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200021 ER PT S AU Pollard, HA Flagg, TA AF Pollard, HA Flagg, TA BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Guidelines for use of captive broodstocks in recovery efforts for Pacific salmon SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BREEDING SUCCESS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; WILD; HATCHERIES; BEHAVIOR AB A number of stocks of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest are currently listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA recognizes that conservation of listed species may be facilitated by artificial propagation, including captive broodstocks, while factors impeding population recovery are identified and corrected. Captive broodstock programs differ from conventional salmon culture in that fish of wild origin are maintained in captivity throughout their life to produce offspring for the purpose of supplementing wild populations. The relatively short generation time (2-7 years) and potential to produce large numbers of offspring (1,500-5,000 eggs per female average, depending on the species) make Pacific salmon ideal for captive broodstock rearing. However, the technology is not without potential complications and risks. The paper presents guidelines to ensure a sound basis for implementation of captive broodstocks. Considerations must be based on overall knowledge of survival, reproductive success, and offspring fitness to accurately determine levels of risk in implementing a salmonid captive broodstock program. In general, use of captive broodstocks should be restricted to situations where the natural population is dangerously close to extinction. Proper precautions should be taken to minimize genetic impacts during the collection, mating, and rearing of captive broodstocks, as any alteration to the original genetic composition of the population in captivity may reduce the efficacy of supplementation in rebuilding the natural population. Furthermore, liberation of fish from captive broodstocks should be consistent with the known behavior of existing wild Fish and on whatever knowledge is available of the life history characteristics of the wild fish. Because the benefits and risks have not been established through long-term monitoring and evaluation, captive broodstock development should be considered an experimental approach and used with caution. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Salmon Recovery Div, Boise, ID 83704 USA. RP Pollard, HA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Salmon Recovery Div, 10215 W Emerald St, Boise, ID 83704 USA. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 333 EP 345 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200028 ER PT S AU Flagg, TA McAuley, WC Kline, P Powell, MS Taki, D Gislason, JC AF Flagg, TA McAuley, WC Kline, P Powell, MS Taki, D Gislason, JC BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Application of captive broodstocks to preservation of ESA-listed stocks of Pacific salmon: Redfish lake sockeye salmon case example SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID CRYOPRESERVATION AB In December 1991, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Snake River sockeye salmon are a prime example of a species on the threshold of extinction, with the last known remnants of this stock returning to Redfish Lake, Idaho. On the basis of critically low population numbers and coincident with the listing, a captive broodstock project was implemented by federal, state, and tribal partners as an emergency measure to save Redfish Lake sockeye salmon. During the decade of the 1990s, a total of 16 wild fish returned to Redfish Lake (0-8 per year); all were captured for the broodstock program. Amplification of the population through captive broodstocking resulted in hundreds of thousands of progeny (prespawning adults, eyed eggs, presmolts, and smolts) replanted to habitats. Between 1999 and 2002, more than 300 adults returned from the ocean from captive broodstock releases-an amplification of almost 20 times the number of wild fish that returned in the 1990s. Important lineages of Redfish Lake sockeye salmon continue to be maintained in culture as preserves for genetic variability and for numerical and demographic amplification of releases to the habitat. It is virtually certain that the broodstock program has, at least for the short-term, prevented extinction of Redfish Lake sockeye salmon. Over the course of the program, operational issues included development of successful captive husbandry procedures, maintenance of genetic diversity assessment/enhancement of habitat carrying capacity, and intensive evaluation of restocking efforts. In this paper, we discuss these issues as a model approach. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhance & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Flagg, TA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhance & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Post Office Box 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RI Powell, Madison/H-7050-2014 OI Powell, Madison/0000-0002-1851-3168 NR 62 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 387 EP 400 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200033 ER PT S AU Thrower, FP Joyce, JE AF Thrower, FP Joyce, JE BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Effects of 70 years of freshwater residency on survival, growth, early maturation, and smolting in a stock of anadromous rainbow trout from southeast Alaska SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GENETIC-VARIATION; STEELHEAD TROUT; SALMON; POPULATION; HATCHERY; SIZE AB Progeny of wild, freshwater sequestered (resident) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, descendants of a stocking of steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) in 1926, and progeny of the wild, ancestral steelhead lineage and their reciprocal crosses were compared for two brood years in a hatchery environment to determine the effects of 70 years of freshwater residency on growth, survival, early maturity and smelting proportion. Resulting smolts were tagged, released, and recovered as maturing adults to evaluate marine survival. For the 1996 brood, 75 families were maintained in separate freshwater raceways for 10 months. Approximately 100 fish from each family were tagged with passive integrated transponder tags, pooled by type, and cultured until age 2. An additional group was tagged with coded-wire tags and reared in the same manner. For the 1997 brood, 80 families were coded-wire-tagged, separated by breeding type, and cultured at different densities. Size-at-age and survival were reduced significantly in progeny of resident females when compared with progeny from anadromous females during the first 2 months after first feeding. No significant differences were observed in subsequent growth or survival through age 2. A higher proportion of smolting at age 2 and a lower proportion of early male maturity was observed in families from anadromous parents. Smolts produced by anadromous parents had four to five times higher marine survival than those from resident parents. While smolting proportions and smolt survival were lower for the progeny of freshwater resident fish, the results indicate that significant numbers of smolts and adults can still be produced by populations landlocked for up to 70 years and 20 generations. The results have substantial implications for the use of natural freshwater environments for the preservation of endangered anadromous stocks of rainbow trout, the rehabilitation of anadromous stocks, and the actual effective breeding size of anadromous rainbow trout populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thrower, FP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 485 EP 496 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200040 ER PT S AU Maynard, DJ Flagg, TA Iwamoto, RN Mahnken, CVW AF Maynard, DJ Flagg, TA Iwamoto, RN Mahnken, CVW BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI A review of recent studies investigating seminatural rearing strategies as a tool for increasing Pacific salmon postrelease survival SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L; JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; ARCTIC CHARR; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; SUSTAINED EXERCISE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; ADULT RETURNS; BROOK TROUT AB Traditional hatchery salmonids lack many behavioral and morphological attributes needed to survive after release (Maynard et al. 1995). The Seminatural rearing concept hypothesizes that exposing hatchery salmonids to natural habitats, foods, predators, and currents will induce them to develop the wild behavior, physiology, and morphology needed for postrelease survival. The paper reviews recent studies investigating the efficacy of this concept. Rearing salmonids in seminatural rearing habitat, with natural fluvial substrates, structure, and overhead cover, usually improves survival. Supplementing hatchery fish diets with live foods often enhances their ability to hunt live prey. However, utilizing automated underwater feeders to feed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a more natural manner did not alter their depth preference, response to novel visual stimuli at surface, or predator vulnerability as predicted. In most, but not all cases, conditioning salmonids to avoid predators improves their postrelease survival. Exercise usually improves growth and health, but does not always increase postrelease survival. Fisheries managers can use the increased survival successful seminatural rearing strategies offer to increase recruitment to the fishery and spawning population, reduce competitive impacts on listed stocks, or simply reduce operational costs. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Maynard, DJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. NR 85 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 573 EP 584 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200048 ER PT S AU Flagg, TA Mahnken, CVW Iwamoto, RN AF Flagg, TA Mahnken, CVW Iwamoto, RN BE Nickum, MJ Mazik, PM Nickum, JG Mackinlay, DD TI Conservation hatchery protocols for Pacific salmon SO PROPAGATED FISH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Propagated Fish in Resource Management CY JUN 16-18, 2003 CL Boise, ID ID SPRING CHINOOK SALMON; REARED COHO SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; STEELHEAD TROUT; REARING ENVIRONMENTS; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; COLUMBIA-RIVER; GROWTH AB Artificial propagation is a potential mechanism to aid recovery of U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed stocks of Pacific salmon on the West Coast of the United States. Theoretically, one of the fastest ways to amplify population numbers for depleted stocks of Pacific salmon is through Culture and release of hatchery-propagated fish. However, past attempts to use supplementation (i.e., the use of artificial propagation in an attempt to maintain or increase natural production) to rebuild naturally spawning populations of Pacific salmon have often yielded poor results. One solution is to develop protocols that increase fitness of hatchery-reared salmonids, thereby improving survival. A framework of conservation hatchery strategies to reduce potential impacts of artificial propagation on the biology and behavior of fish is presented. Operational guidelines for conservation hatcheries to help mitigate the unnatural conditioning provided by hatchery rearing are discussed and contrasted to those for production hatchery operation. These include (1) mating and rearing designs that reduce risk of domestication selection and produce minimal genetic divergence of hatchery fish from their wild counterparts to maintain long-term adaptive traits; (2) simulation of natural rearing conditions through incubation and rearing techniques that approximate natural profiles and through increasing habitat complexity (e.g., cover, structure, and substrate in rearing vessels) to produce fish more wildlike in appearance and with natural behaviors and higher survival; (3) conditioning techniques such as antipredator conditioning to increase postrelease behavioral fitness; (4) programming aspects of release size, stage, and condition to match the wild population in order to reduce potential for negative ecological interactions and to promote homing; and (5) aggressive monitoring and evaluation to determine Success of conservation hatchery approaches. High priority must be given to basic scientific research to meet three principal goals: (1) maintain genetic integrity of the population, (2) increase juvenile quality and behavioral Fitness, and (3) increase adult quality. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resouce Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Flagg, TA (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resouce Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 97 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-69-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2004 VL 44 BP 603 EP 619 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BBW47 UT WOS:000228130200050 ER PT S AU Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Ware, M Migdall, A AF Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Ware, M Migdall, A BE Meyers, RE Shih, Y TI Coupling efficiencies in single photon on-demand sources SO QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS AND QUANTUM IMAGING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging CY AUG 06-08, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID PRACTICAL QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; BELL THEOREM; STATES AB Many quantum computation and communication schemes require, or would significantly benefit from, true sources of single photon on-demand (SPOD). Unfortunately, such sources do not exist. It is becoming increasingly clear that coupling photons out of a SPOD source will be a limiting factor in many SPOD implementations. In particular, coupling these source outputs into optical fibers (usually single mode fibers) is often the preferred method for handling this light. We investigate the practical limits to this coupling as relates to parametric downconversion, an important starting point for many SPOD schemes. We also explored whether it is possible to optimize the engineering of the downconversion sources to improve on this coupling. We present our latest results in this area. C1 Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Migdall, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; OI Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5034-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5161 BP 48 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.504773 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY69U UT WOS:000189441500007 ER PT S AU Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W AF Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W BE GuyotSionnest, P Mattoussi, H Wang, ZL TI Surface states in passivated, unpassivated and core/shell nanocrystals: Electronic structure and optical properties SO QUANTUM DOTS, NANOPARTICLES AND NANOWIRES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Quantum Dots, Nanoparticles and Nanowires held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Evident Technol, USN, Off Naval Res ID QUANTUM DOTS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; TIGHT-BINDING; SEMICONDUCTORS; EXCITON; GROWTH AB Surface effects significantly influence the functionality of semiconductor nanocrystals. A theoretical understanding of these surface effects requires models capable of describing surface details at an atomic scale, passivation with molecular ligands, and few-monolayer capping shells We present an atomistic tight-binding theory of the electronic structure and optical properties of passivated, unpassivated and core/shell nanocrystals to study these surface effects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-727-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 789 BP 319 EP 324 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BAH07 UT WOS:000222179300048 ER PT S AU Wineland, DJ AF Wineland, DJ BE Esteve, D Raimond, JM Dalibard, J TI Quantum information processing in ion traps - II SO Quantum Entanglement and Information Processing SE LES HOUCHES SUMMER SCHOOL SESSION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Les Houches Session 79th on Quantum Entanglement and Information Processing CY JUN 30-JUL 25, 2003 CL Les Houches, FRANCE SP European Commiss, Res Directorate, QUIPROCONE Network Excellence, Univ Joseph Fourier, French Minist Res, Commiss Energie Atom ID LASER-COOLED IONS; LINEAR PAUL TRAP; SINGLE-ION; FREQUENCY STANDARD; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTALS; COMPUTATION; COMPUTER; PARTICLE AB These notes focus on two aspects of ion-trap quantum information processing: (1) linear RF (Paul) ion traps that appear to be scalable for making a processor array, and (2) ion qubits where single- and two-qubit gates are based on driving two-photon stimulated Raman transitions. Reviews on the current status of ion traps for information processing are also cited. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 89 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-8099 BN 0-444-51728-6 J9 LES HOUCH S PY 2004 VL 79 BP 261 EP + PG 32 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Physics GA BCA39 UT WOS:000228449900006 ER PT S AU Martinis, JM AF Martinis, JM BE Esteve, D Raimond, JM Dalibard, J TI Superconducting qubits and the physics of Josephson junctions SO QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT AND INFORMATION PROCESSING SE LES HOUCHES SUMMER SCHOOL SESSION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Les Houches Session 79th on Quantum Entanglement and Information Processing CY JUN 30-JUL 25, 2003 CL Les Houches, FRANCE SP European Commiss, Res Directorate, QUIPROCONE Network Excellence, Univ Joseph Fourier, French Minist Res, Commiss Energie Atom ID MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM STATES; TRANSPORT; OSCILLATIONS; DYNAMICS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Martinis, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-8099 BN 0-444-51728-6 J9 LES HOUCH S PY 2004 VL 79 BP 487 EP + PG 33 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Physics GA BCA39 UT WOS:000228449900013 ER PT S AU Nakassis, A Bienfang, J Williams, C AF Nakassis, A Bienfang, J Williams, C BE Donkor, E Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Expeditious reconciliation for practical quantum key distribution SO QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation II CY APR 12-14, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE reconciliation; cascade; Forward Error Correction; quantum key distribution; quantum cryptography AB The paper proposes algorithmic and environmental modifications to the extant reconciliation algorithms within the BB84 protocol so as to speed up reconciliation and privacy amplification. These algorithms have been known to be a performance bottleneck (1) and can process data at rates that are six times slower than the quantum channel they serve(2). As improvements in single-photon sources and detectors are expected to improve the quantum channel throughput by two or three orders of magnitude, it becomes imperative to improve the performance of the classical software. We developed a Cascade-like algorithm that relies on a symmetric formulation of the problem, error estimation through the segmentation process, outright elimination of segments with many errors, Forward Error Correction, recognition of the distinct data subpopulations that emerge as the algorithm runs, ability to operate on massive amounts of data (of the order of 1 Mbit), and a few other minor improvements. The data from the experimental algorithm we developed show that by operating on massive arrays of data we can improve software performance by better than three orders of magnitude while retaining nearly as many bits (typically more than 90%) as the algorithms that were designed for optimal bit retention. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakassis, A (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Bienfang, Joshua/A-7285-2010 NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5359-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5436 BP 28 EP 35 DI 10.1117/12.541698 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAW94 UT WOS:000223995400004 ER PT S AU Bullock, SS Brennen, GK AF Bullock, SS Brennen, GK BE Donkor, E Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Characterizing the entangling capacity of n-qubit computations SO QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation II CY APR 12-14, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE concurrence; entanglement; concurrence canonical decomposition; quantum computation ID ENTANGLEMENT AB The state space H-n of n quantum bits of data is exponentially large, having dimension 2(n). The (pure) local states which correspond to each individual quantum bit being in an isolated one-qubit state, i.e. those which are tensor products, form a much smaller orbit of circle times(1)(n)U (2)(.)\00...0> of linear dimension within the state space. Hence most states are non-local, or entangled. The concurrence function on quantum data states is one measure of entanglement, intuitively capturing an exponentially small fraction of the phenomenon. This paper reports numerical tests of how concurrence changes as one applies a quantum computation u to a pure n quantum-bit data state \psi>. We make strong use of a mathematical tool for factoring u = k(1) a k(2) into subcomputations, namely the CCD matrix decomposition. The concurrence dynamics of a computation \mu> --> u\psi> are in a certain sense localized to the a factor, and so our actual numerics concentrate on \psi> --> a\psi>. This is a great simplification, since an arbitrary unitary evolution may vary over 4(n) - 1 real degrees of freedom, while the alpha is an element of A of the appropriate form for the CCD matrix decomposition may vary over 2(n) - 1 or 2(n/2) - 1 as n = 2p, 2p - 1. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bullock, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5359-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5436 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1117/12.541876 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAW94 UT WOS:000223995400013 ER PT S AU Black, PE Lane, AW AF Black, PE Lane, AW BE Donkor, E Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Modeling quantum information systems SO QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation II CY APR 12-14, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE quantum computing; modeling; quantum simulation; BB84; teleportation AB A simulator for quantum information systems cannot be both general, that is, easily used for every possible system, and efficient. Therefore, some systems will have aspects which can only be simulated by cunning modeling. On the other hand, a simulation may conveniently do extra-systemic processing that would be impractical in a real system. We illustrate with examples from our quantum computing simulator, QCSim. We model the [3,1] Hamming code in the presence of random bit flip or generalized amplitude damping noise, and calculate the expected result in one simulation run, as opposed to, say, a Monte Carlo simulation, and keep the original state to compute the chance of successful transmission, too. We also model the BB84 protocol with eavesdropping and random choice of basis and compute the chance of information received faithfully. Finally, we present our simulation of teleportation as an example of the trade-off between complexity, of the simulation model and complexity of simulation inputs and as an example of modeling measurements and classical bits. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Black, PE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5359-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5436 BP 340 EP 347 DI 10.1117/12.537667 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAW94 UT WOS:000223995400036 ER PT J AU Bullock, SS Markov, IL AF Bullock, SS Markov, IL TI Asymptotically optimal circuits for arbitrary n-qubit diagonal comutations SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE quantum circuit; diagonal; gate; character; exclusive-or AB A unitary operator U = Sigma(j.k)u(j.k)\k>; 0 less than or equal to j less than or equal to 2(n)-1}. Prior quantum circuits for diagonal computations require O(n(2)2(n)) controlled-not gates and one-qubit Bloch sphere rotations. This work provides a recursive, constructive procedure which inputs U and outputs such a diagram containing 2(n+1)-3 alternating controlled-not gates and one-qubit z-axis Bloch sphere rotations. Up to a factor of two, these circuits are provably the smallest possible. Moreover, the algorithm recognizes certain special case structures within U. For example, if U is a full diagonal tensor of R-2(alpha) = e(-ialpha/2)\0><0\+e(ialpha/2)\1><1\ rotations, then a cancellation of controlled-not gates reduces our Circuit to the n gate tensor. Moreover, any Vcircle timesR(z) will output half as many gates as a generic U. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Bullock, SS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INFORM COMPU JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 27 EP 47 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 804JC UT WOS:000220294000003 ER PT S AU Luukanen, A Miller, AJ Grossman, EN AF Luukanen, A Miller, AJ Grossman, EN BE Trebits, R Kurtz, JL Appleby, R Salmon, NA Wikner, DA TI Active millimeter-wave video rate imaging with a staring 120-element microbolometer array SO RADAR SENSOR TECHNOLOGY VIII AND PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Radar Sensor Technology VIII and Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology VII CY APR 14-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE bolometer; array; millimeter-wave; terahertz; concealed weapons; imaging ID CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION; SYSTEM AB Passive indoors imaging of weapons concealed under clothing poses a formidable challenge for millimeter-wave imagers due to the sub-picowatt signal levels present in the scene. Moreover, video-rate imaging requires a large number of pixels, which leads to a very complex and expensive front end for the imager. To meet the concealed weapons detection challenge, our approach uses a low cost pulsed-noise source as an illuminator and an array of room-temperature antenna-coupled microbolometers as the detectors. The reflected millimeter-wave power is detected by the bolometers, gated, integrated and amplified by audio-frequency amplifiers, and after digitization, displayed in real time on a PC display. We present recently acquired videos obtained with the 120-element array, and comprehensively describe the performance characteristics of the array in terms of sensitivity, optical efficiency, uniformity and spatial resolution. Our results show that active imaging with antenna-coupled microbolometers can yield imagery comparable to that obtained with systems using MMIC amplifiers but with a cost per pixel that is orders of magnitude lower. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Luukanen, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5333-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5410 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1117/12.543488 PG 7 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAW92 UT WOS:000223994700021 ER PT S AU Inn, KGW Lin, ZC Schultz, M Wu, ZG McMahon, C Outola, I Kurosaki, H Nour, S Selvig, L Karam, L Hutchinson, JMR AF Inn, KGW Lin, ZC Schultz, M Wu, ZG McMahon, C Outola, I Kurosaki, H Nour, S Selvig, L Karam, L Hutchinson, JMR BE Laue, CA Nash, KL TI Interface of environmental, bioassay, and radioanalytical Standard Reference Materials and traceability evaluations SO RADIOANALYTICAL METHODS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: FUNDAMENTALS IN CUTTING-EDGE APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radioanalytical Methods at the Frontier of Interdisciplinary Science held at the 223rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 08-10, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol ID BONE ASH STANDARD; ACTINIDES; OCEAN AB Radiochemistry is the cornerstone for certifying environmental natural-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), and for verifying environmental and radiobioassay test samples for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceability evaluation programs. Natural-matrix SRMs provide the basis for radiochemical methods validation, demonstration of traceability for environmental radionuclide measurements, and the basis for measurement comparison over time within and among laboratories. The certifications of eight natural-matrix radionuclide SRMs are conducted through the efforts of intercomparisons, of experienced laboratories from around the world. While the SRM program has been successful in certifying many radionuclides in environmental matrices, there have also been several unresolved radiochemical issues left to future efforts. The evaluation programs provide the program participants with a direct and unambiguous evaluation of the traceability of their radioanalytical capabilities by NIST. Because the participants in the evaluation programs depend on absolute confidence in the results of the evaluation to assess their radioanalytical methods for bias from the national physical standard, Bq, NIST must verify the production of the test samples to approximately 1 percent (relative combined standard uncertainty) with radiochemical measurements that depend on extraordinary laboratory practices. C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, WEAC, Winchester, MA 01890 USA. Ametek, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Radiol Protect Inst Ireland, Dublin 14, Ireland. RP Inn, KGW (reprint author), NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3837-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 868 BP 38 EP 49 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA BY28F UT WOS:000188742000004 ER PT S AU Zimmerman, BE Colle, R Cessna, JT Broda, R Cassette, P AF Zimmerman, BE Colle, R Cessna, JT Broda, R Cassette, P BE Laue, CA Nash, KL TI Application of the Triple-to-Double Coincidence Ratio method at national institute of standards and technology for absolute standardization of radionuclides by liquid scintillation counting SO RADIOANALYTICAL METHODS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: FUNDAMENTALS IN CUTTING-EDGE APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Radioanalytical Methods at the Frontier of Interdisciplinary Science held at the 223rd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 08-10, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Nucl Chem & Technol ID PURE-BETA-EMITTERS; EFFICIENCY; PROGRAM AB A new liquid scintillation spectrometer that uses the Triple-to-Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR) method to experimentally determine counting efficiencies has been constructed at the NIST for the primary standardization of beta-emitting nuclides. This technique permits the efficiencies of the detector to be determined without the need for standard efficiency tracing and is thus considered a quasi-absolute method. This paper describes the new TDCR system at NIST and presents results of tests aimed at assessing the its operating characteristics. The results indicate that the measured activites for previously calibrated solutions of H-3 (tritiated water) and Ni-63 agree with certified activity values to within 0.04 % and 0.2 % respectively. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. POLATOM, Radioisotope Ctr, PL-05400 Otwock, Poland. Lab Natl Henri Becquerel, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Zimmerman, BE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3837-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 868 BP 76 EP 87 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA BY28F UT WOS:000188742000006 ER PT J AU McGeehin, J Burr, GS Hodgins, G Bennett, SJ Robbins, JA Morehead, N Markewich, H AF McGeehin, J Burr, GS Hodgins, G Bennett, SJ Robbins, JA Morehead, N Markewich, H TI Stepped-combustion C-14 dating of bomb carbon in lake sediment SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Radiocarbon Conference CY SEP 01-05, 2003 CL Wellington, NEW ZEALAND SP High Voltage Engn Europa, Natl Electrostat Corp, Royal Soc New Zealand, Absolutely Organised AB In this study, we applied a stepped-combustion approach to dating post-bomb lake sediment from north-central Mississippi. Samples were combusted at a low temperature (400 degreesC) and then at 900 degreesC. The CO2 was collected separately for both combustions and analyzed. The goal of this work was to develop a methodology to improve the accuracy of C-14 dating of sediment by combusting at a lower temperature and reducing the amount of reworked carbon bound to clay minerals in the sample material. The C-14 fraction modem results for the low and high temperature fractions of these sediments were compared with well-defined Cs-137 determinations made on sediment taken from the same cores. Comparison of "bomb curves" for C-14 and Cs-137 indicate that low temperature combustion of sediment improved the accuracy of C-14 dating of the sediment. However, fraction modem results for the low temperature fractions were depressed compared to atmospheric values for the same time frame, possibly the result of carbon mixing and the low sedimentation rate in the lake system. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McGeehin, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM mcgeehin@usgs.gov OI Morehead, Nancy/0000-0003-3859-3035 NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 2004 VL 46 IS 2 BP 893 EP 900 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 853DS UT WOS:000223807300039 ER PT J AU Warneke, C Rosen, S Lovejoy, ER de Gouw, JA Fall, R AF Warneke, C Rosen, S Lovejoy, ER de Gouw, JA Fall, R TI Two additional advantages of proton-transfer ion trap mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Letter ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PTR-MS; VALIDATION C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 5 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 133 EP 134 DI 10.1002/rcm.1281 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 758AU UT WOS:000187611000023 PM 14689571 ER PT J AU Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Flynn, KM AF Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Flynn, KM TI The influence of electrospray deposition in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry sample preparation for synthetic polymerst SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID TIME-OF-FLIGHT; DESORPTION IONIZATION; POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS; MALDI-TOF; DISCRIMINATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DISTRIBUTIONS; ISSUES AB Although electrospray sample deposition in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) sample preparation increases the repeatability of both the MALDI signal intensity and the measured molecular mass distribution (MMD), the electrospray sample deposition method may influence the apparent MMD of a synthetic polymer. The MMDs of three polymers of differing thermal stability, polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), were studied by MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) MS as the electrospray deposition voltage was varied. The MMDs obtained using the electrospray deposition method were compared with those obtained for hand-spotted samples. No change was observed in the measured polymer MMD when the electrospray deposition voltage was varied in the analysis of PS, but those of PEG and PPG changed at higher electrospray voltages due to increased ion fragmentation. It was also shown that the fragmentation in the hand-spotted samples is dependent on the matrix used in sample preparation. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wetzel, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephanie.wetzel@nist.gov NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1139 EP 1146 DI 10.1002/rcm.1462 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 824AE UT WOS:000221654900019 PM 15150839 ER PT S AU Martinez-Inesta, MM Peral, I Proffen, T Lobo, RF AF Martinez-Inesta, MM Peral, I Proffen, T Lobo, RF BE VanSteen, E Claeys, M Callanan, LH TI A pair distribution function analysis for zeolite beta SO RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ZEOLITES AND RELATED MATERIALS, PTS A - C SE Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Zeolite Conference CY APR 25-30, 2004 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Catalysis Soc S Africa & India, Int Zeolite Assoc DE disorder; beta; pair distribution function ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; PROGRAM; CONNECTIVITY; REFINEMENT; TOPOLOGY AB The structure of disordered zeolites cannot be solved or refined by commonly used crystallographic methods. Here we used the pair distribution function (PDF) of a good quality sample to attempt to refine the structure of the polytypes of zeolite Beta. By using the PDF method to refine the structure of polytype B we were able to find a structural model that is consistent with the experimental distribution of distances in the sample and typical all silica zeolite dimensions. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20988 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Lujan Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM lobo@che.udel.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009; Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/P-5298-2016 OI Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031; Peral Alonso, Inmaculada/0000-0002-6994-1277 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2991 BN 0-444-51805-3 J9 STUD SURF SCI CATAL PY 2004 VL 154 BP 1393 EP 1399 PN A-C PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BBR47 UT WOS:000227357201033 ER PT B AU Elvidge, CD Safran, J Nelson, IL Tuttle, BT Hobson, VR Baugh, KE Dietz, JB Erwin, EH AF Elvidge, CD Safran, J Nelson, IL Tuttle, BT Hobson, VR Baugh, KE Dietz, JB Erwin, EH BE Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG TI Area and positional accuracy of DMSP nighttime lights data SO REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ACCURACY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Remote Sensing and GIS Accuracy Assessment CY DEC 11-13, 2001 CL Las Vegas, NV SP US EPA, Off Res & Dev ID CITY LIGHTS C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-443-X PY 2004 BP 281 EP 292 DI 10.1201/9780203497586.ch20 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BAW11 UT WOS:000223862600020 ER PT J AU Neill, WH Brandes, TS Burke, BJ Craig, SR Dimichele, LV Duchon, K Edwards, RE Fontaine, LP Gatlin, DM Hutchins, C Miller, JM Ponwith, BJ Stahl, CJ Tomasso, JR Vega, RR AF Neill, WH Brandes, TS Burke, BJ Craig, SR Dimichele, LV Duchon, K Edwards, RE Fontaine, LP Gatlin, DM Hutchins, C Miller, JM Ponwith, BJ Stahl, CJ Tomasso, JR Vega, RR TI Ecophys.Fish: A simulation model of fish growth in time-varying environmental regimes SO REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acclimation; bioenergetics; ecophysiology; FEJ Fry; habitat value; metabolism ID DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; JUVENILE RED DRUM; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; BODY-COMPOSITION; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; LARGEMOUTH BASS; SOCKEYE SALMON; TEMPERATURE; ECOLOGY; METABOLISM AB Ecophys.Fish is a deterministic STELLA(R) model for-simulating rates of fish growth in environmental regimes that have simultaneous temporal variation in food, oxygen, temperature, pH, and salinity. The purpose of this article is to introduce Ecophys.Fish to. those who might want to use it as a framework or starting point for applications of their own. We believe our model, although focused in autecology, will prove useful at organizational levels both below and above the individual fish. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ S Florida, FCSC, BRD, USGS,Ctr Coastal & Reg Marine Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, Clemson, SC USA. Texas Pks & Wildlife Dept, Marine Dev Ctr, CPS, CCS, Corpus Christi, TX USA. RP Neill, WH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM w-neill@tamu.edu NR 62 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 11 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-1262 J9 REV FISH SCI JI Rev. Fish. Sci. PY 2004 VL 12 IS 4 BP 233 EP 288 DI 10.1080/10641260490479818 PG 56 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 859US UT WOS:000224294000001 ER PT S AU Burkhard, HD Asada, M Bonarini, A Jacoff, A Nardi, D Riedmiller, M Sammut, C Sklar, E Veloso, M AF Burkhard, HD Asada, M Bonarini, A Jacoff, A Nardi, D Riedmiller, M Sammut, C Sklar, E Veloso, M BE Polani, D Browning, B Bonarini, A Yoshida, K TI RoboCup: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow workshop of the Executive Committee in Blaubeuren, October 2003 SO ROBOCUP 2003: ROBOT SOCCER WORLD CUP VII SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material CT 7th Robot World Cup Soccer and Rescue Competitions and Conference (ROBOT CUP 2003) CY JUL 02-11, 2003 CL PadivaFiere, Padua, ITALY HO PadivaFiere C1 Humboldt Univ, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Adapt Machine Syst, HANDAI Frontier Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan. Politecn Milan, Dept Elect & Informat, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Informat & Sistemist, Rome, Italy. Univ Osnabruck, Inst Cognit Sci, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. Univ New S Wales, Sch Comp Sci & Engn, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Columbia Univ, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Burkhard, HD (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. EM hdb@informatik.hu-berlin.de; asada@ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp; bonarini@elet.polimi.it; adam.jacoff@nist.gov; nardi@dis.uniromal.it; martin.riedmiller@udo.edu; claude@cse.unsw.edu.au; sklar@cs.columbia.edu; veloso@cs.cmu.edu; bonarini@elet.polimi.it NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22443-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3020 BP 15 EP 34 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BAX23 UT WOS:000224027000002 ER PT B AU Kimes, WA Kreider, KG Ripple, DC Tsai, BK AF Kimes, WA Kreider, KG Ripple, DC Tsai, BK BE Gelpey, J Lojek, B Nenyei, Z Singh, R TI In situ calibration of lightpipe radiometers for rapid thermal processing between 300 degrees C to 700 degrees C SO RTP 2004: 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors : RTP 2004 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors CY SEP 28-30, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE AB Many Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) tools are currently monitored and controlled with lightpipe radiometers (LPRTs), which have been limited to measuring temperatures above 500 degrees C because of the low signal level below 500 degrees C. New commercial LPRTs couple the optical detector directly to the lightpipe, eliminating the signal loss from optical cables. These cable-less light pipe radiometers (CLRTs) are capable of measuring temperature below 300 degrees C. We present the results of calibrating a CLRT against our NIST thin-film thermocouple (TFTC) calibration wafer from 315 degrees C to 700 degrees C in our NIST RTP test bed. Below 550 degrees C, light leakage from the heating lamps of the RTP tool introduced a significant error in the LPRT readings. By measuring the transient response of the CLRTs following rapid energizing of the heating lamps, we were able to differentiate between the radiance of the wafer and ambient chamber light. This allowed us to subtract the ambient chamber light from total measured radiation. C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kimes, WA (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8477-6 PY 2004 BP 156 EP 161 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BCD09 UT WOS:000228693200018 ER PT B AU Hanssen, LM Rink, M Mekhontsev, SN AF Hanssen, LM Rink, M Mekhontsev, SN BE Gelpey, J Lojek, B Nenyei, Z Singh, R TI Status of NIST near infrared emittance measurement system SO RTP 2004: 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors : RTP 2004 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors CY SEP 28-30, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE AB A new capability for the measurement of temperature-dependent emittance of specular samples in the near infrared spectral region has been developed in NIST's Infrared Spectrophotometry Laboratory. The effort is directed to support needs for emittance data and standards for a broad range of applications including rapid thermal processing (RTP). Our approach employs the indirect method of reflectance and transmittance measurements to obtain emittance and a vacuum goniometer system to control the sample environment and measurement geometry. The system has been developed for the acquisition of emittance data of specular samples and the development of standards. The heart of the system, including the sample, is contained in a vacuum chamber that enables characterization of materials otherwise susceptible to oxidation. Three diode lasers (900 nm, 950 nm, and 1560 nm) and a halogen lamp are used as radiation sources. Internal Si and InGaAs detectors and an external monochromator are used in both reflectance and transmittance modes. The spectral range of the monochromator/detectors is 600 nm to 2300 nm. A cold reference and hot sample are mounted on a horizontal stage, which in turn is mounted on a rotation stage. Reference standard samples (at room temperature) used are un-doped silicon and gold mirrors. The reflectance detector stage is also mounted on a rotation stage to enable measurement of angle dependent emittance. Optical windows and fiber optics are used for light input and output. The sample heater employs a platinum-ceramic element and allows temperatures between 100 degrees C and > 800 degrees C. It is shielded from the black walls of the chamber by a water-cooled shroud. The system has initially been used to characterize the spectral emittance (via reflectance) of a variety of semiconductor wafer samples including bare silicon and silicon substrates coated with SiO2, Si3N4, and polysilicon films. The spectral range for these measurements is 600 nm to 1100 nm, where Si is opaque; the temperature range is ambient to 800 degrees C. The results are analyzed and compared with those predicted by several models from the literature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, LM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8477-6 PY 2004 BP 162 EP 166 DI 10.1109/RTP.2004.1441957 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BCD09 UT WOS:000228693200019 ER PT B AU Tsai, BK Bodycomb, J DeWitt, DP Kreider, KG Kimes, WA AF Tsai, BK Bodycomb, J DeWitt, DP Kreider, KG Kimes, WA BE Gelpey, J Lojek, B Nenyei, Z Singh, R TI Emissivity compensated pyrometry for specular silicon surfaces on the NIST RTP test bed SO RTP 2004: 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors : RTP 2004 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors CY SEP 28-30, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE AB Since pyrometric: thermometry is a noncontact method, it has great promise as a technique for monitoring silicon wafers during rapid thermal processing (RTP). Absolute values of surface emissivity are required when making pyrometric temperature measurements. One approach to obtaining these values is the use of emissivity compensated pyrometry, where a reflectometer is integrated into the pyrometer to allow real-time emissivity measurement. While this technique has been successfully applied to Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) of compound semiconductors, it has not been applied to RTP. Although such measurements require that the surface be a specular reflector, they promise real-time traceable temperature measurements that are independent of the nature of the wafer. Here we discuss measurement of wafer temperature for polished wafers and an initial attempt to measure a patterned wafer during heating inside the RTP test bed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8477-6 PY 2004 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1109/RTP.2004.1441958 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BCD09 UT WOS:000228693200020 ER PT B AU Jansen, W Gavrila, S Korolev, V Heute, T Seveillac, C AF Jansen, W Gavrila, S Korolev, V Heute, T Seveillac, C BE Arabnia, HR Aissi, S Mun, Y TI A unified framework for mobile device security SO SAM '04: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Security and Management CY JUN 21-24, 2004 CL Las Vegas, NV SP Comp Sci Res, Educ & Applicat Press, Int Technol Inst, Korean Soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol DE mobile security; user authentication; policy enforcement; file encryption; security frameworks AB Present-day handheld devices, such as PDAs, are a useful blend of hardware and software oriented toward the mobile workforce. While they provide the capability to review documents, correspond via electronic mail, manage appointments and contacts, etc., they typically lack a number of important security features. Concerned individuals and organizations aware of the associated risks involved, mitigate them with such add-on mechanisms as improved user authentication, content encryption, organizational policy controls, virus protection, firewall and intrusion detection filtering, and virtual private network communication. Unfortunately, such piecemeal solutions often present problems in software integration, usability, and administration. This paper describes a framework for incorporating core security mechanisms in a unified manner that avoids these problems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jansen, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-932415-37-8 PY 2004 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BBL03 UT WOS:000225969500002 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE TI New application of variable-pressure/environmental microscopy to semiconductor inspection and metrology SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE critical dimension; variable pressure; high pressure; environmental microscopy; metrology; scanning electron microscopy ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; LINEWIDTH METROLOGY; INSULATOR SUBSTRATE AB Variable-pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy has been used for successful investigation binary and phase-shifting chromium on quartz optical photomasks. This methodology was also applied to patterned 193 urn photoresist structures. The application of this methodology to semiconductor metrology is new because of the recent availability of variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (SEM) instrumentation equipped with high-resolution, high-signal, thermally assisted field emission technology in conjunction with large chamber and sample transfer capabilities. The variable-pressure SEM methodology employs a gaseous environment around the sample to help diminish the charge build-up that occurs under irradiation with the electron beam. Although very desirable for the charge reduction in many biological, pharmaceutical, and food applications, this methodology has not been employed for semiconductor photomask or wafer metrology until now. This is a new application of this technology to this area, and it shows great promise in inspection, imaging, and metrology in a charge-free operational mode. For accurate metrology, variable-pressure SEM methodology also affords a path that minimizes, if not eliminates, the need for charge modeling. This paper presents some of the early results in the variable-pressure SEM metrology of photomask and photoresist structures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Nanometer Scale Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Nanometer Scale Metrol Grp, Metrol Bldg,Rm A-117,Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM postek@nist.gov NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 773GQ UT WOS:000188890000002 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, CC AF Lautenbacher, CC TI NOAA: Science gain value to meet 21st century challenges SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Lautenbacher, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 766TF UT WOS:000188391100003 ER PT J AU Baird, RC Painter, A AF Baird, RC Painter, A TI Sea Grant: Imperatives for the 21st century SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Baird, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 40 EP 41 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 766TF UT WOS:000188391100015 ER PT J AU Cavicchi, RE Poirier, GE Tea, NH Afridi, M Berning, D Hefner, A Suehle, I Gaitan, M Semancik, S Montgomery, C AF Cavicchi, RE Poirier, GE Tea, NH Afridi, M Berning, D Hefner, A Suehle, I Gaitan, M Semancik, S Montgomery, C TI Micro-differential scanning calorimeter for combustible gas sensing SO SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; microhotplate; gas sensor; catalyst ID HEAT-CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS; NANOSTRUCTURES; SENSITIVITY AB A micron-scale differential scanning calorimeter (muDSC) has been produced on a silicon chip allowing for microscopic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on small samples. The device consists of a suspended rectangular microhotplate with sample and reference zones at either end, each with a polysilicon microheater for temperature control. The temperature difference between the two zones is measured with a thermopile consisting of a series of successive polysilicon/metal junctions which alternate between the two zones. In a scanning differential calorimetry measurement, the two elements are heated simultaneously with a ramped temperature profile. A thermal process zone is defined on one of the elements, for example, a catalyst for chemical sensing, a material which exhibits a phase transition, or a chemically selective reactive material. When temperature is scanned the loss or gain of heat associated with the reaction or phase transition on the sample zone produces a difference signal on the thermopile. The device has a temperature range from 20 to 600 degreesC, and can be heated to that temperature in as little as 40 mus, while the cooling time constant is 5 ms. Thermal imaging was used to characterize heat flow across the device in response to a 40 mus voltage pulse applied to one side. At 4 ms after the pulse the heat distribution has become largely uniform across the device, showing that scans shorter than this time-scale will minimize the effects of heat loss from the sample to the reference zone. An example application shows the response to varying concentrations of methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and hydrogen in air, when operated with periodic ramps to 570 degreesC of duration 3.5 s. The thermopile responds with a periodic waveform which is different for different gases, making the use of pattern recognition analytical methods for gas identification possible. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cavicchi, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rcavicchi@nist.gov NR 9 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-4005 J9 SENSOR ACTUAT B-CHEM JI Sens. Actuator B-Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00515-X PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 763JZ UT WOS:000188082900003 ER PT J AU Carasso, AS AF Carasso, AS TI Singular integrals, image smoothness, and the recovery of texture in image deblurring SO SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE image deblurring; total variation; nonsmooth images; loss of texture; Lipschitz spaces; Besov spaces; semigroup approximations; singular integrals; Poisson kernel; Gaussian kernel; recovery of texture; Tikhonov-Miller method; true Wiener filtering; Poisson Singular Integral method; PSI method ID TOTAL VARIATION MINIMIZATION; BLIND DECONVOLUTION; NOISE REMOVAL; DISTRIBUTIONS; COMPRESSION AB Total variation (TV) image deblurring is a PDE-based technique that preserves edges, but often eliminates vital small-scale information, or texture. This phenomenon reflects the fact that most natural images are not of bounded variation. The present paper reconsiders the image deblurring problem in Lipschitz spaces Lambda(alpha, p, q), wherein a wide class of nonsmooth images can be accommodated. A new and fast FFT-based deblurring method is developed that can recover texture in cases where TV deblurring fails completely. Singular integrals, such as the Poisson kernel, are used to create an effective new image analysis tool that can calibrate the lack of smoothness in an image. It is found that a rich class of images is an element of Lambda(alpha, 1, infinity) boolean AND Lambda(beta, 2,infinity), with 0.2 < α, β < 0.7. The Poisson kernel is then used to regularize the deblurring problem by appropriately constraining its solutions in Lambda(alpha, 2, infinity) spaces, leading to new L-2 error bounds that substantially improve on the Tikhonov-Miller method. This so-called Poisson Singular Integral or PSI method is only one of an infinite variety of singular integral deblurring methods that can be constructed. The method is found to be well-behaved in both the L-1 and L-2 norms, producing results closely matching those obtained in the theoretically optimal, but practically unrealizable, case of true Wiener filtering. Deblurring experiments on synthetically defocused images illustrate the PSI method's very significant improvements over both the total variation and Tikhonov-Miller methods. In addition, successful reconstructions with inexact prior Lipschitz space information, highlight the robustness and practicality of the PSI method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carasso, AS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alfred.carasso@nist.gov NR 40 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 0036-1399 J9 SIAM J APPL MATH JI SIAM J. Appl. Math. PY 2004 VL 64 IS 5 BP 1749 EP 1774 DI 10.1137/S0036139903428306 PG 26 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 843QK UT WOS:000223099100012 ER PT S AU Hefner, A McNutt, T Berning, D Singh, R Akuffo, A AF Hefner, A McNutt, T Berning, D Singh, R Akuffo, A BE Madar, R Camassel, J TI The role of carrier lifetime in forward bias degradation of 4H-SiC PiN diodes SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2003, PRTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conferece on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2003 (ICSCRM 2003) CY OCT 05-10, 2003 CL Lyon, FRANCE DE SiC; PiN dioce; forward bias degradation; lifetime; stacking fault; high voltage; power device; reverse recovery; transient waveform; end-region recombination; parameter extraction ID STACKING-FAULTS; N-DIODES; MODEL AB The role of excess carrier lifetime reduction in the mechanism for on-state voltage (V-f) degradation of high voltage 4H-SiC PiN diodes is investigated. A method is developed to electrically monitor the emitter, base, and end region excess carrier lifetimes at periodic intervals during the forward bias stress condition. The lifetime measurement method involves using the turn-off reverse-recovery waveforms for conditions of high dI/dt and low dV/dt. The peak reverse-recovery current for high dI/dt is related to the excess carrier charge stored before the diode is switched off and is an indication of the total recombination rate. The low dV/dt condition minimizes the carrier sweep out and diffusion currents resulting in a current tail with a decay rate that is determined by the base and end-region lifetimes. This lifetime measurement method is used to monitor diodes with degradation times ranging from one minute to over several hundred hours. The measurements indicate that V-f degradation is accompanied by a reduction in end region lifetime and/or reduction in device conduction area. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Elect Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Hefner, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2004 VL 457-460 BP 1053 EP 1056 PN 1&2 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BAM18 UT WOS:000222802200250 ER PT S AU Koo, SM Zetterling, CM Lee, HS Ostling, M AF Koo, SM Zetterling, CM Lee, HS Ostling, M BE Madar, R Camassel, J TI SiC JMOSFETs for high-temperature stable circuit operation SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2003, PRTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conferece on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2003 (ICSCRM 2003) CY OCT 05-10, 2003 CL Lyon, FRANCE DE junction field effect transistors; JMOSFET; 4H-SiC ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS AB 4H-SiC junction-gated and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (JMOSFETs) have been fabricated for high temperature stable circuit operation. The JMOSFETs have shown the feasibility for operating with constant on and off current levels from room temperature up to 300 degreesC. Moreover, by accumulating the channel using the MOS gate, over 2.5 times higher current density than normal JFET operation has been achieved. The temperature dependent I-V and the sub-threshold characteristics have been studied by using 2-dimensional simulation. C1 Royal Inst Technol, KTH, Dept Microbiol & Informat Technol, S-16440 Kista, Sweden. RP Koo, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM smkoo@kth.se; bellman@imit.kth.se RI Zetterling, Carl-Mikael/E-5764-2015 OI Zetterling, Carl-Mikael/0000-0001-8108-2631 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2004 VL 457-460 BP 1445 EP 1448 PN 1&2 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BAM18 UT WOS:000222802200345 ER PT S AU Dyer, SD Williams, PA Espejo, RJ Kofler, JD Etzel, SM AF Dyer, SD Williams, PA Espejo, RJ Kofler, JD Etzel, SM BE Udd, E Inaudi, D TI Key metrology considerations for riber Bragg grating sensors SO SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2004: SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Smart Structures and Materials 2004 Conference CY MAR 15-18, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Soc Expt Mech, Boeing Co, Journal Intelligent Mat Syst & Struct, Rhombus Consultants Grp, CSA Engn Inc, ISIS Canada DE calibration; fiber Bragg gratings; fiber-optic sensors; metrology AB We discuss the current status of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor metrology. High-accuracy wavelength measurements are critical for FBG strain sensors, because wavelength measurement uncertainties even as small as I pm lead to an uncertainty of nearly 1 microstrain. We administered an FBG wavelength measurements round robin in which twelve participants measured the spectral reflectance of four FBGs; we found that the measured peak wavelengths of a single FBG varied by as much as 35 pm. We have determined that this variation results from two factors: the uncertainty of the measurement systems and the wavelength instability of the athermally packaged FBGs. We found that the wavelengths of athermally packaged gratings will drift with time and can undergo large jumps and that it is difficult to achieve stability better than 4 pm/year. We discuss the measurement uncertainties for several common wavelength measurement systems, including tunable laser, optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), and interferometric measurements. We show that when using an OSA, as many of the round-robin participants did, it is difficult to achieve a measurement uncertainty better than 10 pm, and if the OSA is not accurately calibrated to a known wavelength reference; then wavelength measurement uncertainty can be as large as 1 nm. Wavelength references that are based on molecular absorption lines are ideal for calibrating OSAs, but they are not optimal for calibrating FBG interrogation units where a reference based on reflection lines rather than absorption lines is often preferred. We discuss other possible candidates for wavelength references for FBG sensor interrogation units. C1 NIST, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dyer, SD (reprint author), NIST, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5301-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5384 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1117/12.544321 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BAT33 UT WOS:000223423700020 ER PT B AU Roth, RS Vanderah, TA AF Roth, RS Vanderah, TA BE Chowdari, BVR Yoo, HL Choi, GM Lee, JH TI Experimental determination of phase equilibria diagrams in ceramic systems SO SOLID STATE IONICS: THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF IONS IN MOTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Asian Conference on Solid State Ionics CY JUN 06-11, 2004 CL Cheju Isl, SOUTH KOREA SP Asian Soc Solid State Ion, NGVTEK com, Hyundai MOBIS, VK Corp, SKC Co Ltd, Korean Inst Ind Technol, Halla Energy & Environm, Samsung Corning Co Ltd, Korea Adv Nano Fab Ctr, Korea Inst Ceram Engn & Technol, DongKwan Ind Co Ltd AB A phase equilibria diagram is a pictorial representation of the thermodynamic equilibria between phases in any given chemical system and must obey the Gibbs Phase Rule, P+F = C+2, where P = the number of phases, F = he degrees of freedom and C = the number of components. However, in practice, the experimental phase equilibria diagram is a compromise between the constraints imposed by the Phase Rule and the observed experimental data, colored by the experimentalist's prejudices. The latter of course are dependent on the type, amount and quality of tic experimentalist's education and experience. Furthermore, the results are very strongly dependent on the type of experimental data accumulated, and the sophistication of the instrumentation utilized. For all these reasons, the phase equilibria diagram for a given system tends to change with time. As more and more data are accumulated by more and more workers, the diagram should become more representative of the true equilibrium conditions. However, it is very likely that no diagram is ever completely finished. Nevertheless, even crudely constructed diagrams based on very little experimental data can be of value to the industrial community. Any real information is better than none at all! The discussion of experimental techniques and problems involved in the determination of phase equilibria diagrams will be limited to temperature-composition diagrams at constant pressure. The talk includes specific examples of ceramic oxide systems chosen to illustrate problems associated with phases with possible "ions in motion". C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roth, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr MS 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-932-6 PY 2004 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1142/9789812702586_0001 PG 16 WC Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Physics GA BCL33 UT WOS:000229834400001 ER PT B AU Boettinger, WJ Josell, D Coriell, SR Basak, D AF Boettinger, WJ Josell, D Coriell, SR Basak, D BE Rappaz, M Beckermann, C Trivedi, R TI Rapid melting of Nb-47 mass % Ti: Effect of heating rate and grain size SO SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES AND MICROSTRUCTURES: A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF WILFRIED KURZ LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solidification Processes and Microstructures in Honor of Wilfried Kurz held at the TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP Minerals , Met & Mat Soc, Solidificat Comm, Mat Proc & Mfg Div DE rapid melting; alloys; pulse heating ID HIGH-TEMPERATURES; RADIANCE TEMPERATURES; ALLOY SOLIDIFICATION; MOLYBDENUM; EMISSIVITY; INTERFACE; BEHAVIOR; TUNGSTEN; NIOBIUM; POINT AB The effect of heating rate and grain size on the melting behavior of Nb - 47 mass% Ti is measured. The experimental method uses rapid resistive self-heating of wire specimens at rates between 10(2) and 10(4) K/s and simultaneous measurement of radiance temperature and normal spectral emissivity as functions of time until specimen collapse, typically between 0.4 and 0.9 fraction melted. During heating, a sharp drop in emissivity is observed at a temperature that is independent of heating rate and grain size. This drop is due to surface and grain boundary melting at the alloy solidus temperature even though there is very little deflection of the temperature-time curve from the imposed heating rate (limited melting). Above the solidus temperature, the emissivity remains nearly constant with increasing temperature, and the temperature vs. time curve gradually reaches a sloped plateau over which the major fraction of the specimen melts. As the heating rate and/or grain size is increased, the onset temperature of the sloped plateau approaches the alloy liquidus temperature, and the slope of the plateau approaches zero. This interpretation of the shapes of the temperature-time curves is supported by a model that includes diffusion in the solid coupled with an energy balance during the melting process. There is no evidence of loss of local equilibrium at the melt front during melting in these experiments. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boettinger, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-572-7 PY 2004 BP 87 EP 98 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY80J UT WOS:000189466900011 ER PT B AU Warren, JA Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Tegze, G Douglas, JF AF Warren, JA Granasy, L Pusztai, T Borzsonyi, T Tegze, G Douglas, JF BE Rappaz, M Beckermann, C Trivedi, R TI The influence of foreign particles in the formation of polycrystalline solidification patterns SO SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES AND MICROSTRUCTURES: A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF WILFRIED KURZ LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solidification Processes and Microstructures in Honor of Wilfried Kurz held at the TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP Minerals , Met & Mat Soc, Solidificat Comm, Mat Proc & Mfg Div DE solidification; grain boundaries; heterogeneities ID DIRECTIONAL DENDRITIC SOLIDIFICATION; COMPOSITE SLURRY; FIELD; GROWTH; MICROSTRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; MODEL AB Crystallization of real materials is often influenced by impurities unintentionally introduced into the melt, although the influence of such heterogeneities has received relatively limited consideration in the scientific literature devoted to the modeling of crystal growth. Recent observations on clay-polymer blend films indicate that particulate additives, in addition to serving as nucleating agents, may also perturb crystal growth, leading to the formation of irregular dendritic morphologies. [1, 2]. Here we examine the formation of these "dizzy dendrites" using a phase field theory in which randomly distributed foreign particle inclusions perturb the crystallization by deflecting the tips of the,growing dendrite arms. We include a complete description of the equations solved, as well as a slight correction to our previous treatment of this problem.[3]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Warren, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-572-7 PY 2004 BP 379 EP 385 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY80J UT WOS:000189466900050 ER PT J AU Mann, I Kimura, H Biesecker, DA Tsurutani, BT Grun, E Mckibben, RB Liou, JC Macqueen, RM Mukai, T Guhathakurta, M Lamy, P AF Mann, I Kimura, H Biesecker, DA Tsurutani, BT Grun, E Mckibben, RB Liou, JC Macqueen, RM Mukai, T Guhathakurta, M Lamy, P TI Dust near the Sun SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SOLAR F-CORONA; ORBITING ARGOS SPACECRAFT; SPADUS INSTRUMENT ABOARD; INTERPLANETARY DUST; CIRCUMSOLAR DUST; SUNGRAZING COMETS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; THERMAL RADIATION; INTERSTELLAR DUST; MASS-DISTRIBUTION AB We review the current knowledge and understanding of dust in the inner solar system. The major sources of the dust population in the inner solar system are comets and asteroids, but the relative contributions of these sources are not quantified. The production processes inward from 1 AU are: Poynting-Robertson deceleration of particles outside of 1 AU, fragmentation into dust due to particle-particle collisions, and direct dust production from comets. The loss processes are: dust collisional fragmentation, sublimation, radiation pressure acceleration, sputtering, and rotational bursting. These loss processes as well as dust surface processes release dust compounds in the ambient interplanetary medium. Between 1 and 0.1 AU the dust number densities and fluxes can be described by inward extrapolation of 1 AU measurements, assuming radial dependences that describe particles in close to circular orbits. Observations have confirmed the general accuracy of these assumptions for regions within 30degrees latitude of the ecliptic plane. The dust densities are considerably lower above the solar poles but Lorentz forces can lift particles of sizes < 5 mu m to high latitudes and produce a random distribution of small grains that varies with the solar magnetic field. Also long-period comets are a source of out-of-ecliptic particles. Under present conditions no prominent dust ring exists near the Sun. We discuss the recent observations of sungrazing comets. Future in-situ experiments should measure the complex dynamics of small dust particles, identify the contribution of cometary dust to the inner-solar-system dust cloud, and determine dust interactions in the ambient interplanetary medium. The combination of in-situ dust measurements with particle and field measurements is recommended. C1 Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-4400 Munster, Germany. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX USA. Rhodes Coll, Memphis, TN 38112 USA. Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Kobe, Hyogo 657, Japan. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. Astrophys Lab, Marseille, France. RP Mann, I (reprint author), Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-4400 Munster, Germany. EM imann@uni-muenster.de NR 112 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 2004 VL 110 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 305 DI 10.1023/B:SPAC.0000023440.82735.ba PG 37 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 811GZ UT WOS:000220761700003 ER PT S AU Linsky, JL Pagano, I Valenti, JA Duncan, D AF Linsky, Jeffrey L. Pagano, Isabella Valenti, Jeff A. Duncan, Doug BA Dupree, AK BF Dupree, AK TI The Sun as a star: Comparing alpha Cen A to UV solar spectra SO Stars as Suns: Activity, Evolution and Planets SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 219th IAU Symposium on Stars as Suns - Activity, Evolution, and Planets CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID TRANSITION REGION AB The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) obtained high resolution echelle spectra of the nearby G2 V star alpha Centauri A covering the entire 1133-3150 A region with very high signal/noise. This data set provides what is probably the best approximation to the spectrum of the Sun viewed as a star, because it is a full disk spectrum with 2.6 km s(-1) resolution, accurate absolute fluxes, full UV spectral coverage, high S/N, and low scattered light. In the 1140-1670 A region we identify 671 emission lines from 37 different atoms and ions and the molecules CO and H-2. We make a detailed comparison of the solar and alpha Cen A spectra in terms of line identification, line widths and Doppler shifts, emission measure distributions, and electron densities. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. Osserv Astrofis Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Linsky, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Pagano, Isabella/I-6934-2015 OI Pagano, Isabella/0000-0001-9573-4928 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-163-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 VL 2004 IS 219 BP 431 EP 435 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFN67 UT WOS:000243338300053 ER PT S AU Embley, RW Lupton, JE AF Embley, RW Lupton, JE BE Wilcock, WSD DeLong, EF Kelley, DS Baross, JA Cary, SC TI Diking, event plumes, and the subsurface biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges SO SUBSEAFLOOR BIOSPHERE AT MID-OCEAN RANGES SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Ridge-Theoretical-Institute on the Subsurface Biosphere at Mid-Ocean Ridges CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 2000 CL Big Sky, MT SP Ridge Theoret Inst ID JUAN-DE-FUCA; EAST PACIFIC RISE; YOUNG OCEANIC-CRUST; FLOOR GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS; NORTHERN CLEFT SEGMENT; SEA VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; 1993 COAXIAL EVENT; HEAT-FLOW; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AB Diking events along the Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) drive long, narrow intrusions of lava into the upper ocean crust in response to far-field tectonic plate stresses. Intrusion of dikes is the primary accretion mechanism of the upper ocean crust, providing a pathway for eruption of lavas onto the ocean floor. This extrusive layer, which has bulk porosity greater than 25% in the youngest ocean crust, provides a potential extensive habitat for a robust and diverse microbial subsurface biosphere. The extrusive layer is hundreds of meters to a kilometer or greater in thickness in much of the ocean crust generated by fast and intermediate-rate spreading rates. Its thickness is more variable at slower spreading rates, and in some places it may be missing entirely. The porosity and permeability decrease by a factor of ten in the sheeted dikes, which lie beneath the extrusive layer. As the ocean crust ages and cools, its porosity decreases and the vigor of hydrothermal circulation decreases. In addition to these time varying factors, other crustal accretion variables such as the spacing of first, second, and lower order tectonic boundaries, time-variable magma supply, and faulting create a spatially variable habitat for the oceanic subsurface biosphere. Dike intrusion at the Mid-Ocean Ridge is commonly accompanied by graben formation at the seafloor and, in some cases by eruption(s) of lava. The geometry of the dike and the location of the eruption(s) (if any) depend on many factors, including the stress state of the crust and topographic gradient. The concomitant increase in the release of volatiles and the creation of fractures often create ideal conditions for significant microbial blooms. The commonly observed "snow-blower" vents are the most obvious manifestation of this process. The diking process is also intimately tied to the generation of event plumes, probably by driving existing subsurface fluid reservoirs up into the ocean. Expulsions of subsurface microbes in event plumes that accompany dike injections and the pulse of heat and volatiles that follow, them provide windows of opportunity to sample the microbial populations that could be similar to those that normally reside at greater depth in the ocean crust. In situ sampling of the microbial communities in the youngest upper oceanic crust remains challenging, and further success depends on further. advances in drilling technology. C1 NOAA, PMEL, OERD, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Embley, RW (reprint author), NOAA, PMEL, OERD, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 143 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-409-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2004 VL 144 BP 75 EP 97 DI 10.1029/144GM06 PG 23 WC Ecology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Oceanography GA BBC15 UT WOS:000224701400006 ER PT J AU Jach, T Dura, JA Nguyen, NV Swider, J Cappello, G Richter, C AF Jach, T Dura, JA Nguyen, NV Swider, J Cappello, G Richter, C TI Comparative thickness measurements of SiO2/Si films for thicknesses less than 10 nm SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE XPS; GIXPS; ellipsometry; neutron reflectrometry; thickness; films; SiO2 ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MEAN FREE PATHS; PHOTOEMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; ELLIPSOMETRY; REFLECTION; SI; REFLECTOMETRY; TRANSMISSION AB We report on a comparative measurement of SiO2/Si dielectric film thickness (t < 10 nm) using grazing-incidence x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, neutron reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Samples with nominal thicknesses of 3-7 nm were characterized by XPS with grazing-incidence x-rays at 1.8 keV, by cold neutron reflectometry (lambda = 0.475 nm) and by spectroscopic ellipsometry over 1.5 eV < E < 6.0 eV. The results show good agreement between the ellipsometry and grazing-incidence XPS, with slightly lower values for the neutron reflectometry. The role of surface contamination in each type of measurement is discussed. Published in 2004 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jach, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM terrence.jach@nist.gov RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1002/sia.1641 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 773KW UT WOS:000188923800004 ER PT S AU Tarrio, C Vest, RE Grantham, S Liu, K Lucatorto, TB Shaw, PS AF Tarrio, C Vest, RE Grantham, S Liu, K Lucatorto, TB Shaw, PS BE Warwick, T Arthur, J Padmore, HA Stohr, J TI Improved radiometry for extreme-ultraviolet lithography SO SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation (SRI 2003) CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab Adv Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab ID SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY SCALE; CRYOGENIC RADIOMETRY; FACILITY; STANDARDS; RADIATION AB The absolute cryogenic radiometer (ACR), an electrical-substitution-based detector, is the most accurate method for measurement of radiant power in the extreme ultraviolet. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, ACR-based measurements are currently used as standards from the infrared and into the vacuum ultraviolet, however, no radiometric facilities are currently in operation with enough incident power to use an ACR in the extreme-ultraviolet region. Therefore, we have installed transfer optics on an existing beamline to allow the installation of the ACR as an additional endstation. We will describe the current radiometric beamline, the ACR, and the high-throughput beamline, and the transfer-optical system. Finally, we will present the performance of the transfer optics and measurements of the beam profile and incident power of the new endstation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tarrio, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8410, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0180-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 705 BP 608 EP 611 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Optics GA BAG55 UT WOS:000222089000150 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Anderson, JL Rosati, A Harrison, M Khare, SP Wittenberg, A AF Zhang, S Anderson, JL Rosati, A Harrison, M Khare, SP Wittenberg, A TI Multiple time level adjustment for data assimilation SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; ERROR COVARIANCE; MODEL; INTEGRATIONS; FORECASTS; SYSTEMS; ADJOINT AB Time-stepping schemes in ocean-atmosphere models can involve multiple time levels. Traditional data assimilation implementation considers only the adjustment of the current state using observations available, i.e. the one time level adjustment. However, one time level adjustment introduces an inconsistency between the adjusted and unadjusted states into the model time integration, which can produce extra assimilation errors. For time-dependent assimilation approaches such as ensemble-based filtering algorithms, the persistent introduction of this inconsistency can give rise to computational instability and requires extra time filtering to maintain the assimilation. A multiple time level adjustment assimilation scheme is thus proposed, in which the states at times t and t - 1, t - 2,..., if applicable, are adjusted using observations at time t. Given a leap frog time-stepping scheme, a low-order (Lorenz-63) model and a simple atmospheric (global barotropic) model are used to demonstrate the impact of the two time level adjustment on assimilation results in a perfect model framework with observing/assimilation simulation experiments. The assimilation algorithms include an ensemble-based filter (the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter, EAKF) and a strong constraint four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation method. Results show that the two time level adjustment always reduces the assimilation errors for both filtering and variational algorithms due to the consistency of the adjusted states at times t and t - I that are used to produce the future state in the leap frog time-stepping. The magnitude of the error reduction made by the two time level adjustment varies according to the availability of observations, the nonlinearity of the assimilation model and the strength of the time filter used in the model. Generally the sparser the observations in time, the larger the error reduction. In particular, for the EAKF when the model uses a weak time filter and for the 4D-Var method when the model is strongly nonlinear, two time level adjustment can significantly improve the performance of these assimilation algorithms. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Zhang, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM snz@gfdl.noaa.gov RI Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 56 IS 1 BP 2 EP 15 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00040.x PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 773RV UT WOS:000188937300001 ER PT S AU Miller, AJ Luukanen, A Grossman, EN AF Miller, AJ Luukanen, A Grossman, EN BE Hwu, RJ Woolard, D TI Micromachined antenna-coupled uncooled microbolometers for terahertz imaging arrays SO TERAHERTZ FOR MILITARY AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Terahertz for Military and Security Applications II CY APR 12-13, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE air-bridge; microbolometer; millimeter-wave; planar antenna; terahertz imaging ID CONCEALED WEAPONS DETECTION; SYSTEM AB In recent years our group has made significant progress toward the goal of a scalable, inexpensive terahertz imaging system for the detection of weapons concealed under clothing. By actively illuminating the subject under examination with only moderate source power (few milliwatts) the sensitivity constraints on the detector technology are significantly lessened compared to purely passive millimeter-wave detection. Last year, we demonstrated a fully planar, optically lithographed, uncooled terahertz imaging array with 120 pixels on a silicon substrate 75 mm in diameter. In this paper we present the recent progress on improving the responsivity of the individual microbolometers by a simple technique of surface micromachining to reduce the substrate thermal conduction. We describe the microbolometer array fabrication and present results on devices with a measured electrical responsivity of over 85 V/W (electrical NEPapproximate to25 pW/rootHz), an improvement by a factor of two over current substrate-supported bolometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5334-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5411 BP 18 EP 24 DI 10.1117/12.543236 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAZ89 UT WOS:000224335100003 ER PT S AU Grossman, EN Luukanen, A Miller, AJ AF Grossman, EN Luukanen, A Miller, AJ BE Hwu, RJ Woolard, D TI Terahertz active direct detection imagers SO TERAHERTZ FOR MILITARY AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Terahertz for Military and Security Applications II CY APR 12-13, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE array; bolometer; concealed weapons; imaging; millimeter-wave; terahertz ID BACKWARD DIODES; MILLIMETER; POLARIZER AB We discuss several tradeoffs presented in the design of active imaging systems for the 100 to 1000 GHz frequency range, describe how we have addressed them in the design of a scanning, 95 GHz, bolometer-based imager for concealed weapons detection that is nearing completion, and describe how the system architecture can be modified to scale the operating frequency to the 650 GHz atmospheric window. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5334-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5411 BP 68 EP 77 DI 10.1117/12.549135 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAZ89 UT WOS:000224335100008 ER PT S AU Luukanen, A Hadfield, RH Miller, AJ Grossman, EN AF Luukanen, A Hadfield, RH Miller, AJ Grossman, EN BE Hwu, RJ Woolard, D TI A superconducting antenna-coupled microbolometer for THz applications SO TERAHERTZ FOR MILITARY AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Terahertz for Military and Security Applications II CY APR 12-13, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE bolometer; imaging; superconducting; terahertz ID HOT-ELECTRON BOLOMETERS AB hi this paper we demonstrate a superconducting bolometer, coupled to a lithographic antenna. The detector is operated at 4.2 K, and has an electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) of 14 fW/Hz(1/2). We note that this sensitivity is approaching the typical background noise limit for terrestrial observations. The attractive feature of antenna-coupled microbolometers; is that the simple fabrication procedure allows straightforward scaling to arrays, multi frequency capability, as well as intrinsic polarization selectivity. These features potentially enable the remote detection of chemical or biological agents by measuring differential absorption with two or more bolometers coupled to antennas designed for the intended frequencies. The noise equivalent temperature difference attainable with these detectors is around 40 mK at 0.5 THz for an integration time of 1/30 s and 30% bandwidth, which would enable unprecedented image quality in application to detection of concealed weapons. Although the devices require cooling to cryogenic temperatures, we note that compact, closed-cycle cryocoolers exist on the market, which removes the need for liquid cryogens and provides user-friendly operation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Luukanen, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Elect Metrol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5334-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5411 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.544159 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAZ89 UT WOS:000224335100015 ER PT S AU Hanssen, L Mekhontsev, S Khromchenko, V AF Hanssen, L Mekhontsev, S Khromchenko, V BE Burleigh, DD Cramer, KE Peacock, GR TI Infrared spectral emissivity characterization facility at NIST SO THERMOSENSE XXVI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXVI CY APR 13-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE spectral emittance; spectral emissivity; infrared; blackbody; sphere reflectometer ID REFLECTANCE AB A new facility for the measurement of spectral emittance (emissivity) of materials that employs a set of blackbody sources is being built at NIST. This facility has also been used to investigate the capabilities of Fourier transform (FT) spectrometers to characterize the spectral emissivity of blackbody sources. The facility covers the spectral range of 1 mum to 20 girt and temperatures from 600 K to 1400 K. The principle of operation involves the spectral comparison of an unknown source with a group of variable temperature and fixed point reference sources by means of the FT spectrometer and filter radiometers. Sample surface temperature is measured by non-contact method using a sphere reflectometer. The current reflectometer setup allows measurements of opaque samples, but it is planned to include semitransparent materials at a later stage. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, L (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5328-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5405 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1117/12.542224 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAL28 UT WOS:000222663600001 ER PT S AU Tesk, JA Karam, LR AF Tesk, JA Karam, LR BE Schutte, E Picciolo, GL Kaplan, D TI NIST and standards for tissue engineered medical products SO TISSUE ENGINEERED MEDICAL PRODUCTS (TEMPS) SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tissue Engineered Medical Products CY NOV 04-05, 2002 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Int Comm F4 DE standards for tissue engineering; TEMPs; test methods for tissue engineering; measurements for tissue engineering; scaffolds; cell-material interactions; measurement technologies; characterization of surfaces; characterization of materials; characterization of cells; NIST; standard reference materials; SRM; DNA; bioinformatics AB On June 13-14, 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) convened a workshop of high level representatives from industry, federal agencies, and standards organizations to identify standards-related needs of the biomedical materials and devices industry. There were individual breakout sessions on standards for: Biomaterials, Therapeutic and Drug Delivery Devices, Auditory Diagnostic and Prosthetic Devices, Manufacturing of Prostheses, and Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs). Cross-cutting issues of Harmonization of Standards, Data, and Sterilization were also addressed. The session on Standards for TEMPs placed its most significant needs on the development of test methods and materials characterization. Action items for NIST to consider were separated into those relative to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process and those relative to industry needs not directly related to the FDA approval process. This paper summarizes the needs identified for TEMPs and the status of NIST-related activities. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ind Liaison Off, Directors Off, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tesk, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ind Liaison Off, Directors Off, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3471-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1452 BP 40 EP 46 DI 10.1520/STP11632S PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAH88 UT WOS:000222328400004 ER PT S AU Cicerone, MT Dunkers, CP Washburn, NR AF Cicerone, MT Dunkers, CP Washburn, NR BE Schutte, E Picciolo, GL Kaplan, D TI Towards in-situ monitoring of cell growth in tissue engineering scaffolds: High resolution optical techniques SO TISSUE ENGINEERED MEDICAL PRODUCTS (TEMPS) SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tissue Engineered Medical Products CY NOV 04-05, 2002 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Int Comm F4 DE coherence microscopy; fluorescence microscopy; morphology; OCT; tissue engineering scaffold ID NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION; MICROSCOPY; COHERENCE AB Inability to obtain cellular-level information about progress of cell growth in tissue-engineering (TE) scaffolds is a pervasive problem. We demonstrate that a confocal microscope with two collinear contrast mechanisms, optical coherence, and fluorescence, can be used to perforin non-destructive imaging of a polymer TE scaffold containing osteoblasts. We show that the combination of the techniques shows promise for in situ measurements of cell growth in a bioreactor, even for highly opaque TE scaffolds. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cicerone, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3471-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1452 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1520/STP11635S PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAH88 UT WOS:000222328400007 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, H Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Barker, PE O'Connell, C Dizdaroglu, M AF Rodriguez, H Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Barker, PE O'Connell, C Dizdaroglu, M BE Schutte, E Picciolo, GL Kaplan, D TI A comparative study of biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage used to detect free radical damage in tissue-engineered skin SO TISSUE ENGINEERED MEDICAL PRODUCTS (TEMPS) SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tissue Engineered Medical Products CY NOV 04-05, 2002 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Int Comm F4 DE oxidative DNA damage; free radical damage; biomarkers AB The process of tissue engineering often involves the mixing of cells with polymers that may elevate the level of endogenous free radicals and thus cause genetic damage to the cell. In order to assure that such composite materials are free of genetic damage, our laboratory is responding to the need for test methods used to assess the safety and performance of tissue-engineered materials. Specifically, we are identifying cellular biomarkers, that could be used to ensure that the cells of tissue-engineered materials have not undergone any oxidative DNA damage from the production of free radicals by oxidative stress during the development, storage or shipment of the product. Using the technique of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we have screened for the oxidatively modified DNA base 8-hydroxyguanine in tissue-engineered skin and compared the levels to those in control cells, neonatal fibroblasts and neonatal keratinocytes. No significant level of damage was detected compared to control cells. The technique of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was also used in the validation of this biomarker by measuring its nucleoside form. The results obtained with this technique were nearly identical to those obtained with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomarker programs such as this can provide the basis for an international reference standard of cellular biomarkers that can aid in the development and safety of tissue-engineered medical products. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rodriguez, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 831, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3471-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1452 BP 84 EP 89 DI 10.1520/STP11638S PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAH88 UT WOS:000222328400010 ER PT S AU O'Connell, C Barker, PE Marino, M McAndrew, P Atha, DH Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Rodriguez, H AF O'Connell, C Barker, PE Marino, M McAndrew, P Atha, DH Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Rodriguez, H BE Schutte, E Picciolo, GL Kaplan, D TI Molecular biomarkers, used to detect cellular/genetic damage in tissue-engineered skin SO TISSUE ENGINEERED MEDICAL PRODUCTS (TEMPS) SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tissue Engineered Medical Products CY NOV 04-05, 2002 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Int Comm F4 DE TP53; CE-SSCP; DHPLC; Y-chromosome; biomarkers ID STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM; P53 MUTATIONS; GENETICS AB In this study, tissue-engineered skin (TestSkin II) was obtained, separated into its two cellular layers (epidermis and dermis) and DNA was extracted. The first biomarker tested consisted of screening for DNA point mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the TP53 gene, the most commonly mutated gene in skin cancer. To ensure the accuracy of the results, two measurement technologies that incorporate internal calibration standards were used. It was shown that tissue-engineered skin did not contain mutations in this gene at the level of sensitivity of SSCP-capillary electrophoresis and Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results were compared to control cells (neonatal fibroblasts and neonatal keratinocytes) and fibroblasts that were obtained from a 55-yearold and 96-year-old human donor. The second set of biomarkers tested looked at the loss of the Y-chromosome. Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization technology, no detectable loss of Y-chromosome was found in the tissue-engineered skin and neonatal control cells. Y-chromosome loss was found in the fibroblasts from the 96-year-old donor. Biomarkers such as TP53 mutations and chromosome loss can provide the basis for an international reference standard of cellular biomarkers that can aid in the development and safety of tissue engineered medical products. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Connell, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 831, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3471-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1452 BP 246 EP 253 DI 10.1520/STP11650S PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAH88 UT WOS:000222328400022 ER PT S AU Redfield, S Wood, BE Linsky, JL AF Redfield, S Wood, BE Linsky, JL BE Cairns, IH Genta, G Scherer, K TI Physical structure of the local interstellar medium SO TO THE EDGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE local interstellar medium; heliosphere; turbulent velocity structure; interplanetary environment ID INTER-STELLAR MEDIUM; CLOUD; GAS; MODEL AB The physical structure and morphology of the interstellar medium that surrounds our solar system directly effects the heliosphere and the interplanetary environment. High resolution ultraviolet absorption spectra of nearby stars and the intervening interstellar medium, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope, provide important information about the chemical abundance, ionization, temperature, kinematics, density, morphology, and turbulent structures of the local interstellar medium. Fortunately, nearly all observations of nearby stars contain useful local interstellar medium absorption lines. The number of useful observations is large enough that we can start analyzing the local interstellar medium as a three-dimensional object, as opposed to focusing on individual sightlines. We present the results of high resolution observations of nearby gas obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope. Our focus will be on the kinematic, temperature, and turbulent velocity structures in the Local Interstellar Cloud and other nearby clouds. Understanding the physical characteristics of these structures is necessary if we are to discuss the morphology of the local interstellar medium, its evolution, origin, and impact on the heliosphere and our solar system. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sredfield@astro.as.utexas.edu OI Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.053 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAS46 UT WOS:000223368400006 ER PT S AU Wood, BE Muller, HR Zank, GP Izmodenov, VV Linsky, JL AF Wood, BE Muller, HR Zank, GP Izmodenov, VV Linsky, JL BE Cairns, IH Genta, G Scherer, K TI The heliospheric hydrogen wall and astrospheres SO TO THE EDGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE heliosphere; heliospheric hydrogen wall; charge exchange; HI Ly alpha emission ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; LY-ALPHA ABSORPTION; MASS-LOSS RATES; SOLAR-WIND; D/H RATIO; LAMBDA ANDROMEDAE; EPSILON INDI; FUSE MISSION; STARS; EVOLUTION AB Charge exchange processes in the outer heliosphere produce a population of hot hydrogen gas within the heliosphere, creating a "hydrogen wall" between the heliopause and bow shock. The heliospheric hydrogen wall scatters Lyalpha photons passing through it, producing a detectable absorption signature in observations of HILyalpha emission from nearby stars. This heliospheric absorption has been observed using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and these observations have also yielded detections of analogous "astrospheric" absorption from material surrounding the observed stars. The astrospheric detections dramatize the importance of understanding the heliospheric interaction, since similar interactions exist around other stars and can now be studied with HST. We review comparisons that have been made between the observed heliospheric absorption and the predictions of various models. The astrospheric absorption provides a way to empirically estimate the mass loss rates of solar-like stars, leading to the first empirical estimates of how solar-like winds vary with stellar age and activity. Thus, we also review these astrospheric results and discuss their ramifications for solar, stellar, and planetary science. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Mech & Math, Dept Aeromech & Gas Dynam, Moscow 119899, Russia. RP Wood, BE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM woodb@origins.colorado.edu RI Izmodenov, Vladislav/K-6073-2012 OI Izmodenov, Vladislav/0000-0002-1748-0982 NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 66 EP 73 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.01.035 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAS46 UT WOS:000223368400010 ER PT J AU Larsen, DA Beckman, BR Cooper, KA Barrett, D Johnston, M Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW AF Larsen, DA Beckman, BR Cooper, KA Barrett, D Johnston, M Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW TI Assessment of high rates of precocious male maturation in a spring Chinook salmon supplementation hatchery program SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EARLY SEXUAL-MATURATION; SEASONAL ENDOCRINE CHANGES; ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SALAR L; RAINBOW-TROUT; PLASMA-LEVELS; AMAGO SALMON; MALE PARR; LIFE-HISTORIES AB The Yakima River Spring Chinook Salmon Supplementation Project in Washington State is one of the most ambitious efforts to enhance a natural salmon population currently under way in the United States. Over the past 5 years we have conducted research to characterize the developmental physiology of natural and hatchery-reared wild progeny spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Yakima River basin. Fish were sampled at the main hatchery in Cle Elum, at remote acclimation sites, and, during smolt migration, at downstream dams. Throughout these studies, we characterized the maturational state of all fish using combinations of visual and histological analyses of testes, computation of gonadosomatic indices, and measurement of plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). We established that a plasma 11-KT threshold of 0.8 ng/mL can be used to designate male fish as either immature or precociously maturing approximately 8 months prior to final maturation (1-2 months prior to release as "smolts"). Our analyses revealed that 37-49% of the hatchery-reared males from this program undergo precocious maturation at 2 years of age and that a portion of these fish appear to residualize in the upper Yakima River basin throughout the summer. An unnaturally high incidence of precocious male maturation may result in the loss of returning anadromous adults, the skewing of female : male sex ratios, and ecological and genetic impacts on wild populations and other native species. As precocious male maturation is significantly influenced by the growth rate at specific times of year, in future studies we will alter maturation rates through seasonal growth rate manipulations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Integrat Fish Biol Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Cle Elum Supplementat & Res Facil, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. Nelson Springs Res Ctr, Yakima, WA 98902 USA. RP Larsen, DA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Integrat Fish Biol Program, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. EM don.larsen@noaa.gov NR 81 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 133 IS 1 BP 98 EP 120 DI 10.1577/T03-031 PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 770RG UT WOS:000188744100010 ER PT J AU Pirhalla, DE AF Pirhalla, DE TI Evaluating fish-habitat relationships for refining regional indexes of biotic integrity: Development of a tolerance index of habitat degradation for Maryland stream fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITIES; ABUNDANCE AB I present tolerance values of stream fishes to specific characteristics of habitat quality in an effort to refine mid-Atlantic regional indices of biotic integrity. Species presence and abundance data were examined within ranges of habitat quality variables to reveal normalized habitat tolerance characteristics for 54 species found in nontidal streams of Maryland. Development of a fish habitat tolerance index (FHTI) provided information on the overall susceptibility of individual species to habitat degradation. Designations of intolerant, moderately intolerant, and tolerant were assigned to all species individually and compared across three regional strata (Coastal Plain, Eastern Piedmont, Highlands). Family Cyprinidae (minnows) contributed the five most intolerant species. Omnivores and invertivores contributed the top 10% of species, showing general intolerance to declining habitat quality. Candidate fish habitat metrics derived from FHTI values were evaluated and compared with selected core metrics to assess the utility of the index for inclusion in the Maryland fish index of biotic integrity (IBI). Classification efficiency (CE) testing of approximately 12 candidate metrics revealed significant discrimination between IBI reference (minimally affected) and degraded stream site locations. Highest CEs among candidate fish habitat metrics were equivalent or higher than CEs obtained for metrics used in the current version of the Maryland fish IBI. Metric performance suggested that physical habitat tolerance indices have significant potential to improve accuracy and effectiveness of existing regional fish IBIs in the mid-Atlantic region. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pirhalla, DE (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM doug.pirhalla@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 133 IS 1 BP 144 EP 159 DI 10.1577/T01-145 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 770RG UT WOS:000188744100013 ER PT S AU Blackburn, DL AF Blackburn, DL GP IEEE TI Temperature measurements of semiconductor devices - A review SO TWENTIETH ANNUAL IEEE SEMICONDUCTOR THERMAL MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS 2004 SE Proceedings IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium CY MAR 09-11, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE, CPMT, NIST DE electrical; measurements; optical; semiconductor; temperature ID HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR-TRANSISTORS; THERMAL IMPEDANCE EXTRACTION; MICRO-RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; JUNCTION TEMPERATURE; CHANNEL TEMPERATURE; GAAS-MESFET; SOI MOSFETS; RESISTANCE; CONDUCTIVITY; THERMOMETRY AB There are numerous methods for measuring the temperature of an operating semiconductor device. The methods can be broadly placed into three generic categories: electrical, optical, and physically contacting. The fundamentals underlying each of the categories are discussed, and a review of the variety of techniques within each category is given. Some of the advantages and disadvantages as well as the spatial, time, and temperature resolution are also provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.blackbum@nist.gov NR 88 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1065-2221 BN 0-7803-8363-X J9 P IEEE SEMICOND THER PY 2004 BP 70 EP 80 DI 10.1109/STHERM.2004.1291304 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BY75P UT WOS:000189455400012 ER PT S AU Bartels, A Newbury, NR Thomann, I Hollberg, L Diddams, SA AF Bartels, A Newbury, NR Thomann, I Hollberg, L Diddams, SA BE Krausz, F Korn, G Corkum, P Walmsley, IA TI Broadband phase-coherent optical frequency synthesis with actively linked Ti : Sapphire and Cr : Forsterite femtosecond lasers SO ULTRAFAST OPTICS IV SE Springer Series in Optical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Ultrafast Optics CY JUN, 2003 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA ID MODE-LOCKED LASER; OSCILLATOR; GENERATION; CONTINUUM C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bartels, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM albrecht@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0342-4111 BN 0-387-40091-5 J9 SPRINGER SER OPT SCI PY 2004 VL 95 BP 61 EP 67 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAG72 UT WOS:000222127000006 ER PT S AU Bartels, A Ramond, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L AF Bartels, A Ramond, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L BE Krausz, F Korn, G Corkum, P Walmsley, IA TI Synthesis of optical frequencies and ultrastable ferntosecond pulse trains from an optical reference oscillator SO ULTRAFAST OPTICS IV SE Springer Series in Optical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Ultrafast Optics CY JUN, 2003 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA ID SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATOR; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; REPETITION RATE; TIMING JITTER; LASER; TIME C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM albrecht@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0342-4111 BN 0-387-40091-5 J9 SPRINGER SER OPT SCI PY 2004 VL 95 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAG72 UT WOS:000222127000007 ER PT S AU Jones, RJ Holman, K Ye, J Potma, E Xie, XS AF Jones, RJ Holman, K Ye, J Potma, E Xie, XS BE Krausz, F Korn, G Corkum, P Walmsley, IA TI Ultrafast-laser stabilization with application to pulse amplification by use of passive optical cavities SO ULTRAFAST OPTICS IV SE Springer Series in Optical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Ultrafast Optics CY JUN, 2003 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; PHASE-CONTROL; LIGHT-PULSES; SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jones, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM rjjones@jilau1.colorado.edu NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0342-4111 BN 0-387-40091-5 J9 SPRINGER SER OPT SCI PY 2004 VL 95 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAG72 UT WOS:000222127000021 ER PT S AU Huang, HM Albus, J Messina, E Wade, R English, W AF Huang, HM Albus, J Messina, E Wade, R English, W BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Specifying autonomy levels for unmanned systems: interim report SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology VI CY APR 13-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE unmanned systems; autonomy; metrics AB The viability of Unmanned Systems as tools is increasingly recognized in many domains. As technology advances, the autonomy on board these systems also advances. In order to evaluate the systems in terms of their levels of autonomy, it is critical to have a set of standard definitions that support a set of metrics. As autonomy cannot be evaluated quantitatively without sound and thorough technical basis, the development of autonomy levels for unmanned systems must take into account many factors such as task complexity, human interaction, and environmental difficulty. An ad hoc working group assembled by government practitioners has been formed to address these issues. The ultimate objectives for the working group are: To determine the requirements for metrics for autonomy levels of unmanned systems. To devise methods for establishing metrics of autonomy for unmanned systems. To develop a set of widely recognized standard definitions for the levels of autonomy for unmanned systems. This paper describes the interim results that the group has accomplished through the first four workshops that the group held. We report on the initial findings of the workshops toward developing a generic framework for the Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS). C1 NIST, Inst Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, HM (reprint author), NIST, Inst Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5345-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5422 BP 386 EP 397 DI 10.1117/12.552074 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics; Transportation Science & Technology SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics; Transportation GA BAX98 UT WOS:000224151200039 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M TI Effects of pollution on marine organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID JESSICA OIL-SPILL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL BIOACCUMULATION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEAL HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; CRABS CANCER-MAGISTER; SETO INLAND SEA; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; SEDIMENT TOXICITY; HEAVY-OIL; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, Seattle, WA USA. Exponent Environm Grp, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM DJReish@aol.com NR 108 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 16 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2004 VL 76 IS 6 BP 2443 EP 2490 DI 10.2175/106143004X145876 PG 48 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 905DM UT WOS:000227547900035 ER PT S AU Dittberner, GJ Crison, MJ Bajpai, S Diedrich, BL AF Dittberner, GJ Crison, MJ Bajpai, S Diedrich, BL BE VonderHaar, TH Huang, HLA TI Advanced technologies for future environmenal satellite systems SO WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Weather and Environmental Satellites CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc AB Environmental satellites today are designed to meet the most requirements possible within the constraints of budget, reliability, availability, robustness, manufacturability, and the state of the art in affordable technology. As we learn more and more about observing and forecasting, requirements continue to be developed and validated for measurements that can benefit from for advances in technology. The goal is to incorporate new technologies into operational systems as quickly as possible. Technologies that exist or are being developed in response to growing requirements can be categorized as "requirements pull" whereas technologies rooted in basic research and engineering exploration fall in to a "technology push" category. NOAA has begun exploration into technologies for future NOAA satellite systems. Unmet requirements exist that drive the need to locate, explore, exploit, assess, and encourage development in several technologies. Areas needing advanced technologies include: atmospheric aerosols; cloud parameters; precipitation; profiles of temperature, moisture, pressure, and wind; atmospheric radiation; trace gas abundance and distribution; land surface; ocean surface; and space weather components such as neutral density and electron density. One of the more interesting ideas in the technology push category is a constellation of satellites at Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) altitudes, here described as circular orbits near 11,000 km altitude. Consider the vision of being able to observe the environment anywhere on the Earth, at anytime, with any repeat look frequency, and being able to communicate these measurements to anyone, anywhere, anytime, in real time. Studies suggest that a constellation of MEO satellites occupying equatorial and polar orbits (inclination = 90 degrees) could, in principle, accomplish this task. Also new on the horizon is solar sail technology. NOAA has been looking at solar sails as providing a propulsive system that could be used to maintain a satellite in a position closer to the Sun than L1. L1 is that point between the Earth and the sun where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the sun are equal. The sail would allow the increased gravitational force from the Sun to be balanced by the propulsive force of the solar sail. This capability could increase the lead-time for measuring and predicting the impact of solar events. Solar sails could also allow a satellite to be positioned over the Earth's polar regions continuously, filling a critical gap in current orbital observations and services. The combination of these technologies will enable the NOAA Satellites and Information Service to meet important requirements currently unmet and help satisfy NOAH strategic goals. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Dittberner, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Vonder Haar, Thomas/F-2048-2011 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5487-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5549 BP 90 EP 95 DI 10.1117/12.555789 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBC32 UT WOS:000224730100010 ER PT S AU Gurka, JJ Schmit, TJ AF Gurka, JJ Schmit, TJ BE VonderHaar, TH Huang, HLA TI Baseline instruments planned for the GOES-R series SO WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Weather and Environmental Satellites CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc AB In order to meet the requirements, documented by the GOES user communities, the instruments designated for the GOES-R notional baseline include an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), a Lightning Mapper, and advanced space and solar observing instruments. These instruments will first be launched in 2012. The Advanced Baseline Imager is a state of the art, 16-channel imager covering 6 visible to near-IR bands (0.47, 0.64, 0.86, 1.38, 1.61, and 2.26 mum), and 10 infrared (IR) bands (3.90 pm to 13.3 mum). Spatial resolutions are band dependent, 0.5 km at nadir for broadband visible, 1.0 km for near IR and 2.0 km for IR. The ABI will scan the Full Disk (FD) in approximately 5 minutes. The HES is a multi channel imager and sounder instrument suite with three threshold tasks. HES will provide highspectral resolution Hemispheric Disk Soundings (DS) and Severe Weather Mesoscale (SW/M) soundings and Coastal Waters (CW) imaging. HES DS provides 10 km IR resolution from 3.7 mum to 15.4 mum with a one-hour refresh rate of the full disk, 62degrees local zenith angle. SW/M will cover a 1000 x 1000 km square in 4 minutes, at 4 km resolution for IR. HES CW task will provide at least 14 channels covering 0.4 mum to 1.0 mum, with a 300 m resolution and a 3-hour refresh rate. Coastal Waters are defined as the 400 km zone adjacent to CONUS. Additional capabilities include an improved Space Environment Monitor, a Solar X-Ray Imager, and direct user services, such as Search and Rescue (SAR), and a Data Collection System (DCS). This paper will focus on the planned instrument capabilities of the GOES-R Series, the space system architecture, and how the new capabilities will complement the future Global Observing System to meet the documented user needs. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Syst Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gurka, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Syst Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Vonder Haar, Thomas/F-2048-2011; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5487-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5549 BP 96 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.555720 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBC32 UT WOS:000224730100011 ER PT S AU Hillger, DW DeMaria, M Zehr, R AF Hillger, DW DeMaria, M Zehr, R BE VonderHaar, TH Huang, HLA TI Advance mesoscale product development for GOES-R using operational and experimental satellite observations SO WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Weather and Environmental Satellites CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc DE GOES-R; satellite; imagery; soundings; mesoscale ID COMPONENT IMAGE-ANALYSIS; VOLCANIC ASH; MODIS AB This paper discusses activities related to mesoscale product development in preparation for the GOES-R satellite to be launched in 2012. These new image products will feature improved spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolution compared to current GOES imagery. Emphasis in this paper is on simulations of GOES-R date using observations from existing operational and experimental satellites. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, RAMM Team, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hillger, DW (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, RAMM Team, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Hillger, Donald/F-5592-2010; Vonder Haar, Thomas/F-2048-2011; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Hillger, Donald/0000-0001-7297-2640; NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5487-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5549 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1117/12.564469 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBC32 UT WOS:000224730100012 ER PT S AU Quirolgico, S Assis, P Westerinen, A Baskey, M Stokes, E AF Quirolgico, S Assis, P Westerinen, A Baskey, M Stokes, E BE Bussler, C Hong, S Jun, W Kaschek, R Kinshuk, X Krishnaswamy, S Loke, SW Oberle, D Richards, D Sharma, A Sure, Y Thalheim, B TI Toward a formal common information model ontology SO WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS - WISE 2004 WORKSHOPS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE 2004) CY NOV 22-24, 2004 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Comp Sci Soc, Australian Res Council AB Self-managing systems will be highly dependent upon information acquired from disparate applications, devices, components and subsystems. To be effectively managed, such information will need to conform to a common model. One standard that provides a common model for describing disparate computer and network information is the Common Information Model (CIM). Although CIM defines the models necessary for inferring properties about distributed systems, its specification as a semi-formal ontology limits its ability to support important requirements of a self-managing distributed system including knowledge interoperability and aggregation, as well as reasoning. To support these requirements, there is a need to model, represent and share CIM as a formal ontology. In this paper, we propose a framework for constructing a CIM ontology based upon previous research that identified mappings from Unified Modeling Language (UML) constructs to ontology language constructs. We extend and apply these mappings to a UML representation of the CIM Schema in order to derive a semantically valid and consistent formal CIM ontology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Politecn Porto, Dept Elect Engn, P-4200072 Oporto, Portugal. Cisco Syst, San Jose, CA 95134 USA. IBM Corp, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 USA. IBM Corp, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Quirolgico, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23892-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3307 BP 11 EP 21 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BBM22 UT WOS:000226129100002 ER PT J AU DeSanto, P Buttrey, DJ Grasselli, RK Lugmair, CG Volpe, AF Toby, BH Vogt, T AF DeSanto, P Buttrey, DJ Grasselli, RK Lugmair, CG Volpe, AF Toby, BH Vogt, T TI Structural aspects of the M1 and M2 phases in MoVNbTeO propane ammomidation catalysts SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE OXIDATION; TERNARY PHASES; ACTIVE-CENTERS; MO5O14 TYPE; OXYGEN; AMMOXIDATION; YBA2CU3O7-X; SYSTEMS; CRYSTAL; HREM AB The structures of M1 and M2 in MoVNbTeO propane ammoxidation catalysts have been solved using a combination of TEM, neutron powder diffraction, and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The unit cell of M1 is Pba2 (No. 32) with a = 21.134(2) Angstrom, b = 26.658(2) Angstrom, c = 4.0146(3) Angstrom and Z = 4. The formula unit is Mo7.8V1.2NbTe0.937O28.9. The unit cell of M2 is Pmm2 (No. 25) with a = 12.6294(6) Angstrom, b = 7.29156(30) Angstrom, c = 4.02010(7) Angstrom and Z = 4. The formula Unit is Mo4.31V1.36Te1.81Nb0.33O19.81. Tellurium sites in hexagonal channels of both phases are displaced toward vanadium-occupied framework sites, whereas Te in the heptagonal channel of M1 is near the channel center. The chemical topology resulting from oxidation states and Madelung site potentials presents active moieties for the ammoxidation of propane in M1 and propene in M2. EPR confirmed the presence of V4+ and possibly Mo5+ in M1 and V4+ in M2. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Symyx Technol Inc, Catalysis Grp, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanonmat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Buttrey, DJ (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM buttrey@che.udel.edu RI Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 32 TC 147 Z9 147 U1 0 U2 17 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0044-2968 J9 Z KRISTALLOGR JI Z. Kristall. PY 2004 VL 219 IS 3 BP 152 EP 165 DI 10.1524/zkri.219.3.152.29091 PG 14 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 819QL UT WOS:000221329600008 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Logsdon, ML Hobbs, RC Dietz, R VanBlaricom, GR AF Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Logsdon, ML Hobbs, RC Dietz, R VanBlaricom, GR TI Fractal analysis of narwhal space use patterns SO ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE animal movement; Arctic; fractal; narwhal; satellite tracking ID WHALES DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; MONODON-MONOCEROS; BAFFIN-ISLAND; SEA-ICE; DIVING BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL MOVEMENT; POLAR BEARS; GREENLAND; VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE AB Quantifying animal movement in response to a spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment is critical to understanding the structural and functional landscape influences on population viability. Generalities of landscape structure can easily be extended to the marine environment, as marine predators inhabit a patchy, dynamic system, which influences animal choice and behavior. An innovative use of the fractal measure of complexity, indexing the linearity of movement paths over replicate temporal scales, was applied to satellite tracking data collected from narwhals (Monodon monoceros) (n = 20) in West Greenland and the eastern Canadian high Arctic. Daily movements of individuals were obtained using polar orbiting satellites via the ARGOS data location and collection system. Geographic positions were filtered to obtain a daily good quality position for each whale. The length of total pathway was measured over seven different temporal length scales (step lengths), ranging from one day to one week, and a seasonal mean was calculated. Fractal dimension (D) was significantly different between seasons, highest during summer (D = 1.61, SE 0.04) and winter (D = 1.69, SE 0.06) when whales made convoluted movements in focal areas. Fractal dimension was lowest during fall (D = 1.34, SE 0.03) when whales were migrating south ahead of the forming sea ice. There were no significant effects of size category or sex on fractal dimension by season. The greater linearity of movement during the migration period suggests individuals do not intensively forage on patchy resources until they arrive at summer or winter sites. The highly convoluted movements observed during summer and winter suggest foraging or searching efforts in localized areas. Significant differences between the fractal dimensions on two separate wintering grounds in Baffin Bay suggest differential movement patterns in response to the dynamics of sea ice. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arct Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Kristin.Laidre@noaa.gov RI Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015 NR 32 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 15 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0944-2006 J9 ZOOLOGY JI Zoology PY 2004 VL 107 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.zool.2003.09.001 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 816AE UT WOS:000221082000001 PM 16351924 ER PT J AU Matthew, BM George, I Anastasio, C AF Matthew, BM George, I Anastasio, C TI Hydroperoxyl radical (HO2 center dot) oxidizes dibromide radical anion (Br-center dot(2)-) to bromine (Br-2) in aqueous solution: Implications for the formation of Br-2 in the marine boundary layer SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE halogen chemistry; oxidation reactions; reactive halogens; sea-salt particles ID OZONE DESTRUCTION; CHEMISTRY; SEA; TROPOSPHERE; MECHANISM; RELEASE; SUNRISE AB The release of photoactive halogen species such as Br-2 from sea-salt particles, snowpack, and sea-ice can have significant effects on chemistry in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Although the reaction of hydroperoxyl radical (HO2..) with dibromide radical anion (Br-.(2)-) might be a key step in the formation and release of Br-2, there is currently no consensus on whether this reaction produces bromide (Br-) or molecular bromine (Br-2). To address this question, we measured the formation of gaseous and aqueous oxidized bromide (primarily Br-2) in illuminated bromide solutions as a function of pH. Results from these two sets of experimental data are best explained by kinetic models where HO2. oxidizes Br-.(2)- to Br-2. Using this reaction in a simple aerosol model reveals that the hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of particulate bromide, followed by reaction of Br-.(2)- with HO2., could be an important source of Br2 in the MBL. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Atmospher Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Matthew, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 24 AR 2297 DI 10.1029/2003GL018572 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 761HZ UT WOS:000187896600004 ER PT J AU Broccoli, AJ Dixon, KW Delworth, TL Knutson, TR Stouffer, RJ Zeng, FR AF Broccoli, AJ Dixon, KW Delworth, TL Knutson, TR Stouffer, RJ Zeng, FR TI Twentieth-century temperature and precipitation trends in ensemble climate simulations including natural and anthropogenic forcing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE climate modeling; global change ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; GREENHOUSE-GAS; SULFATE AEROSOLS; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; MOUNT-PINATUBO; MAGNETIC-FLUX; VARIABILITY; MILLENNIUM; CENTURIES AB We present results from a series of ensemble integrations of a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model for the period 1865-1997. Each ensemble consists of three integrations initialized from different points in a long-running GFDLR30 coupled model control simulation. The first ensemble includes time-varying forcing from greenhouse gases only. In the remaining three ensembles, forcings from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, solar variability, and volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere are added progressively, such that the fourth ensemble uses all four of these forcings. The effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols are represented by changes in surface albedo, and the effects of volcanic aerosols are represented by latitude-dependent perturbations in incident solar radiation. Comparisons with observations reveal that the addition of the natural forcings ( solar and volcanic) improves the simulation of global multidecadal trends in temperature, precipitation, and ocean heat content. Solar and volcanic forcings are important contributors to early twentieth century warming. Volcanic forcing reduces the warming simulated for the late twentieth century. Interdecadal variations in global mean surface air temperature from the ensemble of experiments with all four forcings are very similar to observed variations during most of the twentieth century. The improved agreement of simulated and observed temperature trends when natural climate forcings are included supports the climatic importance of variations in radiative forcing during the twentieth century. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RSIS, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Broccoli, AJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM broccoli@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X NR 57 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4798 DI 10.1029/2003JD003812 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 761JT UT WOS:000187867300005 ER PT J AU Fujiwara, M Xie, SP Shiotani, M Hashizume, H Hasebe, F Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Watanabe, T AF Fujiwara, M Xie, SP Shiotani, M Hashizume, H Hasebe, F Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Watanabe, T TI Upper-tropospheric inversion and easterly jet in the tropics SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE easterly jet; temperature inversion; tropical upper troposphere ID WATER-VAPOR; PACIFIC; STRATOSPHERE; GREENHOUSE; TROPOPAUSE; AIRCRAFT; LAYERS; OZONE; WAVES AB Shipboard radiosonde measurements revealed a persistent temperature inversion layer with a thickness of similar to200 m at 12-13 km in a nonconvective region over the tropical eastern Pacific, along 2degreesN, in September 1999. Simultaneous relative humidity measurements indicated that the thin inversion layer was located at the top of a very wet layer with a thickness of 3-4 km, which was found to originate from the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to the north. Radiative transfer calculations suggested that this upper tropospheric inversion (UTI) was produced and maintained by strong longwave cooling in this wet layer. A strong easterly jet stream was also observed at 12-13 km, centered around 4degrees-5degreesN. This easterly jet was in the thermal wind balance, with meridional temperature gradients produced by the cloud and radiative processes in the ITCZ and the wet outflow. Furthermore, the jet, in turn, acted to spread inversions further downstream through the transport of radiatively active water vapor. This feedback mechanism may explain the omnipresence of temperature inversions and layering structures in trace gases in the tropical troposphere. Examination of high-resolution radiosonde data at other sites in the tropical Pacific indicates that similar UTIs often appear around 12-15 km. The UTI around 12-15 km may thus be characterized as one of the "climatological" inversions in the tropical troposphere, forming the lower boundary of the so-called tropical tropopause layer, where the tropospheric air is processed photochemically and microphysically before entering the stratosphere. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Res Inst Fisheries sci, Fisheries Res Agcy, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. EM fuji@ees.hokudai.ac.jp RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012; Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009 OI Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325 NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 2796 DI 10.1029/2003JD003928 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 761JT UT WOS:000187867300011 ER PT J AU Michels, A Viswanath, RN Barker, JG Birringer, R Weissmuller, J AF Michels, A Viswanath, RN Barker, JG Birringer, R Weissmuller, J TI Range of magnetic correlations in nanocrystalline soft magnets SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FERROMAGNETS; FIELD AB We have obtained the magnetic field dependence of static ferromagnetic correlations in nanocrystalline electrodeposited Co and Ni by means of the correlation function of the spin misalignment, determined from small-angle neutron scattering data. The approach yields a correlation length l(C), which is a measure for the spatial extent of inhomogeneities in the magnetization distribution. The correlation length depends strongly on the applied magnetic field with values ranging from 94 nm in nanocrystalline Co at low fields to about 15 nm at saturation. The results for l(C) indicate that in Co the main source of nonuniformity in the spin system is the anisotropy field of each individual crystallite, whereas in nanocrystalline Ni the main sources of spin disorder originate from twin faults or from the defect cores of grain boundaries. C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Nanotechnol, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Saarland, D-6600 Saarbrucken, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michels, A (reprint author), Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. RI Weissmuller, Jorg/C-3967-2009; Michels, Andreas/F-6588-2014 OI Weissmuller, Jorg/0000-0002-8958-4414; NR 12 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 26 AR 267204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.267204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 759BY UT WOS:000187719300056 PM 14754085 ER PT J AU Steven, MD Malthus, TJ Baret, F Xu, H Chopping, MJ AF Steven, MD Malthus, TJ Baret, F Xu, H Chopping, MJ TI Intercalibration of vegetation indices from different sensor systems SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE vegetation index; sensor systems; spectroradiometric measurements ID SATELLITE SIGNAL; SOLAR SPECTRUM; LANDSAT-5 TM; AVHRR DATA; NDVI; CALIBRATION; OPTIMIZATION; NOAA-9; BANDS AB Spectroradiometric measurements were made over a range of crop canopy densities, soil backgrounds and foliage colour. The reflected spectral radiances were convoluted with the spectral response functions of a range of satellite instruments to simulate their responses. When Normalised Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) from the different instruments were compared, they varied by a few percent, but the values were strongly linearly related, allowing vegetation indices from one instrument to be intercalibrated against another. A table of conversion coefficents is presented for AVHRR, ATSR-2, Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+, SPOT-2 and SPOT-4 HRV, IRS, IKONOS, SEAWIFS, MISR, MODIS, POLDER, Quickbird and MERI S (see Appendix A for glossary of acronyms). The same set of coefficients was found to apply, within the margin of error of the analysis, for the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index SAVI. The relationships for SPOT vs. TM and for ATSR-2 vs. AVHRR were directly validated by comparison of atmospherically corrected image data. The results indicate that vegetation indices can be interconverted to a precision of 1-2%. This result offers improved opportunities for monitoring crops through the growing season and the prospects of better continuity of long-term monitoring of vegetation responses to environmental change. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland. INRA, Unite Bioclimatol, F-84194 Avignon, France. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Steven, MD (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RI Malthus, Tim/G-6629-2011; Xu, Hui/F-5635-2010; Baret, Fred/C-4135-2011 OI Malthus, Tim/0000-0001-7161-8770; Xu, Hui/0000-0002-0917-6526; Baret, Fred/0000-0002-7655-8997 NR 29 TC 175 Z9 200 U1 7 U2 54 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 4 BP 412 EP 422 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.08.010 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 754TF UT WOS:000187347100005 ER PT J AU Koubi, L Saiz, L Tarek, M Scharf, D Klein, ML AF Koubi, L Saiz, L Tarek, M Scharf, D Klein, ML TI Influence of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer molecules on the physical properties of a polyunsaturated lipid bilayer SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MEYER-OVERTON HYPOTHESIS; LATERAL PRESSURE PROFILE; PARTICLE MESH EWALD; DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; H-2 NMR; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; GENERAL-ANESTHETICS; ACYL CHAINS; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; WATER PERMEABILITY AB We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of halothane, a volatile anesthetic, and hexafluoroethane (HFE), its nonimmobilizer analogue, on the physical properties of a fully hydrated polyunsaturated (1-stearoyl- 2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) lipid bilayer in the liquid crystalline fluid lamellar phase, L-alpha. In addition, we discuss the results obtained comparing them to previous studies on saturated lipid bilayers with the same solutes. At the analyzed concentration (25% mole fraction), the halothane molecules are located preferentially near the upper part of the lipid acyl chains, while the HFE molecules prefer the hydrocarbon chains and methyl trough region. In the case of halothane in the polyunsaturated lipid bilayer, there is an additional density maximum at the membrane center not observed in saturated lipids. The subtle effect of the solutes on the structural properties of the highly unsaturated lipid bilayer and the properties of the membrane interior is somewhat different from that observed for saturated lipids. Here, these differences are interpreted in terms of the unique properties of the polyunsaturated lipid bilayers. The effect of anesthetic molecules on the electrostatic properties of the membrane interface is similar for saturated and polyunsaturated lipid bilayers and is characterized by a change in the most probable orientation of the lipid headgroup dipoles, which point toward the membrane interior for halothane and are basically unchanged for HFE, i.e., point toward the water phase. The different distributions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer molecules within the lipid bilayer systems seem to be a generic feature in simple models of biological membranes and are similar to those observed in systems with saturated lipids. Since polyunsaturated and other unsaturated lipids are ubiquitous in cell membranes, it is plausible to generalize these features to the more complex biological membranes. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Henri Poincare, CNRS, Equipe Dynam Assemblages Membranaires, UMR 7565, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Univ Penn, Ctr Med, Dept Anesthesia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Saiz, L (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Saiz, Leonor/I-3557-2015 OI Saiz, Leonor/0000-0002-6866-9400 NR 69 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 25 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 51 BP 14500 EP 14508 DI 10.1021/jp035169o PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 756CA UT WOS:000187447200054 ER PT J AU Diaz, S Nelson, D Deferrari, G Camilion, C AF Diaz, S Nelson, D Deferrari, G Camilion, C TI Estimated and measured DNA, plant-chromosphere and erythemal-weighted irradiances at Barrow and South Pole (1979-2000) SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects CY JUL 30-AUG 01, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP SPIE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Probe TOMS Program DE climate impacts; O-3; UV; solar radiation; irradiance ID UV-B RADIATION; OZONE DEPLETION; ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYTOPLANKTON; ECOSYSTEMS; SATELLITE; CANCER; DAMAGE; SKIN AB In the last two decades as a consequence of ozone depletion there has been an increasing interest in the study of biological effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV). Spectral instruments, which provide detailed information on UV environmental conditions, have been in use systematically only for little more than a decade. These time series are still relatively short and information on spectral historical irradiance levels is not available. Many efforts have been carried out in inferring this information from other available data sets. One of them has been the use of statistical models. Spectral irradiances are available at South Pole (90degrees00'S 0) and Barrow (71degrees18'N, 156degrees47'W) from the NSF UV Radiation Monitoring Program since 1991. In the present paper, daily-integrated biologically weighted irradiances for these sites are inferred back to 1979 using a multi-regressive model, obtaining time series that extend near the beginning of the Antarctic ozone depletion. These datasets are unique since the daily-integrated irradiances were calculated from irradiance measured hourly at the earth's surface. The biologically weighted irradiances are estimated from irradiance measured with broadband instruments, ozone, and solar zenith angles. From daily-integrated irradiance, monthly means were also calculated. The RMS errors between the estimated and measured daily-integrated irradiances range from 4.69 to 7.49% at South Pole and from 9.57 to 15.20% at Barrow, while the monthly mean errors vary from 2.07 to 3% and 2.95 to 3.91%, respectively. Completing the databases with spectral measurements, the resulting time series extend from 1979 to 2000. Analyzing monthly values an increase relative to 1979-1981 during all years is observed at South Pole. Largest increases are observed for DNA and plant-chromosphere weighted irradiances during October. Although at a lower rate, an increase is also observed at Barrow during the spring. Maximum monthly increase at South Pole during October is near 1200% relative to 1979-1981, while the increase at Barrow is near one tenth of that percentage. Daily-integrated irradiance shows that a slight increase was present during the spring at South Pole for the period 1979-1981 reflecting the beginning of the ozone depletion. Historical maximums of daily-integrated DNA weighted irradiance at South Pole (90degrees00'S, 0degrees00') are about as large as summer maximums at San Diego (32degrees45'N, 117degrees11'W). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, CADIC, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NOAA, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NSF, CADIC, Ushuaia, DF, Argentina. IAI, CADIC, Ushuaia, DF, Argentina. RP Diaz, S (reprint author), Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, CADIC, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 120 IS 1-4 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.017 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 755LB UT WOS:000187403400008 ER PT J AU Ansmann, A Bosenberg, J Chaikovsky, A Comeron, A Eckhardt, S Eixmann, R Freudenthaler, V Ginoux, P Komguem, L Linne, H Marquez, MAL Matthias, V Mattis, I Mitev, V Muller, D Music, S Nickovic, S Pelon, J Sauvage, L Sobolewsky, P Srivastava, MK Stohl, A Torres, O Vaughan, G Wandinger, U Wiegner, M AF Ansmann, A Bosenberg, J Chaikovsky, A Comeron, A Eckhardt, S Eixmann, R Freudenthaler, V Ginoux, P Komguem, L Linne, H Marquez, MAL Matthias, V Mattis, I Mitev, V Muller, D Music, S Nickovic, S Pelon, J Sauvage, L Sobolewsky, P Srivastava, MK Stohl, A Torres, O Vaughan, G Wandinger, U Wiegner, M TI Long-range transport of Saharan dust to northern Europe: The 11-16 October 2001 outbreak observed with EARLINET SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE mineral dust; lidar network ID AEROSOL SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; RAMAN LIDAR; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MULTIWAVELENGTH LIDAR; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; AIRBORNE LIDAR; INDIAN-OCEAN; EXTINCTION AB [1] The spread of mineral particles over southwestern, western, and central Europe resulting from a strong Saharan dust outbreak in October 2001 was observed at 10 stations of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). For the first time, an optically dense desert dust plume over Europe was characterized coherently with high vertical resolution on a continental scale. The main layer was located above the boundary layer ( above 1-km height above sea level (asl)) up to 3 - 5- km height, and traces of dust particles reached heights of 7 - 8 km. The particle optical depth typically ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 above 1-km height asl at the wavelength of 532 nm, and maximum values close to 0.8 were found over northern Germany. The lidar observations are in qualitative agreement with values of optical depth derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) data. Ten-day backward trajectories clearly indicated the Sahara as the source region of the particles and revealed that the dust layer observed, e. g., over Belsk, Poland, crossed the EARLINET site Aberystwyth, UK, and southern Scandinavia 24 - 48 hours before. Lidar-derived particle depolarization ratios, backscatter- and extinction-related Angstrom exponents, and extinction-to-backscatter ratios mainly ranged from 15 to 25%, - 0.5 to 0.5, and 40 - 80 sr, respectively, within the lofted dust plumes. A few atmospheric model calculations are presented showing the dust concentration over Europe. The simulations were found to be consistent with the network observations. C1 Leibniz Inst Tropospharenforsch, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Natl Acad Sci Belarus, Inst Phys, Minsk 220072, Byelarus. Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept TSC, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Tech Univ Munich, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Leibniz Inst Atmospharenphys, D-18225 Kuhlungsborn, Germany. Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Wales, Dept Phys, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, Ceredigion, Wales. Observ Cantonal, Neuchatel, Switzerland. Univ Malta, Euromediterranean Ctr Insular Coastal Dynam, Valletta, Malta. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris, France. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geophys, PL-01452 Warsaw, Poland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leibniz Inst Tropospharenforsch, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. EM albert@tropos.de; boesenberg@dkrz.de; chaikov@dragon.bas-net.by; comeron@tsc.upc.es; sabine@forst.tu-muenchen.de; eixmann@iap-kborn.de; volker.freudenthaler@meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de; paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; llk@aber.ac.uk; linne@dkrz.de; malopez@tsc.upc.es; matthias@dkrz.de; ina@tropos.de; valentin.mitev@ne.ch; detlef@tropos.de; s.music@icod.org.mt; nicko@icod.org.mt; jacques.pelon@aero.jussieu.fr; laurent.sauvage@lmd.polytechnique.fr; pss@ra.onet.pl; manoj.srivastava@ne.ch; as@forst.tu-muenchen.de; torres@tparty.gsfc.nasa.gov; gxv@aber.ac.uk; ulla@tropos.de; m.wiegner@meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de RI Vaughan, Geraint/O-2459-2015; Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Comeron, Adolfo/M-5507-2013; Wandinger, Ulla/E-3348-2014; Linne, Holger/J-8510-2014; Wiegner, Matthias/F-8484-2011; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; MUELLER, DETLEF/F-1010-2015 OI Vaughan, Geraint/0000-0002-0885-0398; Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Comeron, Adolfo/0000-0001-6886-3679; Linne, Holger/0000-0003-3188-0429; MUELLER, DETLEF/0000-0002-0203-7654 NR 44 TC 137 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4783 DI 10.1029/2003JD003757 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760ZP UT WOS:000187865400006 ER PT J AU Fiore, A Jacob, DJ Liu, H Yantosca, RM Fairlie, TD Li, Q AF Fiore, A Jacob, DJ Liu, H Yantosca, RM Fairlie, TD Li, Q TI Variability in surface ozone background over the United States: Implications for air quality policy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE background ozone; air quality; hemispheric pollution ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; 3-D MODELS; POLLUTION; CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; STANDARD; PACIFIC; STRATOSPHERE AB [1] The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presently uses a 40 ppbv background O-3 level as a baseline in its O-3 risk assessments. This background is defined as those concentrations that would exist in the absence of North American emissions. Lefohn et al. [2001] have argued that frequent occurrences of O-3 concentrations above 50 - 60 ppbv at remote northern U.S. sites in spring are of stratospheric origin, challenging the EPA background estimate and implying that the current O-3 standard (84 ppbv, 8-hour average) may be unattainable. We show that a 3-D global model of tropospheric chemistry reproduces much of the observed variability in U. S. surface O-3 concentrations, including the springtime high-O-3 events, with only a minor stratospheric contribution (always < 20 ppbv). We conclude that the previous interpretations of a stratospheric source for these events underestimated the role of regional and hemispheric pollution. While stratospheric intrusions might occasionally elevate surface O-3 at high-altitude sites, our results indicate that these events are rare and would not compromise the O-3 air quality standard. We find that the O-3 background is generally 15 - 35 ppbv, with some incidences of 40 - 50 ppbv in the west in spring at high-elevation sites (> 2 km). It declines from spring to summer and further decreases during O-3 pollution episodes. The 40 ppbv background assumed by EPA thus actually underestimates the risk associated with O-3 during polluted conditions. A better definition would represent background as a function of season, altitude, and total surface O-3 concentration. Natural O-3 levels are typically 10 25 ppbv and never exceed 40 ppbv. International controls to reduce the hemispheric pollution background would facilitate compliance with an AOT40-type standard (cumulative exposure to O-3 above 40 ppbv) in the United States. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM arlene.fiore@noaa.gov; djj@io.harvard.edu; hyl@nianet.org; bmy@io.harvard.edu; tdf@io.harvard.edu; ali@io.harvard.edu RI Liu, Hongyu/A-5867-2008; Yantosca, Robert/F-7920-2014 OI Yantosca, Robert/0000-0003-3781-1870 NR 46 TC 126 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4787 DI 10.1029/2003JD003855 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760ZP UT WOS:000187865400007 ER PT J AU Horowitz, LW Walters, S Mauzerall, DL Emmons, LK Rasch, PJ Granier, C Tie, XX Lamarque, JF Schultz, MG Tyndall, GS Orlando, JJ Brasseur, GP AF Horowitz, LW Walters, S Mauzerall, DL Emmons, LK Rasch, PJ Granier, C Tie, XX Lamarque, JF Schultz, MG Tyndall, GS Orlando, JJ Brasseur, GP TI A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone; chemical transport model; tropospheric chemistry ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODELS; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; CLIMATE MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; NORTH-AMERICA; 3-D MODELS; CHEMISTRY; BUDGET; OH AB [1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry ( MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8degrees latitude x 2.8degrees longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species ( including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitric acid (HNO3) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide ( CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production ( 55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical ( OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, Woodrow Wilson Sch, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Paris, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris, France. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. RP Horowitz, LW (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM larry.horowitz@noaa.gov; stacy@acd.ucar.edu; mauzeral@princeton.edu; emmons@ucar.edu; pjr@ucar.edu; clg@aero.jussieu.fr; xxtie@ucar.edu; lamar@ncar.ucar.edu; schultz@dkrz.de; tyndall@acd.ucar.edu; orlando@acd.ucar.edu; brasseur@dkrz.de RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Mauzerall, Denise/I-5977-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; Mauzerall, Denise/0000-0003-3479-1798; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X NR 68 TC 468 Z9 481 U1 8 U2 49 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4784 DI 10.1029/2002JD002853 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760ZP UT WOS:000187865400001 ER PT J AU Carrey, J Berkowitz, AE Egelhoff, WF Smith, DJ AF Carrey, J Berkowitz, AE Egelhoff, WF Smith, DJ TI Influence of interface alloying on the magnetic properties of Co/Pd multilayers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PERPENDICULAR ANISOTROPY; FILMS; MAGNETOSTRICTION; LAYERS AB The origin of perpendicular anisotropy in Co/Pd multilayers has been investigated. We examined this question by studying multilayers in which the total equivalent thicknesses of Co and Pd are kept constant, but in which the Co/Pd interface is progressively alloyed using codeposition of the two elements. The multilayers have the structure: [(0.3 nm Co codeposited with y nm Pd)/(2.0-y) nm Pd](15), with y=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0. X-ray diffraction confirms that the total thicknesses of the samples and their overall Co/Pd ratios stay constant. Magnetic properties are almost unaffected by alloying up to y=0.5 nm, suggesting that the interface of the usual Co/Pd multilayer could be modeled by a mix of 0.3 nm of Co with 0.5 nm of Pd embedded between 2 monolayers of Pd. Using this model and reasonable assumptions about the strain and magnetostriction of a Co-Pd alloy, we show that the magnetoelastic effect yields a perpendicular anisotropy between 2.3x10(5) and 3.5x10(5) J/m(3). The perpendicular anisotropy estimated in our samples (1.5x10(5) J/m(3)) can thus be satisfactorily explained. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Magnet Recording Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Solid State Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Carrey, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Magnet Recording Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Carrey, Julian/C-1237-2008 OI Carrey, Julian/0000-0003-2361-6759 NR 22 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 22 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 25 BP 5259 EP 5261 DI 10.1063/1.1635660 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 754QK UT WOS:000187341800047 ER PT J AU Fowler, CW Hobbs, L AF Fowler, CW Hobbs, L TI Is humanity sustainable? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE pathology; sustainability; species; management; humans ID BODY-MASS AB The principles and tenets of management require action to avoid sustained abnormal/pathological conditions. For the sustainability of interactive systems, each system should fall within its normal range of natural variation. This applies to individuals (as for fevers and hypertension, in medicine), populations (e.g. outbreaks of crop pests in agriculture), species (e.g. the rarity of endangerment in conservation) and ecosystems (e.g. abnormally low productivity or diversity in 'ecosystem-based management'). In this paper, we report tests of the hypothesis that the human species is ecologically normal. We reject the hypothesis for almost all of the cases we tested. Our species rarely falls within statistical confidence limits that envelop the central tendencies in variation among other species. For example, our population size, CO2 production, energy use, biomass consumption and geographical range size differ from those of other species by orders of magnitude. We argue that other measures should be tested in a similar fashion to assess the prevalence of such differences and their practical implications. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inland Whale, Bainbridge Isl, WA 98110 USA. RP Fowler, CW (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM charles.fowler@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD DEC 22 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1533 BP 2579 EP 2583 DI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2553 PG 5 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 762NW UT WOS:000187989900007 PM 14728780 ER PT J AU Cho, KS Moon, YJ Dryer, M Fry, CD Park, YD Kim, KS AF Cho, KS Moon, YJ Dryer, M Fry, CD Park, YD Kim, KS TI A statistical comparison of interplanetary shock and CME propagation models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE space weather forecasting; solar flares; CMEs; interplanetary shocks ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR-FLARE MYTH; II RADIO-BURSTS; ARRIVAL TIMES; WIND; TRANSIENT; WAVES; MAGNETOSPHERE; ACCELERATION; DISTURBANCES AB We have compared the prediction capability of two types of Sun-Earth connection models: (1) ensemble of physics-based shock propagation models (STOA, STOA-2, ISPM, and HAFv. 2) and (2) empirical CME propagation (CME-ICME and CME-IP shock) models. For this purpose, we have selected 38 near-simultaneous pairs of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and metric type II radio bursts. By applying the adopted models to these events, we have estimated the time difference between predicted and observed arrivals of interplanetary (IP) shocks and ICMEs at the Earth or L1. The mean absolute error of the shock arrival time (SAT) within an adopted window of +/-24 hours is 9.8 hours for the ensemble of shock propagation models, 9.2 hours for the CME-IP shock model, and 11.6 hours for the CME-ICME model. It is also found that the success rate for all models is about 80% for the same window. The results imply that the adopted models are comparable in their prediction of the arrival times of IP shocks and interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs). The usefulness of these models is also discussed in terms of real-time forecasts, underlying physics, and identification of IP shocks and ICMEs at the Earth. C1 Korea Astron Observ, Taejon, South Korea. Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Kyonggi Do 449771, South Korea. Big Bear Solar Observ, New Jersey Inst Technol, Big Bear City, CA USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Korea Astron Observ, Taejon, South Korea. EM kscho@kao.re.kr; yjmoon@kao.re.kr; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; gfry@expi.com; yd-park@kao.re.kr; kskim@khu.ac.kr RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 49 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A12 AR 1445 DI 10.1029/2003JA010029 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 760XD UT WOS:000187859800003 ER PT J AU Marchand, R Ackerman, T Westwater, ER Clough, SA Cady-Pereira, K Liljegren, JC AF Marchand, R Ackerman, T Westwater, ER Clough, SA Cady-Pereira, K Liljegren, JC TI An assessment of microwave absorption models and retrievals of cloud liquid water using clear-sky data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; cloud liquid water ID VAPOR; RADIOMETERS; SENSORS; FLUXES AB Passive microwave radiometers have a long history in the remote sensing of atmospheric liquid and water vapor. Retrievals of these quantities are sensitive to variations in pressure and temperature of the liquid and water vapor. Rather than use a statistical or climatological approach to account for the natural variability in atmospheric pressure and temperature, additional information on the atmospheric profile at the time of the radiometer measurements can be directly incorporated into the retrieval process. Such an approach has been referred to in the literature as a "physical-iterative'' solution. This paper presents an assessment of the accuracy of the column liquid water path that can be expected using such an iterative technique as a result of uncertainties in the microwave emissions from oxygen and water vapor. It is shown that the retrieval accuracy is influenced by the accuracy of the instrument measurements and the quality of the atmospheric profiles of temperature and pressure, as one would expect. However, also critical is the uncertainty in the absorption coefficients used in the underlying microwave radiative transfer model. The uncertainty in the absorption coefficients is particularly problematic in that it may well bias the liquid water retrieval. The differences between three absorption models examined in this paper are equivalent to a bias of 15 to 30 g/m(2), depending on the total column water vapor. An examination of typical liquid water paths from the Southern Great Plains region of the United States shows that errors of this magnitude have significant implications for shortwave radiation and retrievals of cloud effective particle size. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999,MSIN K9-38, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM roj@pnl.gov NR 29 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4773 DI 10.1029/2003JD003843 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760WQ UT WOS:000187858600002 ER PT J AU Peterson, CH Rice, SD Short, JW Esler, D Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Irons, DB AF Peterson, CH Rice, SD Short, JW Esler, D Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Irons, DB TI Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; SEA OTTERS; CRUDE-OIL; ALASKA; RECOVERY; MORTALITY; POPULATIONS; PERSISTENCE; COMMUNITY AB The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Dept Interior, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Peterson, CH (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NR 45 TC 457 Z9 486 U1 67 U2 574 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 19 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5653 BP 2082 EP 2086 DI 10.1126/science.1084282 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 755CB UT WOS:000187385200032 PM 14684812 ER PT J AU Nevison, C Butler, JH Elkins, JW AF Nevison, C Butler, JH Elkins, JW TI Global distribution of N2O and the Delta N2O-AOU yield in the subsurface ocean SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE nitrous oxide; oxygen; subsurface marine ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS-OXIDE; TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC; ARABIAN SEA; OXYGEN MINIMUM; DISSOLVED N2O; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; WATER; CONSUMPTION; FLUX AB We present and analyze a data set of subsurface N2O from a range of oceanic regions. Observed N2O concentrations are highest in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), intermediate in the northern Pacific and Indian Oceans, and relatively low in the Southern and Atlantic Oceans. Tongues of high N2O, which propagate along sigma surfaces, provide evidence that N2O from the ETP is exported widely. Correlation slopes of DeltaN(2)O (the level above atmospheric equilibrium) versus apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) are found to be an unreliable gauge of the biological N2O yield per mole O-2 consumed because the slopes are strongly influenced by mixing gradients. Most features of the subsurface data set are consistent with an N2O source dominated by nitrification, including the widespread, robust DeltaN(2)O-AOU correlation and the lack of a widespread anticorrelation between DeltaN(2)O and N*. In addition, DeltaN(2)O/NO3- ratios tend to increase with decreasing O-2 in a manner consistent with laboratory studies of nitrifying bacteria. The sensitivity of the nitrifier N2O/NO3- yield to O-2 can explain much of the variability in DeltaN(2)O/AOU observed in the ocean. A parameterization is derived for the instantaneous production of N2O per mole O-2 consumed as a nonlinear function of O-2 and depth. The parameterization is based on laboratory and oceanic data and is designed for use in ocean biogeochemistry models. It is coupled to a global dissolved O-2 climatology and ocean carbon model output to estimate a total oceanic N2O inventory of 610-840 Tg N and a global production rate of similar to5.8 +/- 2 Tg N/y. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nevison, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 68 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1119 DI 10.1029/2003GB002068 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760WH UT WOS:000187857900001 ER PT J AU Knyazev, VD AF Knyazev, VD TI Isodesmic reactions for transition states: Reactions of Cl atoms with methane and halogenated methanes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION REACTIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ABSOLUTE RATE CONSTANTS; AB-INITIO DYNAMICS; CHLORINE ATOMS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; RATE COEFFICIENTS; GAS-PHASE; H-ATOMS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE AB The performance of the technique of isodesmic reactions for transition states (IRTS) has been analyzed via application to 17 reactions of abstraction of hydrogen atoms from methane and halogenated methanes by Cl atom. A variety of quantum chemical methods and basis sets was used. The calculated energy barriers demonstrate linear correlations with those derived from modeling of the experimental rate constant data, in agreement with the prediction based on the IRTS formalism. The results of the study confirm the validity of the technique of isodesmic reactions for transition states for calculation of reaction rates and demonstrate the existence of method-specific systematic errors in calculations of reaction barriers. The technique of isodesmic reactions is directed at factoring out and eliminating these systematic errors. The predictive ability of the technique is directly related to the quality of the observed correlations. Average and maximum deviations from the best fit lines on the correlation plots depend on the quantum chemical method used. The highest quality correlation (the least amount of scatter, average deviation of 1.5 kJ mol(-1) and maximum deviation of 3.5 kJ mol(-1)) was obtained with the BH&HLYP/6-311+(3df,2pd)//BH&HLYP/6-311(d,p) combination of single-point energy//geometry optimization methods. Use of higher level methods such as spin-projected PMP4, QCISD(T), and CCSD(T) results in small systematic errors (1.4-5.9 kJ mol(-1)) but larger scatter on the plots of the calculated barriers vs "experimental" barrier correlations (maximum deviations of 5.6-6.8 kJ mol(-1)). C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knyazev, VD (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 73 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 50 BP 11082 EP 11091 DI 10.1021/jp036281p PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 753ZV UT WOS:000187279000031 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Follows, MJ Marshall, J AF Zhang, R Follows, MJ Marshall, J TI Reply to comment by Roberta M. Hotinski, Lee R. Kump, and Karen L. Bice on "Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic?" SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Permian; anoxia; phosphate; extinction; stagnation; ocean modeling ID CLIMATES; MODEL C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 AR 1095 DI 10.1029/2002PA000851 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 760XE UT WOS:000187859900001 ER PT J AU Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Yu, TY AF Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Yu, TY TI Angular and range interferometry to measure wind SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE single antenna interferometry; wind measurement; cross-correlation ratio; weather radar; MST radar; wind profiler ID RADAR AB Radial wind is routinely measured by Doppler method, whereas winds transverse to the radar beam are measured using an interferometric technique in which three or more spaced antennas are used (i.e., the Spaced Antenna (SA) technique). In this paper, an interferometric technique is examined whereby a single antenna is used to measure both radial and transverse winds. Angular Interferometry (AI) determines transverse wind, and Range Interferometry (RI) determines radial wind. The cross-correlation of signals, received from different angles and from different ranges by a single antenna, is derived based on wave scattering from random fluctuations of refractive index. The radial and transverse wind components are estimated from the cross-correlation of signals received from different ranges and different directions. The theoretical standard deviation of the estimated wind is derived, and its dependence on spatial resolution, observation time, and turbulence is presented. The theory shows that AI requires small beam size to measure transverse wind accurately, contrary to the SA technique, whereas RI requires fine range resolution to perform well. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, Boulder, CO 80516 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Zhang, GF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, POB 300, Boulder, CO 80516 USA. EM guzhang@ucar.edu RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 EI 1944-799X J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD DEC 18 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 AR 1106 DI 10.1029/2003RS002927 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 760XG UT WOS:000187860100002 ER PT J AU Gerbig, C Lin, JC Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Andrews, AE Stephens, BB Bakwin, PS Grainger, CA AF Gerbig, C Lin, JC Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Andrews, AE Stephens, BB Bakwin, PS Grainger, CA TI Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO2 with atmospheric observations over a continent: 1. Observed spatial variability from airborne platforms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE regional carbon flux; spatial variability of CO2 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE DATA; MIXING RATIOS; TRANSPORT; MODEL; FLUORESCENCE; SYSTEM; STRATOSPHERE; INVERSIONS; INSTRUMENT; MONOXIDE AB We analyze the spatial variability of CO2 measurements from aircraft platforms, including extensive observations acquired over North America during the CO2 Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) study in 2000. The COBRA data set is unique in its dense spatial coverage and extensive profiling in the lower atmosphere. Strong signatures of CO2 fluxes at the land surface were observed in the active and relic mixed layers of the atmosphere (up to similar to20 ppm gradients). Free tropospheric CO2 exhibited significantly less variability except in areas affected by convective transport. Statistical analyses of the COBRA data indicate that CO2 mixed-layer averages can be determined from vertical profiles with an accuracy of approximately +/-0.2 ppm, limited by atmospheric variance. Analysis of the associated representation error suggests that models require horizontal resolution smaller than similar to30 km to fully resolve spatial variations of atmospheric CO2 in the boundary layer over the continent. To provide a global context for these data, we analyzed the GLOBALVIEW marine boundary layer (MBL) reference CO2. Comparison of the MBL reference with extensive aircraft data extending over 20 years, covering the whole troposphere over the northern Pacific, shows significant seasonal biases of up to 2 ppm in the free troposphere, indicating that the MBL reference is a suitable boundary condition only for some applications. The spatial variability of CO2 revealed by the COBRA-2000 calls for a suitable analysis framework to derive regional and continental fluxes, presented in a companion paper. The problem requires boundary conditions constrained by both surface and upper tropospheric observations and constraints on terrestrial fluxes that exploit the information content of the highly variable CO2 distribution over land. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Pierce Hall,20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM chg@io.harvard.edu; jcl@io.harvard.edu; steven_wofsy@harvard.edu; bcd@io.harvard.edu; andrews@maia.gsfc.nasa.gov; stephens@ucar.edu; pbakvin@cmdl.noaa.gov; grainger@aero.und.edu RI Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013 OI Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603 NR 30 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4756 DI 10.1029/2002JD003018 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760WM UT WOS:000187858300001 ER PT J AU Gerbig, C Lin, JC Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Andrews, AE Stephens, BB Bakwin, PS Grainger, CA AF Gerbig, C Lin, JC Wofsy, SC Daube, BC Andrews, AE Stephens, BB Bakwin, PS Grainger, CA TI Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO2 with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE adjoint model; Lagrangian model; regional fluxes of CO2 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; MODEL; INVERSIONS; TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTIONS; EMISSIONS; TIME; TOOL AB We present an analysis framework and illustrate its potential to constrain terrestrial carbon fluxes at the regional scale using observations of CO2 and CO over North America acquired during the CO2 Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) study in 2000. The COBRA data set, presented in detail in a companion paper [Gerbig et al., 2003] provides dense spatial coverage and extensive profiling in the lower atmosphere, revealing strong CO2 signatures of land surface fluxes in the active and relic mixed layers of the atmosphere. We introduce a "receptor-oriented'' analysis framework designed to quantitatively interpret the atmospheric signatures of surface processes by linking concentrations at measurement locations (receptors) to surface fluxes in upwind regions. The framework incorporates three main components: (1) the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, driven with assimilated winds and running backward in time to map out the source-receptor relationship (footprint) at high temporal and spatial resolution; (2) an observation-based lateral boundary condition for CO2, resolving vertical and meridional gradients; and (3) a simple parameterization for biosphere-atmosphere fluxes that uses eddy covariance observations from the AmeriFlux network as prior estimates for fluxes. This framework allows quantitative comparison between the top-down constraint on fluxes from airborne observations of CO2 with the bottom-up constraint of eddy flux measurements in a Bayesian synthesis inversion. The model is used to investigate the observed representation error (mismatch between point measurements and grid-cell-averaged values in models), evaluated in the companion paper, showing that unresolved spatial variability of surface fluxes gives rise to most of the representation error over the continent. Thus the representation error reflects the effect of aggregation errors. Discrepancies between simulated and observed CO2 distributions are assessed to indicate where improvements are needed, including improved empirical representation of biosphere-atmosphere exchange process and better simulation of convective processes in atmospheric transport models. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Pierce Hall,20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM chg@io.harvard.edu; jcl@io.harvard.edu; steven_wofsy@harvard.edu; bcd@io.harvard.edu; andrews@maia.gsfc.nasa.gov; stephens@ucar.edu; pbakwin@cmdl.noaa.gov; grainger@aero.und.edu RI Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013 OI Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603 NR 30 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 5 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 4757 DI 10.1029/2003JD003770 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 760WM UT WOS:000187858300011 ER PT J AU Diky, VV Frenkel, M Karpushenkava, LS AF Diky, VV Frenkel, M Karpushenkava, LS TI Thermodynamics of sublimation of cubane: natural anomaly or experimental error? SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE cubane; enthalpy; formation; sublimation; thermodynamics ID HYDROCARBONS; ADAMANTANE; MOLECULES; ENERGIES; HEATS; COMBUSTION AB An analysis of the available experimental values of the enthalpy of sublimation of monocyclic, bicyclic, and 'cage' hydrocarbons is performed. Based on the results of this analysis, the value of the enthalpy of sublimation for cubane is found to be anomalous in the series of structurally related hydrocarbons. The potential cause of this anomaly, as well as its impact on the value of the enthalpy of formation of cubane in the gas state at 298.15 K are discussed with emphasis on the reliability of the value, which is used as a key reference value for force field and quantum-chemical computations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Belarussian State Univ, Dept Chem, Minsk 220080, Byelarus. RP Diky, VV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD DEC 17 PY 2003 VL 408 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00318-6 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 750FC UT WOS:000186979800013 ER PT J AU Batra, A Hedden, RC Schofield, P Barnes, A Cohen, C Duncan, TM AF Batra, A Hedden, RC Schofield, P Barnes, A Cohen, C Duncan, TM TI Conformational behavior of guest chains in uniaxially stretched poly(diethylsiloxane) elastomers: H-2 NMR and SANS SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DEFORMED POLYMER NETWORKS; RUBBER ELASTICITY THEORY; SEGMENT ORIENTATION; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; MODEL; MELTS; TRANSITIONS; SAMPLES AB H-2 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) data are reported for deuterated guest chains of polydiethysiloxane (PDES) in end-linked PDES networks as a function of the molecular weight of guest chains relative to that of the network elastic chains. We exploit the ability of PDES networks to form a strain-induced mesophase to demonstrate the tendency of longer guest chains to phase separate or partition selectively to the amorphous phase and the tendency of smaller guest chains to remain distributed between the mesophase and the amorphous phase. The segmental orientation of the guest chains measured via H-2 NMR peak splitting can be interpreted in terms of an enthalpic orientational coupling of the chain segments in the amorphous state. SANS results show that the radius of gyration of guest chains in the unstretched networks and in the networks stretched below the mesomorphic transition remains essentially unchanged from that in the melt state. The scattering intensity from SANS patterns for networks with guest chains of any size has a peak in the direction parallel to the stretch direction that reflects the domain spacing of the lamellae in the mesophase. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Evergreen State Coll, Olympia, WA 98505 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Batra, A (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Barnes, Aaron/B-7009-2012; Hedden, Ronald/M-3909-2014 OI Barnes, Aaron/0000-0002-7014-7556; Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 16 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 25 BP 9458 EP 9466 DI 10.1021/ma035143v PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 752QE UT WOS:000187178000028 ER PT J AU Vreeland, WN Locascio, LE AF Vreeland, WN Locascio, LE TI Using bioinspired thermally triggered liposomes for high-efficiency mixing and reagent delivery in microfluidic devices SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; MIXERS; CHANNELS AB High-efficiency mixing is of fundamental importance for the successful development and application of lab-on-a-chip devices. In this report, we present the use of bioinspired thermally triggered liposomes for the controlled delivery and subsequent rapid mixing of reagents in a microfluidic device. In this technique, reagents are encapsulated inside the aqueous interior of liposomes that are dispersed evenly throughout a microfluidic system. Mixing of the encapsulated reagent and reaction do not occur until the reagent is released by a thermal trigger. This approach takes advantage of the dramatically increased lipid membrane permeability of liposomes near the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature (T-m) to deliver reagents at a precise location in the microfluidic device through the modulation of temperature. Implementation of this technique requires the encapsulation of the desired reagent in a liposome whose formulation has an appropriate Tm, as well as accurate spatial control of the temperature in the microfluidic device. As the liposomes are uniformly dispersed through the microfluidic channel, mixing occurs quite rapidly upon the release of the reagent. We demonstrate this technique by using several formulations of thermally triggered liposomes to release the hydrophilic fluorescent dyes at controlled locations in a polycarbonate microfluidic device. Additionally, we demonstrate a DNA labeling reaction using liposomes in a capillary-based microfluidic device. Under the conditions studied here, mixing and reaction are complete in similar to200 mum of channel length. We believe this approach holds great promise for the performance of rapid high-throughput assays and in particular for biological analytes whose native environment is mimicked by the liposome. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Locascio, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8394, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 24 BP 6906 EP 6911 DI 10.1021/ac034850j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 754BN UT WOS:000187283000020 PM 14670052 ER PT J AU Jones, CG Silverman, J Al-Sheikhly, M Neta, P Poster, DL AF Jones, CG Silverman, J Al-Sheikhly, M Neta, P Poster, DL TI Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial transformer oil by radiolytic and photolytic methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHAIN DECHLORINATION; CONTAMINATED SOILS; IONIZING-RADIATION; DEGRADATION; PCB AB Used electrical transformer oils containing low or high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were treated using electron, gamma, and ultraviolet radiation, and the conditions for complete dechlorination were developed. Dechlorination was determined by analysis of the inorganic chloride formed and the concentrations of remaining PCBs. Transformer oil containing approximate to95 mug g(-1) PCB (approximate to3.5 mmol L-1 Cl) is completely dechlorinated by irradiation with 600 kGy after the addition of 10% triethylamine (TEA). Transformer oil containing >800 000 mug g(-1) PCB (17.7 mol L-1 Cl) requires an additional solvent to prevent solidification. When this oil is diluted with 2-propanol (2-PrOH) and TEA (v/v/v, 1/79/20), complete dechlorination is achieved with a dose of 2500 kGy. Ultraviolet photolysis of the same oil/2-PrOH/TEA solutions led to 90% dechlorination after exposure for 120 h in our experimental setup. Such yields were obtained by radiolysis with a dose of 2000 kGy (300 h in our Gammacell). Replacing TEA with KOH in 2-PrOH solutions greatly increases the yield of dechlorination in both the radiolytic and the photolytic experiments, demonstrating that a chain reaction plays a role in both of these treatment methods and suggesting that both methods deserve further consideration for large-scale application. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Al-Sheikhly, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 5773 EP 5777 DI 10.1021/es030412i PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 753UB UT WOS:000187248000042 PM 14717194 ER PT J AU Evans, WJ Giarikos, DG Josell, D Ziller, JW AF Evans, WJ Giarikos, DG Josell, D Ziller, JW TI Synthesis and structure of polymeric networks of silver hexafluoroacetylacetonate complexes of THF, toluene, and vinyltrimethylsilane SO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTAL STRUCTURES; LEWIS-BASE ADDUCTS; THIN-FILMS; COPPER; FABRICATION; LIGANDS; HEXAFLUOROPENTANEDIONATOSILVER(I); PRECURSORS; DIMER AB The reaction of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone (Hhfac) with Ag(2)O in the presence of L = THF, toluene, and Me(3)SiCH = CH(2) was studied to obtain [Ag(hfac)L], complexes for use as chemical vapor deposition precursors. The structures and volatilities of these three complexes were compared to those of the previously synthesized Ag(hfac)(Me(3)SiC equivalent to CSiMe(3)), 1, which was also crystallographically characterized for comparison. The reaction of Ag(2)O with Hhfac in THF forms the polymeric complex [Ag(4)(hfaC)(4)(THF)(2)](infinity), 2, which has tetrametallic subunits with hfac ligands that bridge via oxygen and carbon. Both 4- and 5-coordinate silver metal centers are found in 2. Ag(2)O reacts with Hhfac in toluene to form a complex with a similar tetrametallic unit [Ag(4)(hfac)(4)(toluene)(2)](infinity), 3. In this case, the tetrametallic subunits are assembled via bridging toluene molecules, and each silver is 6-coordinate. In the presence of excess vinyltrimethylsilane (vtms), Ag(2)O and Hhfac form [Ag(3)(hfaC)(3)(vtms)](infinity), 4, which contains trimetallic subunits assembled via oxygen atoms of bridging hfac ligands and 5- and 6-coordinate silver. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Evans, WJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM wevans@uci.edu NR 37 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0020-1669 J9 INORG CHEM JI Inorg. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 25 BP 8255 EP 8261 DI 10.1021/ic034649r PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 752LR UT WOS:000187162900018 PM 14658876 ER PT J AU Fahmi, MME Khan, A Griffin, JA Harris, GL Robins, LH Birdwell, AG Kang, YS Smith, DJ Steiner, T Mohammad, SN AF Fahmi, MME Khan, A Griffin, JA Harris, GL Robins, LH Birdwell, AG Kang, YS Smith, DJ Steiner, T Mohammad, SN TI Nitrogen-activated bowing of dilute InyGa1-yAs1-xNx based on photoreflectance studies SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; BAND-GAP; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE EXCITATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; GAINNAS ALLOYS; ENERGY; SEMICONDUCTORS; SPECTROSCOPY; PARAMETER; LAYERS AB The dependence of the fundamental band gap and higher-lying critical-point energies of dilute-nitrogen Ga1-yInyAs1-xNx epilayers on nitrogen mole fraction (x), for xless than or equal to0.0125, and temperature, from 20 to 300 K, was investigated by photoreflectance spectroscopy. The band gap, E-G, was found to decrease with increasing x in a highly nonlinear manner. The bowing parameter (the second-order parameter b in a quadratic expression for the dependence of E-G on x) was found to become less negative with increasing x; the value of b changed from -50 eV, at very low nitrogen fraction, to -20 eV, at x>0.01. These results strongly suggest that nitrogen-related impurity levels arise within the band gap of dilute-nitrogen Ga1-yInyAs1-xNx alloys. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Mat Sci Res Ctr Excellence, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Air Force Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Howard Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM snmohammad2002@yahoo.com NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 12 BP 7576 EP 7580 DI 10.1063/1.1625112 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 750AV UT WOS:000186969900029 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI Lattice model of equilibrium polymerization. IV. Influence of activation, chemical initiation, chain scission and fusion, and chain stiffness on polymerization and phase separation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LECITHIN REVERSE MICELLES; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; ASSOCIATING FLUIDS; TRICRITICAL POINTS; SULFUR SOLUTIONS; LIQUID SULFUR; MONTE-CARLO; TRANSITION; POLYMERS; ACTIN AB The influence of thermal activation, chemical initiation, chain fragmentation, and chain stiffness on basic thermodynamic properties of equilibrium polymerization solutions is systematically investigated using a Flory-Huggins type lattice model. The properties treated include the average chain length L, extent of polymerization Phi, Helmholtz free energy F, configurational entropy S, specific heat C(V), polymerization transition temperature T(p), osmotic pressure Pi, and the second and third virial coefficients, A(2) and A(3). The dependence of the critical temperature T(c) and critical composition phi(c) (volume fraction of associating species) on the enthalpy Deltah(p) and entropy Deltas(p) of polymerization and on the strength epsilon(FH) of the FH effective monomer-solvent van der Waals interaction (chi=epsilon(FH)/T) is also analyzed as an illustration of the strong coupling between phase separation and polymerization. For a given polymerization model, both T(c) and phi(c), normalized by their values in the absence of polymerization, are functions of the dimensionless "sticking energy" h(epsilon)equivalent to(\Deltah(p)\/R)/(2epsilon(FH)) (where R is the gas constant) and Deltas(p). (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dudowicz, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM k-freed@uchicago.edu NR 58 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 23 BP 12645 EP 12666 DI 10.1063/1.1625642 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 750AW UT WOS:000186970000069 ER PT J AU Wang, ZM Chung, TC Gilman, JW Manias, E AF Wang, ZM Chung, TC Gilman, JW Manias, E TI Melt-processable syndiotactic polystyrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; syndiotactic polystyrene; montmorillonite; imidazolium ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYSTYRENE NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMORPHIC BEHAVIOR; CHAIN CONFORMATION; POLYMER; MONTMORILLONITE; INTERCALATION; CRYSTALS AB Monoalkyl- and dialkyl-imidazolium surfactants were used to prepare organically modified montmorillonites with markedly improved thermal stability in comparison with their alkyl-ammonium equivalents (the decomposition temperatures increased by ca. 100degreesC). Such an increase in the thermal stability affords the opportunity to form syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS)/imidazolium-montmorillonite nanocomposites even under static melt-intercalation conditions in the absence of high shear rates or solvents. Upon nanocomposite formation, s-PS exhibited an improvement in the thermal stability in comparison with neat s-PS, and the beta-crystal form of s-PS became dominant. This crystallization response agrees with previous studies of s-PS/pyridinium-montmorillonite hybrids and is tentatively attributed to a heterogeneous nucleation action by the inorganic fillers. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manias, E (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Manias, Evangelos/A-7557-2011 NR 42 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 24 BP 3173 EP 3187 DI 10.1002/polb.10697 PG 15 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 748GG UT WOS:000186853700003 ER PT J AU Bourbigot, S Vanderhart, DL Gilman, JW Awad, WH Davis, RD Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA AF Bourbigot, S Vanderhart, DL Gilman, JW Awad, WH Davis, RD Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA TI Investigation of nanodispersion in polystyrene-montmorillonite nanocomposites by solid-state NMR SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; NYLON-6 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); THERMAL-STABILITY; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; 6-CLAY HYBRID; POLYMER; MORPHOLOGY; ANTIPLASTICIZATION AB Nanocomposites result from combinations of materials with vastly different properties in the nanometer scale. These materials exhibit many unique properties such as improved thermal stability, reduced flammability, and improved mechanical properties. Many of the properties associated with polymer-clay nanocomposites are a function of the extent of exfoliation of the individual clay sheets or the quality of the nanodispersion. This work demonstrates that solid-state NMR can be used to characterize, quantitatively, the nanodispersion of variously modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays in polystyrene (PS) matrices. The direct influence of the paramagnetic Fe3+, embedded in the aluminosilicate layers of MMT, on polymer protons within about 1 nm from the clay surfaces creates relaxation sources, which, via spin diffusion, significantly shorten the overall proton longitudinal relaxation time (T-1(H),). Deoxygenated samples were used to avoid the particularly strong contribution to the T-1(H) of PS from paramagnetic molecular oxygen. We used T-1(H) as an indicator of the nanodispersion of the clay in PS. This approach correlated reasonably well with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data. A model for interpreting the saturation-recovery data is proposed such that two parameters relating to the dispersion can be extracted. The first parameter, f, is the fraction of the potentially available clay surface that has been transformed into polymer-clay interfaces. The second parameter, epsilon, is a relative measure of the homogeneity of the dispersion of these actual polymer-clay interfaces. Finally, a quick assay of T-1(H) is reported for samples equilibrated with atmospheric oxygen. Included are these samples as well as 28 PS/MMT nanocomposite samples prepared by extrusion. These measurements are related to the development of high-throughput characterization techniques. This approach gives qualitative indications about dispersion; however, the more time-consuming analysis, of a few deoxygenated samples from this latter set, offers significantly greater insight into the clay dispersion. A second, probably superior, rapid-analysis method, applicable to oxygen-containing samples, is also demonstrated that should yield a reasonable estimate of the f parameter. Thus, for PS/MMT nanocomposites, one has the choice of a less complete NMR assay of dispersion that is significantly faster than TEM analysis, versus a slower and more complete NMR analysis with sample times comparable to TEM, information rivaling that of TEM, and a substantial advantage that this is a bulk characterization method. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Chem Sci Inorgan Mat Grp, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009; OI Bourbigot, Serge/0000-0003-1536-2015 NR 51 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 24 BP 3188 EP 3213 DI 10.1002/polb.10707 PG 26 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 748GG UT WOS:000186853700004 ER PT J AU Malwitz, MM Lin-Gibson, S Hobbie, EK Butler, PD Schmidt, G AF Malwitz, MM Lin-Gibson, S Hobbie, EK Butler, PD Schmidt, G TI Orientation of platelets in multilayered nanocomposite polymer films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE poly(ethylene oxide); clay; nanocomposites; orientation; scattering ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; X-RAY-SCATTERING; FLOW-BIREFRINGENCE; CLAY SOLUTIONS; THERMAL/MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; COLLOIDAL NANOCOMPOSITES; SHEAR ORIENTATION; HYBRID; RHEOLOGY AB The orientation of platelets in micro-meter-thick polymer-clay nanocomposite films was investigated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The films with various clay contents (15-60% by mass fraction) were prepared by a layer-by-layer approach from polymer-clay solutions that led to the formation of a high degree of orientation in both polymer and clay platelets. Shear-induced orientation of polymer-clay solutions is compared with the orientation of polymer-clay films. SANS, SAXS, and WAXD, with beam configurations in and perpendicular to the spread direction of the film, were used to determine the structure and orientation of platelets. In all films, the clay platelets oriented preferentially in the plane of the film. The observed differences in semidilute solutions, with clay surface normal parallel to the vorticity direction, versus bulk films and with clay surface normal parallel to the shear gradient direction at clay mass fractions of 40 and 60%, were attributed to the collapses of clay platelet during the drying process. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 50 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 24 BP 3237 EP 3248 DI 10.1002/polb.10699 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 748GG UT WOS:000186853700006 ER PT J AU Murphy, DM AF Murphy, DM TI Dehydration in cold clouds is enhanced by a transition from cubic to hexagonal ice SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; WATER; NUCLEATION; SUCCESS; HALO AB Cubic ice (Ic) is a metastable form of ice with very similar physical properties but different crystal symmetry than normal, hexagonal ice (Ih). Below 200 K, water preferentially nucleates to Ic, then transforms to the more stable Ih in minutes to days. As a metastable phase, Ic will necessarily have a higher vapor pressure than Ih. A cloud parcel model shows that nucleation to Ic, conversion to Ih, and the vapor pressure differential together produce larger ice crystals that can more effectively dehydrate air. The modelled effect is largest at 180 to 200 K, just the range most important for the tropical tropopause and polar stratospheric clouds. The cloud model also produces a wider size distribution when Ic is included, in agreement with observations. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Murphy, DM (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235 NR 27 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 13 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 23 AR 2230 DI 10.1029/2003GL018566 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 756PG UT WOS:000187489800005 ER PT J AU Lee, K Choi, SD Park, GH Wanninkhof, R Peng, TH Key, RM Sabine, CL Feely, RA Bullister, JL Millero, FJ Kozyr, A AF Lee, K Choi, SD Park, GH Wanninkhof, R Peng, TH Key, RM Sabine, CL Feely, RA Bullister, JL Millero, FJ Kozyr, A TI An updated anthropogenic CO(2) inventory in the Atlantic ocean SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic CO(2); Atlantic ocean; air-sea disequilibrium ID WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENT; EASTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CIRCULATION MODEL; INDIAN-OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA; WATER; INCREASE AB [1] This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the basin-wide inventory of anthropogenic CO(2) in the Atlantic Ocean based on high-quality inorganic carbon, alkalinity, chlorofluorocarbon, and nutrient data collected during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), and the Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) surveys of the Atlantic Ocean between 1990 and 1998. Anthropogenic CO(2) was separated from the large pool of dissolved inorganic carbon using an extended version of the DeltaC* method originally developed by Gruber et al. [ 1996]. The extension of the method includes the use of an optimum multiparameter analysis to determine the relative contributions from various source water types to the sample on an isopycnal surface. Total inventories of anthropogenic CO(2) in the Atlantic Ocean are highest in the subtropical regions at 20degrees-40degrees, whereas anthropogenic CO(2) penetrates the deepest in high-latitude regions (>40degreesN). The deeper penetration at high northern latitudes is largely due to the formation of deep water that feeds the Deep Western Boundary Current, which transports anthropogenic CO(2) into the interior. In contrast, waters south of 50degreesS in the Southern Ocean contain little anthropogenic CO(2). Analysis of the data collected during the 1990 1998 period yielded a total anthropogenic CO(2) inventory of 28.4 +/- 4.7 Pg C in the North Atlantic (equator-70degreesN) and of 18.5 +/- 3.9 Pg C in the South Atlantic (equator-70degreesS). These estimated basin-wide inventories of anthropogenic CO(2) are in good agreement with previous estimates obtained by Gruber [ 1998], after accounting for the difference in observational periods. Our calculation of the anthropogenic CO(2) inventory in the Atlantic Ocean, in conjunction with the inventories calculated previously for the Indian Ocean [ Sabine et al., 1999] and for the Pacific Ocean [ Sabine et al., 2002], yields a global anthropogenic CO(2) inventory of 112 +/- 17 Pg C that has accumulated in the world oceans during the industrial era. This global oceanic uptake accounts for approximately 29% of the total CO(2) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, land-use changes, and cement production during the past 250 years. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Carbon Dioxide Informat Anal Ctr, US DOE, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, San 31, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM ktl@postech.ac.kr; skills@postech.ac.kr; pgh3715@postech.ac.kr; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov; peng@aoml.noaa.gov; key@princeton.edu; sabine@pmel.noaa.gov; feely@pmel.noaa.gov; bullister@pmel.noaa.gov; fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu; kozyra@ornl.gov RI Park, Geun-Ha/A-5705-2011; Choi, Sung-Deuk/F-4827-2010; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 63 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 13 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1116 DI 10.1029/2003GB002067 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756PM UT WOS:000187490300003 ER PT J AU Ferguson, SA Collins, RL Ruthford, J Fukuda, M AF Ferguson, SA Collins, RL Ruthford, J Fukuda, M TI Vertical distribution of nighttime smoke following a wildland biomass fire in boreal Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE biomass fire; smoke particles ID AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; BURNING SMOKE; SCAR-B; PARTICULATE MATTER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TRACE GASES; EMISSIONS; AEROSOL; PARTICLES; RADIATION AB A comprehensive evaluation of the vertical structure of a smoldering smoke plume was afforded by a unique combination of tethersonde measurements (from ground level to about 400 m above ground level (AGL) or 274-674 m above sea level (ASL)), lidar sounding (from about 1.5 to 5 km ASL), and a video recording during the FROSTFIRE experimental burn in July 1999. Tethersonde and lidar measurements were made at local midnight. The video camera operated continuously for 1 week. Estimates of mass concentration were derived from the light-scattering measurements. Every night, upper level smoke concentrations were estimated to be about 1000 times lower than near-surface concentrations. The tethersonde instrument indicated maximum mass concentrations on the night following the most active burning (10-11 July), with the smoke trapped below an inversion at 115 m AGL. The lidar measurements indicated that maximum mass concentrations aloft (similar to2000 m AGL) occurred on the next night (11-12 July), when the inversion was weaker, and estimated mass concentrations in the first few hundred meters ASL were smaller. The opportunistic combination of instruments offers the first available quantitative information on vertical plume structure in smoldering biomass smoke and holds promise for more a rigorous understanding of smoldering smoke as it significantly impacts visibility and human health. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Ctr, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Elect Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600819, Japan. RP Ferguson, SA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Ctr, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 400 N 34th St,Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103 USA. EM sferguson@fs.fed.us; rlc@gi.alaska.edu; julia.rutherford@noaa.gov; mfukuda@pop.lowtem.hokudai.ac NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 4743 DI 10.1029/2002JD003324 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756QL UT WOS:000187492400003 ER PT J AU Castro, SL Wick, GA Emery, WJ AF Castro, SL Wick, GA Emery, WJ TI Further refinements to models for the bulk-skin sea surface temperature difference SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE cool skin; radiometric temperature; surface renewal; near-surface temperature gradient; sea surface temperature difference ID AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; THERMAL-BOUNDARY LAYER; BREAKING WAVES; GAS TRANSFER; WIND STRESS; SWELL WAVES; COOL-SKIN; OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; HEAT AB The bulk-skin sea surface temperature difference, DeltaT, has an important impact on both satellite remote sensing and air-sea interaction studies. Extensive in situ data from diverse environmental conditions are used to explore the dependence of DeltaT on environmental conditions and to evaluate and refine models for DeltaT during nighttime. Data from 10 different cruises covering large ranges of latitudes and seasons in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were accumulated and processed consistently. Comparison of the measured DeltaT values with the environmental parameters generally confirmed an observed tendency for DeltaT to approach a near-constant value as the wind speed increases but also demonstrated a dependence of the residual variability on the net heat flux. To adequately predict DeltaT, it is necessary to use a model that incorporates a dependence on all these parameters. Existing models for DeltaT are all shown to be unable to fully reproduce the observed variability under all conditions. To improve the ability to predict DeltaT, a new surface renewal-type model was developed incorporating four additional physical processes. New expressions are proposed for renewal timescales, accounting for microscale and large-scale wave breaking, the effects of capillary waves, and a saturated shear regime. To incorporate the simultaneous effects of multiple physical processes within the sampling region and period, the modeled DeltaT is computed as a weighted combination of the contributions of the relevant regimes. An initial specification of the weights, derived from the observed DeltaT values and environmental parameters, demonstrates that a suitable combination of the timescales can reproduce the majority of the observed variability in DeltaT. A second, objective determination of the weights, using conjugate gradient minimization, produces slightly poorer results but demonstrates that the model can be used in a prognostic manner to significantly improve upon the existing predictions of DeltaT. C1 Univ Colorado, CCAR UCB 431, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Castro, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CCAR UCB 431, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Castro, Sandra/A-4979-2012 NR 42 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C12 AR 3377 DI 10.1029/2002JC001641 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 756QP UT WOS:000187492700002 ER PT J AU Kim, BG Schwartz, SE Miller, MA Min, QL AF Kim, BG Schwartz, SE Miller, MA Min, QL TI Effective radius of cloud droplets by ground-based remote sensing: Relationship to aerosol SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; effective radius; cloud ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL DEPTH; WATER CLOUDS; CLIMATE MODELS; SATELLITE; PARAMETERIZATION; STRATUS; MICROPHYSICS; SCATTERING; RADIOMETER AB [1] Enhancement of cloud droplet number concentration by anthropogenic aerosols has previously been demonstrated by in-situ measurements, but there remains large uncertainty in the resultant enhancement of cloud optical depth and reflectivity. Detection of this effect is made difficult by the large inherent variability in cloud liquid water path (LWP); the dominant influence of LWP on optical depth and albedo masks any aerosol influences. Here we use ground-based remote sensing of cloud optical depth (tau(c)) by narrowband radiometry and LWP by microwave radiometry to determine the dependence of optical depth on LWP, thereby permitting examination of aerosol influence; the method is limited to complete overcast conditions with single layer clouds, as determined mainly by millimeter wave cloud radar. Measurements in north central Oklahoma on 13 different days in the year 2000 show wide variation in LWP and optical depth on any given day, but with near linear proportionality between the two quantities; variance in LWP accounts as much as 97% of the variance in optical depth on individual days and for about 63% of the variance in optical depth for the whole data set. The slope of optical depth vs. LWP is inversely proportional to the effective radius of cloud droplets (r(e)); event-average cloud droplet effective radius ranged from 5.6 +/- 0.1 to 12.3 +/- 0.6 mm (average +/- uncertainty in the mean). This effective radius is negatively correlated with aerosol light scattering coefficient at the surface as expected for the aerosol indirect effect; the weak correlation (R-2 = 0.24) might be due in part to vertically decoupled structure of aerosol particle concentration and possible meteorological influence such as vertical wind shear. Cloud albedo and radiative forcing for a given LWP are highly sensitive to effective radius; for solar zenith angle 60degrees and typical LWP of 100 g m(-2), as effective radius decreases from 10.2 to 5.8 mm determined on different days, the resultant decrease in calculated net shortwave irradiance at the top of the atmosphere (Twomey forcing) is about 50 W m(-2). C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Kim, BG (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM ses@bnl.gov RI Schwartz, Stephen/C-2729-2008 OI Schwartz, Stephen/0000-0001-6288-310X NR 53 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 4740 DI 10.1029/2003JD003721 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756QG UT WOS:000187492000003 ER PT J AU Bochinski, JR Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Meijer, G Ye, J AF Bochinski, JR Hudson, ER Lewandowski, HJ Meijer, G Ye, J TI Phase space manipulation of cold free radical OH molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; NOBEL LECTURE AB We report bunching, slowing, and acceleration of a supersonically cooled beam of diatomic hydroxyl radicals (OH). In situ observation of laser-induced fluorescence along the beam propagation path allows for detailed characterization of longitudinal phase-space manipulation of OH molecules through the Stark effect by precisely sequenced inhomogeneous electric fields. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bochinski, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Meijer, Gerard/D-2141-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 15 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 24 AR 243001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.243001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 752XT UT WOS:000187202000021 PM 14683112 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG AF Deng, L Payne, MG TI Inhibiting the onset of the three-photon destructive interference in ultraslow propagation-enhanced four-wave mixing with dual induced transparency SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MULTI-PHOTON IONIZATION; 3RD-HARMONIC GENERATION; NONLINEAR OPTICS; RESONANCE; MEDIA AB We propose a dual electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) based multiwave mixing scheme that retains the significantly enhanced conversion efficiency enabled by ultraslow propagation of pump waves, yet is also capable of inhibiting and delaying the onset of the detrimental three-photon destructive interference that limits the further growth of the four-wave mixing (FWM) field. We show that the new scheme exhibits a wave-matching condition that is fundamentally different from the conventional FWM without EIT, and the efficient generation of the mixing wave is not critically dependent upon the FWM detuning to achieve constructive interference as required in the conventional FWM. These are significant steps forward in enabling applications of ultraslow wave nonlinear optics. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 19 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 24 AR 243902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.243902 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 752XT UT WOS:000187202000030 PM 14683121 ER PT J AU Lewandowski, HJ McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Cornell, EA AF Lewandowski, HJ McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Cornell, EA TI Decoherence-driven cooling of a degenerate spinor Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We investigate the relationship between the coherence of a partially Bose-condensed spinor gas and its temperature. We observe cooling of the normal component driven by decoherence as well as the effect of temperature on decoherence rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lewandowski, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 24 AR 240404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.240404 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 752XT UT WOS:000187202000005 PM 14683096 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Kelly, KK Mahoney, MJ Proffitt, MH Richard, EC Thompson, TL AF Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Kelly, KK Mahoney, MJ Proffitt, MH Richard, EC Thompson, TL TI Exchange between the upper tropical troposphere and the lower stratosphere studied with aircraft observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE upper tropical troposphere; multifractal ID WATER-VAPOR; TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURES; TRANSPORT; OZONE; MONSOON; AIR; CIRCULATION; PERSISTENCE; HUMIDITY; FOUNTAIN AB Exchange between the upper tropical troposphere and the lower stratosphere is considered by examining WB57F and ER-2 aircraft observations of water, ozone, wind, and temperature in the potential temperature range 360 150%) above the tropopause extending up to similar to 410 K potential temperature. This ozone increase is the result of recent transport of middle- and high-latitude lower stratospheric air into the subtropics. This meridional transport was a consequence of a geostrophic flow pattern established by a quasi-stationary anticyclone centered over the south central United States that persisted for much of July 2002. We show the spatial and temporal extent of meridional isentropic transport into the subtropics by examining the ozone vertical profiles in combination with the NOy: O-3 correlations as well as isentropic back trajectory calculations. The anomalous ozone profiles are also reproduced in a global chemical transport model. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Richard, EC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM richard@al.noaa.gov RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Aikin, Kenneth/I-1973-2013 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 4714 DI 10.1029/2003JD003884 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756MH UT WOS:000187482700004 ER PT J AU Zhao, W Chellappa, R Phillips, PJ Rosenfeld, A AF Zhao, W Chellappa, R Phillips, PJ Rosenfeld, A TI Face recognition: A literature survey SO ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS LA English DT Review DE algorithms; face recognition; person identification ID OBJECT REPRESENTATION; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; APPEARANCE MODELS; NEURAL-NETWORK; ILLUMINATION; IMAGE; SHAPE; IDENTIFICATION; ARCHITECTURE; INFORMATION AB As one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding, face recognition has recently received significant attention, especially during the past several years. At least two reasons account for this trend: the first is the wide range of commercial and law enforcement applications, and the second is the availability of feasible technologies after 30 years of research. Even though current machine recognition systems have reached a certain level of maturity, their success is limited by the conditions imposed by many real applications. For example, recognition of face images acquired in an outdoor environment with changes in illumination and/or pose remains a largely unsolved problem. In other words, current systems are still far away from the capability of the human perception system. This paper provides an up-to-date critical survey of still-and video-based face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing literature, and the second is to offer some insights into the studies of machine recognition of faces. To provide a comprehensive survey, we not only categorize existing recognition techniques but also present detailed descriptions of representative methods within each category. In addition, relevant topics such as psychophysical studies, system evaluation, and issues of illumination and pose variation are covered. C1 Sarnoff Corp, Vis Technol Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Automat Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sarnoff Corp, Vis Technol Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. EM wzhao@sarnoff.com; rama@cfar.umd.edu; jonathon@nist.gov; ar@cfar.umd.edu NR 166 TC 2371 Z9 2585 U1 47 U2 461 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, NY 10121-0701 USA SN 0360-0300 EI 1557-7341 J9 ACM COMPUT SURV JI ACM Comput. Surv. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 35 IS 4 BP 399 EP 459 DI 10.1145/954339.954342 PG 61 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 752RV UT WOS:000187181700003 ER PT J AU Smith, N Mayhew, M Robinson, H Heroux, A Charlton, D Holden, MJ Gallagher, DT AF Smith, N Mayhew, M Robinson, H Heroux, A Charlton, D Holden, MJ Gallagher, DT TI Crystallization and phasing of alanine dehydrogenase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus is a dimer of 35 kDa chains. The archaeal enzyme appears to represent a new class of AlaDH that is not homologous to bacterial AlaDH enzymes, but has close evolutionary links to the broad ornithine cyclodeaminase/mu-crystallin family, which includes human thyroid hormone binding protein, which has 30% sequence identity to the A. fulgidus gene. The enzyme has been cloned, shown to catalyze the NAD-dependent interconversion of alanine and pyruvate and crystallized in several forms. Although the purified protein crystallized readily under many conditions, most of the crystals diffracted weakly or not at all. One polymorph growing in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) has non-crystallographic symmetry that becomes crystallographic, changing the space group to P2(1)2(1)2, upon binding iridium or samarium. Before and after derivatization, these crystals diffracted to 2.5 Angstrom using synchrotron radiation. Multiwavelength diffraction data were collected from the non-isomorphous iridium derivative, enabling structure determination. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Biocatalyt Inc, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 59 BP 2328 EP 2331 DI 10.1107/S0907444903021565 PN 12 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 748WM UT WOS:000186884000050 PM 14646110 ER PT J AU Zhang, JM Satterfield, MB Brodbelt, JS Britz, SJ Clevidence, B Novotny, JA AF Zhang, JM Satterfield, MB Brodbelt, JS Britz, SJ Clevidence, B Novotny, JA TI Structural characterization and detection of kale flavonoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POTENTIALLY ANTICARCINOGENIC FLAVONOIDS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN PLASMA; BRASSICA-NAPUS; ANTIOXIDANT FLAVONOLS; URINARY-EXCRETION; B RADIATION; RED RADISH; QUERCETIN; IDENTIFICATION AB Sensitive and precise analytical methods are needed for flavonols, a subclass of flavonoids that has strong antioxidant activity. We report an improved method for identifying the predominant flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol, by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and quantifying them by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. Practical applications of the method were demonstrated using several kale and biological samples. Two commercial kale samples were found to have 77 or 244 ppm quercetin and 235 or 347 ppm kaempferol (ppm = mug of quercetin/g of kale or mug of kaempferol/g of kale by fresh weight, 5-15% relative standard deviation). Blanching was found to reduce the flavonols to similar to60% of the levels found in the unblanched kale. Isotopically labeled kale (cultivar Vates) grown in a greenhouse under an atmosphere of (CO2)-C-13 was found to have much lower flavonol levels. UV-A and UV-B supplementation during kale growth in the greenhouse was found to enhance both quercetin and kaempferol levels in Vates kale. The UVB-supplemented kale not only produced more flavonols but the quercetin-to-kaempferol ratio was also higher than the UV-A-supplemented or the nonsupplemented kale. Recovery of flavonols from kale was similar to60% based on spike and recovery trials with rutin, a glycoside of quercetin. Recovery of flavonols from biological samples spiked with rutin ranged from 96% for urine to 70% for plasma. Compared to UV detection, ESI-MS in the deprotonation mode provided lower detection limits, and both higher sensitivity and selectivity, in addition to structural characterization of the kale flavonols by CAD. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Brodbelt, JS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM63512] NR 45 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 23 BP 6401 EP 6407 DI 10.1021/ac034795e PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 750HV UT WOS:000186986000009 PM 14640707 ER PT J AU Yahnina, TA Yahnin, AG Kangas, J Manninen, J Evans, DS Demekhov, AG Trakhtengerts, VY Thomsen, MF Reeves, GD Gvozdevsky, BB AF Yahnina, TA Yahnin, AG Kangas, J Manninen, J Evans, DS Demekhov, AG Trakhtengerts, VY Thomsen, MF Reeves, GD Gvozdevsky, BB TI Energetic particle counterparts for geomagnetic pulsations of Pc1 and IPDP types SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; particle precipitation; magnetospheric physics; energetic particles, precipitating; space plasma physics; wave-particle interactions ID MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA ANALYZER; PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; RING CURRENT; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; PRECIPITATION; MECHANISM; STORM; PROTONS AB Using the low-altitude NOAA satellite particle data, we study two kinds of localised variations of energetic proton fluxes at low altitude within the anisotropic zone equatorward of the isotropy boundary. These flux variation types have a common feature, i.e. the presence of precipitating protons measured by the MEPED instrument at energies more than 30keV, but they are distinguished by the fact of the presence or absence of the lower-energy component as measured by the TED detector on board the NOAA satellite. The localised proton precipitating without a low-energy component occurs mostly in the morning-day sector, during quiet geomagnetic conditions, without substorm injections at geosynchronous orbit, and without any signatures of plasmaspheric plasma expansion to the geosynchronous distance. This precipitation pattern closely correlates with ground-based observations of continuous narrow-band Pc1 pulsations in the frequency range 0.1-2Hz (hereafter Pc1). The precipitation pattern containing the low energy component occurs mostly in the evening sector, under disturbed geomagnetic conditions, and in association with energetic proton injections and significant increases of cold plasma density at geosynchronous orbit. This precipitation pattern is associated with geomagnetic pulsations called Intervals of Pulsations with Diminishing Periods (IPDP), but some minor part of the events is also related to narrow-band Pc1. Both Pc1 and IPDP pulsations are believed to be the electromagnetic ion-cyclotron waves generated by the ion-cyclotron instability in the equatorial plane. These waves scatter energetic protons in pitch angles, so we conclude that the precipitation patterns studied here are the particle counterparts of the ion-cyclotron waves. C1 Polar Geophys Inst, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia. Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Sodankyla, Finland. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Yahnin, AG (reprint author), Polar Geophys Inst, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia. EM yahnin@pgi.kolasc.net.ru RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Yahnin, Alexander/B-5254-2014; Yahnina, Tatiana/A-5310-2017; Demekhov, Andrei/F-1444-2016; Gvozdevsky, Boris/A-5222-2017 OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Yahnin, Alexander/0000-0003-1650-5436; Yahnina, Tatiana/0000-0002-8903-0438; Demekhov, Andrei/0000-0002-8062-8492; Gvozdevsky, Boris/0000-0003-1643-798X NR 40 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 12 BP 2281 EP 2292 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 775NP UT WOS:000189047800004 ER PT J AU Rose, AH Feat, N Etzel, SM AF Rose, AH Feat, N Etzel, SM TI Wavelength and temperature performance of polarization-transforming fiber SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT SENSOR AB We have theoretically and experimentally investigated an optical fiber with circular polarization modes on one end and linear polarization modes on the other end. We call this fiber a polarization-transforming fiber because the local modes, or polarization states they represent, are converted from linear to circular, and visa versa, in the fiber. We have developed and implemented a postdraw process for making polarization-transforming fiber samples 30 mm long with losses less than 1 dB and a polarization-mode conversion from circular to linear greater than 20 dB. Also, we have modeled and measured the dependence on wavelength and temperature of polarization-transforming fiber samples. The measured normalized wavelength dependence of a sample fiber 30 mm long was approximately 1.4 X 10(-4) nm(-1), and the measured normalized temperature dependence was approximately 6 X 10(-4) degreesC(-1). These values are better in some cases than values for conventional high-birefringent fiber quarter-wave plates. C1 NIST, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NxtPhase Inc, 2075 W Pinnicale Peak Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85027 USA. EM arose@nxtphase.com NR 14 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 34 BP 6897 EP 6904 DI 10.1364/AO.42.006897 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 749LR UT WOS:000186922700016 PM 14661801 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, B Wu, ST Zhang, TX Dryer, M AF Tsurutani, B Wu, ST Zhang, TX Dryer, M TI Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-induced shock formation, propagation and some temporally and spatially developing shock parameters relevant to particle energization SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Sun : corona; Sun : interplanetary shocks; Sun : CME; Sun : MHD ID INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; MAGNETIC CLOUD; JANUARY 1997; ERUPTIVE PROMINENCE; LASCO OBSERVATIONS; PROTON EVENTS; FLUX ROPE; ACCELERATION; EVOLUTION; STREAMER AB Interplanetary shocks accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs) from the point of shock formation in the lower corona, and continuously as the shock propagates outward to 1 AU and beyond. In this study, the formation properties of a CME-induced shock and propagation characteristics are studied from the inner corona to 1 AU. We use a 2D, three-component (i.e., 2.5D), time-dependent MHD code in our model. A well-studied CME event (the 1997 January 6-12 Sun-Earth Connection Event) is used as a baseline for this study. The solar wind conditions measured at 1 AU (WIND data) are used to motivate our effort to model the CME driven shock. It is found that the fast forward shock forms originally at similar to3.2 R(s) (solar radii) from the solar surface in the ecliptic plane for the assumed CME and background solar wind parameters. In our model, this occurs similar to2 hrs after CME initiation. The shock formation at higher (similar to30degrees) latitudes measured from the ecliptic plane is further from the Sun (similar to3.6 R(s)) because of higher local magnetosonic speeds that must be exceeded by the original disturbance for shock formation. Finally, the shock becomes symmetric at 16 R(s). In the ecliptic plane at 16 R(s) the fast shock Mach number (M(f)) is similar to3.5, and at 30degrees latitude, M(f)similar to1.7, considerably weaker. A maximum in the fast shock Mach number of 4 is reached at 130 R(s) in the ecliptic plane. The M(f) decreases to 3.5 by 1 AU. Other properties of the shock, as well as its relationship to the local interplanetary properties through which it passes, are discussed. The interplanetary counterpart, ICME, of the coronal CME, is also discussed. These shock properties, we believe, are relevant to the shock's ability to accelerate particles to energies as high as 100 MeV. The actual physical process, however, is not discussed in this paper. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NASA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wu, ST (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wus@cspar.uah.edu NR 52 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 412 IS 1 BP 293 EP 304 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20031413 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 747JC UT WOS:000186800600031 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ AF Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ TI Effect of ventilation systems and air filters on decay rates of particles produced by indoor sources in an occupied townhouse SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fine particles; coarse particles; deposition; filtration; residential indoor air quality ID DEPOSITION; PENETRATION; OUTDOOR; RESIDENCE; CLEANERS; EXPOSURE; ROOM; FINE AB Several studies have shown the importance of particle losses in real homes due to deposition and filtration; however, none have quantitatively shown the impact of using a central forced air fan and in-duct filter on particle loss rates. In an attempt to provide such data, we measured the deposition of particles ranging from 0.3 to 10 mum in an occupied townhouse and also in an unoccupied test house. Experiments were run with three different sources (cooking with a gas stove, citronella candle, pouring kitty litter), with the central heating and air conditioning (HAC) fan on or off, and with two different types of in-duct filters (electrostatic precipitator and ordinary furnace filter). Particle size, HAC fan operation, and the electrostatic precipitator had significant effects on particle loss rates. The standard furnace filter had no effect. Surprisingly, the type of source (combustion vs. mechanical generation) and the type of furnishings (fully furnished including carpet vs. largely unfurnished including mostly bare floor) also had no measurable effect on the deposition rates of particles of comparable size. With the HAC fan off, average deposition rates varied from 0.3 h(-1) for the smallest particle range (0.3-0.5 mum) to 5.2 h(-1) for particles greater than 10 mum. Operation of the central HAC fan approximately doubled these rates for particles < 5 mum, and increased rates by 2 h(-1) for the larger particles. An in-duct electrostatic precipitator increased the loss rates compared to the fan-off condition by factors of 5-10 for particles < 2.5 mum, and by a factor of 3 for 2.5-5.0 mum particles. In practical terms, use of the central fan alone could reduce indoor particle concentrations by 25-50%, and use of an in-duct ESP could reduce particle concentrations by 55-85% compared to fan-off conditions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 21 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 38 BP 5295 EP 5306 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.012 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743YW UT WOS:000186602000001 ER PT J AU Persily, A Howard-Reed, C Nabinger, SJ AF Persily, A Howard-Reed, C Nabinger, SJ TI Transient analysis of volatile organic compound concentrations for estimating emission rates SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE emission rates; field testing; mass balance; measurement; sink effects; volatile organic compounds ID INDOOR AIR; POLLUTANTS AB While emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been obtained for building materials, furnishings and processes in chambers, field measurements are more difficult. Procedures to estimate emission rates using transient analysis of VOC concentrations are described and applied in a two-story classroom/office building. The analysis employs semi-real-time VOC concentrations determined with a portable GC/FlD and simultaneous air change rate measurements using tracer gas decay. The results of the analysis yield consistent values of emission rates for building materials ranging from 0.20 to 0.40 mg m(-2) h(-1) when normalized by floor area. Occupancy-related emissions were more difficult to estimate and covered a wider range from roughly 0.1 to 1.5 mg m(-2) h(-1). The test data were also analyzed in an attempt to determine sink parameters, but these efforts were not particularly successful. Furthermore, in these tests, the inclusion of sink effects did not significantly impact the estimated emission rates. While this paper offers a transient analysis approach that may lead to improved field estimates of VOC emission rates, it is not presented as a definitive methodology. Nevertheless, transient analysis has potential for use in other buildings, but simultaneous air change rate measurements are critical in its application in estimating VOC emission rates in the field. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Persily, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andyp@nist.gov RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 39-40 BP 5505 EP 5516 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.027 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753EK UT WOS:000187219000007 ER PT J AU Frick, K AF Frick, K TI Response in nematocyst uptake by the nudibranch Flabellina verrucosa to the presence of various predators in the southern Gulf of Maine SO BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PREY-SPECIES SELECTION; SPURILLA-NEAPOLITANA; MONARCH BUTTERFLIES; AEOLID NUDIBRANCHS; DANAUS-CHRYSIPPUS; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; TROPHIC CASCADE; FOOD-CHAIN; PLANT; STREAM AB Aeolid nudibranchs maintain nematocysts sequestered from their cnidarian prey for protection against predators. Selection for nematocyst incorporation is a function of diet and prey choice, but ratios vary among nudibranchs feeding on a given diet, indicating that other factors may be involved. It is proposed that the presence of predators influences nematocyst incorporation. Nematocyst uptake in the nudibranch Flabellina verrucosa collected from the southern Gulf of Maine was examined in response to various potential predators, including Crossaster papposus, Tautogolabrus adspersus, and Carcinus maenas. Nudibranchs in individual flow-through containers feeding on a diet of the hydroids Tubularia spp. and Obelia geniculata were subjected to tanks containing a predator, then their nematocyst distribution was examined. Although most of the changes over the experimental period were attributable to diet, F. verrucosa responded to both T. adspersus and C. papposus by significantly increasing microbasic mastigophore incorporation. No differential uptake was seen with C. maenas. Response was evident in the nudibranchs both for predators present in the collection area and for those with which they had no previous exposure, indicating that F. verrucosa modulates nematocyst incorporation in response to the presence of predators as well as to diet. A coevolution of nudibranchs and potential predators may govern changes in nematocyst uptake. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Frick, K (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM Kinsey.Frick@noaa.gov NR 53 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PI WOODS HOLE PA 7 MBL ST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA SN 0006-3185 EI 1939-8697 J9 BIOL BULL-US JI Biol. Bull. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 205 IS 3 BP 367 EP 376 DI 10.2307/1543299 PG 10 WC Biology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 756CC UT WOS:000187447400010 PM 14672990 ER PT J AU Campbell, B Dickey, JT Swanson, P AF Campbell, B Dickey, JT Swanson, P TI Endocrine changes during onset of puberty in male spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE follicle-stimulating hormone; puberty; spermatogenesis; steroid hormones; testis ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; EEL ANGUILLA-JAPONICA; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; MALE JAPANESE EEL; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; GTH-II; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; PITUITARY-CELLS AB In male salmonids, the age of maturation varies from 1 to 6 years and is influenced by growth during critical periods of the life cycle. The endocrine mechanisms controlling spermatogenesis and how growth affects this process are poorly understood. Recent research has indicated that gonadotropins, 11-ketotestosterone, and insulin-like growth factor I play roles in spermatogenesis in fish. To expand our understanding of the roles of these endocrine factors in onset of puberty, male spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were sampled at monthly intervals 14 mo prior to spermiation. This sampling regime encompassed two hypothesized critical periods when growth influences the initiation and completion of puberty for this species. Approximately 80% of the males matured during the experimental period, at age 2 in September 1999. An initial decline in the ratio of primary A to transitional spermatogonia was observed from July to December 1998, and during this period plasma levels of 11-ketotestosterone and pituitary levels of FSH increased. From January 1999 onward, males with low plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels (<1 ng/ml) had low pituitary and plasma FSH levels and no advanced development of germ cells. Conversely, from January through September 1999, males with high plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels (>1 ng/ml) had testes with progressively more advanced germ cell stages along with elevated pituitary and plasma FSH. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I increased during maturation. These data provide the first physiological evidence for activation of the pituitary-testis axis during the fall critical period when maturation is initiated for the following year. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Integrat Fish Biol Program, Resource Environm Utilizat Technol Div, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Swanson, P (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98110 USA. NR 60 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 6 BP 2109 EP 2117 DI 10.1095/biolreprod.103.020560 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 746XE UT WOS:000186772300045 PM 12930714 ER PT J AU Petersen, JE Kemp, WM Bartleson, R Boynton, WR Chen, CC Cornwell, JC Gardner, RH Hinkle, DC Houde, ED Malone, TC Mowitt, WP Murray, L Sanford, LP Stevenson, JC Sundberg, KL Suttles, SE AF Petersen, JE Kemp, WM Bartleson, R Boynton, WR Chen, CC Cornwell, JC Gardner, RH Hinkle, DC Houde, ED Malone, TC Mowitt, WP Murray, L Sanford, LP Stevenson, JC Sundberg, KL Suttles, SE TI Multiscale experiments in coastal ecology: Improving realism and advancing theory SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE scale; mesocosm; experimental design; extrapolation ID EXPERIMENTAL ECOSYSTEMS; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ESTUARINE MESOCOSMS; SCALE; EUTROPHICATION; MODELS; RATES; SIZE AB The Multiscale Experimental Ecosystem Research Center has conducted a series of mesocosm experiments to quantify the effects of scale-in terms of time, depth, radius, exchange rate, and ecological complexity-on biogeochemical processes and trophic dynamics in a variety of coastal habitats. The results indicate that scale effects can be categorized as (a) fundamental effects, which are evident in both natural and experimental ecosystems, and (b) artifacts of enclosure, which arc solely attributable to the artificial environment in mesocosms. We conclude that multiscale experiments increase researchers' understanding of scale in nature and improve their ability to design scale-sensitive experiments, the results of which can be systematically compared with each other and extrapolated to nature. C1 Oberlin Coll, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist Restorat Div, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98275 USA. Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Biol, Taipei 116, Taiwan. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Petersen, JE (reprint author), Oberlin Coll, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. EM john.petersen@oberlin.edu RI Boynton, Walter/C-3035-2012; kemp, Michael/F-9955-2013; Houde, Edward/D-8498-2012; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; Langhamer, Olivia/J-3425-2012; Cornwell, Jeffrey/R-5506-2016 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Cornwell, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7111-2489 NR 52 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD DEC PY 2003 VL 53 IS 12 BP 1181 EP 1197 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1181:MEICEI]2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 754NA UT WOS:000187322200007 ER PT J AU Reinking, RF Frisch, AS Orr, BW Korn, DL Bissonnette, LR Roy, G AF Reinking, RF Frisch, AS Orr, BW Korn, DL Bissonnette, LR Roy, G TI Remote sensing observations of effects of mountain blocking on travelling gravity-shear waves and associated clouds SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE blocked flow; droplet growth (wave-driven); Kelvin-Helmholtz instability; low-level jet; vortex sheets; vortex tubes ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; DOPPLER RADAR; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; BREAKING; LIQUID; WATER AB Trapped Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) waves and vortices were monitored as they were generated immediately upwind of a mountain and driven into the barrier by a low-level jet. A stratus cloud visually revealed the embedded, propagating, gravity-shear waves. Interactions of the waves with the mountain were deciphered using remote sensing measurements of the structure, motions, and microphysics within the cloud and conceptual models based on existing theories. The observations show that the mountain acted as a dam to the flow that was primed for, but did not spontaneously induce, the waves. In response to the blocking, the waves spatially developed a pattern of formation, amplification, and breakdown between the upstream flow and the barrier, and altered the associated clouds in the process. Notably, radar signatures of velocity variance depicted organized, intertwined ribbons of relatively large vorticity within the wave layer. These provided measured evidence of the vortex sheet and streamwise vortex tubes predicted by advanced K-H instability theory, the three-dimensional version of Scorer's 'stripe', the layer of rotational fluid between opposed flows that led to the wave generation. A theory of resonant interaction of wave trains, but with blocking imposed, appears to explain the internal structure of the pile-up of the flow and wave amplification approaching the barrier. Evolution of the supporting atmospheric thermal structure and introduction of a boundary-layer flow reversal follow a current model of blocking, although some features may have developed more directly from wave-driven mixing. The remote sensors also measured the influence of the waves on the cloud liquid water, including a cumulative enlargement of droplets as they were carried through a series of waves. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, NOAA, ETL, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Boulder, CO USA. Def Res Estab Valcartier, Val Belair, PQ, Canada. RP Reinking, RF (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM roger.reinking@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 EI 1573-1472 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 109 IS 3 BP 255 EP 284 DI 10.1023/A:1025865421606 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 724NP UT WOS:000185493900002 ER PT J AU Leetmaa, A AF Leetmaa, A TI Seasonal forecasting - Innovations in practice and institutions SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum on Improving Responses to Climate Predictions CY APR 23-24, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. C1 NOAA, OAR, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Leetmaa, A (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1686 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-12-1686 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758YD UT WOS:000187678900016 ER PT J AU MacCracken, MC Barron, EJ Easterling, DR Felzer, BS Karl, TR AF MacCracken, MC Barron, EJ Easterling, DR Felzer, BS Karl, TR TI Climate change scenarios for the US National Assessment SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; UNCERTAINTY; IPCC AB In support of the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, climate scenarios were prepared to serve as the basis for evaluating the vulnerability of environmental and societal systems to changes projected for the twenty-first century. Since publication of the results of the assessment at the end of 2000, the National Research Council's report Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, and the U.S. government's U.S. Climate Action Report-2002 have both relied on the assessment's findings. Because of the importance of these findings, it is important to directly address questions regarding the representativeness and usefulness of the model-based projections on which the findings were based. In particular, criticisms have focused on whether the climate models that were relied upon adequately represented twentieth-century conditions and whether their projections of conditions for the twenty-first century were outliers. Reexamination of the approach used in developing and evaluating the climate scenarios indicates that the results from the two. primary climate modeling groups that were relied upon allowed the generation of climate scenarios that span much of the range of possible future climatic conditions projected by the larger set of model simulations, which was compiled for the IPCC's Third Assessment Report. With the set of models showing increasing agreement in their simulations of twentieth-century trends in climate and of projected changes in climate on subcontinental to continental scales, the climate scenarios that were generated seem likely to provide a plausible representation of the types of climatic conditions that could be experienced during the twenty-first century. Warming, reduced snow cover, and more intense heavy precipitation events were projected by ail models, suggesting such changes are quite likely. However, significant differences remain in the projection of changes in precipitation and of the regional departures in climate from the larger-scale patterns. For this reason, evaluating potential impacts using climate scenarios based on models exhibiting different regional responses is a necessary step to ensuring a representative analysis. Utilizing an even more encompassing set of scenarios in the future could help move from mainly qualitative toward more certain and quantitative conclusions. C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NOAA, Natl Climate Date Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP MacCracken, MC (reprint author), 6308 Berkshire Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 43 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1711 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-12-1711 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758YD UT WOS:000187678900027 ER PT J AU Kain, JS Janish, PR Weiss, SJ Baldwin, ME Schneider, RS Brooks, HE AF Kain, JS Janish, PR Weiss, SJ Baldwin, ME Schneider, RS Brooks, HE TI Collaboration between forecasters and research scientists at the NSSL and SPIC - The spring program SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FREEZING RAIN; ETA-MODEL; SCHEME; OPERATIONS; CONVECTION AB Collaborative activities between operational forecasters and meteorological research scientists have the potential to provide significant benefits to both groups and to society as a whole, yet such collaboration is rare. An exception to this state of affairs is occurring at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Since the SPC moved from Kansas City to the NSSL facility in Norman, Oklahoma in 1997, collaborative efforts between researchers and forecasters at this facility have begun to flourish. This article presents a historical background for this interaction and discusses some of the factors that have helped this collaboration gain momentum. It focuses on the 2001 Spring Program, a collaborative effort focusing on experimental forecasting techniques and numerical model evaluation, as a prototype for organized interactions between researchers and forecasters. In addition, the many tangible and intangible benefits of this unusual working relationship are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Kain, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 36 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1797 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-12-1797 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758YD UT WOS:000187678900032 ER PT J AU Stoelinga, MT Hobbs, PV Mass, CF Locatelli, JD Collie, BA Houze, RA Rangno, AL Bond, NA Smull, BF Rasmussen, RM Thompson, G Colman, BR AF Stoelinga, MT Hobbs, PV Mass, CF Locatelli, JD Collie, BA Houze, RA Rangno, AL Bond, NA Smull, BF Rasmussen, RM Thompson, G Colman, BR TI Improvement of microphysical parameterization through observational verification experiment SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ICE PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; MARITIME CUMULIFORM CLOUDS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; DOPPLER RADAR NETWORK; PRECIPITATION DEVELOPMENT; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WINTER STORMS; TERMINAL VELOCITIES AB Despite continual increases in numerical model resolution and significant improvements in the forecasting of many meteorological parameters, progress in quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) has been slow. This is attributable in part to deficiencies in. the bulk microphysical parameterization (BMP) schemes used in mesoscale models to simulate cloud and precipitation processes. These deficiencies have become more apparent as model resolution has increased. To address these problems requires comprehensive data that can be used to isolate errors in QPF due to BMP schemes from those due to other sources. These same data can then be used to evaluate and improve the microphysical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by BMP schemes. In response to the need for such data, a group of researchers is collaborating on a study titled the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE). IMPROVE has included two field campaigns carried out in the Pacific Northwest: an offshore frontal precipitation study off the Washington coast in January-February 2001, and an orographic precipitation study in the Oregon Cascade Mountains in November-December 2001. Twenty-eight intensive observation periods yielded a uniquely comprehensive dataset that includes in situ airborne observations of cloud and precipitation microphysical parameters; remotely sensed reflectivity, dual-Doppler, and polarimetric quantities; upper-air wind, temperature, and humidity data; and a wide variety of surface-based meteorological, precipitation, and microphysical data. These data are being used to test mesoscale model simulations of the observed storm systems and, in particular, to evaluate and improve the BMP schemes used in such models. These studies should lead to improved QPF in operational forecast models. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Seattle, WA USA. RP Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM phobbs@atmos.washington.edu NR 69 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 1807 EP 1826 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-12-1807 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758YD UT WOS:000187678900033 ER PT J AU De Robertis, A Ryer, CH Veloza, A Brodeur, RD AF De Robertis, A Ryer, CH Veloza, A Brodeur, RD TI Differential effects of turbidity on prey consumption of piscivorous and planktivorous fish SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; BLUEGILL LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; LIGHT; PREDATION; ZOOPLANKTON; BEHAVIOR; MODEL; SEA; ESTUARIES; SEDIMENT AB Contrast degradation theory predicts that increased turbidity decreases the visibility of objects that are visible at longer distances more than that of objects that are visible at short distances. Consequently, turbidity should disproportionately decrease feeding rates by piscivorous fish, which feed on larger and more visible prey than particle-feeding planktivorous fish. We tested this prediction in a series of laboratory feeding experiments, the results of which indicated that prey consumption by two species of planktivorous fish (juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)) is much less sensitive to elevated turbidity than piscivorous feeding by sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Planktivorous feeding in the turbidity range tested (0-40 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) was reduced at high light intensity, but not at low light intensity. Comparatively low (5-10 NTU) turbidity decreased both the rate at which sablefish pursued prey and the probability of successful prey capture. These results suggest that turbid environments may be advantageous for planktivorous fish because they will be less vulnerable to predation by piscivores, but will not experience a substantial decrease in their ability to capture zooplankton prey. C1 NOAA, Estuarine & Ocean Ecol Program,Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr,NMFS, NOAA,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,NMFS, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. E Stroudsburg Univ, Dept Biol, E Stroudsburg, PA 18031 USA. RP De Robertis, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Alex.DeRobertis@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 151 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 45 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 60 IS 12 BP 1517 EP 1526 DI 10.1139/F03-123 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770VV UT WOS:000188752800009 ER PT J AU Bronte, CR Ebener, MP Schreiner, DR DeVault, DS Petzold, MM Jensen, DA Richards, C Lozano, SJ AF Bronte, CR Ebener, MP Schreiner, DR DeVault, DS Petzold, MM Jensen, DA Richards, C Lozano, SJ TI Fish community change in lake superior, 1970-2000 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Salmonid Communities in Oligotrophic Lakes II CY MAY 18-20, 2000 CL UNIV TORONTO, MISSISSAUGA, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO ID LAMPREY PETROMYZON-MARINUS; TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDII; ST-LOUIS RIVER; GREAT-LAKES; SEA LAMPREY; FOOD-WEB; CISCOES COREGONINAE; THERMAL HABITAT; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Changes in Lake Superior's fish community are reviewed from 1970 to 2000. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) stocks have increased substantially and may be approaching ancestral states. Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) have also recovered, but under sporadic recruitment. Contaminant levels have declined and are in equilibrium with inputs, but toxaphene levels are higher than in all other Great Lakes. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control, harvest limits, and stocking fostered recoveries of lake trout,and allowed establishment of small normative salmonine populations. Natural reproduction supports most salmonine populations, therefore further stocking is not required. Normative salmonines will likely remain minor components of the fish community. Forage biomass has shifted from exotic rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) to native species, and high predation may prevent their recovery. Introductions of exotics have increased and threaten the recovering fish community. Agencies have little influence on the abundance of forage fish or the major predator, siscowet lake trout, and must now focus on habitat protection and enhancement in nearshore areas and prevent additional species introductions to further restoration. Persistence of Lake Superior's native deepwater species is in contrast to other Great Lakes where restoration will be difficult in the absence of these ecologically important fishes. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Sault Ste Marie, ON 49783, Canada. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Lake Super Area Fisheries Program, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. Univ Minnesota, Sea Grant Program, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bronte, CR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fishery Resources Off, 2661 Scott Tower Dr, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. EM charles_bronte@fws.gov NR 104 TC 127 Z9 130 U1 12 U2 59 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 60 IS 12 BP 1552 EP 1574 DI 10.1139/F03-136 PG 23 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770VV UT WOS:000188752800012 ER PT J AU Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V AF Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V TI Atmospheric photochemistry via vibrational overtone absorption SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID UNIMOLECULAR REACTION DYNAMICS; SULFURIC-ACID VAPOR; STATE-TO-STATE; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; NITRIC-ACID; MEDIATED PHOTODISSOCIATION; INTRAMOLECULAR DYNAMICS; INTEGRATED-INTENSITIES; ABSOLUTE INTENSITIES; EXCITED MOLECULES C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol & Environm Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Donaldson, DJ (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. EM jdonalds@chem.utoronto.ca RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014; Donaldson, James/G-7120-2012 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056; Donaldson, James/0000-0002-5090-3318 NR 66 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 103 IS 12 BP 4717 EP 4729 DI 10.1021/cr0206519 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 753MQ UT WOS:000187235500012 PM 14664630 ER PT J AU Kurylo, MJ Orkin, VL AF Kurylo, MJ Orkin, VL TI Determination of atmospheric lifetimes via the measurement of OH radical kinetics SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; RELATIVE RATE MEASUREMENTS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; REACTION-RATE CONSTANTS; PRESSURE DISCHARGE FLOW; LEAST-SQUARES METHOD C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kurylo, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012 NR 215 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 103 IS 12 BP 5049 EP 5076 DI 10.1021/cr020524c PG 28 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 753MQ UT WOS:000187235500025 PM 14664643 ER PT J AU Brown, SS AF Brown, SS TI Absorption spectroscopy in high-finesse cavities for atmospheric studies SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; LEAK-OUT SPECTROSCOPY; TUNABLE DIODE-LASER; TRACE GAS-DETECTION; OPTICAL HETERODYNE-DETECTION; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS; LONG-PATH ABSORPTION; NITRATE RADICAL NO3 C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013 NR 127 TC 131 Z9 134 U1 7 U2 56 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 EI 1520-6890 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 103 IS 12 BP 5219 EP 5238 DI 10.1021/cr020645c PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 753MQ UT WOS:000187235500031 PM 14664649 ER PT J AU Jackson, CS Broccoli, AJ AF Jackson, CS Broccoli, AJ TI Orbital forcing of Arctic climate: mechanisms of climate response and implications for continental glaciation SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ICE-SHEET GROWTH; SEA-ICE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; AGE CYCLE; LAST GLACIATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SNOW COVER; SENSITIVITY AB Progress in understanding how terrestrial ice volume is linked to Earth's orbital configuration has been impeded by the cost of simulating climate system processes relevant to glaciation over orbital time scales (10(3)-10(5) years). A compromise is usually made to represent the climate system by models that are averaged over one or more spatial dimensions or by three-dimensional models that are limited to simulating particular "snapshots" in time. We take advantage of the short equilibration time (similar to10 years) of a climate model consisting of a three-dimensional atmosphere coupled to a simple slab ocean to derive the equilibrium climate response to accelerated variations in Earth's orbital configuration over the past 165,000 years. Prominent decreases in ice melt and increases in snowfall are simulated during three time intervals near 26, 73, and 117 thousand years ago (ka) when aphelion was in late spring and obliquity was low. There were also significant decreases in ice melt and increases in snowfall near 97 and 142 ka when eccentricity was relatively large, aphelion was in late spring, and obliquity was high or near its long term mean. These "glaciation-friendly" time intervals correspond to prominent and secondary phases of terrestrial ice growth seen within the marine delta(18)O record. Both dynamical and thermal effects contribute to the increases in snowfall during these periods, through increases in storm activity and the fraction of precipitation falling as snow. The majority of the mid- to high latitude response to orbital forcing is organized by the properties of sea ice, through its influence on radiative feedbacks that nearly double the size of the orbital forcing as well as its influence on the seasonal evolution of the latitudinal temperature gradient. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Jackson, CS (reprint author), Univ Texas, John A & Katherine G Jackson Sch Geosci, Inst Geophys, 4412 Spicewood Springs Rd, Austin, TX 78759 USA. RI Jackson, Charles/A-2202-2009; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014 OI Jackson, Charles/0000-0002-2870-4494; Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434 NR 58 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 7-8 BP 539 EP 557 DI 10.1007/s00382-003-0351-3 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 754QT UT WOS:000187342500002 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF AF Widmann, JF TI Evaluation of the planck mean absorption coefficients for radiation transport through smoke SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE extinction coefficient; Planck mean absorption coefficient; soot; smoke; radiation; heat transfer; fire; combustion; radiative transport ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DIFFUSION FLAMES; SOOT AB A literature review of experimental measurements of mass specific extinction coefficients, sigma(s), for combustion-generated particulate has been conducted to obtain an improved value of the constant in the frequently used expression for the Planck mean absorption coefficient through smoke, kappa(m)=C(0)f(v)T. This expression, which results from the product of the spectral absorption coefficient for smoke particles and the Planck spectral distribution curve integrated over all wavelengths, is used to simplify radiative transport calculations in combustion systems. It is shown that a value of C-0=2370+/-240 m(-1) K-1 is consistent with the available data and that this value is approximately two times the values commonly used. Using the available experimental values of sigma(s) to calculate C-0 eliminates the problems associated with the large uncertainties in soot refractive index encountered when Rayleigh theory is used to predict C-0 . It is also shown that a value of K-e=8.8+/-0.9 for the dimensionless extinction coefficient is consistent with the available experimental data. These values are valid for stoichiometric and overventilated combustion only. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Widmann, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 175 IS 12 BP 2299 EP 2308 DI 10.1080/00102200390241673 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 740FU UT WOS:000186393000008 ER PT J AU Friedlander, A Nowlis, JS Sanchez, JA Appeldoorn, R Usseglio, P McCormick, C Bejarano, S Mitchell-Chui, A AF Friedlander, A Nowlis, JS Sanchez, JA Appeldoorn, R Usseglio, P McCormick, C Bejarano, S Mitchell-Chui, A TI Designing effective marine protected areas in seaflower biosphere reserve, colombia, based on biological and sociological information SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID US VIRGIN-ISLANDS; CORAL-REEF; FISHERIES; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; HISTORY AB Ecologists have paid increasing attention to the design of marine protected areas (MPAs), and their design advice consistently recommends representing all habitat types within MPAs or MPA networks as a means to provide protection to all parts of the natural ocean system. Recent developments of new habitat-mapping techniques make this advice more achievable, but the success of such an approach depends largely on our ability to define habitat types in a way that is ecologically relevant. We devised and tested the ecological relevance of a set of habitat-type definitions through our participation in a stakeholder-driven process to design a network of MPAs, focusing on no-take marine reserves in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, San Andres Archipelago, Colombia. A priori definitions of habitat types were ecologically relevant, in that our habitat-type definitions corresponded to identifiable and unique characteristics in the ecological communities found there. The identification of ecological pathways and connectivity among habitats also helped in designing ecologically relevant reserve boundaries. Our findings contributed to the overall design process, along with our summary of other general principles of marine reserve design. Extensive stakeholder input provided information concerning the resources and their patterns of use. These inputs also contributed to the reserve design process. We anticipate success for the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve at achieving conservation and social goals because its zoning process includes detailed yet flexible scientific advice and the participation of stakeholders at every step. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Ocean Conservancy, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. NOAA, SE Reg Off, Sustainable Fisheries Div, St Petersburg, FL 33702 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Systemat Biol, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Labs Analyt Biol, Washington, DC 20013 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Corp Sustainable Dev Archipelago San Andres Old P, Bight, San Andres Isl, Colombia. Univ Windsor, Dept Biol, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Univ Bogota, Bogota, Colombia. RP Friedlander, A (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RI Bejarano, Sonia/S-7784-2016 OI Bejarano, Sonia/0000-0001-6451-6354 NR 48 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1769 EP 1784 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00338.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 748PF UT WOS:000186869700035 ER PT J AU Holmes, EE York, AE AF Holmes, EE York, AE TI Using age structure to detect impacts on threatened populations: A case study with steller sea lions SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; DECLINE; ALASKA; MANAGEMENT; ABUNDANCE; DYNAMICS; TURTLES AB A delayed response to change is often a characteristic of long-lived species and presents a major challenge to monitoring their status. However, rapid shifts in age structure can occur even while population size remains relatively static. We used time-varying matrix models to study age-structure information as a tool for improving detection of survivorship and fecundity change and status. We applied the methods to Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), a long-lived endangered marine mammal found throughout the North Pacific Rim. Population and newborn counts were supplemented with information on the fraction of the population that was juvenile, obtained by measuring animals in aerial photographs taken during range-wide censuses. By fitting the model to 1976-1998 data, we obtained maximum-likelihood estimates and 95% confidence intervals for juvenile survivorship, adult survivorship, and adult fecundity in the mid-1980s, late 1980s, and 1990s. We used a series of nested models to test whether the data were best fit by a model with one, two, or three temporal changes in demographic rates, and we fit the models to different lengths of data to test the number of years of data needed to detect a demographic change. The declines in the early 1980s were associated with severely low juvenile survivorship, whereas declines in the 1990s were associated with disproportionately low fecundity. We repeated these analyses, fitting only to the count data without the juvenile-fraction information, to determine whether the age-structure information changed the conclusions and/or changed the certainty and speed with which demographic-rate changes could be detected. The juvenile-fraction data substantially improved the degree to which estimates from the model were consistent with field data and significantly improved the speed and certainty with which changes in demographic rates were detected. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Holmes, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 40 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 4 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1794 EP 1806 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00191.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 748PF UT WOS:000186869700037 ER PT J AU Good, TP Harms, TK Ruckelshaus, MH AF Good, TP Harms, TK Ruckelshaus, MH TI Misuse of checklist assessments in endangered species recovery efforts SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMON; PLANS; ACT AB Natural resource agencies worldwide must develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery. To evaluate the impacts of proposed habitat alterations on species of conservation concern, standardized protocols may be adopted even when supporting data are scarce. For example, a habitat matrix was developed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to guide consultations under the Endangered Species Act for actions that may affect the functioning of the freshwater habitat used by several federally listed salmonid species. The habitat matrix has also been advocated as a tool for recovery planning by agencies apart from the NMFS, who could use it to define the habitat conditions assumed to be necessary for salmonid population viability and hence recovery. This use of the habitat matrix in a recovery context has not been evaluated, and, despite its widespread use as a regulatory tool, the empirical relationships between many of the habitat matrix variables and salmonid populations remain unexplored. By amassing data on habitat assessments and trends in fish abundance, we empirically evaluate the relationship between habitat matrix scores and salmonid population metrics. We found that abundance trends for populations of three species of threatened and endangered salmonids (chinook, coho, and steelhead) were unrelated to these habitat matrix assessments. This study reveals the danger of assuming quantitative relationships between habitat and organism and cautions against co-opting protocols from the regulatory realm for recovery planning for endangered species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Good, TP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 2 AR 12 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779NY UT WOS:000189307800008 ER PT J AU Takagi, S Chow, LC Hirayama, S Eichmiller, FC AF Takagi, S Chow, LC Hirayama, S Eichmiller, FC TI Properties of elastomeric calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composites SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; chitosan; chitosan derivatives; non-rigid; mechanical properties; tetracalcium phosphate; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; hydroxyapatite ID PERIODONTAL OSSEOUS DEFECTS; IN-VITRO PROPERTIES; BONE-FILLING PASTE; RIDGE AUGMENTATION; ALVEOLAR RIDGE; HYDROXYAPATITE; IMPLANTS AB Objective. Self-hardening calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have been shown to be efficacious in a number of clinical applications. For some applications it is desirable to have CPC in a non-rigid resorbable elastomeric matrix. In the present study, chitosan was evaluated as the matrix for preparing CPC-chitosan composites. Methods. Cement specimens were prepared by mixing CPC powder (an equimolar mixture of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous) with a chitosan solution at a powder/liquid ratio of 2-2.5. The setting time was measured by a Gilmore needle method. A standard three-point flexural test was used to fracture the specimens at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the conversion of the CPC to hydroxyapatite. Results. The CPC-chitosan composites were more stable in water than conventional CPC. They did not disintegrate even when placed in water immediately after mixing. The CPC-chitosan paste hardened within 10 min in all cases. The 1 d mean flexural modulus (GPa) for the control CPC was 5.3 (0.3) (mean (standard deviation); n = 5), and that for CPC-chitosan composites were between 2.7 (0.3) and 4.7 (0.3). The 1 d mean flexural strength (MPa) for the control was 16.6 (1.9), and that for the CPC-chitosan ranged from 4.5 (0.5) and 12.0 (1.0) (n = 5). Chitosan did not interfere the conversion of CPC components to hydroxyapatite. Significance. This study demonstrates that CPC-chitosan composites are stable in a wet environment and have acceptable mechanical strengths for clinical applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Tokyo 101, Japan. RP Takagi, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789] NR 25 TC 50 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 19 IS 8 BP 797 EP 804 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00028-9 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 730LK UT WOS:000185832100014 PM 14511739 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Conover, DO AF Hurst, TP Conover, DO TI Seasonal and interannual variation in the allometry of energy allocation.in juvenile striped bass SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allometry; energy allocation; Hudson River; USA; lipid reserves; Morone saxatilis; seasonality; striped bass; juvenile ID DEPENDENT WINTER MORTALITY; MORONE-SAXATILIS; BODY-SIZE; LIFE-HISTORY; FAT STORAGE; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; SALMON; FISH; TEMPERATURE AB Survival rates during the first winter of life are strongly size dependent and variable in many temperate fish populations. Starvation is often implicated as the cause of size-dependent first-winter mortality, and interannual variation in energy accumulation and the allocation between growth and storage is a likely source of variability. We examined these processes in young-of-the-year Hudson River striped bass Morone saxatilis, which are known to experience size-selective winter mortality and a winter energy deficit. Neutral-lipid and lean-tissue masses were determined for fish of five consecutive year classes collected through the first year of life. Differences in scaling relationships between body length and neutral-lipid and lean-tissue mass were used to infer patterns of resource allocation. Lipid reserves scaled isometrically with body length in summer but increased at a greater rate than did body length in autumn and winter. Lean-tissue allometries were less variable but followed a similar seasonal cycle. Allometric slopes were homogeneous across years, but significant interannual variation in length-specific lipid content and lean-tissue mass in the later half of the growing season indicated variable allocation patterns. During winter, up to 21% of total energy content and 50% of neutral-lipid stores were depleted. The-results indicate that energy allocation patterns result from interactions among season, ontogenetic stage, and body size. The variation in growth, allocation, and severity of the winter energy deficit likely interact to determine first-winter survival. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 53 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 12 BP 3360 EP 3369 DI 10.1890/02-0562 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 762LN UT WOS:000187973500025 ER PT J AU Colman, JR Ramsdell, JS AF Colman, JR Ramsdell, JS TI The type B brevetoxin (PbTx-3) adversely affects development, cardiovascular function, and survival in medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE brevetoxin; development; icthyotoxicity; red tide; sodium channels ID SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; RED TIDE; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; NEW-ZEALAND; BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES; GREENSHELL MUSSELS; NEURAL DEVELOPMENT; SHELLFISH; TOXIN; FISH AB Brevetoxins are produced by the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. The toxins are lipophilic polyether toxins that elicit a myriad of effects depending on the route of exposure and the target organism. Brevetoxins are therefore broadly toxic to marine and estuarine animals. By mimicking the maternal route of exposure to the oocytes in finfish, we characterized the adverse effects of the type B brevetoxin brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) on embryonic fish development and survival. The Japanese rice fish, medaka. (Oryzias latipes), was used as the experimental model in which individual eggs were exposed via microinjection to various known concentrations of PbTx-3 dissolved in an oil vehicle. Embryos injected with doses exceeding 1.0 ng/egg displayed tachycardia, hyperkinetic twitches in the form of sustained convulsions, spinal curvature, dumping of the erythrocytes, and decreased hatching success. Furthermore, fish dosed with toxin were often unable to hatch in the classic tail-first fashion and emerged head first, which resulted in partial hatches and death. We determined that the LD50 (dose that is lethal to 50% of the fish) for an injected dose of PbTx-3 is 4.0 ng/egg. The results of this study complement previous studies of the developmental toxicity of the type A brevetoxin brevetoxin-1 (PbTx-1), by illustrating in vivo the differing affinities of the two congeners for cardiac sodium channels. Consequently, we observed differing cardiovascular responses in the embryos, wherein embryos exposed to PbTx-3 exhibited persistent tachycardia, whereas embryos exposed to PbTx-1 displayed bradycardia, the onset of which was delayed. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Coll Charleston, Grad Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29401 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 111 IS 16 BP 1920 EP 1925 DI 10.1289/ehp.6386 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 751BY UT WOS:000187034000039 PM 14644667 ER PT J AU Leppanen, MT Landrum, PF Kukkonen, JVK Greenberg, MS Burton, GA Robinson, SD Gossiaux, DC AF Leppanen, MT Landrum, PF Kukkonen, JVK Greenberg, MS Burton, GA Robinson, SD Gossiaux, DC TI Investigating the role of desorption on the bioavailability of sediment-associated 3,4,3 ',4 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl in benthic invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyl; desorption; bioavailability; tenax ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; EQUILIBRIUM-PARTITIONING THEORY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; QUALITY CRITERIA; SOIL; SORPTION; ACCUMULATION; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB Only a fraction of all sediment-associated hydrophobic organic contaminants are bioavailable, and a simple Tenax(R) extraction procedure may estimate this fraction. Bioavailability is assumed to coincide with the rapidly and, possibly, slowly desorbing sediment-associated contaminant. River sediment was spiked with radiolabeled (C-14) and nonradiolabeled (C-12) 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP), and desorption kinetics using Tenax extraction were obtained at 10degreesC and 22degreesC. Bioaccumulation was measured in Lumbriculus variegatus, Chironomus tentans, and Hyalella azteca. Desorption of TCBP was triphasic at 22degreesC and slowed at 10degreesC to show only biphasic kinetics. The rapidly desorbing fractions decreased with increasing TCBP sediment concentration. The biota sediment accumulation factors, biota accumulation factors. and sediment clearance coefficients (k(s)) also decreased with increasing sediment TCBP concentration. The rapidly Plus slowly desorbing fractions and the total TCBP desorbed when 99.9% of the rapidly desorbing fraction had desorbed were used to estimate bioavailable TCBP. These Tenax-based fractions did not explain tire decreasing bioavailability with increasing TCBP load. Several factors, such as animal behavior and TCBP water solubility limitations, were evaluated to explain the concentration effect, but the most likely cause was severe diffusion limitations in whole sediment that were not predicted by the fully mixed Tenax extraction. Therefore, desorbing fractions determined by Tenax extraction overestimated the bioavailable fractions in sediments. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Wright State Univ, Inst Environm Qual, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 14 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2861 EP 2871 DI 10.1897/02-541 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 749ZC UT WOS:000186959100005 PM 14713025 ER PT J AU Klosterhaus, SL DiPinto, LA Chandler, GT AF Klosterhaus, SL DiPinto, LA Chandler, GT TI A comparative assessment of azinphosmethyl bioaccumulation and toxicity in two estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE azinphosmethyl; meiobenthos; sediments; copepod; bioaccumulation ID SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CHLORPYRIFOS; MARINE BENTHIC COPEPODS; PESTICIDE; EXPOSURE; SURVIVAL; WATER; HYDROCARBONS; FENVALERATE; ORGANISMS; CHEMICALS AB Aqueous, pore-water, and whole-sediment bioassays were conducted with meiobenthic copepods with different infaunal lifestyles to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphorous pesticide azinphosmethyl (APM) and its bioaccumulation potential in sediments. Biota sediment accumulation factors were an order of magnitude higher for the deeper burrowing Amphiascus tenuiremis (26.6) than the epibenthic Microarthridion littorale (2.2). The female A. tenuiremis APM median lethal concentration (LC50; 3.6 mug/L) was twice the male LC50 (1.8 mug/L), in straight seawater exposures, and nearly 20% higher than males in whole-sediment exposures (540 vs 456 ng/g dry weight). Amphiascus tenuiremis were 17 times more sensitive to sediment-associated APM than M. littorale. In pore-water-only exposures, the adult mixed-sex A. tenuiremis LC50 (5.0 mug/L) was nearly twice the seawater mixed-sex LC50 (2.7 mug/L). Dissolved organic carbon in pore water was five times higher (20 mg/L) than in seawater-only exposures (4 mg/L). Differences in acute toxicity within exposure media were driven by species- and sex-specific differences in lipid content. Amphiascus tenuiremis likely experienced greater exposure to sediment-associated toxicants via longer periods of direct contact with pore water than M. littorale and, therefore, exhibited correspondingly higher bioaccumulation and acute toxicity. Copepod reproduction was significantly reduced (>60%) in 14-d sediment culture exposures at sublethal APM levels, suggesting that chronic field exposure to sediment-associated APM would result in sharp declines in copepod population growth. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NOAA, Nat Resource Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Klosterhaus, SL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, 1 Williams St, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NR 49 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 12 BP 2960 EP 2968 DI 10.1897/02-411 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 749ZC UT WOS:000186959100017 PM 14713037 ER PT J AU Schneider, ML Rast, S Onellion, M Demsar, J Taylor, AJ Glinka, Y Tolk, NH Ren, YH Lupke, G Klimov, A Xu, Y Sobolewski, R Si, W Zeng, XH Soukiassian, A Xi, XX Abrecht, M Ariosa, D Pavuna, D Krapf, A Manzke, R Printz, JO Williamsen, MS Downum, KE Guptasarma, P Bozovic, I AF Schneider, ML Rast, S Onellion, M Demsar, J Taylor, AJ Glinka, Y Tolk, NH Ren, YH Lupke, G Klimov, A Xu, Y Sobolewski, R Si, W Zeng, XH Soukiassian, A Xi, XX Abrecht, M Ariosa, D Pavuna, D Krapf, A Manzke, R Printz, JO Williamsen, MS Downum, KE Guptasarma, P Bozovic, I TI Carrier relaxation time divergence in single and double layer cuprates SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON THERMALIZATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; NONEQUILIBRIUM SUPERCONDUCTORS; FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-RESPONSE; ORDER PARAMETER; FERMI-SURFACE; THIN-FILMS; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; DYNAMICS AB We report the transient optical pump-probe reflectivity measurements on single and double layer cuprate single crystals and thin films of ten different stoichiometries. We find that with sufficiently low fluence the relaxation time (tau(R)) of all samples exhibits a power law divergence with temperature (T): tau(R proportional to) T-3 +/-0.5. Further, the divergence has an onset temperature above the superconducting transition temperature for all superconducting samples. Possible causes of this divergence are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Rochester, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Dept Appl Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP NIST, MC 816-01,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM onellion@wisc.edu RI Demsar, Jure/B-5578-2008; Sobolewski, Roman/A-1979-2013; Demsar, Jure/F-7243-2016 OI Demsar, Jure/0000-0003-4551-7444; NR 51 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1434-6028 EI 1434-6036 J9 EUR PHYS J B JI Eur. Phys. J. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 36 IS 3 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1140/epjb/e2003-00351-8 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 763HQ UT WOS:000188079300005 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG AF Stevens, BG TI Timing of aggregation and larval release by Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, in relation to tidal current patterns SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Life Histories Assesssment and Management of Crustaceans CY OCT 08-11, 2001 CL GALICIA, SPAIN DE Chionoecetes bairdi; aggregation; behaviour; crab; hatching; larvae; tides ID RED KING CRAB; MATCH-MISMATCH; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; RHYTHMS; FEMALE; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; BRACHYURA; DECAPODA; ESTUARY AB Each spring. female Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, form high density aggregations at 150 m depth in Chiniak Bay, Kodiak. AK. Within the aggregation, crabs form mounds containing hundreds to thousands of animals. In 1991, over 200 mounds and 100.000 crabs were present in an area of about 2 ha. Previous studies have suggested that aggregation and mating are synchronised with spring tidal cycles. In 1999, we placed a current meter near the aggregation, then observed aggregation behaviour with a video camera sled and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) over an 8-week period. Crabs were collected from the aggregation with the ROV, brought into the laboratory, and the numbers of hatching larvae were determined daily. Mound formation began in mid-April, hatching began around 7 May, and the median hatch date coincided with the strongest tides on 17 May. During this time, net tidal flow reversed for 3-4 days. In the laboratory, individual crabs released an average of 129,400 larvae over a period of 9.4 days. Over 74% of larvae hatched between 2000 and 2400 h. These data suggest that larval hatching is optimised to take advantage of tidal current patterns. It also implies that the timing of larval hatching for C. bairdi changes in monthly steps, and is decoupled from planktonic food production. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Res Ctr 301, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Kodiak Fisheries Res Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Res Ctr 301, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM bradley.g.stevens@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 65 IS 1-3 BP 201 EP 216 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2003.09.015 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 754YW UT WOS:000187361900014 ER PT J AU Takada, A AF Takada, A TI Numerical simulation of quantized voltage steps in overdamped Josephson junctions controlled by simple pulse codes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY LA English DT Article DE Josephson effect; pulse code; Shapiro step; simulation; voltage standard; zero-crossing step ID STANDARDS AB Shapiro steps crossing the zero-current axis, i.e., zero-crossing steps, in the overdamped Josephson junction driven with a simple pulse code consisting of single and multiple pulses in each repetition period are studied based on numerical simulations. In this study, it is confirmed that the quantized. voltage at which the zero-crossing step appears can be controlled by the number of the additional pulses without changing current bias range. The case in which the additional pulses having small fluctuations in phase is also considered. No visible effect of the fluctuations on the current position of the Shapiro steps is observed, so that the current range with respect to the phase lock between the Josephson oscillation and the pulse code is determined by the number of pulses. C1 Hakodate Natl Coll Technol, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0428501, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Takada, A (reprint author), Hakodate Natl Coll Technol, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0428501, Japan. EM takada@hakodate-ct.ac.jp NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1051-8223 J9 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON JI IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 3825 EP 3828 DI 10.1109/TASC.2003.820504 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 761DZ UT WOS:000187886100001 ER PT J AU Weissman, DE Bourassa, MA O'Brien, JJ Tongue, JS AF Weissman, DE Bourassa, MA O'Brien, JJ Tongue, JS TI Calibrating the quikscat/seawinds radar for measuring rainrate over the oceans SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD); precipitation; radar reflectivity; scatterometer normalized radar cross section (NRCS); space-based radar; Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) ID SCATTEROMETER; SYSTEM AB This effort continues a study of the effects of rain, over the oceans, on the signal retrieved by the SeaWinds scatterometer. It is determined that the backscatter radar cross section can be used to estimate the volumetric rain rate, averaged horizontally, across the surface resolution cells of the scatterometer. The dual polarization of the radar has a key role in developing this capability. The relative magnitudes of the radar backscatter depends on the volumetric rain rate, the rain column height and surface wind velocity, the viewing angle, as well as the polarization (due to the oblateness of raindrops at the higher rain rates). The approach to calibrating the SeaWinds normalized radar cross section (NRCS) is to collect National Weather Service Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) radar-derived rain rate measurements (4-km spatial resolution and 6-min rotating cycles) colocated in space (offshore) and time with scatterometer observations. These calibration functions lead to a Z-R relationship, which is then used at mid-ocean locations to estimate the rain rate in 0.25degrees or larger resolution cells, which are compared with Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain estimates. Experimental results to date are in general agreement with simplified theoretical models of backscatter from rain, for this frequency, 14 GHz. These comparisons show very good agreement on a cell-by-cell basis with the TMI estimates for both wide areas (1000 km) and smaller area rain events. C1 Hofstra Univ, Dept Engn, Hempstead, NY 11549 USA. Florida State Univ, Ctr Ocean Atmospher Predict Studies, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Weissman, DE (reprint author), Hofstra Univ, Dept Engn, Hempstead, NY 11549 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 12 BP 2814 EP 2820 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.817975 PN 1 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 766KU UT WOS:000188376200013 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Smith, AJA Larson, DR Souders, TM Roddie, AG AF Paulter, NG Smith, AJA Larson, DR Souders, TM Roddie, AG TI NIST-NPL interlaboratory pulse measurement comparison SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE interlaboratory comparison; overshoot; pulse amplitude; pulse parameters; pulse waveforms; transition duration; undershoot ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; CALIBRATION; RECONSTRUCTION AB A comparison of the pulse parameter values obtained from the pulse measurement services of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, and the National Physical Laboratory, U.K., was performed. The comparison was based on the pulse parameters of amplitude, transition duration, overshoot, and undershoot (preshoot). The parameter comparison was applied to raw (measured) waveforms, corrected waveforms (if applicable), and reconstructed waveforms. The results of the comparison show that the pulse parameter values for both national laboratories are within published uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1825 EP 1833 DI 10.1109/TIM.2003.820456 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 745KM UT WOS:000186687900019 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Wang, JCM Arz, U AF Williams, DF Wang, JCM Arz, U TI An optimal vector-network-analyzer calibration algorithm SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 08-13, 2003 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP IEEE MTT S DE calibration; measurement; scattering parameter; uncertainty; vector network analyzer (VNA) ID TRANSMISSION-LINE CHARACTERIZATION; ACCURACY AB We present an iterative algorithm for calibrating vector network analyzers based on orthogonal distance regression. The algorithm features a robust, yet efficient, search algorithm, an error analysis that includes both random and systematic errors, a full covariance matrix relating calibration and measurement errors, 95% coverage factors, and an easy-to-use user interface that supports a wide variety of calibration standards. We also discuss evidence that the algorithm outperforms the MultiCal software package in the presence of measurement errors and accurately estimates the uncertainty of its results. C1 NIST, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Div Elect, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), NIST, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 12 BP 2391 EP 2401 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.819211 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 764GW UT WOS:000188200000014 ER PT J AU Dirk, JD Nelson, ME Ziegler, JF Thompson, A Zabel, TH AF Dirk, JD Nelson, ME Ziegler, JF Thompson, A Zabel, TH TI Terrestrial thermal neutrons SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 40th Annual Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects conference CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, Radiat Effects Comm DE ambient neutron flux; BPSG; electronic reliability; sea level cosmic rays; sea level neutrons; soft errors; thermal neutrons ID SEA LEVEL; SPECTRUM; ENERGY AB The first NIST-traceable measurements of environmental thermal neutrons have been completed The average sea level flux of thermal neutrons is 4 cm(2)/hr. This flux changes less than two times over wide varieties of terrain, in all weather conditions and over the solar year. The neutron flux is normalized to 39N-76.5W. This flux scales with geomagnetic Lat/Long and with altitude in a manner similar to the flux of incident energetic cosmic rays. The shielded flux has been measured under 450 g/cm(2), with a residual flux of 0.1 times the sea-level value. Preliminary shielding studies inside buildings and under water shows significant variability in the thermal neutron mean attenuation coefficient. C1 USN Acad, Dept Mech Engn, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. USN Acad, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Res Corp, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Dirk, JD (reprint author), USN Acad, Dept Mech Engn, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. EM Nelson@USNA.edu; Ziegler@SRIM.org; AlanThompson@NIST.gov; Zabel@us.ibm.com NR 22 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 50 IS 6 BP 2060 EP 2064 DI 10.1109/TNS.2003.821587 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 772JA UT WOS:000188837800049 ER PT J AU Estes, J Wibbels, T Balazs, G AF Estes, J Wibbels, T Balazs, G TI Evaluation of incubation temperatures in green turtle nests at French Frigate Shoals, northwest Hawaiian Islands. SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 806 EP 806 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200017 ER PT J AU Wyneken, J Vaughan, J Blair, K Epperly, S AF Wyneken, J Vaughan, J Blair, K Epperly, S TI Natural sex ratios and posthatchiling gonadal development in posthatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami Lab, Miami, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 874 EP 874 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200288 ER PT J AU Scott, GI Fulton, MH Daugomah, JD Leight, AK Wirth, EF Holland, F Chandler, GT Porter, D AF Scott, GI Fulton, MH Daugomah, JD Leight, AK Wirth, EF Holland, F Chandler, GT Porter, D TI Agricultural and urban NPS runoff effects on grass shrimp population life history dynamics SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 NOAA, NOS, Charleston, SC USA. CCEHBR, Charleston, SC USA. HML, Charleston, SC USA. Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 894 EP 894 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200366 ER PT J AU Beckman, B Shimizu, M Gadberry, B Parkins, P Cooper, K AF Beckman, B Shimizu, M Gadberry, B Parkins, P Cooper, K TI Temperature and the relations among plasma IGF-I, 41 kDa IGFBP, and growth in coho salmon SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1013 EP 1013 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200840 ER PT J AU Geis, A Wibbels, T Vega, L Lira, D Acosta, R Pena, J Burchfield, P Schroeder, B AF Geis, A Wibbels, T Vega, L Lira, D Acosta, R Pena, J Burchfield, P Schroeder, B TI Estimation of hatchling sex ratios during the 2003 Kemp's ridley nesting season SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Gladys Porter Zoo, Brownsville, TX USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1024 EP 1024 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200884 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Dickey, JT Fukada, H Dickhoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Dickey, JT Fukada, H Dickhoff, WW TI Cloning of salmon insulin-like growth factor binding proteins SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1047 EP 1047 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200978 ER PT J AU Sengers, JL AF Sengers, JL TI Cohesion: A scientific history of intermolecular forces. SO ISIS LA English DT Book Review C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sengers, JL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0021-1753 J9 ISIS JI Isis PD DEC PY 2003 VL 94 IS 4 BP 694 EP 695 DI 10.1086/386408 PG 2 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA 802IO UT WOS:000220157400027 ER PT J AU Kiffney, PM Richardson, JS Bull, JP AF Kiffney, PM Richardson, JS Bull, JP TI Responses of periphyton and insects to experimental manipulation of riparian buffer width along forest streams SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE communities; forestry logging; riparian zones; solar radiation; water temperature; watershed ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; HEADWATER STREAMS; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; COASTAL STREAMS; CARNATION CREEK; COHO SALMON; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; DEPOSITED SEDIMENT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; LIGHT LIMITATION AB 1. Riparian trees regulate aquatic ecosystem processes, such as inputs of light, organic matter and nutrients, that can be altered dramatically when these trees are harvested. Riparian buffers (uncut strips of vegetation) are widely used to mitigate the impact of clear-cut logging on aquatic ecosystems but there have been few experimental assessments of their effectiveness. 2. Forests along 13 headwater stream reaches in south-western British Columbia, Canada, were clear-cut in 1998, creating three riparian buffer treatments (30-m buffer, 10-m buffer and clear-cut to the stream edge), or left as uncut controls, each treatment having three or four replicates. 3. We predicted that periphyton biomass and insect consumers would increase as buffer width decreased, because of increased solar flux. We used two complementary studies to test this prediction. 4. In one study, we compared benthic communities before and after logging in all 13 streams; a second study focused on periphyton and insect colonization dynamics over 6-week periods in each of four seasons in four streams, one in each treatment. 5. Photosynthetically active radiation, and mean and maximum water temperature, increased as buffer width narrowed. 6. Periphyton biomass, periphyton inorganic mass and Chironomidae abundance also increased as buffer width narrowed, with the largest differences occurring in the clear-cut and 10-m buffer treatments. 7. Photosynthetically active radiation, water temperature, periphyton biomass and periphyton inorganic mass were significantly greater in the 30-m buffer treatment than in controls during some seasons. 8. Synthesis and applications. We have shown that a gradient of riparian buffer widths created a gradient in light and temperature that led to non-linear increases in periphyton biomass and insect abundance. For example, Chironomidae abundance was generally greater in the 10-m and 30-m buffer treatments than in controls, whereas this was not always the case in the clear-cut treatment. This pattern may be due to the high sediment content of the periphyton mat in the clear-cut treatment, which potentially limited the response of some insects to increased food resources. Overall, our results indicate that uncut riparian buffers of 30-m or more on both sides of the stream were needed to limit biotic and abiotic changes associated with clear-cut logging in headwater, forested watersheds. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. Univ Washington, Div Ecosyst Sci, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Kiffney, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, Mukilteo Biol Field Stn, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. EM peter.kiffney@noaa.gov RI Richardson, John/G-1513-2012 OI Richardson, John/0000-0001-8135-7447 NR 91 TC 146 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 55 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1060 EP 1076 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00855.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 752UA UT WOS:000187184500010 ER PT J AU Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ AF Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ TI Development of a land surface model. Part II: Data assimilation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOIL-MOISTURE ANALYSIS; AREA MESOSCALE MODEL; LOW-LEVEL PARAMETERS; SEQUENTIAL ASSIMILATION; IMPLEMENTATION; SENSITIVITY; SCHEME AB Part I described a land surface model, its implementation in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), and some model evaluation results. Part II describes the indirect soil moisture data assimilation scheme. As described in Part I, the land surface model includes explicit soil moisture, which is based on the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) model, and three pathways for evaporation: soil evaporation, evaporation from the wet canopy, and vegetative transpiration. The data assimilation scheme presented here also follows similar work on data assimilation for ISBA and uses model biases of the 2-m air temperature and humidity against observed analyses to nudge soil moisture. An important difference from the ISBA schemes is that the nudging strengths are computed from model parameters such as solar radiation, temperature, leaf area, vegetation coverage, and aerodynamic resistance rather than from statistically derived functions. The rationale is that nudging soil moisture according to model biases in air temperature and humidity should depend on the degree of coupling across the land atmosphere interface. Thus, nudging strengths are designed to reflect the potential for the surface and root-zone soil moisture to affect near-surface air temperature and humidity. Model test cases are used to examine relationships between the nudging strengths and modeled physical parameters and then to demonstrate the effects of the nudging scheme on model results. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. MCNC, N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Environm Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleim, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 26 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 42 IS 12 BP 1811 EP 1822 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1811:DOALSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749FJ UT WOS:000186908300008 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, I Yang, W Chang, KS Aronova, MA Venkatesan, T Vispute, RD Bendersky, LA AF Takeuchi, I Yang, W Chang, KS Aronova, MA Venkatesan, T Vispute, RD Bendersky, LA TI Monolithic multichannel ultraviolet detector arrays and continuous phase evolution in MgxZn1-xO composition spreads SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BA1-XSRXTIO3 COMPOSITION SPREADS; ZNO; REGION; ALLOY AB We have fabricated MgxZn1-xO epitaxial composition spreads where the composition across the chip is linearly varied from ZnO to MgO. By using a scanning x-ray microdiffractometer and transmission electron microscopy, we have mapped the phase evolution across the spread. We have discovered a unique growth relationship between cubic and hexagonal MgxZn1-xO where their basal planes are coincident in the phase-separated region of the phase diagram where 0.37less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.6. The continuously changing band gap across the spread is used as a basis for compact broadband photodetector arrays with a range of detection wavelengths separately active at different locations on the spread film. The composition-spread photodetector is demonstrated in the wavelength range of 290-380 nm using the ZnO to Mg0.4Zn0.6O region of the spread. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Blue Wave Semicond, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Small Smart Syst Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Takeuchi, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Venkatesan, Thirumalai/E-1667-2013 NR 19 TC 137 Z9 147 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 11 BP 7336 EP 7340 DI 10.1063/1.1623923 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 742AM UT WOS:000186492600053 ER PT J AU Liu, YH Key, JR AF Liu, YH Key, JR TI Detection and analysis of clear-sky, low-level atmospheric temperature inversions with MODIS SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOUTH-POLE; WINTER AB The near-surface atmosphere of the polar region is characterized by temperature inversions throughout most of the year. However, radiosonde data are sparse, and numerical weather prediction models have relatively poor vertical resolution for boundary layer studies. A method is developed for detecting and estimating the characteristics of clear-sky, low-level temperature inversions using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) on the Terra and Aqua satellites. The method is based on an empirical relationship between the inversion strength, defined as the temperature difference across the inversion, or depth, defined as the altitude difference, and the difference between brightness temperatures in the 7.2-mum water vapor and 11-mum infrared window bands. Results indicate that inversion strength can be estimated unbiasedly with a root-mean-square error (rmse) of 2degrees-3degreesC and an R-2 of 0.80 - 0.97. Inversion depth can be estimated with an rmse of 130 - 250 m and an R-2 of 0.62 - 0.82. With MODIS, temperature inversions can be observed at a spatial resolution as high as 1 km(2) and a temporal sampling of up to 14 times per day, providing an opportunity for detailed studies of the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the high-latitude boundary layer. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. RP Liu, YH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 10 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1727 EP 1737 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1727:DAAOCL>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000002 ER PT J AU Gong, JD Wang, LL Xu, Q AF Gong, JD Wang, LL Xu, Q TI A three-step dealiasing method for Doppler velocity data quality control SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE ADJOINT RETRIEVALS; MICROBURST WINDS AB A three-step method is developed for Doppler radar velocity dealiasing. First, the modified velocity azimuth display (VAD) method of Tabary et al. is adopted and applied to raw (aliased) velocity data to estimate horizontal vector velocities averaged on selected circles of radar scans. These velocities are used as preliminary references to detect and pre-dealiase or flag ( if not correctable) possible alias errors. Then, the traditional VAD method is applied to the pre-dealiased velocity data to produce refined reference velocities to further detect and dealiase or flag alias errors in the second step. After these two steps, flagged data points are confined in small areas ( often associated with strong shear and/or convergence flows), so the dealiased velocities along the boundary of each small area provide reliable starting points for the continuity check in the third step. The two-dimensional continuity check can start from any and every boundary point and proceed inward until all the flagged data are checked within each small area. The method is tested with Doppler radar data collected during the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak - a difficult case for dealiasing. The results show that the method is efficient and effective even in the areas of mesocyclones. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 16 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1738 EP 1748 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1738:ATDMFD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000003 ER PT J AU Torres, SM Zrnic, DAS AF Torres, SM Zrnic, DAS TI Whitening of signals in range to improve estimates of polarimetric variables SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEATHER RADAR; PROPAGATION; SIMULATION; PHASE AB A method to reduce errors in estimates of polarimetric variables beyond those achievable with standard estimators is suggested. It consists of oversampling echo signals in range, applying linear transformations to decorrelate these samples, processing in time the sequences at fixed range locations to obtain various second-order moments, averaging in range these moments, and, finally, combining them into polarimetric variables. The polarimetric variables considered are differential reflectivity, differential phase, and the copolar correlation coefficient between the horizontally and vertically polarized echoes. Simulations and analytical formulas confirm a reduction in variance proportional to the number of samples within the pulse compared to standard processing of signals behind a matched filter. This reduction is possible, however, if the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are larger than a critical value. Plots of the critical SNRs for various estimates as functions of Doppler spectrum width and other parameters are provided. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Torres, SM (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1776 EP 1789 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1776:WOSIRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000006 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, EN Davies-Jones, R Holle, RL AF Rasmussen, EN Davies-Jones, R Holle, RL TI Terrestrial photogrammetry of weather images acquired in uncontrolled circumstances SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBURSTS; TORNADO AB This paper describes an accurate automated technique of terrestrial photogrammetry that is applied to weather images obtained in uncontrolled circumstances such as unknown focal length and 3D camera orientation ( azimuth and tilt of the optical axis, and roll about this axis), principal point unmarked on the image, and undetermined lens horizon. With the possible exception of the principal point, these quantities are deduced rapidly by a computer algorithm, with input consisting of accurate azimuth and elevation angles of landmarks that appear in the image. The algorithm works for wide-angle as well as for telephoto images and is more accurate than previous methods, which are based on assumptions of small angles and zero roll. Results are insensitive to the exact position of the principal point for telephoto images. For wide-angle photography, the principal point can be determined only if there is a sufficient number of accurately measured landmarks with diverse azimuth and elevation angles. If all the landmarks have low elevation angles, the principal point is impossible to determine and must be assumed to lie at the intersection of the diagonals of the uncropped image. The algorithm also provides the azimuth and elevation angle of any object, given the position of its image in the photograph. A photogrammetric search technique is described for finding an entity, which is visible in one camera's photography, in the simultaneous image obtained from a different direction by a second camera. Once the same object has been identified in both images, its 3D position is determined by triangulation. C1 Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Rasmussen, EN (reprint author), 50742 Bear Run Dr,POB 267, Mesa, CO 81643 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1790 EP 1803 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1790:TPOWIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000007 ER PT J AU Nalli, NR Smith, WL AF Nalli, NR Smith, WL TI Retrieval of ocean and lake surface temperatures from hyperspectral radiance observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; WATER-VAPOR CORRECTION; DATA-BUOY-CENTER; SEA-SURFACE; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; MODEL; EMISSIVITY; SPECTRORADIOMETER; INTERFEROMETER AB This paper advances hyperspectral infrared (IR) radiative transfer techniques for retrieving water ( ocean and lake) surface skin temperature from clear-sky radiance observations obtained within the longwave atmospheric window region (800 - 1000 cm(-1)). High spectral resolution has optimal potential for multispectral algorithms because of the capability to resolve, and thus avoid, gas absorption lines that otherwise obscure the surface signal in conventional narrowband radiometers. A hyperspectral radiative transfer model (RTM) is developed for varying satellite zenith angles, atmospheric profiles ( cloud and aerosol free), surface wind speeds and skin temperatures, with atmospheric column transmittance spectra computed from fast models. Wind speed variations in surface emissivity and quasi-specular reflection are both rigorously accounted for. The RTM is then used for deriving retrieval algorithms based upon statistical and physical methodologies. The statistical method is based upon linear regression analyses of brightness temperatures, whereas the physical method is based upon solution of a linear perturbation form of the IR radiative transfer equation valid for window channels. The physical method is unique in its simplicity: It does not solve for atmospheric profiles, but rather relies upon local linearities about guess transmittances for extrapolating the skin temperature. Both algorithms are tested against independent forward calculations and then used to retrieve water surface skin temperatures from the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Airborne Sounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I) flown on board the NASA ER-2. The results demonstrate the capability of hyperspectral radiative transfer for providing an optimal correction for atmospheric gas absorption ( viz., water vapor) from the new suite of environmental satellite IR spectrometers. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Nalli, NR (reprint author), NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NESDIS, ORA, E-RA3,5200 Auth Rd,Room 603-9, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1810 EP 1825 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1810:ROOALS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000009 ER PT J AU Pickett, MH Tang, WQ Rosenfeld, LK Wash, CH AF Pickett, MH Tang, WQ Rosenfeld, LK Wash, CH TI QuikSCAT satellite comparisons with nearshore buoy wind data off the US West Coast SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UPWELLING REGION; SCATTEROMETER; CALIFORNIA; NSCAT; TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE; SEAWINDS; ACCURACY; SCHEME; STRESS AB To determine the accuracy of nearshore winds from the QuikSCAT satellite, winds from three satellite datasets ( scientifically processed swath, gridded near-real-time, and gridded science datasets) were compared to those from 12 nearshore and 3 offshore U. S. West Coast buoys. Satellite observations from August 1999 to December 2000 that were within 25 km and 30 min of each buoy were used. Comparisons showed that satellite - buoy wind differences near shore were larger than those offshore. Editing the satellite data by discarding observations recorded in rain and those recorded in light winds improved the accuracy of all three datasets. After removing rain-flagged data and wind speeds less than 3 m s(-1), root-mean-squared differences (satellite minus buoy) for swath data, the best of the three datasets, were 1.4 m s(-1) and 37degrees based on 5741 nearshore comparisons. By removing winds less than 6 m s(-1), these differences were reduced to 1.3 m s(-1) and 26degrees. At the three offshore buoys, the root-mean-squared differences for the swath data, with both rain and winds less than 6 m s(-1) removed, were 1.0 m s(-1) and 15degrees based on 1920 comparisons. Although the satellite's scientifically processed swath data near shore do not match buoy observations as closely as those offshore, they are sufficiently accurate for many coastal studies. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. USN, Dept Oceanog, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. USN, Dept Meteorol, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Pickett, MH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 34 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1869 EP 1879 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1869:QSCWNB>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 758UE UT WOS:000187668000013 ER PT J AU Deng, Y Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Lawn, BR AF Deng, Y Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Lawn, BR TI Fracture of ceramic/ceramic/polymer trilayers for biomechanical applications SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE brittle coatings; cracking; critical loads; dental crowns; trilayers ID BRITTLE-COATING STRUCTURES; LAYER STRUCTURES; CERAMIC COATINGS; DAMAGE MODES; BILAYERS; CRACKING; MODULUS; DESIGN; LOADS AB Fracture damage in trilayers consisting of outer and inner brittle layers bonded to a compliant (polycarbonate) substrate and subjected to concentrated surface loading is analyzed. The principal mode of fracture is radial cracking at the undersurface of the inner (core) layer, even in the strongest of core ceramics-other damage modes, including radial cracking in the outer (veneer) layer, are less invasive in these all-brittle coating systems. Tests on simple trilayer structures fabricated from glasses, sapphire, and dental ceramics are used to examine the dependence of the critical load for radial fracture in terms of relative outer/inner layer thickness and modulus, and inner layer strength. An explicit relation for the critical load, based on a flexing plate model in which the outer/inner bilayer is reduced to an "equivalent" monolithic coating with "effective" composite modulus, is used to examine these dependencies. The theoretical relation describes all the major trends in the critical load data over a broad range of variables, thus providing a sound basis for trilayer design. Relevance of the analysis to dental crowns and other biomechanical applications is a central theme of the study. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Extremadura, Dept Elect & Ingn Electromecan, Escuela Ingn Ind, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE 10976] NR 17 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 67A IS 3 BP 828 EP 833 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.10161 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 747YW UT WOS:000186835000016 PM 14613230 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, I Gonzalez, C Karasiev, VV Ludena, EV Hernandez, AJ AF Gonzalez, I Gonzalez, C Karasiev, VV Ludena, EV Hernandez, AJ TI Basis set dependent SC alpha exchange-only and exchange-correlation calculations (vol 118, pg 8161, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Quim, Caracas 1080A, Venezuela. RP Gonzalez, I (reprint author), Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, IVIC Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. RI Karasiev, Valentin/J-2519-2012 OI Karasiev, Valentin/0000-0003-3445-6797 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 21 BP 11487 EP 11487 DI 10.1063/1.1622664 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 742AN UT WOS:000186492900057 ER PT J AU Newman, M Compo, GP Alexander, MA AF Newman, M Compo, GP Alexander, MA TI ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; NORTH PACIFIC; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; OCEAN; TELECONNECTIONS; PERSISTENCE; ANOMALIES AB Variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), on both interannual and decadal timescales, is well modeled as the sum of direct forcing by El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the "reemergence" of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies in subsequent winters, and white noise atmospheric forcing. This simple model may be taken as a null hypothesis for the PDO, and may also be relevant for other climate integrators that have been previously related to the PDO. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Mail Code R-CDC,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM matt.newman@noaa.gov RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013; OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427; COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 NR 21 TC 351 Z9 366 U1 8 U2 66 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 23 BP 3853 EP 3857 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3853:EVOTPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 745JA UT WOS:000186684500001 ER PT J AU Carrera, ML Gyakum, JR AF Carrera, ML Gyakum, JR TI Significant events of interhemispheric atmospheric mass exchange: Composite structure and evolution SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HEMISPHERE WINTERTIME CIRCULATION; GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TROPICAL CONVECTION; COLD SURGES; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; WATER-VAPOR; EAST-ASIA AB The various modes of atmospheric mass redistribution characterize the principal variations of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Interhemispheric exchanges of atmospheric mass occur with considerable regularity on subseasonal time scales. Observational evidence from previous studies indicates that anomalous and persistent regional atmospheric mass distributions ( e. g., atmospheric blocking) may often be related to interhemispheric atmospheric mass exchange. Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis surface pressure, significant events when the Northern Hemisphere (NH) loses dry atmospheric mass on subseasonal time scales during the boreal winter from 1968 to 1997 are identified. A total of 25 events is found, with a preferred time scale of 9 days from the time of maximum to minimum NH dry atmospheric mass. The linear correlation coefficient between the dry atmospheric mass anomalies for the NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) is -0.91 for the 25 events, indicating very strong interhemispheric compensation and increasing confidence in the suitability of the NCEP - NCAR reanalysis dataset for the study of interhemispheric dry atmospheric mass exchange. Positive sea level pressure anomalies are found over northern Eurasia, the North Pacific, and the North Atlantic prior to the onset of the composite NH dry atmospheric mass collapse event. Over northern Eurasia the building of the Siberian high is found to be a statistically significant precursor to the events. The breakdown of NH dry atmospheric mass occurs in association with the decay of the positive atmospheric mass anomaly in the North Pacific as a cyclone deepens explosively in the Gulf of Alaska. Pressure surges over Southeast Asia and North America, associated with statistically significant positive atmospheric mass anomalies, are mechanisms that act to channel the atmospheric mass equatorward out of the NH extratropics on a rapid time scale (; 4 days). The dry atmospheric mass increase in the SH is manifested as enhanced surface ridging over the South Pacific and south Indian Oceans, two noted regions of atmospheric blocking. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Carrera, ML (reprint author), NOAA, RSIS, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP,NWS, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 70 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 24 BP 4061 EP 4078 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4061:SEOIAM>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 750VN UT WOS:000187019300004 ER PT J AU Janowiak, JE Xie, PP AF Janowiak, JE Xie, PP TI A global-scale examination of monsoon-related precipitation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL CONVECTION; CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; RAINFALL; PACIFIC; ONSET; REGIONS AB A pentad version of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project global precipitation dataset is used to document the annual and interannual variations in precipitation over monsoon regions around the globe. An algorithm is described that determines objectively wet season onset and withdrawal for individual years, and this tool is used to examine the behavior of various characteristics of the major monsoon systems. The definition of onset and withdrawal are determined by examining the ramp-up and diminution of rainfall within the context of the climatological rainfall at each location. Also examined are interannual variations in onset and withdrawal and their relationship to rainy season precipitation accumulations. Changes in the distribution of "heavy'' and "light'' precipitation events are examined for years in which "abundant'' and "poor'' wet seasons are observed, and associations with variations in large-scale atmospheric general circulation features are also examined. In particular, some regions of the world have strong associations between wet season rainfall and global-scale patterns of 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Janowiak, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 24 BP 4121 EP 4133 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4121:AGEOMP>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 750VN UT WOS:000187019300008 ER PT J AU Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Brock, J List, J Hansen, M Holman, RA Manizade, S Sontag, J Meredith, A Morgan, K Yunkel, JK Frederick, EB Stockdon, H AF Sallenger, AH Krabill, WB Swift, RN Brock, J List, J Hansen, M Holman, RA Manizade, S Sontag, J Meredith, A Morgan, K Yunkel, JK Frederick, EB Stockdon, H TI Evaluation of airborne topographic lidar for quantifying beach changes SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beach processes; coastal change; storms; surveying; remote sensing; lidar ID GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; LASER ALTIMETRY; ACCURACY AB A scanning airborne topographic lidar was evaluated for its ability to quantify beach topography and changes during the Sandy Duck experiment in 1997 along the North Carolina coast. Elevation estimates, acquired with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM), were compared to elevations measured with three types of ground-based measurements-1) differential GPS equipped all-terrain vehicle (ATV) that surveyed a 3-km reach of beach from the shoreline to the dune, 2) GPS antenna mounted on a stadia rod used to intensely survey a different 100 m reach of beach, and 3) a second GPS-equipped ATV that surveyed a 70-km-long transect along the coast. Over 40,000 individual intercomparisons between ATM and ground surveys were calculated. RMS vertical differences associated with the ATM when compared to ground measurements ranged from 13 to 19 em. Considering all of the intercomparisons together, RMS similar or equal to15 cm. This RMS error represents a total error for individual elevation estimates including uncertainties associated with random and mean errors. The latter was the largest source of error and was attributed to drift in differential GPS. The 15 cm vertical accuracy of the ATM is adequate to resolve beach-change signals typical of the impact of storms. For example, ATM surveys of Assateague Island (spanning the border of MD and VA) prior to and immediately following a severe northeaster showed vertical beach changes in places greater than 2 m, much greater than expected errors associated with the ATM. A major asset of airborne lidar is the high spatial data density. Measurements of elevation are acquired every few m(2) over regional scales of hundreds of kilometers. Hence, many scales of beach morphology and change can be resolved, from beach cusps tens of meters in wavelength to entire coastal cells comprising tens to hundreds of kilometers of coast. Topographic lidars similar to the ATM are becoming increasingly available from commercial vendors and should, in the future, be widely used in beach surveying. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coatal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Wallops Fligh Facil, EG&G, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Field Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EG&G Washington, Analyt Serv Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Sallenger, AH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coatal Geol, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. OI Stockdon, Hilary/0000-0003-0791-4676 NR 22 TC 118 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 28 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 669WU UT WOS:000182374100011 ER PT J AU Fabijonas, BR Lozier, DW Rappoport, JM AF Fabijonas, BR Lozier, DW Rappoport, JM TI Algorithms and codes for the Macdonald function: recent progress and comparisons SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE Macdonald functions; Bessel functions; computation of special functions ID MODIFIED BESSEL-FUNCTION; ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS; IMAGINARY ORDER; 3RD KIND AB The modified Bessel function K-iv(x), also known as the Macdonald function, finds application in the Kontorovich-Lebedev integral transform when x and v are real and positive. In this paper, a comparison of three codes for computing this function is made. These codes differ in algorithmic approach, timing, and regions of validity. One of them can be tested independent of the other two through Wronskian checks, and therefore is used as a standard against which the others are compared. C1 So Methodist Univ, Dept Math, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Moscow 117335, Russia. RP Fabijonas, BR (reprint author), So Methodist Univ, Dept Math, POB 750156, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0427 J9 J COMPUT APPL MATH JI J. Comput. Appl. Math. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 161 IS 1 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0377-0427(03)00596-X PG 14 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 742YD UT WOS:000186545000011 ER PT J AU Geiger, SB Matalon, S Blasbalg, J Tung, M Eichmiller, F AF Geiger, SB Matalon, S Blasbalg, J Tung, M Eichmiller, F TI Desensitization of periodontically exposed root surfaces with topical application of calcium phosphate solutions. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th General Session of the International-Association-for-Dental-Research CY SEP 04-05, 2002 CL Sichuan Province, PEOPLES R CHINA C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Dent Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 82 SI C BP 383 EP 383 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 775UD UT WOS:000189078302439 ER PT J AU Avens, L Lohmann, KJ AF Avens, L Lohmann, KJ TI Use of multiple orientation cues by juvenile loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea turtle; loggerhead; Caretta caretta; orientation; cue; magnetic; visual ID MAGNETIC COMPASS ORIENTATION; GREEN TURTLE; POLARIZED-LIGHT; MIGRATORY ORIENTATION; SPINY LOBSTERS; NAVIGATION; MECHANISMS; SYSTEMS; INFORMATION; SENSITIVITY AB Although the orientation cues used by hatchling sea turtles have been studied extensively, little is known about the mechanisms of orientation and navigation that guide older turtles. To investigate the orientation cues used by juvenile loggerheads Caretta caretta L., captured turtles were tethered in a water-filled arena located outdoors. Turtles tested under these conditions established and maintained headings in specific directions in the absence of wave cues, familiar landmarks and chemical gradients. Distorting the magnetic field around the anterior part of a turtle's body did not disrupt orientation if vision remained unimpaired. Similarly, eliminating visual cues by attaching frosted goggles did not disrupt orientation if the magnetic environment was undisturbed. However, when turtles experienced a simultaneous disruption of magnetic and visual cues, their orientation was altered. These results imply that sea turtles, like migratory birds and homing pigeons, are able to maintain headings using multiple sources of directional information. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Avens, L (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 61 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 31 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 206 IS 23 BP 4317 EP 4325 DI 10.1242/jeb.00657 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 755GA UT WOS:000187394100021 PM 14581601 ER PT J AU Adler, RF Huffman, GJ Chang, A Ferraro, R Xie, PP Janowiak, J Rudolf, B Schneider, U Curtis, S Bolvin, D Gruber, A Susskind, J Arkin, P Nelkin, E AF Adler, RF Huffman, GJ Chang, A Ferraro, R Xie, PP Janowiak, J Rudolf, B Schneider, U Curtis, S Bolvin, D Gruber, A Susskind, J Arkin, P Nelkin, E TI The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present) SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; LOW-ORBIT MICROWAVE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MONTHLY RAINFALL; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS IR; UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE; DATASET AB The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version-2 Monthly Precipitation Analysis is described. This globally complete, monthly analysis of surface precipitation at 2.5degrees latitude x 2.5degrees longitude resolution is available from January 1979 to the present. It is a merged analysis that incorporates precipitation estimates from low-orbit satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit satellite infrared data, and surface rain gauge observations. The merging approach utilizes the higher accuracy of the low-orbit microwave observations to calibrate, or adjust, the more frequent geosynchronous infrared observations. The dataset is extended back into the premicrowave era (before mid-1987) by using infrared-only observations calibrated to the microwave-based analysis of the later years. The combined satellite-based product is adjusted by the rain gauge analysis. The dataset archive also contains the individual input fields, a combined satellite estimate, and error estimates for each field. This monthly analysis is the foundation for the GPCP suite of products, including those at finer temporal resolution. The 23-yr GPCP climatology is characterized, along with time and space variations of precipitation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Deutsch Wetterdienst, Global Precipitat Climatol Ctr, Offenbach, Germany. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Atmospheres Lab, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Adler, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Curtis, Scott/C-1115-2013; Huffman, George/F-4494-2014; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010; OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135; Curtis, Scott/0000-0001-9065-8639 NR 57 TC 2101 Z9 2181 U1 27 U2 172 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1147 EP 1167 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757EB UT WOS:000187534900011 ER PT J AU Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG White, AB Strem, ET Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC AF Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG White, AB Strem, ET Andrews, ED Antweiler, RC TI The impact of a prominent rain shadow on flooding in California's Santa Cruz Mountains: A CALJET case study and sensitivity to the ENSO cycle SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDFALLING COLD-FRONT; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; EL-NINO; WARM SECTOR; PRECIPITATION; MESOSCALE; WINDS; OROGRAPHY; WATER AB Data from the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) are used to explore the causes of variations in flood severity in adjacent coastal watersheds within the Santa Cruz Mountains on 2-3 February 1998. While Pescadero Creek (rural) experienced its flood of record, the adjacent San Lorenzo Creek (heavily populated), attained only its fourth-highest flow. This difference resulted from conditions present while the warm sector of the storm, with its associated low-level jet, high moisture content, and weak static stability, was overhead. Rainfall in the warm sector was dominated by orographic forcing. While the wind speed strongly modulated rain rates on windward slopes, the wind direction positioned the edge of a rain shadow cast by the Santa Lucia Mountains partially over the San Lorenzo basin, thus protecting the city of Santa Cruz from a more severe flood. Roughly 26%+/-9% of the streamflow at flood peak on Pescadero Creek resulted from the warm-sector rainfall. Without this rainfall, the peak flow on Pescadero Creek would likely not have attained record status. These results are complemented by a climatological analysis based on similar to50-yr-duration streamflow records for these and two other nearby windward watersheds situated; 20 to 40 km farther to the east, and a comparison of this climatological analysis with composites of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis fields. The westernmost watersheds were found to have their greatest floods during El Nino winters, while the easternmost watersheds peaked during non-El Nino episodes. These results are consistent with the case study, that showed that the composite 925-mb, meridionally oriented wind direction during El Ninos favors a rain shadow over the eastern watersheds. During non-El Nino periods, the composite, zonally oriented wind direction indicates that the sheltering effect of the rain shadow on the eastern watersheds is reduced, while weaker winds, less water vapor, and stronger stratification reduce the peak runoff in the western watersheds relative to El Nino periods. These case study and climatological results illustrate the importance of conditions in the moisture-rich warm sector of landfalling Pacific winter storms. Although many other variables can influence flooding, this study shows that variations of +/-10degrees in wind direction can modulate the location of orographically enhanced floods. While terrain can increase predictability (e.g., rainfall typically increases with altitude), the predictability is reduced when conditions are near a threshold separating different regimes (e.g., in or out of a rain shadow). C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. NOAA, ETL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 55 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 4 IS 6 BP 1243 EP 1264 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1243:TIOAPR>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757EB UT WOS:000187534900018 ER PT J AU Feng, SC AF Feng, SC TI A machining process planning activity model for systems integration SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE activity modeling; machining process; NC; process planning; system characterization; system integration AB A key issue of integrating process planning systems with design systems and production planning systems is how to overcome barriers in data exchange and sharing amongst software systems. A machining process planning activity model was developed to address some of the barriers. This model represents functional components and data requirements in process planning systems. The purpose of the model is to create the context in which data requirements and data flow for numerically controlled machining process planning are defined. Furthermore, the model was developed as a unification of many previously developed process planning activity models. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0956-5515 J9 J INTELL MANUF JI J. Intell. Manuf. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 14 IS 6 BP 527 EP 539 DI 10.1023/A:1027354620910 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 740PH UT WOS:000186410400003 ER PT J AU Newbury, NR AF Newbury, NR TI Pump-wavelength dependence of Raman gain in single-mode optical fibers SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE optical fiber devices; Raman scattering ID AMPLIFIERS; SPECTRUM AB The magnitude of the stimulated Raman gain spectrum depends on the absolute wavelength of the pump laser. For many fibers, this dependence can be cast as a simple scaling of the overall gain curve according to a power-law dependence on the pump wavelength. We present three methods of measuring this scaling: estimation from Raman gain theory and known fiber parameters, a brute-force comparison of gain versus pump wavelength, and a more elegant comparison of the asymmetry in the Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman gain spectrum at a fixed pump wavelength. We discuss the advantages of the asymmetry technique, which yields the full wavelength dependence of the Raman gain with low uncertainty using only a single pump laser, a broadband source, and an optical spectrum analyzer. Finally, we report on the pump-wavelength scaling of the Raman gain for a number of standard transmission fibers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nnewbury@boulder.nist.gov NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 12 BP 3364 EP 3373 DI 10.1109/JLT.2003.821716 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 772PW UT WOS:000188851300048 ER PT J AU Nikuni, T Williams, JE AF Nikuni, T Williams, JE TI Kinetic theory of a spin-1/2 Bose-condensed gas SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Bose-Einstein condensate; spin-1/2 gas; kinetic theory ID POLARIZED ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; QUANTUM-SYSTEMS; LOW-TEMPERATURE; FERMI-LIQUID; WAVES; DYNAMICS; DIFFUSION; DILUTE AB We derive a kinetic theory for a spin-1/2 Bose-condensed gas of two-level atoms at finite temperatures. The condensate dynamics is described by a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the two-component spinor order parameter, which includes the interaction with the uncondensed fraction. The noncondensate atoms are described by a quantum kinetic equation, which is a generalization of the spin kinetic equation for spin-polarized quantum gases to include couplings to the condensate degree of freedom. The kinetic equation is used to derive hydrodynamic equations for the noncondensate spin density. The condensate and noncondensate spins are coupled directly through the exchange mean field. Collisions between the condensate and noncondensate atoms give rise to an additional contribution to the spin diffusion relaxation rate. In addition, they give rise to mutual relaxation of the condensate and noncondensate due to lack of local equilibrium between the two components. C1 Tokyo Univ Sci, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nikuni, T (reprint author), Tokyo Univ Sci, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. EM nikuni@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp NR 92 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 EI 1573-7357 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 133 IS 5-6 BP 323 EP 375 DI 10.1023/A:1026206724886 PG 53 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 734QE UT WOS:000186067400001 ER PT J AU Sharpe, SW Blake, TA Sams, RL Maki, A Masiello, T Barber, J Vulpanovici, N Nibler, JW Weber, A AF Sharpe, SW Blake, TA Sams, RL Maki, A Masiello, T Barber, J Vulpanovici, N Nibler, JW Weber, A TI The nu(3) and 2 nu(3) bands of (SO3)-S-32-O-16, (SO3)-S-32-O-18, (SO3)-S-34-O-16, and (SO3)-S-34-O-18 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID SULPHUR TRIOXIDE; NU(1) CARS SPECTRUM; INFRARED HOT BANDS; SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; HIGH-RESOLUTION; FORCE-FIELD; SO3; NU(2); V2; V4 AB This sixth of a series of publications on the high-resolution rotation-vibration spectra of sulfur trioxide reports the results of a systematic study of the v(3) and 2v(3) infrared bands of the four symmetric top isotopomers (SO3)-S-32-O-16, (SO3)-S-32-O-18, (SO3)-S-34-O-16, and (SO3)-S-34-O-18. An internal coupling between the l = 0(A(1)(')) and l = 2(E') levels of the 2v(3) states was observed. This small perturbation results in a level crossing between \k - l\ = 9 and 12, in consequence of which the band origins of the A'(1), l = 0 "ghost" states could be determined to a high degree of accuracy. Ground and upper state rotational constants as well as vibrational anharmonicity constants are reported. The constants for the center-of-mass substituted species (SO3)-S-32-O-16 and (SO3)-S-34-O-16 vary only slightly, as do the constants for the (SO3)-S-32-O-18, (SO3)-S-34-O-18 pair. The S-O bond lengths for the vibrational ground states of the species (SO3)-S-32-O-16, (SO3)-S-34-O-16, (SO3)-S-32-O-18, and (SO3)-S-34-O-18 are, respectively, 141.981 99(l), 141.979 38(6), 141.972 78(8), and 141.969 93(8) pm, where the uncertainties, given in parentheses, are two standard deviations and refer to the last digits of the associated quantity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97332 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 222 IS 2 BP 142 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2003.08.001 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 750JY UT WOS:000186988600002 ER PT J AU Lovas, FJ Suenram, RD Plusquellic, DF Mollendal, H AF Lovas, FJ Suenram, RD Plusquellic, DF Mollendal, H TI The microwave spectrum of the C-3 sugars: glyceraldehyde and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone and the dehydration product 2-hydroxy-2-propen-1-al SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE ab initio calculations; 1,3-dihydroxy propanone; dipole moments; glyceraldehyde; 2-hydroxy propenal; microwave spectra; molecular structure ID ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERS; DIPOLE-MOMENTS; GLYCOLALDEHYDE; SPECTROMETER; CONFORMERS; METHYL; BEAM AB The triose sugars with empirical formula, C3H6O3, consist of the aldehyde form, glyceraldehyde, and the ketone form, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone. Recently, the simplest sugar, glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO) was identified in the Sgr B2(N) molecular cloud by Hollis et al. (Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 540 (2000) L107), providing the incentive to pursue the present study. The microwave spectra of the triose sugars were obtained with the NIST Fourier-transform pulsed-nozzle microwave spectrometers equipped with heated nozzles. A few tenths of a gram of solid sample was placed in the nozzle base, which was heated to between 105 and 135degreesC and pressurized with inert carrier gas. Broad spectral survey scans were carried out from 10 to 20 GHz for samples of both compounds. In the glyceraldehyde sample study, three conformers of the parent species were identified as well as 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone. In addition, three decomposition products were also identified: formic acid, trans-methyl glyoxal, and a previously experimentally unknown compound: 2-hydroxy-2-propen-1-al. Ab initio calculations were carried out with the Gaussian 98 program at the MP2/6-311++G** level to aid in the identification of each of the new species. The survey scan of the 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone sample confirmed the identification of this species initially assigned in the glyceraldehyde study. The 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone survey also exhibited spectra from the same three decomposition products initially observed in the glyceraldehyde work. However, the three conformers of glyceraldehyde were not present in the spectra of 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, Oslo, Norway. RP Lovas, FJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 222 IS 2 BP 263 EP 272 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2003.08.007 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 750JY UT WOS:000186988600014 ER PT J AU Oguma, S Suzuki, T Levitus, S Nagata, Y AF Oguma, S Suzuki, T Levitus, S Nagata, Y TI Skewed occurrence frequency of water temperature and salinity in the subarctic regions SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE subarctic region; skewed occurrence frequency; quality control; range check; water intrusion AB In a previous paper (Oguma and Nagata, 2002), it was shown that frequency distributions of temperature and salinity in the sea off Sanriku Coast, Japan are skewed, and sometimes observed values exceed m + 5sigma (m = mean, sigma = standard deviation). This means that, if we apply a 3sigma criterion for a range check, many real data would be lost. We have expanded our analysis to the subarctic North Pacific, the subarctic North Atlantic and their surrounding areas, by computing the distributions of skewness and kurtosis. It is found that the region of high positive skewness extends in an east-north-east direction in the Mixed Water Region from off Sanriku, and reaches to about 155degreesE. A high negative skewness zone is recognized along the southern margin of the Kuroshio Extension. These are thought to be generated by the breaking of the meander of the Kuroshio Extension and subsequent ejection of warm and cold eddies to the north and south, respectively. Other high positive skewness areas are found to the south of Kuril Islands and in the Japan Sea. These are generated due to very sharp vertical gradients of temperature and salinity. The situation in the North Atlantic is very similar to the North Pacific, though the detailed nature is changed due to differences of oceanographic condition. The effect of grid size on the skewed nature of the distribution is also discussed. C1 Marine Informat Res Ctr, JHA, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040061, Japan. NOAA, NODC, World Data Ctr Oceanog, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Oguma, S (reprint author), Marine Informat Res Ctr, JHA, Chuo Ku, 7-15-4 Ginza, Tokyo 1040061, Japan. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 59 IS 6 BP 921 EP 929 DI 10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009581.50905.39 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 740LM UT WOS:000186403900015 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI On derivation of differential equations of coupled-mode propagation from the reciprocity principle SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Letter AB In a Letter to the Editor, McDaniel [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114, 3020-3023 (2003)] criticizes the derivation of equations of coupled-mode propagation [O. A. Godin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 159-168 (1998)] based on the reciprocity principle and proposes another derivation. A close examination of McDaniel's arguments shows that her criticism is unwarranted. The derivation presented by McDaniel does not apply to acoustic waveguides with sloping boundaries and/or interfaces, which are the subject of analysis reported in the 1998 article. Two alternative derivations are discussed and shown to give the same mode-coupling equations as originally obtained by Godin. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 114 IS 6 BP 3016 EP 3019 DI 10.1121/1.1619979 PN 1 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 755RT UT WOS:000187425800002 PM 14714779 ER PT J AU Spiesberger, JL Tappert, F Jacobson, AR AF Spiesberger, JL Tappert, F Jacobson, AR TI Blind prediction of broadband coherence time at basin scales SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC TRAVEL-TIME; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TOMOGRAPHY AB A blind comparison with data is made with a model for the coherence time of broadband sound (13 3 Hz, 17-Hz bandwidth) at 3709 kin. Coherence time is limited by changes in the ocean because the acoustic instruments are fixed to the Earth on the bottom of the sea with time bases maintained by atomic clocks. Although the modeled coherence time depends a bit on the difficult problem of correctly modeling relative signal-to-noise ratios, normalized correlation coefficients of the broadband signals for the data (model) are 0.90 (0.83), 0.72 (0.59), and 0.51 (0.36) at lags of 2, 4. 1, and 6.2 min, respectively. In all these cases, observed coherence times are a bit longer than modeled. The temporal evolution of the model is based on the linear dispersion relation for internal waves. Acoustic propagation is modeled with the parabolic approximation and the sound-speed insensitive operator. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Spiesberger, JL (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 240 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 114 IS 6 BP 3147 EP 3154 DI 10.1121/1.1629305 PN 1 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 755RT UT WOS:000187425800020 PM 14714797 ER PT J AU Lapeyre, G Held, IM AF Lapeyre, G Held, IM TI Diffusivity, kinetic energy dissipation, and closure theories for the poleward eddy heat flux SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BETA-PLANE; GEOSTROPHIC TURBULENCE; EDDIES; TRANSPORT; JETS; GENERATION; MODELS; FLOW AB Diffusive eddy closure theory for estimating the poleward heat flux is reexamined and tested in the context of a two-layer homogeneous model. Consideration of the inverse energy cascade induced by baroclinic turbulence on the beta plane leads to an expression for diffusivity in terms of the kinetic energy dissipation and the beta effect. A key step in the closure is the identification of this diffusivity with that for potential vorticity in the lower of the two layers in the model. This assumption is then combined with an exact expression relating the diffusivity to the baroclinic energy generation and the mean vertical shear. The theory is closed by identifying the kinetic energy dissipation entering the inverse cascade argument with the baroclinic energy production. It is found that the first constraint in isolation based on inverse cascade arguments between the diffusivity of lower-layer potential vorticity and the kinetic energy dissipation is robust and accurate, whereas the final theory relating diffusivity to vertical shear remains useful but has somewhat degraded accuracy and is more sensitive to model parameters, such as numerical resolution and small-scale dissipation. In the limit of large supercriticality, this theory reduces to that of Held and Larichev. However, it is much more accurate in reproducing numerical results from a two-layer homogeneous model on a beta plane for the moderate supercriticalities that are typical of model atmospheres. The problems involved in generalizing this result to models with more layers on the vertical or with a continuous stratification are discussed. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Lapeyre, G (reprint author), IFREMER, LPO, BP 70, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM glapeyre@ifremer.fr RI Lapeyre, Guillaume/B-8871-2008 OI Lapeyre, Guillaume/0000-0001-8187-8971 NR 20 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 60 IS 23 BP 2907 EP 2916 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2907:DKEDAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744HP UT WOS:000186622500005 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI An expression for effective buoyancy in surroundings with horizontal density gradients SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TORNADOGENESIS; CONVECTION; DYNAMICS; MODELS AB An expression is obtained for effective buoyancy per unit volume in inviscid anelastic flow with surrounding horizontal density variations. Effective buoyancy is defined here as the statically forced part of the locally nonhydrostatic, upward pressure-gradient force because this is the part of the net vertical force that is both absolute (i.e., independent of an arbitrary base state) and dependent solely on variations in the specific weight of the air-hydrometeor mixture. For the case where the domain is the half space z>0 above flat ground, effective buoyancy beta(x) at a given field point x is given by beta(x) integral(-infinity)(infinity) integral(-infinity)(infinity) integral(-infinity)(infinity) [g (&DEL;) over cap (2)(H)rho(T)((x) over cap)]/(4 pi\x-(x) over cap \) d (x) over cap d (y) over cap d (z) over cap, where grho(T) is the total weight of air and hydrometeors per unit volume, the (x) over cap equivalent to ((x) over cap,(y) over cap,(z) over cap) are source points, (&DEL;) over cap (2)(H) is the horizontal Laplacian with respect to (x) over cap, and (&DEL;) over cap (2)(H)rho(T)((x) over cap,(y) over cap,-(z) over cap) equivalent to -(&DEL;) over cap (2)(H)rho(T)((x) over cap,(y) over cap,(z) over cap). C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 60 IS 23 BP 2922 EP 2925 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2922:AEFEBI>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744HP UT WOS:000186622500007 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Jones, TT Resendiz, A Nichols, WJ Chaloupka, MY AF Seminoff, JA Jones, TT Resendiz, A Nichols, WJ Chaloupka, MY TI Monitoring green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a coastal foraging area in Baja California, Mexico: multiple indices to describe population status SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article ID SELECTION; MODEL AB From June 1995 to August 2002 we assessed green turtle (Chelonia mydas) population structure and survival, and identified human impact, at Bahia de los Angeles, a large bay that was once the site of the greatest sea turtle harvest rates in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Turtles were captured live with entanglement nets and mortality was quantified through stranding surveys and flipper tag recoveries. A total of 14,820 netting hours (617.5 d) resulted in 255 captures of 200 green turtles. Straight-carapace length and mass ranged from 46.0-100.0 cm (mean = 74.3 +/- 0.7 cm) and 14.5-145.0 kg (mean = 61.5 +/- 1.7 kg), respectively. The size-frequency distribution remained stable during all years and among all capture locations. Anthropogenic-derived injuries ranging from missing flippers to boat propeller scars were present in 4% of captured turtles. Remains of 18 turtles were found at dumpsites, nine stranded turtles were encountered in the study area, and flipper tags from seven turtles were recovered. Survival was estimated at 0.58 for juveniles and 0.97 for adults using a joint live-recapture and dead-recovery model (Burnham model). Low survival among juveniles, declining annual catch per unit effort, and the presence of butchered carcasses indicated human activities continue to impact green turtles at this foraging area. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Anim Care Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Inst Nacl Ecol, Direcc Gen Vida Silvestre, Secretaria Medio Ambiente & Recursos Nat, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Wildcoast Int Conservat Team, Davenport, CA 95017 USA. Univ Queensland, Sch Econ, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 19 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 83 IS 6 BP 1355 EP 1362 DI 10.1017/S0025315403008816 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 773UH UT WOS:000188941800034 ER PT J AU Simiu, E Sadek, F Whalen, TM Jang, S Lu, LW Diniz, SMC Grazini, A Riley, MA AF Simiu, E Sadek, F Whalen, TM Jang, S Lu, LW Diniz, SMC Grazini, A Riley, MA TI Achieving safer and more economical buildings through database-assisted, reliability-based design for wind SO JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Engineering Symposium to Honour Alan G Davenport CY JUN 20-22, 2002 CL UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO, ONTARIO, CANADA HO UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO DE building technology; database-assisted design; dynamic response; low-rise buildings; non-linear behavior; purlins; structural reliability; ultimate limit states; wind loads ID UNITED-STATES; SPEEDS; PREDICTION; PEAKS AB Following such landmark aerodynamic tests as Irminger's in 1894, Flachsbart's in 1932-the first to be conducted in boundary-layer flow-and University of Western Ontario (UWO) 1970s tests, considerable progress has been achieved in low-rise building design for wind. Nevertheless, the present state of the art remains inadequate. UWO tests were conducted at low angular and spatial resolutions. Their results were then used to create drastically simplifying standard aerodynamic tables and plots designed for slide-rule era calculations and entailing errors that can exceed 50%. We review material which shows that significant improvements in main wind-load resisting system and component design can be achieved by using database-assisted design (DAD) and associated structural reliability tools, thus accounting realistically for the complexity of the wind loading as well as for the stochasticity and knowledge uncertainties affecting wind effects calculations. We illustrate DAD's capability to obtain, for the first time in a wind engineering context, realistic estimates of ultimate limit states due to local or global buckling failure. In the future other types of nonlinear behavior associated with ultimate limit states can be similarly dealt with. We note that DAD is ideally suited for use with data likely to be obtained in the future by Computational Fluid Dynamics methods. We discuss the need for assuring quality control procedures for wind tunnel testing so that inter-laboratory comparisons of test results and wind tunnel certifications can be conducted effectively. We also discuss the possibility of systematic database corrections based on full-scale test results, and the possibility of using tests in non-standard wind environments and/or on buildings with non-standard shapes. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, BR-30110060 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Univ Perugia, Dept Civil Engn, I-61025 Perugia, Italy. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6105 J9 J WIND ENG IND AEROD JI J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 91 IS 12-15 SI SI BP 1587 EP 1611 DI 10.1016/j.jweia.2003.09.017 PG 25 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 754GP UT WOS:000187296600019 ER PT J AU Sunda, W Huntsman, S AF Sunda, W Huntsman, S TI Effect of pH, light, and temperature on Fe-EDTA chelation and Fe hydrolysis in seawater SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron; Fe-EDTA chelation; photolysis; ferric hydrolysis constants; pH; temperature ID NATURAL ORGANIC-LIGANDS; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; IRON FERTILIZATION; IONIC-STRENGTH; CELL-SIZE; OCEAN; SOLUBILITY; IRON(III) AB We used a novel technique, adsorption of dissolved labile ferric hydrolysis species (Fe(III)') onto C(18)-silica cartridges, to measure concentrations of Fe(Ill)' in equilibrium with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in UV-treated seawater. Effects of temperature, pH, and light on steady-state Fe(III)' concentrations and resultant conditional dissociation constants for Fe-EDTA chelates were determined. Measured dissociation constants in the dark were similar at 10 and 20 degreesC, but increased by 600-fold between pH 7.7 and 9.0, due largely to the formation of mixed EDTA-hydroxy chelates with more rapid dissociation kinetics. The conditional dissociation constants for Fe-EDTA chelates were combined with thermodynamic constants for equilibria among EDTA(4-), Fe(3+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and H(+) to compute ratios of [Fe(III)']/[Fe(3+)] as a function of pH at 20 degreesC. Modeling of this data yielded ferric hydrolysis constants for formation of Fe(OH)(2)(+) (log beta(2)* = -6.40 +/- 0.15), Fe(OH)(3) (log beta(3)* = -15.1 +/- 0.8), and Fe(OH)(4)(-) (log beta(4)* = -22.70 +/- 0.08) that were consistent with other published values. Light increased steady-state Fe(Ill)' concentrations (and resultant steady-state Fe-EDTA dissociation constants) due to the photo-reductive dissociation of Fe-EDTA chelates. This effect decreased at higher temperature and pH due to a larger influence of these parameters on dark (thermal) rates for Fe-EDTA dissociation and association than on Fe-EDTA photo-dissociation rates. Similar temperature effects should occur for iron-chelates with natural organic ligands, which could enhance the importance of photo-dissociation at colder ocean temperatures. This effect may increase iron availability to phytoplankton in cold water regions by increasing concentrations of biologically available dissolved inorganic Fe(II) and Fe(III) species. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NOS, CCFHR, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Sunda, W (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, CCFHR, 101 Pivers Island Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM bill.sunda@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 53 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00101-4 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 748HU UT WOS:000186857100003 ER PT J AU Joshi, Y Azar, K Blackburn, D Lasance, CJM Mahajan, R Rantala, J AF Joshi, Y Azar, K Blackburn, D Lasance, CJM Mahajan, R Rantala, J TI How well can we assess thermally driven reliability issues in electronic systems today? Summary of panel held at the Therminic 2002 SO MICROELECTRONICS JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC 2002) CY OCT 01-04, 2002 CL MADRID, SPAIN SP IEEE Comp Soc Test Technol Tech Council, TIMA Lab, IEEE CPMT, European Test Technol Tech Comm DE thermal modeling; reliability; microelectronics and microsystems AB A panel was organized at the Therminic 2002 workshop to address the question posed in the title of this summary paper. Brief presentations were made by the six panelists, followed by an open discussion among Workshop participants. The focus of the panel was on reliability, not performance, and on systems, not parts. While the panel recognized the availability of various specialized analytical tools at a handful of leading research institutions and with expert individuals, it was felt that the industry at large is still transitioning from the use of simple thermal design rules to a more detailed physics based methodology. The current state-of-the-art of thermal metrology was outlined. An overview of the temperature-reliability relationships at the component and system levels was provided. Some of the emerging thermal challenges associated with the evolution of three-dimensional on-chip interconnect architectures were identified. The role of uncertainty analysis in predictions was emphasized. A primary conclusion was to focus on the prediction of thermally influenced risks in current and future products, based on a sound physics based approach. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Adv Thermal Solut Inc, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philips Res Labs, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Intel Corp, Assembly Technol Dev, Chandler, AZ 85226 USA. Nokia Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. RP Joshi, Y (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-2692 J9 MICROELECTRON J JI Microelectron. J. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 34 IS 12 BP 1195 EP 1201 DI 10.1016/S0026-2692(03)00200-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 748FL UT WOS:000186851800011 ER PT J AU Drton, M Marzban, C Guttorp, P Schaefer, JT AF Drton, M Marzban, C Guttorp, P Schaefer, JT TI A Markov chain model of tornadic activity SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Tornadic activity in four U. S. regions is stochastically modeled based on data on tornado counts over the years 1953-98. It is shown that tornadic activity on a given day is mostly affected by the activity on the previous day. Hence, the process can be modeled as a Markov chain. A parametric nonhomogenous Markov chain model is developed based on the well-known increase of tornadic activity in the spring and summer months. This model, with only eight parameters, describes tornadic activity quite well. The interpretability of the estimated parameters allows a diagnosis of the regional differences in tornadic activity. For instance, a comparison of the values of the parameters for the four regions suggests that in the South tornado persistence is specific mostly to the early part of the year. Finally, within the framework of probabilistic forecast verification, it is shown that the Markov chain model outperforms the climatological model, even though the former is far simpler in terms of the number of parameters (8 and 366, respectively). The superior performance of the model is confirmed in terms of several measures of performance in all four regions. The exception is the southern Tornado Alley, where the reliability of the model forecasts is nonsignificantly inferior to that of the climatological ones. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Marzban, C (reprint author), 2819 W Blaine St, Seattle, WA 98199 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 131 IS 12 BP 2941 EP 2953 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2941:AMCMOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749FG UT WOS:000186908100003 ER PT J AU Schneider, EK DeWitt, DG Rosati, A Kirtman, BP Ji, L Tribbia, JJ AF Schneider, EK DeWitt, DG Rosati, A Kirtman, BP Ji, L Tribbia, JJ TI Retrospective ENSO forecasts: Sensitivity to atmospheric model and ocean resolution SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; NATIONAL CENTER; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DATA ASSIMILATION; MOIST CONVECTION; SOLAR-RADIATION; PARAMETERIZATION AB Results are described from a series of 40 retrospective forecasts of tropical Pacific SST, starting 1 January and 1 July 1980-99, performed with several coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models sharing the same ocean model - the Modular Ocean Model version 3 (MOM3) OGCM - and the same initial conditions. The atmospheric components of the coupled models were the Center for Ocean - Land - Atmosphere Studies (COLA), ECHAM, and Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) models at T42 horizontal resolution, and no empirical corrections were applied to the coupling. Additionally, the retrospective forecasts using the COLA and ECHAM atmospheric models were carried out with two resolutions of the OGCM. The high-resolution version of the OGCM had 1degrees horizontal resolution (1/3degrees meridional resolution near the equator) and 40 levels in the vertical, while the lower-resolution version had 1.5degrees horizontal resolution (1/2degrees meridional resolution near the equator) and 25 levels. The initial states were taken from an ocean data assimilation performed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) using the high-resolution OGCM. Initial conditions for the lower-resolution retrospective forecasts were obtained by interpolation from the GFDL ocean data assimilation. The systematic errors of the mean evolution in the coupled models depend strongly on the atmospheric model, with the COLA versions having a warm bias in tropical Pacific SST, the CCM3 version a cold bias, and the ECHAM versions a smaller cold bias. Each of the models exhibits similar levels of skill, although some statistically significant differences are identified. The models have better retrospective forecast performance from the 1 July initial conditions, suggesting a spring prediction barrier. A consensus retrospective forecast produced by taking the ensemble average of the retrospective forecasts from all of the models is generally superior to any of the individual retrospective forecasts. One reason that averaging across models appears to be successful is that the averaging reduces the effects of systematic errors in the structure of the ENSO variability of the different models. The effect of reducing noise by averaging ensembles of forecasts made with the same model is compared to the effects from multimodel ensembling for a subset of the cases; however, the sample size is not large enough to clearly distinguish between the multimodel consensus and the single-model ensembles. There are obvious problems with the retrospective forecasts that can be connected to the various systematic errors of the coupled models in simulation mode, and which are ultimately due to model error (errors in the physical parameterizations and numerical truncation). These errors lead to initial shock and a "spring variability barrier" that degrade the retrospective forecasts. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Schneider, EK (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM schneide@cola.iges.org NR 52 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 131 IS 12 BP 3038 EP 3060 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<3038:REFSTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749FG UT WOS:000186908100009 ER PT J AU Richter, D Rowe, JM Ankner, JE Arai, M Clausen, KN Magid, LJ Mason, TE Neumann, DA Schurtenberger, P Zabel, H AF Richter, D Rowe, JM Ankner, JE Arai, M Clausen, KN Magid, LJ Mason, TE Neumann, DA Schurtenberger, P Zabel, H TI New frontiers in the application of neutron scattering to materials science SO MRS BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE neutron reflectivity; neutron scattering; neutron sources AB This brief article describes the content of the December 2003 issue of MRS Builetin on New Frontiers in the Application of Neutron Scattering to Materials Science. New techniques, new instrumentation, and new sources are providing exciting opportunities for the use of neutron scattering in materials research at a time when the pace of research and development is accelerating while the complexity of the issues governing materials use is increasing. At a time such as this, it is critical to use the best tool for the job, and neutron scattering is evolving into a tool that can be used with many others, rather than a technique only for the specialist. It is also providing unprecedented resolution in energy to allow the study of the slow dynamics characteristic of many problems in soft matter and to probe surfaces and interfaces in a unique way. In this issue, we have chosen three areas to emphasize these trends: neutron reflectivity as a probe of surfaces and interfaces, the use of neutrons to study complex fluids, and high-resolution neutron scattering studies of dynamics. We also give a view of the future of neutron sources, with an article outlining the opportunities to be provided by sources proposed or under construction in Europe, Japan and the United States. It is our hope that this sampling of new opportunities in neutron scattering will encourage wider use of these techniques to help solve the challenging materials research of today and tomorrow. C1 Julich Res Ctr, Inst Neutron Scattering, Julich, Germany. Univ Munster, D-4400 Munster, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, D (reprint author), Julich Res Ctr, Inst Neutron Scattering, Julich, Germany. RI Rowe, J Michael Rowe/D-2943-2013; Zabel, Hartmut/C-1994-2009; Schurtenberger, Peter/K-1777-2013; Mason, Thomas/M-5809-2014 OI Schurtenberger, Peter/0000-0002-2790-8831; Mason, Thomas/0000-0003-1880-3971 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0883-7694 J9 MRS BULL JI MRS Bull. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 28 IS 12 BP 903 EP 906 DI 10.1557/mrs2003.252 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 755KR UT WOS:000187402500016 ER PT J AU Gilman, E Boggs, C Brothers, N AF Gilman, E Boggs, C Brothers, N TI Performance assessment of an underwater setting chute to mitigate seabird bycatch in the Hawaii pelagic longline tuna fishery SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID INCIDENTAL MORTALITY; BAIT LOSS; BY-CATCH; ALBATROSS AB Mortality in longline fisheries is one of the most critical global threats to some seabird species. Underwater setting technology may offer an effective and commercially viable solution. The underwater setting chute for pelagic longline fisheries releases baited hooks underwater, out of sight and reach of diving seabirds. Results from a study in the Hawaii pelagic longline tuna fishery indicate that the underwater setting chute is the most effective technology tested to date to minimize seabird capture in this fishery. The chute eliminated seabird capture during this short-term trial. During control replicates, the capture rate was 4.24 captures per 1000 hooks and when normalized for albatross abundance, the rate was 0.114 captures per 1000 hooks per albatross. Expressed as contacts per 1000 hooks per albatross, the chute was 95% effective at reducing albatross contacts with fishing gear compared to a control. The chute was practical for use and design and installation improvements are likely possible to make the chute more palatable for uptake by industry. The chute has the added benefit of increasing fishing efficiency. The cost for purchasing and installing the chute would be recouped after only a maximum of two fishing trips. Based on an assessment of bait retention and hook setting interval when using the chute versus setting conventionally, vessels would experience a gain in efficiency of between 14.7% and 29.6% when albatrosses are abundant. Economic incentives are essential to abate global seabird mortality in longline fisheries. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Blue Ocean Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Gilman, E (reprint author), Blue Ocean Inst, 2718 Nappuaa Pl, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM ericgilman@earthlink.net NR 50 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 11-12 BP 985 EP 1010 DI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2003.12.001 PG 26 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 821IQ UT WOS:000221454100002 ER PT J AU Holman, KW Jones, DJ Ye, J Ippen, EP AF Holman, KW Jones, DJ Ye, J Ippen, EP TI Orthogonal control of the frequency comb dynamics of a mode-locked laser diode SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We have performed detailed studies on the dynamics of a frequency comb produced by a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD). Orthogonal control of the pulse repetition rate and the pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase slippage is achieved by appropriate combinations of the respective error signals to actuate the diode injection current and the saturable absorber bias voltage. Phase coherence is established between the MLLD at 1550 nm and a 775-nm mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser working as part of an optical atomic clock. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Holman, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 9 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 23 BP 2405 EP 2407 DI 10.1364/OL.28.002405 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 746EW UT WOS:000186734900041 PM 14680197 ER PT J AU Schlager, JB Callicoatt, BE Mirin, RP Sanford, NA Jones, DJ Ye, J AF Schlager, JB Callicoatt, BE Mirin, RP Sanford, NA Jones, DJ Ye, J TI Passively mode-locked glass waveguide laser with 14-fs timing jitter SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Ultralow jitter pulse trains are produced from a passively mode-locked, erbium/ytterbium co-doped, planar waveguide laser by use of high-bandwidth feedback control acting on the physical cavity length and optical pump power. Synchronization of a 750-MHz, fundamentally mode-locked laser to an external clock signal yields an ultralow, root-mean-square relative timing jitter of 14.4 fs integrated from 10 Hz to the Nyquist frequency of 375 MHz. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Schlager, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017; OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 10 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 23 BP 2411 EP 2413 DI 10.1364/OL.28.002411 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 746EW UT WOS:000186734900043 PM 14680199 ER PT J AU Chan, CY Chan, LY Harris, JM AF Chan, CY Chan, LY Harris, JM TI Urban and background ozone trend in 1984-1999 at subtropical Hong Kong, South China SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; background ozone change; Asian pollutant emissions; air pollutant transport; Hong Kong urban ozone; tropospheric ozone ID ASIAN AIR-POLLUTION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE OZONE; TRANSPORT; FLOW AB There has been a growing concern for the impact of increasing Asian pollutant emissions on climate, atmospheric chemistry and air quality of the downwind region: In this study, we examined the long-term records of surface ozone (O-3) and its precursors (NO and NO2) measured in Hong Kong from the early 1980s to 2000. The urban O-3 concentration has shown more than two-fold increase since the early 1980s and the increase was especially apparent after the late 1980s. The O-3 increases led to frequent O-3 pollution episodes and caused deterioration of local air quality. Such increases were not accompanied by local NO and NO2 concentration changes in Hong Kong but coincided with the increase of NOx emissions from Asia. We derived the background O-3 concentration for the South China region using the early morning (1:00-5:00 a.m. local standard time) data and linked the transport of Asian emissions and background O-3 change using back air trajectory and local meteorology. The derived background O-3 concentration shows an increase rate of 1.5 % per year over the 15-year period from 1984 to 1999, which is close to that in the midlatitudes of East Asia at Japan. The sharp O-3 increase is related to the regional O-3 built-up in South China and the East Asia region due to the increases in the pollutant emissions as a result of rapid urban and industrial development in the region. C1 Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chan, CY (reprint author), Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 6 BP 513 EP 522 DI 10.1080/01919510390481829 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 809XQ UT WOS:000220669800006 ER PT J AU Di Giuseppe, G Atature, M Shaw, MD Sergienko, AV Saleh, BEA Teich, MC Miller, AJ Nam, SW Martinis, J AF Di Giuseppe, G Atature, M Shaw, MD Sergienko, AV Saleh, BEA Teich, MC Miller, AJ Nam, SW Martinis, J TI Direct observation of photon pairs at a single output port of a beam-splitter interferometer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION; 4TH-ORDER INTERFERENCE; DOWNCONVERSION; SU(2) AB Quantum theory predicts that two indistinguishable photons incident on a beam-splitter interferometer exit together (the pair emerges randomly from one port or the other). We use a special photon-number-resolving energy detector for a direct observation of this quantum-interference phenomenon. Simultaneous measurements from two such detectors, one at each beam-splitter-interferometer output port, confirm the absence of cross coincidences. Photon-number-resolving detectors are expected to find use in other quantum-optics and quantum-information-processing experiments. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Quantum Imaging Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Quantum Imaging Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80395 USA. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10153 Turin, Italy. RP Di Giuseppe, G (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Quantum Imaging Lab, 8 St Marys St, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Di Giuseppe, Giovanni/I-9470-2012 OI Di Giuseppe, Giovanni/0000-0002-6880-3139 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 063817 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.063817 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 761DP UT WOS:000187885000112 ER PT J AU Knill, E AF Knill, E TI Bounds on the probability of success of postselected nonlinear sign shifts implemented with linear optics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION AB The fundamental gates of linear optics quantum computation are realized by using single photons sources, linear optics, and photon counters. Success of these gates is conditioned on the pattern of photons detected without using feedback. Here it is shown that the maximum probability of success of these gates is typically strictly less than 1. For the one-mode nonlinear sign shift, the probability of success is bounded by 1/2. For the conditional sign shift of two modes, this probability is bounded by 3/4. These bounds are still substantially larger than the highest probabilities shown to be achievable so far, which are 1/4 and 2/27, respectively. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Natl Inst Stand, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Knill, E (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM knill@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 064303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.064303 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 761DP UT WOS:000187885000122 ER PT J AU Pupillo, G Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ AF Pupillo, G Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ TI Effects of inhomogeneity on the spectrum of the Mott-insulator state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMS; TRANSITION; SUPERFLUID AB We investigate the existence of quantum quasi-phase-transitions for an ensemble of ultracold bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice performing exact diagonalizations of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. When an external parabolic potential is added to the system quasi-phase-transitions are induced by the competition of on-site mean-field energy, hopping energy, and energy offset among lattice sites due to the external potential and lead to the coexistence of regions of particle localization and delocalization in the lattice. We clarify the microscopic mechanisms responsible for these quasi-phase-transitions as a function of the depth of the external potential when the on-site mean-field energy is large compared to the hopping energy. In particular, we show that a model Hamiltonian involving a few Fock states can describe the behavior of energy gap, mean particle numbers per site, and number fluctuations per site almost quantitatively. The role of symmetry on the gap as a function of the depth of the external trapping potential is elucidated. We discuss possible experimental signatures of quasi-phase-transitions studying the single-particle density matrix and explain microscopically the occurrence of local maxima in the momentum distribution. The role of a thermal population of the excited states on the momentum distribution is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 063604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.063604 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 761DP UT WOS:000187885000081 ER PT J AU Safronova, UI Savukov, IM Safronova, MS Johnson, WR AF Safronova, UI Savukov, IM Safronova, MS Johnson, WR TI Third-order relativistic many-body calculations of energies and lifetimes of levels along the silver isoelectronic sequence SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PERTURBATION-THEORY CALCULATIONS; BEAM-FOIL MEASUREMENTS; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; IONS; POLARIZATION; TRANSITIONS; ACCURATE; LINES; SHIFT; LASER AB Energies of 5l(j) (l=s, p, d, f, g) and 4f(j) states in neutral Ag and Ag-like ions with nuclear charges Z=48-100 are calculated using relativistic many-body perturbation theory. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are calculated for the 17 possible 5l(j)-5l(j)('') and 4f(j)-5l(j)(') electric-dipole transitions. Third-order corrections to energies and dipole matrix elements are included for neutral Ag and for ions with Zless than or equal to60. Second-order corrections are included for Z>60. Comparisons are made with available experimental data for transition energies and lifetimes. Correlation energies and transition rates are shown graphically as functions of nuclear charge Z for selected cases. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Safronova, UI (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 062505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.062505 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 761DP UT WOS:000187885000047 ER PT J AU Crawford, MK Harlow, RL Lee, PL Zhang, Y Hormadaly, J Flippen, R Huang, Q Lynn, JW Stevens, R Woodfield, BF Boerio-Goates, J Fisher, RA AF Crawford, MK Harlow, RL Lee, PL Zhang, Y Hormadaly, J Flippen, R Huang, Q Lynn, JW Stevens, R Woodfield, BF Boerio-Goates, J Fisher, RA TI Structure and properties of the integer-spin frustrated antiferromagnet GeNi2O4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; TRANSITIONS; CSNICL3; STATE AB We report the results of magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, synchrotron x-ray, and neutron powder diffraction measurements for the normal spinel GeNi2O4, which becomes antiferromagnetic below a Neel temperature (T-N) of 12 K. The Neel transition occurs in two discrete steps, separated in temperature by 0.6 K. The total magnetic entropy evaluated from the specific heat data is only similar to1/2 of the expected 2R ln 3 per mole of GeNi2O4. The specific heat data also suggest the presence of both gapless and gapped excitations within the Neel state. GeNi2O4 remains cubic to temperatures well below T-N. C1 DuPont Co Inc, Dept Cent Res & Dev, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Crawford, MK (reprint author), DuPont Co Inc, Dept Cent Res & Dev, E356-209, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. RI HORMADALY, J/F-1721-2012 NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 22 AR 220408 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.220408 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 763JN UT WOS:000188081900009 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW Plihal, M AF Gadzuk, JW Plihal, M TI Quantum mirages in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Kondo adsorbates: Vibrational signatures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-MOLECULE SCATTERING; INTERMEDIATE VALENCE SYSTEMS; METAL-SURFACES; RESONANCE SCATTERING; PHONON INTERACTION; MAGNETIC IMPURITY; MICROSCOPE; EXCITATION; ATOM; DYNAMICS AB Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy on Kondo systems consisting of magnetic atoms adsorbed upon nonmagnetic metal surfaces has demonstrated the ability of suitable two-dimensional nanostructures (such as "quantum corrals") to influence the surface electron transport that is part of the total scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) process. In a well known paradigm, an elliptical arrangement of Co atoms adsorbed on Cu(111) gives rise to an apparent enhanced electronic communication between points on the surface which are near the two elliptical foci. The question addressed here is whether a similar imaging/mirage effect has the potential for being interesting and/or useful when "focused" tunneling processes also involve the vibrational modes of the Kondo adsorbate. Theory for the total process of tip-to-corral-state tunneling, focus-to-focus transport via (corral) surface states [following Agam and Schiller Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 484 (2001)], and adsorbate resonance scattering has been developed within a localized polaron framework for incorporation of vibrational effects. Calculated lineshapes illustrate the potential utility of tunneling spectroscopy for obtaining detailed, atomic scale understanding of the role of the elliptical nanostructure size, shape, and chemical composition (as manifest in resonance characteristics) on both surface transport processes and also on the measurement methodologies required to probe such systems. This presents unusual challenges since all the characteristic energies (resonance position and width, vibrational, relaxation, and quantum corral) are likely to be of comparable magnitude in realistic experimental STM Kondo systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. KLA Tencor Milpitas, Milpitas, CA 95035 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gadzuk@nist.gov NR 99 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 23 AR 235413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.235413 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 764DL UT WOS:000188186400103 ER PT J AU Lynn, JW Huang, Q Brown, CM Miller, VL Foo, ML Schaak, RE Jones, CY Mackey, EA Cava, RJ AF Lynn, JW Huang, Q Brown, CM Miller, VL Foo, ML Schaak, RE Jones, CY Mackey, EA Cava, RJ TI Structure and dynamics of superconducting NaxCoO2 hydrate and its unhydrated analog SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHONON DENSITY; STATES; MGB2 AB Neutron scattering has been used to investigate the crystal structure and lattice dynamics of superconducting Na0.3CoO2.1.4(H/D)(2)O, and the "parent" Na0.3CoO2 material. The structure of Na0.3CoO2 consists of alternate layers of CoO2 and Na and is the same as the structure at higher Na concentrations. For the superconductor, the water forms two additional layers between the Na and CoO2, increasing the c-axis lattice parameter of the hexagonal P6(3)/mmc space group from 11.16 Angstrom to 19.5 Angstrom. The Na ions are found to occupy a different configuration from the parent compound, while the water forms a structure that replicates the structure of ice. Both types of sites are only partially occupied. The CoO2 layer in these structures is robust, on the other hand, and we find a strong inverse correlation between the CoO2 layer thickness and the superconducting transition temperature (T-C increases with decreasing thickness). The phonon density of states for Na0.3CoO2 exhibits distinct acoustic and optic bands, with a high-energy cutoff of similar to100 meV. The lattice dynamical scattering for the superconductor is dominated by the hydrogen modes, with librational and bending modes that are quite similar to ice, supporting the structural model that the water intercalates and forms ice-like layers in the superconductor. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Foo, Maw Lin/H-9273-2012; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 32 TC 97 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 21 AR 214516 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.214516 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 762JD UT WOS:000187967700081 ER PT J AU Sato, TJ Lynn, JW Hor, YS Cheong, SW AF Sato, TJ Lynn, JW Hor, YS Cheong, SW TI First-order transition in the itinerant ferromagnet CoS1.9Se0.1 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; SPIN DYNAMICS; HIGH-PRESSURE; METAMAGNETIC TRANSITION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; PYRITE STRUCTURE; METAL; COS2; PHASE; LA1-XCAXMNO3 AB Undoped CoS2 is an isotropic itinerant ferromagnet with a continuous or nearly continuous phase transition at T-C=122 K. In the doped CoS1.9Se0.1 system, the Curie temperature is lowered to T-C=90 K, and the transition becomes clearly first order in nature. In particular we find a discontinuous evolution of the spin dynamics as well as strong time relaxation in the ferromagnetic Bragg intensity and small-angle neutron scattering in the vicinity of the ferromagnetic transition. In the ordered state the long-wavelength spin excitations were found to be conventional ferromagnetic spin waves with negligible spin-wave gap (<0.04 meV), indicating that this system is also an excellent isotropic (soft) ferromagnet. In a wide temperature range up to 0.9T(C), the spin-wave stiffness D(T) follows the prediction of the two-magnon interaction theory, D(T)=D(0)(1-AT(5/2)), with D(0)=131.7+/-2.8 meV A(2). The stiffness, however, does not collapse as T-->T-C from below. Instead a quasielastic central peak abruptly develops in the excitation spectrum, quite similar to results found in the colossal magnetoresistance oxides such as (La-Ca)MnO3. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Lynn, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tjsato@nist.gov RI Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 21 AR 214411 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.214411 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 762JD UT WOS:000187967700045 ER PT J AU Steffen, M Martinis, JM Chuang, IL AF Steffen, M Martinis, JM Chuang, IL TI Accurate control of Josephson phase qubits SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM STATES; POPULATION-INVERSION; PULSES; NMR; COHERENCE AB A quantum bit is a closed two-dimensional Hilbert space, but often experimental systems have three or more energy levels. In a Josephson phase qubit the energy differences between successive levels differ by only a few percent, and hence care must be taken to isolate the two desired levels from the remaining Hilbert space. Here we show via numerical simulations how to restrict operations to the qubit subspace of a three-level Josephson junction system requiring shorter time duration and suffering less error compared with traditional methods. This is achieved by employing amplitude modulated pulses as well as carefully designed sequences of square wave pulses. We also show that tunneling out of higher lying energy levels represents a significant source of decoherence that can be reduced by tuning the system to contain four or more energy levels. C1 MIT, Ctr Bits & Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Stanford Univ, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Steffen, M (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Bits & Atoms, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM msteffen@snowmass.stanford.edu NR 28 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 22 AR 224518 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.224518 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 763JN UT WOS:000188081900100 ER PT J AU Xu, GY Viehland, D Li, JF Gehring, PM Shirane, G AF Xu, GY Viehland, D Li, JF Gehring, PM Shirane, G TI Evidence of decoupled lattice distortion and ferroelectric polarization in the relaxor system PMN-xPT SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PHASE-TRANSITION; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR AB We report high q-resolution neutron scattering data on PMN-xPT single crystals with x=20% and 27%. No rhombohedral distortion occurs in the 20PT sample for temperatures as low as 50 K. On the other hand, the 27PT sample transforms into a rhombohedral phase below T(C)similar to375 K. Our data provide conclusive evidence that a phase with an average cubic lattice is present in the bulk of this relaxor system at low PT concentration, in which the ferroelectric polarization and lattice distortion are decoupled. The rhombohedral distortion is limited to the outermost tens of microns of the crystal. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, GY (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010 OI Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275 NR 27 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 21 AR 212410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.212410 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 762JD UT WOS:000187967700015 ER PT J AU Rife, CL Parsons, JF Xiao, GY Gilliland, GL Armstrong, RN AF Rife, CL Parsons, JF Xiao, GY Gilliland, GL Armstrong, RN TI Conserved structural elements in glutathione transferase homologues encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article DE consensus sequence; domain structure; glutathionylspermidine; selenium; stringent starvation protein; X-ray crystallography ID BIFUNCTIONAL GLUTATHIONYLSPERMIDINE SYNTHETASE/AMIDASE; SUPERFAMILY; METABOLISM; EVOLUTION; PROTEINS; SELENITE; CHANNEL; ROLES AB Multiple sequence alignments of the eight glutathione (GSH) transferase homologues encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli were used to define a consensus sequence for the proteins. The consensus sequence was analyzed in the context of the three-dimensional structure of the gst gene product (EGST) obtained from two different crystal forms of the enzyme. The enzyme consists of two domains. The N-terminal region (domain I) has a thioredoxin-like alpha/beta-fold, while the C-terminal domain (domain II) is all alpha-helical. The majority of the consensus residues (12/17) reside in the N-terminal domain. Fifteen of the 17 residues are involved in hydrophobic core interactions, turns, or electrostatic interactions between the two domains. The results suggest that all of the homologues retain a well-defined group of structural elements both in and between the N-terminal alpha/beta domain and the C-terminal domain. The conservation of two key residues for the recognition motif for the gamma-glutamyl-portion of GSH indicates that the homologues may interact with GSH or GSH analogues such as glutathionylspermidine or alpha-amino acids. The genome context of two of the homologues forms the basis for a hypothesis that the b2989 and yibF gene products are involved in glutathionylspermidine and selenium biochemistry, respectively. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Toxicol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD USA. RP Armstrong, RN (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 842 RRB, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES00267]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM30910, T32 GM 08320] NR 24 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 53 IS 4 BP 777 EP 782 DI 10.1002/prot.10452 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 750DU UT WOS:000186976700001 PM 14635120 ER PT J AU Murphy, MK Kovacs, A Miller, SD McLaughlin, WL AF Murphy, MK Kovacs, A Miller, SD McLaughlin, WL TI Dose response and post-irradiation characteristics of the Sunna 535-nm photo-fluorescent film dosimeter SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dosimetry; film dosimeters; food irradiation; radiation processing; sterilization ID OPTICALLY-STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; COLOR-CENTERS; ELECTRON; GAMMA; LIF AB Results of characterization studies on one of the first versions of the Surma photo-fluorescent dosimeter(TM) have previously been reported, and the performance of the red fluorescence component described. This present paper describes dose response and post-irradiation characteristics of the green fluorescence component from the same dosimeter film (Sunna Model gamma), which is manufactured using the injection molding technique. This production method may supply batch sizes on the order of 1 million dosimeter film elements while maintaining a signal precision (1sigma) on the order of +/-1% without the need to correct for variability of film thickness. The dosimeter is a 1 cm x 3 cm polymeric film of 0.5-mm thickness that emits green fluorescence at intensities increasing almost linearly with dose. The data presented include dose response, post-irradiation growth, heat treatment, dosimeter aging, dose rate dependence, energy dependence, dose fractionation, variation of response within a batch, and the stability of the fluorimeter response. The results indicate that, as a routine dosimeter, the green signal provides a broad range of response at food irradiation (0.3-5 kGy), medical sterilization (5-40 kGy), and polymer cross-linking (40-250 kGy) dose levels. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Isotopes & Surface Chem, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Sunna Syst Corp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murphy, MK (reprint author), Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 BP 981 EP 994 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00441-9 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 752MJ UT WOS:000187164400006 ER PT J AU Murphy, MK Kovacs, A McLaughlin, WL Miller, SD Puhl, JM AF Murphy, MK Kovacs, A McLaughlin, WL Miller, SD Puhl, JM TI Sunna 535-nm photo-fluorescent film dosimeter response to different environmental conditions SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dosimetry; film dosimeters; food irradiation; radiation processing; sterilization ID COLOR-CENTERS; ELECTRON; GAMMA AB Evaluations on the influence of environmental variabilities on the red fluorescence component of the Sunna Model gamma photo-fluorescent dosimeter(TM) have previously been reported. This present paper describes the environmental effects on the response of the green fluorescence component of the same dosimeter, which is manufactured using the injection molding technique. The results presented include temperature, relative humidity, and light influences both during and after irradiation. The green fluorescence signal shows a significant dependence on irradiation temperature below room temperature at 1%/degreesC. Above room temperature (approximately 24-60degreesC), the irradiation temperature effect varies from -0.1%/degreesC to 1.0%/degreesC, depending on the absorbed dose level. For facilities with irradiation temperatures between 30degreesC and 60degreesC and absorbed dose levels above 10 kGy, irradiation temperature effects are minimal. Light-effects results indicate that the dosimeter is influenced by ultraviolet and blue wavelengths during irradiation as well as during the post-irradiation stabilization period (approximately 22 h), requiring the use of light-tight packaging. Results also show that the dosimeter exhibits negligible effects from ambient moisture during and after irradiation when in the range of 33-95% relative humidity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Isotopes & Surface Chem, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sunna Syst Corp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Murphy, MK (reprint author), Battelle Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 BP 995 EP 1003 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00443-2 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 752MJ UT WOS:000187164400007 ER PT J AU Moussa, A Baranyai, M Wojnarovits, L Kovacs, A McLaughlin, WL AF Moussa, A Baranyai, M Wojnarovits, L Kovacs, A McLaughlin, WL TI Dosimetry characteristics of the nitro blue tetrazolium-polyvinylalcohol film for high dose applications SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The dosimetry characteristics of a polyvinylalcohol based radiochromic dye film containing the ditetrazolium salt nitro blue tetrazolium chloride were studied with respect to the potential use of the films for routine dosimetry in radiation processing. The useful dose range for the dosimeter film for gamma and electron irradiation is 5-50 kGy depending on the concentration of the dye. The effects of irradiation temperature and humidity, as well as the stability of the response of the film before and after irradiation, were investigated and determined. Formulations for preparation of the films with different concentrations of the dye and with different pH were tested. The films were also tested in industrial gamma irradiation facilities for process control purposes by comparing their performance with transfer standard dosimeters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Isotope & Surface Chem, Chem Res Ctr, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Syrian Atom Energy Commiss, Damascus, Syria. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kovacs, A (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Isotope & Surface Chem, Chem Res Ctr, POB 77, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 BP 1011 EP 1015 DI 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2003.09.003 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 752MJ UT WOS:000187164400009 ER PT J AU Lirman, D Miller, MW AF Lirman, D Miller, MW TI Modeling and monitoring tools to assess recovery status and convergence rates between restored and undisturbed coral reef habitats SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE assessment; convergence rates; coral restoration; monitoring; population modeling; Porites astreoides ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS; ARTIFICIAL REEFS; RESTORATION; RECRUITMENT; TRANSPLANTATION; REHABILITATION; STRATEGIES; SIMULATION; MANAGEMENT AB Boating activities are an increasing source of physical damage to coral reefs worldwide. The damage caused by ship groundings can be significant and may result in a shift in reef structure and function. In this study we evaluate the status of two restoration projects established in 1995, 6 years after two freighters, the M/V Maitland and the M/V Elpis, ran aground on reefs of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Our approach includes field monitoring in support of simulation model development to assess the effectiveness of the restoration efforts. A population model was developed for the coral Porites astreoides to project the convergence rates of coral abundance and population size structure between the restored and surrounding reference habitats. Coral communities are developing rapidly on the restoration structures. Species richness and abundance of the dominant coral, P. astreoides, were nearly indistinguishable between the restoration structures and reference habitats after only 6 years. However, although abundance and size structure of P. astreoides populations are rapidly approaching those of the reference habitats (a convergence in size structure within 10 years was simulated), maximum coral size will take twice as long to converge for this species. The sensitivity of the model to maximum recruitment rates highlights the importance of recruitment on the recovery rates of restored habitats, suggesting that special attention should be afforded to provide coral recruits with appropriate recruitment substrate at the time of restoration. Finally, the rates of convergence and, hence, the level of success of a restoration effort were shown to be influenced not only by the recruitment and survivorship rates of corals on the restoration structures but by the characteristics of the reference population as well. Accordingly, reference populations ought to be considered a "moving target" against which restoration success has to be measured dynamically. The simple, cost-effective, monitoring-modeling approach presented here can provide the necessary tools to assess the current status of a restoration effort and to project the time required for coral populations to resemble those found on undamaged reference habitats C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SEFSC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lirman, D (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 11 IS 4 BP 448 EP 456 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.rec0286.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 742RL UT WOS:000186531800006 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Palm, RH Hefner, AR Berning, DW AF Paulter, NG Palm, RH Hefner, AR Berning, DW TI Low-impedance time-domain reflectometry for measuring the impedance characteristics of low-impedance transmission lines SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB An experimental examination of a 10 Omega and a 2 Omega time-domain reflectometer (TDR) technique for measuring low-impedance transmission line characteristics is presented. TDR measurements using these systems are compared to those using a 50 Omega TDR system. The results show that the uncertainties in the characteristic impedance, Z(C), of a low-Z(C) transmission line are a significant fraction of Z(C) for 50 Omega TDR measurements, whereas the fractional uncertainties are much less when using a low-impedance TDR. The fractional Z(C) uncertainties for the 50 Omega TDR increase as Z(C) decreases. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 74 IS 12 BP 5204 EP 5211 DI 10.1063/1.1622981 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 746PU UT WOS:000186755400036 ER PT J AU Rocha-Olivares, A Leal-Navarro, RA Kimbrell, C Lynn, EA Vetter, RD AF Rocha-Olivares, A Leal-Navarro, RA Kimbrell, C Lynn, EA Vetter, RD TI Microsatellite variation in the Mexican rockfish Sebastes macdonaldi SO SCIENTIA MARINA LA English DT Article DE Mexican rockfish; disjunct distribution; microsatellites; genetic structure; Baja California; Mexico ID MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME-B; SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; 7 OIL PLATFORMS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; SUBGENUS SEBASTOMUS; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; GENUS SEBASTES; SCORPAENIDAE; LOCI; TELEOSTEI AB The Mexican rockfish Sebastes macdonaldi is the Northeast Pacific rockfish with the southernmost distribution, featuring isolated populations in the Gulf of California. We analysed seven microsatellite loci in 111 organisms collected throughout most of its geographical range to test long-standing hypotheses regarding its disjunct distribution. One locus was fixed and the number of alleles in polymorphic loci ranged from 2 to 24 (average 13.5). We found very high levels of polymorphism (overall He = 0.75) comparable to other congeneric species but no significant differences in genetic diversity among localities or between Pacific and Gulf of California populations (p > 0.1). Significant shifts in allelic and genotypic frequencies were detected at three loci, which resulted in a small but significant partitioning of genetic variance among California, Baja California and Gulf of California populations (F-ST = 0.007, p = 0.03) and between Gulf and Pacific populations (F-ST = 0.01, p = 0.004). The latter but not the former result was corroborated by analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) using the number of distinct alleles (F-ST ) and the sum of square differences of allele sizes (R-ST) as Euclidean distances. The evidence argues against contemporary gene flow between the gulf and the Pacific ocean and against an ancient invasion of the gulf with a founder effect. The small level of divergence favours a recent dispersal but a larger data set including DNA sequences amenable to phylogenetic analyses will help to test alternative hypotheses of dispersal versus vicariance. C1 Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Oceanog Biol, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Fac Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Rocha-Olivares, A (reprint author), Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Oceanog Biol, AP 2732, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. RI Rocha-Olivares, Axayacatl/A-9832-2008 OI Rocha-Olivares, Axayacatl/0000-0002-2700-9086 NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST CIENCIAS MAR BARCELONA PI BARCELONA PA PG MARITIM DE LA BARCELONETA, 37-49, 08003 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0214-8358 J9 SCI MAR JI Sci. Mar. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 451 EP 460 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 754VT UT WOS:000187353600008 ER PT J AU Boger, Z Meier, DC Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S AF Boger, Z Meier, DC Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S TI Rapid identification of chemical warfare agents by artificial neural network pruning of temperature-programmed microsensor databases SO SENSOR LETTERS LA English DT Article DE microsensor databases; artificial neural networks; chemical warfare agents ID OXIDE GAS SENSOR; ION MOBILITY; ARRAY; CLASSIFICATION; SPECTROMETRY; RESPONSES; VAPORS AB Rapid identification of three chemical warfare (CW) agents and a CW agent simulant has been achieved by analyzing the responses of an array of four microhotplate conductometric sensors with tin oxide and titanium oxide thin sensing films. Analyte concentration values in the range of nmol/mol (ppb) to mu mol/mol (ppm) were also determined. Calculating the ratios of the response onset and recovery time constants of the different sensor materials at different temperatures, when operated in the fixed temperature sensing mode, clearly identified each CW agent. Training artificial neural network (ANN) models from an 80-component response database (four sensing films at 20 operating temperature steps), obtained in the temperature-programmed sensing operating mode, led to successful individual analyte recognition and four separate agent concentration models to provide the concentrations of the target compounds. Recursive elimination of the less relevant inputs and ANN model re-training identified the 5 to 12 inputs that are sufficient to identify and quantify the CW agents. The information obtained through pruning allows one to reduce the microsensor scan time by 40% to 80% and provides insight into the nature of the most critical gas-solid interactions for detection. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Optimal Ind Neural Syst Ltd, IL-84243 Beer Sheva, Israel. Optimal Ind Neural Syst Ltd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Semancik, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steves@nist.gov NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS PI VALENCIA PA 26650 THE OLD RD, STE 208, VALENCIA, CA 91381-0751 USA SN 1546-198X J9 SENSOR LETT JI Sens. Lett. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 BP 86 EP 92 DI 10.1166/sl.2003.003 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 004PT UT WOS:000234765400016 ER PT J AU Booth, JC Leong, KT Lee, SY Lee, JH Oh, B Lee, HN Moon, SH AF Booth, JC Leong, KT Lee, SY Lee, JH Oh, B Lee, HN Moon, SH TI Nonlinear microwave response of MgB2 thin films SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Superconducting Electronics Conference (ISEC 2003) CY JUL 07-11, 2003 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA ID INTERMODULATION; IMPEDANCE AB Thin films of the recently discovered superconductor MgB2 show promise for a number of different electronic applications. In order to evaluate the suitability of this new material for communication applications at microwave frequencies, we have measured both the linear and nonlinear microwave response of ex situ fabricated thin films of MgB2 on sapphire substrates patterned into coplanar-waveguide (CPW) transmission lines. Linear measurements yield the surface resistance and absolute value of the penetration depth, as well as the characteristic impedance of our MgB2 transmission lines. The nonlinear response of the same transmission lines was then measured by harmonic generation. Assuming that the measured nonlinear response is due to kinetic inductance effects, we were able to directly determine the relevant pair-breaking current density in our MgB2 thin films by combining results from our linear and nonlinear measurements. Because the resulting pair-breaking current density is an intrinsic material property independent of sample geometry, we can quantitatively compare the nonlinear responses of MgB2 thin films and YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) thin films at comparable reduced temperatures. We find that for sufficiently low reduced temperatures the pair-breaking current density in MgB2 thin films rivals that in YBCO. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. LG Elect Inst Technol, D&M Lab, Seoul 137724, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Engn, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Corp Res & Dev LG Chem Ltd, Taejon 305380, South Korea. RP Booth, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 814-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 12 BP 1518 EP 1522 AR PII S0953-2048(03)67137-X DI 10.1088/0953-2048/16/12/043 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 760DN UT WOS:000187796500043 ER PT J AU Corfidi, SF AF Corfidi, SF TI Cold pools and MCS propagation: Forecasting the motion of downwind-developing MCSs SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES; LIVED SQUALL LINES; FLASH-FLOOD; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; CENTRAL ARIZONA; BOW ECHO; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; VORTICES; PRECIPITATION AB The primary factors that affect the direction of propagation and overall movement of surface-based mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are discussed. It is shown that although propagation is indeed related to the strength and direction of the low-level jet as previous studies have shown, it is more specifically dependent upon the degree of cold-pool-relative flow and to the distribution of conditional instability present along a system's gust front. An updated technique that may be used to forecast the short-term ( 3 - 6 h) motion of MCS centroids based on these concepts is introduced. The procedure builds on the long-established observation that MCS motion is a function of 1) the advection of existing cells by the mean wind and 2) the propagation of new convection relative to existing storms. Observed wind and thermodynamic data, in conjunction with anticipated cold-pool motion and orientation, are used to assess the speed and direction of cell propagation, that is, whether propagation will be upwind, downwind, or some combination of the two. The technique ultimately yields an estimate of overall system movement and has application regardless of scale, season, or synoptic regime. C1 NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Corfidi, SF (reprint author), NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 59 TC 73 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 997 EP 1017 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0997:CPAMPF>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100001 ER PT J AU Steenburgh, WJ AF Steenburgh, WJ TI One hundred inches in one hundred hours: Evolution of a Wasatch Mountain winter storm cycle SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GREAT-SALT-LAKE; SAN-JUAN MOUNTAINS; EFFECT SNOWSTORM; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; UNITED-STATES; COLD FRONTS; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; CYCLONES; CLIMATOLOGY AB Synoptic, orographic, and lake-effect precipitation processes during a major winter storm cycle over the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah are examined using radar imagery, high-density surface data, and precipitation observations from Alta Ski Area [ 2600 - 3200 m above mean sea level (MSL)] and nearby Salt Lake City International Airport ( 1288 m MSL). The storm cycle, which occurred from 22 to 27 November 2001, included two distinct storm systems that produced 108 in. ( 274 cm) of snow at Alta Ski Area, including 100 in. ( 254 cm) during a 100-h period. Each storm system featured an intrusion of low equivalent potential temperature (theta(e)) air aloft, well in advance of a surface-based cold front. Prefrontal precipitation became increasingly convective as low-theta(e) air aloft moved over northern Utah, while cold frontal passage was accompanied by a convective line and a stratiform precipitation region. Postfrontal destabilization led to orographic and lake-effect snow-showers that produced two-thirds of the observed snow water equivalent at Alta. Storm stages were defined based on the passage of the above features and their accompanying changes in stability and precipitation processes. Contrasts between mountain and lowland precipitation varied dramatically from stage to stage and storm to storm, and frequently deviated from climatology, which features a nearly fourfold increase in precipitation between Salt Lake City and Alta. Based on the two storms, as well as other studies, a schematic diagram is presented that summarizes the evolution of Intermountain West snowstorms featuring an intrusion of low-theta(e) air aloft ahead of a surface cold front. Implications for short-range quantitative precipitation forecasting and seasonal-to-annual hydrometeorological prediction are discussed. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Steenburgh, WJ (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E,Rm 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1018 EP 1036 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1018:OHIIOH>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100002 ER PT J AU Scofield, RA Kuligowski, RJ AF Scofield, RA Kuligowski, RJ TI Status and outlook of operational satellite precipitation algorithms for extreme-precipitation events SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; RAINFALL ALGORITHM; UNITED-STATES; CONVECTIVE RAINFALL; STRATIFORM RAINFALL; INFRARED TECHNIQUE; TROPICAL RAINFALL; LAND; RESOLUTION; NETWORK AB Flash floods are among the most devastating natural weather hazards in the United States, causing an average of more than 225 deaths and $4 billion in property damage annually. As a result, prediction of flash floods in an accurate and timely fashion is one of the most important challenges in weather prediction. Data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites are significant sources of information for the diagnosis and prediction of heavy precipitation and flash floods. Geostationary satellites are especially important for their unique ability simultaneously to observe the atmosphere and its cloud cover from the global scale down to the storm scale at high resolution in both time (every 15 min) and space (1 - 4 km). This capability makes geostationary satellite data ideally suited for estimating and predicting heavy precipitation, especially during flash-flood events. Presented in this paper are current and future efforts in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service that support National Weather Service River Forecast Centers and Weather Forecast Offices during extreme-precipitation events. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Scofield, RA (reprint author), E RA2,Rm 601,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252 NR 72 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1037 EP 1051 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1037:SAOOOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100003 ER PT J AU Kaplan, J DeMaria, M AF Kaplan, J DeMaria, M TI Large-scale characteristics of rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic basin SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; RESOLUTION COUPLED MODEL; PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM FLUXES; HURRICANE-OPAL 1995; GULF-OF-MEXICO; EXTERNAL INFLUENCES; MAXIMUM INTENSITY; ENVIRONMENTAL-INFLUENCES; OCEAN INTERACTION AB The National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) databases are employed to examine the large-scale characteristics of rapidly intensifying Atlantic basin tropical cyclones. In this study, rapid intensification ( RI) is defined as approximately the 95th percentile of over-water 24-h intensity changes of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones that developed from 1989 to 2000. This equates to a maximum sustained surface wind speed increase of 15.4 m s(-1) (30 kt) over a 24-h period. It is shown that 31% of all tropical cyclones, 60% of all hurricanes, 83% of all major hurricanes, and all category 4 and 5 hurricanes underwent RI at least once during their lifetimes. The mean initial (t = 0 h) conditions of cases that undergo RI are compared to those of the non-RI cases. These comparisons show that the RI cases form farther south and west and have a more westward component of motion than the non-RI cases. In addition, the RI cases are typically intensifying at a faster rate during the previous 12 h than the non-RI cases. The statistical analysis also shows that the RI cases are further from their maximum potential intensity and form in regions with warmer SSTs and higher lower-tropospheric relative humidity than the non-RI cases. The RI cases are also embedded in regions where the upper-level flow is more easterly and the vertical shear and upper-level forcing from troughs or cold lows is weaker than is observed for the non-RI cases. Finally, the RI cases tend to move with the flow within a higher layer of the atmosphere than the non-RI cases. A simple technique for estimating the probability of RI is described. Estimates of the probability of RI are determined using the predictors for which statistically significant differences are found between the RI and non-RI cases. Estimates of the probability of RI are also determined by combining the five predictors that had the highest individual probabilities of RI. The probability of RI increases from 1% to 41% when the total number of thresholds satisfied increases from zero to five. This simple technique was used in real time for the first time during the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season as part of the Joint Hurricane Testbed (JHT). C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurrican Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Team, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Kaplan, J (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurrican Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Kaplan, John/A-8709-2014 OI Kaplan, John/0000-0002-7253-3039 NR 56 TC 210 Z9 218 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1108 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1093:LCORIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100005 ER EF