FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Xu, HHK Schumacher, GE Eichmiller, FC Peterson, RC Antonucci, JM Mueller, HJ AF Xu, HHK Schumacher, GE Eichmiller, FC Peterson, RC Antonucci, JM Mueller, HJ TI Continuous-fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental restorations; fiber; insert; preform; resin composite; strength; toughness ID FIXED PARTIAL DENTURES; WOVEN GLASS-FIBERS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; FLEXURAL PROPERTIES; POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE; WATER STORAGE; STRENGTH; CONVERSION; CROWNS; INLAY AB Objectives. Direct-filling resin composites are used in relatively small restorations and are not recommended for large restorations with severe occlusal-stresses. The aim of this study was to reinforce composites with fiber preforms, and to investigate the effects of layer thickness and configurations on composite properties. It was hypothesized that fiber preforms would significantly increase the composite's flexural strength, work-of-fracture (toughness) and elastic modulus. Methods. Glass fibers were silanized, impregnated with a resin, cured, and cut to form inserts for tooth cavity restorations. Also fabricated were three groups of specimens of 2 nm x 2 nm x 25 nm: a fiber preform rod in the center of a hybrid composite; a thin fiber layer on the tensile side of the specimens; and a thin fiber layer sandwiched in between layers of a hybrid composite. These specimens were tested in three-point flexure to measure strength, work-of-fracture and modulus. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the restorations and the fiber distributions. Results. Microscopic examinations of insert-filled tooth cavities showed that the fibers were relatively uniform in distribution within the preform, and the inserts were well bonded with the surrounding hybrid composite. Specimens consisting of a fiber preform rod in the center of a hybrid composite had a flexural strength (mean (SD); n = 6) of 313 (19) MPa, significantly higher than 120 (16) MPa of the hybrid composite without fibers (Tukey's at family confidence of 0.95). The work-of-fracture was increased by nearly seven times, and the modulus was doubled, due to fiber preform reinforcement. Similar improvements were obtained for the other two groups of specimens. Significance. Substantial improvements in flexural strength, toughness and stiffness were achieved for dental resin composites reinforced with fiber preforms. The method of embedding a fiber preform insert imparts superior reinforcement to restorations and should improve the performance of direct-filling resin composites in large restorations with high occlusal-loads. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R29 DE12476] NR 49 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 523 EP 530 AR PII S0109-5641(02)00100-8 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00100-8 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 699EW UT WOS:000184044300011 PM 12837401 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Flaim, GM Takagi, S AF Dickens, SH Flaim, GM Takagi, S TI Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca-PO4 cements SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE cements; calcium phosphate; hydroxyapatite; lining cements; bases; remineralization; resin-reinforced cements ID BOUND FLUORIDE; CALCIUM; ENAMEL; LESIONS; PHOSPHATE; STRENGTH; TENSILE; DENTIN AB Objectives. This study examined strength and bioactive (remineralizing) properties of a powder/liquid formulation (Cement I) and a more practical two-paste formulation (Cement II) of a fluoride-releasing resin-based Ca-PO4 cement. Methods. For the remineralization potential, the dissolution of calcium, total ionic phosphate and fluoride from set cement specimens were determined in buffered saline and saliva-like solution (SLS). Artificial caries lesions were produced on coronal dentin of extracted human molars. On each tooth, two defined areas were coated, one with a composite resin (calcium-free control), the other with either Cement I or II After incubation in SLS, the mineral loss under the cement was analyzed by digitized microradiography and compared to that under the control. Results. The diametral tensile strength of Cement II of approximately 30 MPa after 24 h and 23 MPa after 4 weeks was 2 to 3 times higher than that of Cement I (ANOVA, t-test, p < 0.05). Calculations of the ion-activity products and Gibb's free energy from solution ion concentrations indicated a significant potential for the formation of fluor- and/or hydroxyapatite. Concurrently, both cements caused increases of 47% (Cement I) and 38% (Cement II) in the lesion mineral content over that underneath the corresponding controls. Significance. These in vitro results suggest that the stronger Cement H could serve as a restoration-supporting lining material and could remineralize dentin in areas where complete removal of carious tissue is contra-indicated. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, 100 Bereau Dr Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789, DE13298, P50DE09332] NR 17 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 558 EP 566 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00105-7 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 699EW UT WOS:000184044300015 PM 12837405 ER PT J AU Driscoll, C Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, C Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S AF Driscoll, C Whitall, D Aber, J Boyer, E Castro, M Cronan, C Goodale, C Groffman, P Hopkinson, C Lambert, K Lawrence, G Ollinger, S TI Nitrogen pollution: Sources and consequences in the US northeast SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; RED SPRUCE; ACID-RAIN; DEPOSITION; WATERSHEDS; INPUTS; MODEL C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring Assessment, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Forest & Nat Resource Management, Syracuse, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Ctr Ecosyst, Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Troy, NY USA. RP Driscoll, C (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013; OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 22 TC 4 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 26 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD SEP PY 2003 VL 45 IS 7 BP 8 EP + PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NH UT WOS:000184803400002 ER PT J AU Minvielle, F Marticorena, B Gillette, DA Lawson, RE Thompson, R Bergametti, G AF Minvielle, F Marticorena, B Gillette, DA Lawson, RE Thompson, R Bergametti, G TI Relationship between the aerodynamic roughness length and the roughness density in cases of low roughness density SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DUST CYCLE; SALTATION THRESHOLD; EROSION THRESHOLD; FRICTION VELOCITY; WIND EROSION; TUNNEL; AREAS AB This paper presents measurements of roughness length performed in a wind tunnel for low roughness density. The experiments were performed with both compact and porous obstacles (clusters), in order to simulate the behavior of sparsely vegetated surfaces. The experimental results have been used to investigate the relationship between the ratio z(0)/h and the roughness density, and the influence of an obstacle's porosity on this relationship. The experiments performed for four configurations of compact obstacles provide measurements of roughness length z(0) for roughness densities lambda between 10(-3) and 10(-2) which are in good agreement with the only data set available until now for this range of low roughness densities. The results obtained with artificial porous obstacles suggests that the aerodynamic behavior of such roughness elements can be represented by the relationship established for compact obstacles, provided a porosity index has been used to determine the efficient roughness density (the fraction of the silhouette area actually sheltered by solid elements) rather than counting the porous object as solid. However, the experiments have been performed with relatively low porosity indices (maximum = 25%) for which the porosity has a negligible influence. In this range of porosity index, representing the aerodynamic behavior of porous obstacles using the relationship established for compact obstacles, should not lead to a significant error. However, the influence of the porosity may be important for porosity indices larger than 30%. C1 Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, Creteil, France. NOAA, Air Surface Proc Modeling Branch, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 3 IS 3 BP 249 EP 267 DI 10.1023/A:1022830119554 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 681WZ UT WOS:000183059700005 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Chaychian, M Neta, P Huie, RE Silverman, J Al-Sheikhly, M AF Poster, DL Chaychian, M Neta, P Huie, RE Silverman, J Al-Sheikhly, M TI Degradation of PCBs in a marine sediment treated with ionizing and UV radiation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-RAY DESTRUCTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TRANSFORMER OIL; CONTAMINATED SOILS; DECHLORINATION; IRRADIATION; RADIOLYSIS; 2-PROPANOL; MIXTURES; DIOXINS AB Radiolytic (electron beam) and photolytic (ultraviolet, UV) dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a marine sediment are described. Samples of a PCB-laden marine sediment, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1944, New York/ New Jersey Waterway Sediment, have been mixed with aqueous alcohol solutions and irradiated with an electron beam or photolyzed. Additives, such as alcohol, enhance the radiolytic yield and PCB dechlorination. In the electron beam irradiated samples, the concentrations of 29 PCB congeners decrease with irradiation dose, At the highest dose (500 kGy), the total concentration of PCBs is decreased by 83%. Photolysis leads to little dechlorination, but photolysis with added triethylamine leads to dechlorination (about 60%). It is likely that photolysis under optimal conditions (other additives, exposure time) may be as effective as electron beam radiolysis for the dechlorination of PCBs in sediment. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Al-Sheikhly, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010 NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3808 EP 3815 DI 10.1021/es030363 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500029 PM 12967099 ER PT J AU Cook, PM Robbins, JA Endicott, DD Lodge, KB Guiney, PD Walker, MK Zabel, EW Peterson, RE AF Cook, PM Robbins, JA Endicott, DD Lodge, KB Guiney, PD Walker, MK Zabel, EW Peterson, RE TI Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated early life stage toxicity on lake trout populations in Lake Ontario during the 20th century SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; EQUIVALENCY FACTORS TEFS; GREAT-LAKES; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SAC FRY; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY EXPOSURE; NIAGARA RIVER AB Lake trout embryos and sac fry are very sensitive to toxicity associated with maternal exposures to 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structurally related chemicals that act through a common aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated mechanism of action. The loading of large amounts of these chemicals into Lake Ontario during the middle of the 20th century coincided with a population decline that culminated in extirpation of this species around 1960. Prediction of past TCDD toxicity equivalence concentrations in lake trout eggs (TEC(egg)s) relative to recent conditions required fine resolution of radionuclide-dated contaminant profiles in two sediment cores; reference core specific biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for TCDD-like chemicals in lake trout eggs; adjustment of the BSAFs for the effect of temporal changes in the chemical distributions between water and sediments; and toxicity equivalence factors based on trout early life stage mortality. When compared to the dose-response relationship for overt early life stage toxicity of TCDD to lake trout, the resulting TEC(egg)s predict an extended period during which lake trout sac fry survival was negligible. By 1940, following more than a decade of population decline attributable to reduced fry stocking and loss of adult lake trout to commercial fishing, the predicted sac fry mortality due to AHR-mediated toxicity alone explains the subsequent loss of the species. Reduced fry survival, associated with lethal and sublethal adverse effects and possibly complicated by other environmental factors, occurred after 1980 and contributed to a lack of reproductive success of stocked trout despite gradually declining TEC(egg)s. Present exposures are close to the most probable no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL TEC(egg) = 5 pg TCDD toxicity equivalence/g egg). The toxicity predictions are very consistent with the available historical data for lake trout population levels in Lake Ontario, stocking programs, and evidence for recent improvement in natural reproduction concomitant with declining levels of persistent bioaccumulative chemicals in sediments and biota. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NIEHS, Marine & Freshwater Biomed Sci Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Environm Toxicol Ctr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Cook, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM cook.philip@epa.gov NR 98 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3864 EP 3877 DI 10.1021/es034045m PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500037 PM 12967107 ER PT J AU Ebi, K Teisberg, T Kalkstein, L Robinson, L Weiher, R AF Ebi, K Teisberg, T Kalkstein, L Robinson, L Weiher, R TI Heat watch/warning systems save lives: Estimated costs and benefits for Philadelphia 1995-1998 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S35 EP S35 DI 10.1097/00001648-200309001-00064 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600065 ER PT J AU Glyde, HR Albergamo, F Azuah, RT Bossy, J Fak, B AF Glyde, HR Albergamo, F Azuah, RT Bossy, J Fak, B TI Dynamics of quantum liquids in confinement, theory and experiment SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; SUPERFLUID HE-4; ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS; SILICA AEROGELS; POROUS-MEDIA; DISORDER; HELIUM; VYCOR; TEMPERATURE AB Liquid He-4 immersed in porous media such as aerogel, Vycor, and Geltech silica are excellent examples of bosons in disorder and confinement. Of special interest is the impact of disorder on Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), on the elementary excitations of the superfluid and on their connection to the superfluid properties. Indeed, the modifications induced by disorder can be used to reveal the interdependence of BEC, the excitations and superfluidity. To date, the superfluid properties in porous media are much more completely documented than BEC or the excitations. In this paper, we review measurements of the excitations by neutron scattering, focusing particularly on their temperature dependence and the existence of phonon-roton excitations at higher temperatures. The weight of single excitation response at higher temperatures suggests the existence of localized BEC above the superfluid-normal transition temperature in porous media. We sketch several recent predictions made for BEC, the excitations, and the superfluid properties in disorder. Connections with other "Dirty Bose systems" are made. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19711 USA. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, Ctr Rech Tres Basses Temp, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. CEA, SPSMS, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble, France. RP Glyde, HR (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19711 USA. EM glyde@physics.udel.edu NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1292-8941 EI 1292-895X J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD SEP PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 DI 10.1140/epje/i2003-10024-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 748YY UT WOS:000186890400010 PM 15007681 ER PT J AU Wu, WL Sambasivan, S Wang, CY Wallace, WE Genzer, J Fischer, DA AF Wu, WL Sambasivan, S Wang, CY Wallace, WE Genzer, J Fischer, DA TI A direct comparison of surface and bulk chain-relaxation in polystyrene SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION; SPECTROSCOPY; POLYMERS; DYNAMICS; FILMS; REFLECTIVITY; ORIENTATION; DEPENDENCE; DENSITY AB Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was used to measure simultaneously the relaxation rates of polystyrene (PS) molecules at the free surface and in the bulk. The samples were uniaxially stretched and annealed at temperatures below the bulk glass transition temperature of PS. The surface and bulk chain relaxation was monitored by measuring the partial-electron and the fluorescence NEXAFS yields, respectively, both parallel and perpendicular to the stretching direction. The decay of the optical birefringence was also measured to provide an independent measure of the bulk relaxation. Relaxation of PS chains was found to occur faster on the surface relative to the bulk. The magnitude of the surface glass transition temperature suppression over the bulk was estimated based on the information on the temperature dependence of the rates. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, WL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1292-8941 J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD SEP PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1140/epje/i2003-10050-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 748YY UT WOS:000186890400018 PM 15007689 ER PT J AU Bryant, R Womeldorf, C Johnsson, E Ohlemiller, T AF Bryant, R Womeldorf, C Johnsson, E Ohlemiller, T TI Radiative heat flux measurement uncertainty SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE uncertainty analysis; heat transfer; heat flux gauge AB As part of an effort to characterize the uncertainties associated with heat flux measurements in a fire environment, an uncertainty analysis example was performed using measurement data from a room corner surface products test that followed the guidelines of ISO 9705. Equations to model the heat transfer at the surface of a Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type total heat flux gauge were selected for use to calculate the incident radiative flux from a total heat flux measurement. The effects of the heat flux measurement uncertainty sources were evaluated by conducting an uncertainty propagation on the resulting equation for incident radiation. For the model equations and the example conditions selected, the free-stream temperature estimate and the heat flux gauge calibration constant were determined to be major uncertainty contributors. The study demonstrates how to systematically identify major sources of uncertainty for the purpose of reducing total uncertainty and thereby enhancing experiment design. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Bryant, R (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8662, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 27 IS 5 BP 209 EP 222 DI 10.1002/fam.822 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 728FU UT WOS:000185707100001 ER PT J AU Allen, S Demer, DA AF Allen, S Demer, DA TI Detection and characterization of yellowfin and bluefin tuna using passive-acoustical techniques SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE passive-acoustical detection; vocalizations; Thunnus thynnus; Thunnus albacares AB Underwater sounds generated by Thunnus albacares and Thunnus thynnus were recorded and studied to explore the possibility of passive-acoustical detection. Possible tuna sounds were recorded at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, and Maricultura del Norte in Ensensada, Baja California, Mexico. At both locations, the most prevalent sounds seemingly associated with tuna were low-frequency pulses varying from 20 to 130 Hz, lasting about 0.1 s, and usually single and apparently unanswered. A behavior similar to coughing was coincident with these sounds: the animal's mouth opened wide with its jaw bones extended and its abdomen expanded, then contracted abruptly. On one occasion in Mexico, this behavior and associated signal were simultaneously recorded. Because these measurements were made in noisy environments, this study should be repeated under more controlled conditions before tuna vocalizations can be claimed with certainty. Nevertheless, the center frequencies of these sounds appear to vary with respect to the resonant frequencies of the tuna's swim bladder, suggesting a passive-acoustical proxy for measuring the size of tuna. Matched filter and phase-difference techniques were explored as means for automating the detection and bearing-estimation processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Allen, S (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Mail Stop 0214,Isaacs Hall,9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 63 IS 3 BP 393 EP 403 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00096-1 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 702JW UT WOS:000184221600008 ER PT J AU Parsons, TJ Coble, MD Hamm, RS O'Callaghan, JE Barritt, SM AF Parsons, TJ Coble, MD Hamm, RS O'Callaghan, JE Barritt, SM TI Forensic SNP testing in the mtDNA genome SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 3rd Meeting of the European-Academy-of-Forensic-Science CY SEP 22-27, 2003 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY SP European Acad Forens Sci, Istanbul Univ, Inst Forens Sci C1 Armed Forces DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Med Legale, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 136 SU 1 BP 60 EP 61 PG 2 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 725HM UT WOS:000185538200134 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, K Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Key, RM Sarmiento, JL AF Matsumoto, K Gnanadesikan, A Gruber, N Key, RM Sarmiento, JL TI Inconsistent model uptake of anthropogenic tracers in the Southern Ocean SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 13th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY SEP 07-12, 2003 CL KURASHIKI, JAPAN C1 Geol Survey Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM katsumi@ni.aist.go.jp; a1g@gfdl.noaa.gov; gruber@igpp.ucla.edu; key@princeton.edu; jls@princeton.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2003 VL 67 IS 18 SU 1 BP A278 EP A278 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724ZF UT WOS:000185517600546 ER PT J AU Mochida, M Kawamura, K Umemoto, N Kobayashi, M Matsunaga, S Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Bates, TS Simoneit, BRT AF Mochida, M Kawamura, K Umemoto, N Kobayashi, M Matsunaga, S Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Bates, TS Simoneit, BRT TI Distributions of oxygenated organic compounds in aerosols over the western Pacific and off the coast of East Asia SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 13th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY SEP 07-12, 2003 CL KURASHIKI, JAPAN C1 Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Environm & Petr Geochem Grp, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mochida@pop.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp; kawamura@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp; hjlim@rci.rutgers.edu; turpin@aesop.rutgers.edu; bates@pmel.noaa.gov; simoneit@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2003 VL 67 IS 18 SU 1 BP A299 EP A299 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724ZF UT WOS:000185517600588 ER PT J AU Ridley, AK Machesky, AL Hackley, VA Finnegan, MP Banfield, JF AF Ridley, AK Machesky, AL Hackley, VA Finnegan, MP Banfield, JF TI Surface charge phenomena of nanocrystalline anatase SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 13th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference CY SEP 07-12, 2003 CL KURASHIKI, JAPAN C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Mat Sci Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM moira.ridley@ttu.edu; machesky@sws.uiuc.edu; vince.hackley@nist.gov; mfinn@eps.berkeley.edu; jill@eps.berkeley.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP PY 2003 VL 67 IS 18 SU 1 BP A398 EP A398 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 724ZF UT WOS:000185517600784 ER PT J AU Denning, AS Nicholls, M Prihodko, L Baker, I Vidale, PL Davis, K Bakwin, P AF Denning, AS Nicholls, M Prihodko, L Baker, I Vidale, PL Davis, K Bakwin, P TI Simulated variations in atmospheric CO(2) over a Wisconsin forest using a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmosphere-biosphere interactions; large eddy simulation; mesoscale modelling; net ecosystem exchange ID TERRESTRIAL CARBON METABOLISM; SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLIMATE; FLUXES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPIRATION; DIOXIDE AB Ecosystem fluxes of energy, water, and CO(2) result in spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric properties. In principle, these variations can be used to quantify the fluxes through inverse modelling of atmospheric transport, and can improve the understanding of processes and falsifiability of models. We investigated the influence of ecosystem fluxes on atmospheric CO(2) in the vicinity of the WLEF-TV tower in Wisconsin using an ecophysiological model (Simple Biosphere, SiB2) coupled to an atmospheric model (Regional Atmospheric Modelling System). Model parameters were specified from satellite imagery and soil texture data. In a companion paper, simulated fluxes in the immediate tower vicinity have been compared to eddy covariance fluxes measured at the tower, with meteorology specified from tower sensors. Results were encouraging with respect to the ability of the model to capture observed diurnal. cycles of fluxes. Here, the effects of fluxes in the tower footprint were also investigated by coupling SiB2 to a high-resolution atmospheric simulation, so that the model physiology could affect the meteorological environment. These experiments were successful in reproducing observed fluxes and concentration gradients during the day and at night, but revealed problems during transitions at sunrise and sunset that appear to be related to the canopy radiation parameterization in SiB2. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, OAR, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Denning, AS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM denning@atmos.colostate.edu RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Vidale, Pier Luigi/0000-0002-1800-8460 NR 39 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1241 EP 1250 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725TJ UT WOS:000185558200001 ER PT J AU Werner, C Davis, K Bakwin, P Yi, CX Hurst, D Lock, L AF Werner, C Davis, K Bakwin, P Yi, CX Hurst, D Lock, L TI Regional-scale measurements of CH4 exchange from a tall tower over a mixed temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE GAS-EXCHANGE; METHANE EMISSIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-TABLE; MICROMETEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS; MINNESOTA PEATLAND; NORTHERN WETLAND; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; EDDY-CORRELATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB The biosphere-atmosphere exchange of methane (CH4) was estimated for a temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest ecosystem in northern Wisconsin for 1997-1999 using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. Gradients of CH4 and CO2 and CO2 flux were measured on the 447-m WLEF-TV tower as part of the Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (ChEAS). No systematic diurnal variability was observed in regional CH4 fluxes measured using the MBR method. In all 3 years, regional CH4 emissions reached maximum values during June-August (24 +/- 14.4 Mg m(-2) day(-1)), coinciding with periods of maximum soil temperatures. In 1997 and 1998, the onset in CH4 emission was coincident with increases in ground temperatures following the melting of the snow cover. The onset of emission in 1999 lagged 100 days behind the 1997 and 1998 onsets, and was likely related to postdrought recovery of the regional water table to typical levels. The net regional emissions were 3.0, 3.1, and 2.1 g CH4 m(-2) for 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Annual emissions for wetland regions within the source area (28% of the land area) were 13.2, 13.8, and 10.3 g CH4 m(-2) assuming moderate rates of oxidation of CH4 in upland regions in 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Scaling these measurements to the Chequamegon Ecosystem (CNNF) and comparing with average wetland emissions between 40degreesN and 50degreesN suggests that wetlands in the CNNF emit approximately 40% less than average wetlands at this latitude. Differences in mean monthly air temperatures did not affect the magnitude of CH4 emissions; however, reduced precipitation and water table levels suppressed CH4 emission during 1999, suggesting that long-term climatic changes that reduce the water table will likely transform this landscape to a reduced source or possibly a sink for atmospheric CH4. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Taupo, New Zealand. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Werner, C (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, New Zealand. RI Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013 NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1251 EP 1261 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00670.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725TJ UT WOS:000185558200002 ER PT J AU Baker, I Denning, AS Hanan, N Prihodko, L Uliasz, M Vidale, PL Davis, K Bakwin, P AF Baker, I Denning, AS Hanan, N Prihodko, L Uliasz, M Vidale, PL Davis, K Bakwin, P TI Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5 SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE land-atmosphere interactions; carbon flux ID LAND-SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION; SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; TERRESTRIAL CARBON METABOLISM; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; UNITED-STATES; SOIL-MOISTURE; FOREST; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Three years of meteorological data collected at the WLEF-TV tower were used to drive a revised version of the Simple Biosphere (SiB 2.5) Model. Physiological properties and vegetation phenology were specified from satellite imagery. Simulated fluxes of heat, moisture, and carbon were compared to eddy covariance measurements taken onsite as a means of evaluating model performance on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. The model was very successful in simulating variations of latent heat flux when compared to observations, slightly less so in the simulation of sensible heat flux. The model overestimated peak values of sensible heat flux on both monthly and diurnal scales. There was evidence that the differences between observed and simulated fluxes might be linked to wetlands near the WLEF tower, which were not present in the SiB simulation. The model overestimated the magnitude of the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 in both summer and winter. Mid-day maximum assimilation was well represented by the model, but late afternoon simulations showed excessive carbon uptake due to misrepresentation of within-canopy shading in the model. Interannual variability was not well simulated because only a single year of satellite imagery was used to parameterize the model. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Davis, K (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; OI Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Vidale, Pier Luigi/0000-0002-1800-8460; Hanan, Niall/0000-0002-9130-5306 NR 46 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1262 EP 1277 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725TJ UT WOS:000185558200003 ER PT J AU Davis, KJ Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Berger, BW Zhao, CL Teclaw, RM Isebrands, JG AF Davis, KJ Bakwin, PS Yi, CX Berger, BW Zhao, CL Teclaw, RM Isebrands, JG TI The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE annual cycle; atmospheric boundary layer budget; carbon dioxide; eddy covariance; evapotranspiration; northern mixed forest ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; SURFACE-AIR EXCHANGE; LONG-TERM; DECIDUOUS FOREST; EDDY-COVARIANCE; MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; UNITED-STATES; WATER-VAPOR; ECOSYSTEM AB We present the annual patterns of net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2 and H2O observed from a 447 m tall tower sited within a mixed forest in northern Wisconsin, USA. The methodology for determining NEE from eddy-covariance flux measurements at 30, 122 and 396 m above the ground, and from CO2 mixing ratio measurements at 11, 30, 76, 122, 244 and 396 m is described. The annual cycle of CO2 mixing ratio in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is also discussed, and the influences of local NEE and large-scale advection are estimated. During 1997 gross ecosystem productivity (947-18 g cm(-2) yr(-1)), approximately balanced total ecosystem respiration (963 +/- 19 g C m(-2) yr(-1)), and NEE of CO2 was close to zero (16 +/- 19g C m(-2) yr(-1) emitted into the atmosphere). The error bars represent the standard error of the cumulative daily NEE values. Systematic errors are also assessed. The identified systematic uncertainties in NEE of CO2 are less than 60 g C m(-2) yr(-1). The seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 was highly correlated with leaf-out and leaf-fall, and soil thaw and freeze, and was similar to purely deciduous forest sites. The mean daily NEE of CO2 during the growing season (June through August) was -1.3 g C m(-2) day(-1), smaller than has been reported for other deciduous forest sites. NEE of water vapor largely followed the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2, with a lag in the spring when water vapor fluxes increased before CO2 uptake. In general, the Bowen ratios were high during the dormant seasons and low during the growing season. Evapotranspiration normalized by potential evapotranspiration showed the opposite pattern. The seasonal course of the CO2 mixing ratio in the ABL at the tower led the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 in time: in spring, CO2 mixing ratios began to decrease prior to the onset of daily net uptake of CO2 by the forest, and in fall mixing ratios began to increase before the forest became a net source for CO2 to the atmosphere. Transport as well as local NEE of CO2 are shown to be important components of the ABL CO2 budget at all times of the year. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Copper Mt Community Coll, Joshua Tree, CA 92252 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Davis, KJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Yi, Chuixiang/A-1388-2013 NR 45 TC 140 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 31 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1278 EP 1293 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725TJ UT WOS:000185558200004 ER PT J AU Callicoatt, BE Schlager, JB Hickernell, RK Mirin, RP Sanford, NA AF Callicoatt, BE Schlager, JB Hickernell, RK Mirin, RP Sanford, NA TI Compact solid-state waveguide lasers SO IEEE CIRCUITS & DEVICES LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND LASER; SINGLE-FREQUENCY; MU-M; LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRAL LINEWIDTH; PHOSPHATE-GLASS; PHASE NOISE; AMPLIFIERS; SILICON; GAIN C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Callicoatt, BE (reprint author), Coherent Technol Inc, Louisville, CO 80027 USA. OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 8755-3996 J9 IEEE CIRCUITS DEVICE JI IEEE Circuits Devices PD SEP PY 2003 VL 19 IS 5 BP 18 EP 27 DI 10.1109/MCD.2003.1236786 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 730FW UT WOS:000185819400004 ER PT J AU Denno, P Steves, MP Libes, D Barkmeyer, EJ AF Denno, P Steves, MP Libes, D Barkmeyer, EJ TI Model-driven integration using existing models SO IEEE SOFTWARE LA English DT Article AB As we engineers develop systems, we build models. These models might include business policy guidelines, database schemata, organization charts, class diagrams, and so on. The models span diverse viewpoints and levels of formality. We seldom revisit these models as the enterprise evolves. Often, the modelers themselves have disappeared, and any knowledge that wasn't captured in the specialized models is inaccessible, forgotten, or written off. Engineers use models even more rarely for later Integration efforts, when the systems have been repeatedly patched or, have become brittle and the models themselves are often inaccessible, if even applicable. However, can models be more than tools discarded along the way? Might they provide the enterprise with enduring value? Engineers can use these models to automate some systems integration steps that occur as systems evolve. If models can enable automated integration methods, the overall integration costs will decrease and modeling efforts' enduring value will return because models will become key to a wider segment of the system's life cycle. Our approach to model-driven integration uses a system's existing model's to characterize how the system's resources might be used to fulfill requirements for new interactions. Links-across-views capture the design intent behind legacy systems. They are combined with requirements for new interactions to produce a joint action model. Developers can use the JAM in downstream, automated integration. C1 US NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Denno, P (reprint author), US NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0740-7459 J9 IEEE SOFTWARE JI IEEE Softw. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 59 EP + DI 10.1109/MS.2003.1231153 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 714QF UT WOS:000184924400017 ER PT J AU Jin, N Chung, SY Rice, AT Berger, PR Thompson, PE Rivas, C Lake, R Sudirgo, S Kempisty, JJ Curanovic, B Rommel, SL Hirschman, KD Kurinec, SK Chi, PH Simons, DS AF Jin, N Chung, SY Rice, AT Berger, PR Thompson, PE Rivas, C Lake, R Sudirgo, S Kempisty, JJ Curanovic, B Rommel, SL Hirschman, KD Kurinec, SK Chi, PH Simons, DS TI Diffusion barrier cladding in Si/SiGe resonant interband tunneling diodes and their patterned growth on PMOS source/drain regions SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE CMOS compatibilty; dopant diffusion; Ge-Si alloys; low-temperature oxide; molecular beam epitaxy; negative differential resistance; patterned growth; rapid thermal annealing; resonant interband tunneling diodes; silicon ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; LOW-TEMPERATURE; ESAKI DIODES; SI; JUNCTIONS; SI(100); FILMS; RATIO AB Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnel diodes (RITDs) employing delta-doping spikes that demonstrate negative differential resistance (NDR) at room temperature are presented. Efforts have focused on improving the tunnel diode peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) figure-of-merit, as well as addressing issues of manufacturability and CMOS integration. Thin SiGe layers sandwiching the B delta-doping spike used to suppress B out-diffusion are discussed. A room-temperature PVCR of 3.6 was measured with a peak current density of 0.3 kA/cm(2). Results clearly show that by introducing SiGe layers to clad the B delta-doping layer, B diffusion is suppressed during post-growth annealing, which raises the thermal budget. A higher RTA temperature appears to be more effective in reducing defects and results in a lower valley current and higher PVCR. RITDs grown by selective area molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been realized inside of low-temperature oxide openings, with performance comparable with RITDs grown on bulk substrates. C1 Ohio State Univ, Smith Lab, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Smith Lab, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Rochester Inst Technol, Microelect Engn, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jin, N (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Smith Lab, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Rommel, Sean/F-9654-2013; Berger, Paul/I-4063-2014 OI Rommel, Sean/0000-0001-5996-0813; Berger, Paul/0000-0002-2656-2349 NR 41 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD SEP PY 2003 VL 50 IS 9 BP 1876 EP 1884 DI 10.1109/TED.2003.815375 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 715VY UT WOS:000184994400007 ER PT J AU Beach, GSD Silva, TJ Parker, FT Berkowitz, AE AF Beach, GSD Silva, TJ Parker, FT Berkowitz, AE TI High-frequency characteristics of metal/native-oxide multilayers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference CY MAR 30-APR 03, 2003 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS DE high-frequency magnetization dynamics; high-permeability thin films; soft magnetic materials ID ALLOY-FILMS AB The high-frequency magnetization dynamics of magnetically soft Co-x Fe100-x metal/native-oxide multilayers were studied as a function of alloy composition (10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 50) using a time-domain inductive technique. The data show intrinsic resonance frequencies ranging from 2.1 to 3.7 GHz due to the variation of anisotropy field with x. The frequencies are consistent with a simple ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) response,with the dynamical anisotropy field equal to the static anisotropy field. The large dc permeabilities, ranging from 200 to 1000, are therefore maintained at high frequency. The combination of high permeability, high resonance frequency, low damping, and a tunable anisotropy field, along with a high resistivity, make this system ideally suited to high-frequency applications. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Magnet Recording Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Beach, GSD (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013; OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642; Beach, Geoffrey/0000-0001-9158-7430 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 39 IS 5 BP 2669 EP 2671 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2003.815551 PN 2 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 728MZ UT WOS:000185722100149 ER PT J AU Cheng, XH Fisher, JW Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Yen, BT Roy, S AF Cheng, XH Fisher, JW Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Yen, BT Roy, S TI Residual stress modification by post-weld treatment and its beneficial effect on fatigue strength of welded structures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Fatigue Damage of Structural Materials CY SEP 22-27, 2002 CL HYANNIS, MASSACHUSETTS SP USN, USA, USAF DE residual stress; UIT; shot peening; stress ratio; fatigue strength; welded structure; diffraction measurement ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION AB High tensile weld residual stress is one important factor contributing to fatigue crack development even under reversal or compressive cyclic loadings. A compressive stress induced by post-weld treatment is beneficial by eliminating the tensile residual stresses and generating compressive residual stresses, which improves fatigue strength of welded structures. A study is underway to characterize the magnitude and subsurface distribution of residual stresses produced by post-weld treatments, particularly by Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT), and to establish the post-weld treatment effect on fatigue resistance. Two post-weld treatments, UIT and shot peening, are involved in the present study. Internal stresses were investigated on three base metal samples treated by UIT and shot peening and on one welded sample treated by UIT through neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction techniques. This paper presents the experimental conditions and the results of these stress measurements. It is revealed that the peak compressive residual stress induced by both treatments exceeded the yield stress of the base material near the sample surface. The depth of compressive stress layer in base metal was 1.5-1.7 mm for UIT and similar to0.8 mm for shot peening. The induced compressive residual stresses benefit to increase the threshold value of stress intensity factor range, DeltaK(th), for fatigue crack initiation and early propagation. The effect of residual stresses modification on fatigue strength is discussed based on fracture mechanics model and verified by fatigue test results of large-scale welded beams. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lehigh Univ, ATLSS Res Ctr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Cheng, XH (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, ATLSS Res Ctr, 117 ATLSS Dr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 25 TC 84 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-1123 J9 INT J FATIGUE JI Int. J. Fatigue PD SEP-NOV PY 2003 VL 25 IS 9-11 BP 1259 EP 1269 DI 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2003.08.020 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 748WD UT WOS:000186883300054 ER PT J AU Jargon, J Gupta, KC Cidronali, A DeGroot, D AF Jargon, J Gupta, KC Cidronali, A DeGroot, D TI Expanding definitions of gain by taking harmonic content into account SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RF AND MICROWAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE available gain; expand; harmonic; large-signal; nonlinear; power gain; scattering parameter; transducer gain AB We expand the definitions of power gain, transducer gain, and available gain by taking harmonic content into account. Furthermore, we show that under special conditions, these expanded definitions of gain can be expressed in terms of nonlinear large-signal scattering parameters. Finally, we provide an example showing how these expanded forms of gain and nonlinear large-signal scattering parameters can provide us with valuable information regarding the behavior of nonlinear models. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Florence, I-50139 Florence, Italy. RP Natl Inst Standards & Technol, 325 Broadway,MS 813 01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jargon@boulder.nist.gov OI Cidronali, Alessandro/0000-0002-1064-7305 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1096-4290 EI 1099-047X J9 INT J RF MICROW C E JI Int. J. RF Microw. Comput-Aid. Eng. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 5 BP 357 EP 369 DI 10.1002/mmce.10096 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 713ZQ UT WOS:000184888200003 ER PT J AU Pfister, CA Peacor, SD AF Pfister, CA Peacor, SD TI Variable performance of individuals: the role of population density and endogenously formed landscape heterogeneity SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE consumer resource interactions; growth autocorrelation; individual variation; individual-based model; limpets; patchiness; Tectura scutum ID DEMOGRAPHIC STOCHASTICITY; THAIDID GASTROPODS; SPATIAL-PATTERN; PREY SELECTION; GROWTH-RATE; SUPPRESSION; COMPETITION; VARIABILITY; DEPENDENCE; DOMINANCE AB 1. Individuals can show positive correlations in performance (e.g. growth and reproduction) through time beyond the effects of size or age. This 'performance autocorrelation' has been attributed previously to traits that differ among individuals or to extrinsic generators of environmental heterogeneity. 2. A model of mobile consumers on a dynamic resource showed that consumer foraging gave rise to resource heterogeneity that in turn generated autocorrelation in growth in consumers. 3. Resource heterogeneity and growth autocorrelation were most pronounced when consumers were poorer foragers, moving locally and with an imperfect ability to identify the highest resource cells. 4. The model predicted that lowered population density enhanced resource heterogeneity and the strength of growth autocorrelation. 5. Consistent with model predictions, an experiment with tidepool limpets demonstrated that autocorrelation in growth changed with population density, with individuals in lower density tidepools showing stronger temporal correlations in growth. 6. Our model and empirical results contrast with those of previous studies with plants, where dominance and suppression increases with increasing density. 7. Our results suggest that growth autocorrelation can occur without invoking size-dependent advantages, intrinsic trait differences or extrinsic generators of environmental heterogeneity. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Pfister, CA (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 46 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 72 IS 5 BP 725 EP 735 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00742.x PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 717AR UT WOS:000185063900003 ER PT J AU Andreas, EL Fairall, CW Persson, POG Guest, PS AF Andreas, EL Fairall, CW Persson, POG Guest, PS TI Probability distributions for the inner scale and the refractive index structure parameter and their implications for flux averaging SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER; APERTURE SCINTILLOMETER TEST; SCINTILLATION MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL PROPAGATION; SENSIBLE HEAT; ENERGY BUDGET; TEMPERATURE; SPECTRUM; MOMENTUM; OCEAN AB Defining the averaging time required for measuring meaningful turbulence statistics is a central problem in boundary layer meteorology. Path-averaging scintillation instruments are presumed to confer some time-averaging benefits when the objective is to measure surface fluxes, but that hypothesis has not been tested definitively. This study uses scintillometer measurements of the inner scale (iota(0)) and the refractive index structure parameter (C-n(2)) to investigate this question of required averaging time. The first conclusion is that the beta probability distribution is useful for representing C-n(2) and iota(0) measurements. Consequently, beta distributions are used to set confidence limits on C-n(2) and iota(0) values obtained over various averaging periods. When the C-n(2) and iota(0) time series are stationary, a short-term average of C-n(2) or iota(0) can be as accurate as a long-term average. However, as with point measurements, when time series of path averaged C-n(2) or iota(0) values are nonstationary, turbulent surface fluxes inferred from these C-n(2) and iota(0) values can be variable and uncertain-problems that path averaging was presumed to mitigate. Because nonstationarity is a limiting condition, the last topic is quantifying the nonstationarity with a published nonstationarity ratio and also by simply counting zero crossings in the time series. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Naval Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. RP Andreas, EL (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 58 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1316 EP 1329 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1316:PDFTIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 717KR UT WOS:000185088100009 ER PT J AU Sanford, NA Robins, LH Davydov, AV Shapiro, A Tsvetkov, DV Dmitriev, AV Keller, S Mishra, UK DenBaars, SP AF Sanford, NA Robins, LH Davydov, AV Shapiro, A Tsvetkov, DV Dmitriev, AV Keller, S Mishra, UK DenBaars, SP TI Refractive index study of AlxGa1-xN films grown on sapphire substrates SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE; GAN; REFLECTANCE; DEPENDENCE; WURTZITE AB A prism coupling method was used to measure the ordinary (n(o)) and extraordinary (n(e)) refractive indices of AlxGa1-xN films, grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire, at several discrete wavelengths from 442 nm to 1064 nm. In addition, spectroscopic transmittance and reflectance, correlated with the prism coupling results, were used to measure n(o) as a continuous function of wavelength between the band gap of each sample (255 nm to 364 nm, depending on Al fraction) and 2500 nm. The Al mole fractions (x), determined by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), were x=0.144, 0.234, 0.279, 0.363, 0.593, and 0.657 for the HVPE-grown samples, and x=0.000, 0.419, 0.507, 0.618, 0.660, and 0.666 for the MOCVD-grown samples. The maximum standard uncertainty in the EDS-determined value of x was +/-0.02. The maximum standard uncertainty in the refractive indices measured by prism coupling was +/-0.005 and a one-Sellmeier-term equation was adequate to fit the wavelength dependence of n(e) from 442 nm to 1064 nm. Due to the spectral proximity of the absorption edge, the wavelength dependence of n(o) measured by spectroscopic transmittance/reflectance (correlated with the prism-coupling results), from the band gap of each sample to 2500 nm, was fit with a two-Sellmeier-term equation. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TDI Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20904 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Sanford, NA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, MS 815,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 25 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 5 BP 2980 EP 2991 DI 10.1063/1.1598276 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 713EP UT WOS:000184844200028 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK AF Heidinger, AK TI Rapid daytime estimation of cloud properties over a large area from radiance distributions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; ABSORPTION; SCATTERING; ALGORITHM; RADIATION; CHANNELS AB An algorithm is developed to rapidly estimate cloud properties for a large area from daytime imager data. In this context, a large area refers to a grid cell composed of many imager pixels. The algorithm assumes a gamma distribution to model the subgrid variability in the optical depth and estimates both the mean and the width of the horizontal distribution of optical depth. Optical depth in this study refers to a vertically integrated value at 0.63 mum. Mean values of the cloud-top effective particle radius and cloud-top temperature are also estimated. Retrievals were performed separately for ice and water cloud layers within a grid cell. Applications of this approach to data from NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are presented. Simulations indicate that this method performs well for all retrieved parameters except for thin clouds with very broad distributions of optical depth. Comparison of this approach versus rigorous pixel-level retrieval results for an actual scene with multiple cloud layers indicate that comparable performance is achieved with a two to three orders of magnitude increase in computational efficiency. This approach is being implemented into the Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) suite of cloud algorithms at NOAA. The computational efficiency of this approach will allow for efficient reprocessing of the entire data record of the AVHRR. C1 Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, CIMSS, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, CIMSS, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 20 IS 9 BP 1237 EP 1250 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1237:RDEOCP>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 712UM UT WOS:000184816800001 ER PT J AU Reddy, PT Prasad, CR Reddy, PH Reeder, D McKenney, K Jaffe, H Dimitrova, MN Ginsburg, A Peterkofsky, A Murthy, PS AF Reddy, PT Prasad, CR Reddy, PH Reeder, D McKenney, K Jaffe, H Dimitrova, MN Ginsburg, A Peterkofsky, A Murthy, PS TI Cloning and expression of the gene for a novel protein from Mycobacterium smegmatis with functional similarity to eukaryotic calmodulin SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; PURIFICATION; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; TUBERCULOSIS; SEQUENCE; PHLEI; CELLS AB A calmodulin-like protein (CAMLP) from Mycobacterium smegmatis was purified to homogeneity and partially sequenced; these data were used to produce a full-length clone, whose DNA sequence contained a 55-amino-acid open reading frame. M. smegmatis CAMLP, expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibited properties characteristic of eukaryotic calmodulin: calcium-dependent stimulation of eukaryotic phosphodiesterase, which was inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine, and reaction with anti-bovine brain calmodulin antibodies. Consistent with the presence of nine acidic amino acids (16%) in M. smegmatis CAMLP, there is one putative calcium-binding domain in this CAMLP, compared to four such domains for eukaryotic calmodulin, reflecting the smaller molecular size (approximately 6 kDa) of M. smegmatis CAMLP. Ultracentrifugation and mass spectral studies excluded the possibility that calcium promotes oligomerization of purified M. smegmatis CAMLP. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biotechnol, Bioproc Engn Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NINDS, LCN, Prot Peptide Sequencing Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Biochem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Coll Med Sci, Dept Biochem, Delhi 110095, India. GTB Hosp, Delhi 110095, India. Univ Delhi, Sri Venkateswara Coll, Dept Biochem, New Delhi 110021, India. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 185 IS 17 BP 5263 EP 5268 DI 10.1128/JB.185.17.5263-5268.2003 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 713KK UT WOS:000184856600025 PM 12923099 ER PT J AU Pietsch, TW Bogatov, VV Amaoka, K Zhuravlev, YN Barkalov, VY Gage, S Takahashi, H Lelej, AS Storozhenko, SY Minakawa, N Bennett, DJ Anderson, TR Ohara, M Prozorova, LA Kuwahara, Y Kholin, SK Yabe, M Stevenson, DE MacDonald, EL AF Pietsch, TW Bogatov, VV Amaoka, K Zhuravlev, YN Barkalov, VY Gage, S Takahashi, H Lelej, AS Storozhenko, SY Minakawa, N Bennett, DJ Anderson, TR Ohara, M Prozorova, LA Kuwahara, Y Kholin, SK Yabe, M Stevenson, DE MacDonald, EL TI Biodiversity and biogeography of the islands of the Kuril Archipelago SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; biogeography; vascular plants; mollusks; insects; fishes; mammals; Hokkaido; Sakhalin; Kamchatka; Kuril Islands; Russian Far East ID SEA-LEVEL; JAPAN SEA; FAUNA AB Aim Based on seven consecutive seasons of biotic survey and inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater plants and animals of the 30 major islands of the Kuril Archipelago, a description of the biodiversity and an analysis of the biogeography of this previously little known part of the world are provided. Location The Kuril Archipelago, a natural laboratory for investigations into the origin, subsequent evolution, and long-term maintenance of insular populations, forms the eastern boundary of the Okhotsk Sea, extending 1200 km between Hokkaido, Japan, and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia. A chain of more than 56 islands, the system is only slightly smaller than the Hawaiian Islands, covering an area of 15,600 km(2) and providing 2409 km of coastline. Methods Collections of whole specimens of plants and animals, as well as tissue samples for future molecular studies, were made by teams of scientists from Russia, Japan, and the USA, averaging 34 people for each of the seven annual summer expeditions (1994-2000). Floral and faunal similarities between islands were evaluated by using Sorensen's coefficient of similarity. The similarity matrix resulting from pair-wise calculations was then subjected to UPGMA cluster analysis. Results Despite the relatively small geographical area of all islands combined, the Kuril Island biota is characterized by unusually high taxonomic diversity, yet endemism is very low. An example of a non-relict biota, it originated from two primary sources: a southern source, the Asian mainland by way of Sakhalin and Hokkaido, and a northern source by way of Kamchatka. The contribution of the southern source biota to the species diversity of the Kurils was considerably greater than the northern one. Main conclusion The Bussol Strait, lying between Urup and Simushir in the central Kurils, is the most significant biogeographical boundary within the Archipelago. Of lesser importance are two transitional zones, the De Vries Strait or 'Miyabe Line', which passes between Iturup and Urup in the southern Kurils, and the fourth Kuril Strait, between Onekotan and Paramushir in the northern Kurils. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biol & Soil Sci, Far E Branch, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Lar Marine Biodivers, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido Univ Museum, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Saga Med Sch, Dept Microbiol, Saga, Japan. Hokkaido Abashiri Fisheries Expt Stn, Abashiri, Japan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pietsch, TW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Dept Bot, Box 355020-5020, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM twp@u.washington.edu RI Barkalov, Vyacheslav/P-3751-2015; Kholin, Sergey/L-5201-2016 NR 63 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 30 IS 9 BP 1297 EP 1310 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00956.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 717VU UT WOS:000185112100002 ER PT J AU Meredith, JC Sormana, JL Keselowsky, BG Garcia, AJ Tona, A Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Meredith, JC Sormana, JL Keselowsky, BG Garcia, AJ Tona, A Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial characterization of cell interactions with polymer surfaces SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A LA English DT Article DE combinatorial; osteoblasts; polymer; tissue engineering; surface interactions ID OSTEOBLAST-LIKE CELLS; GEOMETRIC CONTROL; MATRIX PRODUCTION; SHAPE; ROUGHNESS; DIFFERENTIATION; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH; 1-ALPHA,25-(OH)(2)D-3; RESPONSIVENESS AB We report a novel combinatorial methodology for characterizing the effects of polymer surface features on cell function. Libraries containing hundreds to thousands of distinct chemistries, microstructures, and roughnesses are prepared using composition spread and temperature gradient techniques. The method enables orders of magnitude increases in discovery rate, decreases variance, and allows for the first time high-throughput assays of cell response to physical and chemical surface features. The technique overcomes complex variable spaces that limit development of biomaterial surfaces for control of cell function. This report demonstrates these advantages by investigating the sensitivity of osteoblasts to the chemistry, microstructure, and roughness of poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone tone) blends. In particular, we use the phenomenon of heat-induced phase separation in these polymer mixtures to generate libraries with diverse surface features, followed by culture of UMR-106 and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts on the libraries. Surface features produced at a specific composition and process temperature range were discovered to enhance dramatically alkaline phosphatase expression in both cell lines, not previously observed for osteoblasts on polymer blends. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Georgia Tech, Emory Dept Biomed Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Woodrow Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meredith, JC (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Keselowsky, Benjamin/A-8000-2009; Meredith, Carson/B-3323-2009 OI Meredith, Carson/0000-0003-2519-5003 NR 33 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES A JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 66A IS 3 BP 483 EP 490 DI 10.1002/jbm.a.10004 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 717RV UT WOS:000185104800007 PM 12918030 ER PT J AU Greene, DR Lui, L Stone, KL Morin, P Hiller, TA Li, J Cummings, SR AF Greene, DR Lui, L Stone, KL Morin, P Hiller, TA Li, J Cummings, SR TI Relationship of CoIIA1 sp1 polymorphism, BMD and fracture risk in older women: The study of osteoporotic fractures. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 25th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 19-23, 2003 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Amer Soc Bone Mineral Res C1 Roche Mol Syst, Alameda, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, San Diego, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. Calif Pacific Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 18 SU 2 BP S68 EP S68 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 734WG UT WOS:000186080500264 ER PT J AU Archer, DG Rudtsch, S AF Archer, DG Rudtsch, S TI Enthalpy of fusion of indium: A certified reference material for differential scanning calorimetry SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC SAPPHIRE ALPHA-AL2O3; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; ADIABATIC CALORIMETER; TEMPERATURE-SCALE; HEAT-CAPACITY; CALIBRATION AB An adiabatic calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpy of fusion of a very pure sample of indium. The new value of the enthalpy of fusion was determined to be Delta(fus)H = (28.6624 +/- 0.0076) J.g(-1), where the uncertainty corresponded to a 95% confidence interval. The temperature of fusion of this sample was found to not differ from the ITS-90 assigned value within the accuracies of the thermometry used in the present study. A comparison with previous determinations is made. C1 NIST, Phy & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), NIST, Phy & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1157 EP 1163 DI 10.1021/je030112g PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 721WN UT WOS:000185341600015 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Diky, VV Marsh, KN Wilhoit, RC AF Chirico, RD Frenkel, M Diky, VV Marsh, KN Wilhoit, RC TI ThermoML-An XML-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. 2. Uncertainties SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID DATA COMPILATIONS AB ThermoML is an XML-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. Extensions to the ThermoML schema for the expression of uncertainties are described. Basic principles, scope, and description of all new structural elements are discussed. Representation of upper and lower limits for property values is also addressed. ThermoML covers essentially all experimentally determined thermodynamic and transport property data (more than 120 properties) for pure compounds, multicomponent mixtures, and chemical reactions (including change-of-state and equilibrium). Properties of polymers and radicals and some properties of ionic systems are not represented at present. The present role of ThermoML in global data submission and dissemination is discussed with particular emphasis on cooperation between major journals in the field and the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The text of several data files illustrating the expression of uncertainties in ThermoML format for pure compounds, mixtures, and chemical reactions are provided as Supporting Information, as well as the complete updated ThermoML schema text. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 17 TC 127 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1344 EP 1359 DI 10.1021/je034088i PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 721WN UT WOS:000185341600049 ER PT J AU Cronin, MF Xie, SP Hashizume, H AF Cronin, MF Xie, SP Hashizume, H TI Barometric pressure variations associated with Eastern Pacific tropical instability waves SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OCEAN; FRONT; VARIABILITY; WIND; CLOUDINESS; DYNAMICS; CURRENTS AB Barometric pressure, surface temperature, and wind time series in the eastern equatorial Pacific are analyzed to determine if oceanic tropical instability wave (TIW) sea surface temperature variations cause barometric pressure gradients large enough to influence the atmospheric boundary layer. During the study period from April 2001 to September 2002, 11 TIWs propagated westward past 110degreesW, causing a spectral peak at 20 - 30 days in the sea surface temperature (SST) meridional difference between 2degreesN, 110degreesW and 0degrees, 110degreesW. Likewise, the meridional pressure difference also had a spectral peak in the 20 - 30- day TIW band. Cross-spectral analysis shows that within the TIW band, SST-induced pressure variations were roughly -0.1 hPa degreesC(-1) in magnitude. The resulting pressure gradient force is comparable in magnitude to other terms in the meridional momentum balance. Implications about the role of the boundary layer capping in the adjustment to SST forcing are discussed. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Cronin, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Xie, Shang-Ping/C-1254-2009 OI Xie, Shang-Ping/0000-0002-3676-1325 NR 28 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 16 IS 18 BP 3050 EP 3057 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3050:BPVAWE>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720BV UT WOS:000185241900008 ER PT J AU Nilsson, WB Paranjpye, RN DePaola, A Strom, MS AF Nilsson, WB Paranjpye, RN DePaola, A Strom, MS TI Sequence polymorphism of the 16S rRNA gene of Vibrio vulnificus is a possible indicator of strain virulence (vol 41, pg 442, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. RP Nilsson, WB (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 41 IS 9 BP 4496 EP 4496 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4496.2003 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 720DT UT WOS:000185246800091 ER PT J AU Byrnes, MR Crowell, M Fowler, C AF Byrnes, MR Crowell, M Fowler, C TI Special issue #38 - Shoreline mapping and change analysis; Technical considerations and management implications - Preface SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Appl Coastal Res & Engn, Mashpee, MA 02649 USA. Fed Emergency Management Assoc, Washington, DC 20472 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Byrnes, MR (reprint author), Appl Coastal Res & Engn, 766 Falmouth Rd,Suite A-1, Mashpee, MA 02649 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2003 SI 38 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 763VG UT WOS:000188120700001 ER PT J AU Graham, D Sault, M Bailey, CJ AF Graham, D Sault, M Bailey, CJ TI National Ocean Service shoreline - Past, present, and future SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Shoreline Change Workshop CY MAY 07-09, 2002 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DE Surrey of the Coast; National Geodetic Survey; planetable; photogrammetric survey mapping; shoreline manuscripts; high water line; mean high water line; shoreline standards and accuracies; remote sensing AB "Survey of the Coast," a predecessor of the National Ocean Service (NOS) within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), was established by an act of Congress, on February 10, 1807, to survey and map the nation's coastline. Since that time more than 13,000 shoreline survey maps of the United States and its possessions have been produced. The horizontal position of a given natural shoreline will vary depending on the selected vertical reference datum. NOS uses an interpreted mean high-water line for its definition of shoreline. The mean high-water line is not a morphological reference feature but may be interpreted using beach morphological reference features such as berm or wet/dry line as well as contouring. Collection methods have changed over the years from on-site mapping using a planetable to photogrammetric survey mapping, which has been the primary collection method since the 1930s, to the investigation and production integration of commercial satellite imagery, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, and LIght Detection And Ranging technologies. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shoreline products are becoming more readily available due to ongoing cooperative data rescue efforts that convert original products into an accessible digital form. The list of available products include: raster and hard copies of shoreline manuscripts; vector shoreline from shoreline manuscripts; vector state composites; contemporary vector shoreline data; descriptive records (Descriptive Report or Project Completion Report); and photographs. Digital products are being made available through a web-based application, known as the NOAA Shoreline Data Explorer (NSDE). NOS is in the process of reattributing and formatting historical vector shoreline digitized from shoreline manuscripts into a consistent schema of attributes and data fields. The NSDE is a customized Internet mapping interface application coupled with database capabilities that allow users to view available NOS vector shoreline project boundaries; view selected vector shoreline data from one or more project surveys; view and download dynamically generated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata which includes a link to descriptive records; make printable maps; and download vector shapefiles with user selected classes (themes) and geographic extent. Ongoing efforts will make raster shoreline indices and manuscripts available through the NSDE. Thus, the NOAA Shoreline Data Explorer is available, as a tool, to spatially view and access contemporary and some historic digital shoreline prodnets. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Graham, D (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC 3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2003 SI 38 BP 14 EP 32 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 763VG UT WOS:000188120700003 ER PT J AU Hess, KW AF Hess, KW TI Tidal datums and tide coordination SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Shoreline Change Workshop CY MAY 07-09, 2002 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DE shoreline; water levels; mean lower low water; mean high water; prediction; windows; photogrammetry ID SPATIAL INTERPOLATION; WATER LEVELS AB The National Ocean Service (NOS) determines and charts the U.S. coastline, which is defined as the landwater interface when the water level coincides with either of two standard tidal datums: mean high water (MHW) or mean lower low water (MLLW). Delineation is accomplished by aerial photogrammetric surveys of the coast that are tide coordinated, i.e., timed to coincide closely with the time of MHW or MLLW. These times are called the tide windows. In NOS standard practice, the timing is determined from the predicted astronomical tide at one or two nearby locations in the survey region. As part of the modernization of tide coordination and to avoid installation of additional tide stations, NOS began developing a new way of utilizing the existing operational tide stations, the database of historical tidal data, and a tidal interpolation model to supply the necessary water level information throughout the entire region. The tidal interpolation model accesses the historical tidal database to predict water levels and datums everywhere along the shore and is applied to determine the times when the tide is within a given height above or below a datum (MHW or MLLW). For the post-flight analysis of shoreline photography, the tidal model generates a unique value of the water level for the precise time and location of the photographic image using the astronomical tide plus real-time observations, where available. By automating this data/model system, Web graphics can be generated, displayed, and archived for reference by NOS and other users of coastal photogrammetry. C1 NOAA, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Off Coast Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hess, KW (reprint author), NOAA, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Off Coast Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, N-CS1,Rm 7826,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM kurt.hess@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2003 SI 38 BP 33 EP 43 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 763VG UT WOS:000188120700004 ER PT J AU Parker, BB AF Parker, BB TI The difficulties in measuring a consistently defined shoreline - The problem of vertical referencing SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Shoreline Change Workshop CY MAY 07-09, 2002 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DE shoreline change; mean high water shoreline; vertical datum transformation; shoreline indicators; hydrodynamic models AB Accurate detection of shoreline change depends on a consistent measurement technique so that apparent changes in shoreline are not merely manifestations of inconsistencies in that measurement technique. For marine coastal areas the sought-after consistency is usually based on adhering to a definition using a particular tidally-based vertical reference datum. For the U.S. the legal shoreline is the mean high water (MHW) shoreline, which is depicted on U.S. nautical charts produced by NOAA. Each point on a MHW shoreline should represent the horizontal position of the land-water interface at the time when the water level at that point is at a height equal to MHW elevation value at that point. At the time of measurement any deviation of the water level height from the MHW value will shift the horizontal position of the land-water interface seaward or landward. This paper discusses factors that have made it very difficult to measure consistently defined shorelines and are the main causes of the discrepancies in the shorelines measured by different government agencies. The paper also demonstrates a technique for producing consistently defined shorelines using high-resolution elevation data covering the intertidal zone (obtained by flying Lidar at low water) with RTK-GPS vertical referencing, and the shifting of these data to the MHW datum using a vertical datum transformation tool (such as NOS's VDatum, which incorporates an accurate geographic distribution of tidal datums from a calibrated hydrodynamic tidal model) so that the zero elevation points then determine the MHW shoreline. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Parker, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 2003 SI 38 BP 44 EP 56 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 763VG UT WOS:000188120700005 ER PT J AU Sathivel, S Bechtel, PJ Babbitt, J Smiley, S Crapo, C Reppond, KD Prinyawiwatkul, W AF Sathivel, S Bechtel, PJ Babbitt, J Smiley, S Crapo, C Reppond, KD Prinyawiwatkul, W TI Biochemical and functional properties of herring (Clupea harengus), byproduct hydrolysates SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antioxidant activity; enzyme hydrolysates; fish byproducts; functional properties; herring ID EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES; ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; WHEY PROTEINS; PEPTIDES; CASEIN; SOLUBILITY; QUALITY; TRYPSIN AB The functional, nutritional, and antioxidative properties of hydrolyzed herring and herring byproducts (head and gonad) were evaluated. All freeze-dried herring fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) powders were light yellow and contained 77% to 87% protein. The degree of hydrolysis was 18.3%, 13%, 13%, and 10.1%, respectively, for head, whole fish, body, and gonad after 75 min digestion. All FPH powders had desirable essential amino acid profiles and mineral contents. The emulsifying capacity and stability of all FPH powders were lower than those of egg albumin and soy protein; the fat adsorption was comparable to that of egg albumin. The antioxidative activity of whole herring FPH was highest, followed by that of body, gonad, and head. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fishery Ind Technol Ctr, NMFS Utilizat Res Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Univ Alaska, USDA ARS, Seafood Lab, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Sathivel, S (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fishery Ind Technol Ctr, NMFS Utilizat Res Lab, 118 Trident Way, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 33 TC 129 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 17 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 68 IS 7 BP 2196 EP 2200 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05746.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 725BY UT WOS:000185523900011 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Shen, Y McCord, BR AF Butler, JM Shen, Y McCord, BR TI The development of reduced size STR amplicons as tools for analysis of degraded DNA SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; DNA typing; degraded DNA; STR; miniSTR; dye artifacts; CSF1P0; FGA; THO1 TPOX; vWA; D3S1358; D5S818; D7S820,D8S1179; D13S317,D16S539,D18S51,D21S11; Penta D; Penta E; D2S1338 ID TANDEM REPEAT LOCI; FORENSIC CASEWORK; AMPLIFICATION; VALIDATION; POLYMERASE; PRIMERS; ALLELE; LESS AB New multiplex PCR sets of commonly used short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been developed to produce PCR products that are reduced size when compared to standard commercial STR kits. The reduction in size of these amplicons can facilitate the examination and analysis of degraded DNA evidence by improving amplification efficiency. This "miniSTR" approach will permit current forensic practitioners to use STR markers and instrumentation already present in their laboratories and to generate genotyping data that is directly comparable to reference samples and searchable through the FBI's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) databases. This paper discusses the development of these new primer sets and presents some initial results in the analysis of degraded and aged DNA samples. A method for removal of problematic fluorescent dye artifacts is also described. Comparison studies in over 100 samples have verified that these miniSTR primers can provide fully concordant results to commercial STR kits and can provide improved signal from degraded DNA specimens. These miniplex sets should prove valuable in the analysis of samples where allele dropout and reduced sensitivity of larger STR alleles occurs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 32 TC 234 Z9 246 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1054 EP 1064 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 720DJ UT WOS:000185246000012 PM 14535668 ER PT J AU Lewandowski, HJ Harber, DM Whitaker, DL Cornell, EA AF Lewandowski, HJ Harber, DM Whitaker, DL Cornell, EA TI Simplified system for creating a Bose-Einstein condensate SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Bose-Einstein condensation; experimental apparatus; magnetic trap; degenerate gas ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; NEUTRAL ATOMS; SODIUM ATOMS; VAPOR; GAS AB We designed and constructed a simplified experimental system to create a Bose-Einstein condensate in Rb-87. Our system has several novel features including a mechanical atom transfer mechanism and a hybrid Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap. The apparatus has been designed to consistently produce a stable condensate even when it is not well optimized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lewandowski, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM lewandoh@colorado.edu NR 38 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 132 IS 5-6 BP 309 EP 367 DI 10.1023/A:1024800600621 PG 59 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 704JR UT WOS:000184337000004 ER PT J AU Burnett, WH Kamenkovich, VM Gordon, AL Mellor, GL AF Burnett, WH Kamenkovich, VM Gordon, AL Mellor, GL TI The Pacific/Indian Ocean pressure difference and its influence on the Indonesian Seas circulation: Part I - The study with specified total transports SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEPTH-INTEGRATED FLOW; INDIAN-OCEAN; WORLD OCEAN; LOMBOK STRAIT; CHOKED FLOWS; THROUGHFLOW; MODEL; VARIABILITY; EXCHANGE; WATER AB The main objective of this paper is to investigate the overall balance of momentum and energy within the Indonesian Seas to better understand the factors that control the total transport of the Indonesian Throughflow. Two models are used in the investigation: a "first-step" heuristic channel model and a more sophisticated "second-step," barotropic numerical model that incorporates high-resolution coastline and bottom topography. The experiments show that the barotropic model develops typical horizontal circulation patterns for the region. An analysis of the overall momentum and energy balances suggests that the total transport of the Indonesian Throughflow does not depend exclusively on the inter-ocean pressure difference but on other factors, including local winds, bottom form stresses, and the resultant of pressure forces acting on the internal sides. C1 USN, Naval Meteorol & Oceanog Command, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP USN, Naval Meteorol & Oceanog Command, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM burnettb@cnmoc.navy.mil RI Gordon, Arnold/H-1049-2011 OI Gordon, Arnold/0000-0001-6480-6095 NR 55 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 EI 1543-9542 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 61 IS 5 BP 577 EP 611 DI 10.1357/002224003771815963 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 754TY UT WOS:000187348800002 ER PT J AU Kamenkovich, VM Burnett, WH Gordon, AL Mellor, GL AF Kamenkovich, VM Burnett, WH Gordon, AL Mellor, GL TI The Pacific/Indian Ocean pressure difference and its influence on the Indonesian Seas circulation: Part II - The study with specified sea-surface heights SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB In Part II we construct new numerical solutions to further analyze our results in Part I (Burnett et al., 2003), that indicate the lack of a unique relationship between the Pacific/Indian Ocean pressure difference and the total transport of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). These new solutions involve perturbations of the sea level relative to the original solutions. We present detailed analyses of the overall momentum and energy balances for these new solutions to stay consistent with the procedures developed in Part I. The results validate our conclusions regarding the lack of a unique relationship between the pressure head and the value of the total transport of the ITF. However, based on results from all the experiments, we have found that the seasonal variations of the total transport of the ITF are in phase with the pressure-head variations. Thus the hypothesis by Wyrtki (1987) that the pressure head, measured by the sea-surface-height difference between Davao (Philippines) and Darwin (Australia), is well correlated with the total transport is qualitatively supported. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. USN, Naval Meteorol & Oceanog Command, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Kamenkovich, VM (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Gordon, Arnold/H-1049-2011 OI Gordon, Arnold/0000-0001-6480-6095 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SEARS FOUNDATION MARINE RESEARCH PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, KLINE GEOLOGY LAB, 210 WHITNEY AVENUE, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 61 IS 5 BP 613 EP 634 DI 10.1357/002224003771815972 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 754TY UT WOS:000187348800003 ER PT J AU Lee, S Nguyen, T Byrd, E Martin, J AF Lee, S Nguyen, T Byrd, E Martin, J TI Quantitative study of water transport during the hydrolysis of polymer coatings exposed to water vapor SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACRYLIC-MELAMINE COATINGS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ORGANIC COATINGS; CASE-II; OUTDOOR EXPOSURE; DEGRADATION; DIFFUSION; FILMS; MODE; SPECTROSCOPY AB Thermoset acrylic-melamine resins are widely used for automobile exterior coatings. These materials are formulated by reacting an acrylic polyol with an alkylated melamine. Because the reactions are reversible, acrylic-melamine coatings tend to hydrolyze during exposures in moist environments. During hydrolysis, water in the coating film is consumed. To keep the moisture content in the film in equilibrium, water must be transported from regions of high water concentration to regions of low water concentration. An approach based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of the coating degradation fitted to a transport model is presented to estimate the diffusion coefficients and velocities of water transport during the hydrolysis of an acrylic-melamine coating exposed to different relative humidities (RHs). Theoretical prediction agreed well with the experimental FTIR data of coating hydrolytic degradation. Generally, both the diffusion coefficient and velocity of water transport in the coating increased with increasing RH. Since water transport resulting from the hydrolysis reactions is a very slow and complex process, the approach presented here provides a viable means for obtaining valuable data for quantitative analyses of coating hydrolytic degradation at different RHs. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 18 IS 9 BP 2268 EP 2275 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0316 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 718PB UT WOS:000185154600037 ER PT J AU Zha, XF Du, H AF Zha, XF Du, H TI Manufacturing process and material selection in concurrent collaborative design of MEMS devices SO JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB In this paper we present knowledge of an intensive approach and system for selecting suitable manufacturing processes and materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices in concurrent collaborative design environment. In the paper, fundamental issues on MEMS manufacturing process and material selection such as concurrent design framework, manufacturing process and material hierarchies, and selection strategy are first addressed. Then, a fuzzy decision support scheme for a multi-criteria decision-making problem is proposed for estimating, ranking and selecting possible manufacturing processes, materials and their combinations. A Web-based prototype advisory system for the MEMS manufacturing process and material selection, WebMEMS-MASS, is developed based on the client-knowledge server architecture and framework to help the designer find good processes and materials for MEMS devices. The system, as one of the important parts of an advanced simulation and modeling tool for MEMS design, is a concept level process and material selection tool, which can be used as a standalone application or a Java applet via the Web. The running sessions of the system are inter-linked with webpages of tutorials and reference pages to explain the facets, fabrication processes and material choices, and calculations and reasoning in selection are performed using process capability and material property data from a remote Web-based database and interactive knowledge base that can be maintained and updated via the Internet. The use of the developed system including operation scenario, use support, and integration with an MEMS collaborative design system is presented. Finally, an illustration example is provided. C1 Singapore Inst Mfg Technol, Singapore 638075, Singapore. Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Mech & Prod Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore. RP Zha, XF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Mail Stop 8263,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Du, Hejun/F-8895-2010 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0960-1317 J9 J MICROMECH MICROENG JI J. Micromech. Microeng. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 13 IS 5 BP 509 EP 522 DI 10.1088/0960-1317/13/5/301 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 727JZ UT WOS:000185656000001 ER PT J AU Lumpkin, R Speer, K AF Lumpkin, R Speer, K TI Large-scale vertical and horizontal circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; SURFACE HEAT; BOTTOM WATER; FRESH-WATER; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; OUTFLOW; FLUXES; GREENLAND; OVERFLOW AB Observations of large-scale hydrography, air-sea forcing, and regional circulation from numerous studies are combined by inverse methods to determine the basin-scale circulation, average diapycnal mixing, and adjustments to air-sea forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Dense overflows through the Denmark Strait and Faroe Bank channels are explicitly included and are associated with strong vertical and lateral circulation and mixing. These processes in the far northern Atlantic play a fundamental role in the meridional overturning circulation for the entire ocean, accompanied by an upper cell of mode-water and intermediate-water circulation. The two cells converge roughly at the mean depth of the midocean ridge crest. The Labrador Sea Water layer lies within this convergence. South of the overflow region, model-derived mean diapycnal diffusivities are O(10(-5) m(2) s(-1)) or smaller at the base of the thermocline, and diapycnal advection is driven primarily by air-sea transformation on outcropping layers. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Lumpkin, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PhOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704 NR 54 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1902 EP 1920 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1902:LVAHCI>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 713VT UT WOS:000184879200003 ER PT J AU Mellor, G AF Mellor, G TI The three-dimensional current and surface wave equations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID WIND; GENERATION; DRIVEN; MODEL; WATER; FLOWS AB Surface wave equations appropriate to three-dimensional ocean models apparently have not been presented in the literature. It is the intent of this paper to correct that deficiency. Thus, expressions for vertically dependent radiation stresses and a definition of the Doppler velocity for a vertically dependent current field are obtained. Other quantities such as vertically dependent surface pressure forcing are derived for inclusion in the momentum and wave energy equations. The equations include terms that represent the production of turbulence energy by currents and waves. These results are a necessary precursor for three-dimensional ocean models that handle surface waves together with wind- and buoyancy-driven currents. Although the third dimension has been added here, the analysis is based on the assumption that the depth dependence of wave motions is provided by linear theory, an assumption that is the basis of much of the wave literature. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Mellor, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 25 TC 139 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1978 EP 1989 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1978:TTCASW>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 713VT UT WOS:000184879200008 ER PT J AU Ralchenko, YV Griem, HR Bray, I AF Ralchenko, YV Griem, HR Bray, I TI Electron-impact broadening of the 3s-3p lines in low-Z Li-like ions SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE collisional broadening; Li-like ions ID OPACITY CALCULATIONS; SPECTRAL-LINES; CROSS-SECTIONS; STARK WIDTHS; ATOMIC DATA; B-III; PARAMETERS; EXCITATION; TRANSITIONS; IONIZATION AB The collisional electron-impact line widths of the 3s-3p transitions in Li-like ions from B III to Ne VIII are calculated with the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method from the atomic collision theory. The elastic and inelastic contributions to the line broadening and their Z-scaling are discussed in detail, and comparisons with recent experimental and theoretical results are also presented. It is found that similar to our previous study of line broadening in Be-like ions, the difference between experimental and CCC results monotonically increases with the spectroscopic charge of an ion. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Fac Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Murdoch Univ, Ctr Atom Mol & Surface Phys, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Perth, WA 6150, Australia. RP Ralchenko, YV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bray, Igor/B-8586-2009; Ralchenko, Yuri/E-9297-2016 OI Bray, Igor/0000-0001-7554-8044; Ralchenko, Yuri/0000-0003-0083-9554 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD SEP-NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 1-4 BP 371 EP 384 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00088-8 PG 14 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 699VQ UT WOS:000184077000035 ER PT J AU Seely, J Doron, R Bar-Shalom, A Hudson, LT Stoeckl, C AF Seely, J Doron, R Bar-Shalom, A Hudson, LT Stoeckl, C TI Hard X-ray emission from laser-produced plasmas of U and Pb recorded by a transmission crystal spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE X-ray spectroscopy; plasma spectroscopy; highly charged ions ID SPECTRA; MODEL AB Hard X-ray spectra from laser-produced plasmas were recorded by a transmission crystal survey spectrometer covering the 12-60 keV energy range with a resolving power of E/DeltaEcongruent to100. This emission is of interest for the development of hard X-ray backlighters and hot electron diagnostics. Foils of U and Pb were irradiated at the OMEGA laser facility by 24 beams (12 on each side), each with an energy of congruent to500 J, a pulse duration of 1 ns, and no beam smoothing. The beams were focused to a 50 mum diameter spot on the target plane. The spectra typically exhibit a few intense and relatively narrow features in the 12-22 keV energy range. Initial analysis suggests that these hard X-ray features are inner-shell transitions resulting from L-shell vacancies created by energetic electrons. The observed transition energies are slightly higher than the neutral-atom characteristic X-ray energies. Calculations suggest that the transitions are in the Ni-like or lower ionization stages. The analysis further indicates that opacity effects play an important role in producing the spectra. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. ARTEP Inc, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Seely, J (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Doron, Ramy/I-2064-2013 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD SEP-NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 1-4 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00092-X PG 9 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 699VQ UT WOS:000184077000039 ER PT J AU Seltzer, SM Lamperti, PJ Loevinger, R Mitch, MG Weaver, JT Coursey, BM AF Seltzer, SM Lamperti, PJ Loevinger, R Mitch, MG Weaver, JT Coursey, BM TI New national air-kerma-strength standards for I-125 and Pd-103 brachytherapy seeds SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air kerma; brachytherapy seed source; exposure; free-air chamber; I-125; national measurement standard; Pd-103; x rays ID RADIATION-THERAPY COMMITTEE; ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; IONIZATION CHAMBERS; I125 SEEDS; X-RAYS; EXPOSURE; DOSIMETRY; RECOMMENDATIONS; EQUATION; DENSITY AB The new U.S. measurement standard for the air-kerma strength from low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy seed sources is formally described in detail. This instrument-based standard was implemented on 1 January 1999, with its salient features and the implications of differences with the previous standard given only through a series of informal communications. The Wide-Angle Free-Air Chamber (WAFAC) is specially designed to realize air kerma from a single-seed source emitting photons with energies up to about 40 keV, and is now used to measure the wide variety of seeds used in prostate-cancer therapy that has appeared in the last few years. For the two I-125 seed models that have been subject to both the old and new standards, the new standard reduces the air-kerma strength by 10.3 %. This change is mainly due to the removal of the influence on the measurement of the Ti K x rays produced in the source encapsulation, a component with no clinical significance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seltzer, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.seltzer@nist.gov; michael.mitch@nist.gov; bert.coursey@nist.gov NR 39 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 108 IS 5 BP 337 EP 358 DI 10.6028/jres.108.030 PG 22 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771AA UT WOS:000188762500001 PM 27413614 ER PT J AU Seltzer, SM Bergstrom, PM AF Seltzer, SM Bergstrom, PM TI Changes in the US primary standards for the air kerma from gamma-ray beams SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air kerma; cavity chamber; electron stopping-power ratio; exposure; humidity correction; Monte Carlo; national standard; photon energy-absorption coefficient ratio; radiative-loss correction; wall correction ID ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; ION CHAMBERS; CAVITY THEORY; PHOTON BEAMS; CO-60; IONIZATION; ATTENUATION; EQUATION; EXPOSURE AB Monte Carlo photon-electron transport calculations have been done to derive new wall corrections for the six NBS-NIST standard graphite-wall, air-ionization cavity chambers that serve as the U.S. national primary standard for air kerma (and exposure) for gamma rays from Co-60, Cs-137, and Ir-192 sources. The data developed for and from these calculations have also been used to refine a number of other factors affecting the standards. The largest changes are due to the new wall corrections, and the total changes are +0.87% to +1.11% (depending on the chamber) for Co-60 beams, +0.64% to +1.07% (depending on the chamber) for Cs-137 beams, and -0.06% for the single chamber used in the measurement of the standardized Ir-192 source. The primary standards for air kerma will be adjusted in the near future to reflect the changes in factors described in this work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seltzer, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 108 IS 5 BP 359 EP 381 DI 10.6028/jres.108.031 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771AA UT WOS:000188762500002 PM 27413615 ER PT J AU Burns, DT Lamperti, P O'Brien, M Boutillon, M AF Burns, DT Lamperti, P O'Brien, M Boutillon, M TI Comparison of the NIST and BIPM medium-energy X-ray air-kerma measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air kerma; free-air ionization chamber; primary standard; reference radiation qualities; medium-energy x rays; x-ray calibration AB The air-kerma standards used for the measurement of medium-energy x rays were compared at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The comparison involved a series of measurements at the BIPM and the NIST using the air-kerma standards and two NIST reference-class transfer ionization standards. Reference beam qualities in the range from 60 kV to 300 kV were used. The results show the standards to be in agreement within the combined standard uncertainty of the comparison of 0.35 %. C1 Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burns, DT (reprint author), Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. EM michelle.obrien@nist.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 108 IS 5 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.6028/jres.108.032 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771AA UT WOS:000188762500003 PM 27413616 ER PT J AU Vayshenker, I Haars, H Li, X Lehman, JH Livigni, DJ AF Vayshenker, I Haars, H Li, X Lehman, JH Livigni, DJ TI Optical-fiber power meter comparison between NIST and PTB SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; cryogenic radiometer; fiber; international comparison; optical fiber; optical power meter; uncertainty AB We describe the results of a comparison of reference standards between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-USA) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB-Germany) at nominal wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm using an optical-fiber cable. Both laboratories used thermal detectors as reference standards. A novel temperature-controlled, optical-trap detector was used as a transfer standard to compare two reference standards. Measurement results showed differences of less than 1.5 x 10(-3), which is within the combined uncertainty for both laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Appl Radiometry Sect, Braunschweig, Germany. RP Vayshenker, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM igor@boulder.nist.gov; xiaoyu@boulder.nist.gov; lehman@boulder.nist.gov; livigni@boulder.nist.gov RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 108 IS 5 BP 391 EP 394 DI 10.6028/jres.108.033 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771AA UT WOS:000188762500004 PM 27413617 ER PT J AU Flater, D AF Flater, D TI A logical model of conceptual integrity in data integration SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abstraction; data; integration; logic; semantics AB Conceptual integrity is required for the result of data integration to be cohesive and sensible. Compromised conceptual integrity results in "semantic faults," which are commonly blamed for latent integration bugs. A logical model of conceptual integrity in data integration and a simple example application are presented. Unlike constructive models that attempt to prevent semantic faults, this model allows both correct and incorrect integrations to be described. Imperfect legacy systems can therefore be modeled, allowing a more formal analysis of their flaws and the possible remedies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Flater, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.flater@nist.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 108 IS 5 BP 395 EP 402 DI 10.6028/jres.108.034 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 771AA UT WOS:000188762500005 PM 27413618 ER PT J AU Grey, IE Mumme, WG Ness, TJ Roth, RS Smith, KL AF Grey, IE Mumme, WG Ness, TJ Roth, RS Smith, KL TI Structural relations between weberite and zirconolite polytypes-refinements of doped 3T and 4M Ca2Ta2O7 and 3T CaZrTi2O7 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; PHASE CAZRTI2O7; SOLID-SOLUTION; METAL-OXIDES; CAZRXTI3-XO7; PYROCHLORE; TETRAHEDRA AB New weberite-type Ca2Ta2O7 and zirconolite-type CaZrTi2O7 polytypes have been prepared by doping with Nd/Zr and Th/Al, respectively, and their structures have been refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction intensity data. The 3T zirconolite polytype, Ca0.8Ti1.35Zr1.3Th0.15Al0.4O7, has a = 7.228(l), c = 16.805(l) Angstrom. The 3T weberite-type polytype, Ca1.92Ta1.92Nd0.08Zr0.08O7, has a = 7.356(l), c = 18.116(l) Angstrom. Both 3T polytypes have space group P3(1)21, Z = 6. The 4M Ca2Ta2O7 polytype has the same composition, from electron microprobe analyses, as the 3T polytype, and has cell parameters: a = 12.761 (1), h = 7.358(l) c = 24.565(l) Angstrom, beta = 100.17(l)degrees, space group C2, Z = 16. The structural relationships between the different zirconolite and weberite polytypes are discussed. A consideration of the structures from the viewpoint of anion-centered tetrahedral arrays shows that zirconolite can be considered as an anion-deficient fluorite derivative phase. However, the fluorite-type topology of edge-shared OM4 tetrahedra is not maintained in the Ca2Ta2O7 weberite-type polytypes, even though they have a fluorite-like fcc packing of metal atoms. One of the oxygen atoms moves from a tetrahedral Ta3Ca interstice to an adjacent Ta2Ca4 octahedral interstice in the weberite polytypes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South, Vic 3169, Australia. Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia. RP Grey, IE (reprint author), CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton South, Vic 3169, Australia. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 174 IS 2 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00222-6 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 719AH UT WOS:000185180500007 ER PT J AU Bendersky, LA Greenblatt, M Chen, RJ AF Bendersky, LA Greenblatt, M Chen, RJ TI Transmission electron microscopy study of Ruddlesden-Popper Can+1MnnO3n+1 N = 2 and 3 compounds SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ca3Mn2O7; Ca4Mn3O10; manganates; TEM; crystallography; phase transition AB Two Ruddlesden-Popper compounds Can+1MnnO3n (+ 1) with n = 2 and 3 synthesized by a citrate gel technique have been studied by TEM. The structure of Ca4Mn3O10 is consistent with the previously determined structure having the space group Pbca and a(-) a(-) c(+)/a(-) a(-) c(+) tilt system. The presence of defects suggests the possible high-temperature phase transition from untilted I4/mmm to Pbca. The structure of Ca3Mn2O7 was found to be different from the previously suggested I4/mmm symmetry. Ca3Mn2O7 forms with an orthorhombic structure with either Cmcm or Cmc2(1) space group. A structural model for Cmc2(1) based on the tilting of almost-rigid octahedra with a(+) c(-) c(-)/a(+) c(-) c(-) tilt system is proposed. The lamellar defects were shown to be twin variants of the Cmc2(1) structure with the (001)(t) interfaces, which suggests the possible tilting phase transition from the ideal I4/mmm to Cmc2(1) following the maximal group-subgroup. symmetry tree: I4/mmm-->Fmmm-->Bbmm(Cmem)-->Bb2(1)m(Cmc2(1)). (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Burea Dr,Stop 8554,Bldg 223-A117, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 174 IS 2 BP 418 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00283-4 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 719AH UT WOS:000185180500024 ER PT J AU Iyer, HK Vecchia, DF Mielke, PW AF Iyer, HK Vecchia, DF Mielke, PW TI Higher order cumulants and Tchebyshev-Markov bounds for P-values in distribution-free matched-pairs tests SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE nonparametric tests; paired t-test; Pearson distribution; permutation test; rank tests; sign test; Tchebyshev-Markov inequalities; Wilcoxon signed-ranks test ID PERMUTATION TESTS; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; DESIGNS AB We consider a general class of permutation tests for matched-pairs (PTMP) which includes the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, the sign test, the permutation version of the paired t-test, and many other known distribution-free procedures for paired comparisons. For some special cases, algorithms are available for efficient computation of exact significance probabilities for these tests. In general, however, only approximate tests are feasible in most applications. A common approximation is based on the first few exact moments of the test statistic. In this paper we describe a technique for deriving exact moments of any desired order for the permutation null distribution of a PTMP statistic. We use this technique to obtain explicit, efficient computational formulas for the first seven cumulants of the general PTMP statistic. For special cases of this statistic we give explicit formulas for computing cumulants of any order. Finally, we demonstrate how these higher-order cumulants can be used to bound the P-values of tests using Tchebyshev-Markov inequalities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 1 BP 131 EP 147 AR PII S0378-3758(02)00178-7 DI 10.1016/S0378-3758(02)00178-7 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 697BK UT WOS:000183922200007 ER PT J AU Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D AF Southall, BL Schusterman, RJ Kastak, D TI Auditory masking in three pinnipeds: Aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MASKED HEARING THRESHOLDS; TEMPORARY SHIFT; CRITICAL BANDS; FILTER SHAPES; NOISE; UNDERWATER; SEAL; CHINCHILLA; AIR; DURATION AB This study expands the limited understanding of pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped vocalizations. Behavioral techniques were used to obtain aerial critical ratios (CRs) within a hemianechoic chamber for a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Simultaneous, octave-band noise maskers centered at seven test frequencies (0.2-8.0 kHz) were used to determine aerial CRs. Narrower and variable bandwidth masking noise was also used in order to obtain direct critical bandwidths (CBWs). The aerial CRs are very similar in magnitude and in frequency-specific differences (increasing gradually with test frequency) to underwater CRs for these subjects, demonstrating that pinniped cochlear processes are similar both in air and water. While, like most mammals, these pinniped subjects apparently lack specialization for enhanced detection of specific frequencies over masking noise, they consistently detect signals across a wide range of frequencies at relatively low signal-to-noise, ratios. Direct CBWs are 3.2 to 14.2 times wider than estimated based on aerial CRs. The combined masking data are significant in terms of assessing aerial anthropogenic noise impacts, effective aerial communicative ranges, and amphibious aspects of pinniped cochlearmechanics. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Southall, BL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Acoust Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM rjschust@cats.ucsc.edu NR 47 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 13 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3 BP 1660 EP 1666 DI 10.1121/1.1587733 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 720PQ UT WOS:000185269500046 PM 14514219 ER PT J AU Williams, GP AF Williams, GP TI Barotropic instability and equatorial superrotation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION; ELIASSEN-PALM; SPECTRAL MODEL; TROPOSPHERE AB Baroclinically unstable zones in midlatitudes normally produce medium-scale planetary waves that propagate toward the equator where they generate easterlies while transferring westerly momentum poleward, so that the jet lies in higher latitudes than in the corresponding axisymmetric (eddy-free) state. When the baroclinically unstable zone is moved into low latitudes, however, the equatorward side of the jet can also produce a barotropic instability whose large-scale eddies lead to a strong superrotating westerly current at the equator; the jet remains close to its axisymmetric location. For the earth, the transition between these two regimes occurs when the jet lies close to 30degrees, according to calculations with a global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model that examines superrotating flows for a wide range of rotation rates. The existence of a stable superrotating regime implies that an alternative climate could occur, but only under novel conditions. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 60 IS 17 BP 2136 EP 2152 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2136:BIAES>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713DV UT WOS:000184841500006 ER PT J AU McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Moffat, TP Josell, D Wheeler, D Schwarzacher, W Mallett, J AF McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Moffat, TP Josell, D Wheeler, D Schwarzacher, W Mallett, J TI A mechanism for brightening - Linear stability analysis of the curvature-enhanced coverage model SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; NONSTEADY POTENTIOSTATIC ELECTRODEPOSITION; MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY; SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; METAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; ELECTRO-CRYSTALLIZATION; ROUGHNESS DEVELOPMENT; BLOCKING INHIBITORS; IMAGE-ANALYSIS AB This work presents experiments and theory describing a mechanism for how brighteners in electrolytes function. The mechanism involves change of local coverage of a deposition rate-enhancing catalyst adsorbed on the surface through change of local surface area during growth as well as accumulation and consumption. A first-order perturbation analysis shows the surface is stable against growth of perturbations for all wavelengths below a critical value that is deposition-condition dependent. The model predictions are shown to be consistent with the experimental results. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McFadden, GB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 150 IS 9 BP C591 EP C599 DI 10.1149/1.1593042 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 710GU UT WOS:000184673100030 ER PT J AU Chuang, TJ Jahanmir, S Tang, HC AF Chuang, TJ Jahanmir, S Tang, HC TI Finite element simulation of straight plunge grinding for advanced ceramics SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE finite element methods; grinding; horizontal surface grinding; plunge grinding; simulation ID SILICON-NITRIDE; DAMAGE AB The objective of this work is to model the grinding forces and the associated stress and deformation fields generated in a ceramic workpiece during plunge surface grinding. A two-dimensional finite element model is constructed with the grinding parameters and the mechanical properties of the workpiece as input variables. The size of the geometric model is several times larger than the size of the cutting zone, using approximately 5200 rectangular solid elements with a finer mesh in the cutting zone and with fixed remote boundaries. The loading in the cutting zone is imposed by displacement vectors proportional to the local undeformed chip thickness, which is a function of grinding parameters. For a given set of inputs, the model predicts the normal and tangential forces generated by the grinding wheel, as well as the deformation and the stress fields within the workpiece. As an example, the simulation is applied to a silicon nitride workpiece. Analysis of the stress fields developed in this material suggests that shear failure within the cutting zone is the dominant mode of subsurface failure, which could lead to the formation of shear micro- cracks at the grain interfaces. The depth of the subsurface shear failure zone increases with an increase in maximum undeformed chip thickness or the wheel depth of cut. The resulting local grinding force vectors, maximum stresses and damage zone sizes are predicted as a function of maximum undeformed chip thickness (or the wheel depth of cut). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chuang, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1723 EP 1733 AR PII S0955-2219(02)00409-0 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00409-0 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 692KG UT WOS:000183659800022 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ AF Powell, CJ TI Growth and trends in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Review ID MEAN FREE PATHS; ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACCURATE INTENSITY CALIBRATION; EFFECTIVE ATTENUATION LENGTHS; SUBMICRON PARTICLE ANALYSIS; STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL; BINDING-ENERGY CALIBRATION; DEPTH PROFILE ANALYSIS; ASTM COMMITTEE E-42; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS AB A perspective is given of the development and use of surface analysis, primarily by Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), for solving scientific and technological problems. Information is presented on growth and trends in instrumental capabilities, instrumental measurements with reduced uncertainties, knowledge of surface sensitivity, and knowledge and effects of sample morphology. Available analytical resources are described for AES, XPS, and secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Finally, the role of the American Vacuum Society in stimulating improved surface analyses is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 129 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 24 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 21 IS 5 SU S BP S42 EP S53 DI 10.1116/1.1599862 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 727QZ UT WOS:000185671100010 ER PT J AU Benck, EC Golubiatnikov, GY Fraser, GT Ji, B Motika, SA Karwacki, EJ AF Benck, EC Golubiatnikov, GY Fraser, GT Ji, B Motika, SA Karwacki, EJ TI Submillimeter-wavelength plasma chemical diagnostics for semiconductor manufacturing SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE PLASMA; INFRARED-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ETCHING PLASMAS; RADICALS; MICROELECTRONICS; DISCHARGES; DENSITIES; PHASE; CHF3; CF4 AB Submillimeter-wavelength linear-absorption spectroscopy has been applied to the chemical diagnostics of reactive-ion etching plasmas in a modified capacitively coupled gaseous electronics conference reactor. Approximately I mW of narrow-band (< 10 kHz) submillimeter radiation between 450 and 750 GHz is produced using a backward-wave oscillator (BWO). The BWO is frequency stabilized to a harmonic of a 78-118 GHz frequency synthesizer. The submillimeter method offers high sensitivity for the approximate to I MHz linewidth, Doppler-broadened absorption lines typical of gas-phase molecules at a total pressure of less than 133 Pa (1 Tort). A large number of molecules can be detected, limited primarily by the need for a permanent electric dipole moment and for accurate line frequency predictions, the latter of which are often available in the literature. The capabilities of the diagnostic method have been demonstrated by the following three applications: (1) the measurement of water-vapor contamination in the reactor and in the precursor gas by monitoring a rotational transition of H2O in the reactor just prior to the initiation of the plasma; (2) the assessment of progress in the cleaning of the reactor by an O-2/Ar plasma after a fluorocarbon plasma etch by monitoring the build up of the concentration Of O-3 and the depletion of the concentration of CF2O in the plasma; and (3) the determination of the endpoint in the etching of a SiO2 thin film on silicon by an octafluorocyclobutane/O-2/Ar plasma by monitoring the decrease in the concentration of SiO in the plasma. The last observation is made possible by the large electric dipole moment for SiO of 1 X 10(-29) C in (3.1 D), which gives a low minimum detectable number density for the radical of 2 X 10(7) cm(-3) for an optical pathlength of 39 cm. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Air Prod & Chem Inc, Allentown, PA 18195 USA. RP Benck, EC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 21 IS 5 BP 2067 EP 2075 DI 10.1116/1.1605431 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 735QU UT WOS:000186126700015 ER PT J AU Schlenoff, C Balakirsky, S Uschold, M Provine, R Smith, S AF Schlenoff, C Balakirsky, S Uschold, M Provine, R Smith, S TI Using ontologies to aid navigation planning in autonomous vehicles SO KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING REVIEW LA English DT Review AB This paper explores the hypothesis that ontologies can be used to improve the capabilities and performance of on-board route planning for autonomous vehicles. We name a variety of general benefits that ontologies may provide, and list numerous specific ways that ontologies may be used in different components of our chosen infrastructure: the 4D/RCS system architecture developed at NIST. Our initial focus is on simple roadway driving scenarios where the controlled vehicle encounters objects in its path. Our approach is to develop an ontology of objects in the environment, in conjunction with rules for estimating the damage that would be incurred by collisions with the different objects in different situations. Automated reasoning is used to estimate collision damage; this information is fed to the route planner to help it decide whether to avoid the object. We describe our current experiments and plans for future work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boeing, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP Schlenoff, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM craig.schlenoff@nist.gov; michael.f.uschold@boeing.com NR 21 TC 7 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0269-8889 J9 KNOWL ENG REV JI Knowl. Eng. Rev. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.1017/S0269888904000050 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 828WY UT WOS:000222005600005 ER PT J AU Kustka, AB Sanudo-Wilhelmy, SA Carpenter, EJ Capone, D Burns, J Sunda, WG AF Kustka, AB Sanudo-Wilhelmy, SA Carpenter, EJ Capone, D Burns, J Sunda, WG TI Iron requirements for dinitrogen- and ammonium-supported growth in cultures of Trichodesmium (IMS 101): Comparison with nitrogen fixation rates and iron: carbon ratios of field populations SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; CYANOBACTERIUM TRICHODESMIUM; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; USE EFFICIENCIES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; N-2 FIXATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; THIEBAUTII; LIGHT; SPP. AB We quantified the relationships among the specific growth rate, intracellular iron content, and steady state iron uptake rate for cultures of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium (IMS 101) grown under differing conditions of Fe and N availability. The Fe quotas necessary to support a moderately Fe-limited growth rate (70% mumax) of 0.1 d(-1) under diazotrophy and ammonium were 38 and 8 mumol mol(-1), indicating a fivefold increased Fe cost for diazotrophy. This increased demand reflects the influences of both the ninefold lower marginal use efficiency and the greater maintenance Fe: C requirement at zero growth rate under diazotrophy (13.5 versus 5.2 mumol mol(-1)). For diazotrophic growth at mu = 0.1 d(-1), we estimate that 19%-53% of the cellular Fe is bound in nitrogenase. Trichodesmium is capable of luxury uptake of at least 13-fold greater amounts of Fe than needed for moderately Fe-limited growth. At least half of the populations sampled from the continental shelf of northern Australia had Fe:C ratios within the range of iron limitation of laboratory cultures. Bottle incubations showed that, after 3-4 d with added iron, a low Fe:C population (21 mumol mol(-1)) had higher N, fixation rates than controls, whereas a high Fe:C population (78 mumol mol(-1)) showed no response. The cellular N:P quotas and N-2 fixation rates were compared to those previously reported for the Atlantic Ocean. Empirically, these data suggest a critical N:P ratio similar to40-50 for the onset of P limitation of growth. Only 10% of the Trichodesmium populations from coastal Australia had N:P ratios within the putative P-limitation range (>40), whereas 40% the Atlantic populations fell within this range. These comparisons, along with those for N fixation versus colony Fe:C ratio, suggest that Fe limitation is more prevalent in the Australia Trichodesmium populations, while P limitation predominates in the Atlantic populations. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Kustka, AB (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 44 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 1869 EP 1884 PG 16 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 723LK UT WOS:000185433700014 ER PT J AU Fertl, D Jefferson, TA Moreno, IB Zerbini, AN Mullin, KD AF Fertl, D Jefferson, TA Moreno, IB Zerbini, AN Mullin, KD TI Distribution of the Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene SO MAMMAL REVIEW LA English DT Review DE Atlantic Ocean; cetacean; habitat preference; marine mammal; sighting; stranding ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; ATLANTIC; CETACEA AB 1. The Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene is found in tropical and warm temperate waters of both the North and South Atlantic Oceans. Confusion surrounding the identifying characteristics of this species has contributed to a general lack of knowledge of this species. 2. We collected and verified a total of 195 records ( 109 sightings, 67 strandings, and 19 captures) of Clymene dolphins. Twenty-five per cent (n = 49) of these records were previously unpublished. Rejected records are discussed in order to clarify the literature. 3. The northernmost locations for the Clymene dolphin are 39degrees17 'N, 74degrees35 'W ( NJ, USA) and 19degrees 1.9'N, 16degrees13.5'W (113 km north of Nouakchott, Mauritania). The southernmost locations are 29degrees 58'S, 50degrees07'W (Tramandai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) and 3degrees 40'S, 18degrees5'W ( off Ascension Island). 4. Clymene dolphins were found in waters with bottom depths ranging from 44 to 4500 m ( mean = 1870 m; SE = 110 m; median = 1675 m; n = 94). A single sighting reported at a location with a bottom depth of 44 m is considered to be atypical, as this species has an otherwise exclusively oceanic distribution. 5. Group sizes ranged from at least one individual in a mixed-species school of spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris to a group of an estimated 1000 animals (mean = 76.1; SE = 11; median = 47; n = 105). Stranding group size ranged from 1 to 46 individuals ( n = 67), with single individuals being most common ( n = 60). There is information available for seven mass strandings, all of which occurred in the south-eastern USA. C1 GeoMarine Inc, Plano, TX 75074 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. GEMARS CECLIMAR, BR-90440150 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Fertl, D (reprint author), GeoMarine Inc, 550 E 15th St, Plano, TX 75074 USA. RI Moreno, Ignacio/I-3235-2012; Zerbini, Alexandre/G-4138-2012 OI Moreno, Ignacio/0000-0001-9854-6033; NR 72 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-1838 J9 MAMMAL REV JI Mammal Rev. PD SEP-DEC PY 2003 VL 33 IS 3-4 BP 253 EP 271 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00033.x PG 19 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 726JP UT WOS:000185596200004 ER PT J AU Kitts, AW Edwards, SF AF Kitts, AW Edwards, SF TI Cooperatives in US fisheries: realizing the potential of the fishermen's collective marketing act SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE fishery cooperatives; Fishermen's Collective Marketing Act; anti-trust AB The economic successes of recent quota-based harvest cooperatives in the Pacific Northwest and an Alaskan salmon marketing cooperative highlight the potential for more extensive forms of collective behavior afforded by the Fishermen's Collective Marketing Act (FCMA) of 1934. Court rulings during the 1930s-1950s clarified what was considered anti-competitive behavior by fishermen's groups, but the lack of controls on entry and harvests in the mostly open access fisheries undermined the full potential of the FCMA. With more fisheries now being managed by limited access and quotas, fishery cooperatives will be better able to share harvest capacity and/or profits, reduce costs, improve product quality, and negotiate prices. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 DOC NOAA NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kitts, AW (reprint author), DOC NOAA NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 27 IS 5 BP 357 EP 366 DI 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00050-2 PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 718YV UT WOS:000185175200001 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, CC AF Lautenbacher, CC TI Taking nature's pulse - All over the globe SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Lautenbacher, CC (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 9 EP 11 PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800002 ER PT J AU Hankin, S Bernard, L Cornillon, P Grassle, F Legler, D Lever, J Worley, S AF Hankin, S Bernard, L Cornillon, P Grassle, F Legler, D Lever, J Worley, S TI Designing the data and communications infrastructure for the US Integrated Ocean Observing System SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Central to the vision of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a data management infrastructure that joins Federal, regional, state, municipal, academic, and commercial partners in a seamless data-sharing framework. The Data Management and Communications (DMAQ Subsystem of IOOS must be capable of integrating the full spectrum of marine data types and products. The design of the DMAC Subsystem is made particularly challenging by three competing factors: 1) Me data types to be integrated are heterogeneous and have complex structure; 2) Me holdings are physically distributed, with some individual partners contributing petabytes; and 3) IOOS is a loose federation of many organizations, large and small, without a corporate management hierarchy. Designing the DMAC Subsystem goes beyond solving problems of software engineering; the most demanding aspects of the solution lie in community behavior. A plan for the subsystem is described. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. USN, Naval Oceanog Off, Stennis Space Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Hankin, S (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 51 EP 54 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800011 ER PT J AU Kite-Powell, HL Colgan, CS Weiher, R AF Kite-Powell, HL Colgan, CS Weiher, R TI Economics of an Integrated Ocean Observing System SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORECASTS AB Improved ocean observing systems will produce better data on ocean phenomena and result in new and improved information about short-term and long-term ocean conditions and weather/climate. This information will be of economic value to a range of industries and activities, including maritime transportation, commercial fishing, agriculture, the energy industries, recreation, and coastal zone management. Our quantitative understanding of these benefits is incomplete, but the evidence to date suggests that benefits from well-targeted investments in integrated ocean observing systems will justify the costs. Work is underway to better quantify these benefits. This paper reviews the "value of information" approach to the economics of ocean observing systems and describes how this approach can be applied to estimate benefits and assist in the design of these systems. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ So Maine, Portland, ME 04103 USA. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Kite-Powell, HL (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 55 EP 66 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800012 ER PT J AU Moersdorf, P Meindl, E AF Moersdorf, P Meindl, E TI Sustained ocean observations and the role of NOAA's Marine Observation Network SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates a network of automated moored buoys in the oceans whose installation began in the early 1970s. What began as a research and development program consolidating independent U.S. buoy projects, by the mid-1980s evolved into an operational activity when the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) was moved into NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS). Except for a few reimbursable projects requiring ocean data, little effort was placed on sustained ocean monitoring, as NDBC focused upon satisfying NWS' mission requirements. NOAA's recent direction to become a "matrix" organization is leading to greater utilization of assets across its line offices. NDBC and its Marine Observing Network (MON) of moored buoys and fixed stations have become recognized as NOAA assets that can help meet NOAA-wide strategic goals. This paper describes some of NDBCs history and the future role it can play as part of a federal "backbone" system to support scientific needs of the community that works in the oceans. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. RP Moersdorf, P (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 67 EP 74 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800013 ER PT J AU Venezia, W Baxley, W Tatro, P Dhanak, M Driscoll, R Beaujean, PP Shock, S Glegg, S An, E Luther, M Weisberg, B DeFerrari, H Williams, N Nguyen, H Shay, N Van Leer, J Dodge, D Gilliam, D Soloviev, A Pomponi, S Crane, M Carter, K AF Venezia, W Baxley, W Tatro, P Dhanak, M Driscoll, R Beaujean, PP Shock, S Glegg, S An, E Luther, M Weisberg, B DeFerrari, H Williams, N Nguyen, H Shay, N Van Leer, J Dodge, D Gilliam, D Soloviev, A Pomponi, S Crane, M Carter, K TI SFOMC: A successful navy and academic partnership providing sustained ocean observation capabilities in the Florida Straits SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEAST FLORIDA; SHELF AB To succeed at developing a nationwide Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), stakeholders in academia, government, and industry must forge and maintain strategic partnerships. The South Florida Ocean Measurement Center (SFOMC) is such a partnership model and mutually beneficial collaboration that is conducting year-in and year-out major at-sea operations, sustaining the operation of a complex array of sub sea sensors, and providing the maintenance and the shore-based infrastructure to support both. The transformation of a longstanding, narrowly focused, and somewhat antiquated (but highly capable) Navy test and evaluation facility is described. Formerly plagued with a decreasing customer base and increasing operational costs, the Center's transformation into this now fully integrated coalition has mitigated these forerunners of extinction while answering both Navy and academic needs. The successful partnership has resulted in modern facilities, a broad customer base, and steadily decreasing costs of operation. Examples are provided that demonstrate the ability of the Navy's South Florida Testing Facility (SFTF) to realize user cost savings and to aid in the convergence of interest and capabilities among a variety of user groups toward the solution of problems of national concern, including naval research, homeland security, and environmental stewardship. C1 USN, Ctr Surface Warfare, S Florida Testing Facil, Washington, DC USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. Natl Coastal Data Dev Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Venezia, W (reprint author), USN, Ctr Surface Warfare, S Florida Testing Facil, Washington, DC USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 EI 1948-1209 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 81 EP 91 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800015 ER PT J AU Wilson, WS Withee, GW AF Wilson, WS Withee, GW TI A question-based approach to the implementation of sustained, systematic observations for the global ocean and climate, using sea level as an example SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The fundamental importance of observations of the Earth is now being recognized by world leaders. Oceanographers have an opportunity, working with their colleagues in the Earth sciences, to implement a sustained, systematic ocean observing system in the context of an Earth observations framework. Using the need for an improved understanding of global sea-level rise as an example, a question-based approach is proposed for ordering and linking elements of the required observing system, as well as defining a schedule of actions needed for the implementation of each. Me elements in this example include a combination of satellite altimeters, tide gauges, and profiling floats. Such an approach could provide a clear understanding of specific objectives and the observing system elements required for each, thereby providing a more compelling rationale for implementation that is easier to communicate to the public. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. RP Wilson, WS (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 124 EP 133 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 755KV UT WOS:000187402800019 ER PT J AU Hooper, JJ Foecke, T Graham, L Weihs, TP AF Hooper, JJ Foecke, T Graham, L Weihs, TP TI The metallurgical analysis of wrought iron from the RMS Titanic SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wrought iron; image analysis; Generalized Method of Cells ID COMPOSITES; CELLS AB In this paper, traditional metallography combined with image analysis, mechanical testing and micromechanical modelling are used to understand the variation in the mechanical properties of wrought iron as a function of its microstructure. Thousands of optical micrographs, taken in order to digitally mosaic the surface features of 35 Titanic rivets, are analysed using an automated image analysis routine, which measures a set of microstructural parameters including particle area per cent, size, aspect ratio and orientation. Results from a series of mechanical tests on small specimens are both qualitatively and quantitatively discussed. Data from the measured microstructural parameters and mechanical testing are combined in the Generalized Method of Cells micromechanical model in order to predict the local mechanical behaviour of wrought iron as a function of microstructure. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM weihs@jhu.edu RI Graham-Brady, Lori L./A-3217-2010; Weihs, Timothy/A-3313-2010 OI Graham-Brady, Lori L./0000-0001-5040-4909; NR 13 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1556 EP 1563 AR PII S0957-0233(03)56710-8 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/307 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 728DF UT WOS:000185699400008 ER PT J AU Dunion, JP Landsea, CW Houston, SH Powell, MD AF Dunion, JP Landsea, CW Houston, SH Powell, MD TI A reanalysis of the surface winds for Hurricane Donna of 1960 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; DROPWINDSONDE; ENVIRONMENT; LANDFALL; FIELDS AB Hurricane Donna, the only major hurricane to strike the United States during the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season, passed over the middle Florida Keys near Sombrero Key before making landfall southeast of Naples, near Goodland, Florida, on 10 September at approximately 1600 UTC. This study makes detailed retrospective surface wind analyses of Hurricane Donna utilizing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division's (HRD) H* Wind surface wind analysis system. Analyses were produced at intervals of 6 h between 1800 UTC 9 September and 1200 UTC 11 September 1960 while the hurricane was close to and over Florida. These analyses depict the storm track as well as the distribution and extent of tropical storm force, 50 kt (25.7 m s(-1)), and the hurricane-force wind radii throughout this time period and include new methodologies for adjusting aircraft flight-level data to the surface in the tropical cyclone core environment. Algorithms were developed to account for the effects of eyewall tilt and the warm core structure typical of tropical cyclones. Additional methods were developed using global positioning system (GPS) dropwindsondes (sondes) to more accurately adjust boundary layer winds to equivalent surface winds. The Kaplan-DeMaria Inland Wind Decay Model was also used for the first time to adjust landfall data being input into the H* Wind system. These data were used to generate low-weighted background fields that helped generate postlandfall wind field analyses of Hurricane Donna. Finally, swaths of peak winds, duration of hurricane- and major hurricane force winds, and wind steadiness were produced to facilitate damage assessment. The information provided by these objective analyses is significantly more detailed than the more limited descriptions of peak winds, storm position, and minimum central pressure available in the National Hurricane Center's (NHC) hurricane database archive (HURDAT). C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RP Dunion, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013; Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945; Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 131 IS 9 BP 1992 EP 2011 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1992:AROTSW>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715BY UT WOS:000184951700003 ER PT J AU Geiger, S Matalon, S Blasbalg, J Tang, MS Eichmiller, FC AF Geiger, S Matalon, S Blasbalg, J Tang, MS Eichmiller, FC TI The clinical effect of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on root surface hypersensitivity SO OPERATIVE DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID TOOTH HYPERSENSITIVITY; DENTIN AB Dentin hypersensitivity is a transient condition that often resolves with the natural sclerotic obturation of dentin tubules. A method of rapidly forming calcium phosphate compounds within these tubules can mimic sclerosis and lead to rapid reduction in hypersensitivity. Amorphous calcium phosphates (ACP) can be formed in situ by the sequential application of calcium and phosphate solutions. In this clinical study, 30 patients with reported dentin hypersensitivity were randomly assigned to parallel treatment or placebo groups. In the experimental treatment group, ACP was formed by topical application of a 1.5 mol/L aqueous solution of CaCl2 followed by topical application of 1.0 mol/L aqueous K3PO4. The placebo group was treated with a topical application of 1.0 mol/L aqueous solution of KCl followed by topical application of distilled water. Treatments were repeated at the 7-day and 28-day recall appointments. Response to air and tactile stimuli were measured immediately before treatment using a visual analog scale initially on day 1, then on days 7, 28 and 180. The results showed that both the experimental and placebo treatments resulted in a reduction in hypersensitivity at 180 days. However, the ACP treatment group showed a much more rapid reduction in hypersensitivity over time. The change in sensitivity was much more apparent using the air stimulus than the tactile stimulus. These results show that topical placement of ACP can rapidly reduce dentin hypersensitivity. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Dent Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eichmiller, FC (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr MS8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU OPERATIVE DENTISTRY INC PI INDIANAPOLIS PA INDIANA UNIV SCHOOL DENTISTRY, ROOM S411, 1121 WEST MICHIGAN ST, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202-5186 USA SN 0361-7734 J9 OPER DENT JI Oper. Dent. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 496 EP 500 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 719YK UT WOS:000185232500004 PM 14531593 ER PT J AU Bolda, EL Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Bolda, EL Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Pseudopotential model of ultracold atomic collisions in quasi-one- and two-dimensional traps SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL LATTICES; SCATTERING; COLD; GAS; TRANSITION; BOSONS AB We describe a model for s-wave collisions between ground-state atoms in optical lattices, considering especially the limits of quasi-one- and two-dimensional axisymmetric harmonic confinement. When the atomic interactions are modeled by an s-wave Fermi pseudopotential, the relative motion energy eigenvalues can easily be obtained. The results show that except for a bound state, the trap eigenvalues are consistent with one- and two-dimensional scattering with renormalized scattering amplitudes. For absolute scattering lengths large compared with the tightest trap width, our model predicts a bound state of low energy and nearly-isotropic wave function extending on the order of the tightest trap width. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bolda, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 34 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 AR 032702 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.032702 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 728KQ UT WOS:000185716700050 ER PT J AU Grohol, D Huang, QZ Toby, BH Lynn, JW Lee, YS Nocera, DG AF Grohol, D Huang, QZ Toby, BH Lynn, JW Lee, YS Nocera, DG TI Powder neutron diffraction analysis and magnetic structure of kagome-type vanadium jarosite NaV3(OD)(6)(SO4)(2) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; METAMAGNET FEBR2; SPIN-GLASS; LATTICE; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; EXCITATIONS; FRUSTRATION; OXIDES; ORDER; COCL2 AB Neutron and x-ray diffraction experiments were performed on pure, deuterated samples of the vanadium jarosite compound, NaV3(OD)(6)(SO4)(2), to investigate its structure and magnetism. The crystal structure was refined using combined single-crystal x-ray and powder neutron diffraction methods. To determine the magnetic structure, neutron powder diffraction measurements were performed at 217 and 16 K. Analysis of the data reveals that the unpaired spins located on the V3+ ions couple ferromagnetically within the V-3(OD)(6)(SO4)(2)- triangles of the Kagome layers with the spins oriented parallel to the layers. Spins in adjacent layers order antiferromagnetically. The temperature dependence of magnetic diffraction peak intensities yields a zero-field critical transition temperature of T-c=34.3(5) K. The intralayer ferromagnetic interaction propagates along the Kagome lattice via the pi-symmetry orbitals of a -[V3+-OD-V3+]- pathway. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YS (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, 13-2153, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 51 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 9 AR 094404 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.094404 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 728LA UT WOS:000185717600053 ER PT J AU Simpkins, MA Hiruki-Raring, LM Sheffield, G Grebmeier, JM Bengtson, JL AF Simpkins, MA Hiruki-Raring, LM Sheffield, G Grebmeier, JM Bengtson, JL TI Habitat selection by ice-associated pinnipeds near St. Lawrence Island, Alaska in March 2001 SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BERING-SEA; CHUKCHI SEAS; PHOCA-HISPIDA; RINGED SEALS; POLYNYA; DIET AB Aerial surveys of ice-associated pinnipeds were conducted south of St. Lawrence Island in March 2001. The observed distributions of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), ribbon seals (Phoca fasciata), ringed seals (P. hispida), spotted seals (P. largha), and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) were compared to the distributions of ice habitat types and benthic communities. Randomization tests were used to investigate habitat selection for each species. Both ringed seals and walruses preferred large ice floes (>48 m in diameter) that were common in the interior ice pack. Spotted seals favored smaller ice floes (<20 m in diameter) common near the ice edge, and bearded seals avoided large floes and preferred transitional habitat between small and large floes. Ringed seals also seemed to prefer areas with greater than 90% sea ice coverage, and bearded seals preferred 70-90% sea ice coverage while avoiding areas with greater than 90% coverage. All species, except spotted seals, were seen most frequently in a region of high benthic biomass, and randomization tests suggested that bearded seals actively selected that region. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Simpkins, MA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Grebmeier, Jacqueline/L-9805-2013 OI Grebmeier, Jacqueline/0000-0001-7624-3568 NR 29 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 26 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 26 IS 9 BP 577 EP 586 DI 10.1007/s00300-003-0527-7 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 715CT UT WOS:000184953500002 ER PT J AU Martin, JW Chin, JW Nguyen, T AF Martin, JW Chin, JW Nguyen, T TI Reciprocity law experiments in polymeric photodegradation: a critical review SO PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on Nanoscale Approaches to Multifunctional Coatings CY AUG 12-17, 2002 CL KEYSTONE, COLORADO DE band theory; photoconductance; photodegradation; photography; polymers; reciprocity law; Schwarzschild law ID PHOTOCATALYTIC STERILIZATION RATES; AQUEOUS TIO2 SUSPENSIONS; VISUAL RECEPTOR PROCESS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DOSE-RESPONSE; IMMUNOLOGICAL-UNRESPONSIVENESS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; LIGHT-INTENSITY; UV-RADIATION AB Accelerating the photodegradation of polymeric materials is of great practical interest in weathering research. Acceleration can be achieved by exposing polymeric materials to a high radiant flux; however, questions have arisen within the weathering community as to whether high radiant flux results can be extrapolated to in-service flux levels. Experiments designed to test this premise are called reciprocity law experiments. An extensive review has been conducted to assess the state-of-the-art of reciprocity law experiments in the photography, photoconductivity, photo-medicine, photobiology, and polymer photodegradation literatures. From this review, the Schwarzschild law (a power law generalization of the reciprocity law) appears to model adequately photoresponse vs. radiant flux for most materials and systems. A band theory model has been presented to explain variations in the Schwarzschild law coefficients and other experimental phenomena commonly associated with reciprocity experiments. Obstacles to the general acceptance of high radiant flux, laboratory-based experiments are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martin, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 201 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9440 J9 PROG ORG COAT JI Prog. Org. Coat. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 47 IS 3-4 BP 292 EP 311 DI 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.08.002 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 756AN UT WOS:000187443800017 ER PT J AU Wang, YC AF Wang, YC TI Frequency dependence of capacitance standards SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB The frequency dependence of a 10 pF transportable fused-silica capacitance standard was measured from 50 Hz to 20 kHz. Its capacitance shows a broad minimum from 1592 Hz to 4 kHz. Due to dielectric relaxation, the capacitance at 50 Hz is fractionally 1.2x10(-6) over the minimum; due to residual inductance, the capacitance at 20 kHz is 0.68x10(-6) over the minimum. The results have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.61x10(-6), 0.32x10(-6), 0.15x10(-6), and 0.37x10(-6) at 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 400 Hz, and 20 kHz, respectively. This will reduce the expanded standard uncertainties for the capacitance calibrations at NIST by a factor of three or four. For this work, we used two reference capacitors. The first reference was a 1 pF cross capacitor chosen for its negligible frequency dependence at low frequencies. The second reference was a 10 pF nitrogen-filled capacitor chosen because it has a very small inductance, thereby reducing problems at higher frequencies. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, YC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 74 IS 9 BP 4212 EP 4215 DI 10.1063/1.1599063 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 713RY UT WOS:000184873200042 ER PT J AU Kemp, PS Gilvear, DJ Armstrong, JD AF Kemp, PS Gilvear, DJ Armstrong, JD TI Do juvenile Atlantic salmon parr track local changes in water velocity? SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting on Environmental Flows for River Systems/4th International Ecohydraulics Symposium CY MAR, 2002 CL CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA DE discharge; velocity; flume; optimal foraging; behaviour; Salmo salar; parr; instream flow models ID IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; BROWN TROUT; PERCEPTUAL CONSTRAINTS; ARTIFICIAL STREAM; STEELHEAD TROUT; SALAR L; HABITAT; SELECTION; WILD; FLOW AB When given a choice of two flows and constant food availability, salmon parr should choose the lower flow if they are to optimize their net energy gain. In a two-choice test carried out in a recirculating flume, there was no significant selection for ranges of naturally occurring high (mean mid-column velocities of 19.5-25.2 cm s(-1)) or low (7.2-10.0 cm s(-1)) summer flows. To test whether this result might indicate that only a proportion of the population chose optimal flows, the positions of the flows were reversed. All fish that initially chose low flow remained site-attached when the flows were reversed. A significant proportion of the fish that initially chose high flow moved when the flows were reversed. Hence, there is no evidence that salmon can integrate energy costs and gains to optimize their feeding positions. However, the behaviour of some individual fish was consistent with a,rule of thumb' of following high flows, which may improve foraging efficiency in natural streams above random in the long but not short term. The findings show that only a fraction of the parr in a population redistribute themselves in response to changes in discharge and therefore a fundamental assumption of some instream flow models is questioned. (C) Crown Copyright 2003. Reproduced with the permission of her majesty's stationery office. Published by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Stirling, Fac Nat Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. RP Kemp, PS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3305 E Commerce St, Pasco, WA 99301 USA. EM paul.kemp@noaa.gov OI Gilvear, David/0000-0003-3859-8290 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1535-1459 EI 1535-1467 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD SEP-DEC PY 2003 VL 19 IS 5-6 BP 569 EP 575 DI 10.1002/rra.727 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 736MJ UT WOS:000186174300013 ER PT J AU Parker, B Hess, K Milbert, D Gill, S AF Parker, B Hess, K Milbert, D Gill, S TI A national vertical datum transformation tool SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Oceanog Operat Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Parker, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 44 IS 9 BP 10 EP 15 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 724DM UT WOS:000185471900002 ER PT J AU Vogel, EM Richter, CA Rennex, BG AF Vogel, EM Richter, CA Rennex, BG TI A capacitance-voltage model for polysilicon-gated MOS devices including substrate quantization effects based on modification of the total semiconductor charge SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE MOS structure; quantum mechanical effects; MOS model; capacitance-voltage; poly-depletion; thin oxides ID HOLE INVERSION-LAYERS; ACCUMULATION LAYERS; SI/SIO2 INTERFACE; OXIDE THICKNESS; SILICON MOSFETS; EFFICIENT; ELECTRON; TRANSPORT; MOBILITY; CENTERS AB We present a model for simulating the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of polysilicon-gated MOS devices with thin oxides. The model includes substrate quantization effects through a modification of the total semiconductor charge. Therefore, solutions for C-V can be quickly obtained without the computational burden of solving over a physical grid. The model includes polysilicon depletion by self-consistently solving the charge balance equation. We conclude with comparisons of the C-V characteristics obtained with this model and those obtained by self-consistent solutions to the Schrodinger and Poisson equations. Good agreement was observed over a wide range of oxide thickness (2.0-15.0 nm) and substrate doping (10(15)-10(18) cm(-3)). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8123,Bldg 225,Room B 370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.vogel@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 EI 1879-2405 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 47 IS 9 BP 1589 EP 1596 DI 10.1016/S0038-1101(03)00099-6 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 698TK UT WOS:000184014700027 ER PT J AU Jian, GJ Shieh, SL McGinley, JA AF Jian, GJ Shieh, SL McGinley, JA TI Precipitation simulation associated with typhoon sinlaku (2002) in Taiwan area using the LAPS diabatic initialization for MM5 SO TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE typhoon quantitative precipitation forecasts; LAPS; diahatic data assimilation; MM5 ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; HURRICANE FLORENCE 1988; TROPICAL CYCLONES; WINTER CYCLONES; RAINFALL RATES; LOCAL ANALYSIS; ISLAND; MODEL; IMPACT; SYSTEM AB A precipitation simulation associated with Typhoon Sinlaku using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) initialized diabatically with the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) is evaluated over the Taiwan area. Two purposes of this paper are to test the performance of the LAPS diabatic data assimilation technique and investigate the impact of the Doppler radar data on the short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts for the typhoon. Typhoon Sinlaku was selected because Doppler radar is one of the most important data sources for an accurate analysis of typhoons and Sinlaku was located close to the Wu-Fen-Shan (WSR-88D) Doppler radar station at north tip of Taiwan during part of its lifetime on 6-7 September 2002. The observed rainfall distribution associated with Sinlaku was closely related to the topography in northern Taiwan. Simulation results show that the MM5 initialized diabatically with LAPS has higher skill for precipitation simulation than the non-LAPS cold start experiment, especially for the higher thresholds in the early portion of model integration (greater than or equal to 10 mm in 0-6 h). The assimilation of the Wu-Fen-Shan Doppler radar data played a key role in the improvement of precipitation simulation owing to improvement in the presentation of typhoon hydrometeoro-logical features, such as clouds and the outer rainband, in the model initial conditions. The presence of these initial hydrometeor species had a beneficial impact on reduced precipitation spin-up time. The use of Doppler radar data also can enhance the forecast definition of typhoon structure and rainhand simulations. However, these radar data only play a minor role on the typhoon track simulation in this case study. Overall, the mesoscale model initialized diabatically with LAPS data assimilation shows improved capability on the typhoon short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts, especially when the Doppler radar data is included. C1 Cent Weather Bur, Taipei, Taiwan. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Jian, GJ (reprint author), Cent Weather Bur, 64 Kuang Yuan Rd, Taipei, Taiwan. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHINESE GEOSCIENCE UNION PI TAIPEI PA PO BOX 23-59, TAIPEI 10764, TAIWAN SN 1017-0839 J9 TERR ATMOS OCEAN SCI JI Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 3 BP 261 EP 288 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 746FT UT WOS:000186736900001 ER PT J AU Scheurer, JA Fausch, KD Bestgen, KR AF Scheurer, JA Fausch, KD Bestgen, KR TI Multiscale processes regulate brassy minnow persistence in a great plains river SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STREAM FISHES; CONSERVATION; MOVEMENT AB Brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni, a threatened species in Colorado, live in harsh, fluctuating stream environments subject to summer drying and winter freezing in the western Great Plains and yet may be capable of rapid dispersal and reproduction during the wet season. We studied brassy minnow populations at multiple spatial scales in the Arikaree River basin of eastern Colorado to determine the underlying mechanisms driving local extinction and colonization and regional persistence. Habitat units in three 6.4-km segments, arrayed across a gradient of stream intermittency from perennial to seasonally dry, were sampled five times in 2000 and 2001, the two driest summers on record. Logistic regression showed that brassy minnow were more likely to persist through summer drying in deeper pools connected to other habitat units and were more likely to persist in pools in the more perennial segments. The main cause of fish extirpation was pool drying, which logistic regression showed was more likely in shallower pools and in the drier segments. Despite poor adult survival in the drier segments, larval brassy minnow were widely distributed in all segments in early summer of both years, indicating substantial movement for recolonization. The dynamic nature of plains streams and the large spatial scales over which brassy minnow carry out their life history require research and management at the intermediate segment scale for effective conservation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Larval Fish Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Scheurer, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RI Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010 NR 35 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 132 IS 5 BP 840 EP 855 DI 10.1577/T02-037 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 723RZ UT WOS:000185446500002 ER PT J AU Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Sousa, M Palczewski, K AF Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Sousa, M Palczewski, K TI Phototransduction: crystal clear SO TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; LIGHT-ACTIVATED RHODOPSIN; HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN; TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS; VISUAL PIGMENT; 2.0 ANGSTROM; BINDING AB Vertebrate visual phototransduction represents one of the best-characterized G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Structural analyses of rhodopsin, G protein, arrestin and several other phototransduction components have revealed common folds and motifs that are important for function. Static and dynamic information has been acquired through the application of X-ray diffraction, solution and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy's, electron and atomic force microscopy's, and a host of indirect structural methods. A comprehensive understanding of phototransduction requires further structural work on individual components and their relevant complexes in solution and the native disk membrane. Given the accelerated pace of structure determination, it is anticipated that this will be the first G-protein-coupled pathway for which a complete molecular description is ultimately available. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Ophthalmol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ridge, KD (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY13286, EY0861, R01 EY008061-16] NR 71 TC 119 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0968-0004 J9 TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI JI Trends Biochem.Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 28 IS 9 BP 479 EP 487 DI 10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00172-5 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 728DQ UT WOS:000185700300007 PM 13678959 ER PT J AU Romanov, P Tarpley, D Gutman, G Carroll, T AF Romanov, P Tarpley, D Gutman, G Carroll, T TI Mapping and monitoring of the snow cover fraction over North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE fractional snow cover; satellite remote sensing ID CANOPY REFLECTANCE; WATER EQUIVALENT; LAND SURFACES; AVHRR DATA; ALBEDO; RESOLUTION; MODEL; ICE; RADIATION; PRODUCTS AB Automated snow maps over North America have been produced at the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 1999. The developed snow-mapping system is based on observations in the visible, middle infrared, infrared, and microwave spectral bands from operational geostationary and polar orbiting meteorological satellites and generates daily maps of snow cover at a spatial resolution of 4 km. Recently, the existing snow-mapping technique was extended to derive the fractional snow cover. To obtain snow fraction, we use measurements of the Imager instrument on board Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The algorithm treats every cloud-clear image pixel as a "mixed scene" consisting of a combination of snow-covered and snow-free land surface. To determine the portion of the pixel that is covered with snow, we employ a linear mixture approach, which relies on the Imager measurements in the visible spectral band. The estimated accuracy of subpixel snow fraction retrievals is about 10%. In this paper, we present a description of the snow cover and snow fraction mapping algorithms. Application of the developed algorithms over North America for three winter seasons from 1999-2000 to 2001-2002 has shown that the spatial distribution of the fractional snow cover over areas affected by seasonal snow closely corresponds to the distribution of the forest cover. The fraction of snow in the middle of the winter season generally varied from 100% over croplands, grasslands, and other nonforested areas to 20-30% over dense boreal forests. The snow fraction over dense boreal forests exhibited a slight intraseason variability; however, no obvious correlation of these changes with snowfalls was noticed. Over areas with no or sparse tree vegetation cover ( croplands, grasslands), snow fraction showed a noticeable correlation with snow depth for snow depths up to 35-40 cm. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NOAA, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RP Romanov, P (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd,Room 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM peter.romanov@noaa.gov; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov; ggutman@nasa.gov; tc@nws.gov RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 NR 46 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 8619 DI 10.1029/2002JD003142 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720GA UT WOS:000185252000001 ER PT J AU Wang, J Christopher, SA Brechtel, F Kim, J Schmid, B Redemann, J Russell, PB Quinn, P Holben, BN AF Wang, J Christopher, SA Brechtel, F Kim, J Schmid, B Redemann, J Russell, PB Quinn, P Holben, BN TI Geostationary satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness during ACE-Asia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ACE-Asia; GMS; geostationary satellites; aerosol retrieval; aerosol optical thickness; dynamic aerosol model ID SUN PHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; GOES-8 IMAGER; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SULFATE AEROSOLS; COLUMN CLOSURE AB [1] Using 30 days of hourly geostationary satellite (GMS5 imager) data and discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) calculations, aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 0.67 mum was retrieved over the west Pacific Ocean (20 degreesN - 45 degreesN, 110 degreesE - 150 degreesE) during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive observation period in April 2001. Different from previous one-channel retrieval algorithms, we have developed a strategy that utilizes in situ and ground measurements to characterize aerosol properties that vary both in space and time. Using Mie calculations and bilognormal size distribution parameters inferred from measurements, the relationship between Angstrom exponent ( a) and the ratio of two volume lognormal modes (gamma) was obtained. On the basis of spectral AOT values inferred from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites, NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers (AATS6 and AATS14) and a Sun photometer on board a ship, a successive correction method (SCM) was used to infer the spatial distribution of a in the study area. Comparisons between the satellite-retrieved AOT and AERONET values over four sites show good agreement with linear coefficients ( R) of 0.86, 0.85, 0.86, and 0.87. The satellite-derived AOTs are also in good agreement with aircraft (R = 0.87) and ship measurements (R = 0.98). The average uncertainty in our AOT retrievals is about 0.08 with a maximum value of 0.15 mainly due to the assumptions in calibration (+/- 0.05), surface reflectance (+/- 0.01 - +/- 0.03), imaginary part of refractive index (+/- 0.05), and SCM-derived a values (+/- 0.02). The monthly mean AOT spatial distribution from GMS5 retrievals in April 2001 clearly shows the transport pattern of aerosols with high AOT near the coast of east Asia and low AOT over the open ocean. Using high temporal resolution satellite data, this paper demonstrates that the diurnal variation in AOT can be retrieved by current generations of geostationary satellites. The next generation of geostationary satellites with better spectral, spatial and radiometric resolution will significantly improve our ability to monitor aerosols and quantify their effects on regional climate. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Brechtel Mfg Inc, Hayward, CA 94544 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Chungnam 357961, South Korea. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM wangjun@nsstc.uah.edu; sundar@nsstc.uah.edu; fredb@bnl.gov; jykim@metri.re.kr; bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; prussell@mail.arc.nasa.gov; quinn@pmel.noaa.gov; brent@spamer.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Wang, Jun/A-2977-2008 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; Wang, Jun/0000-0002-7334-0490 NR 78 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8657 DI 10.1029/2003JD003580 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720GJ UT WOS:000185252800002 ER PT J AU Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V AF Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V TI Sensitivity of the atmospheric lapse rate to solar cloud absorption in a radiative-convective model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE solar cloud forcing; radiative-convective model; indirect aerosol effect ID THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM; BLACK CARBON; AEROSOLS; PARAMETERIZATION; SULFATE; ALBEDO; SMOKE; DUST AB Previous radiative-convective model studies of the radiative forcing due to absorbing aerosols such as soot and dust have revealed a strong dependence on the vertical distribution of the absorbers. In this study, we extend this concept to absorption in cloud layers, using a one-dimensional radiative-convective model employing high, middle, and low cloud representations to investigate the response of the surface temperature and atmospheric lapse rate to increases in visible cloud absorption. The visible single-scattering albedo (ssa) of the clouds is prescribed, ranging from 1.0 to 0.6, where 0.99 is the minimum that would be expected from the presence of absorbing aerosols within the cloud drops on the basis of recent Monterey Area Ship Track ( MAST) Experiment case studies. Simulations are performed with respect to both a constant cloud optical depth and an increasing cloud optical depth and as a function of cloud height. We find that increases in solar cloud absorption tend to warm the troposphere and surface and stabilize the atmosphere, while increases in cloud optical depth cool the troposphere and surface and slightly stabilize the atmosphere between the low cloud top and surface because of the increase in surface cooling. In the absence of considerations involving microphysical or cloud-climate feedbacks, we find that two conditions are required to yield an inversion from a solar cloud absorption perturbation: ( 1) The solar absorption perturbation must be included throughout the tropospheric clouds column, distributing the solar heating to higher altitudes, and ( 2) the ssa of the clouds must be less than or equal to0.6, which is an unrealistically low value. The implication is that there is very little possibility of significant stabilization of the global mean atmosphere due to perturbation of cloud properties given current ssa values. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Erlick, C (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM caryn@dina.es.huji.ac.il; vr@gfdl.noaa.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4522 DI 10.1029/2002JD002966 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720FZ UT WOS:000185251900002 ER PT J AU Chin, M Ginoux, P Lucchesi, R Huebert, B Weber, R Anderson, T Masonis, S Blomquist, B Bandy, A Thornton, D AF Chin, M Ginoux, P Lucchesi, R Huebert, B Weber, R Anderson, T Masonis, S Blomquist, B Bandy, A Thornton, D TI A global aerosol model forecast for the ACE-Asia field experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ACE-Asia; forecast; global model ID GOCART MODEL; DUST AEROSOL; SATELLITE AB We present the results of aerosol forecast during the ACE-Asia field experiment in spring 2001, using the Georgia Tech/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport ( GOCART) model and the meteorological forecast fields from the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS). The model provides direct information on aerosol optical thickness and concentrations for effective flight planning, while feedbacks from measurements constantly evaluate the model for successful model improvements. We verify the model forecast skill by comparing model-predicted aerosol quantities and meteorological variables with those measured by the C-130 aircraft. The GEOS DAS meteorological forecast system shows excellent skills in predicting winds, relative humidity, and temperature, with skill scores usually in the range of 0.7-0.99. The model is also skillful in forecasting pollution aerosols, with most scores above 0.5. The model correctly predicted the dust outbreak events and their trans-Pacific transport, but it constantly missed the high dust concentrations observed in the boundary layer. We attribute this "missing" dust source to desertification regions in the Inner Mongolia Province in China, which have developed in recent years but were not included in the model during forecasting. After incorporating the desertification sources, the model is able to reproduce the observed boundary layer high dust concentrations over the Yellow Sea. We demonstrate that our global model can not only account for the large-scale intercontinental transport but also produce the small-scale spatial and temporal variations that are adequate for aircraft measurements planning. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Data Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP NASA, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM chin@rondo.gsfc.nasa.gov; pag@gfdl.noaa.gov; rlucchesi@dao.gsfc.nasa.gov; huebert@hawaii.edu; rweber@eas.gatech.edu; tadand@atmos.washington.edu; sarahd@atmos.washington.edu; blomquis@hawaii.edu; bandyar@drexel.edu; dct@drexel.edu RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Doherty, Sarah/D-5592-2015 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Doherty, Sarah/0000-0002-7796-6968 NR 25 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8654 DI 10.1029/2003JD003642 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720GG UT WOS:000185252600001 ER PT J AU Aray, Y Marquez, M Rodriguez, J Coll, S Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Weitz, DA AF Aray, Y Marquez, M Rodriguez, J Coll, S Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Weitz, DA TI Electrostatics for exploring the nature of water adsorption on the laponite sheets' surface SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; INTERLAYER STRUCTURE; HARTREE-FOCK; MONTE-CARLO; HYDRATION; CLAYS; MOLECULES; IMPLEMENTATION; KAOLINITE; INTERFACE AB In this work, the topology of the electrostatic potential using density functional theory for periodic systems was used to study the nature of the interaction of water with laponite surfaces; an uncharged sheet model was also used. The topological analysis predicts that for uncharged surfaces the adsorption mode is such that the water molecules are adsorbed almost parallel to the surface. For laponite surfaces, where there is a net charge, the adsorption mode involves electrostatic repulsion between the negative lone pairs on the water molecules and the ones on the surface oxygen atoms. As a consequence, the water molecules bind to the surface in a perpendicular and tilted approach, minimizing the repulsive interactions. The advantage of using the topology of the electrostatic potential as an efficient method to describe the electrostatic interactions between adsorbates and surfaces is also discussed. C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kraft Gen Foods Inc, R&D, Nanotechnol Lab, Glenview, IL 60025 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, DEAS, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Aray, Y (reprint author), Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Apartado 21287, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD AUG 28 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 34 BP 8946 EP 8952 DI 10.1021/jp0302257 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 715JH UT WOS:000184968000034 ER PT J AU Swenson, S Wahr, J Milly, PCD AF Swenson, S Wahr, J Milly, PCD TI Estimated accuracies of regional water storage variations inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE time-variable gravity; groundwater; soil moisture; water storage; water budget ID ENERGY BALANCES; SOIL-MOISTURE; LAND WATER; VARIABILITY; MODEL; FIELD; SCALES AB [1] The satellite Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE) provides data describing monthly changes in the geoid, which are closely related to changes in vertically integrated terrestrial water storage. Unlike conventional point or gridded hydrologic measurements, such as those from rain gauges, stream gauges, rain radars, and radiometric satellite images, GRACE data are sets of Stokes coefficients in a truncated spherical harmonic expansion of the geoid. Swenson and Wahr [2002] describe techniques for constructing spatial averaging kernels, with which the average change in vertically integrated water storage within a given region can be extracted from a set of Stokes coefficients. This study extends that work by applying averaging kernels to a realistic synthetic GRACE gravity signal derived in part from a large-scale hydrologic model. By comparing the water storage estimates inferred from the synthetic GRACE data with the water storage estimates predicted by the same hydrologic model, we are able to assess the accuracy of the GRACE estimates and to compare the performance of different averaging kernels. We focus specifically on recovering monthly water storage variations within North American river basins. We conclude that GRACE will be capable of estimating monthly changes in water storage to accuracies of better than 1 cm of water thickness for regions having areas of 4.0 . 10(5) km(2) or larger. Accuracies are better for larger regions. The water storage signal of the Mississippi river basin (area = 3.9 . 10(6) km(2)), for example, can be obtained to better than 5 mm. For regional- to global-scale water balance analyses, this result indicates that GRACE will provide a useful, direct measure of seasonal water storage for river-basin water balance analyses; such data are without precedent in hydrologic analysis. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Swenson, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Campus Box 390, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 20 TC 119 Z9 124 U1 7 U2 54 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG 28 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 8 AR 1223 DI 10.1029/2002WR001808 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 720HJ UT WOS:000185255100004 ER PT J AU Bakwin, PS Tans, PP Stephens, BB Wofsy, SC Gerbig, C Grainger, A AF Bakwin, PS Tans, PP Stephens, BB Wofsy, SC Gerbig, C Grainger, A TI Strategies for measurement of atmospheric column means of carbon dioxide from aircraft using discrete sampling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; column mean; column integral; COBRA; flask sampling ID TALL TOWER; CO2; SYSTEM; AIR AB [1] Automated flask sampling aboard small charter aircraft has been proposed as a low-cost, reliable method to greatly increase the density of measurements of CO2 mixing ratios in continental regions in order to provide data for assessment of global and regional CO2 budgets. We use data from the CO2 Budget and Rectification-Airborne 2000 campaign over North America to study the feasibility of using discrete ( flask) sampling to determine column mean CO2 in the lowest 4 km of the atmosphere. To simulate flask sampling, data were selected from profiles of CO2 measured continuously with an onboard ( in situ) analyzer. We find that midday column means can be determined without bias relative to true column means measured by the in situ analyzer to within 0.15 and better than 0.10 ppm by using 10 and 20 instantaneously collected flask samples, respectively. More precise results can be obtained by using a flask sampling strategy that linearly integrates over portions of the air column. Using less than 8 - 10 flasks can lead to significant sampling bias for some common profile shapes. Sampling prior to the breakup of the nocturnal stable layer will generally lead to large sampling bias because of the inability of aircraft to probe large CO2 gradients that often exist very close to the ground at night and during the early morning. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Bakwin, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM pbakwin@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Stephens, Britton/B-7962-2008; Gerbig, Christoph/L-3532-2013 OI Stephens, Britton/0000-0002-1966-6182; Gerbig, Christoph/0000-0002-1112-8603 NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4514 DI 10.1029/2002JD003306 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720FT UT WOS:000185251300005 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Solomon, S Miller, HL Langford, AO Portmann, RW Eubank, CS AF Daniel, JS Solomon, S Miller, HL Langford, AO Portmann, RW Eubank, CS TI Retrieving cloud information from passive measurements of solar radiation absorbed by molecular oxygen and O-2-O-2 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cloud height; remote sensing; oxygen absorption ID SCATTERING ATMOSPHERE; LINE ABSORPTION; A-BAND; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; PART II; CLIMATE; ALTITUDE; SATELLITE; MODEL; WATER AB [1] The ability to retrieve key information about clouds from observations of atmospheric absorption by molecular oxygen along with the O-2-O-2 collision complex is examined. Specifically, the fractional absorption of scattered solar radiation in the oxygen A and B bands and the 477 nm O-2-O-2 absorption band at moderate resolution (0.5 - 6.0 nm) is shown to allow estimates to be made not only of cloud optical depth but also of cloud base and top heights from a down-looking observing platform above cloud level. We first demonstrate through theoretical calculations that these cloud parameters can be accurately retrieved from measurements of fractional absorption at this moderate resolution and with no requirement of absolutely calibrated radiances. Further, it is shown that the addition of B band and O-2-O-2 absorption information to A band observations can decrease the uncertainty in these cloud parameter estimates by more than 50% ( depending on the cloud's properties) compared to using A band information alone. The theoretical analysis is supported by sample, above-cloud measurements of the oxygen A band fractional absorption associated with hurricane Michelle over the Gulf of Mexico. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the cloud base and top heights inferred from cloud photographs and from dropsonde relative humidity data, demonstrating the capability of this approach for improved cloud remote sensing. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL8,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jdaniel@al.noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Miller, Henry/D-7628-2013; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; Miller, Henry/0000-0002-7155-8314; NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4515 DI 10.1029/2002JD002994 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720FT UT WOS:000185251300002 ER PT J AU Markowicz, KM Flatau, PJ Quinn, PK Carrico, CM Flatau, MK Vogelmann, AM Bates, D Liu, M Rood, MJ AF Markowicz, KM Flatau, PJ Quinn, PK Carrico, CM Flatau, MK Vogelmann, AM Bates, D Liu, M Rood, MJ TI Influence of relative humidity on aerosol radiative forcing: An ACE-Asia experiment perspective SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; forcing; ACE-Asia; humidity; optical depth ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; SUN PHOTOMETER; UNITED-STATES; SURFACE; SATELLITE; CLOUDS; MODEL; CALIBRATION AB We present direct radiometric observations of aerosol radiative forcing during the ACE-Asia experiment (March and April of 2001). The observational analysis is based on radiometer data obtained from the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown, and shipboard measurements of the aerosol chemical and scattering properties are used to construct a model of the aerosol optical properties for use in radiative transfer calculations. The model is validated against the radiometric observations and is used to diagnose the aerosol and environmental factors that contribute to the observed forcings. The mean value of aerosol optical thickness observed during the ACE-Asia cruise over the Sea of Japan was 0.43 (+/-0.25) at 500 nm, while the single-scattering albedo was 0.95 (+/-0.03) at ambient relative humidity. We find a large correlation (r(2) = 0.69) between single-scattering albedo and relative humidity. Aerosols caused a mean decrease in the diurnally averaged solar radiation of 26.1 W m(-2) at the surface, while increasing the atmospheric solar absorption and top of atmosphere reflected solar radiation by 13.4 W m(-2) and 12.7 W m(-2), respectively. The mean surface aerosol forcing efficiency (forcing per unit optical depth) over the Sea of Japan was -60 W m(-2) and is influenced by high values of relative humidity. We show that decreasing the relative humidity to 55% enhances the aerosol forcing efficiency by as much as 6-10 W m(-2). This dependency on relative humidity has implications for comparisons of aerosol forcing efficiencies between different geographical locations. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Geophys, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Markowicz, KM (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Geophys, Pasteura 7, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. EM kmark@igf.fuw.edu.pl RI Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Vogelmann, Andrew/M-8779-2014; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Vogelmann, Andrew/0000-0003-1918-5423; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 36 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8662 DI 10.1029/2002JD003066 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720GF UT WOS:000185252500001 ER PT J AU George, M Snyder, SL Terech, P Glinka, CJ Weiss, RG AF George, M Snyder, SL Terech, P Glinka, CJ Weiss, RG TI N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides as low molecular-mass organogelators SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEMIFLUORINATED NORMAL-ALKANES; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; HANDED SILICA STRUCTURES; L-LYSINE DERIVATIVES; ACID) OXALYL AMIDES; ORGANIC LIQUIDS; HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS; PHASE-SEPARATION; GELLING AGENTS; HELICAL SILICA AB A new class of low molecular-mass organogelators (LMOGs), N-alkyl perfluoroalkanamides, F(CF2)(n)CONH(CH2)(m)H, is described. The molecules are designed to exploit the incompatibilities of their three molecular parts, and the results demonstrate that this strategy can be used to tune molecular aggregation and gel stability. The gelating properties of these LMOGs have been examined in a wide variety of organic liquids (including alkanes, alcohols, toluene, n-perfluorooctane, CCl4, and DMSO) as a function of the N-alkyl and perfluoroalkyl chain lengths by X-ray diffraction, polarizing optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The gels are thermally reversible and require generally very low concentrations (<2 wt %) of LMOG. Several of the gels are stable for very long periods at room temperature. The incompatibility of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon segments causes the LMOGs to aggregate, probably into lamellae within the fibrils that constitute the basic unit of the gel networks. The SANS studies show that the cross-sections of fibers in the gel networks of LMOGs with shorter perfluoroalkyl chains are much larger than those with longer ones. Comparisons with the gelating properties of some analogous esters (F(CF2)(n)CO2(CH2)(m)H) and diblock perfluoroalkylalkanes (F(CF2)(n)(CH2)(m)H) indicate that additional ordering within the aggregate units is enforced by the intermolecular H bonding among amide groups that is evidenced by IR spectroscopy. Analyses of these results and structure/solvent correlations are provided. C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. CEA, UMR 5819, Lab Physicochim Mol, F-38054 Grenoble 09, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Weiss, RG (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM weissr@georgetown.edu NR 78 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 27 PY 2003 VL 125 IS 34 BP 10275 EP 10283 DI 10.1021/ja0362407 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 714ND UT WOS:000184919600034 PM 12926951 ER PT J AU Karl, T Jobson, T Kuster, WC Williams, E Stutz, J Shetter, R Hall, SR Goldan, P Fehsenfeld, F Lindinger, W AF Karl, T Jobson, T Kuster, WC Williams, E Stutz, J Shetter, R Hall, SR Goldan, P Fehsenfeld, F Lindinger, W TI Use of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry to characterize volatile organic compound sources at the La Porte super site during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PTR-MS; VOC; air quality; Houston; ozone ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE; URBAN; HYDROCARBONS; EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE; FORMALDEHYDE; CHEMISTRY; HOUSTON; ACETONE AB Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was deployed for continuous real-time monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a site near the Houston Ship Channel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000. Overall, 28 ions dominated the PTR-MS mass spectra and were assigned as anthropogenic aromatics ( e. g., benzene, toluene, xylenes) and hydrocarbons ( propene, isoprene), oxygenated compounds ( e. g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, C-7 carbonyls), and three nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., HCN, acetonitrile and acrylonitrile). Biogenic VOCs were minor components at this site. Propene was the most abundant lightweight hydrocarbon detected by this technique with concentrations up to 100+ nmol mol(-1), and was highly correlated with its oxidation products, formaldehyde (up to similar to40 nmol mol(-1)) and acetaldehyde (up to similar to80 nmol/mol), with typical ratios close to 1 in propene-dominated plumes. In the case of aromatic species the high time resolution of the obtained data set helped in identifying different anthropogenic sources (e.g., industrial from urban emissions) and testing current emission inventories. A comparison with results from complimentary techniques (gas chromatography, differential optical absorption spectroscopy) was used to assess the selectivity of this on-line technique in a complex urban and industrial VOC matrix and give an interpretation of mass scans obtained by "soft" chemical ionization using proton-transfer via H3O+. The method was especially valuable in monitoring rapidly changing VOC plumes which passed over the site, and when coupled with meteorological data it was possible to identify likely sources. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ionenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Karl, T (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM Tom.Jobson@pnl.gov RI Karl, Thomas/D-1891-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014 OI Karl, Thomas/0000-0003-2869-9426; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 33 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4508 DI 10.1029/2002JD003333 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 720FR UT WOS:000185251200002 ER PT J AU Cosca, CE Feely, RA Boutin, J Etcheto, J McPhaden, MJ Chavez, FP Strutton, PG AF Cosca, CE Feely, RA Boutin, J Etcheto, J McPhaden, MJ Chavez, FP Strutton, PG TI Seasonal and interannual CO2 fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from fCO(2)-SST relationships SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE CO2 flux; equatorial Pacific oceanography; fCO(2)-SST relationships; CO2 modeling; seasonal CO2 flux; interannual CO2 flux ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; 1997-98 EL-NINO; PARTIAL-PRESSURE; PCO(2) MEASUREMENTS; VARIABILITY; DISTRIBUTIONS; WATER; SYSTEM AB In order to determine high-resolution variations of CO2 distributions in the equatorial Pacific, we have developed seasonal and interannual fCO(2)-SST relationships from shipboard data. The data were gathered onboard NOAA ships from 1992 through 2001. The cruises during the 10-year period included 89 transects of the equatorial Pacific between 95degreesW and 165degreesE, and spanned two El Nino events (1992-1994 and 1997-1998). Data were collected during the equatorial warm season (January-June) and cool season (July-December) as well as during all phases of the ENSO cycle, making it possible to examine the interannual and seasonal variability of the fCO(2)-SST relationship. There is a significant difference between the regression lines for El Nino versus non-El Nino data sets. During both non-El Nino and El Nino periods we observed seasonal differences in the fCO(2)-temperature relationship. With respect to the non-El Nino period, the seasonal regression lines have lower root mean square (rms) deviations than the composite non-El Nino regression line, and the slopes are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. The slope for the cool season is less negative than the slope for the warm season, suggesting higher biological productivity occurs during the latter half of the year. The derived fCO(2)-SST relationships have been combined with satellite-based temperature data to provide a composite time-space map of fCO(2) in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and corresponding fluxes for the period between 1985 and 2001. The mean flux for the 16-year record is 0.3 +/- 0.1 PgC yr(-1) for an area that covers approximately half of the Pacific equatorial belt. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Paris 06, OSTROM, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, CNRS,UMR 7617, Paris, France. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Cosca, CE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Strutton, Peter/C-4466-2011; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; Boutin, Jacqueline/M-2253-2016 OI Strutton, Peter/0000-0002-2395-9471; NR 34 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C8 AR 3278 DI 10.1029/2000JC000677 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 720GL UT WOS:000185253000001 ER PT J AU Lynn, RJ Bograd, SJ Chereskin, TK Huyer, A AF Lynn, RJ Bograd, SJ Chereskin, TK Huyer, A TI Seasonal renewal of the California Current: The spring transition off California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE California Current; spring transition; upwelling; eastern boundary current ID CURRENT SYSTEM; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL OCEAN; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; UPWELLING REGION; WATER MASSES; OREGON; STATE; CIRCULATION AB A pair of high-resolution oceanographic surveys in March and April 1995 revealed a large and rapid transition from late winter to spring conditions in the coastal zone off central and southern California. These data are unique in capturing the detailed three-dimensional physical structure of and biological response to the spring transition in the southern California Current System (CCS). Changes associated with the transition included a strong tilting of isopycnals, which lifted by up to 60 m near the coast and dropped 20-40 m offshore, a subsequent increase in cross-shore density gradients, the development of a strong nearshore equatorward jet, and an increase in net equatorward transport from the shelf break out to 300 km offshore. The most dramatic physical changes were confined to the shoreward 150 km and extended at least to the depth of the core of the California Undercurrent (similar to300 m). In response to these physical changes, there was an apparent strong increase in primary productivity, as indicated by changes in nearshore vertically integrated fluorescence and beam attenuation coefficient. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the CCS were near seasonal norms in the winter and spring of 1995, implying that a transition of the magnitude and rapidity observed here may be an annual event. Furthermore, the development of the coastal upwelling jet was independent of the winter manifestation of the main core of the California Current, which was maintained well off shore. This suggests that the California Current is regenerated seasonally through the development and offshore evolution of the coastal upwelling jet. It is not known whether the new jet joins and strengthens or replaces the offshore core of the previous winter. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, NOAA, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lynn, RJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, POB 348, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 30 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C8 AR 3279 DI 10.1029/2003JC001787 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 720GL UT WOS:000185253000004 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Ruegg, ML Balsara, NP Zhu, YQ Gido, SP Krishnamoorti, R Kim, MH AF Lee, JH Ruegg, ML Balsara, NP Zhu, YQ Gido, SP Krishnamoorti, R Kim, MH TI Phase behavior of highly immiscible polymer blends stabilized by a balanced block copolymer surfactant SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TERNARY HOMOPOLYMER/DIBLOCK BLENDS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MULTICOMPONENT POLYOLEFIN BLENDS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; COPOLYMER/HOMOPOLYMER BLENDS; BICONTINUOUS MICROEMULSIONS; THERMODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS; MIXTURES; POLYBUTADIENE AB The phase behavior of mixtures of polyisobutylene (PIB), polyethylene (PE), and a symmetric polyethylene-block-head-to-head polypropylene copolymer (PE-PP) was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle neutron and light scattering. The thermodynamic interactions between PE/PP and PE/PIB are repulsive (Flory-Huggins parameter chi > 0 and decreases with increasing temperature), while those between PP/PIB are attractive (chi < 0 and increases with increasing temperature). When the PE-PP copolymer is added to a 50/50 PE/PIB mixture, the resulting phase diagram in temperature-copolymer composition space exhibits many of the characteristics of "fish-shaped" phase diagrams found in oil/water mixtures stabilized by balanced surfactants. This is due to the interplay between the different chi parameters that characterize the system. Lamellar phases, single droplet microemulsions, and bicontinuous microemulsions were observed. The length scales of these structures and the locations of the phase transition points on the phase diagram determined by TEM and scattering are in reasonable agreement. Phase transitions from a lamellar phase to a single droplet microemulsion phase, and from a bicontinuous microemulsion to a macrophase-separated structure, have been identified. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NIST, Ctr High Resolut Neutron Scattering, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Balsara, NP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/F-7914-2011 OI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/0000-0001-5831-502X NR 69 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD AUG 26 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 17 BP 6537 EP 6548 DI 10.1021/ma0340356 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 714YR UT WOS:000184943100037 ER PT J AU Duewer, DL Choquette, SJ O'Neal, L Filliben, JJ AF Duewer, DL Choquette, SJ O'Neal, L Filliben, JJ TI Rare-earth glass reference materials for near-infrared spectrometry: sources of x-axis location variability SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (CAC 2002) CY SEP 22-26, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON DE material homogeneity; optical filters; principal components analysis (PCA); spectrometer x-axis calibration; temperature correction AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently introduced two optical filter standards for wavelength/wavenumber calibration of near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers. Standard Reference Material(R)s (SRM(R)s) 2035 and 2065 were fabricated in lots of approximate to100 units each from separate melts of nominally identical rare-earth glass. Since individual filter certification is extremely time-consuming and thus costly, economic production of these SRMs required the ability to batch certify band locations. Given the specification that the combined uncertainty for the location of the bands in a given filter should be less than or equal to0.2 cm(-1), rigorous evaluation of material heterogeneity was required to demonstrate the adequacy of batch certification for these materials. Among-filter variation in measured band locations convolves any influence of material heterogeneity with that of environmental, procedural, and instrumental artifacts. While univariate analysis of variance established band-specific heterogeneity upper bounds, it did not provide quantitative descriptions of the other possible sources for the observed measurement variability. Principal components analysis enabled both the identification and isolation of the most important NIR band location variances among the SRM 2065 filters. After correction for these variance sources, the upper bound on the material heterogeneity was determined to be 0.03 cm(-1) for all bands. Since this is a small part of the measurement uncertainty, we conclude that batch analysis provides an acceptable certification approach for these and similarly fabricated rare-earth glass reference materials. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duewer, DL (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 490 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(03)00061-8 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 716UP UT WOS:000185047900008 ER PT J AU Levin, I Leapman, RD Kovler, M Roizin, Y AF Levin, I Leapman, RD Kovler, M Roizin, Y TI Radiation-induced nitrogen segregation during electron energy loss spectroscopy of silicon oxide-nitride-oxide stacks SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in both fixed-probe transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM) was used to measure elemental profiles of Si, O, and N in the SiOx/SixNy/SiOx/poly-Si stacks deposited on silicon. The results revealed radiation-induced nitrogen segregation to both the Si/SiOx and SiOx/poly-Si interfaces; the extent of nitrogen segregation increased visibly with increasing the radiation dose. The nitrogen diffusion through the oxide layers apparently was accompanied by the diffusion of oxygen into the nitride. Low-noise artifact-free nitrogen profiles across the Si/SiOx interfaces were obtained in STEM by scanning the beam parallel to the layers. These measurements indicated lack of detectable nitrogen segregation to the interfaces. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIH, Div Bioengn & Phys Sci, ORS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tower Semicond Ltd, IL-23105 Migdal Haemeq, Israel. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM igor.levin@nist.gov RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1548 EP 1550 DI 10.1063/1.1604182 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 713EN UT WOS:000184844100018 ER PT J AU Fahay, MP Nielsen, JG AF Fahay, MP Nielsen, JG TI Ontogenetic evidence supporting a relationship between Brotulotaenia and Lamprogrammus (Ophidiiformes : Ophidiidae) based on the morphology of exterilium and rubaniform larvae SO ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Ophidiidae; Brotulaenia; Lamprogrammus; larvae ID FISH; ATLANTIC; PISCES AB Analysis of the "Dana" collection of larval fishes yielded 36 exterilium larvae and 17 rubaniform larvae, referable to the Ophidiidae. Both larval types reach large sizes before transformation and are characterized by an exterilium gut, although it is less strongly expressed in rubaniform larvae. Both have early-forming, elongate, descending processes of the coracoid that serve to support the trailing intestines. Both have a greatly reduced pelvic girdle attached to a stalklike cartilaginous structure, resulting in a pelvic fin origin well posterior to the cleithral symphysis, a position that is without precedent in the family Ophidiidae. Both of these larval types also strongly display an anterior to posterior developmental sequence, lose the pelvic fin rays at transformation, and have extraordinarily elongate proximal radials supporting their dorsal and anal fins and modified proximal radials supporting the anterior dorsal fin rays. After examination of these larvae and reference to 5 previously described exterilium larvae and I previously described rubaniform larva. we conclude that they belong to Lamprogrammus (three species) and Brotulotaenia (four species), respectively. The most recent classification of the Ophidiidae places Brotulotaenia in the monotypic subfamily Brotulotaeniinae, and Lamprogrammus in the subfamily Neobythitinae along with 37 other genera. The latter subfamily is an unwieldy assemblage for which monophyly has never been established. Ontogenetic evidence suggests a closer relationship between Brotulotaenia and Lamprogrammus, and the most economical reorganization of the ophidiids would involve incorporating the latter genus into the Brotulotaeniinae. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fishery Sci Ctr, Sandy Hook Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Fahay, MP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fishery Sci Ctr, Sandy Hook Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 1341-8998 J9 ICHTHYOL RES JI Ichthyol. Res. PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 50 IS 3 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1007/s10228-003-0159-5 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 719KQ UT WOS:000185202600001 ER PT J AU Roos, PA Quraishi, Q Cundiff, ST Bhat, RDR Sipe, JE AF Roos, PA Quraishi, Q Cundiff, ST Bhat, RDR Sipe, JE TI Characterization of quantum interference control of injected currents in LT-GaAs for carrier-envelope phase measurements SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; GENERATION; PULSES; PHOTOCURRENT; LASERS AB We use two mutually coherent, harmonically related pulse trains to experimentally characterize quantum interference control (QIC) of injected currents in low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide. We observe real-time QIC interference fringes, optimize the QIC signal fidelity, uncover critical signal dependences regarding beam spatial position on the sample, measure signal dependences on the fundamental and second harmonic average optical powers, and demonstrate signal characteristics that depend on the focused beam spot sizes. Following directly from our motivation for this study, we propose an initial experiment to measure and ultimately control the carrier-envelope phase evolution of a single octave-spanning pulse train using the QIC phenomenon. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Roos, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM roos@jilau1.colorado.edu; rbhat@physics.utoronto.ca RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 11 IS 17 BP 2081 EP 2090 DI 10.1364/OE.11.002081 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 715BT UT WOS:000184951200016 PM 19466094 ER PT J AU van den Dool, H Huang, J Fan, Y AF van den Dool, H Huang, J Fan, Y TI Performance and analysis of the constructed analogue method applied to US soil moisture over 1981-2001 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE constructed analog; soil moisture; monthly forecast; surface hydrology ID UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; LONG; PRECIPITATION; FORECASTS AB We have conducted an experiment to assess the real time skill in monthly and seasonal predictions based solely on patterns of antecedent hydrological information over the United States. The hydrological information is contained in a proxy for soil moisture at 102 locations over the lower 48 states. This soil moisture is calculated over the years 1931 to present from a local hydrological equation taking monthly precipitation (P) and temperature (T) as input, and producing soil moisture (w), evaporation (E), runoff (R), and loss to groundwater (G) as output. The initial condition (IC) for the forecast procedure is soil moisture over the United States at the end of the month (w30). We constructed an analogue to the w30 fields, i.e., made linear combinations of soil moisture fields at the same time of year in years past to reproduce the IC to within a small tolerance. The coefficients assigned to the years past are then made to persist, and the subsequent development in the historical years is linearly combined to form a forecast. This method has been running at CPC in real time since 1998, and we added 1981-1997 in "retroactive real time" mode to form a large enough sample. In total, we considered both seasonal and monthly forecasts at leads of -1 to +6 months for 1981-2001, for the elements w30, E, T, and P. From the outset, we wanted to investigate nonlocal forecast methods, considering local effects, on evaporation and temperature mainly, as being established already and well documented [ Huang et al., 1996]. In a nonlocal method we entertain the possibility of precipitation (the response) falling downstream of a soil moisture anomaly (forcing). We found that we have about a 0.6 correlation in forecasting monthly soil moisture with a lead of one month (i.e., July at the end of May). This figure is higher in spring and somewhat lower in the early fall. The capability to forecast evaporation anomalies is very seasonal. During the cold half of the year, when E anomalies resemble T anomalies, the correlation is only 0.2-0.3, but in summer, when E anomalies resemble w anomalies, the skill of forecasts goes up to 0.6. We thus have some insight into patterns of anomalous water vapor input from the land surface into the lower atmosphere on a continental scale. Skill of forecasting T is modest, reaching 0.2-0.3 in many months and seasons, but there is no clear seasonal dependence that relates to the presumed physics of land atmosphere interactions. Skill in forecasting P is quite low, barely 0.1 in correlation, but +ve in all months and seasons. We did alternative experiments where the constructed analogue was built on E, T, or P instead of w and verified the forecast of all elements likewise. We found initial w to be the best for forecasting w itself and indeed for forecasting the other fields as well! This is important testimony that soil moisture is indeed the key, as has been suspected by many for ages. C1 NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, WWB, W-NP51 Room 604,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM huug.vandendool@noaa.gov NR 29 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 23 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 8617 DI 10.1029/2002JD003114 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715XH UT WOS:000184999200001 ER PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Morgan, AB Antonucci, JM VanLandingham, MR Harris, RH Awad, WH Shields, JR AF Kashiwagi, T Morgan, AB Antonucci, JM VanLandingham, MR Harris, RH Awad, WH Shields, JR TI Thermal and flammability properties of a silica-poly(methylmethacrylate) nanocomposite SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nanocomposite; silica; poly(metheylmethacrylate); flammability ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; IN-SITU; POLYMER; HYBRID; POLYPROPYLENE; MORPHOLOGY; STABILITY AB PMMA, poly(metheylmethacrylate), nanocomposites were made by in situ radical polymerization of MMA, methylmethacrylate, with colloidal silica (ca. 12 nm) to study the effects of nanoscale silica particles on the physical properties and flammability properties of PMMA. Transparent samples resulted and the dispersity of the particles was examined by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The addition of nanosilica particles (13% by mass) did not significantly change the thermal stability, but it made a small improvement in modulus, and it reduced the peak heat release rate roughly 50%. Last, the flame-retardant mechanism provided by the addition of nanosilica particles in PMMA is discussed. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), NIST, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 24 TC 158 Z9 163 U1 4 U2 53 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD AUG 22 PY 2003 VL 89 IS 8 BP 2072 EP 2078 DI 10.1002/app.12307 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 694DE UT WOS:000183757900010 ER PT J AU Harris, AB Yildirim, T Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY AF Harris, AB Yildirim, T Aharony, A Entin-Wohlman, O Korenblit, IY TI Unusual symmetries in the Kugel-Khomskii Hamiltonian SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SPIN DYNAMICS; LATIO3; SUPEREXCHANGE; ANISOTROPIES; BEHAVIOR; ORBIT AB The Kugel-Khomskii Hamiltonian for cubic titanates describes spin and orbital superexchange interactions between d(1) ions having threefold degenerate t(2g) orbitals. Since orbitals do not couple along "inactive" axes, perpendicular to the orbital planes, the total number of electrons in \alpha> orbitals in any such plane and the corresponding total spin are both conserved. A Mermin-Wagner construction shows that there is no long-range spin ordering at nonzero temperatures. Inclusion of spin-orbit coupling allows such ordering, but even then the excitation spectrum is gapless due to a continuous symmetry. Thus, the observed order and gap require more symmetry breaking terms. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Harris, AB (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; ENTIN, ORA/F-1114-2012; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 22 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 8 AR 087206 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.087206 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 714EF UT WOS:000184898800053 PM 14525275 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Le, VK Brown, CM Sawicki, M Furdyna, JK Giebultowicz, TM Dietl, T AF Kepa, H Le, VK Brown, CM Sawicki, M Furdyna, JK Giebultowicz, TM Dietl, T TI Probing hole-induced ferromagnetic exchange in magnetic semiconductors by inelastic neutron scattering SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BULK ZN1-XMNXTE; 1ST PRINCIPLES; CLUSTERS; SUPERLATTICES; SINGLE; IONS AB The effect of hole doping on the exchange coupling of the nearest neighbor (NN) Mn pairs in Zn1-xMnxTe is probed by inelastic neutron scattering. The difference in the NN exchange energy DeltaJ(1) in the presence and in the absence of the holes is determined. The obtained value of DeltaJ(1) is in good agreement with the predictions of the Zener/RKKY model, even on the insulator side of the metal-insulator transition. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. EM Henryk.Kepa@fuw.edu.pl RI Sawicki, Maciej/F-5906-2013; Dietl, Tomasz /C-9537-2013; Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Dietl, Tomasz /0000-0003-1090-4380; Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 31 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 22 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 8 AR 087205 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.087205 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 714EF UT WOS:000184898800052 PM 14525274 ER PT J AU Prodan, ID Pichler, M Junker, M Hulet, RG Bohn, JL AF Prodan, ID Pichler, M Junker, M Hulet, RG Bohn, JL TI Intensity dependence of photoassociation in a quantum degenerate atomic gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; SCATTERING LENGTH; RESONANT LIGHT; LITHIUM; COLD; COLLISIONS; DYNAMICS AB We have measured the intensity dependent rate and frequency shift of a photoassociation transition in a quantum degenerate gas of Li-7. The rate increases linearly with photoassociation laser intensity for low intensities, whereas saturation is observed at higher intensities. The measured rates and shifts agree reasonably well with theory within the estimated systematic uncertainties. Several theoretically predicted saturation mechanisms are discussed, but a theory in which saturation arises because of quantum mechanical unitarity agrees well with the data. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Prodan, ID (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA. NR 29 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 22 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 8 AR 080402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.080402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 714EF UT WOS:000184898800003 PM 14525225 ER PT J AU Pait, AS Nelson, JO AF Pait, AS Nelson, JO TI Vitellogenesis in male Fundulus heteroclitus (killifish) induced by selected estrogenic compounds SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; Fandulus heteroclitus; nonylphenol; octylphenol; bisphenol-A ID MINNOW CYPRINODON-VARIEGATUS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; IN-VITRO; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; INDUCED CYTOCHROME-P-450; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; SEWAGE EFFLUENT; P-NONYLPHENOL; TROUT; MYKISS AB The response of male Fundulus heteroclitus to estrogenic compounds was assessed in anticipation of using this species in endocrine disrupter field studies in the Chesapeake Bay. Measurements of plasma vitellogenin, gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indices, and an assessment of changes in gonadal histology were made. Of the parameters assessed, vitellogenin was found to be the most sensitive biomarker. Plasma vitellogenin production occurred in a dose-dependant manner in males exposed to 4-nonylphenol, 4-(tert-octyl)phenol, bisphenol-A, and 17 P-estradiol. There was some indication that the effect on GSI may be influenced by the season in which the experiments are carried out. Two time course experiments revealed that vitellogenin is a fairly long-lived biomarker in male F. heteroclitus. There was also evidence that fish from two moderately contaminated areas injected with 4-nonylphenol or bisphenol-A produced less vitellogenin than those collected from a more pristine habitat. Production of vitellogenin in male F. heteroclitus appeared similar to two other species dosed with the same compounds. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Pait, AS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 38 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD AUG 20 PY 2003 VL 64 IS 3 BP 331 EP 342 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00060-2 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 701JM UT WOS:000184164500007 PM 12842596 ER PT J AU Conant, WC Seinfeld, JH Wang, J Carmichael, GR Tang, YH Uno, I Flatau, PJ Markowicz, KM Quinn, PK AF Conant, WC Seinfeld, JH Wang, J Carmichael, GR Tang, YH Uno, I Flatau, PJ Markowicz, KM Quinn, PK TI A model for the radiative forcing during ACE-Asia derived from CIRPAS Twin Otter and R/V Ronald H. Brown data and comparison with observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE dust; black carbon; direct aerosol forcing; internal mixing; ACE-Asia; radiative transfer model ID TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; PARTICLE ANALYSIS; BLACK CARBON; AEROSOL; SURFACE; CLIMATE; ATMOSPHERE; INDOEX; EXTINCTION; ABSORPTION AB Vertical profiles of aerosol size, composition, and hygroscopic behavior from Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R/V Ronald H. Brown observations are used to construct a generic optical model of the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) aerosol. The model accounts for sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, sea salt, and mineral dust. The effects of relative humidity and mixing assumptions (internal versus external, coating of dust by pollutants) are explicitly accounted for. The aerosol model is integrated with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to compute direct radiative forcing in the solar spectrum. The predicted regional average surface aerosol forcing efficiency (change in clear-sky radiative flux per unit aerosol optical depth at 500 nm) during the ACE-Asia intensive period is -65 Wm(-2) for pure dust and -60 Wm(-2) for pure pollution aerosol (clear skies). A three-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport model (Chemical Weather Forecast System (CFORS)) is used with the radiative transfer model to derive regional radiative forcing during ACE-Asia in clear and cloudy skies. Net regional solar direct radiative forcing during the 5-15 April 2001 dust storm period is -3 Wm(-2) at the top of the atmosphere and -17 Wm(-2) at the surface for the region from 20degreesN to 50degreesN and 100degreesE to 150degreesE when the effects of clouds on the direct forcing are included. The model fluxes and forcing efficiencies are found to be in good agreement with surface radiometric observations made aboard the R. H. Brown. Mean cloud conditions are found to moderate the top of atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing by a factor of similar to3 compared to clear-sky calculations, but atmospheric absorption by aerosol is not strongly affected by clouds in this study. The regional aerosol effect at the TOA ("climate forcing") of -3 Wm(-2) is comparable in magnitude, but of opposite sign, to present-day anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. The forcing observed during ACE-Asia is similar in character to that seen during other major field experiments downwind of industrial and biomass black carbon sources (e.g., the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)), insofar as the primary effect of aerosol is to redistribute solar heating from the surface to the atmosphere. C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Kyushu Univ, Res Inst Appl Mech, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Univ Warsaw, Inst Geophys, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Mail Code 210-41,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wconant@caltech.edu; seinfeld@caltech.edu; jian@bnl.gov; gcarmich@icaen.uiowa.edu; ytang@cgrer.uiowa.edu; iuno@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp; pflatau@ucsd.edu; kmark@igf.fuw.edu.pl; quinn@pmel.noaa.gov RI Uno, Itsushi/B-5952-2011; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 33 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8661 DI 10.1029/2002JD003260 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715XK UT WOS:000184999400001 ER PT J AU Thornton, JA Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC Williams, EJ Hereid, D Fehsenfeld, FC Stutz, J Alicke, B AF Thornton, JA Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC Williams, EJ Hereid, D Fehsenfeld, FC Stutz, J Alicke, B TI Comparisons of in situ and long path measurements of NO2 in urban plumes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE NO2; NOx; O-3 ID OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; OH PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; PHOTOLYSIS SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC NO2; DIODE-LASER; NASHVILLE; NITROGEN; SENSITIVITY; INSTRUMENT AB Measurements of NO2 were taken at Cornelia Fort Airpark in Nashville, TN, during the 1999 Southern Oxidant Study using three different techniques: photolysis to NO followed by chemiluminescence (PCL), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). This was an informal comparison of these techniques conducted during the 1999 Southern Oxidant Study. The PCL and LIF instruments were connected to a common manifold that sampled at the top of a 10-m-walkup tower. The DOAS instrument sampled over a 1.37-km-long light path with end points at 2 and 35 m above ground. The range of NO2 mixing ratios measured was 0.75 ppbv to over 60 ppbv and the median value was nearly 3 ppbv. While preliminary data analysis showed overall agreement between the LIF and PCL instruments to within 1% (least squares slope = 0.99; r(2) = 0.98), subsequent analysis revealed a discontinuous shift of about 12% in the PCL data, which was confirmed by comparison to the DOAS data. A leak in the PCL inlet system was the likely cause. After adjustment of the affected PCL data, a comparison of all the coincident measurements showed high correlation (r(2) > 0.99) and overall agreement to within 5%. Analysis of the ratios of PCL NO2 to LIF NO2 showed that greater than 90% of individual data points agree to within the total combined instrumental uncertainties. However, the comparison over short time periods is more precise than the average over the campaign. We attribute this to the need for improved PCL instrument data reduction procedures. The two in situ instruments were also operated side by side a year later in Houston, TX, with similar results. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy & Environm Technol Div, Berkeley, CA USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Cohen, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Hildebrand Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867 NR 41 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4496 DI 10.1029/2003JD003559 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715XF UT WOS:000184998900005 ER PT J AU Roberts, JM Jobson, BT Kuster, W Goldan, P Murphy, P Williams, E Frost, G Riemer, D Apel, E Stroud, C Wiedinmyer, C Fehsenfeld, F AF Roberts, JM Jobson, BT Kuster, W Goldan, P Murphy, P Williams, E Frost, G Riemer, D Apel, E Stroud, C Wiedinmyer, C Fehsenfeld, F TI An examination of the chemistry of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides and related volatile organic compounds during Texas Air Quality Study 2000 using ground-based measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PAN; peroxyacetyl nitrate; urban air pollution ID 1999 SOUTHERN-OXIDANTS; PEROXYPROPIONYL NITRATE; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; OZONE PRODUCTION; REGIONAL OZONE; RATE CONSTANTS AB Measurements of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs) along with related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made at the La Porte super site during the TexAQS 2000 Houston study. The PAN mixing ratios ranged up to 6.5 ppbv and were broadly correlated with O-3, characteristic of a highly polluted urban environment. The anthropogenic PAN homologue concentrations were generally consistent with those found in other urban environments; peroxypropionic nitric anhydride (PPN) averaged 15%, and peroxyisobutyric nitric anhydride (PiBN) averaged 3% of PAN. Some periods were noted where local petrochemical sources resulted in anomalous PANs chemistry. This effect was especially noticeable in the case of peroxyacrylic nitric anhydride (APAN) where local sources of 1,3-butadiene and acrolein resulted in APAN as high as 30% of PAN. Peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN) was a fairly minor constituent of the PANs except for two periods on 4 and 5 September when air masses from high biogenic hydrocarbons (BHC) areas were observed. BHC chemistry was not a factor in the highest ozone pollution episodes in Houston but may have an impact on daily average ozone levels in some circumstances. C1 NOAA, ERL, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Roberts, JM (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jr@al.noaa.gov RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 42 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 4495 DI 10.1029/2003JD003383 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715XE UT WOS:000184998800007 ER PT J AU Schmid, B Hegg, DA Wang, J Bates, D Redemann, J Russell, PB Livingston, JM Jonsson, HH Welton, EJ Seinfeld, JH Flagan, RC Covert, DS Dubovik, O Jefferson, A AF Schmid, B Hegg, DA Wang, J Bates, D Redemann, J Russell, PB Livingston, JM Jonsson, HH Welton, EJ Seinfeld, JH Flagan, RC Covert, DS Dubovik, O Jefferson, A TI Column closure studies of lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE-Asia using airborne Sun photometer and airborne in situ and ship-based lidar measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol extinction; water vapor; aircraft measurements of aerosol; Sun photometer; lidar ID MID-ATLANTIC COAST; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; OPTICAL-DEPTH SPECTRA; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; UNITED-STATES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; PARTICLE-SIZE; RADIATIVE CLOSURE; SOUTHERN AFRICA AB We assess the consistency (closure) between solar beam attenuation by aerosols and water vapor measured by airborne Sun photometry and derived from airborne in situ and ship-based lidar measurements during the April 2001 Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). The airborne data presented here were obtained aboard the Twin Otter aircraft. Comparing aerosol extinction sigma(ep)(550 nm) from four different techniques shows good agreement for the vertical distribution of aerosol layers. However, the level of agreement in absolute magnitude of the derived aerosol extinction varied among the aerosol layers sampled. The sigma(ep)(550 nm) computed from airborne in situ size distribution and composition measurements shows good agreement with airborne Sun photometry in the marine boundary layer but is considerably lower in layers dominated by dust if the particles are assumed to be spherical. The sigma(ep)(550 nm) from airborne in situ scattering and absorption measurements are about similar to13% lower than those obtained from airborne Sun photometry during 14 vertical profiles. Combining lidar and the airborne Sun photometer measurements reveals the prevalence of dust layers at altitudes up to 10 km with layer aerosol optical depth (from 3.5 to 10 km altitude) of similar to0.1 to 0.2 (500 nm) and extinction-to-backscatter ratios of 59-71 sr (523 nm). The airborne Sun photometer aboard the Twin Otter reveals a relatively dry atmosphere during ACE-Asia with all water vapor columns <1.5 cm and water vapor densities rho(w) < 12 g/m(3). Comparing layer water vapor amounts and rw from the airborne Sun photometer to the same quantities measured with aircraft in situ sensors leads to a high correlation (r(2) = 0.96), but the Sun photometer tends to underestimate rho(w) by 7%. C1 Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CIRPAS, Moffett Field, CA 93933 USA. NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80803 USA. RP Schmid, B (reprint author), Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. EM bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov; deanhegg@atmos.washington.edu; jian@bnl.gov; bates@physics.miami.edu; jredemann@mail.arc.nasa.gov; philip.b.russell@nasa.gov; jlivingston@mail.arc.nasa.gov; hjonsson@nps.navy.mil; ellsworth.j.welton@nasa.gov; seinfeld@caltech.edu; flagan@cheme.caltech.edu; dcovert@u.washington.edu; dubovik@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov; anne.jefferson@noaa.gov RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Schmitt, Bernard/0000-0002-1230-6627 NR 55 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8656 DI 10.1029/2002JD003361 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715XJ UT WOS:000184999300002 ER PT J AU Lentz, SJ Beardsley, RC Irish, JD Manning, J Smith, PC Weller, RA AF Lentz, SJ Beardsley, RC Irish, JD Manning, J Smith, PC Weller, RA TI Temperature and salt balances on Georges Bank February-August 1995 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Georges Bank; heat balance; salt balance; surface heat flux; cross-frontal exchange; warm-core rings ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; SCOTIAN SHELF WATER; TIDAL-FRONT; MAINE; GULF; VARIABILITY; EXCHANGE; REGION; MODEL; OCEAN AB [1] Temperature and salinity variability over the crest and southern flank of Georges Bank are investigated using moored observations obtained from February to August 1995 and historical data. There was a large seasonal variation in water temperature, which decreased 1degreesC-2degreesC in February to a minimum of 5degreesC due to surface cooling and wind-forced cross-bank advection, and then increased steadily due to surface heating, reaching 10degreesC (southern flank) to 17degreesC (crest) in August. The crest warmed more than the southern flank because it is shallower. Temperature variability at shorter timescales (days to weeks) was primarily due to surface heating on the crest and horizontal advection on the southern flank. Salinity variability over the southern flank was primarily associated with two processes. Intrusions of warm, salty, shelf-slope-front water in May and August were associated with Gulf Stream warm-core rings, but did not cause longer-term changes on the southern flank or penetrate onto the crest. Alongbank advection brought low-salinity, cool Scotian Shelf Water to the southern flank sites in March and early May, about three weeks after crossing the Northeast Channel onto the northeastern flank of Georges Bank (approximate to130 km away). This low-salinity water on the southern flank in the spring did not penetrate immediately onto the crest. Instead, the crest salinity steadily decreased from April to August due to both precipitation (evaporation was small) and, based on historical data, a tidally forced, cross-frontal exchange flow (0.01-0.02 m s(-1)) that both freshens and cools the crest. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OSD, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Lentz, SJ (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. OI Lentz, Steven/0000-0001-7498-0281 NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C11 AR 8006 DI 10.1029/2001JC001220 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 715XR UT WOS:000185000200002 ER PT J AU Walker, ML Smith, AP Karim, A AF Walker, ML Smith, AP Karim, A TI Combinatorial approach for studying the effects of 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid on polypropylene films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE; SELF-NUCLEATION; CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR; ALPHA-PHASE; BETA-PHASE; POLYMERS; AGENTS; RECRYSTALLIZATION; TEMPERATURE AB The crystallization behavior of thin polypropylene films with and without 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid as a nucleating agent was investigated using high-throughput methodology in conjunction with optical microscopy. The high-throughput approach involves the use of thin films cast with a gradient in thickness, placed on a hot stage possessing a temperature gradient orthogonal to the thickness gradient. This system is used to study the effect of the nucleating agent on the morphology at different temperature and film thickness combinations. The addition of the nucleating agent, upon annealing and undercooling, results in spherulite formation 10-15 degreesC higher than neat crystallization temperatures and spherulite sizes an order of magnitude smaller than those of neat polypropylene. 4-Biphenyl carboxylic acid can have a significant effect on the morphology of thin polypropylene films. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ML (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD AUG 19 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 17 BP 6582 EP 6585 DI 10.1021/la026733+ PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 711YL UT WOS:000184768600006 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, RA Tarlov, MJ AF Zangmeister, RA Tarlov, MJ TI UV graft polymerization of polyacrylamide hydrogel plugs in microfluidic channels SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MODIFICATION; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; GEL; COPOLYMERIZATION; MICROCHIPS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; IMMOBILIZATION; DEVICES AB It has been recently demonstrated that single-stranded DNA, modified on the 5' end with an acrylic acid functionality, can be incorporated into a polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix. These types of DNA-containing gels have recently been spatially immobilized in plastic microfluidic channels by photopolymerization, creating selective DNA three-dimensional capture elements. The DNA oligomers retain activity and are able to bind complementary target strands as they migrate through the gel plug under electrophoretic conditions. One problem that has compromised the performance of the DNA hydrogels is gel plug breakdown under continuous electrophoretic operation. When gel plugs fail, the gel delaminates from the microchannel wall and electroosmotic flow occurs between the plug and the microchannel wall. Past measurements have shown that the lifetime of the polyacrylamide gel plugs rarely exceeds 25 min under continuous use. Here we report a method to increase the stability of the polyacrylamide gel plugs by the introduction of polymerization attachment points to the polymeric microchannel surfaces prior to gel plug formation. Ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O-3) treatment is used to oxidize both top poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and bottom poly(carbonate) (PC) surfaces. A methacrylate functionality, which can cross-link with the polyacrylamide gel, is introduced by reacting the oxidized surfaces with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Polyacrylamide is then T TV grafted onto the chemically modified model surfaces. Contact angle measurements and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra confirm polyacrylamide grafting on PC and PMMA surfaces. The success of graft polymerization within the microchannel devices is also corroborated by scanning electron microscopy of delaminated devices and timed performance measurements under electrophoretic conditions that demonstrate an increase in the lifetime of the gel plugs by 2.5 times on average. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zangmeister, RA (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Zangmeister, Rebecca/D-6641-2017 OI Zangmeister, Rebecca/0000-0002-0540-6240 NR 29 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD AUG 19 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 17 BP 6901 EP 6904 DI 10.1021/la034424t PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 711YL UT WOS:000184768600053 ER PT J AU Duckham, A Zhang, DZ Liang, D Luzin, V Cammarata, RC Leheny, RL Chien, CL Weihs, TP AF Duckham, A Zhang, DZ Liang, D Luzin, V Cammarata, RC Leheny, RL Chien, CL Weihs, TP TI Temperature dependent mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained FeCo-2V SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE annealing; high temperature tension testing; severe plastic deformation; ultra-fine grained microstructure; yield phenomena ID ALLOYS; DEFORMATION; DUCTILITY; STRENGTH; SIZE AB The tensile properties of ultra-fine grained ordered FeCo-2V have been investigated as a function of testing temperature. Samples with grain sizes of 100, 150 and 290 nm have been tested at temperatures ranging from 25 to 500 degreesC. Extremely high yield strengths (up to 2.1 GPa) were measured at room temperature with appreciable ductility of between 3 and 13%. These strengths were found to decline only gradually as the testing temperature was increased to 400 degreesC, while ductility was generally enhanced, up to 22%. The high strengths are attributed to grain boundary strengthening that is particularly effective due to ordering. Measured ductility was dependent on the relative values of yield strength, fracture strength and work hardening rate. Discontinuous yielding and appreciable Luders strain (3-6%) were observed and were dependent on the initial structure and on the testing temperature. (C) 2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Duckham, A (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Cammarata, Robert /A-3307-2010; Weihs, Timothy/A-3313-2010 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 14 BP 4083 EP 4093 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00228-3 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 711VK UT WOS:000184761600009 ER PT J AU Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Deng, Y Lawn, BR AF Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Deng, Y Lawn, BR TI Designing damage-resistant brittle-coating structures: I. Bilayers SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE bilayers; brittle-coatings; cracking; critical loads; finite element analysis; plasticity ID LAYER STRUCTURES; FRACTURE-MECHANICS; CERAMIC COATINGS; CONTACT FRACTURE; MODES; INDENTATION; INTERLAYER; HARDNESS; CRACKING; MODULUS AB A FEA study of coating/substrate bilayers is conducted as a foundation for damage analysis. Attention is focused on the stresses along the contact axis immediately adjacent to the bilayer interface, where radial cracking or yield in the coating. or yield in the substrate, tend to occur. The stress analysis is used to determine critical loads to initiate each damage mode in terms of basic material properties and coating thickness. Controlling material parameters are strength (brittle mode) and yield stress or hardness (plastic mode). The critical loads are shown to have a simple quadratic dependency on coating thickness, but more complex dependencies on elastic modulus mismatch ratio. Simplified explicit modulus functions afford a route to prediction of the critical loads for design purposes. Implications concerning, the design of bilayers for specific applications are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Extremadura, Escuela Ingn Ind, Dept Elect & Ingn Electromecan, Badajoz 06071, Spain. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 14 BP 4347 EP 4356 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00290-8 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 711VK UT WOS:000184761600029 ER PT J AU Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Deng, Y Zhao, H Lawn, BR AF Miranda, P Pajares, A Guiberteau, F Deng, Y Zhao, H Lawn, BR TI Designing damage-resistant brittle-coating structures: II. Trilayers SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE trilayers; brittle coatings; cracking; critical loads; plasticity ID LAYER STRUCTURES; CERAMIC COATINGS; CONTACT; CRACKING; FRACTURE; LOADS AB An extension of the FEA-based damage analysis for bilayers in Part I is presented for trilayers consisting of a functional outer layer on an underlying substrate with an intermediate inner core layer. The inner core layer may be used to enhance bonding or load support, but is itself vulnerable to subsurface radial cracking (brittle interlayer) or yield (soft interlayer). A stress analysis is conducted by reducing the trilayer system to an effective bilayer in which the core layer is regarded as either part of the coating or substrate, depending on the damage interface (i.e. outer/inner or inner/substrate). The stress solutions are used to determine generic relations for the critical loads to induce radial cracking or plasticity (or quasiplasticity) in the outer or inner layers, and even in the substrate. A quadratic relationship between critical load and effective coating thickness is preserved; and strength and hardness of the constituent layers remain principal, linearly dependent, material parameters. However, dependence on relative outer/inner layer thicknesses and elastic moduli are not generally amenable to exact solution, limiting useful explicit relations to radial cracking in the inner layer. Use of the analysis in constructing design diagrams is again considered. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Extremadura, Escuela Ingn Ind, Dept Elect & Ingn Electromecan, Badajoz 06071, Spain. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586 NR 14 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 14 BP 4357 EP 4365 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00263-5 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 711VK UT WOS:000184761600030 ER PT J AU Paul, RL Simons, DS Guthrie, WF Lu, J AF Paul, RL Simons, DS Guthrie, WF Lu, J TI Radiochemical neutron activation analysis for certification of ion-implanted phosphorus in silicon SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION AB A radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedure has been developed, critically evaluated, and shown to have the necessary sensitivity, chemical specificity, matrix independence, and precision to certify phosphorus at ion implantation levels in silicon. P-32, produced by neutron capture of P-31, is chemically separated from the sample matrix and measured using a P proportional counter. The method is used here to certify the amount of phosphorus in SRM 2133 (Phosphorus Implant in Silicon Depth Profile Standard) as (9.58 +/- 0.16) x 10(14) atoms.cm(-2). A detailed evaluation of uncertainties is given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 16 BP 4028 EP 4033 DI 10.1021/ac0342018 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 712LA UT WOS:000184798100010 PM 14632114 ER PT J AU Salinger, DH Anderson, JJ Hamel, OS AF Salinger, DH Anderson, JJ Hamel, OS TI A parameter estimation routine for the vitality-based survival model SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE parameter estimation; vitality model; survival; maximum likelihood; estimation error; Goodness-of-fit ID TIME AB An algorithm is described which determines model parameters for the vitality-based survival model [Ecological Monographs 70 (2000) 445]. The algorithm uses an MLE estimator on interval-based survival data and returns the vitality model parameters: the rate of vitality loss, the variability in the rate of vitality loss and the rate of accidental mortality. Standard errors of the parameter estimates and a Goodness-of-fit measure (via a Pearson's C test) are also returned. Issues of right censored data and study start time are addressed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. RP Salinger, DH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 358218, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. OI Hamel, Owen/0000-0002-6024-7211 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 166 IS 3 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00162-5 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 718TH UT WOS:000185162200006 ER PT J AU Montzka, SA Butler, JH Hall, BD Mondeel, DJ Elkins, JW AF Montzka, SA Butler, JH Hall, BD Mondeel, DJ Elkins, JW TI A decline in tropospheric organic bromine SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHYL-BROMIDE; POLAR FIRN AIR; EMISSIONS; TRENDS; HALOCARBONS; OCEAN AB Recent changes in atmospheric bromine (Br) are estimated from samples collected at ten globally distributed, ground-based sites. The results indicate that the global tropospheric burden of Br from the sum of halons and methyl bromide (CH3Br) peaked in 1998 and has since declined by nearly 5% (or 0.8+/-0.2 pmol mol(-1) or ppt). These changes are driven primarily by a decrease of CH3Br since 1998 that is about two times larger than expected given reported declines in industrial production, a result that may suggest revisions to our understanding of the global atmospheric budget for this gas. The observations imply 25-30% larger declines in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting, total equivalent chlorine (ECl=Cl+Br*45) in recent years than noted previously. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Montzka, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, MS R-CMDL1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 15 AR 1826 DI 10.1029/2003GL017745 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 713PR UT WOS:000184867600004 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, KK TI Ab initio characterization of the weakly bound anions ClOO- and ArCl- SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium in Honor of Helmut Schwaz CY AUG, 2003 CL BERLIN, GERMANY DE ab initio; argon chloride; chlorine dioxide; electron affinity; isomer; thermochemistry; van der Waals ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; BASIS-SET CONVERGENCE; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; ELECTRON-AFFINITIES; CHLORINE OXIDES; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; THERMOCHEMISTRY; ENERGY; POTENTIALS AB Experimental studies of the energetics and vibrational spectrum of the chloroperoxyl radical, ClOO, are contradictory. The most recent experiment accessed the radical by photodetachment of the corresponding anion, ClOO-. The present study uses both multi- and single-configuration ab initio methods to characterize various structures and spin-states of the ion. The calculations support the recent experimental description of ClOO- as a weakly bound complex, not a chloroperoxide anion. Two local minima (bent and linear) were found on the triplet-state potential energy surface; the lower has an average equilibrium Cl-O distance of 359 pm and equilibrium Cl-O-O bond angle of 96degrees. However, the vibrational ground state has C-2v symmetry, resulting in the designation B-3(1) for the electronic ground state. The singlet excited state is asymmetric and lies near T-e((a) over tilde (1)A') = 7895 cm(-1). The calculated binding energy is D-0(Cl--O-2) = 478 +/- 10 cm(-1) (5.72 +/- 0.12 kJ mol(-1)), corresponding to an ideal-gas enthalpy of formation of Delta(f) H(0)degrees(ClOO-) = -234.80 +/- 0.23 kJ mol(-1). Small Franck-Condon factors are expected for adiabatic electron detachment, in conflict with the vertical process inferred from the experiments. Thus, the experimentally determined electron affinity is only an upper limit. Companion calculations on ArCl-[D-0(Cl--Ar) = 489 cm(-1)] support both experimental estimates [D-0 (Cl--Ar) = 494 +/- 5 cm(-1)] and the present calculations for ClOO-. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 228 IS 2-3 BP 667 EP 676 DI 10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00162-3 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 711EZ UT WOS:000184727800043 ER PT J AU Hurley, DC Shen, K Jennett, NM Turner, JA AF Hurley, DC Shen, K Jennett, NM Turner, JA TI Atomic force acoustic microscopy methods to determine thin-film elastic properties SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CANTILEVERS; MODULUS; AFM AB We discuss atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) methods to determine quantitative values for the elastic properties of thin films. The AFAM approach measures the frequencies of an AFM cantilever's first two flexural resonances while in contact with a material. The indentation modulus M of an unknown or test material can be obtained by comparing the resonant spectrum of the test material to that of a reference material. We examined a niobium film (d=280+/-30 nm) with AFAM using two separate reference materials and two different cantilever geometries. Data were analyzed by two methods: an analytical model based on conventional beam dynamics, and a finite element method that accommodated variable cantilever cross section and viscous damping. AFAM values of M varied significantly depending on the specific experimental configuration and analysis technique. By averaging values obtained with both reference materials, very good agreement (5-10 % difference) with values determined by other methods was achieved. These results provide insight into using AFAM methods to attain reliable, accurate measurements of elastic properties on the nanoscale. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Mech Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Mat Ctr, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Turner, Joseph/F-5165-2010; OI Jennett, Nigel/0000-0003-1062-6026 NR 15 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 4 BP 2347 EP 2354 DI 10.1063/1.1592632 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 706TA UT WOS:000184469800031 ER PT J AU Buh, GH Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Birdwell, AG Kuk, Y AF Buh, GH Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Birdwell, AG Kuk, Y TI Factors influencing the capacitance-voltage characteristics measured by the scanning capacitance microscope SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR; 2-DIMENSIONAL DOPANT; CARRIER PROFILES; PN-JUNCTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SI AB A scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) can measure the local capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure formed by the SCM probe tip and a doped semiconductor sample. A common realization of the SCM depends on a parallel atomic force microscope, which includes a laser focused on the end of the cantilever to monitor the position of the probe tip. In this configuration, it is found that the stray light from the laser can dramatically affect the measured C-V curve. The difference between the SCM C-V curves measured in this high stray light condition and those measured in the true dark condition are shown and discussed. Also discussed is the distortion of the measured C-V curves caused by the SCM method of measuring the differential capacitance using a capacitance-modulating ac voltage and a lock-in amplifier. After reducing and accounting for these effects, the SCM C-V curves show markedly different behavior from that of conventional one-dimensional C-V curves. The measured C-V curves are stretched out in voltage and have a larger parallel todC/dVparallel to signal in the depletion and the inversion regions, as compared to the conventional one-dimensional C-V curve. The measured C-V curves are compared with the results of three-dimensional calculations for different values of the probe-tip size. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Interuniv Semicond Res Ctr, Ctr Sci Nanometer Scale, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 4 BP 2680 EP 2685 DI 10.1063/1.1592295 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 706TA UT WOS:000184469800086 ER PT J AU Faraone, A Liu, L Mou, CY Shih, PC Copley, JRD Chen, SH AF Faraone, A Liu, L Mou, CY Shih, PC Copley, JRD Chen, SH TI Translational and rotational dynamics of water in mesoporous silica materials: MCM-41-S and MCM-48-S SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; SUPERCOOLED HEAVY-WATER; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; GLASS-TRANSITION; CONFINED WATER; SLOW DYNAMICS; PRESSURE; LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE AB We investigated the translational and rotational dynamics of water molecules in mesoporous silica materials MCM-41-S and MCM-48-S using the incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering technique. The range of wave vector transfers Q covered in the measurements was from 0.27 to 1.93 Angstrom(-1) broad enough to detect both the translational and rotational contributions to the scattering. We used the relaxing-cage models for both translational and rotational motions which we developed earlier, to analyze the QENS spectra and investigated water dynamics in a supercooled range from 250 to 280 K. The results show a marked slowing down of both the translational and rotational relaxation times, and an increasing effect of confinement on the translational motion, as the temperature is lowered. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Messina, Dept Phys, Messina, Italy. Univ Messina, INFM, Messina, Italy. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Faraone, A (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. OI MOU, CHUNG-YUAN/0000-0001-7060-9899 NR 27 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 7 BP 3963 EP 3971 DI 10.1063/1.1584653 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 706UU UT WOS:000184474100045 ER PT J AU Niranjan, PS Yim, PB Forbes, JG Greer, SC Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Niranjan, PS Yim, PB Forbes, JG Greer, SC Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI The polymerization of actin: Thermodynamics near the polymerization line SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DEUTERIUM-OXIDE; LATTICE MODEL; F-ACTIN; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; PROTEIN SUBUNITS; CULTURED-CELLS; MUSCLE ACTIN; ASSOCIATION; WATER AB Studies of the dependence of actin polymerization on thermodynamic parameters are important for understanding processes in living systems, where actin polymerization and depolymerization are crucial to cell structure and movement. We report measurements of the extent of polymerization, Phi, of rabbit muscle actin as a function of temperature [T=(0-35) degreesC], initial G-actin concentration [[G(0)]=(1-3) mg/ml], and initiating salt concentration [[KCl]=(5-15) mmol/l with bound Ca2+], in H2O and D2O buffers and in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A preliminary account of the data and analysis for H2O buffers has appeared previously [P. S. Niranjan, J. G. Forbes, S. C. Greer, J. Dudowicz, K. F. Freed, and J. F. Douglas, J. Chem. Phys. 114, 10573 (2001)]. We describe the details of the studies for H2O buffers, together with new data and analysis for D2O buffers. The measurements show a maximum in Phi(T) for H2O buffers and D2O buffers. For H2O buffers, T-p decreases as either [G(0)] or [KCl] increases. For D2O buffers, T-p decreases as [KCl] increases, but T-p is not monotonic in [G(0)]. The measurements are interpreted in terms of a Flory-Huggins-type lattice model that includes the essential steps: monomer activation, dimerization of activated species, and propagation of trimers to higher order polymers. The competition between monomer activation and chain propagation leads to the observed nonmonotonic variation of Phi(T). The actin polymerization in D2O buffer differs considerably from that in the H2O buffer and underscores the significant deuterium effect on hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding in the polymerization process. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIAMS, Proteom & Nanotechnol Sect, Muscle Biol Lab, NIH,DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Greer, SC (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 66 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 7 BP 4070 EP 4084 DI 10.1063/1.1592499 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 706UU UT WOS:000184474100057 ER PT J AU Guazzotti, SA Suess, DT Coffee, KR Quinn, PK Bates, TS Wisthaler, A Hansel, A Ball, WP Dickerson, RR Neususs, C Crutzen, PJ Prather, KA AF Guazzotti, SA Suess, DT Coffee, KR Quinn, PK Bates, TS Wisthaler, A Hansel, A Ball, WP Dickerson, RR Neususs, C Crutzen, PJ Prather, KA TI Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols outflow from India and Arabia: Biomass/biofuel burning and fossil fuel combustion SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review DE aerosol chemical characterization; biomass burning; fossil fuel combustion ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; OCEAN EXPERIMENT INDOEX; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; PHYSICAL PARTICLE PROPERTIES; REACTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BLACK CARBON; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS AB A major objective of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) involves the characterization of the extent and chemical composition of pollution outflow from the Indian Subcontinent during the winter monsoon. During this season, low-level flow from the continent transports pollutants over the Indian Ocean toward the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Traditional standardized aerosol particle chemical analysis, together with real-time single particle and fast-response gas-phase measurements provided characterization of the sampled aerosol chemical properties. The gas- and particle-phase chemical compositions of encountered air parcels changed according to their geographic origin, which was traced by back trajectory analysis. The temporal evolutions of acetonitrile, a long-lived specific tracer for biomass/biofuel burning, number concentration of submicrometer carbon-containing particles with potassium (indicative of combustion sources), and mass concentration of submicrometer non-sea-salt (nss) potassium are compared. High correlation coefficients (0.84 < r(2) < 0.92) are determined for these comparisons indicating that most likely the majority of the species evolve from the same, related, or proximate sources. Aerosol and trace gas measurements provide evidence that emissions from fossil fuel and biomass/biofuel burning are subject to long-range transport, thereby contributing to anthropogenic pollution even in areas downwind of South Asia. Specifically, high concentrations of submicrometer nss potassium, carbon-containing particles with potassium, and acetonitrile are observed in air masses advected from the Indian subcontinent, indicating a strong impact of biomass/biofuel burning in India during the sampling periods (74 (+/-9)% biomass/biofuel contribution to submicrometer carbonaceous aerosol). In contrast, lower values for these same species were measured in air masses from the Arabian Peninsula, where dominance of fossil fuel combustion is suggested by results from single-particle analysis and supported by results from gas-phase measurements (63 (+/-9))% fossil fuel contribution to submicrometer carbonaceous aerosol). Results presented here demonstrate the importance of simultaneous, detailed gas- and particle-phase measurements of related species when evaluating possible source contributions to aerosols in different regions of the world. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Diego, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ionenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Guazzotti, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Diego, CA 92037 USA. EM serad@chem.ucsd.edu; dtsuess@citrus.ucr.edu; coffee3@llnl.gov; quinn@pmel.noaa.gov; bates@pmel.noaa.gov; Armin.Wisthaler@uibk.ac.at; Armin.Hansel@uibk.ac.at; ball@metosrv2.umd.edu; russ@atmos.umd.edu; cne@bdal.de; aira@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; kprather@chem.ucsd.edu RI Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Prather, Kimberly/A-3892-2008; Hansel, Armin/F-3915-2010; Dickerson, Russell/F-2857-2010; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Prather, Kimberly/0000-0003-3048-9890; Hansel, Armin/0000-0002-1062-2394; Dickerson, Russell/0000-0003-0206-3083; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 115 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4485 DI 10.1029/2002JD003277 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PZ UT WOS:000184868300006 ER PT J AU Mathur, R Dennis, RL AF Mathur, R Dennis, RL TI Seasonal and annual modeling of reduced nitrogen compounds over the eastern United States: Emissions, ambient levels, and deposition amounts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonia; aerosols; wet deposition; atmospheric modeling; atmospheric nitrogen ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; DRY DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; WET DEPOSITION; OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; TRANSPORT DISTANCE; NORTHERN EUROPE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; 3-DAY PERIODS; SURFACE-LAYER AB Detailed description of the distributions and seasonal trends of atmospheric nitrogen compounds is of considerable interest given their role in formation of acidic substances, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter and nutrient loading effects resulting from their deposition to sensitive ecosystems. While the oxidized nitrogen species have received considerable research and regulatory attention over the past several decades, little effort has been devoted toward quantifying the atmospheric budgets of reduced nitrogen compounds (NHx) associated with emissions of ammonia. The Regional Acid Deposition Model is enhanced to include detailed treatments of the physical and chemical processes regulating the fate of ammonia emissions and to model the interaction and chemical and thermodynamic coupling between atmospheric NOx-SOx-NHx species. To account for uncertainties in magnitude and seasonal variation of ammonia emissions, regional seasonal correction factors for ammonia emissions in the eastern United States are developed through successive model applications and comparison with measurements from regional networks of ambient concentrations and deposition amounts of various species. The resulting ammonia emissions show a distinct seasonal cycle with a maximum in summer followed by spring, fall, and winter. Our calculations suggest that the range between NH3 emissions during the cool and the warm season is a factor of 3-4. Correlations between model predicted ambient levels, gas/particle partitioning, and deposition amounts with measurements show good agreement on both an annual and seasonal basis with R-2 in the 0.4-0.7 range for most species examined. Both model calculations and measurements indicate that during winter, large portions of the eastern U. S. are characterized by aerosols that are fully neutralized. Our model calculations for emission scenarios representative of the late 1980s-early 1990s period also indicate that reduced nitrogen species contribute 47(+/-8)% of the total nitrogen wet deposition in the eastern U.S.; this is in good agreement with 43(+/-9)% inferred from deposition measurements. These comparisons suggest that the model can capture the spatial and seasonal variability in distributions of various model species, the chemical interactions between reduced and oxidized nitrogen compounds in the troposphere, and the compositional characteristics of inorganic aerosol mass in the region. C1 Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, NOAA, ASMD,Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mathur, R (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Campus Box 6116,Bank Amer Plaza,137 E Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM rmathur@email.unc.edu NR 68 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4481 DI 10.1029/2002JD002794 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PZ UT WOS:000184868300002 ER PT J AU Neu, JL Sparling, LC Plumb, RA AF Neu, JL Sparling, LC Plumb, RA TI Variability of the subtropical "edges" in the stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratospheric transport; stratosphere; subtropics; seasonal variability; long-lived tracers ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; ARRAY ETALON SPECTROMETER; TROPICAL STRATOSPHERE; EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY; ISENTROPIC TRANSPORT; VERTICAL DIFFUSION; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; POLAR VORTICES; NITROUS-OXIDE AB It is well-established that the air in the tropical stratosphere remains somewhat isolated from that in the midlatitudes over relatively long time scales. We examine the seasonal and interannual variability of the subtropical tracer gradients that mark the boundaries between tropical and extratropical air. We use probability distribution functions (PDFs) of satellite measurements of long-lived tracers to identify the air in the transition region between the tropics and the extratropics in each hemisphere. This region is commonly called the subtropical "edge'' region, and it appears as a valley in the tracer PDF. We provide a method to identify a single characteristic latitude for these edge regions as well as, when possible, their areal extent. We identify the subtropical edges in more than six years of measurements at eight pressure levels on quasi-monthly time scales. We correlate the variability of the subtropical edges with variability in several transport parameters and thus shed light on the mechanisms of tropical isolation from a diagnostic standpoint. We also discuss the implications of our results in terms of large-scale tracer transport in the context of simple models of tracer budgets. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Neu, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jessica.neu@noaa.gov; sparling@umbc.edu; rap@rossby.mit.edu NR 54 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4482 DI 10.1029/2002JD002706 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PZ UT WOS:000184868300001 ER PT J AU Meinen, CS Luther, DS Watts, DR Chave, AD Tracey, KL AF Meinen, CS Luther, DS Watts, DR Chave, AD Tracey, KL TI Mean stream coordinates structure of the Subantarctic Front: Temperature, salinity, and absolute velocity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Subantarctic Front; Antarctic Circumpolar Current; Southern Ocean; stream coordinates; SAF; ACC ID INDUCED ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT SOUTH; GRAVEST EMPIRICAL MODE; GULF-STREAM; DRAKE PASSAGE; LOW-FREQUENCY; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; ELECTRIC-FIELD; POLAR FRONT; OCEAN AB The mean synoptic structure of the northern, strongest branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current southwest of Tasmania, at the Subantarctic Front (SAF), is estimated by a stream coordinates analysis of data from overlapping arrays of Inverted Echo Sounders (IESs) and Horizontal Electric Field Recorders deployed during the 1995-1997 Sub-Antarctic Flux and Dynamics Experiment. The stream coordinates are derived from a daily objective mapping of the temperature field obtained from combining the IES travel time measurements with an empirical look-up table constructed from the extensive hydrography acquired during WOCE. Full-water-column stream-coordinates sections of temperature, Salinity, and absolute velocity are presented and compared with prior observations. The along-stream current has a single peak with surface velocities reaching about 50 cm s(-1). The vertical structure of the along-stream velocity is roughly consistent with a combined external and first internal normal mode description that is adapted to the buoyancy frequency as it varies across the front, although there are some significant differences. The cross-stream structure of along-stream velocity is very nearly symmetric about the jet axis, but the lateral shear magnitude is slightly larger on the cold side of the SAF. Separating the baroclinic and barotropic currents reveals that the SAF currents are diffluent, primarily baroclinically, in the cross-stream direction. Baroclinic cross-stream diffluence of approximately 0.23 Sv per km (Sv=10(6) m(3) s(-1)), or about 16 Sv per degree of longitude at 51degreesS. The 2-year mean total SAF transport is 75 Sv (for a 220 km width); the barotropic contribution is small (8 Sv) but not negligible. C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Deep Submergence Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Meinen, CS (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Meinen, Christopher/G-1902-2012; OI Meinen, Christopher/0000-0002-8846-6002; Chave, Alan/0000-0002-2460-1172 NR 63 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C8 AR 3263 DI 10.1029/2002JC001545 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 713QK UT WOS:000184869300002 ER PT J AU Liu, JJ Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ AF Liu, JJ Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ TI An assessment of the global, seasonal, and interannual spacecraft record of Martian climate in the thermal infrared SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; climate; atmosphere; dust; cloud; ice ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARS ORBITER CAMERA; EMISSION SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT; WATER-ICE CLOUDS; DUST STORMS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SURFACE-COMPOSITION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; TES OBSERVATIONS AB Intercomparison of thermal infrared data collected by Mariner 9, Viking, and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is presented with a specific focus on air temperatures, dust opacities, and water ice opacities. Emphasis is placed on creating a uniform data set to most effectively reduce interinstrument biases and offsets. The annual cycle consistently shows a strong asymmetry about the equinoxes, with northern spring and summer exhibiting relatively low temperatures, very high year-to-year repeatability, and essentially no short-term (tens of days) variability. The globally averaged Martian nighttime air temperatures close annually to within a Kelvin during northern spring and summer. Daytime temperatures show more variability (3-6 K). The difference in repeatability of daytime versus nighttime temperatures is not understood. Viking and MGS air temperatures are essentially indistinguishable for this period, suggesting that the Viking and MGS eras are characterized by essentially the same climatic state. Southern summer is characterized by strong dust storm activity and hence strong year-to-year air temperature variability. Dust opacity shows a remarkable degree of interannual variability in southern spring and summer, associated with the intermittent activity of regional and planet-encircling dust storms, but exhibits high year-to-year repeatability in northern spring and summer. Specifically, late northern spring and early northern summer dust opacities appear to be completely insensitive to the occurrence (or not) of major dust storms in the previous southern spring or summer. We show that both Viking and MGS data sets exhibit significant (and similar) polar cap edge dust storm activity. The origins of the various major dust storms can be identified in the thermal infrared data from Viking and MGS, including the transport of dust from the northern autumn baroclinic zone into the southern hemisphere tropics, which has also been identified in visible imaging. We also note that the period around L-s=225degrees is characterized by very high dust opacities associated with dust storm development or decay in every year thus far observed by spacecraft. Water ice opacities have been retrieved from Viking infrared data for the first time. We show that the northern spring and summer tropical cloud belt structure and evolution are essentially the same in each of the multiple years observed by Viking and MGS. Relatively subtle spatial features recur in the cloud belt from year to year, suggesting the influence of surface topography and thermophysical properties and a reasonably consistent supply of water vapor. The seasonal evolution of the tropical cloud belt through northern spring and summer is shown, with the only significant deviations between years occurring from L-s=140degrees to 160degrees, where opacities fall in the second MGS year associated with a small dust storm. Polar hood clouds are observed in Viking and MGS observations with similar timing and extent. Interactions between dust and water ice were highlighted in the Hellas basin region during the southern spring 1977a and 2001 dust storms. The observations demonstrate that the Martian atmosphere executes a very "repeatable'' annual cycle of atmospheric phenomena. However, a major part of this cycle is the occurrence of highly variable and potentially major dust storm events. After such dust storm events the atmosphere rapidly relaxes to its stable, repeatable state. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Liu, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MS 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Liu, Junjun/G-1063-2011; Liu, Junjun/B-5639-2012 NR 79 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E8 AR 5089 DI 10.1029/2002JE001921 PG 38 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 713QN UT WOS:000184869600001 ER PT J AU Churilov, S Joshi, YN Reader, J AF Churilov, S Joshi, YN Reader, J TI High-resolution spectrum of xenon ions at 13.4 nm SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET SOURCE; 4P(5)4D(9) CONFIGURATIONS; RESONANCE LINES; XE X; KRYPTON; PLASMAS; REGION; VIII; IX AB The spectrum of xenon excited in a low-inductance vacuum spark was photographed at high resolution in the region of 9.5-15.5 nm. The observed transitions were identified as belonging to ions from Xe8+ to Xe13+. In the region of importance for extreme-ultraviolet lithography around 13.4 nm, the strongest lines were identified as 4d(8)-4d(7)5p transitions in Xe10+. The identifications were made by use of energy parameters extrapolated along the isoelectronic sequence. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Churilov, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 16 BP 1478 EP 1480 DI 10.1364/OL.28.001478 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 707GE UT WOS:000184501800028 PM 12943097 ER PT J AU Milesi, C Elvidge, CD Nemani, RR Running, SW AF Milesi, C Elvidge, CD Nemani, RR Running, SW TI Assessing the impact of urban land development on net primary productivity in the southeastern United States SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE DMSP/OLS; MODIS; net primary productivity; southeastern United States; urbanization ID CITY LIGHTS; SATELLITE DATA; POPULATION; EMISSIONS; AREA; IMAGERY; MODELS AB The southeastern United States (SE-US) has undergone one of the highest rates of landscape changes in the country due to changing demographics and land use practices over the last few decades. Increasing evidence indicates that these changes have impacted mesoscale weather patterns, biodiversity and water resources. Since the Southeast has one of the highest rates of land productivity in the nation, it is important to monitor the effects of such changes regularly. Here, we propose a remote sensing based methodology to estimate regional impacts of urban land development on ecosystem structure and function. As an indicator of ecosystem functioning, we chose net primary productivity (NPP), which is now routinely estimated from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. We used the MODIS data, a 1992 Landsat-based land cover map and nighttime data derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) for the years 1992/1993 and 2000 to estimate the extent of urban development and its impact on NPP. The analysis based on the nighttime data indicated that in 1992/1993, urban areas amounted to 4.5% of the total land surface of the region. In the year 2000, the nighttime data showed an increase in urban development for the southeastern United States of 1.9%. Estimates derived from the MODIS data indicated that land cover changes due to urban development that took place during the 1992-2000 period reduced annual NPP of the southeastern United States by 0.4%. Despite the uncertainties in sensor fusion and the coarse resolution of the data used in this study, results show that the combination of MODIS products such as NPP with nighttime data could provide rapid assessment of urban land cover changes and their impacts on regional ecosystem resources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Off Director, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Milesi, C (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 37 TC 115 Z9 140 U1 8 U2 94 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 86 IS 3 BP 401 EP 410 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00081-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 709BN UT WOS:000184605000010 ER PT J AU Kochin, BF Levin, PS AF Kochin, BF Levin, PS TI Lack of concern deepens the oceans' problems SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID COLLAPSE; FISH C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kochin, BF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 14 PY 2003 VL 424 IS 6950 BP 723 EP 723 DI 10.1038/424723a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 711HQ UT WOS:000184733900013 PM 12917656 ER PT J AU Gilliland, AB Dennis, RL Roselle, SJ Pierce, TE AF Gilliland, AB Dennis, RL Roselle, SJ Pierce, TE TI Seasonal NH3 emission estimates for the eastern United States based on ammonium wet concentrations and an inverse modeling method SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonia emissions; intra-annual or seasonal variations; inverse modeling; air quality modeling; nitrate aerosols; CMAQ ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY DATA; DRY DEPOSITION; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; AEROSOL COMPONENT; TRANSPORT MODEL; TRACE GASES; QUALITY; ACID; NADP/NTN AB Significant uncertainty exists in the magnitude and variability of ammonia (NH3) emissions. NH3 emissions are needed as input for air quality modeling of aerosols and deposition of nitrogen compounds. Approximately 85% of NH3 emissions are estimated to come from agricultural nonpoint sources, which are suspected to have a strong seasonal pattern. Because no seasonal information is available in current NH3 emission inventories for air quality modeling, the emissions are often distributed evenly over the year by default. Doing so can adversely affect air quality model-predicted concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds, as shown here. We apply a Kalman filter inverse modeling technique to deduce monthly 1990 NH3 emissions for the eastern United States. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and ammonium (NH4+) wet concentration data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program network are used. The results illustrate the strong seasonal differences in NH3 emissions that were anticipated, where NH3 emissions are more than 75% lower during the colder seasons fall and winter as compared to peak emissions during summer. The results also suggest that the current USEPA 1990 National Emission Inventory for NH3 is too high by at least 20%. This is supported by a recent USEPA study of emission factors that proposes lower emission factors for cattle and swine, which are two of the largest sources of NH3 emissions in the inventory. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gilliland, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Nerl,Amd,Mearb, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM alice.gilliland@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4477 DI 10.1029/2002JD003063 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PX UT WOS:000184868100001 ER PT J AU MacCrehan, WA Layman, MJ Secl, JD AF MacCrehan, WA Layman, MJ Secl, JD TI Hair combing to collect organic gunshot residues (OGSR) SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE organic gunshot residues; hair analysis; gunpowder additive; nitroglycerin; ethyl centralite; capillary electrophoresis ID ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DISCHARGE RESIDUES; GSR PARTICLES; IDENTIFICATION; CASEWORK; POWDER; CONSTITUENTS; ANTIMONY; BARIUM AB A protocol is presented for the collection and analysis of gunshot residues (GSR) from hair. A fine-toothed comb is used for collection of the residues. A small zip-closure bag serves as a container for both sample storage and extraction of the characteristic organic powder additives. The success of this residue recovery approach was tested on simulated shooters and victims using mannequin-supported human wig hair as well as on human shooters. Residues were collected from four weapons: a revolver and semi-automatic pistol, rifle and shotgun. One characteristic additive, nitroglycerin, was detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the majority of the collection experiments. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD AUG 12 PY 2003 VL 135 IS 2 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00207-X PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 721FB UT WOS:000185305400013 PM 12927420 ER PT J AU Roads, J Lawford, R Bainto, E Berbery, E Chen, S Fekete, B Gallo, K Grundstein, A Higgins, W Kanamitsu, M Krajewski, W Lakshmi, V Leathers, D Lettenmaier, D Luo, L Maurer, E Meyers, T Miller, D Mitchell, K Mote, T Pinker, R Reichler, T Robinson, D Robock, A Smith, J Srinivasan, G Verdin, K Vinnikov, K Haar, TV Vorosmarty, C Williams, S Yarosh, E AF Roads, J Lawford, R Bainto, E Berbery, E Chen, S Fekete, B Gallo, K Grundstein, A Higgins, W Kanamitsu, M Krajewski, W Lakshmi, V Leathers, D Lettenmaier, D Luo, L Maurer, E Meyers, T Miller, D Mitchell, K Mote, T Pinker, R Reichler, T Robinson, D Robock, A Smith, J Srinivasan, G Verdin, K Vinnikov, K Haar, TV Vorosmarty, C Williams, S Yarosh, E TI GCIP water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review DE hydrologic cycle; water cycle; water and energy budgets; regional models; land surface models ID SOIL-MOISTURE SIMULATIONS; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; RANGE FORECAST MODEL; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; MISSISSIPPI RIVER-BASIN; SEA EXPERIMENT BALTEX; LAND-SURFACE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NORTH-AMERICA; ETA-MODEL AB As part of the World Climate Research Program's (WCRPs) Global Energy and Water-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project (GCIP), a preliminary water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS) was developed for the period 1996-1999 from the "best available'' observations and models. Besides this summary paper, a companion CD-ROM with more extensive discussion, figures, tables, and raw data is available to the interested researcher from the GEWEX project office, the GAPP project office, or the first author. An updated online version of the CD-ROM is also available at http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/gcip/webs.htm/. Observations cannot adequately characterize or "close'' budgets since too many fundamental processes are missing. Models that properly represent the many complicated atmospheric and near-surface interactions are also required. This preliminary synthesis therefore included a representative global general circulation model, regional climate model, and a macroscale hydrologic model as well as a global reanalysis and a regional analysis. By the qualitative agreement among the models and available observations, it did appear that we now qualitatively understand water and energy budgets of the Mississippi River Basin. However, there is still much quantitative uncertainty. In that regard, there did appear to be a clear advantage to using a regional analysis over a global analysis or a regional simulation over a global simulation to describe the Mississippi River Basin water and energy budgets. There also appeared to be some advantage to using a macroscale hydrologic model for at least the surface water budgets. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NOAA, Ctr Sci, Environm Modeling Ctr Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa Inst Hydraul Res Hydrosci & Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, Newark, DE USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Environm, Coll Earth & Mineral Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Dept Sci & Technol, Earth Syst Sci Div, New Delhi, India. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. RP Roads, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 441 Nierenberg Hall,8605 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM jroads@ucsd.edu RI Maurer, Edwin/C-7190-2009; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Leathers, Daniel/A-3665-2010; Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Maurer, Edwin/0000-0001-7134-487X; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345; NR 108 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 8609 DI 10.1029/2002JD002583 PG 39 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713QA UT WOS:000184868400001 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Stansbury, JW Choi, KM Floyd, CJE AF Dickens, SH Stansbury, JW Choi, KM Floyd, CJE TI Photopolymerization kinetics of methacrylate dental resins SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID METHYL-METHACRYLATE; NETWORK FORMATION; POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS; COMONOMER COMPOSITION; PRIMARY CYCLIZATION; REACTION-DIFFUSION; DIMETHACRYLATE; COMPOSITES; CONVERSION; COPOLYMERIZATION AB The photopolymerization kinetics of typical dental dimethacrylate monomers were studied by differential photocalorimetry. Increasing proportions of the low-viscosity diluent monomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were added to either Bis-GMA (2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxy-propoxy)phenylene] propane), EBADMA (ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate), or UDMA (1,6-bis-(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane) to provide three base resins that differed in their hydrogen-bonding potential and, therefore, resulted in compositions covering a broad range of viscosities. When compared at similar diluent concentrations, UDMA resins were significantly more reactive than Bis-GMA and EBADMA resins. At higher diluent concentrations, EBADMA resins provided the lowest photopolymerization reactivities. Optimum reactivities in the UDMA and EBADMA resin systems were obtained with the addition of relatively small amounts of TEGDMA, whereas the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system required near equivalent mole ratios for highest reactivity. The hydrogen-bonding interactions, which substantially influence the Bis-GMA and UDMA resin series, were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and resin viscosity. Synergistic effects of base and diluent monomer on the polymerization rate and the final conversion were found for the two base resins having hydrogen-bonding interactions. The structures of the individual monomers and, consequently, the resin viscosities of the comonomer mixtures strongly influence both the rate and the extent of conversion of the photopolymerization process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 43 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD AUG 12 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 16 BP 6043 EP 6053 DI 10.1021/ma021675k PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 709MB UT WOS:000184628000025 ER PT J AU Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ AF Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ TI A neutron-powder-diffraction study of the rare-earth deuteride two-phase region SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Metal-Hydrogen Systems, Fundamentals and Applications (MH2002) CY SEP 02-06, 2002 CL ANNECY, FRANCE DE interstitial alloys; hydrogen storage materials; gas-solid reactions; crystal structure and symmetry; neutron diffraction ID SCATTERING; HYDRIDES; NUCLEAR; YD3; MAGNETISM; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS AB Neutron-powder-diffraction measurements of bulk, polycrystalline, rare-earth deuterides (RDy, 22.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704YW UT WOS:000184370400001 ER PT J AU Seemann, SW Li, J Menzel, WP Gumley, LE AF Seemann, SW Li, J Menzel, WP Gumley, LE TI Operational retrieval of atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone from MODIS infrared radiances SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; SPECTROMETER; ALGORITHM; SSM/I; CLOUD; VALIDATION; RESOLUTION; SOUNDINGS; PROFILES AB The algorithm for operational retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture distribution, total column ozone, and surface skin temperature from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) longwave infrared radiances is presented. The retrieval algorithm uses clear-sky radiances measured by MODIS over land and ocean for both day and night. The algorithm employs a statistical retrieval with an option for a subsequent nonlinear physical retrieval. The synthetic regression coefficients for the statistical retrieval are derived using a fast radiative transfer model with atmospheric characteristics taken from a dataset of global radiosondes of atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone profiles. Evaluation of retrieved total precipitable water vapor (TPW) is performed by a comparison with retrievals from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder, radiosonde observations, and data from ground-based instrumentation at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (CART) in Oklahoma. Comparisons over one and one-half years show that the operational regression-based MODIS TPW agrees with the microwave radiometer (MWR) TPW at the ARM CART site in Oklahoma with an rmse of 4.1 mm. For moist cases, the physical retrieval improves the retrieval performance. For dry atmospheres (TPW less than 17 mm), both physical and regression-based retrievals from MODIS radiances tend to overestimate the moisture by 3.7 mm on average. Global maps of MODIS atmospheric-retrieved products are compared with the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) moisture and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) ozone products. MODIS retrievals of temperature, moisture, and ozone are in general agreement with the gradients and distributions from the other satellites, and MODIS depicts more detailed structure with its improved spatial resolution. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. RP Seemann, SW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 27 TC 140 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1072 EP 1091 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1072:OROATM>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704YW UT WOS:000184370400003 ER PT J AU Bringi, VN Chandrasekar, V Zrnic, D Ulbrich, CW AF Bringi, VN Chandrasekar, V Zrnic, D Ulbrich, CW TI Comments on "The need to represent raindrop size spectra as normalized gamma distributions for the interpretation of polarization radar observations'' SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID RAINFALL; BAND; ATTENUATION; PHASE; SHAPE C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC USA. RP Bringi, VN (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1184 EP 1189 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1184:COTNTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704YW UT WOS:000184370400011 ER PT J AU Benck, EC Goyette, A Wang, YC AF Benck, EC Goyette, A Wang, YC TI Ion energy distribution and optical measurements in high-density, inductively coupled C4F6 discharges SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; PERFLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS; ELECTRON-ATTACHMENT; REFERENCE CELL; PLASMA SOURCE; CF4; SHEATHS; FLUXES; ARGON AB Hexafluoro-1,3 butadiene (C4F6) is a potential etching gas with a very low global warming potential for the manufacturing of semiconductors, unlike commonly used fluorocarbon gases such as CF4 and c-C4F8. We report ion energy distributions, relative ion intensities and absolute total ion current densities measured at the edge of an inductively coupled gaseous electronics conference radio-frequency reference cell for discharges generated in pure C4F6 and C4F6:Ar mixtures. In addition, the ratio of radical densities relative to CF measured using submillimeter absorption spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy measurements are presented. These measurements of the C4F6 plasmas were made for several different gas pressures (0.67, 1.33, and 2.66 Pa) and gas mixture ratios (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% C4F6 volume fractions). (C) 2003 American Institute Of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Benck, EC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 3 BP 1382 EP 1389 DI 10.1063/1.1586978 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 705ND UT WOS:000184400400015 ER PT J AU Bendersky, LA Tsvetkov, DV Melnik, YV AF Bendersky, LA Tsvetkov, DV Melnik, YV TI Transmission electron microscopy study of a defected zone in GaN on a SiC substrate grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THREADING DISLOCATIONS; FORMATION MECHANISM; LATERAL OVERGROWTH; ATOMIC-STRUCTURE; SELECTIVE-AREA; 0001 SAPPHIRE; III-NITRIDES; LAYERS; FILMS; WURTZITE AB A defected zone (DZ) in the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE)-deposited GaN located near an interface with a SiC substrate was investigated by transmission electron microscopy for both plan-view and cross-section specimens. Predominant defects in the DZ are dislocations and stacking fault-type interfaces. Analysis of the defects by a moire contrast and high-resolution imaging has suggested that the interfaces resulted from the process of coalescence and overgrowth of three-dimensional nucleated islands. The islands differ by a translation with respect to the reference (substrate) lattice, and therefore their coalescence results in the formation of domains separated by stacking fault-type boundaries. For the HVPE process used in depositing the specimens studied, we infer that the islands adopted the shape of {11(2) over bar l}-faceted truncated pyramids. Continued coalescence and overgrowth of the nonequivalent by translation domains result in a substructure of connected (0001) and {11(2) over bar 0} stacking faults and threading dislocations. The density of these defects decreases with continued coalescence as the growth of GaN progresses, and thus determines the effective thickness of the DZ. We anticipate that the extent of such defected zones depends on the nucleation frequency and anisotropic growth rate of different crystallographic facets. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Technol & Devices Int Inc, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8554, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 3 BP 1676 EP 1685 DI 10.1063/1.1589169 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 705ND UT WOS:000184400400056 ER PT J AU Shin, K Wang, H Satija, SK Han, CC Josell, D Bonevich, JE AF Shin, K Wang, H Satija, SK Han, CC Josell, D Bonevich, JE TI Rapid deformation of thin gold layers in polymer matrices studied by x-ray reflectivity SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIBLOCK-COPOLYMER; FILMS; INTERDIFFUSION AB We have used x-ray reflectivity to measure the morphological profiles of thin An layers of three different average thicknesses sandwiched between two polystyrene layers with different molecular weights. The results showed that the equilibrium structures of the samples with the layers less than 4 nm thick, where discontinuous islands are expected, were very close to those of the nonannealed samples. However, the morphologies of samples with layers more than 4 nm thick, where a continuous layer structure was formed, were influenced by annealing. Comparison of transmission electron micrographs from unannealed and annealed samples showed that annealing promotes spherical shapes for the Au particles and breakup of an elongated, randomly connected structure visible prior to the annealing. The fractional area covered with Au obtained from transmission electron microscopy images is in good agreement with x-ray reflectivity results. These results were interpreted in terms of capillarity induced spheroidization of the ultrathin Au layers. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Kwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gwang Ju 500712, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shin, K (reprint author), Kwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Gwang Ju 500712, South Korea. RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 3 BP 2115 EP 2122 DI 10.1063/1.1591414 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 705ND UT WOS:000184400400123 ER PT J AU Ignatov, A AF Ignatov, A TI Spurious signals in TRMM/VIRS reflectance channels and their effect on aerosol retrievals SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM; ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; CONSISTENCY CHECKS; CLOUDS; CALIBRATION; ATMOSPHERE AB Aerosol optical depths, tau(1) and tau(2), and the Angstrom exponent alpha = -1n(tau(1)/tau(2))/1n(lambda(1)/lambda(2)), are retrieved from daytime measurements (sun zenith angle theta(o) < 60degrees) over ocean in reflectance bands 1 (lambda(1) = 0.63 mum) and 2 (lambda(2) = 1.61 mum) of the five-channel visible and infrared scanner (VIRS) on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. In band 2, a thermal leak originating from the secondary spectral response peak at; similar to5.2 mum contributes radiance comparable to the signal scattered by aerosols. In the past two corrections, the thermal signal was parameterized empirically as a linear function of radiances in bands 4 and 5 (centered at 10.8 and 11.9 mum, respectively), R-4 and R-5, and a quadratic function of view angle theta through multiple regression analyses. The regression coefficients were estimated from a limited amount of all-sky nighttime (100degrees < theta(o) < 170degrees) data over land and ocean, and were used to predict and remove the false signal from daytime data. As a result, retrievals of tau(2) and alpha have been improved, but they still remain seriously flawed. This study reexamines the nighttime signal in VIRS channel 2 using two representative 9-day segments of the TRMM single scanner footprint (SSF) data collected from 4-12 February and 2-10 April 1998. The past parameterizations did not always perform accurately. Their residuals are biased and skewed, and reveal artificial trends with time, latitude, theta, R-4, and R-5. A new parameterization of the nighttime signal is proposed that makes use of 1) clear-sky ocean data only (rather than previously used all sky, full set); 2) more accurate principal component analyses (PCA) to approximate the theta, R-4, and R-5 dependencies of the false signal (in place of the formerly used liner/quadratic regressions); and 3) explicit accounting for temporal instability of the spurious signal (rather than assuming it to be stable as was done in the past). The new parameterization substantially relieves the problems found in the previous two parameterizations. A much smaller false signal of unknown origin, found in channel 1, is also analyzed and parameterized in this study, consistently with channel 2. The effects of false signals and residuals of different corrections on retrieved tau and alpha are preliminarily estimated using an approximate formulation based on a simplified treatment of the radiative transfer equation. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Soprings, MD USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, E RAI, WWBG, Rm 712R,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1120 EP 1137 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1120:SSIVRC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 709GT UT WOS:000184618000004 ER PT J AU Steele, WV Chirico, RD Cowell, AB Nguyen, A Knipmeyer, SE AF Steele, WV Chirico, RD Cowell, AB Nguyen, A Knipmeyer, SE TI Possible precursors and products of deep hydrodesulfurization of gasoline and distillate fuels. Part 2. The thermodynamic properties of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE enthalpy of combustion; heat capacity; vapor pressure; density; thermodynamic functions ID THERMOCHEMICAL BOND ENERGIES; 3RD VIRIAL-COEFFICIENT; TEMPERATURES 250 K; VAPOR-PRESSURE; XYLENE ISOMERIZATION; RECOMMENDED VALUES; HEAT-CAPACITIES; KINETICS; EQUILIBRIA; DENSITIES AB Measurements leading to the calculation of the standard thermodynamic properties for gaseous 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene (Chemical Abstracts registry number [4565-32-6]) are reported. Experimental methods include combustion calorimetry, adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, vibrating-tube densitometry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston gauge manometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Critical properties are estimated for 2,3-dihydobenzo[b]thiophene. Standard molar entropies, standard molar enthalpies, and standard molar Gibbs free energies of formation are derived at selected temperatures between T = 298.15 K and T = 680 K. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Phys Propert Res Facil, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Phys & Chem Propert Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. BDM Petr Technol, Bartlesville Thermodynam Grp, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. RP Steele, WV (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Phys Propert Res Facil, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, POB 2008,Mail Stop 6273, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 81 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1253 EP 1276 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(03)00063-6 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 714VB UT WOS:000184933200004 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, YB Goldberg, RN TI Thermodynamics of the oxidation-reduction reaction {2 glutathione(red)(aq)+NADP(ox)(aq)=glutathione(ox)(aq)+NADP(red)(aq)} SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE apparent equilibrium constant; chemical thermodynamics; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs free energy; glutathione reductase; NADP beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ID NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; HALF REACTIONS; POTENTIALS; RESOLUTION; PHOSPHATE; MECHANISM; PH AB Microcalorimetry, spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the glutathione reductase catalyzed reaction {2 glutathione(red)(aq)+NADP(ox)(aq)=glutathione(ox)(aq)+NADP(red)(aq)}. The reaction involves the breaking of a disulfide bond and is of particular importance because of the role glutathione(red) plays in the repair of enzymes. The measured values of the apparent equilibrium constant K' for this reaction ranged from 0.5 to 69 and were measured over a range of temperature (288.15 K to 303.15 K), pH (6.58 to 8.68), and ionic strength I-m (0.091 mol . kg(-1) to 0.90 mol . kg(-1)). The results of the equilibrium and calorimetric measurements were analyzed in terms of a chemical equilibrium model that accounts for the multiplicity of ionic states of the reactants and products. These calculations led to values of thermodynamic quantities at T = 298.15 K and I-m = 0 for a chemical reference reaction that involves specific ionic forms. Thus, for the reaction {2 glutathione(red)(-) (aq) + NADP(ox)(3-)(aq) glutathione(ox)(2-)(aq) + NADP(red)(4-) (aq) + H+ (aq)}, the equilibrium constant K = (6.5 +/- 4.4) . 10(-11), the standard molar enthalpy of reaction Delta(r)H(m)(o) = (6.9 +/- 3.0) kJ . mol(-1), the standard molar Gibbs free energy change Delta(r)G(m)(o) = (58.1 +/- 1.7) kJ . mol(-1), and the standard molar entropy change Delta(r)S(m)(o) = -(172 +/- 12) J . K-1 . mol(-1). Under approximately physiological conditions (T = 311.15 K, pH = 7.0, and I-m = 0.25 mol . kg(-1) the apparent equilibrium constant K' approximate to 0.013. The results of the several studies of this reaction from the literature have also been examined and analyzed using the chemical equilibrium model. It was found that much of the literature is in agreement with the results of this study. Use of our results together with a value from the literature for the standard electromotive force E-o for the NADP redox reaction leads to E-o = 0.166 V (T = 298.15 K and I = 0) for the glutathione redox reaction (glutathione(ox)(2-) (aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e(-) = 2 glutathione(red)(-)(aq)}. The thermodynamic results obtained in this study also permit the calculation of the standard apparent electromotive force E-'o for the biochemical redox reaction {glutathione(ox)(aq) + 2 e(-) = 2 glutathione(red)(aq)} over a wide range of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. At T = 298.15 K, I = 0.25 mol . kg(-1), and pH = 7.0, the calculated value of E-'o is -0.265 V. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Mail Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1361 EP 1381 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(03)00111-3 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 714VB UT WOS:000184933200011 ER PT J AU Huang, HP Weickmann, KM Rosen, RD AF Huang, HP Weickmann, KM Rosen, RD TI Unusual behavior in atmospheric angular momentum during the 1965 and 1972 El Ninos SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS; EARTH ROTATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LENGTH; REANALYSIS; PACIFIC; OCEAN; ANOMALIES; SIGNALS; OSCILLATION AB The global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is known to increase with tropical eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during El Nino events. Using a reanalysis dataset, the ratio of the monthly AAM anomaly to El Nino SST anomaly ( based on the Nino-3.4 index) is found to be approximately 1 angular momentum unit (=10(25) kg m(2) s(-1)) per degree Celsius for most post-1975 El Ninos. This ratio is much smaller, however, during the 1965/66 and 1972/73 El Ninos, raising the possibilities that either the early reanalysis data are in error due to sparse observations, or the atmospheric response to the two early El Ninos was unusual. The possibility of a severe data problem in the reanalysis is ruled out by cross-validating the AAM time series with independent measurements of length of day. The latitudinal structures of the zonal wind anomalies in 1965/66 and 1972/73 are examined for both the reanalysis and a set of general circulation model (GCM) simulations. Multiple GCM runs with specified SST produce a more positive ensemble-mean AAM anomaly in 1965 than its counterpart in the reanalysis. The GCM-simulated ensemble-mean zonal wind anomaly resembles the canonical El Nino response with accelerations of subtropical zonal jets in both hemispheres, a pattern that is almost absent in the reanalysis. On the other hand, a large spread exists among the individual ensemble members in the 1965/ 66 GCM simulations. Although the majority of the individual ensemble members shows the canonical El Nino response, two outliers ( out of 12 runs) exhibit very small zonal wind responses in the Northern Hemisphere similar to the reanalysis. Thus, the observed AAM anomaly during 1965/ 66 is interpreted as an outlier with atmospheric noise being strong enough to overwhelm the canonical El Nino response. The low AAM in the 1972/73 event is related in the reanalysis to a significantly negative zonal wind response on the equator. This signal is robustly reproduced, although with a slightly smaller amplitude, in the ensemble mean and all individual ensemble members in the GCM simulations. The small ensemble standard deviation and large ensemble-mean response on the equator indicate that the negative response is due to the lower-boundary forcing related to the SST anomaly. The fact that the AAM anomaly in 1972/73 is not well correlated with the Nino-3.4 index, then, indicates that SST anomalies outside the conventional El Nino region may be responsible for the low AAM. The uncharacteristically low values of global AAM in 1965/ 66 and 1972/73 contribute to a low mean for the decade before 1975, which, combined with high AAM in the post-1980 era, produces a significant upward trend in AAM in the second half of the twentieth century. If the weak AAM anomalies during the two pre-1975 El Ninos are due to random noise or incidental non-El Nino influences, taking them at face value would result in an overestimate of about 15% - 20% in the multidecadal trend of AAM due to boundary forcing alone. Notably, a multidecadal trend in AAM is also simulated in the ensemble mean of the multiple GCM runs, but its magnitude is smaller than the observed counterpart and more consistent with the multidecadal trend of the Nino-3.4 index. The implications of these findings for climate change detection are discussed. C1 NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. RP Huang, HP (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, POB 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM huei@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 46 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 15 BP 2526 EP 2539 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2526:UBIAAM>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 706JL UT WOS:000184450500006 ER PT J AU Barker, HW Stephens, GL Partain, PT Bergman, JW Bonnel, B Campana, K Clothiaux, EE Clough, S Cusack, S Delamere, J Edwards, J Evans, KF Fouquart, Y Freidenreich, S Galin, V Hou, Y Kato, S Li, J Mlawer, E Morcrette, JJ O'Hirok, W Raisanen, P Ramaswamy, V Ritter, B Rozanov, E Schlesinger, M Shibata, K Sporyshev, P Sun, Z Wendisch, M Wood, N Yang, F AF Barker, HW Stephens, GL Partain, PT Bergman, JW Bonnel, B Campana, K Clothiaux, EE Clough, S Cusack, S Delamere, J Edwards, J Evans, KF Fouquart, Y Freidenreich, S Galin, V Hou, Y Kato, S Li, J Mlawer, E Morcrette, JJ O'Hirok, W Raisanen, P Ramaswamy, V Ritter, B Rozanov, E Schlesinger, M Shibata, K Sporyshev, P Sun, Z Wendisch, M Wood, N Yang, F TI Assessing 1D atmospheric solar radiative transfer models: Interpretation and handling of unresolved clouds SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE MODELS; WATER CLOUDS; HORIZONTAL VARIABILITY; 2-STREAM APPROXIMATION; OVERLAP STATISTICS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SULFATE AEROSOLS; CIRRUS CLOUDS AB The primary purpose of this study is to assess the performance of 1D solar radiative transfer codes that are used currently both for research and in weather and climate models. Emphasis is on interpretation and handling of unresolved clouds. Answers are sought to the following questions: (i) How well do 1D solar codes interpret and handle columns of information pertaining to partly cloudy atmospheres? (ii) Regardless of the adequacy of their assumptions about unresolved clouds, do 1D solar codes perform as intended? One clear-sky and two plane-parallel, homogeneous (PPH) overcast cloud cases serve to elucidate 1D model differences due to varying treatments of gaseous transmittances, cloud optical properties, and basic radiative transfer. The remaining four cases involve 3D distributions of cloud water and water vapor as simulated by cloud-resolving models. Results for 25 1D codes, which included two line-by-line (LBL) models (clear and overcast only) and four 3D Monte Carlo (MC) photon transport algorithms, were submitted by 22 groups. Benchmark, domain-averaged irradiance profiles were computed by the MC codes. For the clear and overcast cases, all MC estimates of top-of-atmosphere albedo, atmospheric absorptance, and surface absorptance agree with one of the LBL codes to within +/-2%. Most 1D codes underestimate atmospheric absorptance by typically 15-25 W m(-2) at overhead sun for the standard tropical atmosphere regardless of clouds. Depending on assumptions about unresolved clouds, the 1D codes were partitioned into four genres: (i) horizontal variability, (ii) exact overlap of PPH clouds, (iii) maximum/random overlap of PPH clouds, and (iv) random overlap of PPH clouds. A single MC code was used to establish conditional benchmarks applicable to each genre, and all MC codes were used to establish the full 3D benchmarks. There is a tendency for 1D codes to cluster near their respective conditional benchmarks, though intragenre variances typically exceed those for the clear and overcast cases. The majority of 1D codes fall into the extreme category of maximum/random overlap of PPH clouds and thus generally disagree with full 3D benchmark values. Given the fairly limited scope of these tests and the inability of any one code to perform extremely well for all cases begs the question that a paradigm shift is due for modeling 1D solar fluxes for cloudy atmospheres. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Cloud Phys Res Div ARMP, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Opt Atmospher Lab, Lille, France. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Atmospher Environm Res, Lexington, MA USA. Meteorol Off, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. DNM, Moscow, Russia. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada. ECMWF, Reading, Berks, England. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Deutsch Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Voeikov Main Geophys Observ, St Petersburg, Russia. Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. RP Meteorol Serv Canada, Cloud Phys Res Div ARMP, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM howard.barker@ec.gc.ca RI Raisanen, Petri/I-1954-2012; Wendisch, Manfred/E-4175-2013; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012; Sporyshev, Petr/P-7323-2015; Li, Jiangnan/J-6262-2016; Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 OI Raisanen, Petri/0000-0003-4466-213X; Wendisch, Manfred/0000-0002-4652-5561; Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488; Sporyshev, Petr/0000-0002-4047-8178; NR 78 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 16 IS 16 BP 2676 EP 2699 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2676:ADASRT>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 708HA UT WOS:000184560100003 ER PT J AU Nadal, ME Zwinkels, JC Noel, M AF Nadal, ME Zwinkels, JC Noel, M TI Specular gloss scales comparison between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the National Research Council of Canada SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The gloss value of a test sample is determined relative to a standard, generally a polished piece of black glass. Therefore, gloss is a dimensionless quantity whose accurate determination requires standardized experimental conditions such as spectral distribution of the incident beam of light, incident and viewing angles; and a gloss standard. To help manufacturers monitor and assess specular gloss, the National Institute 7 of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory provides a special test service to calibrate. gloss reference standards. This facility is built around a newly rebuilt reference goniophotometer-an instrument that measures flux as a function of angles of illumination or observation-and a newly -developed primary gloss standard-three wedges of highly polished, high-quality optical glass. The system has an overall (k = 2) uncertainty of 0.4%. The new service offers calibration measurements of industry working gloss standards at the specular geometries of 20degrees, 60degrees, and 85degrees, in compliance with the International Standards Organization (ISO) 2813 and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 523 documentary standards. This article describes a bilateral comparison of specular gloss scales between NIST and the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) that has been performed. The results of this comparison show agreement within the combined uncertainties for the measurement of specular gloss of highly polished black glass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RP Nadal, ME (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 75 IS 943 BP 45 EP + DI 10.1007/BF02730099 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 711VD UT WOS:000184761000010 ER PT J AU Karbhari, VM Chin, JW Hunston, D Benmokrane, B Juska, T Morgan, R Lesko, JJ Sorathia, U Reynaud, D AF Karbhari, VM Chin, JW Hunston, D Benmokrane, B Juska, T Morgan, R Lesko, JJ Sorathia, U Reynaud, D TI Durability gap analysis for fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil infrastructure SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE durability; fiber reinforced polymers; reinforcement retrofitting; decks; panels; composite materials ID CONCRETE PORE SOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; BOND DURABILITY; GLASS; WATER; DEGRADATION; PERFORMANCE; POLYESTERS; CRITERIA; FATIGUE AB The lack of a comprehensive, validated, and easily accessible data base for the durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as related to civil infrastructure applications has been identified as a critical barrier to widespread acceptance of these materials by structural designers and civil engineers. This concern is emphasized since the structures of interest are primarily load bearing and are expected to remain in service over extended periods of time without significant inspection or maintenance. This paper presents a synopsis of a gap analysis study undertaken under the aegis of the Civil Engineering Research Foundation and the Federal Highway Administration to identify and prioritize critical gaps in durability data. The study focuses on the use of FRP in internal reinforcement, external strengthening, seismic retrofit, bridge decks, structural profiles, and panels. Environments of interest are moisture/solution, alkalinity, creep/relaxation, fatigue, fire, thermal effects (including freeze-thaw), and ultraviolet exposure. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Civil Engn, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. Newport News Shipyard, Newport News, VA 23603 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USN, Ctr Surface Warfare, Carderock Div, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. Civil Engn Res Fdn, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Karbhari, VM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 54 TC 149 Z9 150 U1 8 U2 74 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0268 J9 J COMPOS CONSTR JI J. Compos. Constr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 7 IS 3 BP 238 EP 247 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 702RY UT WOS:000184238300007 ER PT J AU Unland, J Onderka, B Davydov, A Schmid-Fetzer, R AF Unland, J Onderka, B Davydov, A Schmid-Fetzer, R TI Thermodynamics and phase stability in the Ga-N system SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE phase diagram; thermodynamics; nitrides; semiconducting III-V materials ID PRESSURE SOLUTION GROWTH; GALLIUM NITRIDE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; HEAT-CAPACITY; EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE; VAPOR PRESSURE; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; III-NITRIDES; THIN-FILMS; NITROGEN AB The decomposition of GaN powder was studied experimentally using two different customized thermogravimetric methods, dynamic oscillation TGA, and isothermal stepping TGA for a higher resolution of the decomposition start. A reproducible mass gain at slightly lower temperature suggests the equilibrium temperature to be at 1110+/-10 K under 1 bar of nitrogen. A CALPHAD type thermodynamic analysis of all available phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data is performed. This includes the determination of the absolute entropy of GaN, 30+/-4 J/mol K, based on a Debye- and Einstein-analysis of the experimental data on the heat capacity. An explicit equation for the fugacity-pressure relation of nitrogen, f(P), is developed, which is useful for the conversion of complex phase diagram calculation output. This is crucial because f can be several orders of magnitude higher than P for the high pressures encountered during GaN decomposition. Based on the consistent thermodynamic description, developed for the Ga-N system, all thermodynamic data and various phase diagrams are calculated. They indicate a good overall agreement between the different types of experimental data (calorimetric, vapor pressure, phase equilibrium). The high pressure part of the decomposition pressure of GaN is actually predicted from the thermodynamic model in good agreement with the experimental data. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tech Univ Clausthal, Inst Met, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Schmid-Fetzer, R (reprint author), Tech Univ Clausthal, Inst Met, Robert Koch Str 42, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010; OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311; Onderka, Boguslaw/0000-0002-0736-2843 NR 59 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD AUG PY 2003 VL 256 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(03)01352-6 PG 19 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 703TT UT WOS:000184297600006 ER PT J AU Gallagher, DT Stover, C Charlton, D Arnowitz, L Black, DR AF Gallagher, DT Stover, C Charlton, D Arnowitz, L Black, DR TI X-ray topography of micro gravity-grown ribonuclease S crystals SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE defects; diffraction; protein crystal growth; sectorial growth ID PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION; LYSOZYME CRYSTALS; MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLIZATION; MICROGRAVITY; RESOLUTION; DIFFRACTION; IMPURITIES; QUALITY; CRYSTALLOGENESIS; PERFECTION AB Crystals of the enzyme RNase S were grown at micro and unit gravity using a dialysis-based dynamically controlled device. Crystals were grown at 24degreesC on space shuttle flights STS 93 and STS 95. Control crystals were grown simultaneously in ground laboratories using identical equipment. Sizes, shapes, populations, and diffraction resolution have been compared and the crystals analyzed by X-ray topography. The sizes, populations, and resolutions of the two classes of crystals were not significantly different. The shapes of the space-grown crystals were more complete and symmetric, consistent with their unattached growth (ground crystals generally grow on the dialysis membrane). The two sets of crystals have distinct topographic signatures consistent with different growth dynamics. Topographs of microgravity grown crystals share a pattern with relatively higher symmetry and higher intensity. This is probably due to the symmetric growth environment of their microgravity growth. The structure of the space topographs suggests a time and symmetry dependent growth process that is probably disrupted by gravity-induced, asymmetric effects,in earth grown crystals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. BSI Proteom, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD AUG PY 2003 VL 255 IS 3-4 BP 403 EP 413 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(03)01309-5 PG 11 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 698TA UT WOS:000184013800030 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Hara, A Dickhoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Hara, A Dickhoff, WW TI Development of an RIA for salmon 41 kDa IGF-binding protein SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; BIOLOGICAL-FLUIDS; MORONE-SAXATILIS; ATLANTIC SALMON; LOW-TEMPERATURE; CHINOOK SALMON; STRIPED BASS AB Salmon plasma contains at least three IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) with molecular masses of 41, 28 and 22 kDa. The 41 kDa IGFBP is similar to mammalian IGFBP-3 in size, type of glycosylation and physiological responses. In this study, we developed an RIA for the 41 kDa IGFBP. The 41 kDa IGFBP purified from serum was used for antibody production and as an assay standard. Binding of three different preparations of tracer were examined: I-125-41 kDa IGFBP, I-125-41 kDa IGFBP cross-linked with IGF-I and 41 kDa IGFBP cross-linked with I-125- IGF-I (41 kDa IGFBP/I-125-IGF-I). Only binding of 41 kDa IGFBP/I-125-IGF-I was not affected by added IGFs, and therefore it was chosen for the tracer in the RIA. Plasma 41 kDa IGFBP levels measured by RIA were increased by GH treatment (178.9 +/- 4.9 ng/m) and decreased after fasting (95.0 +/- 7.0 ng/ml). The molarities of plasma 41 kDa IGFBP and total IGF-I were comparable, and they were positively correlated, suggesting that salmon 41 kDa IGFBP is a main carrier of circulating IGF-I in salmon, as is mammalian IGFBP-3 in mammals. During the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) of coho salmon, plasma 41 kDa IGFBP levels showed a transient peak (182.5 +/- 10.3 ng/ml) in March and stayed relatively constant thereafter, whereas IGF-I showed peak levels in March and April. Differences in the molar ratio between 41 kDa IGFBP and IGF-I possibly influence availability of IGF-I in the circulation during smoltification. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. RP Shimizu, M (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM munetaka.shimizu@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 22 APEX COURT, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 178 IS 2 BP 275 EP 283 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1780275 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 714GC UT WOS:000184903100011 PM 12904175 ER PT J AU Narehood, DG Grube, N Dimeo, RM Brown, DW Sokol, PE AF Narehood, DG Grube, N Dimeo, RM Brown, DW Sokol, PE TI Inelastic neutron scattering of H-2 in xerogel SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE xerogel; inelastic neutron scattering; kinetic energy ID POROUS VYCOR GLASS; HE-4; HYDROGEN; LIQUID AB The properties of molecular hydrogen adsorbed in Britesorb were studied through inelastic neutron scattering. We have measured both the rotational energy levels and the momentum distribution at bilayer and nearly full pore fillings. Splitting of the J=1 rotational energy levels is observed for molecular hydrogen adsorbed on the surface, while the rotational properties of the hydrogen adsorbed after monolayer completion is consistent with behavior in the bulk. Additionally, the measurement of the momentum distribution showed that the mean kinetic energy of the molecules in the bilayer is 88 K +/- 7 K. The kinetic energy measured in the nearly full pore was 81 K +/- 6 K, which is consistent with a simple model in which the behavior of the monolayer is dominated by the interaction with the surface of the pore wall but H-2 adsorbed after monolayer completion is bulk like. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Mat Res, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Narehood, DG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 132 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 237 DI 10.1023/A:1024461601413 PG 15 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 693EP UT WOS:000183703700004 ER PT J AU Brodeur, RD Fisher, JP Ueno, Y Nagasawa, K Pearcy, WG AF Brodeur, RD Fisher, JP Ueno, Y Nagasawa, K Pearcy, WG TI An east-west comparison of the Transition Zone coastal pelagic nekton of the North Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Pelagic nekton; assemblages; habitat; coastal; Transition Zone; North Pacific Ocean ID DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; GROUNDFISH ASSEMBLAGES; EPIPELAGIC NEKTON; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UPPER SLOPE; EL-NINO; OREGON; ASSOCIATIONS; WASHINGTON; COMMUNITY AB During the 1980s and 1990s, scientific research cruises were conducted in both the eastern and western boundary regions of the North Pacific Ocean. The main purpose of these cruises was to examine the abundance and distribution patterns of juvenile salmon in coastal waters. These studies created one of the most extensive databases ever collected on the species composition of coastal Transition Zone epipelagic nekton in the North Pacific Ocean. Catch data from two purse seine and two surface trawl surveys (one each from off northern Japan and eastern Russia and off the West Coast of the U.S.) were examined using multivariate techniques to analyze the community structure of nektonic cephalopods, elasmobranchs, and teleosts in the coastal zone during the summer and autumn months. Juvenile salmonids are generally among the most common species caught, but in terms of overall abundance, other potential competitors with juvenile salmon, such as small squids and clupeoid fishes predominated the catches. Species diversity and dominance varied among areas and gear types. Distinct assemblages were found in each area, but the two regions had closely related species occupying similar ecological positions in each habitat. C1 NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. FRA, Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Hachinohe 0310841, Japan. FRA, Natl Res Inst Aquaculture, Nikko 3211661, Japan. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 59 IS 4 BP 415 EP 434 DI 10.1023/A:1025584414744 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 696BY UT WOS:000183866500004 ER PT J AU Brodeur, RD Pearcy, WG Ralston, S AF Brodeur, RD Pearcy, WG Ralston, S TI Abundance and distribution patterns of nekton and micronekton in the Northern California Current Transition Zone SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE pelagic nekton; micronekton; distribution; habitat; coastal; abundance trends; Transition Zone; Northeast Pacific Ocean ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; EL-NINO; WEST-COAST; EPIPELAGIC NEKTON; FISH PRODUCTION; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; ZOOPLANKTON; ECOSYSTEM; OREGON AB The epipelagic and mesopelagic nekton communities of the northern California Current have been sampled somewhat continuously over the last four decades with bottom and pelagic trawls, small midwater trawls, and purse seines. We review the zoogeography and community and environmental associations of the dominant pelagic micronekton and nekton species in this region with a view to understanding their role in this dynamic marine ecosystem. As is typical of many upwelling eastern boundary current regions, the pelagic biomass is dominated by a few species that fluctuate dramatically through time. The abundance trends of pelagic nekton caught in this region demonstrated large-scale ecosystem changes about the time of the regime shifts of 1976/77 and 1989 and possibly another beginning in 1999. The rapidity of the changes in composition indicates that the response was due to a change in migration or distribution patterns as opposed to recruitment patterns. The 1989 regime shift led to a dramatic increase in sardine and a decrease in anchovy populations. The most pronounced interannual signals were attributed to strong El Ni (n) over tildeo/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions in 1983 and 1998 that altered the latitudinal ranges and proximity to the coast of many pelagic species. Variations in abundance and cross-shelf distribution patterns were noted for both pelegic nekton and micronektonic from surveys off California, Oregon, and Washington. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 75 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 17 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 59 IS 4 BP 515 EP 535 DI 10.1023/A:1025548801541 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 696BY UT WOS:000183866500011 ER PT J AU Waterstrat, RM AF Waterstrat, RM TI Re-measurement of the peritectic temperature of the sigma phase in the Ta-Pd system SO JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article ID CONSTITUTION DIAGRAM C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Waterstrat, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 224,Rm B166,Mail Stop 8441,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1054-9714 J9 J PHASE EQUILIB JI J. Phase Equilib. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 24 IS 4 BP 328 EP 329 DI 10.1361/105497103770330307 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 710DG UT WOS:000184665100008 ER PT J AU Beach, K Walters, L Vroom, P Smith, C Coyer, J Hunter, C AF Beach, K Walters, L Vroom, P Smith, C Coyer, J Hunter, C TI Variability in the ecophysiology of Halimeda spp. (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, USA SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chl fluorescence; coral reefs; Halimeda opuntia; Halimeda tuna; macroalgal productivity; photosynthesis ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; CORAL-REEFS; ALGA HALIMEDA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CARBONATE; GROWTH; PHOTOINHIBITION; PHYTOPLANKTON; REPRODUCTION; SEASONALITY AB The photosynthetic performance, pigmentation, and growth of a Halimeda community were studied over a depth gradient on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, USA during summer-fall periods of 5 consecutive years. The physiology and growth of H. tuna (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux and H. opuntia (L.) Lamouroux on this algal dominated reef were highly variable. Maximum rate of net photosynthesis (P-max ), respiration rate, and quantum efficiency (alpha) did not differ between populations of either species at 7 versus 21 m, even though the 21-m site received a 66% lower photon flux density (PFD). Physiological parameters, as well as levels of photosynthetic pigments, varied temporally. P-max , saturation irradiance, compensation irradiance, and growth were greatest in summer months, whereas alpha, chl a , chl b , and carotenoid concentrations were elevated each fall. Halimeda tuna growth rates were higher at 7 m compared with 21 m for only two of five growth trials. This may have arisen from variability in light and nutrient availability. Individuals growing at 7 m received a 29% greater PFD in August 2001 than in 1999. In August 1999 and 2001 seawater temperatures were uniform over the 14-m gradient, whereas in August 2000 cold water regularly intruded upon the 21-m but not the 7-m site. These results illustrate the potentially dynamic relationship between nutrients, irradiance, and algal productivity. This suggests the necessity of long-term monitoring over spatial and temporal gradients to accurately characterize factors that impact productivity. C1 Univ Tampa, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33606 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NOAA Fisheries Coral Reef, Ecosyst Invest, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Groningen, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Hawaii, Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, HI 96815 USA. RP Beach, K (reprint author), Univ Tampa, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33606 USA. NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 633 EP 643 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02147.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 706JT UT WOS:000184451100002 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Reece, KS Stokes, NA Steidinger, KA Millie, DF Bendis, BJ Pigg, RJ Tester, PA AF Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Reece, KS Stokes, NA Steidinger, KA Millie, DF Bendis, BJ Pigg, RJ Tester, PA TI Identification of Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) and Pfiesteria-like organisms using internal transcribed spacer-specific PCR assays SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnostics; evolution; Karlodinium micrum; PCR; Pfiesteria piscicida; Pfiesteria shumwayae; Pfiesteria-like organisms; ribosomal genes ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DNA; ALEXANDRIUM; SEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; EXOSOME; COMPLEX; CULTURE; REGIONS AB The putative harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida (Steidinger et Burkholder), frequently co-occurs with other morphologically similar species collectively known as Pfiesteria -like organisms (PLOs). This study specifically evaluated whether unique sequences in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, ITS1 and ITS2, could be used to develop PCR assays capable of detecting PLOs in natural assemblages. ITS regions were selected because they are more variable than the flanking small subunit or large subunit rRNA genes and more likely to contain species-specific sequences. Sequencing of the ITS regions revealed unique oligonucleotide primer binding sites for Pfiesteria piscicida , Pfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et Burkholder), Florida "Lucy" species, two cryptoperidiniopsoid species, "H/V14" and "PLO21," and the estuarine mixotroph, Karlodinium micrum (Leadbetter et Dodge). These PCR assays had a minimum sensitivity of 100 cells in a 100-mL sample (1 cell.mL(-1) ) and were successfully used to detect PLOs in the St. Johns River system in Florida, USA. DNA purification and aspects of PCR assay development, PCR optimization, PCR assay controls, and collection of field samples are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 39 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 754 EP 761 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02112.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 706JT UT WOS:000184451100012 ER PT J AU Capotondi, A Alexander, MA Deser, C AF Capotondi, A Alexander, MA Deser, C TI Why are there Rossby wave maxima in the Pacific at 10 degrees S and 13 degrees N? SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC; THERMOCLINE VARIABILITY; OCEAN; MODEL; OSCILLATIONS; CIRCULATION; DYNAMICS; AMERICA; SYSTEM AB Observations indicate the existence of two bands of maximum thermocline depth variability centered at similar to10degreesS and 13degreesN in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The analysis of a numerical integration performed with the National Center for Atmospheric Research ocean general circulation model (OGCM) forced with observed fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater over the period from 1958 to 1997 reveals that the tropical centers of thermocline variability at 10degreesS and 13degreesN are associated with first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves forced by anomalous Ekman pumping. In this study the factors that may be responsible for the Rossby wave maxima at 10degreesS and 13degreesN, including the amplitude and spatial coherency of the forcing at those latitudes, are systematically investigated. A simple Rossby wave model is used to interpret the OGCM variability and to help to discriminate between the different factors that may produce the tropical maxima. These results indicate that the dominant factor in producing the maximum variability at 10degreesS and 13degreesN is the zonal coherency of the Ekman pumping, a characteristic of the forcing that becomes increasingly more pronounced at low frequencies, maximizing at timescales in the decadal range. Local maxima in the amplitude of the forcing, while not explaining the origin of the centers of variability at 10degreesS and 13degreesN, appear to affect the sharpness of the variability maxima at low frequencies. Although the Rossby wave model gives an excellent fit to the OGCM, some discrepancies exist: the amplitude of the thermocline variance is generally underestimated by the simple model, and the variability along 13degreesN is westward intensified in the wave model but reaches a maximum in the central part of the basin in the OGCM. Short Rossby waves excited by small-scale Ekman pumping features, or the presence of higher-order Rossby wave modes may be responsible for the differences in the zonal variance distribution along 13degreesN. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Capotondi, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 34 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1549 EP 1563 DI 10.1175/2407.1 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 711QW UT WOS:000184753400001 ER PT J AU Moon, IJ Ginis, I Hara, T Tolman, HL Wright, CW Walsh, EJ AF Moon, IJ Ginis, I Hara, T Tolman, HL Wright, CW Walsh, EJ TI Numerical simulation of sea surface directional wave spectra under hurricane wind forcing SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIATION; WAM MODEL; OCEAN; STORM; LANDFALL; RADAR AB Numerical simulation of sea surface directional wave spectra under hurricane wind forcing was carried out using a high-resolution wave model. The simulation was run for four days as Hurricane Bonnie ( 1998) approached the U. S. East Coast. The results are compared with buoy observations and NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter (SRA) data, which were obtained on 24 August 1998 in the open ocean and on 26 August when the storm was approaching the shore. The simulated significant wave height in the open ocean reached 14 m, agreeing well with the SRA and buoy observations. It gradually decreased as the hurricane approached the shore. In the open ocean, the dominant wavelength and wave direction in all four quadrants relative to the storm center were simulated very accurately. For the landfall case, however, the simulated dominant wavelength displays noticeable overestimation because the wave model cannot properly simulate shoaling processes. Direct comparison of the model and SRA directional spectra in all four quadrants of the hurricane shows excellent agreement in general. In some cases, the model produces smoother spectra with narrower directional spreading than do the observations. The spatial characteristics of the spectra depend on the relative position from the hurricane center, the hurricane translation speed, and bathymetry. Attempts are made to provide simple explanations for the misalignment between local wind and wave directions and for the effect of hurricane translation speed on wave spectra. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. GSO, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Moon, IJ (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Hara, Tetsu/G-9779-2011 NR 27 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1680 EP 1706 DI 10.1175/2410.1 PG 27 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 711QW UT WOS:000184753400010 ER PT J AU Zhang, DX McPhaden, MJ Johns, WE AF Zhang, DX McPhaden, MJ Johns, WE TI Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic subtropical cells SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; UPPER-LAYER CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; EQUATORIAL UNDERCURRENT; UPPER-OCEAN; THERMOCLINE VENTILATION; EKMAN TRANSPORT; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ANNUAL CYCLE; WIND STRESS AB This study determines the mean pathways and volume transports in the pycnocline and surface layer for water flowing between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean, using potential vorticity, salinity, geostrophic flow maps on isopycnal surfaces, and surface drifter velocities. In both hemispheres, subducted salinity maximum waters flow into the Tropics in the pycnocline along both interior and western boundary pathways. The North Atlantic ventilating trajectories are confined to densities between about 23.2 and 26.0 sigma(theta), and only about 2 Sv (Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of water reaches the Tropics through the interior pathway, whereas the western boundary contributes about 3 Sv to the equatorward thermocline flow. Flow on shallower surfaces of this density range originates from the central Atlantic near 40degreesW between 12degrees and 16degreesN whereas flow on the deeper surfaces originates from near 20degreesW just off the coast of Africa at higher latitudes. The pathways skirt around the potential vorticity barrier located under the intertropical convergence zone and reach their westernmost location at about 10degreesN. In the South Atlantic, about 10 Sv of thermocline water reaches the equator through the combination of interior ( 4 Sv) and western boundary ( 6 Sv) routes in a slightly higher density range than in the North Atlantic. Similar to the North Atlantic, the shallower layers originate in the central part of the basin (along 10degrees - 30degreesW at 10degrees - 15degreesS) and the deeper layers originate at higher latitudes from the eastern part of the basin. However, the ventilation pathways are spread over a much wider interior window in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere that at 6degreesS extends from 10degreesW to the western boundary. The equatorward convergent flows in the thermocline upwell into the surface layer and return to the subtropics through surface poleward divergence. As much as 70% of the tropical Atlantic upwelling into the surface layer is associated with these subtropical circulation cells, with the remainder contributed by the warm return flow of the large-scale thermohaline overturning circulation. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, DX (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 53 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 33 IS 8 BP 1783 EP 1797 DI 10.1175/2408.1 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 711QW UT WOS:000184753400015 ER PT J AU Fanney, AH Weise, ER Henderson, KR AF Fanney, AH Weise, ER Henderson, KR TI Measured impact of a rooftop photovoltaic system SO JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB A 35-kW rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system has been installed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The system, located oil the flat roof that connects NIST's Administration Building to its adjoining conference and cafeteria facilities, produced NIST's first site-generated renewable energy oil September 14, 2001. In addition to providing electrical energy and reducing monthly peak electrical loads, the rear surface of each module is laminated to 51 mm of extruded polystyrene enhancing the thermal performance of the roof. A unique ballast system secures the photovoltaic system, eliminating the need for roof penetrations. An instrumentation and data acquisition package was installed to record the ambient temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and the electrical energy delivered to the grid. Additional solar radiation instruments were installed after determining that the original solar radiation sensor was influenced by reflections from the south-facing wall of the Administration Building's tower. NIST's electric utility billing schedule includes energy and peak demand charges. The generation charges vary significantly depending upon the time interval-off-peak, intermediate, and on-peak-during which the energy is consumed. The schedule is divided into summer billing months (June-October) and winter billing months (November-May). During the winter billing months, the distribution, transmission, and generation peak demand charges are based oil the greatest power demand imposed by the site oil the grid. During the summer billing months, all additional demand charge is imposed to capture electrical demand during the on-peak time interval. This paper summarizes the monthly and annual measured performance of the photovoltaic system. The monthly energy produced by the system is tabulated. The system has provided 35676 kWh of electrical energy during its first year of operation. Conversion efficiencies-computed using solar radiation measurentents front a single photovoltaic cell radiation sensor, four thermopile-based radiation sensors located around the perimeter of the photovoltaic array, and a remotely located thermopile-based radiation sensor-are presented. Annual conversion efficiencies of 10.8%, 8.8%, and 7.4% were achieved using cell, module, and foot print areas, respectively. Using the electric utility's rate schedule, the monetary savings credited to the photovoltaic system is determined by combining the cost of the displaced energy with the reduction in peak demand charges attributable to the photovoltaic system. During its first year of operation, the system has saved $2678 with savings in demand charges, essentially equivalent to savings as a result of displaced energy. Finally, using utility provided data and the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Benefits Calculator estimates are made of the avoided emissions of the photovoltaic system over its projected life span. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fanney, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0199-6231 J9 J SOL ENERG-T ASME JI J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME PD AUG PY 2003 VL 125 IS 3 BP 245 EP 250 DI 10.1115/1.1591799 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 714HJ UT WOS:000184907300003 ER PT J AU Karen, P Kjekshus, A Huang, Q Karen, VL Lynn, JW Rosov, N Natali Sora, I Santoro, A AF Karen, P Kjekshus, A Huang, Q Karen, VL Lynn, JW Rosov, N Natali Sora, I Santoro, A TI Neutron powder diffraction study of nuclear and magnetic structures of oxidized and reduced YBa2Fe3O8+w SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE yttrium barium iron oxide; triple-perovskite-type structure; oxygen-content control; neutron powder diffraction ID HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; VARIED OXYGEN-CONTENT; PHASE-DIAGRAM; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISM; SCATTERING; BA2YCU3OX; SYSTEM; FE AB YBa2Fe3OSdivided byw has been investigated by neutron powder diffraction as function of temperature and oxygen nonstoichiometry close to the limits of the homogeneity range, -0.24 0) in the structural layers of Y, or by creating oxygen vacancies (w < 0) between the BaO layers in the ab plane of the octahedrally coordinated Fe. Moderate amounts of these defects do not alter the long-range crystallographic symmetry, which is best described in space group P4/mmm at all temperatures. However, in the most reduced samples, oxygen vacancies order and the nuclear structure becomes orthorhombic (Pmmm), thus showing a mirror-like similarity to the behavior of YBa2Cu3O6divided byw upon oxidation. The effects of nonstoichiometry on these related crystal structures are discussed in terms of bond-valence sums. The cooperative magnetic structure for all compositions is based on a larger cell related to the nuclear cell by the transformation matrix (1 (1) over bar0/110/002), having orthorhombic symmetry when the nuclear structure is tetragonal and monoclinic symmetry when the nuclear structure is orthorhombic. The iron moments are coupled anti ferromagnetically in all three directions, the Neel temperature is almost constant as a function of w (T-N approximate to 660 K), and so is also the low-temperature saturation moment mu(AF) approximate to 4.0mu(B). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Brescia, Dept Engn Mech, I-25123 Brescia, Italy. RP Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, POB 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. EM pavel.karen@kjemi.uio.no RI Karen, Pavel/A-9062-2008; Natali Sora, Isabella/C-8357-2011 OI Karen, Pavel/0000-0003-2937-6477; NR 32 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 174 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00180-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 709CE UT WOS:000184606500012 ER PT J AU Heyliger, P Ledbetter, H Kim, S AF Heyliger, P Ledbetter, H Kim, S TI Elastic constants of natural quartz SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALS; SPECTROSCOPY AB The elastic constants of a natural-quartz sphere using resonance-ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) are measured. The measurements of the near-traction-free vibrational frequencies of the sphere are matched with the predicted frequencies from the dynamic theory of elasticity, with optimized estimates for the elastic constants driving the differences between these sets of frequencies to a minimal value. The present computational model, although based on earlier approaches, is the first application of RUS to trigonal-symmetry spheres. Quartz shows six independent elastic constants, and our estimates of these constants are close to those computed by other means. Except for C-14, after a 1% mass-density correction, natural quartz and cultured quartz show the same elastic constants. Natural quartz shows higher internal frictions. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab E536, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Heyliger, P (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 114 IS 2 BP 644 EP 650 DI 10.1121/1.1593063 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 709RE UT WOS:000184637500009 PM 12942948 ER PT J AU Vieux, BE Moreda, FG AF Vieux, BE Moreda, FG TI Nutrient loading assessment in the Illinois River using a synthetic approach SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; water quality; watershed management; water resources planning; surface water hydrology; TMDL ID TRIBUTARY MASS LOADS; BASE-FLOW; AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES; RECESSION ANALYSES; CONSTITUENT LOADS; TRANSPORT; MODEL AB A synthetic relationship is developed between nutrient concentrations and discharge rates at two river gauging sites in the Illinois River Basin. Analysis is performed on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on nutrients in 1990 through 1997 and 1999 and on discharge rates in 1988 through 1997 and 1999. The Illinois River Basin is in western Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma and is designated as an Oklahoma Scenic River. Consistently high nutrient concentrations in the river and receiving water bodies conflict with recreational water use, leading to intense stakeholder debate on how best to manage water quality. Results show that the majority of annual phosphorus (P) loading is transported by direct runoff, with high concentrations transported by high discharge rates and low concentrations by low discharge rates. A synthetic relationship is derived and used to generate daily phosphorus concentrations, laying the foundation for analysis of annual loading and evaluation of alternative management practices. Total nitrogen (N) concentration does not have as clear a relationship with discharge. Using a simple regression relationship, annual P loadings are estimated as having a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 39.8 t/yr and 31.9 t/yr and mean absolute percentage errors of 19 percent and 28 percent at Watts and Tahlequah, respectively. P is the limiting nutrient over the full range of discharges. Given that the majority of P is derived from Arkansas, management practices that control P would have the most benefit if applied on the Arkansas side of the border. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Vieux, BE (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, 202 W Boyd St,Room CEC 334, Norman, OK 73019 USA. OI Vieux, Baxter/0000-0001-8814-4380 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 757 EP 769 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04403.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 715KP UT WOS:000184971100002 ER PT J AU Miller, NL Bashford, KE Strem, E AF Miller, NL Bashford, KE Strem, E TI Potential impacts of climate change on California hydrology SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; hydrologic impacts; streamflow; California ID BASIN; STREAMFLOW AB Previous reports based on climate change scenarios have suggested that California will be subjected to increased wintertime and decreased summertime streamflow. Due to the uncertainty of projections in future climate, a new range of potential climatological future temperature shifts and precipitation ratios is applied to the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model and Anderson Snow Model in order to determine hydrologic sensitivities. Two general circulation models (GCMs) were used in this analysis: one that is warm and wet (HadCM2 run 1) and one that is cool and dry (PCM run B06.06), relative to the GCM projections for California that were part of the Third Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. A set of specified incremental temperature shifts from 1.5degreesC to 5.0degreesC and precipitation ratios from 0.70 to 1.30 were also used as input to the snow and soil moisture accounting models, providing for additional scenarios (e.g., warm/dry, cool/wet). Hydrologic calculations were performed for a set of California river basins that extend from the coastal mountains and Sierra Nevada northern region to the southern Sierra Nevada region; these were applied to a water allocation analysis in a companion paper. Results indicate that for all snow-producing cases, a larger proportion of the streamflow volume will occur earlier in the year. The amount and timing is dependent on the characteristics of each basin, particularly the elevation. Increased temperatures lead to a higher freezing line, therefore less snow accumulation and increased melting below the freezing height. The hydrologic response varies for each scenario, and the resulting solution set provides bounds to the range of possible change in streamflow, snowmelt, snow water equivalent, and the change in the magnitude of annual high flows. An important result that appears for all snowmelt driven runoff basins, is that late winter snow accumulation decreases by 50 percent toward the end of this century. C1 Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. RP Miller, NL (reprint author), Berkeley Natl Lab, 90-1116 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Miller, Norman/E-6897-2010 NR 22 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 771 EP 784 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04404.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 715KP UT WOS:000184971100003 ER PT J AU Petersen, WA Cifelli, R Boccippio, DJ Rutledge, SA Fairall, C AF Petersen, WA Cifelli, R Boccippio, DJ Rutledge, SA Fairall, C TI Convection and easterly wave structures observed in the eastern Pacific warm pool during EPIC-2001 SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES; INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; TOGA COARE CONVECTION; AIR-SEA FLUXES; PHASE-III; DOPPLER RADAR; LIGHTNING OBSERVATIONS; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; VERTICAL STRUCTURE AB During September - October 2001, the East Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere System (EPIC-2001) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) field campaign focused on studies of deep convection in the warm-pool region of the eastern Pacific. This study combines C-band Doppler radar, sounding, and surface heat flux data collected aboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown during EPIC to describe the kinematic and thermodynamic states of the ITCZ environment, together with tendencies in convective structure, lightning, rainfall, and surface heat fluxes as a function of 3-5-day easterly wave phase. Three easterly waves were observed at the location of the R/V Brown during EPIC-2001. Wind and thermodynamic data reveal that the wave trough axes exhibited positively correlated u and v winds, a slight westward phase tilt with height, and relatively strong ( weak) northeasterly tropospheric shear following the trough ( ridge) axis. Temperature and humidity perturbations exhibited mid- to upper-level cooling ( warming) and drying ( moistening) in the northerly ( trough and southerly) phase. At low levels, warming ( cooling) and moistening ( drying) occurred in the northerly ( southerly) phase. Composited radar, sounding, lightning, and surface heat flux observations suggest the following systematic behavior as a function of wave phase: zero to one-quarter wavelength ahead of ( behind) the wave trough in northerly ( southerly) flow, larger ( smaller) convective available potential energy ( CAPE), lower ( higher) convective inhibition (CIN), weaker ( stronger) tropospheric shear, larger ( smaller) convective rain fractions, higher ( lower) conditional mean rain rates, higher ( lower) lightning flash densities, and more ( less) robust convective vertical structure occurred. Latent and sensible heat fluxes reached a minimum in the northerly phase and then increased through the trough, reaching a peak during the ridge phase ( leading the peak in CAPE). Larger areas of light convective and stratiform rain and slightly larger (10%) area-averaged rain rates occurred in the vicinity of, and just behind, the trough axes in southerly and ridge flow. Importantly, the transition in convective structure observed across the trougth axis when considered with the relatively small change in area mean rain rates suggests the presence of a transition in the vertical structure of diabatic heating across the easterly waves examined. The inferred transition in heating structure is supported by radar-diagnosed divergence profiles that exhibit convective ( stratiform) characteristics ahead of ( behind) the trough. C1 Univ Alabama, NSSTC ESSC, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. RP Petersen, WA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, NSSTC ESSC, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM walt.petersen@msfc.nasa.gov NR 76 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 60 IS 15 BP 1754 EP 1773 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1754:CAEWSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NX UT WOS:000184346700002 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI Comments on "A generalization of Bernoulli's theorem" SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; VORTEX FORMATION C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 60 IS 16 BP 2039 EP 2041 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2039:COAGOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 706TC UT WOS:000184470300013 ER PT J AU Walden, JB Kirkley, JE Kitts, AW AF Walden, JB Kirkley, JE Kitts, AW TI A limited economic assessment of the northeast groundfish fishery buyout program SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID CAPACITY UTILIZATION; EFFICIENCY AB The United States and various European Union nations have used vessel buyout programs to reduce harvesting capacity infisheries. In this paper, we present an analysis of the U.S. Northeast groundfish vessel buyout program. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), we calculate capacity for both the fleet and,for the vessels removed through the buyout program. Our analysis suggests that if capacity measures had been used to select vessels, both more capacity and more vessels could have been purchased with the funds allocated to the buyout program. We conclude with a discussion of alternative ways to reduce capacity in fisheries. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Dept Ocean & Coastal Policy, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Walden, JB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 79 IS 3 BP 426 EP 439 DI 10.2307/3147027 PG 14 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 704FM UT WOS:000184328300009 ER PT J AU Avens, L Braun-McNeill, J Epperly, S Lohmann, KJ AF Avens, L Braun-McNeill, J Epperly, S Lohmann, KJ TI Site fidelity and homing behavior in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORIENTATION; INFORMATION; VICINITY; HABITAT; WATERS AB To investigate site fidelity and homing behavior in juvenile loggerheads (Caretta caretta, L.), a mark-recapture study spanning four years (1998-2001) was conducted in Core Sound, N.C., USA. Each year of the study, approximately half of the turtles captured were tagged and released near the capture sites (n = 207), while the remaining turtles were displaced 15-20 km and released (n = 198). Loggerheads in both groups were recaptured in equal proportions near the original capture sites and many individuals were also recaptured in subsequent years. These data imply that juvenile loggerheads often returned to their capture sites following displacement, because if turtles dispersed randomly or remained near their release sites, then fewer displaced turtles should have been caught again. Moreover, because turtles migrate out of North Carolina sounds each winter, turtles recaptured at the same locations in different years evidently returned to specific sites following long migrations. To further investigate homing behavior, a small number of displaced turtles (n = 28) were tracked using radio telemetry following their release. Although transmitters detached from most turtles within a few days, analyses of initial headings showed strong orientation in the direction of the capture site. In addition, four turtles successfully tracked for longer periods of time all returned rapidly to the vicinity of the capture location and remained in the area. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that juvenile loggerheads exhibit fidelity to specific areas during summer months and possess the navigational abilities to home to these areas following forced displacements and long-distance migrations. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Avens, L (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 48 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 143 IS 2 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1007/s00227-003-1085-9 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 725GY UT WOS:000185536900001 ER PT J AU Moles, A Hale, N AF Moles, A Hale, N TI Use of physiological responses in Mytilus trossulus as integrative bioindicators of sewage pollution SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Mytilus trossulus; Alaska; wastewater; sewage; parasite; outfalls ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; VALDEZ CRUDE-OIL; PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; MUSSELS; EDULIS; EXPOSURE; WATERS; SPILL AB Mussels, Mytilus trossulus (average shell length 43 +/- 0.8 mm), were sampled from a beach in Alaska that received untreated sewage for several years, a second beach adjacent to a secondary wastewater outfall, and two nearby reference beaches. Survival time in air, byssal thread production rate, and prevalence of trentatode parasites were determined for each group. Tolerances to aerial exposure was significantly lower (P < 0.05) at both sewage outfall sites than at the reference sites. Mussels exposed to untreated sewage produced fewer byssal threads and had a significantly higher prevalence of encysted trematodes than mussels from the other beaches, including the secondary wastewater site. Survival in air, byssal thread production, and trematode prevalence in mussels may be useful indicators in evaluating the longterm health of beaches exposed to sewage. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM adam.moles@noaa.gov NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 46 IS 8 BP 954 EP 958 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00108-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 715MC UT WOS:000184975300018 PM 12907188 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, NM Keller, MW AF Zimmerman, NM Keller, MW TI Electrical metrology with single electrons SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electrical metrology; single-electron devices; ECCS ID CAPACITANCE STANDARD; CRYOGENIC CAPACITOR; COUNTING ELECTRONS; DEVICES; PUMP; JOSEPHSON; JUNCTIONS; ACCURACY; TRIANGLE; CHARGE AB This paper is mostly a review of the progress made at NIST in pursuing a capacitance standard based on the charge of the electron. We briefly introduce the Coulomb blockade, which is the basic physical phenomenon allowing control of single electrons, describe two types of single-electron tunnelling (SET) device and describe the metrology goals and payoffs achievable from SET devices. We then discuss the electron-counting capacitance standard (ECCS): the motivation, previous experimental work on various critical elements, present status and future prospects. This last part includes using the ECCS for a practical representation of capacitance, as well as pointing out that we can close the quantum metrology triangle without needing a large-value current standard. Finally, we briefly review other SET-based metrological applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM neil.zimmerman@nist.gov NR 33 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 14 IS 8 BP 1237 EP 1242 AR PII S0957-0233(03)57589-0 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/8/307 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 714MD UT WOS:000184917300008 ER PT J AU Purser, RJ Wu, WS Parrish, DF Roberts, NM AF Purser, RJ Wu, WS Parrish, DF Roberts, NM TI Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part I: Spatially homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian covariances SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; DATA ASSIMILATION; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; 3 DIMENSIONS; FORMULATION AB The construction and application of efficient numerical recursive filters for the task of convolving a spatial distribution of "forcing'' terms with a quasi-Gaussian self-adjoint smoothing kernel in two or three dimensions are described. In the context of variational analysis, this smoothing operation may be interpreted as the convolution of a covariance function of background error with the given forcing terms, which constitutes one of the most computationally intensive components of the iterative solution of a variational analysis problem. Among the technical aspects of the recursive filters, the problems of achieving acceptable approximations to horizontal isotropy and the implementation of both periodic and nonperiodic boundary conditions that avoid the appearance of spurious numerical artifacts are treated herein. A multigrid approach that helps to minimize numerical noise at filtering scales greatly in excess of the grid step is also discussed. It is emphasized that the methods are not inherently limited to the construction of purely Gaussian shapes, although the detailed elaboration of methods by which a more general set of possible covariance profiles may be synthesized is deferred to the companion paper (Part II). C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. Univ Reading, Joint Ctr Mesoscale Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. RP Purser, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, W NP2 Rm 207,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 35 TC 143 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1524 EP 1535 DI 10.1175//1520-0493(2003)131<1524:NAOTAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800002 ER PT J AU Purser, RJ Wu, WS Parrish, DF Roberts, NM AF Purser, RJ Wu, WS Parrish, DF Roberts, NM TI Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part II: Spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic general covariances SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; PARAMETERS; SYSTEM; SCHEME AB In this second part of a two-part study of recursive filter techniques applied to the synthesis of covariances in a variational analysis, methods by which non-Gaussian shapes and spatial inhomogeneities and anisotropies for the covariances may be introduced in a well-controlled way are examined. These methods permit an analysis scheme to possess covariance structures with adaptive variations of amplitude, scale, profile shape, and degrees of local anisotropy, all as functions of geographical location and altitude. First, it is shown how a wider and more useful variety of covariance shapes than just the Gaussian may be obtained by the positive superposition of Gaussian components of different scales, or by further combinations of these operators with the application of Laplacian operators in order for the products to possess negative sidelobes in their radial profiles. Then it is shown how the techniques of recursive filters may be generalized to admit the construction of covariances whose characteristic scales relative to the grid become adaptive to geographical location, while preserving the necessary properties of self-adjointness and positivity. Special attention is paid to the problems of amplitude control for these spatially inhomogeneous filters and an estimate for the kernel amplitude is proposed based upon an asymptotic analysis of the problem. Finally, a further generalization of the filters that enables fully anisotropic and geographically adaptive covariances to be constructed in a computationally efficient way is discussed. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. Univ Reading, Joint Ctr Mesoscale Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. RP Purser, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, W NP2 Rm 207,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 26 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1536 EP 1548 DI 10.1175//2543.1 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800003 ER PT J AU Wei, MZ Toth, Z AF Wei, MZ Toth, Z TI A new measure of ensemble performance: Perturbation versus error correlation analysis (PECA) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; SINGULAR VECTORS; ECONOMIC VALUE; VALIDATION; FORECASTS; LYAPUNOV; SKILL AB Most existing ensemble forecast verification statistics are influenced by the quality of not only the ensemble generation scheme, but also the forecast model and the analysis scheme. In this study, a new tool called perturbation versus error correlation analysis (PECA) is introduced that lessens the influence of the initial errors that affect the quality of the analysis. PECA evaluates the ensemble perturbations, instead of the forecasts themselves, by measuring their ability to explain forecast error variance. As such, PECA offers a more appropriate tool for the comparison of ensembles generated by using different analysis schemes. Ensemble perturbations from both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) were evaluated and found to perform similarly. The error variance explained by either ensemble increases with the number of members and the lead time. The dynamically conditioned NCEP and ECMWF perturbations outperform both randomly chosen perturbations and differences between lagged forecasts [ used in the "NMC'' ( for National Meteorological Center, the former name of NCEP) method for defining forecast error covariance matrices]. Therefore ensemble forecasts potentially could be used to construct flow-dependent short-range forecast error covariance matrices for use in data assimilation schemes. It is well understood that in a perfectly reliable ensemble the spread of ensemble members around the ensemble mean forecast equals the root-mean-square (rms) error of the mean. Adequate rms spread, however, does not guarantee sufficient variability among the ensemble forecast patterns. A comparison between PECA values and pattern anomaly correlation (PAC) values among the ensemble members reveals that the perturbations in the NCEP ensemble exhibit too much similarity, especially on the smaller scales. Hence a regional orthogonalization of the perturbations may improve ensemble performance. C1 NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. UCAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Wei, MZ (reprint author), NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 28 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1549 EP 1565 DI 10.1175//1520-0493(2003)131<1549:ANMOEP>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800004 ER PT J AU Rogers, R Chen, SY Tenerelli, J Willoughby, H AF Rogers, R Chen, SY Tenerelli, J Willoughby, H TI A numerical study of the impact of vertical shear on the distribution of rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; DATA ASSIMILATION; DOPPLER RADAR; WIND SHEAR; INNER-CORE; INTENSITY; MODEL; EVOLUTION AB Despite the significant impacts of torrential rainfall from tropical cyclones at landfall, quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) remains an unsolved problem. A key task in improving tropical cyclone QPF is understanding the factors that affect the intensity and distribution of rainfall around the storm. These include the storm motion, topography, and orientation of the coast, and interactions with the environmental flow. The combination of these effects can produce rainfall distributions that may be nearly axisymmetric or highly asymmetric and rainfall amounts that range from 1 or 2 cm to >30 cm. This study investigates the interactions between a storm and its environmental flow through a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bonnie ( 1998) that focuses on the role of vertical wind shear in governing azimuthal variations of rainfall. The simulation uses the high-resolution nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate the storm between 0000 UTC 22 August and 0000 UTC 27 August 1998. During this period significant changes in the vertical shear occurred in the simulation. It changed from strong west-southwesterly, and across track, to much weaker south-southwesterly, and along track. Nearly concurrently, the azimuthal distribution of convection changed from a distinct wavenumber-1 pattern to almost azimuthally symmetric by the end of the time period. The strongest convection in the core was generally located on the downshear left side of the shear vector when the shear was strong. The azimuthal distributions and magnitudes of low-level radial inflow, reflectivity, boundary layer divergence, and low-level vertical motion all varied consistently with the evolution of the vertical shear. Additionally, the vortex showed a generally downshear tilt from the vertical. The magnitude of the tilt correlated well with changes in magnitude of the environmental shear. The accumulated rainfall was distributed symmetrically across the track of the storm when the shear was strong and across track, and it was distributed asymmetrically across the track of the storm when the shear was weak and along track. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Rogers, R (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Rogers, Robert/I-4428-2013 NR 43 TC 143 Z9 159 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1577 EP 1599 DI 10.1175//2546.1 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800006 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD AF Aberson, SD TI Targeted observations to improve operational tropical cyclone track forecast guidance SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID 1995 HURRICANE SEASON; NORTH-ATLANTIC BASIN; ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; DROPWINDSONDE OBSERVATIONS; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; SINGULAR VECTORS; MODEL; ENSEMBLE; IMPACT; MOTION AB Since 1997, the Tropical Prediction Center and the Hurricane Research Division have conducted operational synoptic surveillance missions with a Gulfstream IV- SP jet aircraft to improve numerical forecast guidance. Due to limited aircraft resources, optimal observing strategies for these missions must be developed. In the current study, the most rapidly growing modes are represented by areas of large forecast spread in the NCEP bred-vector ensemble forecasting system. The sampling strategy requires sampling of the entire target region with regularly spaced dropwindsonde observations. Three dynamical models were employed in testing the targeting and sampling strategies. With the assimilation into the numerical guidance of all the observations gathered during the surveillance missions, only the 12-h Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Hurricane Model forecast showed statistically significant improvement. Assimilation of only the subset of data from the subjectively found fully sampled target regions produced a statistically significant reduction of the track forecast errors of up to 25% within the critical first 2 days of the forecast. This is comparable with the cumulative business-as-usual improvement expected over 18 yr. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 51 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1613 EP 1628 DI 10.1175//2550.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800008 ER PT J AU Vigh, J Fulton, SR DeMaria, M Schubert, WH AF Vigh, J Fulton, SR DeMaria, M Schubert, WH TI Evaluation of a multigrid barotropic tropical cyclone track model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL MODEL; PREDICTION; FORECASTS; STORMS; MOTION AB The performance of a multigrid barotropic tropical cyclone track model (MUDBAR) is compared to that of a current operational barotropic model (LBAR). Analysis of track forecast errors for the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season shows that MUDBAR gives accuracy similar to LBAR with substantially lower computational cost. Despite the use of a barotropic model, the MUDBAR forecasts show skill relative to climatology and persistence (CLIPER) out to 5 days. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Potsdam, NY USA. Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Vigh, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Vigh, Jonathan/B-7604-2008; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Vigh, Jonathan/0000-0001-6399-563X; NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1629 EP 1636 DI 10.1175//2551.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800009 ER PT J AU Newman, M Sardeshmukh, PD Winkler, CR Whitaker, JS AF Newman, M Sardeshmukh, PD Winkler, CR Whitaker, JS TI A study of subseasonal predictability SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; RANGE FORECAST MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC PREDICTABILITY; POTENTIAL PREDICTABILITY; SEASONAL PREDICTABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; NATURAL VARIABILITY AB The predictability of weekly averaged circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere, and diabatic heating anomalies in the Tropics, is investigated in a linear inverse model (LIM) derived from their observed simultaneous and time-lag correlation statistics. In both winter and summer, the model's forecast skill at week 2 ( days 8 - 14) and week 3 ( days 15 - 21) is comparable to that of a comprehensive global medium-range forecast (MRF) model developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Its skill at week 3 is actually higher on average, partly due to its better ability to forecast tropical heating variations and their influence on the extratropical circulation. The geographical and temporal variations of forecast skill are also similar in the two models. This makes the much simpler LIM an attractive tool for assessing and diagnosing atmospheric predictability at these forecast ranges. The LIM assumes that the dynamics of weekly averages are linear, asymptotically stable, and stochastically forced. In a forecasting context, the predictable signal is associated with the deterministic linear dynamics, and the forecast error with the unpredictable stochastic noise. In a low-order linear model of a high-order chaotic system, this stochastic noise represents the effects of both chaotic nonlinear interactions and unresolved initial components on the evolution of the resolved components. Its statistics are assumed here to be state independent. An average signal-to-noise ratio is estimated at each grid point on the hemisphere and is then used to estimate the potential predictability of weekly variations at the point. In general, this predictability is about 50% higher in winter than summer over the Pacific and North America sectors; the situation is reversed over Eurasia and North Africa. Skill in predicting tropical heating variations is important for realizing this potential skill. The actual LIM forecast skill has a similar geographical structure but weaker magnitude than the potential skill. In this framework, the predictable variations of forecast skill from case to case are associated with predictable variations of signal rather than of noise. This contrasts with the traditional emphasis in studies of shorter-term predictability on flow-dependent instabilities, that is, on the predictable variations of noise. In the LIM, the predictable variations of signal are associated with variations of the initial state projection on the growing singular vectors of the LIM's propagator, which have relatively large amplitude in the Tropics. At times of strong projection on such structures, the signal-to-noise ratio is relatively high, and the Northern Hemispheric circulation is not only potentially but also actually more predictable than at other times. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newman, M (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Mail Code R-CDC,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312 NR 55 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1715 EP 1732 DI 10.1175//2558.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800015 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Snyder, C Whitaker, JS AF Hamill, TM Snyder, C Whitaker, JS TI Ensemble forecasts and the properties of flow-dependent analysis-error covariance singular vectors SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; SEQUENTIAL DATA ASSIMILATION; OPTIMAL UNSTABLE STRUCTURES; KALMAN FILTER TECHNIQUE; PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS; OPTIMAL EXCITATION; BAROCLINIC WAVES; ANALYSIS SCHEME; SYSTEM AB Approximations to flow-dependent analysis-error covariance singular vectors (AEC SVs) were calculated in a dry, T31 L15 primitive-equation global model. Sets of 400-member ensembles of analyses were generated by an ensemble-based data assimilation system. A sparse network of simulated rawinsonde observations were assimilated, and a perfect model was assumed. Ensembles of 48-h forecasts were also generated from these analyses. The structure of evolved singular vectors was determined by finding the linear combination of the forecast ensemble members that resulted in the largest forecast-error variance, here measured in a total-energy norm north of 20degreesN latitude. The same linear combination of analyses specifies the initial-time structure that should evolve to the forecast singular vector under assumptions of linearity of error growth. The structures of these AEC SVs are important because they represent the analysis-error structures associated with the largest forecast errors. If singular vectors using other initial norms have very different structures, this indicates that these structures may be statistically unlikely to occur. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts currently uses singular vectors using an initial total-energy norm ["total-energy singular vectors'' or (TE SVs)] to generate perturbations to initialize their ensemble forecasts. Approximate TE SVs were also calculated by drawing an initial random ensemble with perturbations that were white in total energy and applying the same approach as for AEC SVs. Comparing AEC SVs and approximate TE SVs, the AEC SVs had maximum amplitude in midlatitudes near the tropopause, both at the initial and evolved times. The AEC SVs were synoptic in scale, deep, and did not appear to be geographically localized nor tilted dramatically upshear. This contrasts with TE SVs, which started off relatively smaller in scale, were tilted upshear, and had amplitudes typically largest in the lower to midtroposphere. The difference between AEC SVs and TE SVs suggests that operational ensemble forecasts based on TE SVs could be improved by changing the type of singular vector used to generate initial perturbations. This is particularly true for short-range ensemble forecasts, where the structure of the forecast ensemble is more closely tied to the analysis ensemble. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 57 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1741 EP 1758 DI 10.1175//2559.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800017 ER PT J AU Cione, JJ Uhlhorn, EW AF Cione, JJ Uhlhorn, EW TI Sea surface temperature variability in hurricanes: Implications with respect to intensity change SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION COUPLED MODEL; PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; UPPER OCEAN RESPONSE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; ENVIRONMENTAL-INFLUENCES; MAXIMUM INTENSITY; DYNAMICS; INTENSIFICATION; SIMULATIONS; ATLANTIC AB Scientists at NOAA's Hurricane Research Division recently analyzed the inner-core upper-ocean environment for 23 Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean hurricanes between 1975 and 2002. The interstorm variability of sea surface temperature (SST) change between the hurricane inner-core environment and the ambient ocean environment ahead of the storm is documented using airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) observations and buoy-derived archived SST data. The authors demonstrate that differences between inner-core and ambient SST are much less than poststorm, "cold wake'' SST reductions typically observed (i.e. similar to0degrees-2degreesC versus 4degrees-5degreesC). These findings help define a realistic parameter space for storm-induced SST change within the important high-wind inner-core hurricane environment. Results from a recent observational study yielded estimates of upper-ocean heat content, upper-ocean energy extracted by the storm, and upper-ocean energy utilization for a wide range of tropical systems. Results from this analysis show that, under most circumstances, the energy available to the tropical cyclone is at least an order of magnitude greater than the energy extracted by the storm. This study also highlights the significant impact that changes in inner-core SST have on the magnitude of air sea fluxes under high-wind conditions. Results from this study illustrate that relatively modest changes in innercore SST (order 1degreesC) can effectively alter maximum total enthalpy (sensible plus latent heat) flux by 40% or more. The magnitude of SST change (ambient minus inner core) was statistically linked to subsequent changes in storm intensity for the 23 hurricanes included in this research. These findings suggest a relationship between reduced inner-core SST cooling (i.e., increased inner-core surface enthalpy flux) and tropical cyclone intensification. Similar results were not found when changes in storm intensity were compared with ambient SST or upper-ocean heat content conditions ahead of the storm. Under certain circumstances, the variability associated with inner-core SST change appears to be an important factor directly linked to the intensity change process. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Cione, JJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014; CIONE, JOSEPH/B-2973-2014 OI Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342; CIONE, JOSEPH/0000-0002-2011-887X NR 45 TC 129 Z9 135 U1 6 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1783 EP 1796 DI 10.1175//2562.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800020 ER PT J AU Juang, HMH Shiao, CH Cheng, MD AF Juang, HMH Shiao, CH Cheng, MD TI The Taiwan Central Weather Bureau regional spectral model for seasonal prediction: Multiparallel implementation and preliminary results SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LIMITED-AREA MODEL; CLIMATE MODEL; SIMULATION; SENSITIVITY; BOUNDARY; GCM AB A regional spectral model (RSM) is developed at the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB). It is based on the same model structure, dynamics, and physics of the CWB global spectral model (GSM) and the perturbation concept of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) RSM for lateral boundary treatment. The advantages of this new regional model include minimization of possible inconsistency between GSM and RSM through lateral boundary influence and reduction of resources used to manage and maintain the model. One-dimensional decomposition is utilized to slice the model into subdomains to run on a massive parallel-processor machine. The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) is adopted to communicate among each subdomain. The computational dependency, such as the summation in spectral transformation, is a restriction for the decomposition, so that the reproducibility using different numbers of processors is achieved. The performance in terms of wall-clock time follows the theoretical curve of parallelization. It can reach 95% parallelization by "homemade'' PC Linux cluster, and 90% by CWB Fujitsu VPP5000. One case is selected to perform 2-month integration in a simulation mode and a forecast mode. The results indicate a reasonable monsoon frontal evolution as compared with analysis, and it has similar or less root-mean-square error (rmse) as compared to that of CWB GSM. The same run with NCEP RSM nested into CWB GSM shows a larger rmse than CWB RSM; it demonstrates the advantage of having the same model structure, dynamics, and physics between CWB GSM and CWB RSM. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Cent Weather Bur, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Juang, HMH (reprint author), NOAA, W NP, WWBG, Room 201,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 131 IS 8 BP 1832 EP 1847 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704NY UT WOS:000184346800023 ER PT J AU Pielke, RA Rubiera, J Landsea, C Fernandez, ML Klein, R AF Pielke, Roger A., Jr. Rubiera, Jose Landsea, Christopher Fernandez, Mario L. Klein, Roberta TI Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials SO NATURAL HAZARDS REVIEW LA English DT Article AB In late October 1998, the remnants of Hurricane Mitch stalled over Honduras and Nicaragua, killing more than 10,000 people and causing as much as $8.5 billion in damage. While Central America and the Caribbean have a history of natural disasters, the fatalities and destruction caused by Mitch were the greatest in at least several decades, prompting many questions including: What accounts for the extent of these losses? Is Mitch a harbinger of future disasters in the region? and What might be done in response? This paper seeks to shed light on these questions by examining the historical and geographic context of hurricane vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper examines trends in economic and other societal factors that increase vulnerability to hurricanes in Central America and the Caribbean and includes a case study of normalized hurricane losses in Cuba made possible by newly collected damage data published herein. The paper places its findings into the context of policies related to climate change and natural hazards. C1 [Pielke, Roger A., Jr.; Klein, Roberta] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Rubiera, Jose] Natl Dept Predict, Havana, Cuba. [Landsea, Christopher] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Fernandez, Mario L.] World Econ Res Ctr, Havana, Cuba. RP Pielke, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Ctr Sci & Technol Policy Res, Campus Box 488, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coastal Services Center; National Science Foundation FX The writers are grateful to Chantal Simonpietri, D. Jan Stewart, Jennifer Oxelson, three anonymous referees, and officials at the United Nations for the invaluable assistance provided in preparing this paper. This research was partially supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coastal Services Center. Much of the work was completed while the first and fifth writers were at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 83 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 6 U2 31 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1527-6988 J9 NAT HAZARDS REV JI Nat. Hazards Rev. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 4 IS 3 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101) PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Studies; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA V25SD UT WOS:000208496800001 ER PT J AU Gallaway, BJ Cole, JG Martin, LR Nance, JM Longnecker, M AF Gallaway, BJ Cole, JG Martin, LR Nance, JM Longnecker, M TI An evaluation of an electronic logbook as a more accurate method of estimating spatial patterns of trawling effort and bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Penaeid shrimp trawling effort in the Gulf of Mexico is not measured directly but is estimated from landings and interview data gathered by port agents of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The total pounds landed from each trip are assigned to one or more of the 219 statistical area-depth zone cells for which a catch rate (pounds per nominal day fished or catch per unit effort [CPUE]) is also obtained. Each month, the total landings in pounds for each cell are divided by the CPUE of the cell to determine effort or days fished. These values are summed across all cells and months to provide an estimate of total effort. The accuracy of total effort estimates is directly proportional to the accuracy of the landings allocations and estimated CPUE values. It has been assumed that allocation errors are random and that directional bias is negligible. In a previous paper, we described an electronic logbook (ELB) that enables accurate measurement of the spatial patterns of fishing effort. Herein, we provide comparisons of actual areas fished, pounds landed, and catch rates as measured with ELBs to the corresponding estimates made by NMFS port agents. The results show that directional bias occurs and that CPUE is often underestimated. Based on 135 trip comparisons, midshelf effort in 2000 was greatly overestimated, whereas nearshore and deepwater effort was substantially underestimated. If our effort results are representative, present estimates of the bycatch of midshelf species may therefore be greatly overestimated, whereas the converse may be true for nearshore and deepwater species. We suggest that a cooperative program involving both NMFS and industry should be implemented based on ELB technology and the port agent network to obtain more precise and accurate estimates of shrimp trawling effort with minimal impact on the fishers. C1 LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, Bryan, TX 77801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gallaway, BJ (reprint author), LGL Ecol Res Associates Inc, 1410 Cavitt St, Bryan, TX 77801 USA. EM bgallaway@lgl.com NR 33 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 787 EP 809 DI 10.1577/M02-105 PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 717VN UT WOS:000185111600013 ER PT J AU Smith, SG Muir, WD Hockersmith, EE Zabel, RW Graves, RJ Ross, CV Connor, WP Arnsberg, BD AF Smith, SG Muir, WD Hockersmith, EE Zabel, RW Graves, RJ Ross, CV Connor, WP Arnsberg, BD TI Influence of river conditions on survival and travel time of Snake River subyearling fall chinook salmon SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; COLUMBIA RIVER; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; NORTHERN SQUAWFISH; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; TURBIDITY; BEHAVIOR; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATURE; ANIMALS AB From 1995 to 2000, subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared at Lyons Ferry Hatchery were PIT-tagged at the hatchery, trucked upstream, acclimated, and released into free-flowing sections of the Snake River weekly from early June to mid-July. We estimated survival probabilities and travel time through the lower Snake River and detection probabilities at dams for each weekly release group. The average median time between release and arrival at Lower Granite Dam was 43.5 d. For each group, we split this time into two nearly equal (on average) periods: one when most fish in the group were rearing and one when most fish had apparently begun active seaward migration. The estimated survival for hatchery fish from release to the tailrace of Lower Granite Dam decreased with release date each year. The estimated survival through this reach was significantly correlated with three environmental variables: survival decreased as discharge ("flow") decreased, as water transparency increased, and as water temperature increased. Because the environmental variables were highly correlated among themselves, we were unable to determine whether any factors were more important than the others. All three factors have plausible biological consequences for rearing and actively migrating fish, and survival is probably influenced by all of them and possibly by interactions among them as well. Summer flow augmentation will increase discharge and decrease water temperature (provided the additional water is not too warm) and probably increase the speed of seaward migration of smolts, all of which are beneficial to the recovery of threatened Snake River fall chinook salmon. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Reg Off, Portland, OR 97232 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ahsahka, ID 83520 USA. Nez Perce Tribe, Dept Fisheries Resource Management, Orofino Field Off, Orofino, ID 83544 USA. RP Smith, SG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 46 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 939 EP 961 DI 10.1577/M02-039 PG 23 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 717VN UT WOS:000185111600025 ER PT J AU Matter, AL Sandford, BP AF Matter, AL Sandford, BP TI A comparison of migration rates of radio- and PIT-tagged adult snake river chinook salmon through the Columbia river hydropower system SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA AB Documentation of adult salmonid migration behavior in the Columbia River drainage is critically needed to assess the effects of dams on travel time and passage. In 2000, we compared the upstream travel times of passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged and radio-tagged adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Bonneville Dam on the lower Columbia River to Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River. We found no evidence that radio tagging negatively affected chinook salmon behavior. In fact, their median travel time (14.1 d, range = 7.8-44.4 d, N = 113) was actually faster (statistically significant at P = 0.005) than that for PIT-tagged fish (median = 15.9 d, range = 8.9-67.4 d, N = 164) after accounting for temporal effects (i.e.. Bonneville Dam passage date). However, we concluded this difference was not biologically significant and was probably related to differences in study design or data complications. This study indicated that radio transmitters weighing less than 2% of chinook salmon body weight and the handling associated with implanting those tags did not negatively affect temporal rates of fish movement from dam to dam. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Matter, AL (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 967 EP 973 DI 10.1577/M02-019 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 717VN UT WOS:000185111600027 ER PT J AU Harmon, JR AF Harmon, JR TI A trap for handling adult anadromous salmonids at lower granite dam on the Snake River, Washington SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB During the winter of 1995 and spring of 1996, the trapping facility in the fish ladder at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River was modified to create a system that permits processing large numbers of adult fish while minimizing stress caused by handling. This was accomplished primarily by incorporating a gravity-flow dewatering system into the trap. Adults passing up the fish ladder can be sampled randomly or with the use of diversion systems that sample for coded wire or passive integrated transponder tags. About 13% of the 1,060,059 adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss that passed through the facility from 1996 through 2001 were diverted for various research collections and observations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Harmon, JR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 3 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 989 EP 992 DI 10.1577/M02-035 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 717VN UT WOS:000185111600031 ER PT J AU Cheung, KF Phadke, AC Wei, Y Rojas, R Douyere, YJM Martino, CD Houston, SH Liu, PLF Lynett, PJ Dodd, N Liao, S Nakazaki, E AF Cheung, KF Phadke, AC Wei, Y Rojas, R Douyere, YJM Martino, CD Houston, SH Liu, PLF Lynett, PJ Dodd, N Liao, S Nakazaki, E TI Modeling of storm-induced coastal flooding for emergency management SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Boussinesq model; coastal flood hazards; hurricanes; inundation; long-wave model; spectral wave model; tropical cyclones; storm surge; waves; wave runup; wave setup ID HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM; 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; SURFACE WIND FIELDS; BOUSSINESQ MODEL; SOLITARY WAVES; BREAKING; RUNUP; TRANSFORMATION; VERIFICATION; COMPUTATION AB This paper describes a model package that simulates coastal flooding resulting from storm surge and waves generated by tropical cyclones. The package consists of four component models implemented at three levels of nested geographic regions. namely, ocean, coastal, and nearshore. The operation is automated through a preprocessor that prepares the computational grids and input atmospheric conditions and manages the data transfer between components. The third generation spectral wave model WAM and a nonlinear long-wave model calculate respectively the wave conditions and storm surge over the ocean region. The simulation results define the water levels and boundary conditions for the model SWAN to transform the storm waves in coastal regions, The storm surge and local tides define the water level in each nearshore region, where a Boussinesq model uses the wave spectra output from SWAN to simulate the surf-zone processes and runup along the coastline. The package is applied to hindcast the coastal flooding caused by Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki, which hit the Hawaiian Island of Kauai in 1982 and 1992, respectively, The model results indicate good agreement with the stormwater levels and overwash debris lines recorded during and after the events. demonstrating the capability of the model package as a forecast tool for emergency management, (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Cent Pacific Hurricane Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nottingham, Sch Civil Engn, Nottingham, England. Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture & Ocean Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. RP Cheung, KF (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Lynett, Patrick/A-1458-2011; Liao, Shijun/A-8808-2013; Liu, Philip/E-3619-2013; Lynett, Patrick/B-5932-2014; LIAO, Shijun/G-5985-2010; Wei, Yong/I-3462-2015; OI Liao, Shijun/0000-0002-2372-9502; Lynett, Patrick/0000-0002-2856-9405; Wei, Yong/0000-0002-6908-1342; Liu, Philip/0000-0002-2170-5507 NR 60 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1353 EP 1386 DI 10.1016/S0029-8018(02)00133-6 PG 34 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 669NT UT WOS:000182357900003 ER PT J AU Schmitz, TL Davies, A Evans, CJ Parks, RE AF Schmitz, TL Davies, A Evans, CJ Parks, RE TI Silicon wafer thickness variation measurements using the National Institute of Standards and Technology infrared interferometer SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE interferometry; lithography; silicon wafer; thickness variation AB Decreasing depths of focus, coupled with increasing silicon wafer diameters, place greater restrictions on chucked wafer flatness in photolithography processes. A measurement device is described that measures thickness variation of double-sided polished wafers using an IR source and vidicon detector. Various possible instrument configurations are described with the focus on a setup that uses a collimated wavefront to produce interference fringes between the front and back surfaces of the plane parallel wafer. Experimental results are presented. These tests include (1) a drift test; (2) comparisons between measurements performed using different collimators and, subsequently, wavefronts; (3) an exploration of the impact of phase change on reflection due to the wafer clamping method; and (4) an intercomparison with thickness measurements recorded by a capacitance gage-based instrument and surface measurements obtained using a separate visible wavelength interferometer. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Opt Perspect Grp LLC, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP Schmitz, TL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, 237 MEB, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 8 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 42 IS 8 BP 2281 EP 2290 DI 10.1117/1.1589757 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 709ZN UT WOS:000184656600020 ER PT J AU Thomann, I Bartels, A Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Hollberg, L Diddams, SA Nicholson, JW Yan, MF AF Thomann, I Bartels, A Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Hollberg, L Diddams, SA Nicholson, JW Yan, MF TI 420-MHz Cr : forsterite femtosecond ring laser and continuum generation in the 1-2-mu m range SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHROMIUM-DOPED FORSTERITE; PULSES; SUPERCONTINUUM; SPECTROSCOPY; DISPERSION; FIBER AB We demonstrate a chromium-doped forsterite femtosecond ring laser that generates 30-fs pulses at a 420-MHz repetition rate with nearly 500 mW of average power. The compact solid-state design and broad spectral output make this laser attractive for telecommunications applications in the 1.3-1.5-mum region. Additional spectral broadening of the laser output in highly nonlinear optical fiber leads to octave-spanning spectra ranging from 1.06 to 2.17 mum. The octave is reached at a level of 18 dB below the peak. The underlying optical frequency comb can be linked to existing optical frequency standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Thomann, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Corwin, Kristan/A-1331-2013; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Thomann, Isabell/F-1245-2014 NR 15 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 15 BP 1368 EP 1370 DI 10.1364/OL.28.001368 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 702ZZ UT WOS:000184256400026 PM 12906092 ER PT J AU Govett, M Hart, L Henderson, T Middlecoff, J Schaffer, D AF Govett, M Hart, L Henderson, T Middlecoff, J Schaffer, D TI The Scalable Modeling System: directive-based code parallelization for distributed and shared memory computers SO PARALLEL COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE directive-based parallelization tool; weather and ocean models; automatic parallel code generation; Fortran source code translator; distributed memory computers ID NORTH-ATLANTIC AB A directive-based parallelization tool called the Scalable Modeling System (SMS) is described. The user inserts directives in the form of comments into existing Fortran code. SMS translates the code and directives into a parallel version that runs efficiently on shared and distributed memory high-performance computing platforms including the SGI Origin, IBM SP2, Cray T3E, Sun, and Alpha and Intel clusters. Twenty directives are available to support operations including array re-declarations, inter-process communications, loop translations, and parallel I/O operations. SMS also provides tools to support incremental parallelization and debugging that significantly reduces code parallelization. time from months to weeks of effort. SMS is intended for applications using regular structured grids that are solved using finite difference approximation or spectral methods. It has been used to parallelize 10 atmospheric and oceanic models, but the tool is sufficiently general that it can be applied to other structured grids codes. Recent performance comparisons demonstrate that the Eta, Hybrid Coordinate Ocean model and Regional Ocean Modeling System model, parallelized using SMS, perform as well or better than their OpenMP or Message Passing Interface counterparts. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Global Climate & Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Govett, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Govett, Mark/H-2363-2015; Middlecoff, Jacques/L-7549-2015 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8191 J9 PARALLEL COMPUT JI Parallel Comput. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 29 IS 8 BP 995 EP 1020 DI 10.1016/S0167-8191(03)00084-X PG 26 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 723CJ UT WOS:000185414600001 ER PT J AU Rahn, RO Stefan, MI Bolton, JR Goren, E Shaw, PS Lykke, KR AF Rahn, RO Stefan, MI Bolton, JR Goren, E Shaw, PS Lykke, KR TI Quantum yield of the iodide-iodate chemical actinometer: Dependence on wavelength and concentration SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 254 NM RADIATION; FERRIOXALATE AB The quantum yield (QY) of the iodide-iodate chemical actinometer (0.6 M KI-0.1 M KIO3) was determined for irradiation between 214 and 330 nm. The photoproduct, triiodide, was determined from the increase in absorbance at 352 nm, which together with a concomitant measurement of the UV fluence enabled the QY to be calculated. The QY at 254 nm was determined to be 0.73 +/- 0.02 when calibration was carried out against a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable radiometer or photometric device. At wavelengths below 254 nm the QY increased slightly, leveling off at similar to0.80 +/- 0.05, whereas above 254 nm the QY decreases linearly with wavelength, reaching a value of 0.30 at 284 nm. In addition, the QY was measured at different iodide concentrations. There is a slight decrease in QY going from 0.6 to 0.15 M KI, whereas below 0.15 M KI the QY drops off sharply, decreasing to 0.23 by 0.006 M KI. Calibration of the QY was also done using potassium ferrioxalate actinometry to measure the irradiance. These results showed a 20% reduction in QY between 240 and 280 nm as compared with radiometry. This discrepancy suggests that the QY of the ferrioxalate actinometer in this region of the spectrum needs reexamination. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Environm Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Bolton Photosci Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Rahn, RO (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Environm Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. NR 14 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 9 U2 69 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 78 IS 2 BP 146 EP 152 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0146:QYOTIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 711ED UT WOS:000184725900007 PM 12945582 ER PT J AU Kogan, F Gitelson, A Zakarin, E Spivak, L Lebed, L AF Kogan, F Gitelson, A Zakarin, E Spivak, L Lebed, L TI AVHRR-based spectral vegetation index for quantitative assessment of vegetation state and productivity: Calibration and validation SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SATELLITE DATA; NOAA AVHRR; CROP YIELD; DYNAMICS; SPACE AB The goal of the work was to estimate, quantitatively, vegetation state and productivity using AVHRR-based Vegetation Condition Index (m). The VCI algorithm includes application of post-launch calibration to visible channels, calculation of NDVI from channels' reflectance, removal of high-frequency noise from NDVI's annual time series, stratification of ecosystem resources, and separation of ecosystem and weather components in the NDVI value. The weather component was calculated by normalizing the NDVI to the difference of the extreme NDVI fluctuations (maximum and minimum), derived from multi-year data for each week and land pixel. The VCI was compared with wheat density measured in Kazakhstan. Six test fields were located in different climatic (annual precipitation 150 to 700 mm) and ecological (semi-desert to steppe-forest) zones with elevations from 200 to 700 m and a wide range of NDVI variation over space and season from 0.05 to 0.47. Plant density (PD) was measured in wheat fields by calculating the number of stems per unit area. PD deviation from year to year (PDD) was expressed as a deviation from median density calculated from multi-year data. The correlation between PDD and VCI for all stations was positive and quite strong (r(2) > 0.75) with the Standard Errors of Estimates (SEE) of PDD less than 16 percent; for individual stations, the SEE was less than 11 percent. The results indicate that VCI is an appropriate index for monitoring weather impact on vegetation and for assessment of pasture and crop productivity in Kazakhstan. Because satellite observations provide better spatial and temporal coverage, the VCI-based system will provide efficient tools for management of water resources and the improvement of agricultural planning. This system will serve as a prototype in the other parts of the world where ground observations are limited or not available. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Kazakh Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Kazath Natl Meteorol Adm, Almaty, Kazakhstan. RP Kogan, F (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM felix.kogan@noaa.gov; gitelson@calmit.unl.edu RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Gitelson, Anatoly/G-3452-2012 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; NR 36 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 69 IS 8 BP 899 EP 906 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RE UT WOS:000221193800010 ER PT J AU Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF AF Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF TI Phase sensitive reflectometry and the unambiguous determination of scattering length density profiles SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering (7SXNS) CY SEP, 2002 CL LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA DE neutrons; X-ray; reflectivity; thin film; phase ID NEUTRON REFLECTOMETRY; X-RAY; NONDECAYING POTENTIALS; SURROUNDING MEDIA; REFLECTIVITY; INVERSION; INFORMATION; RECOVERY AB Exact methods for determining the complex neutron reflection amplitude for a thin film, which make use of multiple measurements of the specularly reflected intensities of composite systems, composed of the film adjacent to a reference layer and/or surrounding media, have been developed over the past several years. These techniques are valid even where the Born or distorted wave Born approximations break down. Thus, given both the modulus and phase of the specular reflection, a first-principles inversion can be performed which yields the scattering length density (SLD) depth profile of the film directly. Ideally, if the reflection amplitude is known for all wave vector transfers Q, the associated SLD profile is unique. Applying the aforementioned methods to a purely real SLID profile, which, effectively, is almost always that encountered in neutron reflection, at least two distinct reflectivity curves, corresponding to two different composite film systems, are required to determine the phase by direct algebraic computation, independently at each value of Q. Each of the composite systems consists of the common unknown part of the film plus a different reference layer segment and/or surrounding medium (e.g., the backing). Recently, investigations of certain classes of SLD profiles have been reported in the literature which examine whether a single X-ray reflectivity curve, given certain a priori knowledge about the system, i.e., about known parts of the film SLID and/or substrate, suffices to reconstruct the phase. Employing the exact formulation of phase sensitive reflectometry, we consider several illustrative and realistic cases in which a minimum of two reflectivity curves are required to distinguish the true SLID profile. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Majkrzak, CF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD AUG PY 2003 VL 336 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(03)00266-7 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 699DL UT WOS:000184040600005 ER PT J AU Borca, CN Spivey, AGV Cundiff, ST AF Borca, CN Spivey, AGV Cundiff, ST TI Anomalously fast decay of the LH-HH exciton Raman coherence SO PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics and Excitation Kinetics in Semiconductors (NOEKS 7) CY FEB 24-28, 2003 CL UNIV KARLSRUHE, KARLSRUHE, GERMANY HO UNIV KARLSRUHE ID HEAVY HOLE EXCITONS; QUANTUM BEATS; LIGHT HOLE; GAAS; EXCITATION; WELLS AB We perform 3-pulse transient four-wave-mixing on a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well. This allows us to measure both the decay of the Raman coherence between the heavy-hole and light-hole excitons and the decay of the respective optical coherences. We observe that the decay rate of the Raman coherence is greater than the sum of decay rates of the optical coherences. This cannot happen within a Markov approximation for the scattering processes, as verified by simulations. The simulations show that such behavior can occur only in the presence of anti-correlated scattering processes in a non-Markovian regime. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0370-1972 J9 PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B JI Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Res. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 238 IS 3 BP 521 EP 524 DI 10.1002/pssb.200303179 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 714QK UT WOS:000184924800027 ER PT J AU Blakie, PB Ballagh, RJ Clark, CW AF Blakie, PB Ballagh, RJ Clark, CW TI Output coupling from a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in a vortex state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOM-LASER AB We consider the properties of an atom laser produced by the output coupling of a trapped vortex state with a Raman scattering process. We find a linearized analytic solution from which a generalized resonance condition for Raman output coupling is developed. Using numerical simulations of a two-component Gross-Pitaevskii equation in two and three dimensions, the output beam from a trapped central vortex state is analyzed for cases of pulsed and continuous coupling where the vortex core is either transverse or parallel to the direction of propagation. We show how the parameters of the Raman light fields control the spatial phase of the output beam. C1 Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blakie, PB (reprint author), Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. RI Blakie, Peter/A-1554-2009; Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Blakie, Peter/0000-0003-4772-6514; Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 023601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.023601 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 719FC UT WOS:000185192100087 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E AF Kotochigova, S Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E TI Ab initio calculation of the KRb dipole moments SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; STATES; (KRB)-K-39-RB-85; MOLECULES; ATOMS AB The relativistic configuration interaction valence-bond method has been used to calculate permanent and transition electric dipole moments of the KRb heteronuclear molecule as a function of internuclear separation. The permanent dipole moment of the ground-state X (1)Sigma(+) potential is found to be 0.30(2) ea(0) at the equilibrium internuclear separation with excess negative charge on the potassium atom. For the a (3)Sigma(+) potential the dipole moment is an order of smaller magnitude (1 ea(0)=8.47835 10(-30) Cm). In addition, we calculate transition dipole moments between the two ground-state and excited-state potentials that dissociate to the K(4s)+Rb(5p) limits. Using this data we propose a way to produce singlet X (1)Sigma(+) KRb molecules by a two-photon Raman process starting from an ultracold mixture of doubly spin-polarized ground state K and Rb atoms. This Raman process is only allowed due to relativistic spin-orbit couplings and the absence of gerade-ungerade selection rules in heteronuclear dimers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 24 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 022501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.022501 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 719FC UT WOS:000185192100045 ER PT J AU Venturi, V Leo, PJ Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ Whittingham, IB AF Venturi, V Leo, PJ Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ Whittingham, IB TI Purely-long-range bound states of He(2s S-3)+He(2p P-3) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; METASTABLE HELIUM; ATOM COLLISIONS; PHOTOASSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULE AB We predict the presence and positions of purely-long-range bound states of He-4(2s S-3)+He-4(2p P-3) near the 2s S-3(1)+2p P-3(0,1) atomic limits. The results of the full multichannel and approximate models are compared, and we assess the sensitivity of the bound states to atomic parameters characterizing the potentials. Photoassociation to these purely-long-range molecular bound states may improve the knowledge of the scattering length associated with the collisions of two ultracold spin-polarized He-4(2s S-3) atoms, which is important for the studies of Bose-Einstein condensates. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Venturi, V (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Leo, Paul/B-3470-2011 OI Leo, Paul/0000-0001-8325-4134 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 022706 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.022706 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 719FC UT WOS:000185192100061 ER PT J AU Chen, XJ Zhang, CL Gardner, JS Sarrao, JL Almasan, CC AF Chen, XJ Zhang, CL Gardner, JS Sarrao, JL Almasan, CC TI Variable-range-hopping conductivity of the half-doped bilayer manganite LaSr2Mn2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MIXED-VALENCE MANGANITES; NEGATIVE MAGNETORESISTANCE; COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; DISORDERED SYSTEMS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; CHARGE; LOCALIZATION; Y1-XPRXBA2CU3O7-DELTA; R(1-X)A(X)MNO(3); SEMICONDUCTORS AB We report measurements of the in-plane (rho(ab)) and out-of-plane (rho(c)) resistivities on a single crystal of the half-doped bilayer manganite LaSr2Mn2O7. In the temperature T range 220 to 300 K, the resistive anisotropy rho(c)/rho(ab)=A+B/T (A and B constants), which provides evidence for the variable-range-hopping conduction in the presence of a Coulomb gap. This hopping mechanism also accounts for the quadratic magnetic field H and sin(2)Phi dependences of the negative magnetoresistivity ln[rho(i)(T,H,Phi)/rho(i)(T,H=0)] (i=ab,c), where Phi is the in-plane angle between the magnetic field and the current. C1 Kent State Univ, Dept Phys, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Chen, XJ (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Phys, Kent, OH 44242 USA. RI Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 064405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.064405 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 720BH UT WOS:000185240600048 ER PT J AU Johnson, WL AF Johnson, WL TI Analysis of anelastic dislocation effects in the presence of an unknown background SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION; VELOCITY; COPPER AB The general problem of analyzing acoustic measurements of dislocation anelasticity in the presence of unknown background contributions is addressed for situations where material treatments induce changes in the physical parameters governing dislocation motion. The analytical approach focuses on the derivatives of the frequency-dependent acoustic damping and velocity with respect to a single experimental variable, such as irradiation flux, annealing time, or applied stress. The equation of dislocation motion is taken to be that of an overdamped harmonic oscillator with no restrictions on the specific physical model for the inertial, damping, and restoring parameters. The problem is simplified by considering all dislocations in a specimen to have the same values of these parameters, so that the contributions to the damping and velocity have the general form of Debye functions with a single relaxation time. Although the subsequent discussion remains focused on dislocations, the analytical approach is framed in such general terms that it can be applied to any relaxation or overdamped resonance having a Debye form. All possible combinations of changing relaxation strength and relaxation time are considered, and curves of the derivatives of the damping and velocity and the incremental exponents of the frequency dependence as a function of the product of the relaxation time and measurement frequency are presented. Since values for the abscissa in these plots cannot be directly measured in an experiment, additional practical curves are presented of the ratio of derivatives of the damping and velocity versus the measurable frequency exponents. For a given set of measurements, approximate values of physical parameters determined from inspection of these graphs can be used as initial guesses in a least-squares minimization to determine values of the relaxation time and the relative magnitude of changes in relaxation strength and relaxation time. Two examples of data from the published literature are used to illustrate the method of analysis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 AR 064108 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.064108 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 720BH UT WOS:000185240600024 ER PT J AU Taketomi, S Sorensen, CM Klabunde, KJ AF Taketomi, S Sorensen, CM Klabunde, KJ TI Calorimetric study of magnetic fluids under a magnetic field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; COLLOIDAL PARTICLES; ZERO-FIELD; BIREFRINGENCE; TEMPERATURE; AGGREGATION; FERROFLUIDS; ASSOCIATION; DICHROISM AB In our past study, it was found that the strong magneto-optical effect of a magnetic fluid (MF) under a magnetic field is due to the second-order phase transition from colloidal particles' monodispersed phase to the particles' anisotropically agglomerated microclusters phase. These results, however, contradicted the Landau criterion. In the present study, in order to clarify whether the transition is of first order or second order, we performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments on three different MFs to look for the existence of a phase transition latent heat. The DSC measurement was performed in the temperature range 22-150 degreesC with zero magnetic field and under approximate to10 kA/m magnetic field, respectively. No phase transition heat was observed within an experimental error of 0.03 kJ/kg for all the samples whether or not the field was applied. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Chem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Co Ltd, Osaka 5810075, Japan. RP Taketomi, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taketomi@nist.gov RI Sorensen, Christopher/G-4900-2013 OI Sorensen, Christopher/0000-0002-1980-3394 NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD AUG PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 021501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.021501 PN 1 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 719FX UT WOS:000185193900038 ER PT J AU Arbic, BK Flierl, GR AF Arbic, BK Flierl, GR TI Coherent vortices and kinetic energy ribbons in asymptotic, quasi two-dimensional f-plane turbulence SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID DECAYING 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; DRIFT-WAVE TURBULENCE; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC TURBULENCE; NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE STATES; HASEGAWA-MIMA EQUATION; 2D TURBULENCE; BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; VORTEX STRUCTURES; INVERSE CASCADE AB This paper examines coherent vortices and spatial distributions of energy density in asymptotic states of numerically simulated, horizontally homogeneous, doubly periodic, quasi two-dimensional f-plane turbulence. With geophysical applications in mind, the paper progresses from freely decaying two-dimensional flow to freely decaying equivalent barotropic flow, freely decaying two-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) flow, and, finally, statistically steady two-layer QG turbulence forced by a baroclinically unstable mean flow and damped by bottom Ekman friction. It is demonstrated here that, with suitable elaborations, a two-vortex state having a sinh-like potential vorticity/streamfunction (q/psi) scatter plot arises in all of these systems. This extends, at least qualitatively, previous work in inviscid and freely decaying two-dimensional flows to flows having stratification, forcing, and dissipation present simultaneously. Potential vorticity steps and ribbons of kinetic energy are shown to form in freely decaying equivalent barotropic flow and in the equivalent barotropic limit of baroclinically unstable flow, which occurs when Ekman damping is strong. Thus, contrary to expectations, strong friction can under some circumstances create rather than hinder the formation of sharp features. The ribbons are present, albeit less dramatically, in moderately damped baroclinically unstable turbulence, which is arguably a reasonable model for mid-ocean mesoscale eddies. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 MIT, MIT WHOI Joint Program Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Arbic, BK (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. OI Arbic, Brian K/0000-0002-7969-2294 NR 59 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD AUG PY 2003 VL 15 IS 8 BP 2177 EP 2189 DI 10.1063/1.1582183 PG 13 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 700GK UT WOS:000184104100011 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Kumar, SP AF Gharavi, H Kumar, SP TI Scanning the issue - Special issue on sensor networks and applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Defence Adv Res Projects Agcy, Arlington, VA USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), NIST, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD AUG PY 2003 VL 91 IS 8 BP 1151 EP 1153 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2003.814925 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 709YW UT WOS:000184655000001 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Ban, K AF Gharavi, H Ban, K TI Multihop sensor network design for wide-band communications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE LA English DT Article DE ad hoc networks; cluster networks; IEEE 802.11; mobile IP; wireless local area network (WLAN) ID AD HOC NETWORKS AB This paper presents a master/slave cellular-based mobile ad hoc network architecture for multihop multimedia communications. The proposed network is based on a new paradigm for solving the problem of cluster-based ad hoc routing when utilizing existing wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies. The network architecture is a mixture of two different types of networks: infrastructure (niaster-and-slave) and ad hoc. lit this architecture, the participating slave nodes (SNs) in each cluster communicate with each other via their respective master nodes (MNs) in an infrastructure network. In contrast to traditional cellular networks where the base stations are fixed (e.g., interconnected via a wired backbone), in this network the MNs (e.g., base stations) are mobile: thus, interconnection is accomplished dynamically and in an ad hoc manner For network implementation, the IEEE 802.11 WLAN has been deployed. Since there is no stationary node in this network, all the nodes in a cluster may have to move together as a group. However, in order to allow a mobile node to move to another cluster; which requires changing its point of attachment, a handoff process utilizing Mobile IP version 6 (IPnu6) has been considered. For ad hoc routing between the master nodes (i.e., MNs), the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol has been deployed. In assessing the network performance, field test trials have been carried out to measure the proposed network performance. These measurements include packet loss, delays under various test conditions such as a change of ad hoc route, handoffs, etc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9219 J9 P IEEE JI Proc. IEEE PD AUG PY 2003 VL 91 IS 8 BP 1221 EP 1234 DI 10.1109/JPROC.2003.814919 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 709YW UT WOS:000184655000008 ER PT J AU de Korte, PAJ Beyer, J Deiker, S Hilton, GC Irwin, KD MacIntosh, M Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Huber, ME AF de Korte, PAJ Beyer, J Deiker, S Hilton, GC Irwin, KD MacIntosh, M Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Vale, LR Huber, ME TI Time-division superconducting quantum interference device multiplexer for transition-edge sensors SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SQUID MULTIPLEXERS; ARRAYS; BOLOMETERS; READOUT AB We report on the design and performance of our second-generation 32-channel time-division multiplexer developed for the readout of large-format arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors. We present design issues and measurement results on its gain, bandwidth, noise, and cross talk. In particular, we discuss noise performance at low frequency, important for long uninterrupted submillimeter/far-infrared observations, and present a scheme for mitigation of low-frequency noise. Also, results are presented on the decoupling of the input circuit from the first-stage feedback signal by means of a balanced superconducting quantum interference device pair. Finally, the first results of multiplexing several input channels in a switched, digital flux-lock loop are shown. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP de Korte, PAJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 814-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011 NR 13 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 74 IS 8 BP 3807 EP 3815 DI 10.1063/1.1593809 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 704NW UT WOS:000184346600037 ER PT J AU Greene, CM AF Greene, CM TI Habitat selection reduces extinction of populations subject to Allee effects SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; DYNAMICS; MODELS; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; SIZE; FRAGMENTATION; HETEROGENEITY; PREDICTIONS AB Theoretical studies indicate that a single population under an Allee effect will decline to extinction if reduced below a particular threshold, but the existence of multiple local populations connected by random dispersal improves persistence of the global population. An additional process that can facilitate persistence is the existence of habitat selection by dispersers. Using analytic and simulation models of population change, I found that when habitat patches exhibiting Allee effects are connected by dispersing individuals, habitat selection by these dispersers increases the likelihood that patches persist at high densities, relative to results expected by random settlement. Populations exhibiting habitat selection also attain equilibrium more quickly than randomly dispersing populations. These effects are particularly important when Allee effects are large and more than two patches exist. Integrating habitat selection into population dynamics may help address why some studies have failed to find extinction thresholds in populations, despite well-known Allee effects in many species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Conservat, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Greene, CM (reprint author), US NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Environm Conservat, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM correigh.greene@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0040-5809 EI 1096-0325 J9 THEOR POPUL BIOL JI Theor. Popul. Biol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 64 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0040-5809(03)00025-X PG 10 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 692WN UT WOS:000183683400001 PM 12804867 ER PT J AU Chiang, MYM Wu, WL He, JM Amis, EJ AF Chiang, MYM Wu, WL He, JM Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial approach to the edge delamination test for thin film reliability - concept and simulation SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE combinatorial approach; adhesion; interfacial debonding; thin film; coatings; edge delamination; fracture mechanics; finite element ID ADHESION; COATINGS; SHEAR AB A high-throughput combinatorial approach to edge delamination test is proposed to map the failure of adhesion as a function of both temperature and film thickness in a single step. In this approach, a single specimen of a thin film bonded to a substrate with orthogonal thickness and temperature gradients is subdivided into separate samples. This approach can be adopted to measure the adhesion reliability for films with thicknesses in the nano regime by the addition of an overlayer. In addition, it can increase the pace of material innovations in nanoscale science and technology. The experimental requirements for a valid combinatorial test are analyzed using three-dimensional computational fracture mechanics. A simulation result is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the combinatorial approach and to design the experimental protocol. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20809 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20809 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 437 IS 1-2 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00585-6 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 704XU UT WOS:000184367600029 ER PT J AU DeSanto, P Buttrey, DJ Grasselli, RK Lugmair, CG Volpe, AF Toby, BH Vogt, T AF DeSanto, P Buttrey, DJ Grasselli, RK Lugmair, CG Volpe, AF Toby, BH Vogt, T TI Structural characterization of the orthorhombic phase M1 in MoVNbTeO propane ammoxidation catalyst SO TOPICS IN CATALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium on Multifunctionality of Catalytically Active Sites and Their Detection CY JUN, 2002 CL SCHWABISCHES BILDUNGSZENTRUM, KLOSTER IRSEE, GERMANY SP Robert Karl Grasselli Fdn HO SCHWABISCHES BILDUNGSZENTRUM DE MoVNbTeO; propane; ammoxidation; acrylonitrile; out-of-center; distortion; site isolation; molybdates; mixed-metal; multifunctionality; catalyst; Rietveld; refinement; Magneli phase; channel structure ID OXYGEN BOND DISTANCES; TERNARY PHASES; MO5O14 TYPE; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; VANADIUM PENTOXIDE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SYSTEM; TRANSITION; OXIDES AB The structure of the orthorhombic phase in the MoVNbTeO propane ammoxidation catalyst system has been characterized and refined using a combination of TEM, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (S-XPD), and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). This phase, designated as M1 by Ushikubo et al. [1], crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pba2 (No. 32) with a = 21.134(2) Angstrom b = 26.658(2) Angstrom, and c = 4.0146(3) Angstrom. The formula unit is Mo7.5V1.5NbTeO29. Bond valence sum calculations indicate the presence of d(1) metal sites neighbored by d(0) metal sites. The d(1) sites are occupied by a distribution of Mo5+ and V4+, whereas the d(0) sites are occupied by a distribution of Mo6+ and V5+. Out-of-center distortions in d(0) octahedra are consistent with the second- order Jahn-Teller effect and lattice effects. We argue that the V5+-O-V4+/Mo5+ moieties adjacent to Te4+ and Mo6+ sites in the [001] terminal plane provide a spatially isolated active site at which the selective ammoxidation of propane occurs. C1 Univ Delaware, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Symyx Technol Inc, Catalysis Grp, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Buttrey, DJ (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Ctr Catalyt Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 42 TC 134 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1022-5528 J9 TOP CATAL JI Top. Catal. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1-4 BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1024812101856 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 704JP UT WOS:000184336800004 ER PT J AU Abdulaev, NG AF Abdulaev, NG TI Building a stage for interhelical play in rhodopsin SO TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOMINANT RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA; CONGENITAL NIGHT BLINDNESS; TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; BOVINE RHODOPSIN; RETINAL DISEASE; FUNCTIONAL-ROLE; GLUTAMIC-ACID; MUTATIONS; MEMBRANES AB Biochemical data providing new insights into the packing of helices I and 11 in the transmembrane domain of rhodopsin reveals the existence of a specific set of size- and charge-sensitive interhelical interactions that influence protein tertiary structure. These findings have broad implications towards understanding the molecular consequences of naturally occurring mutations associated with the retinal degenerative disease autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Abdulaev, NG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0968-0004 J9 TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI JI Trends Biochem.Sci. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 28 IS 8 BP 399 EP 402 DI 10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00164-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 719CT UT WOS:000185186600001 PM 12932725 ER PT J AU Kalin, M Jahanmir, S AF Kalin, M Jahanmir, S TI Influence of roughness on wear transition in glass-infiltrated alumina SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Wear of Materials CY MAR 30-APR 03, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE glass-infiltrated alumina; in-ceram; alumina; wear transition; roughness; dental restorations; ceramics ID CERAMICS; PORCELAIN; ENAMEL; WATER; LUBRICATION; COMPOSITES; FRICTION; CROWNS AB The wear behavior of glass-infiltrated alumina was evaluated in sliding against a high-purity alumina in water using a pin on disk tribometer. Three disk R-a roughness values were used, i.e. 14,146 and 649 nm. The wear rate of both the alumina balls and the glass-infiltrated alumina disks increased with the disk roughness. The steady-state values of coefficients of friction towards the end of the tests were almost the same for the polished and the intermediate roughness surfaces at 0.58 and 0.54. However, the coefficients of friction for the tests with the high roughness disks were reduced to 0.30. A close examination of the friction/time traces showed an abrupt change in the coefficient of friction only for the tests with the high roughness disks. The test duration associated with this transition was reproducible in repeat tests. When this transition occur-red, the initial rough surface had been polished to a roughness of 25 nm by wear. The difference in the behavior of the three roughness conditions, and particularly the transition phenomenon in the tests with high roughness surfaces, is discussed in terms of several factors that include three-body "self-polishing", reduced contact pressure with increased wear, formation of a hydrated layer by tribochemical reaction and associated "hydrodynamic" lift, and presence of grinding-induced residual stresses and subsurface grinding damage. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Ljubljana, Ctr Tribol & Tech Diagnost, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. RP Jahanmir, S (reprint author), MiTi Heart Corp, POB Box 83610, Gaithersburg, MD 20883 USA. RI kalin, mitjan/M-2504-2014 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD AUG-SEP PY 2003 VL 255 BP 669 EP 676 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00069-3 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 747KY UT WOS:000186804700080 ER PT J AU Yin, L Jahanmir, S Ives, LK AF Yin, L Jahanmir, S Ives, LK TI Abrasive machining of porcelain and zirconia with a dental handpiece SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Wear of Materials CY MAR 30-APR 03, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE dental restorations; diamond burs; dental handpiece; yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia; felspathic porcelain; material removal mechanism; tool wear; surface integrity ID DIAMOND BURS; CERAMICS; DENTISTRY; RESTORATIONS; TOUGHNESS; FRACTURE; STRENGTH; ALUMINA; DAMAGE AB The machining characteristics and material removal mechanisms of two dental ceramics-feldspathic porcelain and yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia-were investigated using a dental handpiece and diamond burs with different grit sizes. The material removal rates were measured as a function of total machining time using a constant load of 2 N on the bur, consistent with clinical cutting conditions. As the diamond grit size was increased from ultrafine (UF) (10 mum) to fine (F) (41 mum) and coarse (C) (172 mum), the removal rate and the resulting surface roughness for each material increased substantially. The mechanisms of material removal determined through microscopic examination of the machined surfaces and the machining debris on the burs were found to consist of a combination of ductile and brittle-type chip formation processes. The occurrence of brittle fracture increased as the diamond grit size was increased. While the material removal process in porcelain was dominated by brittle fracture, zirconia was primarily subjected to ductile cutting. Four wear processes were identified on the burs in prolonged cutting tests: grit microfracture, grit pullout, wear flat generation, and matrix abrasion. The results demonstrated that while the material removal rate for the zirconia evaluated in this study was lower than those for porcelain and many other dental ceramics, the zirconia could be machined under clinical conditions with no edge chipping damage. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jahanmir, S (reprint author), MiTiHeart Corp, POB 83610, Gaithersburg, MD 20883 USA. NR 34 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD AUG-SEP PY 2003 VL 255 BP 975 EP 989 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00195-9 PN 2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 733YB UT WOS:000186027300025 ER PT J AU Lee, SW Morillo, C Lira-Olivares, J Kim, SH Sekino, T Niihara, K Hockey, BJ AF Lee, SW Morillo, C Lira-Olivares, J Kim, SH Sekino, T Niihara, K Hockey, BJ TI Tribological and microstructural analysis of Al2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites to use in the femoral head of hip replacement SO WEAR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Wear of Materials CY MAR 30-APR 03, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE alumina; titania; nanocomposite; hip joint ID POWDERS; WEAR AB Total hip joint replacement is the major achievement in orthopedic surgery; zirconia and alumina have been widely used in the medical field due to their biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, low friction, high wear resistance, high strength, and low cost. Fracture toughness of alumina is enhanced with dispersion of nanometer sized particles of TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite. Therefore, this can be a good material for the femoral head of total hip joint replacement. This study simulation of human body behavior and movement of hip joint was carried out in a ball-on-disc tribometer, using silicon nitride balls and distilled water at 37 degreesC for 100 h. Al2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite disk were hot pressed at 1500 degreesC and 25 MPa, in an Ar atmosphere for 1 h. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Sun Moon Univ, Div Mat & Chem Engn, ChungNam 336708, South Korea. Univ Simon Bolivar, Interfase Engn Ctr, Caracas 1080, Venezuela. Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Osaka 5670047, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, SW (reprint author), Sun Moon Univ, Div Mat & Chem Engn, ChungNam 336708, South Korea. RI Morillo , Carlos /J-6021-2014 OI Morillo , Carlos /0000-0001-5117-2716 NR 14 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD AUG-SEP PY 2003 VL 255 BP 1040 EP 1044 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00099-1 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 733YB UT WOS:000186027300033 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Calvert, CM AF Gourley, JJ Calvert, CM TI Automated detection of the bright band using WSR-88D data SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL ESTIMATION; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; RANGE; IDENTIFICATION; REFLECTIVITY; ALGORITHM AB During stratiform precipitation, hydrometeors within the melting layer increase backscatter to radar. This layer can persist at a nearly constant height for hours and can lead to serious radar-based overestimates in accumulated surface rainfall. Sophisticated precipitation algorithms of the present and near future are beginning to identify regions where there is contaminated reflectivity in order to make corrections to the data. An automated algorithm that operates on full-resolution Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivity data (i.e., archive level II) to identify the height and depth of the bright band for every volume scan has been developed. Results from the algorithm are compared with 0degreesC heights from nearby radiosonde observations and from model analyses for three different regions in the United States. In addition, reflectivity observations from an independent, vertically pointing radar situated in complex terrain are compared with results from the brightband algorithm operating on WSR-88D data. The output from the brightband algorithm matches observations well. A case is presented to show how the radar-observed brightband heights can be used to identify regions in precipitation products where radar is sampling within the melting layer and therefore may be subject to overestimation. Improved monitoring of the bright band, because of the comparatively high temporal resolution of the radar observations, results from application of the algorithm. The algorithm output can provide guidance to forecasters who are using radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates to issue advisories and warnings. Moreover, the melting-layer observations can be used with a digital elevation model to map the approximate rain-snow line. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 26 TC 25 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 585 EP 599 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0585:ADOTBB>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600003 ER PT J AU Bond, NA Vecchi, GA AF Bond, NA Vecchi, GA TI The influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation on precipitation in Oregon and Washington SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NORTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL CONVECTION; EQUATORIAL WAVES; WESTERN PACIFIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; LIFE-CYCLE; ANOMALIES; EVENTS; MODULATION AB The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the primary mode of large-scale intraseasonal variability in the Tropics. Previous work has explored the influences of the MJO on atmospheric circulation anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean and precipitation in California, among other effects. This study focuses on the relationship between the MJO and mean precipitation in the states of Oregon and Washington and that between the MJO and the occurrence of flooding in western Washington. The MJO is diagnosed using principal component analysis of 850-hPa zonal winds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1979-2000. The dataset for precipitation is daily rain gauge data gridded on a scale of 50 km and covering 1979-94. The occurrence of flooding is based on streamflow records from the Sauk, Snoqualmie, and Chehalis Rivers for 1979-2000. The results indicate that the phase of the MJO has a substantial systematic effect on intraseasonal variability in precipitation in Oregon and Washington in both early winter (October-December) and late winter (January-March). The MJO is also associated with a statistically significant enhancement and modulation of floods in early winter. The phases of the MJO that promote enhanced precipitation in the mean and increased incidence of western Washington floods are substantially different during early winter than during late winter. It is suggested that this result is attributable to the difference in the atmospheric circulation of the North Pacific in early versus late winter. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bond, NA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X NR 33 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 600 EP 613 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0600:TIOTMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600004 ER PT J AU Frysinger, JR Lindner, BL Brueske, SL AF Frysinger, JR Lindner, BL Brueske, SL TI A statistical sea-breeze prediction algorithm for Charleston, South Carolina SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CAPE AB A simple and useful technique for prediction of sea breezes, based on readily available wind vector and air temperature predictions from synoptic models in conjunction with observed coastal sea surface temperatures, is presented for evaluation by coastal forecasters. A statistical prediction scheme using the sea-breeze index has been devised and was found to possess significant nowcasting skill, when used with observed synoptic wind vectors and temperatures and with observed coastal sea surface temperatures. The ready availability of data for these variables and the simplicity of the scheme give it the potential of being useful to many coastal forecast offices, once tuned to the area in which it is applied. The technique can be used on simple workstations or even by manual calculation and thus provides a simple method for local tuning of general-area forecasts to coastal areas. For the 1998 sea-breeze season tested, the algorithm, which was built on June data and tested by nowcasting on data from July through October, had a skill score of 31.3% over climatology. C1 Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Charleston, SC USA. RP Frysinger, JR (reprint author), Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 614 EP 625 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0614:ASSPAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600005 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE Doswell, CA Kay, MP AF Brooks, HE Doswell, CA Kay, MP TI Climatological estimates of local daily tornado probability for the United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB An estimate is made of the probability of an occurrence of a tornado day near any location in the contiguous 48 states for any time during the year. Gaussian smoothers in space and time have been applied to the observed record of tornado days from 1980 to 1999 to produce daily maps and annual cycles at any point on an 80 km x 80 km grid. Many aspects of this climatological estimate have been identified in previous work, but the method allows one to consider the record in several new ways. The two regions of maximum tornado days in the United States are northeastern Colorado and peninsular Florida, but there is a large region between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains that has at least 1 day on which a tornado touches down on the grid. The annual cycle of tornado days is of particular interest. The southeastern United States, outside of Florida, faces its maximum threat in April. Farther west and north, the threat is later in the year, with the northern United States and New England facing its maximum threat in July. In addition, the repeatability of the annual cycle is much greater in the plains than farther east. By combining the region of greatest threat with the region of highest repeatability of the season, an objective definition of Tornado Alley as a region that extends from the southern Texas Panhandle through Nebraska and northeastward into eastern North Dakota and Minnesota can be provided. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010; Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013 OI Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452 NR 23 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 626 EP 640 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0626:CEOLDT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600006 ER PT J AU Bailey, CM Hartfield, G Lackmann, GM Keeter, K Sharp, S AF Bailey, CM Hartfield, G Lackmann, GM Keeter, K Sharp, S TI An objective climatology, classification scheme, and assessment of sensible weather impacts for Appalachian cold-air damming SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID EVENT; FRONT; MOUNTAINS; PROJECT; SURGES; ALASKA; SCALE; GALE; WIND AB The geostrophic adjustment process for a rotating, stratified atmosphere in the presence of an orographic barrier may be manifest as a phenomenon known as "cold-air damming" ( CAD). The degree of blocking by an orographic barrier, and therefore CAD intensity, is related to the static stability of the upstream air mass. When precipitation falls into dry near-surface air, differential evaporational cooling can increase static stability, and strengthen or initiate CAD. The sheltering effect of clouds can also maintain surface-based stability. Therefore, the ability of numerical forecast models to accurately predict CAD requires adequate representation of cloud and precipitation processes. Operational forecasters in the Appalachian damming region have previously developed a subjective classification scheme that distinguishes those CAD events that are heavily influenced by diabatic processes from those that are dominated by synoptic-scale forcing. In this study the subjective scheme is formalized in order to elucidate distinct synoptic-scale patterns associated with different CAD types. Knowledge of CAD types will enable forecasters to interpret and adjust numerical model forecasts, and reinforce understanding of atmospheric processes during CAD. An objective CAD-identification algorithm, based on hourly surface reports in and around the Appalachian damming region, was used to construct a 12-yr climatology of CAD events of varying intensity. Between the years 1984 and 1995, 353 CAD events were identified. The annual frequency of strong CAD events is consistent with previous studies. However, the overall frequency of CAD reveals a large number of weak warm-season events, with maximum overall frequency in September. A CAD-classification algorithm, based on the aforementioned subjective operational scheme, was used to quantify differences in synoptic setting and sensible weather impacts between CAD types. Analysis of the climatological CAD sample reveals that despite similar patterns in the sea level isobars, some CAD events exert strong influences on sensible weather parameters while others do not. The climatological departure of the maximum temperature at Greensboro, North Carolina, was used to define "high impact" and "low impact" CAD events. Composites of high-impact cases reveal a coupled jet signature at the 250-mb level similar to that accompanying some East Coast cyclones. The low-impact composite exhibits much more pronounced ridging west of the damming region at the 500-mb level relative to the high-impact composite. These results support the interpretation that CAD is not a monolithic phenomenon. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, NWS, HPC, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, Forecast Off, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Lackmann, GM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, 1125 Jordan Hall,Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 641 EP 661 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0641:AOCCSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600007 ER PT J AU Meyers, MP Snook, JS Wesley, DA Poulos, GS AF Meyers, MP Snook, JS Wesley, DA Poulos, GS TI A Rocky Mountain storm. part II: The forest blowdown over the west slope of the northern Colorado Mountains - Observations, analysis, and modeling SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; WASHINGTON CASCADE MOUNTAINS; DOWNSLOPE WINDS; IDEALIZED SIMULATIONS; OPERATIONAL USE; STEP OROGRAPHY; ETA-MODEL; FLOW; RESOLUTION; EVOLUTION AB A devastating winter storm affected the Rocky Mountain states over the 3-day period of 24-26 October 1997. Blizzard conditions persisted over the foothills and adjoining plains from Wyoming to southern New Mexico, with maximum total snowfall amounts near 1.5 m. (Part I of this two-part paper describes the observations and modeling of this blizzard event.) During the morning of 25 October 1997, wind gusts in excess of 50 m s(-1) were estimated west of the Continental Divide near Steamboat Springs in northern Colorado. These winds flattened approximately 5300 ha (13 000 acres) of old-growth forest in the Routt National Forest and Mount Zirkel Wilderness. Observations, analysis, and numerical modeling were used to examine the kinematics of this extreme event. A high-resolution, local-area model (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) was used to investigate the ability of a local model to capture the timing and strength of the windstorm and the aforementioned blizzard. Results indicated that a synergistic combination of strong cross-barrier easterly flow; very cold lower-tropospheric air over Colorado, which modified the stability profile; and the presence of a critical layer led to devastating downslope winds. The high-resolution simulations demonstrated the potential for accurately capturing mesoscale spatial and temporal features of a downslope windstorm more than 1 day in advance. These simulations were quasi forecast in nature, because a combination of two 48-h Eta Model forecasts were used to specify the lateral boundary conditions. Increased predictive detail of the windstorm was also found by decreasing the horizontal grid spacing from 5 to 1.67 km in the local-area model simulations. C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. Colorado Res Associates, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Cooperat Program Operat Meteorol Educ & Training, Boulder, CO USA. RP Meyers, MP (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, 792 Eagle Dr, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 662 EP 674 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0662:ARMSPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710HK UT WOS:000184674600008 ER PT J AU Douglass, KO Keske, JC Rees, FS Welch, K Yoo, HS Pate, BH Leonov, I Suenram, RD AF Douglass, KO Keske, JC Rees, FS Welch, K Yoo, HS Pate, BH Leonov, I Suenram, RD TI Rotational spectroscopy of vibrationally excited states by infrared-Fourier transform microwave-microwave triple-resonance spectroscopy SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRIC-DIPOLE MOMENTS; PULSED-MOLECULAR-BEAM; MIXED QUANTUM STATE; ENERGY REDISTRIBUTION; SPECTROMETER; SPECTRUM; LASER; CAVITY AB A Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy-based technique for measuring the rotational spectrum of vibrational excited states is demonstrated. A pulsed infrared laser is used to prepare the excited state outside the FTMW cavity. Following laser excitation, the molecules drift into the FTMW cavity region. The FTMW spectrometer is used to monitor a single rotational transition in the excited state. The rotational spectrum of one of the states involved in the transition monitored by the FTMW spectrometer is obtained through the Autler-Townes splitting of the quantum state caused by the application of resonant microwave radiation to the cavity region. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM bp2k@virginia.edu NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 376 IS 5-6 BP 548 EP 556 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01018-2 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 708KL UT WOS:000184565900002 ER PT J AU Fiore, AM Jacob, DJ Mathur, R Martin, RV AF Fiore, AM Jacob, DJ Mathur, R Martin, RV TI Application of empirical orthogonal functions to evaluate ozone simulations with regional and global models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE empirical orthogonal functions; principal components; air pollution; ozone; regional modeling; global modeling ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; SURFACE OZONE; NORTH-AMERICA; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION; SYSTEMS; PREDICTIONS/; PERFORMANCE; CHEMISTRY; MECHANISM AB Empirical orthogonal functions are used together with standard statistical metrics to evaluate the ability of models with different spatial resolutions to reproduce observed patterns of surface ozone (O-3) in the eastern United States in the summer of 1995. We examine simulations with the regional Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform model (horizontal resolution of 36 km(2)) and the global GEOS-CHEM model (2degrees x 2.5degrees and 4degrees x 5degrees). As the model resolution coarsens, the ability to resolve local O-3 maxima (O-3 greater than or equal to 90 ppbv) is compromised, but the spatial correlation improves. This result shows that synoptic-scale processes modulating O-3 concentrations are easier to capture in models than processes occurring on smaller scales. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) derived from the observed O-3 fields reveal similar modes of variability when averaged onto the three model horizontal resolutions. The EOFs appear to represent (1) an east-west pattern associated with frontal passages, (2) a midwest-northeast pattern associated with migratory high-pressure systems, and (3) a southeast stagnation pattern linked to westward extension of the Bermuda High. All models capture the east-west and southeast EOFs, but the midwest-northeast EOF is misplaced in GEOS-CHEM. GEOS-CHEM captures the principal components of the observational EOFs when the model fields are projected onto these EOFs, implying that it can resolve the contribution of the EOFs to the observed variance. We conclude that coarse-resolution global models can successfully simulate the synoptic conditions leading to high-O-3 episodes in the eastern United States. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. MCNC, Environm Modeling Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Fiore, AM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM afiore@post.harvard.edu RI Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; NR 39 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4431 DI 10.1029/2002JD003151 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710WZ UT WOS:000184707000007 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Juang, HMH AF Mo, KC Juang, HMH TI Relationships between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the Great Plains and the Southwest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; summer U. S. precipitation ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SURFACE-HYDROLOGY MODEL; REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; LOW-LEVEL JET; LAND-SURFACE; MEXICAN MONSOON; GENERAL-CIRCULATION AB The relationships between evaporation ( E) and summer precipitation ( P) over the United States are examined using the observed precipitation data set, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis and the NCEP regional spectral model (RSM) simulations. The composites of P anomalies based on soil moisture and E anomalies indicate that the relationships between E and P are regionally dependent. The E anomalies over the Great Plains are associated with large P anomalies located north of the E anomalies and areas downstream along the path of the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). The impact of E anomalies on P over the Southwest is small and is only recognized during the strong moisture surge events from the Gulf of California. The vertically integrated meridional moisture fluxes [qv] associated with the GPLLJ are stronger and more persistent than the fluxes associated with the low-level jet from the Gulf of California to the Southwest (GCLLJ). The E anomalies over the Great Plains are stronger and more persistent than the E anomalies over the Southwest. Therefore the E anomalies over the Great Plains have a better chance for the local feedback and for the changes in moisture flux convergence to take effect. The impact of E anomalies on P over the Southwest is small and only recognized during strong moisture surge events from the Gulf of California. Both the surge events and E anomalies over the Southwest persist for less than one week. The time window for the large E anomalies to occur during surge events is narrow. Therefore the net impact is small. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, NP52,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kingtse.mo@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 8610 DI 10.1029/2002JD002952 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710WZ UT WOS:000184707000003 ER PT J AU Wang, J Christopher, SA Reid, JS Maring, H Savoie, D Holben, BN Livingston, JM Russell, PB Yang, SK AF Wang, J Christopher, SA Reid, JS Maring, H Savoie, D Holben, BN Livingston, JM Russell, PB Yang, SK TI GOES 8 retrieval of dust aerosol optical thickness over the Atlantic Ocean during PRIDE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE dust aerosol; diurnal optical depth; GOES 8; radiative forcing ID SUN PHOTOMETER MEASUREMENTS; BIOMASS BURNING AEROSOLS; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS; SOLAR WAVELENGTHS; SOUTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; AVHRR DATA AB Using 30 days of half-hourly, high temporal resolution GOES 8 imager data and radiative transfer calculations, dust aerosol optical thickness (AOT) was retrieved over the Atlantic Ocean (14degreesN similar to 26degreesN, 73degreesW-63degreesW) during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment ( PRIDE). Dust aerosol size distributions and complex index of refraction inferred from ground-based measurements (1.53-0.0015i at 0.55 mum), which were used in Mie calculations and a plane-parallel discrete ordinate radiative transfer model (DISORT) to compute look up tables for AOT retrievals. Using a combination of spectral, spatial, and temporal tests, a dust detection algorithm was developed from the GOES 8 imager data. The degradation of the signal response relative to the prelaunched calibration of the GOES 8 visible channel was 39% in July 2000 and the GOES 8 AOT detection limit was estimated to be 0.04 in AOT (0.67 mum). The satellite-retrieved AOT were then compared with AOT values derived from ground-based Sun photometer (SP) sites. The comparison showed that GOES 8 retrieved AOT are in good agreement with the SP derived values, with linear correlation coefficient of 0.91 and 0.80 for the two sites. The GOES 8 monthly mean 0.67 mm AOT (0.19 +/- 0.13, 0.22 +/- 0.12) over the two SP sites matched the monthly mean SPAOT values (0.23 +/- 0.13, 0.22 +/- 0.10). The linear correlation between the GOES 8 retrieved AOT and the aircraft derived values from particle probe data and airborne Sun photometer AATS-6 measurements were 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. Besides the uncertainties from the nonspherical effect of dust aerosols, sensitivity studies showed that the uncertainties (Deltatau) of the GOES 8 retrieved AOT values were mainly from the uncertainties due to the imaginary part of refractive index (Deltatau = +/-0.05) and surface reflectance [Deltatau = +/-(0.02 similar to 0.04)]. This paper demonstrates the application of geostationary satellites to detect and retrieve dust AOT even at low to moderate AOTs. The GOES 8 imager with high temporal resolutions also captures aerosol diurnal variation in this study that can further reduce the uncertainties in the current aerosol forcing estimations caused by the high temporal variations of AOT, thereby playing a complementary role with global AOT retrievals from polar orbiting satellites. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. SPAWAR Syst Ctr, Atmospher Propagat Branch, San Diego, CA USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM sundar@nsstc.uah.edu RI Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Reid, Jeffrey/B-7633-2014; Wang, Jun/A-2977-2008 OI Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-5147-7955; Wang, Jun/0000-0002-7334-0490 NR 83 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 8595 DI 10.1029/2002JD002494 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710WZ UT WOS:000184707000001 ER PT J AU Wise, ME Brooks, SD Garland, RM Cziczo, DJ Martin, ST Tolbert, MA AF Wise, ME Brooks, SD Garland, RM Cziczo, DJ Martin, ST Tolbert, MA TI Solubility and freezing effects of Fe2+ and Mg2+ in H2SO4 solutions representative of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric sulfate particles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EFFLORESCENCE RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; CORUNDUM INCLUSIONS; AEROSOL DROPLETS; NUCLEATION; HEMATITE AB Chemical elements characteristic of earth minerals and meteorites are present within background tropospheric and stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles. However, it is unknown if these elements are present predominantly as solids, including possible sulfates, carbonates, and oxides, or rather as soluble aqueous metal ions or complexes. Further, it is unclear how these impurities could affect particle freezing. To address these questions, we have determined the total equilibrium metal solubility ([Fe2+](T) and [Mg2+](T)) in 20-90 wt % sulfuric acid solutions over the temperature range 200-300 K. We have measured solubilities using samples of MgSO4, FeSO4 . 7H(2)O, and a mixture of metal sulfates representative of some meteorite samples. Because Fe2+ oxidation by O-2 was found to be negligible over a 28 day period when air was bubbled through the solutions, we conclude that aqueous Fe2+ may be present at high concentrations in atmospheric sulfuric acid particles. We estimate that soluble Fe2+ and Mg2+ compose similar to0.01-0.28 wt % of the H2SO4/H2O/{Fe2+, Mg2+} solutions at temperatures and acid compositions representative of the atmosphere. Compared to composition measurements done by mass spectrometry of atmospheric particles showing similar to0.75 wt % Fe and 0.20 wt % Mg, we conclude it is plausible that solid Fe2+ and Mg2+ minerals often occur inside atmospheric sulfuric acid particles. Bulk freezing experiments were also carried out on H2SO4 solutions containing amounts of dissolved metal determined by the low-temperature solubility studies. It was found that 57.6 wt % H(2)SO4 containing soluble meteoritic metal and 60 wt % H(2)SO4 containing either soluble Fe or soluble meteoritic metal froze similar to12-20 K higher than solutions containing no soluble metal. Soluble metal ions in sulfuric acid solution may therefore provide a mechanism for sulfuric acid tetrahydrate formation in the lower stratosphere. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wise, ME (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM matthew.wise@colorado.edu RI Brooks, Sarah/H-1176-2012; Martin, Scot/G-1094-2015 OI Martin, Scot/0000-0002-8996-7554 NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4434 DI 10.1029/2003JD003420 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 710WZ UT WOS:000184707000009 ER PT J AU Wishart, JF Neta, P AF Wishart, JF Neta, P TI Spectrum and reactivity of the solvated electron in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID PICOSECOND PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; REACTION-KINETICS; ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORPTION; CYCLOHEXANE SOLUTIONS; SOLVATOCHROMIC DYES; MOLECULAR MOBILITY; BULK POLYMERS; RADICAL-IONS; MOLTEN-SALTS; NILE-RED AB Fast pulse radiolysis transient absorption experiments were conducted on the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2). The solvated electron was observed to have a very broad absorption band peaking around 1410 nm (epsilon = 2.2 x 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1)) and a radiolytic yield (G) of 0.7 x 10(-7) mol J(-1). Dry electron capture by aromatic solutes, such as benzophenone and pyrene, is very efficient in R4NNTf2. Reactions of the solvated electron with the same compounds are diffusion limited, with rate constants of only k approximate to (1-2) x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) due to the high viscosity of the ionic liquid. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wishart, JF (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Wishart, James/L-6303-2013 OI Wishart, James/0000-0002-0488-7636 NR 61 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 30 BP 7261 EP 7267 DI 10.1021/jp027792z PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 704TU UT WOS:000184357100006 ER PT J AU Liu, QH Weng, FZ AF Liu, QH Weng, FZ TI Retrieval of sea surface wind vectors from simulated satellite microwave polarimetric measurements SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polarimetric signature; surface wind; retrieval ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; IMAGER SSM/I; CLOUD; MODEL AB [1] An algorithm is developed to retrieve sea surface wind vectors from satellite microwave polarimetry. The radiative transfer model produces simulated measurements under global atmospheric and surface conditions. The simulations for wind speeds less than 5 m s(-1) are not utilized in the retrievals because of the unreliable performance of the current surface emissivity model. In the algorithm, the upwelling and downwelling radiative components are treated as one variable since the two components are highly correlated. As a result, under rain-free conditions, the full polarimtric measurements obtained at a single frequency can form a closure of a set of radiative transfer equations so that both surface and atmospheric column parameters can be simultaneously derived. The first guess to the solutions is normally required because the retrieval is nonlinear. In doing so, the third and fourth Stokes components and their ratio are utilized to estimate the wind direction. It is found that this ratio alone can determine the wind direction with an accuracy of 30 degrees. Without the sensor noises being added to the simulations, the algorithm can produce the wind direction with an RMS error of 6.5 degrees and the wind speed with an error of 0.3 m s(-1), respectively. If the realistic random noises are taken into account with 0.1 K for vertical and horizontal polarizations and 0.15 K for the third and fourth Stokes components, the errors increase to about 10 degrees and 0.6 m s(-1) for the wind direction and speed, respectively. This wind speed error is much smaller than that from the statistical algorithms (1.4 m s(-1)) applied for the same data set. Thus the physical retrieval significantly improves the uses of the microwave polarimetric data for remote sensing of ocean wind. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Boulder, CO USA. RP Liu, QH (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUL 31 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 AR 8078 DI 10.1029/2002RS002729 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 710ZC UT WOS:000184711800001 ER PT J AU Deiters, UK Laesecke, A AF Deiters, UK Laesecke, A TI 3rd Workshop on Thermochemical, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Mixtures - Preface SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Editorial Material ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys Chem, D-50939 Cologne, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Expt Properties Fluids Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Deiters, UK (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys Chem, Luxemberger Str 116, D-50939 Cologne, Germany. RI Deiters, Ulrich/A-8691-2012 OI Deiters, Ulrich/0000-0001-7669-5847 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JUL 30 PY 2003 VL 210 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00156-0 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 702XL UT WOS:000184250000001 ER PT J AU Rosenfeld, D Feingold, G AF Rosenfeld, D Feingold, G TI Explanation of discrepancies among satellite observations of the aerosol indirect effects SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD; ALBEDO; POLLUTION AB [1] Satellite-based remote sensing instruments for measuring the aerosol indirect effect (IE = - d ln r(e)/ d ln tau(a) where r(e) is the cloud drop effective radius and tau(a) is the aerosol optical depth) show large disparities in the magnitude of the effect for similar regions of the globe. Over the oceans, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) measures an indirect effect twice that measured by the POLarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectances ( POLDER) (0.17 vs. 0.085). We address possible reasons for these disparities. It is argued that AVHRR misses the optically thin and broken clouds, especially over land, while POLDER misses clouds with variable top heights in its field of view. POLDER is also biased to thinner, less turbulent clouds. The sensitivity of the indirect effect to cloud turbulence therefore biases POLDER to lower values. POLDER measures an indirect effect over the ocean that is about twice that over the land ( 0.085 vs. 0.04). By considering factors such as dynamics, variability in cloud liquid water path, decoupling of the boundary layer, and the effect of salt particles, we argue that this could be an artifact, and that the indirect effect on cloud microstructure may be stronger over land than over the ocean. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Rosenfeld, D (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016 OI Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656 NR 17 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 30 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 14 AR 1776 DI 10.1029/2003GL017684 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 710WN UT WOS:000184706000005 ER PT J AU Kimura-Suda, H Petrovykh, DY Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ AF Kimura-Suda, H Petrovykh, DY Tarlov, MJ Whitman, LJ TI Base-dependent competitive adsorption of single-stranded DNA on gold SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; STABILITY; ADENINE C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Tarlov, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Petrovykh, Dmitri/A-3432-2008; Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011 OI Petrovykh, Dmitri/0000-0001-9089-4076; Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174 NR 12 TC 225 Z9 229 U1 8 U2 56 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUL 30 PY 2003 VL 125 IS 30 BP 9014 EP 9015 DI 10.1021/ja035756n PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 704WT UT WOS:000184364500024 PM 15369348 ER PT J AU Flatau, MK Flatau, PJ Schmidt, J Kiladis, GN AF Flatau, MK Flatau, PJ Schmidt, J Kiladis, GN TI Delayed onset of the 2002 Indian monsoon SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SUMMER MONSOON; SEA AB [1] We show that there is a set of dynamical predictors, which facilitate forecasting of a delayed monsoon onset. The main dynamical contributor is the early May propagation of the "bogus onset Intraseasonal Oscillation'' which triggers a set of events precluding the climatological monsoon onset. We analyze in detail the 2002 monsoon onset and show that it followed a pattern described in our previous study. We notice that the 2003 monsoon onset followed very similar pattern and was delayed. C1 USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Flatau, MK (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. RI Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011 NR 12 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 29 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 14 AR 1768 DI 10.1029/2003GL017434 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 710WL UT WOS:000184705800004 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Titgen, RH AF Stoner, AW Titgen, RH TI Biological structures and bottom type influence habitat choices made by Alaska flatfishes SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat complexity; habitat preference; behavior; halibut; rock sole; crypsis ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; EASTERN BERING SEA; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; JUVENILE PLAICE; WINTER FLOUNDER; ABIOTIC FACTORS; FLOOR HABITAT; PREDATION AB Habitats of flatfishes are ordinarily characterized on the basis of depth, sediment type, and temperature. However, features of the benthic environment such as structures created by sessile organisms and different bedforms may also influence habitat suitability. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that habitat choices made by juveniles of two economically important flatfishes, Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt) and northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr and Matarese), are influenced by structures on the sea floor. In the laboratory, age-0 individuals of both species demonstrated high positive selectivity for habitats with structure (natural sponges, bryozoan mimics, bivalve shells, and sand waves) over smooth sand substratum. The degree of choice was influenced significantly by density of structures, particularly sponges. Small halibut (4877 and 90-144 mm) were more selective than larger juveniles (270-337 mm), and in sponge habitat juvenile halibut were more selective than comparably sized rock sole. Preference for habitat with structure increased significantly with increasing light level, suggesting that choices were made partially on the basis of visual cues or as related to perceived threat. However, the preference for structured habitat was maintained in darkness. Beam trawl collections made in a flatfish nursery ground near Kodiak, Alaska, revealed that the abundances of age-0 Pacific halibut and rock sole were closely correlated with amounts of shell and echinoderm bycatch in the tows, corroborating the laboratory observations of affinity for habitat structure. Strong preferences for structured habitat in young halibut and rock sole indicate the importance of benthic structures that are frequently removed by fishing gear. Published by Elsevier Science B.V C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, NOAA, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 53 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD JUL 29 PY 2003 VL 292 IS 1 BP 43 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00144-8 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 693LX UT WOS:000183720000003 ER PT J AU Son, Y Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG Migler, KB AF Son, Y Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG Migler, KB TI Suppression of capillary instability of a polymeric thread via parallel plate confinement SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID INTERFACIAL-TENSION; PHASE-SEPARATION; BOLTZMANN METHOD; ANNULAR LAYERS; LIQUID THREAD; FLUIDS; BLENDS; MODEL; FILMS AB We investigate the stability of a polymer thread imbedded in a matrix that is confined between two parallel plates. Utilizing a combination of experiments, numerical simulations (lattice-Boltzmann), and surface area calculations, we find substantial deviations from the classical results when the diameter of the thread (Do) is comparable to the height (H) of the matrix. We find three regimes as a function of H/D-0: For H/D-0 greater than or similar to 3, the thread breaks up into droplets through a finite wavelength axisymmetric capillary instability as described by Rayleigh and Tomotika. For 1.3 less than or similar to H/D-0 less than or similar to 3, the effects of the confinement are felt; the shape becomes nonaxisymmetric, the early-stage growth rate decreases, and the wavelength increases. For sufficiently low H/D-0, we observe that the thread is stable with respect to the capillary instability over the experimental time scales. The simulations qualitatively agree with the experiments and reveal that while the shape of the growing bulges is nonaxisymmetic, the narrowing necks are circular. A simple surface area consideration then shows that as the wall-induced asymmetry of the fluctuation increases, the minimally unstable wavelength increases and eventually diverges. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 29 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 15 BP 5825 EP 5833 DI 10.1021/ma0343986 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 705MJ UT WOS:000184398600052 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Nam, SW Martinis, JM Sergienko, AV AF Miller, AJ Nam, SW Martinis, JM Sergienko, AV TI Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; HIGH-RESOLUTION; LIGHT AB We have demonstrated a system capable of directly measuring the photon-number state of a single pulse of light using a superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter. We verify the photon-number distribution of a weak pulsed-laser source at 1550 nm. Such single-photon metrology at telecommunication wavelengths provides the foundation for ensuring the security of photon sources used in implementations of quantum cryptography. Additionally, this system has the lowest noise equivalent power of any single-photon detector and combines high efficiency near-infrared photon counting with the ability to resolve multiphoton absorption events. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Boston Univ, Quantum Imaging Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM aaron.miller@nist.gov NR 21 TC 154 Z9 163 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 28 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 4 BP 791 EP 793 DI 10.1063/1.1596723 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 704JM UT WOS:000184336600067 ER PT J AU De Felice, B Wilson, RR Mondola, P Matrone, G Damiano, S Garbi, C Nezi, L Su, TT AF De Felice, B Wilson, RR Mondola, P Matrone, G Damiano, S Garbi, C Nezi, L Su, TT TI Characterization of DIP1, a novel nuclear protein in Drosophila melanogaster SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE nuclear protein; Drosophila; humans; nuclear periphery protein ID DODECA-SATELLITE; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATION; REGULATORS; COMPLEXES; ENVELOPE; OTEFIN; CELLS; MAD2 AB We have recently identified in Drosophila melanogaster a new gene encoding a nuclear protein, DIPI. Here we report the developmental expression and the finding that DIPI subcellular localization is in the nucleus and at the nuclear periphery during interphase in embryos. Interestingly, in humans, DIPI antibody identified signals in nuclei from cultured cells and reacted with a rough 30 kDa protein in Western blotting experiments, demonstrating evolutionary conservation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Naples 2, Dept Life Sci, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Naples Federico II, Physiol Sect, Dept Neurosci, Naples, Italy. Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol & Pathol, Naples, Italy. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP De Felice, B (reprint author), Univ Naples 2, Dept Life Sci, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 307 IS 2 BP 224 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01141-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 702TP UT WOS:000184240300002 PM 12859943 ER PT J AU Kongoli, C Pellegrino, P Ferraro, RR Grody, NC Meng, H AF Kongoli, C Pellegrino, P Ferraro, RR Grody, NC Meng, H TI A new snowfall detection algorithm over land using measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION AB [1] This study introduces a new snowfall detection algorithm over land using AMSU measurements. The algorithm utilizes a combination of channels in the microwave window, water vapor and oxygen absorption regions. The new algorithm is combined with the current NOAA operational AMSU rain rate product for falling snow and rain areal extent retrievals over the U.S. These retrievals are compared with NEXRAD radar precipitation and local meteorological observations. Preliminary results demonstrate that the algorithm is robust in capturing winter precipitation with minimum classification errors. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Kongoli, C (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RI Meng, Huan/F-5613-2010; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Meng, Huan/0000-0001-6449-890X; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 12 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 14 AR 1756 DI 10.1029/2003GL017177 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 709DU UT WOS:000184610100002 ER PT J AU Rimmer, CA Sander, LC Wise, SA Dorsey, JG AF Rimmer, CA Sander, LC Wise, SA Dorsey, JG TI Synthesis and characterization of C-13 to C-18 stationary phases by monomeric, solution polymerized, and surface polymerized approaches SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE stationary phases; LC; methylene selectivity; shape selectivity; selectivity; band broadening ID MIXED TRIFUNCTIONAL SILANES; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BONDED PHASES; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; HORIZONTAL POLYMERIZATION; CONSTRAINED SOLUTES; COLUMN SELECTIVITY; CHAIN-LENGTH; SEPARATION AB A series of bonded phases were synthesized from consecutive length alkylsilanes ranging from C-13 through C-18, with three different bonding chemistries (monomeric, solution polymerized, and surface polymerized) at each phase length. The phases were characterized in terms of methylene selectivity, shape selectivity, and band broadening. No significant chromatographic differences were found to result from the synthetic routes, except that the different bonding chemistries provide a different range of bonding densities. For bonding densities ranging from 2 to 8 mumol/m(2), a linear increase in methylene selectivity was observed with increasing bonding density. Over the narrow range of bonded phase lengths investigated, shape selectivity is more dependent on density than phase length. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Rimmer, CA (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 1007 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00959-2 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 705LE UT WOS:000184395900002 PM 12924546 ER PT J AU Miller, KE Bruno, TJ AF Miller, KE Bruno, TJ TI Isothermal Kovats retention indices of sulfur compounds on a poly(5% diphenyl-95% dimethylsiloxane) stationary phase SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE retention indices; organic sulfur compounds; sulfides; thiols ID HOLD-UP TIME; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEAD TIME; ACCURACY AB Isothermal Kovats retention indices of 21 sulfur compounds relevant to the fuel gas and food industries are reported on a poly(5% diphenyl-95% dimethylsiloxane) capillary column stationary phase. Measurements were performed at four temperatures and the temperature dependence of the values modeled with Antoine-type equations. Indices were calculated using a non-linear technique, and the predicted values were found to agree with values obtained using traditional logarithmic predictions. We demonstrate that there is sufficient separation between retention indices to predict the identity of a compound by its retention index. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 1007 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00958-0 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 705LE UT WOS:000184395900013 PM 12924557 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Godin, OA AF Voronovich, AG Godin, OA TI Fermat principle for a nonstationary medium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR TRAVELTIME TOMOGRAPHY AB One possible formulation of a variational principle of the Fermat type for systems with time-dependent parameters is suggested. In a stationary case, it reduces to the Mopertui-Lagrange least-action principle. A class of Hamiltonians (dispersion relations) is indicated, for which the variational principle reduces to the Fermat principle in a general nonstationary case. Hamiltonians that are homogeneous functions of momenta are in this category. For the important case of nondispersive waves (corresponding to Hamiltonians being homogeneous function of momenta order 1) the Fermat principle fully determines the geometry of the rays. Equations relating the variation of signal frequency with the rate of change of propagation time are established. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Boradway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Alexander.Voronovich@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 4 AR 044302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.044302 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 704ZR UT WOS:000184372300020 PM 12906665 ER PT J AU Fruh-Green, GL Kelley, DS Bernasconi, SM Karson, JA Ludwig, KA Butterfield, DA Boschi, C Proskurowski, G AF Fruh-Green, GL Kelley, DS Bernasconi, SM Karson, JA Ludwig, KA Butterfield, DA Boschi, C Proskurowski, G TI 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity at the Lost City vent field SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; CORE COMPLEXES; SERPENTINIZATION; ORIGIN AB Strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope data and radiocarbon ages document at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity driven by serpentinization reactions at Lost City. Serpentinization beneath this off-axis field is estimated to occur at a minimum rate of 1.2x10(-4) cubic kilometers per year. The access of seawater to relatively cool, fresh peridotite, coupled with faulting, volumetric expansion, and mass wasting processes, are crucial to sustain such systems. The amount of heat produced by serpentinization of peridotite massifs, typical of slow and ultraslow spreading environments, has the potential to drive Lost City-type systems for hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of years. C1 ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Duke Univ, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Fruh-Green, GL (reprint author), ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Proskurowski, Giora/B-3862-2013; Bernasconi, Stefano/E-5394-2010; Butterfield, David/H-3815-2016 OI Bernasconi, Stefano/0000-0001-7672-8856; Butterfield, David/0000-0002-1595-9279 NR 19 TC 171 Z9 176 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 25 PY 2003 VL 301 IS 5632 BP 495 EP 498 DI 10.1126/science.1085582 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 704LE UT WOS:000184340500036 PM 12881565 ER PT J AU Yue, BH Huang, CY York, OH Nieh, M Katsaras, J Glinka, CJ AF Yue, BH Huang, CY York, OH Nieh, M Katsaras, J Glinka, CJ TI Structures and stability of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON, Canada. CNR, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River, ON, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUL 22 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 28 MA 82 BP 8612 EP 8612 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 702XA UT WOS:000184249000107 ER PT J AU de Araujo, LEE Weinstein, JD Gensemer, SD Fatemi, FK Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E AF de Araujo, LEE Weinstein, JD Gensemer, SD Fatemi, FK Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E TI Two-color photoassociation spectroscopy of the lowest triplet potential of Na-2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESONANT 2-PHOTON IONIZATION; STATE POTASSIUM MOLECULES; LONG-RANGE; DISSOCIATION-ENERGY; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; SCATTERING LENGTHS; RELAXATION RATES; BOUND LEVELS; COLD ATOMS; NA2 AB We have performed a type of Autler-Townes spectroscopy to locate a number of rovibrational-hyperfine levels of the a (3)Sigma(u)(+) potential, the lowest triplet potential of the Na-2 dimer. The spectroscopy starts with the photoassociation of ultracold atoms in a magneto-optical trap. We have measured the binding energies of over 100 individual states spanning the vibrational levels v=8-15 of this potential (binding energies up to 27 cm(-1)). We obtain a typical accuracy of 15 MHz and a typical resolution of 20 MHz, improving on the 10 GHz accuracy and 30 GHz resolution previously available for the vibrational states v<12. Vibrational, rotational, and hyperfine structures are resolved. Additionally, we have been able to resolve the magnetic electron-electron spin-spin dipole splitting of a number of these hyperfine levels. The measured rotational and hyperfine structures show good agreement with theoretical calculations. An analysis of the remaining discrepancies indicates where possible refinements to the potentials can be made. We also observe evidence for the presence of second-order spin-orbit coupling. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Bates Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Lewiston, ME 04240 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.lett@nist.gov RI de Araujo, Luis/F-7734-2015 NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 22 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 4 BP 2062 EP 2074 DI 10.1063/1.1585028 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 700FY UT WOS:000184103000023 ER PT J AU Thomas, OC Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ AF Thomas, OC Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ TI Effect of surface Wettability on fast transient microboiling behavior SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID EXPLOSIVE VAPORIZATION; WATER; NANOBUBBLES; MONOLAYERS; TEMPERATURE; NUCLEATION; INTERFACE; IMAGES; MODEL; FILMS AB Microboiling events associated with the fast transient heating of a micrometer-scale metallic thin film heater immersed in water have been studied. The effect of surface properties on the microboiling transients was examined by modifying the heater surfaces with hydrophobic and hydrophilic alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The microheaters are thin films of platinum or gold-plated platinum that are approximately tens of micrometers in width and hundreds of micrometers in length. The microheaters are immersed in water and rapidly heated with short (< 10 mus) square voltage pulses. The temperature-time transients of the microheaters are obtained by measuring the heater resistance during the application of the heating pulse. The bubble nucleation event associated with boiling is signaled in the temperature-time transient by an inflection point that results from a change in heat transfer when a vapor bubble forms on the heater. Because of the extremely high heating rates (> 10(8) K/s), superheating occurs and nucleation temperatures as high as 296 degreesC have been measured in water. The surfaces of the gold-plated heaters were coated with a series of hydrophilic [HO(CH2)(6)SH, HO(CH2)(11)SH, and HO(CH2)(16)SH] and hydrophobic [CH3(CH2)(7)SH, CH3(CH2)(11)SH, and CH3(CH2)(15)SH] SAMs. Dramatic differences are observed in the temperature-time transients of the hydrophilic versus hydrophobic SAM-coated microheaters. Microheaters modified with hydrophobic SAMs exhibit lower boiling nucleation temperatures, more pronounced inflection points, and higher average temperatures during microboiling. These differences can be rationalized by considering simple models of surface wetting and surface vapor bubble formation. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cavicchi, RE (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 22 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 15 BP 6168 EP 6177 DI 10.1021/la030147e PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 702WM UT WOS:000184247800030 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Heintz, R Krahn, MM AF Barron, MG Heintz, R Krahn, MM TI Contaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for Steller sea lion declines in Alaska SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sea lion; contaminants; marine mammal; persistent organic pollutants ID MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE; PHOCA-VITULINA; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; MARINE MAMMALS; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; RINGED SEALS; BERING SEA; VITAMIN-A AB After nearly 3 decades of decline, the western stock of Steller sea lions (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) was listed as an endangered species in 1997. While the cause of the decline in the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to nutritional stress, recent declines are unexplained and may result from other factors including the presence of environmental contaminants. SSL tissues show accumulation of butyltins, mercury, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and hexachlorobenzene. SSL habitats and prey are contaminated with additional chemicals including mirex, endrin, dieldrin. hexachlorocyclohexanes, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, cadmium and lead. In addition, many SSL haulouts and rookeries are located near other hazards including radioactivity, solvents, ordnance and chemical weapon dumps. PCB and DDT concentrations measured in a few SSL during the 1980s were the highest recorded for any Alaskan pinniped. Some contaminant exposures in SSL appear to be elevated in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea compared to southeast Alaska, but there are insufficient data to evaluate geospatial relationships with any certainty. Based on very limited blubber data, current levels of PCBs may not pose a risk to SSL based on comparison to immunotoxicity tissue benchmarks, but SSL may have been at risk from pre-1990 PCB exposures. While exposure to PCBs and DDTs may be declining, SSL are likely exposed to a multitude of other contaminants that have not been monitored. The impacts of these exposures on SSL remain unknown because causal effects have not been established. Field studies with SSL have been limited in scope and have not yet linked contaminant exposures to adverse animal health or population effects. Several biomarkers may prove useful for monitoring exposure and additional research is needed to evaluate their utility in SSL. We conclude that there are insufficient data to reject the hypothesis that contaminants play a role in the continued decline of SSL, and suggest that a coordinated monitoring program be developed which can be related to key biological, ecological and laboratory toxicity data. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 PEAK Res, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Barron, MG (reprint author), PEAK Res, 1134 Avon Lane, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. EM macebarron@hotmail.com NR 100 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 EI 1879-1026 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 20 PY 2003 VL 311 IS 1-3 BP 111 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00140-2 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 700AW UT WOS:000184091300010 PM 12826388 ER PT J AU Akmaev, RA AF Akmaev, R. A. TI Thermospheric resistance to "greenhouse cooling'': Effect of the collisional excitation rate by atomic oxygen on the thermal response to CO2 forcing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE greenhouse cooling; anthropogenic effects; mesosphere and thermosphere; collisional excitation; non-LTE radiation; carbon dioxide AB Infrared radiation in the 15-mm band of carbon dioxide is the major cooling mechanism of the middle and upper atmosphere. Increasing amounts of atmospheric CO2 impose anthropogenic influence ("greenhouse cooling'') all the way through the mesosphere and thermosphere. Collisions with atomic oxygen are the primary excitation mechanism of CO2 molecules in the thermosphere. Negative radiative forcing due to the CO2 increase is roughly proportional to the rate of collisional excitation which in turn is proportional to the rate constant of collisional deactivation. The rate constant is still somewhat uncertain at present with various measurements and estimates varying within about a factor of 4. In light of recent laboratory measurements, two sets of numerical simulations have been performed to estimate the thermospheric response to doubling and a 15% increase of CO2 for two values of the rate constant that differ by a factor of 2. Surprisingly, the temperature and density changes due to the CO2 increases are practically independent of the rate constant. Simple diagnostics show that two physical mechanisms are primarily responsible: the strong temperature dependence of the radiative forcing itself in a combination with a temperature dependence of molecular heat conduction. Since the scenarios considered for the higher rate constant generally correspond to colder temperatures, the two physical mechanisms combined provide sufficiently strong negative feedbacks to entirely offset the initially stronger radiative forcing. C1 [Akmaev, R. A.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Akmaev, R. A.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Akmaev, RA (reprint author), R SEC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Rashid.Akmaev@noaa.gov FU NSF Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR); NASA FX I would like to thank G. M. Shved for communicating the measurements of Khvorostovskaya et al. [2002] prior to their publication. This work has been supported by the NSF Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) and NASA Living With a Star (LWS) programs. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A7 AR 1292 DI 10.1029/2003JA009896 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA V93FP UT WOS:000206301300009 ER PT J AU Bograd, SJ Lynn, RJ AF Bograd, SJ Lynn, RJ TI Anomalous subarctic influence in the southern California Current during 2002 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT SYSTEM; VARIABILITY AB [1] A highly anomalous water mass of apparent subarctic origin, characterized by negative temperature and salinity anomalies, high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients, and unusually high chlorophyll fluorescence, was observed off southern California during summer 2002. This water mass was confined spatially to a narrow ribbon in the upper pycnocline: at a density of sigma(t) = 25.0 kg m(-3) and similar to150-350 km offshore, within and seaward of the main California Current core. These observations are very similar to those made off the Oregon and Vancouver Island coasts at about the same time, implying a displacement of subarctic waters more than 1200 km equatorward within the California. The magnitude of the anomalies observed in July 2002 suggest the occurrence of the largest subarctic intrusion into the California Current System in the 50+ year historical record and may reflect low-frequency climate variability. C1 NMFS, NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Bograd, SJ (reprint author), NMFS, NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 15 AR 8020 DI 10.1029/2003GL017446 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 708ZN UT WOS:000184600400004 ER PT J AU Murphree, T Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Ford, B AF Murphree, T Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Ford, B TI Large scale atmosphere-ocean anomalies in the northeast Pacific during 2002 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; SURFACE CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; EVENTS; GYRES AB [1] In summer-fall 2002, the coastal northeast Pacific (NEP) was characterized by anomalously cool, fresh waters extending from Vancouver Island to southern California, increased equatorward transport in the California Current System (CCS), and higher surface productivity in the northern CCS. The evolution of large scale atmosphere-ocean anomalies in the NEP from winter 2001-02 through fall 2002 contributed to these coastal anomalies by setting up wind stress anomalies that led to: 1) anomalous transport of subarctic waters into the North Pacific Current (NPC); 2) enhanced eastward flow in the NPC; 3) anomalously strong upwelling in the CCS; and 4) enhanced equatorward transport in the CCS. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NMFS, NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Murphree, T (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 15 AR 8026 DI 10.1029/2003GL017303 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 708ZN UT WOS:000184600400001 ER PT J AU Mazur, V Ruhnke, LH AF Mazur, V Ruhnke, LH TI Determining the striking distance of lightning through its relationship to leader potential SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE lightning leader; striking distance; leader potential AB [1] A new method for estimating lightning leader potential in negative stepped leaders from electric field changes during the first return stroke process in cloud-to-ground flashes is applied for determining the striking distance to a ground structure. This method may serve as an alternative to calculating the striking distance from formulas that relate it to the peak return stroke current. Presented are the characteristics of downward leaders (potential, vertical extent, and the length of the final step) and the charges transferred during return strokes; these were obtained from electric field measurements during a thunderstorm in Florida using the line charge model. The final step lengths of the leaders are compared with striking distances calculated using the peak current values of return strokes taken from National Lightning Detection Network data for the same flashes. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mazur, V (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM mazur@nss1.noaa.gov; LRuhnke@aol.com NR 5 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D14 AR 4409 DI 10.1029/2002JD003047 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 709AX UT WOS:000184603500003 ER PT J AU Stone, MB Reich, DH Broholm, C Lefmann, K Rischel, C Landee, CP Turnbull, MM AF Stone, MB Reich, DH Broholm, C Lefmann, K Rischel, C Landee, CP Turnbull, MM TI Extended quantum critical phase in a magnetized spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chain SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DIMENSIONAL S=1/2 ANTIFERROMAGNET; HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; LINEAR-CHAIN; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BETHE-ANSATZ; FIELD; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXCITATIONS; COPPER(II); CONTINUUM AB Measurements are reported of the magnetic field dependence of excitations in the quantum critical state of the spin S=1/2 linear chain Heisenberg antiferromagnet copper pyrazine dinitrate (CuPzN). The complete spectrum was measured at k(B)T/Jless than or equal to0.025 for H=0 and H=8.7 T, where the system is similar to30% magnetized. At H=0, the results are in agreement with exact calculations of the dynamic spin correlation function for a two-spinon continuum. At H=8.7 T, there are multiple overlapping continua with incommensurate soft modes. The boundaries of these continua confirm long-standing predictions, and the intensities are consistent with exact diagonalization and Bethe ansatz calculations. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Riso Natl Lab, Mat Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Clark Univ, Carlson Sch Chem, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Clark Univ, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. RP Stone, MB (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Lefmann, Kim/M-9228-2014 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Lefmann, Kim/0000-0003-4282-756X NR 25 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 3 AR 037205 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.037205 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 706AF UT WOS:000184428900044 PM 12906448 ER PT J AU Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT De Robertis, A Brodeur, RD AF Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT De Robertis, A Brodeur, RD TI Mass mortality of krill caused by parasitoid ciliates SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EUPHAUSIID THYSANOESSA-INERMIS C1 Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Gomez-Gutierrez, J (reprint author), Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico. NR 5 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 301 IS 5631 BP 339 EP 339 DI 10.1126/science.1085164 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 702CG UT WOS:000184207300034 PM 12869754 ER PT J AU Rudnick, DL Boyd, TJ Brainard, RE Carter, GS Egbert, GD Gregg, MC Holloway, PE Klymak, JM Kunze, E Lee, CM Levine, MD Luther, DS Martin, JP Merrifield, MA Moum, JN Nash, JD Pinkel, R Rainville, L Sanford, TB AF Rudnick, DL Boyd, TJ Brainard, RE Carter, GS Egbert, GD Gregg, MC Holloway, PE Klymak, JM Kunze, E Lee, CM Levine, MD Luther, DS Martin, JP Merrifield, MA Moum, JN Nash, JD Pinkel, R Rainville, L Sanford, TB TI From tides to mixing along the Hawaiian ridge SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL TIDES; ABYSSAL OCEAN; DEEP-OCEAN; DISSIPATION; SEAMOUNT AB The cascade from tides to turbulence has been hypothesized to serve as a major energy pathway for ocean mixing. We investigated this cascade along the Hawaiian Ridge using observations and numerical models. A divergence of internal tidal energy flux observed at the ridge agrees with the predictions of internal tide models. Large internal tidal waves with peak-to-peak amplitudes of up to 300 meters occur on the ridge. Internal-wave energy is enhanced, and turbulent dissipation in the region near the ridge is 10 times larger than open-ocean values. Given these major elements in the tides-to-turbulence cascade, an energy budget approaches closure. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ New S Wales, Sch Geog & Oceanog, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Rudnick, DL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Klymak, Jody/A-3041-2008; Moum, James/A-1880-2012; Rudnick, Daniel/J-8948-2016; OI Klymak, Jody/0000-0003-4612-8600; Rudnick, Daniel/0000-0002-2624-7074; Egbert, Gary/0000-0003-1276-8538 NR 24 TC 188 Z9 191 U1 4 U2 48 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 18 PY 2003 VL 301 IS 5631 BP 355 EP 357 DI 10.1126/science.1085837 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 702CG UT WOS:000184207300040 PM 12869758 ER PT J AU Burgess, I Zamlynny, V Szymanski, G Schwan, AL Faragher, RJ Lipkowski, J Majewski, J Satija, S AF Burgess, I Zamlynny, V Szymanski, G Schwan, AL Faragher, RJ Lipkowski, J Majewski, J Satija, S TI Neutron reflectivity studies of field driven transformations in a monolayer of 4-pentadecyl pyridine at Au electrode surfaces SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE neutron reflectometry; gold electrode; insoluble surfactants; cathodic desorption; 4-pentadecyl-pyridine ID MERCURY/ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION INTERFACE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; PASSIVE OXIDE LAYER; SPECULAR REFLECTION; ELECTROCHEMICAL MODIFICATION; PHOSPHOLIPID MONOLAYERS; AU(111) ELECTRODE; WATER INTERFACE; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; REFLECTOMETRY AB Neutron reflectometry (NR) has been employed to study the structure and composition of thin films formed by 4-pentadecyl-pyridine (C15-4Py) at a gold electrode surface. The thickness and the water content of films of C15-4Py have been measured as a function of the potential applied to the electrode. At positive potentials, where condensed film is formed, the monolayer contains defects that are filled with water. At very negative potentials, the film is desorbed from the electrode surface. NR has demonstrated that, at these potentials, the amphiphilic molecules remain in close proximity to the gold surface as a thicker and water rich film. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Chem & Biochem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Los Alamos Natl Lab, MLNSCE, LANSCE 12, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lipkowski, J (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Chem & Biochem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-0728 J9 J ELECTROANAL CHEM JI J. Electroanal. Chem. PD JUL 17 PY 2003 VL 550 BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00292-4 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 711DP UT WOS:000184724600017 ER PT J AU Bais, AF Madronich, S Crawford, J Hall, SR Mayer, B van Weele, M Lenoble, J Calvert, JG Cantrell, CA Shetter, RE Hofzumahaus, A Koepke, P Monks, PS Frost, G McKenzie, R Krotkov, N Kylling, A Swartz, WH Lloyd, S Pfister, G Martin, TJ Roeth, EP Griffioen, E Ruggaber, A Krol, M Kraus, A Edwards, GD Mueller, M Lefer, BL Johnston, P Schwander, H Flittner, D Gardiner, BG Barrick, J Schmitt, R AF Bais, AF Madronich, S Crawford, J Hall, SR Mayer, B van Weele, M Lenoble, J Calvert, JG Cantrell, CA Shetter, RE Hofzumahaus, A Koepke, P Monks, PS Frost, G McKenzie, R Krotkov, N Kylling, A Swartz, WH Lloyd, S Pfister, G Martin, TJ Roeth, EP Griffioen, E Ruggaber, A Krol, M Kraus, A Edwards, GD Mueller, M Lefer, BL Johnston, P Schwander, H Flittner, D Gardiner, BG Barrick, J Schmitt, R TI International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI): Spectral actinic solar flux measurements and modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE actinic flux; solar ultraviolet radiation; UV modeling; UV spectral measurements; model intercomparison ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; RADIATION-FIELD; SPHERICAL MODEL; UV MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRORADIOMETRY; OZONE; TROPOSPHERE; IRRADIANCE; ATMOSPHERE AB [1] The International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI) took place in Boulder, Colorado, from 15 to 19 June 1998, aiming to investigate the level of accuracy of photolysis frequency and spectral downwelling actinic flux measurements and to explore the ability of radiative transfer models to reproduce the measurements. During this period, 2 days were selected to compare model calculations with measurements, one cloud-free and one cloudy. A series of ancillary measurements were also performed and provided parameters required as input to the models. Both measurements and modeling were blind, in the sense that no exchanges of data or calculations were allowed among the participants, and the results were objectively analyzed and compared by two independent referees. The objective of this paper is, first, to present the results of comparisons made between measured and modeled downwelling actinic flux and irradiance spectra and, second, to investigate the reasons for which some of the models or measurements deviate from the others. For clear skies the relative agreement between the 16 models depends strongly on solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength as well as on the input parameters used, like the extraterrestrial (ET) solar flux and the absorption cross sections. The majority of the models (11) agreed to within about +/-6% for solar zenith angles smaller than similar to60degrees. The agreement among the measured spectra depends on the optical characteristics of the instruments (e.g., slit function, stray light rejection, and sensitivity). After transforming the measurements to a common spectral resolution, two of the three participating spectroradiometers agree to within similar to10% for wavelengths longer than 310 nm and at all solar zenith angles, while their differences increase when moving to shorter wavelengths. Most models agree well with the measurements (both downwelling actinic flux and global irradiance), especially at local noon, where the agreement is within a few percent. A few models exhibit significant deviations with respect either to wavelength or to solar zenith angle. Models that use the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science 3 (ATLAS-3) solar flux agree better with the measured spectra, suggesting that ATLAS-3 is probably more appropriate for radiative transfer modeling in the ultraviolet. C1 Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Univ Grenoble 1, Equipe Interact Rayonnement Solaire Atmosphere, F-38000 Grenoble, France. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Opt Atmospher Lab, Lille, France. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphaere Troposphaere 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. Univ Leicester, Dept Chem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder 50061, New Zealand. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Fraunhofer Inst Atmosphar Umweltforsch, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. York Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Atmosphaer Chem, Julich, Germany. Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Meteorol Consult GmbH, D-61479 Glashutten, Germany. RP Bais, AF (reprint author), Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. EM abais@auth.gr; sasha@acd.ucar.edu; j.h.crawford@larc.nasa.gov; halls@ucar.edu; bernhard.mayer@dlr.de; weelevm@knmi.nl; jacqueline.lenoble@ujf-grenoble.fr; calvert@acd.ucar.edu; cantrell@ncar.ucar.edu; a.hofzumahaus@fz-juelich.de; peter.koepke@lrz.uni-muenchen.de; p.s.monks@le.ac.uk; gfrost@al.noaa.gov; r.mckenzie@niwa.co.nz; krotkov@chescat.gsfc.nasa.gov; arve.kylling@nilu.no; bill.swartz@jhuapl.edu; Steven.Lloyd@jhuapl.edu; pfister@ucar.edu; timothy.martin@gmx.de; e.p.roeth@fz-juelich.de; erik@nimbus.yorku.ca; krol@phys.uu.nl; gde@acd.ucar.edu; JO1@gmx.net; p.johnston@niwa.co.nz; flittner@air.atmo.arizona.edu; brian.gardiner@bas.ac.uk; metcon@metcon-us.com RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Mayer, Bernhard/B-3397-2011; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Madronich, Sasha/D-3284-2015; Lefer, Barry/B-5417-2012; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Bais, Alkiviadis/D-2230-2009; Swartz, William/A-1965-2010; Hofzumahaus, Andreas/I-9420-2012; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Monks, Paul/H-6468-2016; Kylling, Arve/B-1137-2017 OI Mayer, Bernhard/0000-0002-3358-0190; Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Madronich, Sasha/0000-0003-0983-1313; Lefer, Barry/0000-0001-9520-5495; Bais, Alkiviadis/0000-0003-3899-2001; Swartz, William/0000-0002-9172-7189; Hofzumahaus, Andreas/0000-0003-2876-0880; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Monks, Paul/0000-0001-9984-4390; Kylling, Arve/0000-0003-1584-5033 NR 59 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 8543 DI 10.1029/2002JD002891 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 709BF UT WOS:000184604300001 ER PT J AU Yang, RQ Friedl, MA AF Yang, RQ Friedl, MA TI Modeling the effects of three-dimensional vegetation structure on surface radiation and energy balance in boreal forests SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE roughness length for momentum; roughness length for heat; boreal forest; 3-D vegetation; surface radiation and energy balance ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; DISCONTINUOUS CANOPIES; SEASONAL-VARIATION; WATER-VAPOR; FLUXES; ATMOSPHERE; REFLECTANCE; MOMENTUM; CARBON AB [1] Radiation and turbulent energy exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere is an important component of land surface-atmosphere interaction. Vegetation properties strongly influence this exchange. Commonly, two-stream models are used to compute net absorbed radiation and the partitioning of absorbed radiation between the vegetation canopy and substrate. Also, the roughness lengths for momentum and heat are often parameterized as simple functions of vegetation height. In this paper, we examine the influence of vegetation three-dimensional (3-D) structure on land surface radiation and energy balance over nonuniform forest canopies. To do this, parameterizations that account for the effects of canopy 3-D structure on radiation and turbulent energy exchange were implemented in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) land surface model (LSM) version 1.0. The NCAR LSM then was run offline for a time period encompassing both wet and dry soil moisture conditions using forcing data from the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). Radiation and energy balance within the vegetation canopy and at the soil surface were examined at diurnal timescales. Results show that the 3-D parameterizations increased net radiation absorbed by the soil surface and that this additional available energy was primarily dissipated through ground evaporation when soil moisture was not limiting. When the soil was dry, the available energy at the soil surface was mostly converted to sensible heat with relatively little change in the ground heat flux. In addition, modeled sensible heat from the vegetation canopy decreased, and relatively small changes in modeled canopy transpiration were observed. Comparisons of modeled heat fluxes using the 3-D parameterizations against observations show improvement over the original treatment included in the NCAR LSM, suggesting that careful treatment of vegetation properties is important to accurate modeling of flux quantities above and underneath the canopy in soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) models. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Yang, RQ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM rongqian.yang@noaa.gov; friedl@bu.edu NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 16 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D16 AR 8615 DI 10.1029/2002JD003109 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 709BD UT WOS:000184604100001 ER PT J AU Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Smith, DK Fox, CG Dziak, RP AF Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Smith, DK Fox, CG Dziak, RP TI Time-clustering behavior of spreading-center seismicity between 15 and 35 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: observations from hydroacoustic monitoring SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE fractals; seismic clustering; T-waves; Allan factor; coefficient of variation ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; EAST PACIFIC RISE; MICROEARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS; EARTHQUAKE SWARMS; COAXIAL SEGMENT; TRANSFORM-FAULT; POINT-PROCESSES; MEDIAN VALLEY; 1/F NOISE AB An earthquake catalog derived from the detection of seismically-generated T-waves is used to study the time-clustering behavior of moderate-size (greater than or similar to3.0 M) earthquakes between 15 and 35degreesN along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Within this region, the distribution of inter-event times is consistent with a non-periodic, non-random, clustered process. The highest degrees of clustering are associated temporally with large mainshock-aftershock; however, some swarm-like activity also is evident. Temporal fluctuations characterized by a power spectral density P(f) that decays as 1/f(alpha) are present within the time sequence, with alpha ranging from 0.12 to 0.55 for different regions of the spreading axis. This behavior is negligible at time scales less than similar to5 x 10(3) s, and earthquake occurrence becomes less clustered (smaller alpha) as increasing size thresholds are applied to the catalog. A power-law size-frequency scaling foe Mid-Atlantic Ridge earthquakes also can be demonstrated using the distribution of acoustic magnitudes, or source levels. Although fractal seismic behavior have been linked to the structure of the underlying fault population in other environments, power-law fault size distributions have not been observed widely in the mid-ocean ridge setting. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02549 USA. Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Bohnenstiehl, DR (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 82 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD JUL 16 PY 2003 VL 138 IS 2 BP 147 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0031-9201(03)00113-4 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 704ZH UT WOS:000184371500005 ER PT J AU Orendorff, CJ Ducey, MW Pemberton, JE Sander, LC AF Orendorff, CJ Ducey, MW Pemberton, JE Sander, LC TI Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 3. Effects of self-associating solvents SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; STATE NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; H STRETCHING REGION; MOBILE-PHASE; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; POLYMETHYLENE CHAIN AB Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the subtle effects of polar, hydrogen-bonding solvents; temperature; and the surface grafting method (surface- or solution-polymerized) on alkyl chain rotational and conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 mumol/m(2). Rotational and conformational order is assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric to symmetric nu(CH2) modes as well as the frequencies at which these Raman bands are observed. Alkyl rotational and conformational order decreases with decreasing surface coverage in these polar solvents, consistent with the behavior of these materials in air. For homogeneously distributed, high surface coverage materials, these polar solvents induce rotational ordering that is proposed to be due to the self-association of these solvents through hydrogen bonding or other dipole interactions at the alkylsilane-solvent interface. From these observations, molecular pictures of these solvent-stationary-phase interfaces are proposed in which solvent interaction with the stationary phase occurs primarily at the distal methyl group of the alkyl chains. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 65 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 14 BP 3360 EP 3368 DI 10.1021/ac020638o PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 709WL UT WOS:000184649500013 PM 14570185 ER PT J AU Orendorff, CJ Ducey, MW Pemberton, JE Sander, LC AF Orendorff, CJ Ducey, MW Pemberton, JE Sander, LC TI Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 4. Effects of neutral and basic aromatic compounds SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONFORMATIONAL ORDER AB The effects of aromatic compounds (toluene, benzene, p-xylene, anisole, aniline, and pyridine), temperature, and surface grafting method (surface- or solution-polymerized) on alkyl chain rotational and conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 mumol/m(2) are examined by Raman spectroscopy. Rotational and conformational order are assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric to symmetric nu(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which the symmetric nu(CH2) band is observed. Alkyl rotational and conformational order decrease with decreasing surface coverage in these aromatic compounds, which is consistent with the behavior of these materials in air and in other solvents. In addition, order of the alkyl chains is dependent on solvent hydrophobicity, hydrogen-bonding ability, and basicity. The most hydrophobic compounds impart disorder to the stationary phase; the hydrogen-bonding aromatics increase the rotational order of homogeneously distributed, high-surface-coverage materials; and basic aromatic compounds increase the conformational order of high- and low-coverage materials as the basic compounds undergo silanophilic interactions with exposed surface silanols. From these observations, molecular pictures of the chromatographic interface that display interactions between the alkyl chains and these aromatic compounds are proposed. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 14 BP 3369 EP 3375 DI 10.1021/ac020639g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 709WL UT WOS:000184649500014 PM 14570186 ER PT J AU Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Russell, LM Bates, TS AF Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Russell, LM Bates, TS TI Organic and elemental carbon measurements during ACE-Asia suggest a longer atmospheric lifetime for elemental carbon SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-CONDENSATION-NUCLEI; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; BLACK CARBON; FINE PARTICLES; NORTH PACIFIC; WATER-CONTENT; AEROSOL; TRANSPORT; OCEAN; TIME AB During the ACE-Asia intensive field campaign (March 14-April 20, 2001), PM1.0 organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured onboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown over the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a semi-continuous automated carbon analyzer downstream of a carbon-impregnated filter denuder. This OC and EC measurement achieved a mean time resolution of about 200 min over the Pacific Ocean, substantially lower than that achieved previously (24 h). The semi-continuous measurements, in which the adsorption artifact was substantially reduced using the denuder, showed good agreement with integrated artifact-corrected measurements made without a denuder. Mean particulate OC and EC concentrations were 0.21 and 0.09, 0.70 and 0.29, 1.00 and 0.27, and 2.43 and 0.66 mug of C m(-3) over the background Pacific Ocean, Asian-influenced Pacific Ocean, offshore of Japan, and Sea of Japan, respectively. On April 11, 90-min average OC and EC concentrations peaked at 4.0 and 1.3 mug of C m(-3), respectively, offshore of Korea over the Sea of Japan. The OC/EC ratio of 3.7 over the Sea of Japan and offshore of Japan was substantially higher than that of 2.5 over the Asian-influenced Pacific Ocean, even though backward air mass trajectories put the "Asian-influenced Pacific Ocean" sample downwind. The OC/EC ratio decreased with increasing time since the air mass encountered the source regions of China, Japan, and Korea. This suggests a longer atmospheric residence time for EC than for OC. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci ENSR, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Turpin, BJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci ENSR, POB 231,14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016 NR 39 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 14 BP 3055 EP 3061 DI 10.1021/es020988s PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 702QF UT WOS:000184234000003 PM 12901650 ER PT J AU McCarthy, KJ Arp, U Baciero, A Zurro, B Karlin, BA AF McCarthy, KJ Arp, U Baciero, A Zurro, B Karlin, BA TI Response of chromium-doped alumina screens to soft x rays using synchrotron radiation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ENERGY-RESOLUTION; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; SCINTILLATION PROPERTIES; QUANTUM EFFICIENCIES; DETECTORS; BEAMLINE; PLASMAS; DECAY; RANGE AB We have measured the response of chromium-doped alumina screens to soft x-ray radiation and derived quantum efficiency curves for the energy range from 2.5 to 4.5 keV. Persistent luminescence (or afterglow) from this material is observed for several minutes following the removal of the x-ray source. It is also observed that the luminescence output rises gradually for several minutes before maximizing during x-ray irradiation. In the article we discuss possible sources of this delayed luminescence and its consequences for application of these screens as soft x-ray detectors. Such screens have found application as narrow-band radiation detectors for a hot fusion plasma diagnostic. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 CIEMAT, Lab Nacl Fus, Asociac Euratom, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP McCarthy, KJ (reprint author), CIEMAT, Lab Nacl Fus, Asociac Euratom, Avenida Complutense 22, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. RI Baciero, Alfonso/B-4942-2008; Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; Zurro, Bernardo/L-2199-2014; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 2 BP 958 EP 962 DI 10.1063/1.1586988 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 695QR UT WOS:000183842200021 ER PT J AU Starr, FW Douglas, JF Glotzer, SC AF Starr, FW Douglas, JF Glotzer, SC TI Origin of particle clustering in a simulated polymer nanocomposite and its impact on rheology SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; LENNARD-JONES LIQUID; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; POLY(DIMETHYL SILOXANE); LIVING POLYMERIZATION; CRITICAL REGION; NANOPARTICLE; PHASE; COMPOSITES; MODEL AB Many nanoparticles have short-range interactions relative to their size, and these interactions tend to be "patchy" since the interatomic spacing is comparable to the nanoparticle size. For a dispersion of such particles, it is not a priori obvious what mechanism will control the clustering of the nanoparticles, and how the clustering will be affected by tuning various control parameters. To gain insight into these questions, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of polyhedral nanoparticles in a dense bead-spring polymer melt under both quiescent and steady shear conditions. We explore the mechanism that controls nanoparticle clustering and find that the crossover from dispersed to clustered states is consistent with the predictions for equilibrium particle association or equilibrium polymerization, and that the crossover does not appear to match the expectations for first-order phase separation typical for binary mixtures in the region of the phase diagram where we can equilibrate the system. At the same time, we cannot rule out the possibility of phase separation at a lower temperature. Utilizing the existing framework for dynamic clustering transitions offers the possibility of more rationally controlling the dispersion and properties of nanocomposite materials. Finally, we examine how nanocomposite rheology depends on the state of equilibrium clustering. We find that the shear viscosity for dispersed configurations is larger than that for clustered configurations, in contrast to expectations based on macroscopic colloidal dispersions. We explain this result by the alteration of the polymer matrix properties in the vicinity of the nanoparticles. We also show that shear tends to disperse clustered nanoparticle configurations in our system, an effect particularly important for processing. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Theorat & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Starr, FW (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 63 TC 138 Z9 138 U1 2 U2 74 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 3 BP 1777 EP 1788 DI 10.1063/1.1580099 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 696YL UT WOS:000183915100052 ER PT J AU Sung, L Douglas, JF Han, CC Karim, A AF Sung, L Douglas, JF Han, CC Karim, A TI Suppression of phase-separation pattern formation in blend films with block copolymer compatibilizer SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; SURFACE TENSION; POLYMER BLENDS; MORPHOLOGY; INTERFACE; CELLS C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karim, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 14 BP 1697 EP 1700 DI 10.1002/polb.10519 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 695BZ UT WOS:000183812400010 ER PT J AU Koga, T Seo, YS Shin, K Zhang, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK AF Koga, T Seo, YS Shin, K Zhang, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK TI The role of elasticity in the anomalous swelling of polymer thin films in density fluctuating supercritical fluids SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED PRESSURES; GAS; SORPTION; POLYSTYRENE; DILATION; MIXTURES; EQUATION; DYNAMICS; STATE AB In situ neutron reflectivity was used to investigate the effects of density fluctuations on the solubility of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) in polymer thin films. Deuterated polystyrene, deuterated polybutadiene, and the corresponding random copolymer, deuterated styrene-random-butadiene copolymer, as well as deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) were investigated. Data were obtained as a function of pressure under two isothermal conditions (T = 36 and 50 degreesC). All the polymer films used showed anomalous swelling and CO2 sorption on the density fluctuation ridge in the P-T phase diagram Of CO2. We found that the magnitude of the swelling was a function of the elasticity of the films rather than the bulk solubility of CO2. The enhanced miscibility of the rubber/CO2 Systems, which are very poor in bulk, was found to be almost identical to that of the silicon rubber/CO2 mixture, which is one of the highly miscible polymeric materials under moderate CO2 conditions. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. KJIST, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koga, T (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 50 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 14 BP 5236 EP 5243 DI 10.1021/ma021265w PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 700PT UT WOS:000184120900031 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Huber, DL Satija, S Majewski, J Smith, GS AF Yim, H Kent, MS Huber, DL Satija, S Majewski, J Smith, GS TI Conformation of end-tethered PNIPAM chains in water and in acetone by neutron reflectivity SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID COIL-TO-GLOBULE; POLY-N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE; VOLUME PHASE-TRANSITION; SURFACE-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SINGLE-CHAIN; BETA-CASEIN; POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE) AB Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is perhaps the most well-known member of the class of temperature responsive polymers. It has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water at about 32 degreesC. This very sharp transition (similar to5 degreesC) is attributed to alterations in the hydrogen-bonding interactions of the amide group. In this work we investigated the conformation of end-tethered PNIPAM chains at the interface of silicon with D2O and d-acetone using neutron reflection. End-tethered PNIPAM layers were prepared utilizing the interaction between COOH-terminated PNIPAM and OH-terminated self-assembled monolayers ("method A") and also by polymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide monomers from the silicon surface ("method B"). Reflectivity data from the protonated layers in deuterated water were obtained using a liquid cell over a range of temperature from 10 to 55 degreesC. For method A, PNIPAM molecular weights of 33K and 220K were examined. In D2O, we observed very limited change in the conformation of the tethered chains as the temperature increased through the LCST. No conformational change was detected for the lowest molecular weight PNIPAM-COOH sample (33K). Only a slight change in conformation with temperature was detected for the higher molecular weight sample (220K) and the sample from method B. The profiles indicated that the chains were well hydrated above 32 degreesC, consistent with the observation of very low receding water contact angles. On the other hand, a significant change in the segment concentration profiles occurred when D2O was replaced by d-acetone. Bilayer profiles were observed for all samples in D2O. By contrast, in d-acetone the profiles were composed of a single monotonically decaying layer. Surprisingly, the profiles were more contracted in d-acetone than in D2O despite the fact that PNIPAM dissolves in d-acetone but solutions of PNIPAM in D2O are cloudy above the LCST. This observation, as well as the lack of conformational change with temperature for these low surface density brushes in D2O, is explained on the basis of a concentration-dependent Flory X parameter. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1122, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1851, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Huber, Dale/A-6006-2008 OI Huber, Dale/0000-0001-6872-8469 NR 61 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 6 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 14 BP 5244 EP 5251 DI 10.1021/ma021548o PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 700PT UT WOS:000184120900032 ER PT J AU Wineland, DJ Barrett, M Britton, J Chiaverini, J DeMarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Leibfried, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Schatz, T AF Wineland, DJ Barrett, M Britton, J Chiaverini, J DeMarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Leibfried, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Schatz, T TI Quantum information processing with trapped ions SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting of the Royal-Society CY MAR 13-14, 2002 CL ROYAL SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO ROYAL SOC DE quantum information processing; quantum computation; entanglement; trapped atomic ions ID COMPUTATION; DECOHERENCE; GATES; ENTANGLEMENT; COMPUTER; ATOMS; MOTION; STATES AB Experiments directed towards the development of a quantum computer based on trapped atomic ions are described briefly. We discuss the implementation of single-qubit operations and gates between qubits. A geometric phase gate between two ion qubits is described. Limitations of the trapped-ion method such as those caused by Stark shifts and spontaneous emission are addressed. Finally, we describe a strategy to realize a large-scale device. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia Monteneg, Yugoslavia. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI DeMarco, Brian/0000-0002-2791-0413; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 46 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 361 IS 1808 BP 1349 EP 1361 DI 10.1098/rsta.2003.1205 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 703GZ UT WOS:000184272800004 PM 12869312 ER PT J AU Porto, JV Rolston, S Tolra, BL Williams, CJ Phillips, WD AF Porto, JV Rolston, S Tolra, BL Williams, CJ Phillips, WD TI Quantum information with neutral atoms as qubits SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Discussion Meeting of the Royal-Society CY MAR 13-14, 2002 CL ROYAL SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO ROYAL SOC DE optical lattice; Bose-Einstein condensates; quantum information ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OPTICAL LATTICES; NOBEL LECTURE; SINGLE ATOMS; DIPOLE TRAP; COLD ATOMS; GATES; GAS AB One of the essential features of a quantum computer is a quantum 'register' of well-characterized qubits. Neutral atoms in optical lattices are a natural candidate for such a register. We have demonstrated a patterned-loading technique that can he used to load atoms into large arrays of tightly confined but optically resolvable lattice sites. We have also seen preliminary indications of the Mott-insulator transition, which provides a route for single-atom initialization of the individual sites. Combining the two experiments should allow for large arrays of individually addressable single atoms, a system which provides a starting point for further quantum computation studies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Porto, JV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 34 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 361 IS 1808 BP 1417 EP 1427 DI 10.1098/rsta.2003.1211 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 703GZ UT WOS:000184272800010 PM 12869318 ER PT J AU Sternemann, C Volmer, M Soininen, JA Nagasawa, H Paulus, M Enkisch, H Schmidt, G Tolan, M Schulke, W AF Sternemann, C Volmer, M Soininen, JA Nagasawa, H Paulus, M Enkisch, H Schmidt, G Tolan, M Schulke, W TI Momentum-transfer dependence of x-ray Raman scattering at the BeK-edge SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; COMPTON-SCATTERING; K EDGE; SPECTROSCOPY; LI; PROFILES AB Inelastic x-ray scattering spectra have been measured for energy losses around the Be K-edge in order to perform a systematic study of the dependence of the corresponding dynamic structure factor on both the absolute value and the direction of the momentum transfer. The measured x-ray Raman spectra show clear differences between spectra of different momentum transfer which are related to deviations from the dipole approximation of the x-ray Raman scattering cross section with increasing momentum transfer. In particular, the directional differences between x-ray Raman spectra for momentum transfer parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of single-crystal Be vanish completely at high momentum transfer. These results are attributed to monopole transitions of the excited electrons to s-type final states according to the results of a first-principles calculation which takes the particle-hole interaction into account. This theoretical approach is a valuable tool for modeling x-ray Raman spectra. C1 Univ Dortmund, Inst Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Seikei Univ, Fac Econ, Tokyo 1808633, Japan. Univ Dortmund, DELTA, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. RP Univ Dortmund, Inst Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. NR 36 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 AR 035111 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.035111 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 719XD UT WOS:000185229600048 ER PT J AU Yang, B Tewary, VK AF Yang, B Tewary, VK TI Formation of a surface quantum dot near laterally and vertically neighboring dots SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ISLANDS; SUPERLATTICES; ORGANIZATION; MULTILAYERS; GROWTH AB The elastic-energy-release rate (EERR) of a surface quantum dot (QD) near laterally and vertically neighboring QDs in a linear anisotropic elastic substrate is calculated. The EERR is used to describe quantitatively the driving force for growth of a newly formed (i.e., small) QD in the presence of a grown (i.e., large) QD and hence quantitatively the driving force for their ordering by assuming that the variation of the total change of free energy (including elastic energy, surface energy and edge energy) with their relative location depends only upon the elastic-energy part. An efficient boundary-element method is employed to solve the three-dimensional boundary-value problem of anisotropic elasticity, which requires discretization only along the surface of the QDs and their interface with the substrate. Numerical results for InAs QDs of cuboidal shape on a GaAs substrate with a free surface along the (001) plane are reported. It is found that the presence of a large surface QD inhibits the growth of a small surface QD. The small QD "prefers" to align with the large one in the (100) and (010) directions. However, this effect is relatively small, of about a 1.5% change of the EERR. In contrast, the effect of a buried large QD on the growth of a small surface QD can be significant, of up to a 25% change of the EERR. The favorable location of a small surface QD may be either vertically above or at an angle to the buried large QD, depending upon the depth of the latter. The driving force for the growth of a small surface QD at the favorable locations is enhanced by the presence of the buried large QD. In addition, the theory predicts an optimum depth of the buried large QD for the driving force for the growth of a small QD at the surface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 AR 035301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.035301 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 719XD UT WOS:000185229600073 ER PT J AU Zhao, JJ Xie, RH AF Zhao, JJ Xie, RH TI Cluster-assembled materials based on Na6Pb SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED-GRADIENT APPROXIMATION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ENCAPSULATED C-60; CARBON NANOTUBES; FIRST-PRINCIPLES; SIMPLE-MODELS; STABILITY; CRYSTALS; ENERGY AB In experimental mass spectra of lead-sodium mixed clusters, an exceptionally abundant and stable Na6Pb cluster has been discovered [C. H. Yeretzian et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 237, 334 (1995)]. By using first-principles calculations, several cluster assemblies based on the Na6Pb building block are investigated. In the cluster-assembled materials, Na6Pb clusters act as closed-shell inert superatoms, and the intercluster interaction is relatively weak [for example, the intercluster binding energy is about 0.21 eV per cluster for a (Na6Pb)(2) dimer]. In the cluster assemblies, the gap between highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (approximate to0.77 eV) of the individual Na6Pb cluster remains open, i.e., 0.49 eV in a (Na6Pb)(2) dimer, 0.4 eV in a one-dimensional crystal, and 0.3 eV in a three-dimensional fee crystal. The insertion of Na6Pb clusters into a carbon nanotube has also been explored. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhao, JJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Inst Shock Phys, POB 642816, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Zhao, Jijun/I-6030-2015 NR 41 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 10 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 AR 035401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.035401 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 719XD UT WOS:000185229600115 ER PT J AU Horowitz, CJ Coakley, KJ McKinsey, DN AF Horowitz, CJ Coakley, KJ McKinsey, DN TI Supernova observation via neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering in the CLEAN detector SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID GALACTIC SUPERNOVA; SUPERFLUID-HELIUM; SOLAR NEUTRINOS; MASS; RECOIL; LIMITS; OMNIS; BURST; TPC AB Development of large mass detectors for low-energy neutrinos and dark matter may allow supernova detection via neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering. An elastic-scattering detector could observe a few, or more, events per ton for a galactic supernova at 10 kpc (3.1 x 10(20) in). This large yield, a factor of at least 20 greater than that for existing light-water detectors, arises because of the very large coherent cross section and the sensitivity to all flavors of neutrinos and antineutrinos. An elastic scattering detector can provide important information on the flux and spectrum of v(mu) and v(tau) from supernovae. We consider many detectors and a range of target materials from He-4 to Pb-208. Monte Carlo simulations of low-energy backgrounds are presented for the liquid-neon-based Cryogenic Low Energy Astrophysics with Noble gases detector. The simulated background is much smaller than the expected signal from a galactic supernova. C1 Indiana Univ, Ctr Nucl Theory, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Horowitz, CJ (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Ctr Nucl Theory, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 42 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2821 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 023005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.68.023005 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 719XA UT WOS:000185229300010 ER PT J AU Overeem, I Kroonenberg, SB Veldkamp, A Groenesteijn, K Rusakov, GV Svitoch, AA AF Overeem, I Kroonenberg, SB Veldkamp, A Groenesteijn, K Rusakov, GV Svitoch, AA TI Small-scale stratigraphy in a large ramp delta: recent and Holocene sedimentation in the Volga delta, Caspian Sea SO SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Volga delta; fieldwork; lower delta plain; sequence stratigraphy ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; SASKATCHEWAN RIVER; OKAVANGO FAN; LEVEL RISE; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; CUMBERLAND MARSHES; LACUSTRINE DELTAS; 1870S AVULSION; EVOLUTION; CANADA AB The Volga delta differs from all other major deltas in the world by its extremely gentle onshore and offshore gradient (similar to 5 cm/km) and by being affected by the rapid sea-level changes of the Caspian Sea, at rates up to a hundred times the global sea-level rise. This paper reports (1) the morphological and facies development of part of the lower delta during the last full sea-level cycle between 1929 and 1995, as monitored using remote sensing and field mapping, and (2) the Holocene development of the delta from outcrop data and augered transects. During a sea-level fall of 3 m between 1929 and 1977, rapid progradation of levees, composed of fine sand, took place along over 800 distributary channels along the delta front. Smaller distributaries became filled with clay and organics. During the 3-m sea-level rise from 1977 to 1995, aggradation occurred, leading to deposition of silt and clay on the levees and minor filling of the flood basins. Sedimentation rates as established with Cs-137 dating are up to 2-5 cm/year. Total thickness of Holocene deposits in the lower delta plain is 4-10 m. A coarsening-upwards sequence in the Damchik sandpit shows freshening-upwards mollusc assemblages dated around 1000 BP, and has been attributed to the Derbent regression at that time. Four transects with a total of 79 augerings down to 7 m depth show rapid lateral facies changes of: (a) lagoonal clays deposited in the palaeo relief between the dunes, (b) channel sands, (c) levee sands and silts, (d) laminated overbank and interdistributary bay deposits, (e) mouthbar deposits and (f) prodelta clays. Holocene depositional patterns are unrelated to the present drainage network, though the spatial variability is similar to that of the present highly segmented network. Seven C-14 datings give a range of 6000-800 BP, and several phases of progradation seem to be present, but the lateral variability is too large and the age data too limited to make a solid correlation with known Holocene sea-level fluctuations. The Volga delta differs essentially from the classic river-dominated Mississippi delta because the offshore gradient is so gentle that no marine reworking takes place at the outlets, and the friction-controlled bifurcation continues basinward until a very fine maze of distributary outlets is produced. The Volga Holocene sequences more resemble those of the Atchafalaya and Saskatchewan lacustrine deltas. However, they differ from them in not being subsystems of a larger delta but the main depositional facies of the delta as a whole. Moreover, the recent Volga delta development shows that progradation is related to forced regression, not to avulsion triggered by base-level rise and/or subsidence. Thus, the Volga delta provides an excellent example of the impact of high-frequency sea-level changes on a ramp margin-type fluvio-deltaic system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Appl Earth Sci, Delft, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Soil Sci & Geol, Wageningen, Netherlands. Astrakhan Nat Reserve, Astrakhan, Russia. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Geog, Moscow, Russia. RP Overeem, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, 1560,30th St, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Veldkamp, Antonie (Tom)/C-7844-2009; Svitoch, Aleksandr/L-8861-2015; OI Veldkamp, Tom/0000-0002-9970-5902 NR 63 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0037-0738 J9 SEDIMENT GEOL JI Sediment. Geol. PD JUL 15 PY 2003 VL 159 IS 3-4 BP 133 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00256-7 PG 25 WC Geology SC Geology GA 703VC UT WOS:000184301300001 ER PT J AU Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Silva, TJ AF Pufall, MR Rippard, WH Silva, TJ TI Materials dependence of the spin-momentum transfer efficiency and critical current in ferromagnetic metal/Cu multilayers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POINT-CONTACT SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETIC MULTILAYER; POLARIZED CURRENT; CO/CU/CO PILLARS; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; MAGNETORESISTANCE; EXCITATIONS; JUNCTIONS; DEVICES AB We have quantitatively compared spin-momentum transfer effects in FM/Cu multilayers, with FM=Co, Co90Fe10, Ni80Fe20, Ni40Fe10Cu50, and Fe. All of the measured multilayers exhibited an abrupt step up in resistance at a critical current I-c, the value of which was a linear function of applied magnetic field H-app. The spin-transfer efficiencies determined from these data were in substantial agreement with their predicted values over the range of materials studied. I-c(H-app), when evaluated at zero net field, was found to increase with the exchange energy density of the ferromagnet, demonstrating the tunability of the critical current by materials selection. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div 816 01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pufall, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div 816 01, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 24 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 14 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 323 EP 325 DI 10.1063/1.1590432 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 699CT UT WOS:000184038900040 ER PT J AU Hillenbrand, R Keilmann, F Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Aizpurua, J AF Hillenbrand, R Keilmann, F Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Aizpurua, J TI Coherent imaging of nanoscale plasmon patterns with a carbon nanotube optical probe SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID METAL NANOPARTICLES; MICROSCOPY; RESOLUTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; SPACE; SCALE; NM AB We introduce a carbon nanotube as optical near-field probe and apply it to visualize the plasmon fields of metal nanostructures in both amplitude and phase at 30 nm resolution. With 91 nm Au disks designed for fundamental plasmon resonance, we observe the antiphase optical fields near two pole regions that are evidence of dipolar oscillation, in good agreement with theoretical field patterns. This opens the door to phase-sensitively map optical propagation and storage in photonic crystals and nanooptic resonators or circuits, in particular to verify coherent control of plasmon polaritons. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, NanoPhoton Grp, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Mol Strukturbiol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hillenbrand, R (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, NanoPhoton Grp, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. RI Sutherland, Duncan/E-4385-2010; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; Hillenbrand, Rainer/N-3428-2016 OI Sutherland, Duncan/0000-0002-5045-9915; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 25 TC 115 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 14 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 368 EP 370 DI 10.1063/1.1592629 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 699CT UT WOS:000184038900055 ER PT J AU Leroy, SS Yung, YL Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ AF Leroy, SS Yung, YL Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ TI Principal modes of variability of Martian atmospheric surface pressure SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MID-LATITUDE DISTURBANCES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ANNULAR MODES; MARS; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; WAVES AB [1] An analysis of daily-to-interannual variability in the surface pressure field of the Martian nothern hemisphere as given by a Martian climate model is presented. In an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition, the dominant first two modes of variability comprise a zonal wavenumber 1 feature centered at 70 N latitude moving eastward with a period of 6 to 8 sols. This feature is a baroclinic wave and accounts for 53% of the northern hemisphere non-stationary surface pressure variability, and, when active, has an amplitude of up to 2% of local surface pressure. The third mode of the EOF decomposition is annular about the Martian north pole, is null southward of 70 N, and accounts for 7% of the northern hemisphere non-stationary surface pressure variability. The baroclinic wave (EOFs 1 & 2) is active during northern hemisphere winter and spring, consistent with models of the Martian atmospheric circulation, and the annular mode (EOF 3) is active only at the onset and demise of the baroclinic feature. When active, it is not uncommon for the annular mode to reside in either its positive or negative state stably for 20 to 30 sols. It is postulated that baroclinic waves with longitudinal wavenumber 2, 3, and 4 act as a pump for the annular mode. The annular mode should not be present in MGS TES data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Leroy, SS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 11 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 13 AR 1707 DI 10.1029/2002GL015909 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 704KJ UT WOS:000184338600001 ER PT J AU Wood, BE Linsky, JL Muller, HR Zank, GP AF Wood, BE Linsky, JL Muller, HR Zank, GP TI A search for Ly alpha emission from the astrosphere of 40 Eridani A SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE hydrodynamics; radiative transfer; stars : individual (40 Eridani A); stars : winds, outflows; ultraviolet : ISM; ultraviolet : stars ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; MASS-LOSS RATES; SOLAR-WIND; REDISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; LAMBDA ANDROMEDAE; EPSILON INDI; D/H RATIO; ABSORPTION; HYDROGEN AB We report the results of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the nearby (d = 5.0 pc) K1 V star 40 Eri A, which we use to search for scattered Lyalpha emission surrounding the star indicative of the interaction between the stellar wind and the interstellar medium ( ISM). Absorption from circumstellar hot H I has previously been detected around many solar-like stars in HST observations of their Lyalpha lines, so there is potential for circumstellar Lyalpha emission to be detectable as well. There was previously a tentative detection of absorption for 40 Eri A, but unfortunately, we do not detect any circumstellar emission around 40 Eri A in our new observations. We use hydrodynamic models of the stellar "astrosphere'' (i.e., the ISM interaction region) and radiative transfer calculations to demonstrate that emission should have been detected for assumed mass-loss rates of (M) over dot less than or similar to 2 (M) over dot(.) assuming that the star is surrounded by warm, partially neutral ISM material like that which surrounds the Sun. In contrast, when the models are compared with the absorption data, we find consistency with the data only for (M) over dot greater than or similar to 2 (M) over dot(.). We believe that the most likely explanation for these apparently contradictory results is that the previous tentative detection of astrospheric absorption toward 40 Eri A is erroneous and that 40 Eri A probably lies within the hot ionized phase of the ISM. Thus, there is no interstellar H I within the astrosphere for us to detect in either absorption or emission, and no meaningful constraints on the mass-loss rate of 40 Eri A can be derived from the HST data. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Wilder Lab 6127, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Wood, BE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUL 10 PY 2003 VL 591 IS 2 BP 1210 EP 1219 DI 10.1086/375494 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 698UF UT WOS:000184016700053 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Jensen, L Bryant, GW Zhao, JJ Smith, VH AF Xie, RH Jensen, L Bryant, GW Zhao, JJ Smith, VH TI Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of heterofullerene C48B12 SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID C-60; DENSITY; C48N12; CARBON; BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE; HYPERPOLARIZABILITY; POLARIZABILITIES; SEPARATION; ENERGIES; MOLECULE AB Bonding, electric (hyper)polarizability, vibrational, and magnetic properties of heterofullerene C48B12 are studied by first-principles calculations. Infrared- and Raman-active vibrational frequencies Of C48B12 are assigned. Eight C-13 and two B-11 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral signals Of C48B12 are characterized. The average second hyper-polarizability of C48B12 is about 180% larger than that of C-60. Our results suggest that C48B12 is a candidate for photonic and optical limiting applications because of the enhanced third-order optical non-linearities. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Groningen, Theoret Chem Mat Sci Ctr, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rhxie@nist.gov RI Jensen, Lasse/B-5132-2008; Zhao, Jijun/I-6030-2015 NR 34 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 10 PY 2003 VL 375 IS 5-6 BP 445 EP 451 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00879-0 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 699ZB UT WOS:000184086600001 ER PT J AU Pandey, DN Gupta, AK Anderson, DM AF Pandey, DN Gupta, AK Anderson, DM TI Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ASIAN SOUTHWEST MONSOON; PAST 4 CENTURIES; LATE HOLOCENE; UNITED-STATES; SCALE SHIFTS; WEST-BENGAL; SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE; ARSENIC CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; MAYA CIVILIZATION AB Extreme climate events such as aridity, drought, flood, cyclone and stormy rainfall are expected to leave an impact on human society. They are also expected to generate widespread response to adapt and mitigate the sufferings associated with these extremes. Societal and cultural responses to prolonged drought include population dislocation, cultural separation, habitation abandonment, and societal collapse. A typical response to local aridity is the human migration to safer and productive areas. However, climate and culture can interact in numerous ways. We hypothesize that people may resort to modify dwelling environments by adapting new strategies to optimize the utility of available water by harvesting rain rather than migrating to newer areas. We review recent palaeoclimatological evidence for climate change during the Holocene, and match those data with archaeological and historical records to test our 'climate change-rainwater harvest' hypothesis. We find correlation between heightened historical human efforts for construction of rainwater harvesting structures across regions in response to abrupt climate fluctuations, like aridity and drought. Historical societal adaptations to climate fluctuations may provide insights on potential responses of modern societies to future climate change that has a bearing on water resources, food production and management of natural systems. C1 Indian Inst Forest Management, Bhopal 462003, India. Forest Dept, Jaipur 302005, Rajasthan, India. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. NOAA Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Pandey, DN (reprint author), Indian Inst Forest Management, Bhopal 462003, India. RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 136 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 10 U2 59 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD JUL 10 PY 2003 VL 85 IS 1 BP 46 EP 59 PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 702HV UT WOS:000184219200016 ER PT J AU Call, KA Hardy, JT Wallin, DO AF Call, KA Hardy, JT Wallin, DO TI Coral reef habitat discrimination using multivariate spectral analysis and satellite remote sensing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Remote Sensing of the Marine Littoral Environment CY DEC 15-16, 1999 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Linnean Soc ID SPECTROSCOPY; FEATURES; BIOMASS; OCEAN; TM AB Coral reefs are important both biologically and economically, but are under increasing pressure from pollution and human-induced disturbance. Coral reefs are often remote, relatively large and shallow. Thus, optical remote sensing techniques provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to mapping and monitoring the condition of reefs. We tested the hypothesis that in-situ spectral signatures, together with water column attenuation measurements, satellite imagery and Geographical Information System, can effectively differentiate reef substrates. In situ upwelling radiances were collected for coarse descriptive habitat types near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas between 17 July and 27 July, 1998. Down-looking spectral scans from 300-750 nm were taken 1 m above the substrate and 1 m below the water surface, using a LiCor-1800 underwater spectroradiometer. Principal component analysis of upwelling radiances indicated that wavelengths from 515-580 nm are most useful in distinguishing between substrates. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) multi-spectral imagery was geo-registered and an ISODATA unsupervised classification was used to delineate reef features and associated communities. Using this method, we achieved an overall accuracy of 74% for coarse descriptive resolution mapping of seven substrate types (i.e. ocean, deep sand, shallow sand, deep coral, shallow coral, seagrass, and mixed sand and seagrass) within an area of 590 km(2) near Lee Stocking Island. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm Studies, Ctr Environm Sci, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Call, KA (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 13 BP 2627 EP 2639 DI 10.1080/0143116031000066990 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 698NP UT WOS:000184005900005 ER PT J AU Stohl, A Huntrieser, H Richter, A Beirle, S Cooper, OR Eckhardt, S Forster, C James, P Spichtinger, N Wenig, M Wagner, T Burrows, JP Platt, U AF Stohl, A Huntrieser, H Richter, A Beirle, S Cooper, OR Eckhardt, S Forster, C James, P Spichtinger, N Wenig, M Wagner, T Burrows, JP Platt, U TI Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GOME MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; NITROGEN-OXIDES; NORTH-ATLANTIC; UNITED-STATES; OZONE; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; HEMISPHERE AB Intercontinental transport (ICT) of trace substances normally occurs on timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks. In this paper an extraordinary episode in November 2001 is presented, where pollution transport across the North Atlantic took only about one day. The transport mechanism, termed here an intercontinental pollution express highway because of the high wind speeds, was exceptional, as it involved an explosively generated cyclone, a so-called meteorological "bomb". To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study describing pollution transport in a bomb. The discovery of this event was based on tracer transport model calculations and satellite measurements of NO2, a species with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, which could be transported that far only because of the high wind speeds produced by the bomb. A 15-year transport climatology shows that intercontinental express highways are about four times more frequent in winter than in summer, in agreement with bomb climatologies. The climatology furthermore suggests that intercontinental express highways may be important for the budget of short-lived substances in the remote troposphere. For instance, for a substance with a lifetime of 1 day, express highways may be responsible for about two thirds of the total ICT. We roughly estimate that express highways connecting North America with Europe enhance the average NOx mixing ratios over Europe, due to North American emissions, by about 2-3 pptv in winter. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-2800 Bremen 33, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Richter, Andreas/C-4971-2008; Wenig, Mark/K-7279-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012; OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375; Burrows, John Philip/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 62 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 9 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 9 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 969 EP 985 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 700DX UT WOS:000184098300001 ER PT J AU DeJong, ES Chang, CE Gilson, MK Marino, JP AF DeJong, ES Chang, CE Gilson, MK Marino, JP TI Proflavine acts as a Rev inhibitor by targeting the high-affinity Rev binding site of the Rev responsive element of HIV-1 SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA; TAR RNA; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; RRE COMPLEX; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS; QUINACRINE ATEBRIN; PEPTIDE BINDING; SMALL MOLECULES; ALPHA-HELIX; BASE-PAIRS AB Rev is an essential regulatory HIV-1 protein that binds the Rev responsive element (RRE) within the env gene of the HIV-1 RNA genome, activating the switch between viral latency and active viral replication. Previously, we have shown that selective incorporation of the fluorescent probe 2-aminopurine (2-AP) into a truncated form of the RRE sequence (RRE-IIB) allowed the binding of an arginine-rich peptide derived from Rev and aminoglycosides to be characterized directly by fluorescence methods. Using these fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, proflavine has been identified, through a limited screen of selected small heterocyclic compounds, as a specific and high-affinity RRE-IIB binder which inhibits the interaction of the Rev peptide with RRE-IIB. Direct and competitive 2-AP fluorescence binding assays reveal that there are at least two classes of proflavine binding sites on RRE-IIB: a high-affinity site that competes with the Rev peptide for binding to RRE-IIB (K-D similar to 0.1 +/- 10.05 muM) and a weaker binding site(s) (K-D similar to 1.1 +/- 0.05 muM). Titrations of RRE-IIB with proflavine, monitored using H-1 NMR, demonstrate that the high-affinity proflavine binding interaction occurs with a 2:1 (proflavine:RRE-IIB) stoichiometry, and NOEs observed in the NOESY spectrum of the 2:1 proflavine(.)RRE-IIB complex indicate that the two proflavine molecules bind specifically and close to each other within a single binding site. NOESY data further indicate that formation of the 2:1 proflavine(.) RRE-IIB complex stabilizes base pairing and stacking within the internal purine-rich bulge of RRE-IIB in a manner analogous to what has been observed in the Rev peptide(.)RRE-IIB complex. The observation that proflavine competes with Rev for binding to RRE-IIB by binding as a dimer to a single high-affinity site opens the possibility for rational drug design based on linking and modifying it and related compounds. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061300, GM61300, GM59107] NR 59 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUL 8 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 26 BP 8035 EP 8046 DI 10.1021/bi0345252z PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 697RW UT WOS:000183957900018 PM 12834355 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Kim, KY AF Seo, KH Kim, KY TI Propagation and initiation mechanisms of the Madden-Julian oscillation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE MJO; propagation of MJO; initiation of MJO ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK; TOGA COARE IOP; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; TROPICAL CONVECTION; MOISTURE CONVERGENCE; SCALE CIRCULATION; EQUATORIAL WAVES; NORTHERN WINTER AB [1] An observational study of the propagation and onset mechanisms of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is performed using cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis and a Kelvin-Rossby wave decomposition method for the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation and the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data. In these analyses, two different regions of surface convergence are observed ahead of MJO convection by different wind components as previously found in a SST-coupled GCM simulation. At the leading edge of enhanced convection, the friction-induced meridional convergence appears during the developing phase when the enhanced convection is located over the Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continents. Another region of surface convergence is identified just east of an enhanced convection core, and this tends to pull the convective core to the east. The surface convergence is formed by zonal wind convergence, and Kelvin and Rossby waves both play a comparable role in the formation of the convergence zone. Therefore the frictional Kelvin-Rossby wave-CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) is regarded as a primary factor for the eastward propagation of the MJO. Over the western Indian Ocean, moistening in the boundary layer occurs similar to2 weeks earlier than the beginning of a new MJO cycle. This moistening accompanies low-level convergence by encircling Kelvin waves which propagated from the region of enhanced convection during the previous cycle, as well as by Rossby waves generated from the region of reduced convection over the Indian Ocean. This earlier formation of the boundary-layer moisture convergence provides a favorable environment for triggering new convection. This interaction of Kelvin and Rossby waves also accounts for the suppression of convection from the western side of the convection core. For example, over the Indian Ocean, anomalous surface divergence appears at the western edge of the enhanced convection due to both circumnavigating Kelvin waves from the region of reduced convection of the previous cycle and Rossby waves from the region of the enhanced convection itself. Thus the MJO is a self-maintaining and self-generating form of tropical variability through the interaction between convection and large-scale circulation in the presence of boundary-layer dynamics. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Seo, KH (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM kyong-hwan.seo@noaa.gov; kkim@met.fsu.edu NR 51 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D13 AR 4384 DI 10.1029/2002JD002876 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704KL UT WOS:000184338800004 ER PT J AU Riley, P Linker, JA Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Zurbuchen, TH Lario, D Lepping, RP AF Riley, P Linker, JA Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Zurbuchen, TH Lario, D Lepping, RP TI Using an MHD simulation to interpret the global context of a coronal mass ejection observed by two spacecraft SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coronal mass ejections; CMEs; MHD simulations; in situ observations ID STRUCTURED SOLAR-WIND; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC CLOUDS; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; FLUX ROPE; HELMET STREAMER; FIELD; ULYSSES; RECONNECTION; MODELS; SHOCK AB [1] In late February 1999 the ACE spacecraft observed a coronal mass ejection (CME) at 1 AU, in the ecliptic plane. Thirteen days later, Ulysses observed a CME at 5 AU and 22 degreesS. We present a detailed analysis of the plasma, magnetic field, and composition signatures of these two events. On the basis of this comparison alone, it is not clear that the two spacecraft observed the same solar event. However, using a generic MHD simulation of a fast CME initiated at the Sun by magnetic flux cancellation and propagated out into the solar wind, together with additional evidence, we argue that indeed the same CME was observed by both spacecraft. Although force-free models appear to fit the observed events well, our simulation results suggest that the ejecta underwent significant distortion during its passage through the solar wind, indicating that care should be taken when interpreting the results of force-free models. Comparison of composition measurements at the two spacecraft suggests that significant spatial inhomogeneities can exist within a single CME. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NASA, Extraterr Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM pete.riley@saic.com; linker@iris023.saic.com; mikic@iris023.saic.com; Dusan.Odstrcil@noaa.gov; thomasz@umich.edu; david.lario@jhuapl.edu; Ron.Lepping@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Lario, David/D-9318-2016 OI Lario, David/0000-0002-3176-8704 NR 41 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A7 AR 1272 DI 10.1029/2002JA009760 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 705ZB UT WOS:000184426200004 ER PT J AU Hanley, HJM Muzny, CD Ho, DL Glinka, CJ AF Hanley, HJM Muzny, CD Ho, DL Glinka, CJ TI A small-angle neutron scattering study of a commercial organoclay dispersion SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPY; MIXTURES AB The paper explores the capacity of small angle neutron neutron scattering (SANS) to characterize the dispersion of an exchanged clay in an organic solvent. As an illustration, results are reported for 1% and 2% by mass suspensions of a representative commercial complex, known as Cloisite, C15A in toluene. C15A is prepared from montmorillonite and the cation ditallow (a naturally occurring variant of dimethydioctodecylammonium). For this particular example, the SANS scattered intensity data suggest that the complex is well dispersed into clusters which consist of a stack of between three and six ditallow-coated montmorillonite platelets. The size of the clusters, the amount of ditallow adsorbed on a montmorillonite platelet, and an estimate of the thickness of the adsorbed layer are evaluated. General comments on the fitting of SANS data obtained from a cluster composed of stacked, coated disks are given. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Muzny, CD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 15 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 8 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 14 BP 5575 EP 5580 DI 10.1021/la026342v PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 698JC UT WOS:000183994400006 ER PT J AU Karunadasa, H Huang, Q Ueland, BG Schiffer, P Cava, RJ AF Karunadasa, H Huang, Q Ueland, BG Schiffer, P Cava, RJ TI Ba(2)LnSbO(6) and Sr(2)LnSbO(6) (Ln = Dy, Ho, Gd) double perovskites: Lanthanides in the geometrically frustrating fcc lattice SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; PYROCHLORE; ANTIFERROMAGNET; HO2TI2O7; JAROSITE; MODEL; ICE AB Magnetic ground states in solids often arise as a result of a delicate balance between competing factors. One currently active area of research in magnetic materials involves compounds in which long-range magnetic ordering at low temperatures is frustrated by the geometry of the crystalline lattice, a situation known as geometrical magnetic frustration. The number of systems known to display the effects of such frustration is growing, but those that are sufficiently simple from theoretical, chemical, and physical perspectives to allow for detailed understanding remain very few. A search for model compounds in this family has led us to the double perovskites Ba(2)LnSbO(6) and Sr(2)LnSbO(6) (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Gd) reported here. Ba2DySbO6, Ba2HoSbO6, Sr2DySbO6, and Sr2HoSbO6 are structurally characterized by powder neutron diffraction at ambient temperature. The trivalent lanthanides and pentavalent antimony are found to be fully ordered in the double-perovskite arrangement of alternating octahedra sharing corner oxygens. In such a structure, the lanthanide sublattice displays a classical fcc arrangement, an edge-shared network of tetrahedra known to result in geometric magnetic frustration. No magnetic ordering is observed in any of these compounds down to temperatures of 2 K, and in the case of the Dy-based compounds in particular, frustration of the magnetic ordering is clearly present. Lanthanide-based double perovskites are proposed to be excellent model systems for the detailed study of geometric magnetic frustration. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Cava, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Ueland, Benjamin/B-2312-2008; Schiffer, Peter/F-3227-2011; OI Ueland, Benjamin/0000-0001-9784-6595; Schiffer, Peter/0000-0002-6430-6549 NR 23 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 30 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 8 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 14 BP 8097 EP 8102 DI 10.1073/pnas.0832394100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 702KF UT WOS:000184222500013 PM 12824460 ER PT J AU Nibarger, JP Lopusnik, R Celinski, Z Silva, TJ AF Nibarger, JP Lopusnik, R Celinski, Z Silva, TJ TI Variation of magnetization and the Lande g factor with thickness in Ni-Fe films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVE MICROWAVE MAGNETOMETER; PERMALLOY; METALS; NOBLE AB We have measured the Lande g factor, the effective magnetization M-eff, the uniaxial anisotropy H-k, and the Gilbert damping parameter alpha, as a function of Permalloy film thickness from 2.5 to 50 nm. We used a pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer capable of generating dc bias fields of 35.2 kA/m (440 Oe). A significant decrease in g is observed with decreasing thickness below 10 nm. Also, Meff decreases with decreasing thickness consistent with a surface anisotropy constant of 0.196+/-0.025 mJ/m(2). The decrease in g can arise from the orbital motion of the electrons at the interface not being quenched by the crystal field. We also compare our data to a model of an effective g factor suggesting that the decrease in g factor might also stem from the Ni-Fe interface with a Ta underlayer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nibarger, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 16 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 7 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 1 BP 93 EP 95 DI 10.1063/1.1588734 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 696FY UT WOS:000183877800032 ER PT J AU Lopusnik, R Nibarger, JP Silva, TJ Celinski, Z AF Lopusnik, R Nibarger, JP Silva, TJ Celinski, Z TI Different dynamic and static magnetic anisotropy in thin Permalloy (TM) films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The values of uniaxial anisotropy H-k in thin polycrystalline Permalloy(TM) films measured by static and dynamic methods differ by as much as a factor of 1.5. The anisotropy obtained with a pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer in 2.5 to 100 nm thick Permalloy films exhibits an additional isotropic component of 120 to 240 A/m not observed in static measurements. The static value of anisotropy was obtained with an inductive magnetic hysteresis loop tracer. The time-resolved precessional response was measured as a function of in-plane applied magnetic bias field and the angle between the easy axis and that of the applied bias field. We interpret the constant-offset field as a transient component of the magnetic susceptibility that affects only dynamical response at time scales below 10 ns. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lopusnik, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 11 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 7 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 1 BP 96 EP 98 DI 10.1063/1.1587255 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 696FY UT WOS:000183877800033 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Adler, HG Lee, WK Shastri, SD AF Curry, JJ Adler, HG Lee, WK Shastri, SD TI Direct observation of de-mixing in a ceramic metal-halide arc lamp SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RAY-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS; PLASMA COMPOSITION; AXIAL SEGREGATION; MERCURY-ARC; DISCHARGE; TEMPERATURE; CONVECTION; SODIUM; MODEL AB De-mixing of additives in a vertically-operated, ceramic DyI3-CsI-Hg metal-halide arc lamp has been observed by examining the ratios of absolute I elemental densities as a function of position. As the elemental densities have been obtained directly by x-ray induced fluorescence (Curry J J, Adler H G, Shastri S D and Lee W-K 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 2359), this approach reveals the extent of mixing (or de-mixing) with no intervening assumptions about equilibrium, the local temperature, or the accuracy of partition functions. The metal additives in the arc studied show complex de-mixing. Depletion of Dy and Cs from the core is attributed to ambipolar cataphoresis. These same additives also exhibit a relative enhancement in a layer just outside the core before decreasing again toward the wall. Thermochemical data are used to derive radial distributions of molecular species given the experimentally obtained elemental densities and the gas temperature assuming a lamp operating pressure of 10(6) Pa (10 atm). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OSRAM SYLVANIA, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD JUL 7 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 13 BP 1529 EP 1534 AR PII S0022-3727(03)61167-8 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/315 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 722DV UT WOS:000185360900021 ER PT J AU Shi, W Subrahmanyam, B Morrison, JM AF Shi, W Subrahmanyam, B Morrison, JM TI Estimation of heat and salt storage variability in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE heat storage; salt storage; altimetry; TOPEX/Poseidon; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean dipole ID SEA-LEVEL VARIATIONS; BAY-OF-BENGAL; ARABIAN-SEA; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; MODEL SIMULATIONS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ROSSBY WAVES; MIXED-LAYER; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE AB [1] Heat and salt storage variability in the upper 1000 m of the Indian Ocean is investigated using a combination of sea level anomalies derived from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry (1993-2000), Reynold's sea surface temperature and monthly climatological hydrographic data (World Ocean Atlas 1998) [Antonov et al., 1998; Boyer et al., 1998]. This new technique allows extension of surface information from altimetric observations to study subsurface variability. Hydrographic data collected in the Indian Ocean during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to evaluate and validate this technique. The results show that the Indian Ocean experienced larger changes in heat storage than in salt storage. Significant differences are found between the 8-year mean seasonal heat storage and the climatological seasonal heat storage, which are attributed to interannual variability, while the 8-year mean seasonal salt storage agrees well with the climatological seasonal salt storage. The variabilities of heat and salt storages are not synchronized in either space or time because of different control mechanisms. The first four empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes explain nearly 60% of total variance of heat storage variability with the Indian Ocean dipole outweighing the other processes. The dominant first EOF mode for salt storage, which is attributed to the seasonal variability, explains 33% of its total variance. The heat (salt) storage dipole index, representing the heat (salt) storage difference between the west and east equatorial Indian Ocean during the 1994-1995 and 1997-1998 dipole periods, is of the same order as that of the seasonal heat (salt) storage variability. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Shi, W (reprint author), NOAA, Syst Engn & Secur Inc, IPD, OSDPD,NESDIS, Code E-SP1, Suitland, MD 20233 USA. RI Shi, Wei/F-5625-2010 NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C7 AR 3214 DI 10.1029/2001JC001244 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 698MZ UT WOS:000184004500001 ER PT J AU Kutteruf, MR Brown, CM Iwaki, LK Campbell, MB Korter, TM Heilweil, EJ AF Kutteruf, MR Brown, CM Iwaki, LK Campbell, MB Korter, TM Heilweil, EJ TI Terahertz spectroscopy of short-chain polypeptides SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CYTOCHROME-C; THZ AB Terahertz (THz) absorption and neutron vibrational spectra for solid-phase short-chain peptide sequences at 77 and 298 K are reported. We demonstrate that a high degree of spectral and structural information exists for these systems in the 1-15 THz (33-500 cm(-1)) spectral range. The density and uniqueness of distinct spectral features for each system suggests that sequence-dependent structural information can potentially be extracted from these spectra using quantum mechanical solid-state modeling and theories. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 13 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 3 PY 2003 VL 375 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 343 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00856-X PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 697WL UT WOS:000183966200012 ER PT J AU Tuck, A AF Tuck, A TI Impact factors: a tool of the sterile audit culture - Stalked by accountants, unaware of pre-Internet work, how can young scientists thrive? SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab RAL6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tuck, A (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab RAL6, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 3 PY 2003 VL 424 IS 6944 BP 14 EP 14 DI 10.1038/424014a PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 696XL UT WOS:000183912800013 PM 12840730 ER PT J AU Julienne, PS AF Julienne, PS TI Condensed-matter physics - Really cool molecules SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Julienne, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.julienne@nist.gov RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 3 PY 2003 VL 424 IS 6944 BP 24 EP 25 DI 10.1038/424024a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 696XL UT WOS:000183912800023 PM 12840740 ER PT J AU Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS AF Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS TI Creation of ultracold molecules from a Fermi gas of atoms SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; FESHBACH RESONANCES; COLLISIONS; LASER AB Following the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases, an experimental challenge is the production of molecular gases in the quantum regime. A promising approach is to create the molecular gas directly from an ultracold atomic gas; for example, bosonic atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate have been coupled to electronic ground-state molecules through photoassociation(1) or a magnetic field Feshbach resonance(2). The availability of atomic Fermi gases offers the prospect of coupling fermionic atoms to bosonic molecules, thus altering the quantum statistics of the system. Such a coupling would be closely related to the pairing mechanism in a fermionic superfluid, predicted to occur near a Feshbach resonance(3,4). Here we report the creation and quantitative characterization of ultracold K-40(2) molecules. Starting with a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of atoms at a temperature of less than 150 nK, we scan the system over a Feshbach resonance to create adiabatically more than 250,000 trapped molecules; these can be converted back to atoms by reversing the scan. The small binding energy of the molecules is controlled by detuning the magnetic field away from the Feshbach resonance, and can be varied over a wide range. We directly detect these weakly bound molecules through their radio-frequency photodissociation spectra; these probe the molecular wavefunction, and yield binding energies that are consistent with theory. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Regal, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 27 TC 550 Z9 563 U1 2 U2 31 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 3 PY 2003 VL 424 IS 6944 BP 47 EP 50 DI 10.1038/nature01738 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 696XL UT WOS:000183912800034 PM 12840753 ER PT J AU Pincus, R Barker, HW Morcrette, JJ AF Pincus, R Barker, HW Morcrette, JJ TI A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo; radiative transfer; inhomogeneous clouds; subgrid-scale variability; global models ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; OVERLAP; CONVECTION; LAYERS; ALBEDO; RADAR AB Radiative transfer schemes in large-scale models tightly couple assumptions about cloud structure to methods for solving the radiative transfer equation, which makes these schemes inflexible, difficult to extend, and potentially susceptible to biases. A new technique, based on simultaneously sampling cloud state and spectral interval, provides radiative fluxes that are guaranteed to be unbiased with respect to the benchmark Independent Column Approximation and works equally well no matter how cloud structure is specified. Fluxes computed in this way are subject to random, uncorrelated errors that depend on the distribution of cloud optical properties. Seasonal forecasts, however, are not sensitive to this noise, making the method useful in weather and climate prediction models. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Environm Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Pincus, R (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 S Broadway,R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Robert.Pincus@noaa.gov RI Pincus, Robert/B-1723-2013 OI Pincus, Robert/0000-0002-0016-3470 NR 22 TC 161 Z9 165 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D13 AR 4376 DI 10.1029/2002JD003322 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 698MJ UT WOS:000184003100004 ER PT J AU Brinkmann, F Dam, NE Deak, E Durbiano, F Ferrara, E Fuko, J Jensen, HD Mariassy, M Shreiner, RH Spitzer, P Sudmeier, U Surdu, M Vyskocil, L AF Brinkmann, F Dam, NE Deak, E Durbiano, F Ferrara, E Fuko, J Jensen, HD Mariassy, M Shreiner, RH Spitzer, P Sudmeier, U Surdu, M Vyskocil, L TI Primary methods for the measurement of electrolytic conductivity SO ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Joint Conference of the International-Laboratory-Accreditation-Cooperation (ILAC)/International-Accreditation-Forum (IAF) CY SEP 23-24, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Internat Lab Accreditat Cooperat, Internat Accrediatat Forum DE electrolytic conductivity; metrology in chemistry; primary methods ID ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION; PRIMARY STANDARDS; KCL SOLUTIONS AB This paper surveys the state of the art for primary methods for the evaluation of electrolytic conductivity in aqueous solutions as they are currently carried out in several national metrological institutes (NMIs). The theoretical and practical basic knowledge of this measurement is described. Analysis of and comments on the different approaches are offered to give emphasis to technical difficulties and possible solutions. Further development is foreseeable, ensuring a common effort for the sharing of expertise that has been undertaken at the NMIs. In particular, improvements are expected towards traceable measurements of solutions with conductivity values lower than those actually standardized, down to the level of ultrapure water. C1 Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Nederlands Meet Inst, Delft, Netherlands. Danish Inst Fundamental Metrol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Orszagos Meresugyi Hivatal, Budapest, Hungary. Slovensky Metrol Ustav, Bratislava, Slovakia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. Ukrainian Ctr Stand, Kiev, Ukraine. RP Ferrara, E (reprint author), Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, Strada Cacce 91, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-1775 J9 ACCREDIT QUAL ASSUR JI Accredit. Qual. Assur. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 8 IS 7-8 BP 346 EP 353 DI 10.1007/s00769-003-0645-5 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 712QA UT WOS:000184807300007 ER PT J AU Carson, M Santay, D AF Carson, M Santay, D TI NIST Net - A linux-based network emulation tool SO ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER COMMUNICATION REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Testing of network protocols and distributed applications has become increasingly complex, as the diversity of networks and underlying technologies increase, and the adaptive behavior of applications becomes more sophisticated. In this paper, we present NIST Net, a tool to facilitate testing and experimentation with network code through emulation. NIST Net enables experimenters to model and effect arbitrary performance dynamics (packet delay, jitter, bandwidth limitations, congestion, packet loss and duplication) on live IP packets passing through a commodity Linux-based PC router. We describe the emulation capabilities of NIST Net; examine its architecture; and discuss some of the implementation challenges encountered in building such a tool to operate at very high network data rates while imposing minimal processing overhead. Calibration results are provided to quantify the fidelity and performance of NIST Net over a wide range of offered loads (up to 1 Gbps), and a diverse set of emulated performance dynamics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carson@nist.gov; santay@nist.gov NR 21 TC 141 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, NY 10121-0701 USA SN 0146-4833 EI 1943-5819 J9 ACM SIGCOMM COMP COM JI ACM SIGCOMM Comp. Commun. Rev. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 33 IS 3 BP 111 EP 126 DI 10.1145/956993.957007 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA 752JZ UT WOS:000187158500012 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Ives, LK Jahanmir, S AF Quinn, GD Ives, LK Jahanmir, S TI Fractography reveals maching cracks SO AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7812 J9 AM CERAM SOC BULL JI Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 9101 EP 9104 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 719DR UT WOS:000185188800032 ER PT J AU Kelly, WR Long, SE Mann, JL AF Kelly, WR Long, SE Mann, JL TI Determination of mercury in SRM crude oils and refined products by isotope dilution cold vapor ICP-MS using closed-system combustion SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mercury; SRM; crude oil; carius; ICP-Ms ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PETROLEUM; SULFUR; COAL AB Mercury was determined by isotope dilution cold-vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICP-MS) in four different liquid petroleum SRMs. Samples of approximately 0.3 g were spiked with stable Hg-201 and wet ashed in a closed system (Carius tube) using 6 g of high-purity nitric acid. Three different types of commercial oils were measured: two Texas crude oils, SRM 2721 (41.7+/-5.7 pg g(-1)) and SRM 2722 (129+/-13 pg g(-1)), a low-sulfur diesel fuel, SRM 2724b (34+/-26 pg g(-1)), and a low-sulfur residual fuel oil, SRM 1619b (3.5+/-0.74 ng g(-1)) (mean value and 95% CI). The Hg values for the crude oils and the diesel fuel are the lowest values ever reported for these matrices. The method detection limit, which is ultimately limited by method blank uncertainty, is approximately 10 pg g(-1) for a 0.3 g sample. Accurate Hg measurements in petroleum products are needed to assess the contribution to the global Hg cycle and may be needed in the near future to comply with reporting regulations for toxic elements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kelly, WR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 376 IS 5 BP 753 EP 758 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-1952-8 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 698UV UT WOS:000184018400031 PM 12802572 ER PT J AU Hunt, FY Kearsley, AJ Wan, HH AF Hunt, FY Kearsley, AJ Wan, HH TI An optimization approach to multiple sequence alignment SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE linear programming; sequencing; alignment AB The problem of multiple sequence alignment is recast as an optimization problem using Markov decision theory. One seeks to minimize the expected or average cost of alignment subject to data-derived constraints. In this setting, the problem is equivalent to a linear program which can be solved efficiently using modern interior-point methods. We present numerical results from an implementation of the algorithm for protein sequence alignment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIH, Natl Ctr Genome Res, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA. RP Hunt, FY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-9659 J9 APPL MATH LETT JI Appl. Math. Lett. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 5 BP 785 EP 790 AR PII S0893-9659(03)00083-1 DI 10.1016/S0893-9659(03)00083-1 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 692CW UT WOS:000183643700027 ER PT J AU Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM TI Monte Carlo modeling of an integrating sphere reflectometer SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION AB The Monte Carlo method has been applied to numerical modeling of an integrating sphere designed for hemispherical-directional reflectance factor measurements. It is shown that a conventional algorithm of backward ray tracing used for estimation of characteristics of the radiation field at a given point has slow convergence for small source-to-sphere-diameter ratios. A newly developed algorithm that substantially improves the convergence by calculation of direct source-induced irradiation for every point of diffuse reflection of rays traced is described. The method developed is applied to an integrating sphere reflectometer for the visible and infrared spectral ranges. Parametric studies of hemispherical radiance distributions for radiation incident onto the sample center were performed. The deviations of measured sample reflectance from the actual reflectance as a result of various factors were computed. The accuracy of the results, adequacy of the reflectance model, and other important aspects of the algorithm implementation are discussed. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prokhorov, AV (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hanssen@nist.gov NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 19 BP 3832 EP 3842 DI 10.1364/AO.42.003832 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 696RU UT WOS:000183901700021 PM 12868822 ER PT J AU Goldner, LS Fasolka, MJ Nougier, S Nguyen, HP Bryant, GW Hwang, JS Weston, KD Beers, KL Urbas, A Thomas, EL AF Goldner, LS Fasolka, MJ Nougier, S Nguyen, HP Bryant, GW Hwang, JS Weston, KD Beers, KL Urbas, A Thomas, EL TI Fourier analysis near-field polarimetry for measurement of local optical properties of thin films SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID COPOLYMER-HOMOPOLYMER BLENDS; DILUTE COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; MAGNETIC DOMAINS; FORBIDDEN LIGHT; LIQUID-CRYSTALS; POLARIZATION CONTRAST; PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; NANOSCALE ORDER; MICROSCOPY NSOM AB We present measurements of the local diattenuation and retardance of thin-film specimens by using techniques that combine near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and a novel polarization-modulation (PM) polarimetry utilizing Fourier analysis of the detected intensity signal. Generally, quantitative near-field polarimetry is hampered by the optical anisotropy of NSOM probes. For example, widely used aluminum-coated pulled-fiber aperture probes typically exhibit a diattenuation near 10%. Our analysis of aperture diattenuation. demonstrates that the usual techniques for nulling a PM polarimeter result in a nonzero residual probe retardance in the presence of a diattenuating tip. However, we show that both diattenuation and retardance of the sample can be determined if the corresponding tip properties are explicitly measured and accounted for in the data. In addition, in thin films (<100 nm thick), where the sample retardance and diattenuation are often small, we show how to determine these polarimetric quantities without requiring alignment of the fast and diattenuating axes, which is a more general case than has been previously discussed. We demonstrate our techniques by using two types of polymer-film specimens: ultrahigh molecular weight block copolymers (recently noted for their photonic activity) and isotactic polystyrene spherulites. Finally, we discuss how changes in the tip diattenuation during data collection can limit the accuracy of near-field polarimetry and what steps can be taken to improve these techniques. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 81 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 19 BP 3864 EP 3881 DI 10.1364/AO.42.003864 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 696RU UT WOS:000183901700024 PM 12868825 ER PT J AU Agardy, T Bridgewater, P Crosby, MP Day, J Dayton, PK Kenchington, R Laffoley, D McConney, P Murray, PA Parks, JE Peau, L AF Agardy, T Bridgewater, P Crosby, MP Day, J Dayton, PK Kenchington, R Laffoley, D McConney, P Murray, PA Parks, JE Peau, L TI Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE marine protected area; 'No take' marine reserve; biodiversity; conservation; sustainable use; multiple-use marine protected area ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; NEW-ZEALAND; RESERVES; ECOSYSTEMS; CONSERVATION; NETWORKS; SCIENCE; PARK AB 1. While conservationists, resource managers, scientists and coastal planners have recognized the broad applicability of marine protected areas (MPAs), they are often implemented without a firm understanding of the conservation science - both ecological and socio-economic - underlying marine protection. The rush to implement MPAs has set the stage for paradoxical differences of opinions in the marine conservation community. 2. The enthusiastic prescription of simplistic solutions to marine conservation problems risks polarization of interests and ultimately threatens bona fide progress in marine conservation. The blanket assignment and advocacy of empirically unsubstantiated rules of thumb in marine protection creates potentially dangerous targets for conservation science. 3. Clarity of definition, systematic testing of assumptions, and adaptive application of diverse MPA management approaches are needed so that the appropriate mix of various management tools can be utilized, depending upon specific goals and conditions. Scientists have a professional and ethical duty to map out those paths that are most likely to lead to improved resource management and understanding of the natural world, including the human element, whether or not they are convenient, politically correct or publicly magnetic. 4. The use of MPAs as a vehicle for promoting long-term conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity is in need of focus, and both philosophical and applied tune ups. A new paradigm arising out of integrated, multi-disciplinary science, management and education/outreach efforts must be adopted to help promote flexible, diverse and effective MPA management strategies. Given scientific uncertainties, MPAs should be designed so one can learn from their application and adjust their management strategies as needed, in the true spirit of adaptive management. 5. It is critical for the conservation community to examine why honest differences of opinion regarding MPAs have emerged, and recognize that inflexible attitudes and positions are potentially dangerous. We therefore discuss several questions - heretofore taken as implicit assumptions: (a) what are MPAs, (b) what purpose do MPAs serve, (c) are no-take MPAs the only legitimate MPAs, (d) should a single closed area target be set for all MPAs, and (e) how should policymakers and conservation communities deal with scientific uncertainty? Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Sound Seas, Bethesda, MD 20816 USA. UNESCO Man, Paris, France. Biosphere Program, Paris, France. NOAA, Washington, DC USA. Great Barrier Reef Marine Pk Author, Townsville, Qld, Australia. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Wollongong, Maritime Policy Ctr, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. English Nat, Peterborough, England. Caribbean Conservat Assoc, St Michael, Barbados. Org Eastern Caribbean States, Environm & Sustainable Dev Unit, Castries, St Lucia. World Resources Inst, Biol Resources Program, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Govt Amer Samoa, Dept Commerce, Pago Pago, AS USA. RP Agardy, T (reprint author), Sound Seas, Bethesda, MD 20816 USA. RI Day, Jon/H-3276-2016; OI Day, Jon/0000-0003-3906-0759; Parks, John/0000-0003-4363-3783 NR 60 TC 241 Z9 244 U1 13 U2 159 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 353 EP 367 DI 10.1002/aqc.583 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 709RK UT WOS:000184638000006 ER PT J AU Hewitt, RP Demer, DA Emery, JH AF Hewitt, RP Demer, DA Emery, JH TI An 8-year cycle in krill biomass density inferred from acoustic surveys conducted in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands during the austral summers of 1991-1992 through 2001-2002 SO AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Acoustics in Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP ICES, Inst Rech Dev, IFREMER, Acoust Soc Amer, UK Inst Acoust, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Soc Francaise Acoust DE krill; Antarctica; South Shetland Islands ID ANTARCTIC KRILL; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; ELEPHANT-ISLAND; MANAGING FISHERIES; RECRUITMENT; VARIABILITY; ABUNDANCE; GEORGIA; CONSERVATION; DISPERSION AB Data from single and multi-frequency active acoustic surveys conducted annually in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica were re-analyzed using updated procedures for delineating volume backscattering due to Antarctic krill, adjusting for signal contamination due to noise, and compensating for diel vertical migration of krill outside of the acoustic observation window. Intra-and inter-seasonal variations in krill biomass density and dispersion were derived from the re-processed data set for surveys conducted in the austral summers of 1991/1992 through 2001/2002. Estimated biomass density ranged from I to 60 g m(-2), decreasing from mid-range levels in 1991/1992 to a minimum in 1992/1993-1993/1994, increasing to a peak in 1996/1997-1997/1998, and decreasing again through 2000/2001-2001/2002. Although this variability may be attributed to changes in the spatial distribution of krill relative to the survey area, comparisons with the proportion of juvenile krill in simultaneous net samples suggest that the changes in biomass density are consistent with apparent changes in reproductive success. A truncated Fourier series fit to the biomass density time series is dominated by an 8-year cycle and predicts all increase in krill biomass density in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. This prediction is supported by an apparent association between cycles in the extent of sea ice cover and per-capita krill recruitment over the last 23 years and indications that ice cover in the winter of 2002 is seasonally early and extensive. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS and Ifremer/IRD/Inra/Cemagref. All rights reserved. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Hewitt, RP (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Antarctic Ecosyst Res Div, 8604 La Jolla Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 35 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 9 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0990-7440 J9 AQUAT LIVING RESOUR JI Aquat. Living Resour. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00019-6 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718HQ UT WOS:000185139400014 ER PT J AU Towler, RH Jech, JM Horne, JK AF Towler, RH Jech, JM Horne, JK TI Visualizing fish movement, behavior, and acoustic backscatter SO AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES Symposium on Acoustics in Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP ICES, Inst Rech Dev, IFREMER, Acoust Soc Amer, UK Inst Acoust, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Soc Francaise Acoust DE acoustics; backscatter; Kirchhoff-ray mode; target strength; visualization ID TARGET STRENGTH; DISTRIBUTIONS; MODELS AB Acoustic surveys of aquatic organisms are notorious for large data sets. Density distribution results from these surveys are traditionally graphed as two-dimensional plots. Increasing information content through wider acoustic frequency ranges or multiple angular perspectives has increased the amount and complexity of acoustic data. As humans are visually oriented, our ability to assimilate and understand information is limited until it is displayed. Computer visualization has extended acoustic data presentation beyond two dimensions but an ongoing challenge is to coherently summarize complex data. Our goal is to develop visualizations that portray frequency- and behavior-dependent backscatter of individual fish within aggregations. Incorporating individual fish behavior illustrates group dynamics and provides insight on the resulting acoustic backscatter. Object-oriented applications are used to visualize fish bodies and swimbladders, predicted Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) backscatter amplitudes, and fish swimming trajectories in three spatial dimensions over time. Through the visualization of empirical and simulated data, our goal is to understand how fish anatomy and behavior influence acoustic backscatter and to incorporate this information in acoustic data analyses. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS and lfremer/IRD/Inra/Cemagref. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Towler, RH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0990-7440 J9 AQUAT LIVING RESOUR JI Aquat. Living Resour. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00011-1 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718HQ UT WOS:000185139400023 ER PT J AU Harris, JM Oltmans, ST Bodeker, GE Stolarski, R Evans, RD Quincy, DM AF Harris, JM Oltmans, ST Bodeker, GE Stolarski, R Evans, RD Quincy, DM TI Long-term variations in total ozone derived from Dobson and satellite data SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE trend; growth rate; quasi-decadal variations; recovery; dynamical trend ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDES; TRENDS; LOSSES AB Total ozone growth rates are calculated using flexible 'tendency curves' that can follow ozone variations on all timescales greater than that of the quasi-biennial oscillation. This method improves on traditional trend analysis using straight line fits because it follows ozone variations more closely, providing visual information about the timing and global distribution of ozone variations. Results are compared from long-running Dobson sites and from two homogenized satellite data sets, one constructed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and the other developed at New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Although the most negative ozone trends in the Southern Hemisphere appear to be linked to polar vortex chemistry, those in the Northern Hemisphere have occurred between 35degreesN and 40degreesN and may be related to dynamical trends and/or chemistry on episodically occurring volcanic aerosols. A quasi-decadal cycle in total ozone was present since the mid-1920s and hence is independent of halogen chemistry. Its cause remains unknown. Including the deseasonalized and detrended local temperature in the ozone trend model decreases the standard error of the ozone trend over most of the globe. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, New Zealand. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harris, JM (reprint author), NOAA Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Evans, Robert/D-4731-2016; OI Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; Evans, Robert/0000-0002-8693-9769; Bodeker, Gregory/0000-0003-1094-5852 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 37 IS 23 BP 3167 EP 3175 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00347-9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 701UZ UT WOS:000184188500001 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE Lee, JW Craven, JP AF Brooks, HE Lee, JW Craven, JP TI The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE spatial distribution; severe thunderstorm; tornado ID DEEP CONVECTION; CLIMATOLOGY AB Proximity sounding analysis has long been a tool to determine environmental conditions associated with different kinds of weather events and to discriminate between them. It has been limited, necessarily, by the spatial and temporal distribution of soundings. The recent development of reanalysis datasets that cover the globe with spatial grid spacing on the order of 200 kin and temporal spacing every 6 h allows for the possibility of increasing the number of Proximity soundings by creating "pseudo-soundings." We have used the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis system to create soundings and find environmental conditions associated with significant severe thunderstorms (hail at least 5 cm in diameter, wind gusts at least 120 km h(-1), or a tornado of at least F2 damage) and to discriminate between significant tornadic and non-tornadic thunderstorm environments in the eastern United States for the period 1997-1999. Applying the relationships from that region to Europe and the rest of the globe, we have made estimates of the frequency of favorable conditions for significant severe thunderstorms. Southern Europe has the greatest frequency of significant severe thunderstorm environments, particularly over the Spanish plateau and the region east of the Adriatic Sea. Favorable significant tornadic environments are found in France and east of the Adriatic. Worldwide, favorable significant thunderstorm environments are concentrated in equatorial Africa, the central United States, southern Brazil and northern Argentina, and near the Himalayas. Tornadic environments are by far the most common in the central United States, with lesser areas in southern Brazil and northern Argentina. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013 OI Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452 NR 33 TC 160 Z9 169 U1 6 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 73 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00045-0 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600006 ER PT J AU Doswell, CA Evans, JS AF Doswell, CA Evans, JS TI Proximity sounding analysis for derechos and supercells: an assessment of similarities and differences SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE proximity soundings; derechos; supercells ID ENVIRONMENTS AB Proximity soundings (within 2 It and 167 km) of derechos (long-lived, widespread damaging convective windstorms) and supercells have been obtained. More than 65 derechos, accompanied by 115 proximity soundings, are identified during the years 1983 to 1993. The derechos have been divided into categories according to the synoptic situation: strong forcing (SF), weak forcing (WF), and "hybrid" cases (which are neither weakly nor strongly forced). Nearly 100 supercell proximity soundings have been found for the period 1998 to 2001, subdivided into nontornadic and tornadic supercells; tornadic supercells were further subdivided into those producing significant (>F1 rating) tornadoes and weak tornadoes (F0-F1 rating). WF derecho situations typically are characterized by warm, moist soundings with large convective available potential instability (CAPE) and relatively weak vertical wind shear. SF derechos usually have stronger wind shears, and cooler and less moist soundings with lower CAPE than the weakly forced cases. Most derechos exhibit strong storm-relative inflow at low levels. In WF derechos, this is usually the result of rapid convective system movement, whereas in SF derechos, storm-relative inflow at low levels is heavily influenced by relatively strong low-level windspeeds. "Hybrid" cases collectively are similar to an average of the SF and WF cases. Supercells occur in environments that are not all that dissimilar from those that produce SF derechos. It appears that some parameter combining instability and deep layer shear, such as the Energy-Helicity Index (EHI), can help discriminate between tornadic and nontornadic supercell situations. Soundings with significant tornadoes (F2 and greater) typically show high 0-1 km relative humidities, and strong 0-1 km shear. Results suggest it may not be easy to forecast the mode of severe thunderstorm activity (i.e., derecho versus supercell) on any particular day, given conditions that favor severe thunderstorm activity in general. It is possible that the convective initiation mechanism is an important factor, with linear initiation favoring derechos, whereas nonlinear forcing might favor supercells. Upper-level storm-relative flow in supercells tends to be rear-to-front, whereas for derechos, storm relative flow tends to be front-to-rear through a deep surface-based layer. However, knowing the storm-relative hodograph requires knowledge of storm motion, which can be a challenge to predict. These results generally imply that probabilistic forecasts of convective mode could be a successful strategy. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Doswell, CA (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 100 E Boyd,Room 1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 117 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00047-4 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600008 ER PT J AU Dotzec, N Grieser, J Brooks, HE AF Dotzec, N Grieser, J Brooks, HE TI Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE tornado; intensity distribution; statistical climatology; risk assessment ID WATERSPOUTS; CLIMATOLOGY; GUIDELINES AB We address the issue to determine an appropriate general functional shape of observed tornado intensity distributions. Recently, it was suggested that in the limit of long and large tornado records, exponential distributions over all positive Fujita or TORRO scale classes would result. Yet, our analysis shows that even for large databases observations contradict the validity of exponential distributions for weak (F0) and violent (F5) tornadoes. We show that observed tornado intensities can be much better described by Weibull distributions, for which an exponential remains a special case. Weibull fits in either v or F scale reproduce the observations significantly better than exponentials. In addition, we suggest to apply the original definition of negative intensity scales down to F-2 and T-4 (corresponding to v=0 m s(-1)) at least for climatological analyses. Weibull distributions allow for an improved risk assessment of violent tornadoes up to F6, and better estimates of total tornado occurrence, degree of underreporting and existence of subcritical tornadic circulations below damaging intensity. Therefore, our results are relevant for climatologists and risk assessment managers alike. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. DWD Deutsch Wetterdienst, D-63067 Offenbach, Germany. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Dotzec, N (reprint author), DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. NR 38 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 163 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00050-4 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600011 ER PT J AU Lakshmanan, V Rabin, R DeBrunner, V AF Lakshmanan, V Rabin, R DeBrunner, V TI Multiscale storm identification and forecast SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE multiscale; storm identification; forecast ID SATELLITE IMAGERY; NEURAL NETWORK; SEGMENTATION; RADAR; CLASSIFICATION; PRECIPITATION; ALGORITHM; WSR-88D AB We describe a recently developed hierarchical K-Means clustering method for weather images that can be employed to identify storms at different scales. We describe an error-minimization technique to identify movement between successive frames of a sequence and we show that we can use the K-Means clusters as the minimization template. A Kalman filter is used to provide smooth estimates of velocity at a pixel through time. Using this technique in combination with the K-Means clusters, we can identify storm motion at different scales and choose different scales to forecast based on the time scale of interest. The motion estimator has been applied both to reflectivity data obtained from the National Weather Service Radar (WSR-88D) and to cloud-top infrared temperatures obtained from GOES satellites. We demonstrate results on both these sensors. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Lakshmanan, V (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI DeBrunner, Victor/B-4414-2013 NR 31 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 367 EP 380 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00068-1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600023 ER PT J AU Setvak, M Rabin, RM Doswell, CA Levizzani, V AF Setvak, M Rabin, RM Doswell, CA Levizzani, V TI Satellite observations of convective storm tops in the 1.6, 3.7 and 3.9 mu m spectral bands SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE convective storm tops; satellites; spectral bands ID CIRRUS AB Spatial and temporal characteristics of convective storm tops observed in the 1.6, 3.7 or 3.9 mum and visible satellite spectral bands were examined. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations over Europe during the 1980s have shown that some storms exhibit a significant increase in the 3.7 mum cloud top reflectivity. Subsequent NOAA/AVHRR observations have shown that similar cloud top phenomena can be found as well for convective storms over the US Great Plains. The launch of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-8, 9 and 10 has enabled the study of the evolution of storm cloud top structures in a similar band (3.9 pm) with high temporal resolution. This imagery shows that the smallest areas of increased 3.9 mum reflectivity (within or above storm tops) appear and fade on the scale of a few minutes, although larger ones can persist for tens of minutes to several hours. Occasionally, cloud top structures resembling plumes have been observed above some of the storms, apparently emanating from cores of these. Selected cases of convective storms exhibiting an increase in the 3.9 mum reflectivity have been studied with respect to internal storm structure as observed by NEXRAD Doppler radars. This revealed that the spots or areas with increased 3.9 mum reflectivity were typically found above relatively weak radar echo regions, though close to storm cores. However, a few of these "spots" have appeared above a mesocyclone near the time of associated tornado touchdown, suggesting that these spots might be the result of relatively small ice crystals present near the top of strong updrafts. One case of high 3.9 mum reflectivity over an entire storm top has been recorded simultaneously by GOES-8 and GOES-9 on 22-23 May 1996. Some aspects of bidirectional scattering are evident from the differences in 3.9 mum reflectivity observed from these two satellites. Finally, the appearance of storm tops is compared from observations in the 3.7 or 3.9 mum bands with those in the AVHRR/3 1.6 mum band, which has been recently implemented on NOAA-KLM polar orbiting satellites. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Czech Hydrometeorol Inst, Satellite Dept, CZ-14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Natl Res Council, ISAC, CNR, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. RP Setvak, M (reprint author), Czech Hydrometeorol Inst, Satellite Dept, Na Sabatce 17, CZ-14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010; Levizzani, Vincenzo/A-9070-2013 OI Levizzani, Vincenzo/0000-0002-7620-5235 NR 21 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 607 EP 627 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00076-0 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600038 ER PT J AU Stumpf, GJ Smith, TM Thomas, C AF Stumpf, GJ Smith, TM Thomas, C TI The National Severe Storms Laboratory's contribution to severe weather warning improvement: multiple-sensor severe weather applications SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Conference on Severe Storms 2002 CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE National Severe Storms Laboratory; weather surveillance radar-1988 Doppler; severe weather application ID DETECTION ALGORITHM; WSR-88D AB The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) has played the primary role in the development and evaluation of U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) severe weather applications for the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). NSSL developed many of the primary detection algorithms for the radar, and is currently developing improvements to these algorithms. The traditional WSR-88D severe weather algorithms have been designed for use with a single-radar data source. Although the algorithm guidance has led to an improvement of the NWS severe weather warning statistics, it is understood that effective warning decisions can only be made via the integration of information from many sources, including input from multiple remote sensors (multiple radars, mesoscale models, satellite, lightning, etc.). Therefore, these traditional single-radar severe weather algorithms have been updated to take advantage of additional data sources in order to reduce the uncertainty of the measurements and increase the accuracy of the diagnoses of severe weather. The NSSL Warning Decision Support System-Integrated Information (WDSS-II) has provided an invaluable development environment to facilitate the development of these new applications. In just 1 year (2002), NSSL has converted its suite of single-radar severe weather detection algorithms to operate using multiple radars. NSSL has also developed a host of new radar diagnostic derivatives, including high-resolution gridded fields of vertically integrated liquid (VIL), probability of severe hail, maximum expected hail size, velocity-derived rotation, and velocity-derived divergence. Time integrated gridded fields of some of the above have also been developed, including hail swath information (maximum size and hail damage potential) and velocity-derived rotation tracks. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, OAR, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Ecole Natl Super Phys Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. RP Stumpf, GJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, NOAA, OAR, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 67-8 SI SI BP 657 EP 669 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)000079-6 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719ZN UT WOS:000185235600041 ER PT J AU Rood, SB Gourley, CR Ammon, EM Heki, LG Klotz, JR Morrison, ML Mosley, D Scoppettone, GG Swanson, S Wagner, PL AF Rood, SB Gourley, CR Ammon, EM Heki, LG Klotz, JR Morrison, ML Mosley, D Scoppettone, GG Swanson, S Wagner, PL TI Flows for floodplain forests: A successful riparian restoration SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE birds; cottonwoods; ecosystem restoration; river regulation ID COTTONWOOD SEEDLING RECRUITMENT; GREAT-PLAINS; RIVER; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS; ESTABLISHMENT; STREAMFLOW; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; ALBERTA AB Throughout the 20th century, the Truckee River that flows from Lake Tahoe into the Nevada desert was progressively dammed and dewatered, which led to the collapse of its aquatic and riparian ecosystems. The federal designation of the endemic cui-ui sucker (Chasmistes cujus) as endangered prompted a restoration program in the 1980s aimed at increasing spring flows to permit fish spawning. These flows did promote cui-ui reproduction, as well as an unanticipated benefit, the extensive seedling recruitment of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua). Recruitment was scattered in 1983 but extensive in 1987, when the hydrograph satisfied the riparian recruitment box model that had been developed for other rivers. That model was subsequently applied to develop flow prescriptions that were implemented from 1995 through 2000 and enabled further seedling establishment. The woodland recovery produced broad ecosystem benefits, as evidenced by the return by 1998 of 10 of 19 riparian bird species whose populations had been locally extirpated or had declined severely between 1868 and 1980. The dramatic partial recovery along this severely degraded desert river offers promise that the use of instream flow regulation can promote ecosystem restoration along other dammed rivers worldwide. C1 Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Nature Conservancy, Reno, NV 89501 USA. Great Basin Bird Observ, Reno, NV 89501 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Reno, NV 89502 USA. Univ Calif White Mt Res Stn, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Nixon, NV 89424 USA. US Geol Survey, Reno, NV 89502 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RP Rood, SB (reprint author), Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. OI Rood, Stewart/0000-0003-1340-1172 NR 38 TC 114 Z9 119 U1 5 U2 67 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 2003 VL 53 IS 7 BP 647 EP 656 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0647:FFFFAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 699XT UT WOS:000184082900009 ER PT J AU Hollingshead, AT Businger, S Draxler, R Porter, J Stevens, D AF Hollingshead, AT Businger, S Draxler, R Porter, J Stevens, D TI Dispersion modelling of the Kilauea plume SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HY-SPLIT; Kilauea volcano; regional spectral model; sulfate aerosol ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; HAWAII; GAS AB Emissions from the Kilauea volcano pose significant environmental and health risks to the Hawaiian community. This paper describes progress toward simulating the concentration and dispersion of plumes of volcanic aerosol after they emanate from the Pu'u O'o vent of the Kilauea volcano. In order to produce an accurate regional forecast of the concentration and dispersion of volcanic aerosol, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HY-SPLIT) model was used. Wind fields and thermodynamic data from the non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) were employed as input for the HY-SPLIT model. A combination of satellite remote sensing, aircraft, and ground-based observations collected during a field experiment was used to validate the model simulation of aerosol distribution. The HY-SPLIT model shows skill in reproducing the plume shape, orientation, and concentration gradients as deduced from satellite images of aerosol optical depth. Comparison of the modelled and observed values suggests that the model was able to produce reasonable plume concentrations and spatial gradients downwind of the source. Model concentrations were generally less than those observed on the leeward side of the Island of Hawaii. This deficiency may be explained by a lack of (i) background concentrations, (ii) local sources of pollution and/or (iii) sea-breeze circulation in the prognostic input wind field. These results represent early progress toward the goal of future operational application of the HY-SPLIT model to predict volcanic aerosol concentrations in Hawaii. This may help mitigate their negative impacts of plumes respiratory health, agriculture, and general aviation. C1 Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Businger, S (reprint author), Dept Meteorol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 108 IS 1 BP 121 EP 144 DI 10.1023/A:1023086823088 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 662JQ UT WOS:000181943900006 ER PT J AU Reynolds, D AF Reynolds, D TI Value-added quantitative precipitation forecasts - How valuable is the forecaster? SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE C1 NOAA, Forecast Operat Branch, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Reynolds, D (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 21 Grace Hopper Ave,Stop 5, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 84 IS 7 BP 876 EP 878 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-7-876 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 705YG UT WOS:000184424400005 ER PT J AU Fedorov, AV Harper, SL Philander, SG Winter, B Wittenberg, A AF Fedorov, AV Harper, SL Philander, SG Winter, B Wittenberg, A TI How predictable is El Nino? SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE; SINGULAR VECTOR ANALYSIS; WESTERLY WIND BURSTS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; OPTIMAL-GROWTH; COUPLED MODEL; LA-NINA; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC AB Nobody anticipated that El Nino would be weak and prolonged in 1992, but brief and intense in 1997/98. Why are various El Nino episodes so different, and so difficult to predict? The answer involves the important role played by random atmospheric disturbances (such as westerly wind bursts) in sustaining the weakly damped Southern Oscillation, whose complementary warm and cold phases are, respectively, El Nino and La Nina. As in the case of a damped pendulum sustained by modest blows at random times, so the predictability of El Nino is limited, not by the amplification of errors in initial conditions as in the case of weather, but mainly by atmospheric disturbances interacting with the Southern Oscillation. Given the statistics of the wind fluctuations, the probability distribution function of future sea surface temperature fluctuations in the eastern equatorial Pacific can be determined by means of an ensemble of calculations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Each member of the ensemble starts from the same initial conditions and has, superimposed, a different realization of the noise. Such a prediction, made at the end of 1996, would have assigned a higher likelihood to a moderate event than to the extremely strong event that actually occurred in 1997. (The rapid succession of several westerly wind bursts in early 1997 was a relatively rare phenomenon.) In late 2001, conditions were similar to those in 1996, which suggested a relatively high probability of El Nino appearing in 2002. Whether the event will be weak or intense depends on the random disturbances that materialize during the year. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Fedorov, AV (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Sayre Hall,POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010; Wittenberg, Andrew/G-9619-2013 OI Wittenberg, Andrew/0000-0003-1680-8963 NR 56 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 84 IS 7 BP 911 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-7-911 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 705YG UT WOS:000184424400018 ER PT J AU Penland, C AF Penland, C TI Noise out of chaos and why it won't go away SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AB It seems that stochastic climate models are beginning to be fashionable. In this article, current theories of where noise comes from, its relation to chaos, and how temperamental a numerical treatment of noise in a climate model can be are all discussed. There are ways of avoiding common pitfalls. C1 NOAA, R CDCI, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Penland, C (reprint author), NOAA, R CDCI, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 17 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 84 IS 7 BP 921 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-7-921 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 705YG UT WOS:000184424400019 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF Grosjean, M Graumlich, L AF Diaz, HF Grosjean, M Graumlich, L TI Climate variability and change in high elevation regions: Past, present and future SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article AB This special issue of Climatic Change contains a series of research and review articles, arising from papers that were presented and discussed at a workshop held in Davos, Switzerland on 25 - 28 June 2001. The workshop was titled 'Climate Change at High Elevation Sites: Emerging Impacts', and was convened to reprise an earlier conference on the same subject that was held in Wengen, Switzerland in 1995 ( Diaz et al., 1997). The Davos meeting had as its main goals, a discussion of the following key issues: ( 1) reviewing recent climatic trends in high elevation regions of the world, ( 2) assessing the reliability of various biological indicators as indicators of climatic change, and ( 3) assessing whether physical impacts of climatic change in high elevation areas are becoming evident, and to discuss a range of monitoring strategies needed to observe and to understand the nature of any changes. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Montana State Univ, Big Sky Inst, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Graumlich, Lisa/B-6830-2009; Graumlich, Lisa/A-1421-2012 OI Graumlich, Lisa/0000-0003-1239-1873 NR 10 TC 109 Z9 112 U1 4 U2 33 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1023/A:1024416227887 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 693EE UT WOS:000183702700001 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF Eischeid, JK Duncan, C Bradley, RS AF Diaz, HF Eischeid, JK Duncan, C Bradley, RS TI Variability of freezing levels, melting season indicators, and snow cover for selected high- elevation and continental regions in the last 50 years SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; TRENDS; ANDES; MOUNTAIN; QUALITY; SITES AB We have used NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data and a Northern Hemisphere snow cover data set to analyze changes in freezing level heights and snow cover for the past three to five decades. All the major continental mountain chains exhibit upward shifts in the height of the freezing level surface. The pattern of these changes is generally consistent with changes in snow cover, both over the course of the year and spatially. We examined different free-air temperature parameters ( dry bulb temperature, virtual temperature, and 700 - 500 hPa thickness) using the Reanalysis grid point values located over the different mountain areas as defined in this study. The different trend values were in reasonably good agreement with each other, particularly over the second half of the record. Freezing level changes in the American Cordillera are strongly modulated by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and the freezing level heights (FLH) respond to both interannual and decadal-scale change in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST). The similar to0.5degreesC increase in SST recorded in the tropical Pacific since the 1950s accounts for approximately half of the increase in FLH in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Cordilleran region during that same time. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 39 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 52 DI 10.1023/A:1024460010140 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 693EE UT WOS:000183702700003 ER PT J AU Seidel, DJ Free, M AF Seidel, DJ Free, M TI Comparison of lower-tropospheric temperature climatologies and trends at low and high elevation radiosonde sites SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ICE CORE EVIDENCE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; DECADAL VARIABILITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FREE-AIR; COLORADO; HEIGHTS AB Observations of rapid retreat of tropical mountain glaciers over the past two decades seem superficially at odds with observations of little or no warming of the tropical lower troposphere during this period. To better understand the nature of temperature and atmospheric freezing level variability in mountain regions, on seasonal to multidecadal time scales, this paper examines long-term surface and upper-air temperature observations from a global network of 26 pairs of radiosonde stations. Temperature data from high and low elevation stations are compared at four levels: the surface, the elevation of the mountain station surface, 1 km above the mountain station, and 2 km above the mountain station. Climatological temperature differences between mountain and low elevation sites show diurnal and seasonal structure, as well as latitudinal and elevational differences. Atmospheric freezing-level heights tend to decrease with increasing latitude, although maximum heights are found well north of the equator, over the Tibetan Plateau. Correlations of interannual anomalies of temperature between paired high and low elevation sites are relatively high at 1 or 2 km above the mountain station. But at the elevation of the station, or at the two surface elevations, correlations are lower, indicating decoupling of the boundary layer air from the free troposphere. Trends in temperature and freezing-level height are generally upward, both during 1979 - 2000 and during longer periods extending back to the late 1950s. However, some negative trends were found at extratropical locations. In many cases, statistically significant differences were found in trends at paired high and low elevation stations, with tropical pairs revealing more warming ( and greater increases in freezing-level height) at mountain stations than at low elevations. This result is consistent with both the observed retreat of tropical glaciers and the minimal change in tropics-wide tropospheric temperatures over the past two decades. Overall, the analysis suggests that, on diurnal, seasonal, interannual, and multidecadal time scales, temperature variations at mountain locations differ significantly from those at relatively nearby ( a few hundred kilometers) low elevation stations. These differences are greatest at the two surface levels, but can persist up to 2 km above the mountain site. Therefore, to determine the nature of climate variability at high elevation sites requires local observations, since large-scale patterns derived from low elevation observations may not be representative of the mountain regions. Conversely, temperature change in mountain regions should not be viewed as necessarily representative of global surface or tropospheric trends. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Seidel, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 24 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 74 DI 10.1023/A:1024459610680 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 693EE UT WOS:000183702700004 ER PT J AU Widmann, J Yang, JC Smith, TJ Manzello, SL Mulholland, GW AF Widmann, J Yang, JC Smith, TJ Manzello, SL Mulholland, GW TI Measurement of the optical extinction coefficients of postflame soot in the infrared SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE soot; extinction coefficient; radiation; smoke ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; SMOKE; TEMPERATURE; MORPHOLOGY; SPECTRUM AB The optical extinction coefficients of post-flame soot have been measured in the wavelength range 2.8 to 4.1 mum. A laminar diffusion burner was combined with an infrared spectrograph and gravimetric measurements to determine the mass specific extinction coefficient, sigma(s), and the dimensionless extinction coefficient, K-e. Using ethene gas as the fuel, the burner was operated at four global equivalence ratios (phi = 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) to examine the effect of the fuel-air ratio on the extinction coefficient. The extinction coefficient was found to decrease with increasing values of the global equivalence ratio for phi = 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. The results for phi = 0.8 and phi = 1.0 were in agreement to within the uncertainty of the measurements. Measurements were obtained using propane gas as the fuel (phi = 1.0) and resulted in extinction coefficients equivalent to those of ethene. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed differences in the morphology of the particles, consistent with the quantitative differences observed in the extinction data. The data indicate that the equivalence ratio has a strong effect on the optical properties of post-flame soot agglomerates. (C) 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Widmann, J (reprint author), Fluent Inc, 10 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JUL PY 2003 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00089-0 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 708BL UT WOS:000184546600010 ER PT J AU Zhang, A Wei, E Parker, BB AF Zhang, A Wei, E Parker, BB TI Optimal estimation of tidal open boundary conditions using predicted tides and adjoint data assimilation technique SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tidal open boundary estimation; tide gauge data; adjoint data assimilation; POM ID MODEL AB Lateral tidal open boundary conditions which force tides in the internal region are estimated by an adjoint data assimilation system which assimilates predicted coastal tidal elevations into a two-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model for the East Coast of the United States. Control variables are the harmonic constants (amplitude and phase) of tidal constituents (M-2, S-2, N-2, K-1, O-1) along the open boundary. The cost function is defined by the difference between predicted and model-simulated tidal elevations at coastal tide gauge locations. The limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno quasi-Newton method for large-scale optimization is implemented to minimize the cost function. Identical twin experiments are performed to verify the adjoint model and to examine sensitivity of model results to the number and spatial distribution of tide gauge stations. The results from the predicted tidal elevation assimilation experiments show that the simulated tidal elevations forced by the optimal open boundary conditions are more accurate than those forced by the open boundary conditions derived from Schwiderski's global tidal model. For M-2 constituent, the maximum RMS error at tide gauge stations with data assimilation is generally 14 cm and the minimum correlation coefficient is 0.96. For the nine open coastal stations, the RMS errors are less than 5 cm. The results from the experiment in which five tidal constituents are considered together show that the RMS errors at the nine open coastal stations are less than 7 cm, and the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.99. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, CSDL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zhang, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, CSDL, N-CS13,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 11-13 BP 1055 EP 1070 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(03)000105-5 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 718XU UT WOS:000185172400002 ER PT J AU Vermeij, MJA Engelen, AH Bak, RPM AF Vermeij, MJA Engelen, AH Bak, RPM TI Deep formations (50-80 m) of the solitary coral Phacelocyanthus flos on southern Caribbean reefs SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. RP Vermeij, MJA (reprint author), Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Engelen, Aschwin/M-3432-2013; Vermeij, Mark/B-2752-2013 OI Engelen, Aschwin/0000-0002-9579-9606; Vermeij, Mark/0000-0001-9612-9527 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUL PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 107 EP 108 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0297-2 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 698VF UT WOS:000184019500004 ER PT J AU Kapareiko, D Robohm, RA Ziskowski, J Sennefelder, GR AF Kapareiko, D Robohm, RA Ziskowski, J Sennefelder, GR TI Surface area and allometric growth relationships among major body parts of the American lobster, Homarus americanus SO CRUSTACEANA LA English DT Article ID SIZE AB This study was initiated to establish a relationship between carapace length (CL) and total surface area of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Approximately 20,000 width and height measurements were taken at 0.5 or 1.0-cm increments along body parts of 26 healthy, intermolt, female lobster representing nine size-class groups, with CL in the range of 2.0 to 17.5 cm. Circumferences were calculated at each increment using the formula for the length of a parabolic arc. Surface areas between the increments were calculated by applying Simpson's Rule to the Circumferences. The sum of these individual surface areas determined the total surface area of each lobster. The relationship between surface areas (cm(2)) and CL (cm) was found to be modeled by the power function: y = 12.6889x(1.9677), where y = total surface area for each lobster and x = carapace length. With reliable surface-area data, allometric relationships among eight body-part groups at various stages of lobster development were established and examined by ANCOVA methods. The slopes of the linear regressions of log(10) surface areas against log(10)CL for each of the eight body-part groups were tested simultaneously by ANCOVA methods and found to be heterogeneous. However, a complete, pair-wise ANCOVA analysis of these slopes revealed three clusters of body parts, each growing isometrically and with homogeneous slopes: (1) a central-core cluster, (2) an appendage cluster, and (3) a propulsion cluster. The propulsion cluster was formed from a statistical overlap of body parts between the core and appendage clusters. This work provided a formula for calculating total surface area for lobster based on a simple measurement of carapace length and, for the first time, showed allometric relationships among body parts based on surface-area for various size classes of the American lobster. This surface area formula currently is being used to develop a shell-disease severity index based on lesion area for lobster taken during an earlier study of shell-disease prevalence. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Kapareiko, D (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM Diane.Kapareiko@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0011-216X J9 CRUSTACEANA JI Crustaceana PD JUL PY 2003 VL 76 BP 769 EP 780 DI 10.1163/15685400360730570 PN 7 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 760JV UT WOS:000187808600001 ER PT J AU Weinberg, JR Keith, C AF Weinberg, JR Keith, C TI Population size-structure of harvested deep-sea red crabs (Chaceon quinquedens) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean SO CRUSTACEANA LA English DT Article ID GERYON-QUINQUEDENS; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; FISHERIES; BRACHYURA; DECAPODA; STOCKS; SMITH AB The deep-sea red crab, Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879) (formerly genus Geryon) lives in the Atlantic Ocean on the outer continental shelf and slope of North America. Since the mid-1970's, these crabs have been harvested commercially from southern New England, U.S.A. The fishery has targeted large males because males grow larger than females. Most of the commercial harvest has been from depths shallower than 500 m. A primary purpose of this paper is to describe the size-structure of males and females in the red crab population off southern New England using data from surveys carried out in 1974, which was before the fishery, and in 2001. For each gender, data from the two surveys were analysed with loglinear models using three size classes of red crabs (small, 65-99 rum carapace width; medium, 100-119 mm; large, greater than or equal to 120 mm), three depth zones (200-349 M, 350-499 m, 500-750 m), and two years. In the 350-499 m depth zone, the proportion of large males in the population was significantly higher in 1974 (0.38) than in 2001 (0.25). In the other two depth zones, there was not a significant change in male size-structure between times. In contrast with results for male crabs in the 350-499 m depth zone, the proportion of medium and large females at this depth was significantly higher in 2001 (0.55) than in 1974 (0.30). A second purpose of our research was to determine whether the relationship between body weight and carapace size changed over time. For a given body size, average male body weight declined over time. There was no temporal trend in average female body weight. Commercial harvesting is likely to be one factor responsible for the changes in male red crab size-structure and body weight over time. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Weinberg, JR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM James.Weinberg@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0011-216X EI 1568-5403 J9 CRUSTACEANA JI Crustaceana PD JUL PY 2003 VL 76 BP 819 EP 833 DI 10.1163/15685400360730606 PN 7 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 760JV UT WOS:000187808600004 ER PT J AU Vaillancourt, RD Marra, J Seki, MP Parsons, ML Bidigare, RR AF Vaillancourt, RD Marra, J Seki, MP Parsons, ML Bidigare, RR TI Impact of a cyclonic eddy on phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic competency in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE mesoscale processes; cyclonic eddies; phytoplankton; biological-physical coupling; variable fluorescence; photosynthetic quantum yield; diazotrophic diatoms; subtropical North Pacific Ocean ID QUANTUM YIELD; SARGASSO SEA; OLIGOTROPHIC WATERS; NITROGEN LIMITATION; ENERGY-CONVERSION; ATLANTIC OCEAN; SURFACE WATERS; STATION ALOHA; VARIABILITY; FLUORESCENCE AB A synoptic spatial examination of the eddy Haulani (17-20 November 2000) revealed a structure typical of Hawaiian cyclonic eddies with divergent surface flow forcing the upward displacement of deep waters, Hydrographic surveys revealed that surface water in the eddy center was ca. 3.5degreesC cooler, 0.5 saltier, and 1.4 kg m(-3) denser than surface waters outside the eddy. Vertically integrated concentrations of nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and silicate were enhanced over out-eddy values by about 2-fold, and nitrate+nitrite concentrations were ca. 8 x greater within the euphotic zone inside the eddy than outside. Si:N ratios were lower within the upper mixed layer of the eddy, indicating an enhanced Si uptake relative to nitrate+nitrite. Chlorophyll a concentrations were higher within the eddy compared to control stations outside, when integrated over the upper 150 m, but were not significantly different when integrated over the depth of the euphotic zone. Photosynthetic competency, assessed using fast repetition-rate fluorometry, varied with the doming of the isopycnals and the supply of macro-nutrients to the euphotic zone. The physical and chemical environment of the eddy selected for the accumulation of larger phytoplankton species. Photosynthetic bacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus) and small (<3 μm diameter) photosynthetic eukaryotes were 3.6-fold more numerically abundant outside the eddy as compared to inside. Large photosynthetic eukaryotes (>3 mum diameter) were more abundant inside the eddy than outside. Diatoms of the genera Rhizosolenia and Hemiaulus outside the eddy contained diazotrophic endosymbiontic cyanobacteria, but these endosymbionts were absent from the cells of these species inside the eddy. The increase in cell numbers of large photosynthetic eukaryotes with hard silica or calcite cell walls is likely to have a profound impact on the proportion of the organic carbon production that is exported to deep water by sinking of senescent cells and cells grazed by herbivorous zooplankton and repackaged as large fecal pellets. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96819 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vaillancourt, RD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Marine Biol Room 2B,61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM vaillanc@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 50 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 50 IS 7 BP 829 EP 847 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00059-1 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 767NZ UT WOS:000188458500001 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Smith, DT Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC AF Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Smith, DT Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC TI Effects of different whiskers on the reinforcement of dental resin composites SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental resin composite; whisker; reinforcement mechanisms; strength; fracture toughness; elastic modulus; brittleness ID BIS-GMA RESIN; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; RESTORATIVE RESINS; FIBER COMPOSITES; SILICON-NITRIDE; HUMAN ENAMEL; INDENTATION; HARDNESS; STRENGTH; MODULUS AB Objective. Whiskers were recently used to reinforce dental composites to extend their use to large stress-bearing restorations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of whiskers on composite properties. Methods. Silicon nitride and silicon carbide whiskers were each mixed with silica particles at whisker/silica mass ratios of 0:1, 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, and 1:0, and thermally treated. The composite was heat-cured at 140 degreesC. Strength and fracture toughness were measured in flexure, while elastic modulus and hardness were measured with nano-indentation. Results. Both whisker type and whisker/silica ratio had significant effects on composite properties (two-way ANOVA; p < 0.001). Silicon nitride whiskers increased the composite strength and toughness more than did silicon carbide. Silicon carbide whiskers increased the modulus and hardness more than silicon nitride did. The silicon nitride whisker composite reached a strength (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of 246 +/- 33 MPa at whisker/silica of 1:1, while the silicon carbide whisker composite reached 210 +/- 14 MPa at 5:1. Both were significantly higher than 114 +/- 18 MPa of a prosthetic control and 109 +/- 23 MPa of an inlay/onlay control (Tukey's multiple comparison test; family confidence coefficient = 0.95). Fracture toughness and work-of-fracture were also increased by a factor of two. Higher whisker/silica ratio reduced the composite brittleness to 1/3 that of the inlay/onlay control. Significance. Whisker type and whisker/silica ratio are key microstructural parameters that determine the composite properties. Reinforcement with silica-fused whiskers results in novel dental composites that possess substantially higher strength and fracture toughness, and lower brittleness than the non-whisker control composites. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8546,Bldg 224,Room A-153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [R29 DE12476] NR 46 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 5 BP 359 EP 367 AR PII S0109-5641(02)00078-7 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00078-7 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 680EX UT WOS:000182964300003 PM 12742430 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI Influence of long gravity waves on wind velocity in the near-water layer and feasibility of early Tsunami detection SO DOKLADY EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FLOW C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. David Skaggs Res Ctr, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Mail Code R-ETI,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1028-334X J9 DOKL EARTH SCI JI Dokl. Earth Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 391A IS 6 BP 841 EP 844 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 716GA UT WOS:000185019400016 ER PT J AU Squires, D Grafton, RQ Alam, MF Omar, IH AF Squires, D Grafton, RQ Alam, MF Omar, IH TI Technical efficiency in the Malaysian gill net artisanal fishery SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID FRONTIER PRODUCTION FUNCTION; INEFFICIENCY; SPECIFICATION AB Artisanal fishing communities include some of the 'poorest of the poor'. Using data from gill net fishers in Malaysia, the paper presents the first technical efficiency study of an artisanal fishery and finds that artisanal fishers are poor, but enjoy a high level of technical efficiency. If the relatively high levels of technical efficiency found in the Malaysian gill net fishery existed in other artisanal fisheries, it suggests that targeted development assistance that has traditionally been focussed on the harvesting sector may be better directed to other priorities in artisanal fishing communities. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. RP Squires, D (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RI Grafton, R. Quentin/A-5277-2008 OI Grafton, R. Quentin/0000-0002-0048-9083 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 1355-770X J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON JI Environ. Dev. Econ. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 8 BP 481 EP 504 DI 10.1017/S1355770X03000263 PN 3 PG 24 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 702XY UT WOS:000184251100005 ER PT J AU Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP LaRae, AL AF Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP LaRae, AL TI Innate and enhanced predator recognition in hatchery-reared chinook salmon SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; anti-predator conditioning; fright response ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FATHEAD MINNOWS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; NORTHERN PIKE; ESOX-LUCIUS; ACQUIRED RECOGNITION; JUVENILE CHINOOK; CHEMICAL STIMULI; ATLANTIC SALMON; COHO SALMON AB We used a laboratory behaviour assay to investigate how innate predator recognition, handling stress, retention time, and number of conditioning events might affect chemically mediated anti-predator conditioning for hatchery-reared chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Juvenile chinook salmon with no prior exposure to predatory stimuli exhibited innate fright responses to northern pikeminnow, Ptychocheilis oregonensis, odour, regardless of whether the salmon came from a population that exists in sympatry or allopatry with northern pikeminnows. Juvenile chinook salmon exhibited enhanced predator recognition following a single conditioning event with conspecific extract and northern pikeminnow odour. Handling similar to what hatchery salmon might experience prior to release did not substantially reduce the conditioned response. When we conditioned juvenile chinook salmon in hatchery rearing vessels, fish from tanks treated once exhibited a conditioned response to northern pikeminnow odour in aquaria, but only for one behaviour ( feeding response), and fish treated twice did not respond. The results suggest that enhanced recognition of predator stimuli occurs quickly, but may be to some extent context-specific, which may limit conditioned fright responses after release into the natural environment. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Gladstone, OR 97027 USA. RP Berejikian, BA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 32 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 26 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUL PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1023/A:1025887015436 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 724AF UT WOS:000185463400003 ER PT J AU Neuman, JA Ryerson, TB Huey, LG Jakoubek, R Nowak, JB Simons, C Fehsenfeld, FC AF Neuman, JA Ryerson, TB Huey, LG Jakoubek, R Nowak, JB Simons, C Fehsenfeld, FC TI Calibration and evaluation of nitric acid and ammonia permeation tubes by UV optical absorption SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACE GASES; HNO3; AIR AB An ultraviolet (UV) optical absorption system has been developed for absolute calibrations of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) permeation tube emission rates. Using this technique, dilute mixtures containing NH3 or HNO3, both of which interact strongly with many surfaces, are accurately measured at levels below a part per million by volume. This compact and portable instrument operates continuously and autonomously to rapidly (< 1 h) quantify the emission of trace gases from permeation devices that are commonly used to calibrate air-monitoring instruments. The output from several HNO3 and NH3 permeation tubes, with emission rates that ranged between 13 and 150 ng/min, was examined as a function of temperature, pressure, and carrier gas flow. Absorptions of 0.015% can be detected which allows a precision (3sigma) of +/-1 ng/min for the HNO3 and NH3 permeation tubes studied here. The accuracy of the measurements, which relies on published UV absorption cross sections, is estimated to be +/-10%. Measurements of permeation tube emission rates using ion chromatography analysis are made to further assess measurement accuracy. The output from the HNO3 and NH3 permeation tubes examined here was stable over the study period, which ranged between 3 months and 1 year for each permeation tube. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM neuman@al.noaa.gov RI Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; NR 17 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 6 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 13 BP 2975 EP 2981 DI 10.1021/es0264221 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 697ZT UT WOS:000183973700040 PM 12875403 ER PT J AU Cooke, MS Evans, MD Dizdaroglu, M Lunec, J AF Cooke, MS Evans, MD Dizdaroglu, M Lunec, J TI Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE reactive oxygen species; repair ID BASE EXCISION-REPAIR; TRANSCRIPTION-COUPLED REPAIR; COLI ENDONUCLEASE-III; SYSTEMIC-LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; RADICAL-INDUCED FORMATION; CYTOSINE-DERIVED LESIONS; SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA; HUMAN CELL-EXTRACTS; HUMAN MUTY HOMOLOG; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB Oxidative DNA damage is an inevitable consequence of cellular metabolism, with a propensity for increased levels following toxic insult. Although more than 20 base lesions have been identified, only a fraction of these have received appreciable study, most notably 8-oxo-2' deoxyguanosine. This lesion has been the focus of intense research interest and been ascribed much importance, largely to the detriment of other lesions. The present work reviews the basis for the biological significance of oxidative DNA damage, drawing attention to the multiplicity of proteins with repair activities along with a number of poorly considered effects of damage. Given the plethora of ( often contradictory) reports describing pathological conditions in which levels of oxidative DNA damage have been measured, this review critically addresses the extent to which the in vitro significance of such damage has relevance for the pathogenesis of disease. It is suggested that some shortcomings associated with biomarkers, along with gaps in our knowledge, may be responsible for the failure to produce consistent and definitive results when applied to understanding the role of DNA damage in disease, highlighting the need for further studies. C1 Univ Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirm, Univ Hosp Leicester NHS Trust, Dept Clin Biochem,Oxidat Stress Grp, Leicester LE2 7LX, Leics, England. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cooke, MS (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirm, Univ Hosp Leicester NHS Trust, Dept Clin Biochem,Oxidat Stress Grp, Leicester LE2 7LX, Leics, England. EM msc5@1e.ac.uk RI Cooke, Marcus/D-4517-2013; OI Cooke, Marcus/0000-0003-0369-862X NR 175 TC 1354 Z9 1408 U1 35 U2 202 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 17 IS 10 BP 1195 EP 1214 DI 10.1096/fj.02-0752rev PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 706TR UT WOS:000184471600032 PM 12832285 ER PT J AU Hanselman, DH Quinn, TJ Lunsford, C Heifetz, J Clausen, D AF Hanselman, DH Quinn, TJ Lunsford, C Heifetz, J Clausen, D TI Applications in adaptive cluster sampling of Gulf of Alaska rockfish SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EFFICIENCY; ABUNDANCE AB Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) has been the subject of many publications about sampling aggregated populations. Choosing the criterion value that invokes ACS remains problematic. We address this problem using data from a June 1999 ACS survey for rockfish, specifically for Pacific ocean perch (,Sebastes alutus), and for shortraker (S. borealis) and rougheye (S. aleutianus) rockfish combined. Our hypotheses were that ACS would outperform simple random sampling (SRS) for S. alutus and would be more applicable for S. alutus than for S. borealis and S. aleutianus combined because populations of S. alutus are thought to be more aggregated. Three alternatives for choosing a criterion value were investigated. We chose the strategy that yielded the lowest criterion value and simulated the higher criterion values with the data after the survey. Systematic random sampling was conducted across the whole area to determine the lowest criterion value, and then a new systematic random sample was taken with adaptive sampling around each tow that exceeded the fixed criterion value. ACS yielded gains in precision (SE) over SRS. Bootstrapping showed that the distribution of an ACS estimator is approximately normal, whereas the SRS sampling distribution is skewed and bimodal. Simulation showed that a higher criterion value results in substantially less adaptive sampling with little tradeoff in precision. When time-efficiency was examined, ACS quickly added more samples, but sampling edge units caused this efficiency to be lessened, and the gain in efficiency did not measurably affect our conclusions. ACS for S. alutus should be incorporated with a fixed criterion value equal to the top quartile of previously collected survey data. The second hypothesis was confirmed because ACS did not prove to be more effective for S. borealis-S. aleutianus. Overall, our ACS results were not as optimistic as those previously published in the literature, and indicate the need for further study of this sampling method. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hanselman, DH (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11275 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 501 EP 513 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200004 ER PT J AU Jagielo, T Hoffmann, A Tagart, J Zimmermann, M AF Jagielo, T Hoffmann, A Tagart, J Zimmermann, M TI Demersal groundfish densities in trawlable and untrawlable habitats off Washington: implications for the estimation of habitat bias in trawl surveys SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ROCKFISH SEBASTES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PISCES-IV; FISH; ABUNDANCE; ASSOCIATIONS AB Demersal groundfish densities were estimated by conducting a visual strip-transect survey via manned submersible on the continental shelf off Cape Flatter,, Washington. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the statistical sampling power of the submersible survey as a tool to discriminate density differences between trawlable and untrawlable habitats. A geophysical map of the study area was prepared with side-scan sonar imagery, multibeam bathymetry data, and known locations of historical NMFS trawl survey events. Submersible transects were completed at randomly selected dive sites located in each habitat type. Significant differences in density between habitats were observed for lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus), and tiger rockfish (S. nigrocinctus) individually, and for "all rockfish" and ball flatfish" in the aggregate. Flatfish were more than ten times as abundant in the trawlable habitat samples than in the untrawlable samples, whereas rockfish as a group were over three times as abundant in the untrawlable habitat samples. Guidelines for sample sizes and implications for the estimation of the continental shelf trawl-survey habitat-bias are considered. We demonstrate an approach that can be used to establish sample size guidelines for future work by illustrating the inter-play between statistical sampling power and 1) habitat specific-density differences, 2) variance of density differences, and 3) the proportion of untrawlable area in a habitat. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jagielo, T (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 545 EP 565 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200007 ER PT J AU Loughlin, TR Sterling, JT Merrick, RL Sease, JL York, AE AF Loughlin, TR Sterling, JT Merrick, RL Sease, JL York, AE TI Diving behavior of immature Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; DECLINING POPULATION; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SATELLITE; FEMALE; ALASKA; TELEMETRY; VARIABILITY; TRACKING AB Understanding the ontogenetic relationship between juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their foraging habitat is key to understanding their relationship to available prey and ultimately their survival. We summarize dive and movement data from 13 young-of-the-year (YOY) and 12 yearling Steller sea lions equipped with satellite dive recorders in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands (n=18), and Washington (n=7) from 1994 to 2000. A total of 1413 d of transmission (x=56.5 d, range: 14.5-104.1 d) were received. We recorded 222,073 dives, which had a mean depth of 18.4 m (range of means: 5.8-67.9 m; SD=16.4). Alaska YOY dived for shorter periods and at shallower depths (mean depth=7.7 m, mean duration=0.8 min, mean maximum depth=25.7 m, and maximum depth=252 m) than Alaska yearlings (x=16.6 m, 0=1.1 min, x= 63.4 m, 288 m), whereas Washington yearlings dived the longest and deepest (mean depth=39.4 m, mean duration=1.8 min, mean maximum depth=144.5 m, and maximum depth= 328 m). Mean distance for 564 measured trips was 16.6 km; for sea lions less than or equal to10 months of age, trip distance (7.0 km) was significantly less than for those >10 months of age (24.6 km). Mean trip duration for 10 of the 25 sea lions was 12.1 h; for sea lions <10 months of age, trip duration was 7.5 h and 18.1 h for those >10 months of age. We identified three movements types: long-range trips (>15 km and >20 h), short-range trips (<15 km and <20 h) during which the animals left and returned to the same site, and transits to other haul-out sites. Long-range trips started around 9 months of age and occurred most frequently around the assumed time of weaning, whereas short-range trips happened almost daily (0.9 trips/day, n=426 trips). Transits began as early as 7 months of age, occurred more often after 9 months of age, and ranged between 6.5 and 454 km. The change in dive characteristics coincided with the assumed onset of weaning. These yearling sea lion movement patterns and dive characteristics suggest that immature Steller sea lions are as capable of making the same types of movements as adults. C1 NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mamaml Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Loughlin, TR (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mamaml Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 46 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 566 EP 582 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200008 ER PT J AU Mullin, KD Fulling, GL AF Mullin, KD Fulling, GL TI Abundance of cetaceans in the southern US North Atlantic Ocean during summer 1998 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; AERIAL AB The US. Marine Mammal Protection Act requires that the abundance of marine mammals in U.S. waters be assessed. Because this requirement had not been met for a large portion of the North Atlantic Ocean (U.S. waters south of Maryland), a ship-based, line-transect survey was conducted with a 68 m research ship between Maryland (38.00degreesN) and central Florida (28.00degreesN) from the 10-m isobath to the boundary of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. The study area (573,000 km(2)) was surveyed between 8 July and 17 August 1998. Minimum abundance estimates were based on 4163 km of effort and 217 sightings of at least 13 cetacean species and other taxonomic categories. The most commonly sighted species (number of groups) were bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (38); sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus (29); Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis (28); and Risso's dolphins, Grampus griseus (22). The most abundant species (abundance; coefficient of variation) were Atlantic spotted dolphins (14,438; 0.63); bottlenose dolphins (13,085; 0.40); pantropical spotted dolphins, S. attenuata (12,747; 0.56); striped dolphins, S. coeruleoalba (10,225; 0.91); and Risso's dolphins (9533; 0.50). The abundance estimate for the Clymene dolphin, S. clymene (6086; 0.93), is the first for the U.S. Atlantic Ocean. Sperm whales were the most abundant large whale (1181; 0.51). Abundances for other species or taxonomic categories ranged from 20 to 5109. There were an estimated 77,139 (0.23) cetaceans in the study area. Bottlenose dolphins and Atlantic spotted dolphins were encountered primarily in continental shelf (<200 m) and continental slope waters (200-2000 m). All other species were generally sighted in oceanic waters (>200 m). The distribution of some species varied north to south. Striped dolphins, Clymene dolphins, and sperm whales were sighted primarily in the northern part of the study area; whereas pantropical spotted dolphins were sighted primarily in the southern portion. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Mullin, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 603 EP 613 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200011 ER PT J AU Skomal, GB Natanson, LJ AF Skomal, GB Natanson, LJ TI Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CARCHARHINUS-OBSCURUS; DUSKY SHARK; WHITETIP SHARK; VALIDATED AGE; SOUTH-AFRICA; EAST-COAST; WATERS; REPRODUCTION; PARAMETERS AB Age and growth estimates for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) were derived from 411 vertebral centra and 43 tag-recaptured blue sharks collected in the North Atlantic, ranging in length from 49 to 312 em fork length (FL). The vertebrae of two oxytetracycline-injected recaptured blue sharks support an annual spring deposition of growth bands in the vertebrae in sharks up to 192 cm FL. Males and females were aged to 16 and 15 years, respectively, and full maturity is attained by 5 years of age in both sexes. Both sexes grew similarly to age seven, when growth rates decreased in males and remained constant in females. Growth rates from tag-recaptured individuals agreed with those derived from vertebral annuli for smaller sharks but appeared overestimated for larger sharks. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L-x = 282 cm FL, K = 0.18, and t(0) = -1.35 for males, and L-x = 310 em FL, K = 0.13, and t(0) = -1.77 for females. The species grows faster and has a shorter life span than previously reported for these waters. C1 Massachusetts Div Marine Fisheries, Marthas Vineyard Res Stn, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Skomal, GB (reprint author), Massachusetts Div Marine Fisheries, Marthas Vineyard Res Stn, POB 68, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 USA. NR 62 TC 51 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 16 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 627 EP 639 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200013 ER PT J AU Teel, DJ Van Doornik, DM Kuligowski, DR Grant, WS AF Teel, DJ Van Doornik, DM Kuligowski, DR Grant, WS TI Genetic analysis of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off Oregon and Washington reveals few Columbia River wild fish SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MINISATELLITE DNA VARIATION; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; MICROSATELLITE; POPULATIONS; PROPORTION; PROGRAM; LOCI AB Little is known about the ocean distributions of wild juvenile coho salmon off the Oregon-Washington coast. In this study we report tag recoveries and genetic mixed-stock estimates of juvenile fish caught in coastal waters near the Columbia River plume. To support the genetic estimates, we report an allozyme-frequency baseline for 89 wild and hatchery-reared coho salmon spawning populations, extending from northern California to southern British Columbia. The products of 59 allozyme-encoding loci were examined with starch-gel electrophoresis. Of these, 56 loci were polymorphic, and 29 loci had P-0.95 levels of polymorphism. Average heterozygosities within populations ranged from 0.021 to 0.046 and averaged 0.033. Multidimensional scaling of chord genetic distances between samples resolved nine regional groups that were sufficiently distinct for genetic mixed-stock analysis. About 2.9% of the total gene diversity was due to differences among populations within these regions, and 2.6% was due to differences among the nine regions. This allele-frequency data base was used to estimate the stock proportions of 730 juvenile coho salmon in offshore samples collected from central Oregon to northern Washington in June and September-October 1998-2000. Genetic mixed-stock analysis, together with recoveries of tagged or fin-clipped fish, indicates that about one half of the juveniles came from Columbia River hatcheries. Only 22% of the ocean-caught juveniles were wild fish, originating largely from coastal Oregon and Washing-ton rivers (about 20%). Unlike previous studies of tagged juveniles, both tag recoveries and genetic estimates indicate the presence of fish from British Columbia and Puget Sound in southern waters. The most salient feature of genetic mixed stock estimates was the paucity of wild juveniles from natural populations in the Columbia River Basin. This result reflects the large decrease in the abundances of these populations in the last few decades. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Teel, DJ (reprint author), Manchester Res Lab, 7305 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 640 EP 652 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200014 ER PT J AU Terceiro, M AF Terceiro, M TI The statistical properties of recreational catch rate data for some fish stocks off the northeast US coast SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; UNIT EFFORT; MODELS AB Recreational fisheries in the waters off the northeast U.S. target a variety of pelagic and demersal fish species, and catch and effort data sampled from recreational fisheries are a critical component of the information used in resource evaluation and management. Standardized indices of stock abundance developed from recreational fishery catch rates are routinely used in stock assessments. The statistical properties of both simulated and empirical recreational fishery catch-rate data such as those collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey (MRFSS) are examined, and the potential effects of different assumptions about the error structure of the catch-rate frequency distributions in computing indices of stock abundance are evaluated. Recreational fishery catch distributions sampled by the MRFSS are highly contagious and overdispersed in relation to the normal distribution and are generally best characterized by the Poisson or negative binomial distributions. The modeling of both the simulated and empirical MRFSS catch rates indicates that one may draw erroneous conclusions about stock trends by assuming the wrong error distribution in procedures used to developed standardized indices of stock abundance. The results demonstrate the importance of considering not only the overall model fit and significance of classification effects, but also the possible effects of model misspecification, when determining the most appropriate model construction. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Terceiro, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 653 EP 672 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200015 ER PT J AU Powell, AB AF Powell, AB TI Larval abundance, distribution, and spawning habits of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SNAPPER LUTJANUS-GRISEUS; EARLY LIFE-HISTORY; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; ADJACENT WATERS; ICHTHYOPLANKTON; SEATROUT; FISHES C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Powell, AB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 101 IS 3 BP 704 EP 711 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 707WE UT WOS:000184532200020 ER PT J AU Nijssen, B Bowling, LC Lettenmaier, DP Clark, DB El Maayar, M Essery, R Goers, S Gusev, YM Habets, F van den Hurk, B Jin, JM Kahan, D Lohmann, D Ma, XY Mahanama, S Mocko, D Nasonova, O Niu, GY Samuelsson, P Schmakin, AB Takata, K Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Xia, YL Xue, YK Yang, ZL AF Nijssen, B Bowling, LC Lettenmaier, DP Clark, DB El Maayar, M Essery, R Goers, S Gusev, YM Habets, F van den Hurk, B Jin, JM Kahan, D Lohmann, D Ma, XY Mahanama, S Mocko, D Nasonova, O Niu, GY Samuelsson, P Schmakin, AB Takata, K Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Xia, YL Xue, YK Yang, ZL TI Simulation of high latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix basin: PILPS phase 2(e) - 2: Comparison of model results with observations SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE Tome-Kalix basin; PILPS phase 2(e); hydrological processes ID PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES PILPS; SNOW; PROJECT AB Model results from 21 land-surface schemes (LSSs) designed for use in numerical weather prediction and climate models are compared with each other and with observations in the context of the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(e) model intercomparison experiment. This experiment focuses on simulations of land-surface water and energy fluxes in the 58,000-km(2) Tome and Kalix river systems in northern Scandinavia, during the period 1989-1998. All models participating in PILPS Phase 2(e) capture the broad dynamics of snowmelt and runoff, but large differences in snow accumulation and ablation, turbulent heat fluxes, and strearnflow exist. The greatest among-model differences in energy and moisture fluxes in these high-latitude environments occur during the spring snowmelt period, reflecting different model parameterizations of snow processes. Differences in net radiation are governed by differences in the simulated radiative surface temperature during the winter months and by differences in surface albedo during the spring/early summer. Differences in net radiation are smallest during the late summer when snow is absent. Although simulated snow sublimation is small for most models, a few models show annual snow sublimation of about 100 mm. These differences in snow sublimation appear to be largely dependent on differences in snow surface roughness parameterizations. The models with high sublimation generally lose their snowpacks too early compared to observations and underpredict the annual runoff. Differences in runoff parameterizations are reflected in differences in daily runoff statistics. Although most models show a greater variability in daily strearnflow than the observations, the models with the greatest variability (as much as double the observed variability), produce most of their runoff through fast response, surface runoff mechanisms. As a group, those models that took advantage of an opportunity to calibrate to selected small catchments and to transfer calibration results to the basin at large had a smaller bias and root mean squared error (RMSE) in daily streamflow simulations compared with the models that did not calibrate. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England. Canadian Forest Serv, No Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB, Canada. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Water Problems, Moscow 117901, Russia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, CNRM, Toulouse, France. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, NSW, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, GEST, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Stockholm, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow, Russia. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX USA. RP Nijssen, B (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Mech, JW Harshbarger 320A,POB 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM nijssen@u.arizona.edu RI Clark, Douglas/A-6102-2010; Viterbo, Pedro/B-7184-2008; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011; Jin, Jiming/A-9678-2011; Bowling, Laura/B-6963-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Nijssen, Bart/B-1013-2012; Niu, Guo-Yue/B-8317-2011; OI Clark, Douglas/0000-0003-1348-7922; Viterbo, Pedro/0000-0001-6587-3062; Bowling, Laura/0000-0002-1439-3154; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; Nijssen, Bart/0000-0002-4062-0322; Habets, Florence/0000-0003-1950-0921; Essery, Richard/0000-0003-1756-9095 NR 15 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 EI 1872-6364 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00004-3 PG 23 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 706EC UT WOS:000184439000003 ER PT J AU Bowling, LC Lettenmaier, DP Nijssen, B Polcher, J Koster, RD Lohmann, D AF Bowling, LC Lettenmaier, DP Nijssen, B Polcher, J Koster, RD Lohmann, D TI Simulation of high-latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix basin: PILPS phase 2(e) - 3: Equivalent model representation and sensitivity experiments SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE arctic regions; modeling; hydrology; atmosphere ID LAND-SURFACE SCHEMES AB The Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(e) showed that in cold regions the annual runoff production in Land Surface Schemes (LSSs) is closely related to the maximum snow accumulation, which in turn is controlled in large part by winter sublimation. To help further explain the relationship between snow cover, turbulent exchanges and runoff production, a simple equivalent model (SEM) was devised to reproduce the seasonal and annual fluxes simulated by 13 LSSs that participated in PILPS Phase 2(e). The design of the SEM relates the annual partitioning of precipitation and energy in the LSSs to three primary parameters: snow albedo, effective aerodynamic resistance and evaporation efficiency. Isolation of each of the parameters showed that the annual runoff production was most sensitive to the aerodynamic resistance. The SEM was somewhat successful in reproducing the observed LSS response to a decrease in shortwave radiation and changes in wind speed forcings. SEM parameters derived from the reduced shortwave forcings suggested that increased winter stability suppressed turbulent heat fluxes over snow. Because winter sensible heat fluxes were lamely negative, reductions in winter shortwave radiation resulted in an increase in annual average sensible beat. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, Gif Sur Yvette, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. NOAA, NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, NSW, Washington, DC USA. RP Bowling, LC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Nijssen, Bart/B-1013-2012; Bowling, Laura/B-6963-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011 OI Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; Nijssen, Bart/0000-0002-4062-0322; Bowling, Laura/0000-0002-1439-3154; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327 NR 6 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00005-5 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 706EC UT WOS:000184439000004 ER PT J AU Lohmann, D Wood, EF AF Lohmann, D Wood, EF TI Timescales of land surface evapotranspiration response in the PILPS phase 2(c) SO GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE LA English DT Article DE PILPS; evapotranspiration timescales; land surface schemes; Red-Arkansas River basin ID RIVER BASIN EXPERIMENT; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SCHEMES; PROJECT; FLUXES; MODEL AB Present-day land surface schemes used in weather prediction and climate models include parameterizations of physical processes whose complex nonlinear interactions can lead to models of unknown spatial and temporal characteristics. This paper describes the timescales of the evapotranspiration response of 16 land surface schemes which participated in the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River experiment. The basins were represented by 6 1, 1degrees x 1degrees grid boxes. Ten years of hourly meteorological data were used to force 16 land surface schemes off line. The evapotranspiration responses of the models are characterized by an impulse response function (or unit kernel) which is described by a two-parameter model, representing the fast response of evaporation from the canopy surface or bare soil and a slower one due to transpiration. The analysis of the results shows significant differences among the various LSS in their characteristic timescales across the basins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NSW, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Lohmann, D (reprint author), NOAA, NSW, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8181 J9 GLOBAL PLANET CHANGE JI Glob. Planet. Change PD JUL PY 2003 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00007-9 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 706EC UT WOS:000184439000006 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Smith, CM Coyer, JA Walters, LJ Hunter, CL Beach, KS Smith, JE AF Vroom, PS Smith, CM Coyer, JA Walters, LJ Hunter, CL Beach, KS Smith, JE TI Field biology of Halimeda tuna (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) across a depth gradient: comparative growth, survivorship, recruitment, and reproduction SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Halimeda tuna; coral reef; alizarin; Florida Keys; Ericthonius brasiliensis; Dictyota ID GREEN-ALGA-HALIMEDA; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; SAN-SALVADOR ISLAND; CORAL-REEFS; FLORIDA-KEYS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; UNCHARTED SEAMOUNT; WATER; CALCIFICATION; CAULERPALES AB Growth, survivorship, recruitment, and reproduction of Halimeda tuna, a dominant green alga in many reef systems of the Florida Keys, were monitored at a shallow back reef ( 4 - 7m) and deep reef slope ( 15 - 22 m) on Conch Reef. Despite lower light intensities and similar grazing pressures, amphipod infestations, and epiphyte loads at both sites, the deeper site exhibited significantly higher growth rates in summer months over a 4-year period than found for the shallow population, possibly because of higher nutrient levels at depth and photoinhibition of shallow plants. Sexual reproductive events occurred simultaneously across the entire reef, with up to 5% of the population at both sites developing gametangia. New upright axes formed from zygotes, asexual fragmentation, or vegetative runners. Plants appear to have persistent basal stumps that survive harsh environmental conditions, even if upright, photosynthetic axes are removed. Sexual reproduction and 'smothering' by epiphyte overgrowth are hypothesized to be two causes of death for individuals. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, HI 96815 USA. Univ Tampa, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33606 USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kewalo Res Facil, 1125B Ala Moana Bvld, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RI Coyer, James/B-3295-2010; Smith, Jennifer/E-5207-2013 NR 65 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL PY 2003 VL 501 IS 1-3 BP 149 EP 166 DI 10.1023/A:1026287816324 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 734EG UT WOS:000186041800016 ER PT J AU Forney, GP Madrzykowski, D McGrattan, KB Sheppard, L AF Forney, GP Madrzykowski, D McGrattan, KB Sheppard, L TI Understanding fire and smoke flow through modeling and visualization SO IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Forney, GP (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8663, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0272-1716 J9 IEEE COMPUT GRAPH JI IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 6 EP 13 DI 10.1109/MCG.2003.1210858 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 695KR UT WOS:000183830100002 ER PT J AU Polk, WT Hastings, NE Malpani, A AF Polk, WT Hastings, NE Malpani, A TI Public key infrastructures that satisfy security goals SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Article C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Polk, WT (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 7 IS 4 BP 60 EP 67 DI 10.1109/MIC.2003.1215661 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 700BF UT WOS:000184092200010 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST Kolner, BT Corkum, P Diddams, SA Telle, HR AF Cundiff, ST Kolner, BT Corkum, P Diddams, SA Telle, HR TI Introduction to the issue on stabilization of mode-locked lasers SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 969 EP 971 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819318 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100001 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST AF Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST TI Highly phase stable mode-locked laser's SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE carrier-envelope phase stabilization; modelocked lasers; phase noise ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; MICROSTRUCTURE OPTICAL-FIBERS; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; FEMTOSECOND LASER; FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; PULSE GENERATION; NONLINEAR OPTICS; REPETITION RATE; LIGHT-PULSES AB The authors report on stabilizing the carrier-envelope phase of mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers. Optimization of the construction of the lasers for ease of phase stabilization is discussed. Results demonstrating long-term phase coherence of the generated pulse train are presented, yielding a phase coherence time of at least 326 s, measurement time limited. The conversion of amplitude noise to phase noise in the microstructured fiber, which is used to obtain an octave spanning spectrum, is measured. The resulting phase noise is found to be sufficiently small so as to not corrupt the phase stabilization. Shift of carrier-envelope phase external to the laser cavity due to propagation through a dispersive material is measured. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fortier, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 44 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1002 EP 1010 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819110 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100004 ER PT J AU Holman, KW Jones, RJ Marian, A Cundiff, ST Ye, J AF Holman, KW Jones, RJ Marian, A Cundiff, ST Ye, J TI Detailed studies and control of intensity-related dynamics of femtosecond frequency combs from mode-locked Ti : sapphire lasers SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE lasers; nonlinear optics; solid state lasers; ultrafast optics ID PHASE-CONTROL; NONLINEAR OPTICS; LIGHT-PULSES; GENERATION; FIELDS AB The authors have conducted detailed experimental investigations of the intensity-related dynamics of the pulse repetition and carrier-envelope offset frequencies of passively mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers. Two different laser systems utilizing different intracavity dispersion compensation schemes are used in this study. Theoretical interpretations agree well.with experimental data, indicating that intensity-related spectral shifts, coupled with the cavity group-delay dispersion, are important in understanding the dynamics of the frequency comb. Minimization of spectral shifts or the magnitude of group-delay dispersion leads to minimization of the intensity dependence of the femtosecond comb. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Holman, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1018 EP 1024 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819098 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100006 ER PT J AU Ye, J Schnatz, H Hollberg, LW AF Ye, J Schnatz, H Hollberg, LW TI Optical frequency combs: From frequency metrology to optical phase control SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Review DE atomic clocks; carrier-envelope phase; femtosecond lasers; frequency control; frequency synthesizers; metrology; nonlinear spectroscopy; optical frequency comb; optical frequency measurement; phase-locking; precision measurement; stabilized lasers; synchronization; ultrafast science ID STOKES-RAMAN SCATTERING; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATOR; SUBFEMTOSECOND TIMING JITTER; 1S-2S TRANSITION FREQUENCY; METHANE-STABILIZED LASER; BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; CR-FORSTERITE LASERS; HE-NE-LASER; 3.39 MU-M AB The merging of continuous wave laser-based precision optical-frequency. metrology with mode-locked ultrafast lasers has led to precision control of the visible and near-infrared frequency spectrum produced by mode-locked lasers. Such a phase-controlled mode-locked laser forms the foundation of a "femtosecond optical-frequency comb generator" with a regular comb of sharp lines with well-defined frequencies. For a comb with sufficiently broad bandwidth, it is now straightforward to determine the absolute frequencies of all of the comb lines. This ability has revolutionized optical-frequency metrology, synthesis, and optical atomic clocks. Precision femtosecond optical-frequency combs also have a major impact on time-domain applications, including carrier-envelope phase stabilization, synthesis of a single pulse from two independent lasers, nonlinear spectroscopy, and passive amplifiers based on empty external optical cavities. The authors first review the frequency-domain description of a mode-locked laser and the connection between the carrier-envelope phase and the frequency spectrum to provide a basis for understanding how the absolute frequencies can be determined and controlled. Using this understanding, applications in optical-frequency metrology and synthesis and optical atomic clocks are discussed. This is followed by discussions of time-domain experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Ye@jila.colorado.edu; Harald.Schnatz@ptb.de; Hollberg@boulder.nist.gov RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 147 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 5 U2 54 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1058 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819109 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100009 ER PT J AU Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Hollberg, L AF Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Hollberg, L TI Analysis of noise mechanisms limiting the frequency stability of microwave signals generated with a femtosecond laser SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE femtosecond lasers; frequency stability; optical clocks; optical frequency metrology; phase noise ID MODE-LOCKED LASER AB Excess phase noise is observed in the spectrum of the microwave signal extracted from a photodetector illuminated by a train of ultrashort light pulses from the femtosecond laser. This noise affects the stability of frequency transfer from optical to microwave domains with the femtosecond laser. Some contributions to the excess phase noise are related to intrinsic beam-pointing fluctuations of the femtosecond laser and optical power fluctuations of the detected light. These factors contribute to excess phase noise at the harmonics of the pulse repetition rate due to power-to-phase conversion in the photodetector, spatially dependent time delays, and photodiode nonlinearities that distort the pulse shape. With spatial filtering of the laser beam and active control of its power, the additional fractional frequency fluctuations of pulse repetition rate associated with the excess noise of the photodetection process were reduced from 6(.)10(-14) to approximately 3(.)10(-15) over 1s of averaging. The effects of other noise mechanisms, such as laser shot noise and phase noise introduced by a microwave amplifier, were also examined but were found to be at a less significant level. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ivanov, EN (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 13 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1059 EP 1065 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819093 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100010 ER PT J AU Diddams, SA Bartels, A Ramond, TM Oates, CW Bize, S Curtis, EA Bergquist, JC Hollberg, L AF Diddams, SA Bartels, A Ramond, TM Oates, CW Bize, S Curtis, EA Bergquist, JC Hollberg, L TI Design and control of femtosecond lasers for optical clocks and the synthesis of low-noise optical and microwave signals SO IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE frequency metrology; frequency synthesis; optical clocks; ultrafast optics and lasers ID BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; REPETITION RATE; SPECTROSCOPY; GENERATION; PULSES; OSCILLATOR; HG-199(+); STANDARDS AB This paper describes recent advances in the design and control of femtosecond laser combs for their use in optical clocks and in the synthesis of low-noise microwave and optical signals. The authors present a compact and technically simple femtosecond laser that directly emits a broad continuum and shows that it can operate continuously on the timescale of days as the phase-coherent "clockwork" of an optical clock. They further demonstrate phase locking of an octave-spanning frequency comb to an optical frequency standard at the millihertz level. As verified through heterodyne measurements with an independent optical frequency standard, this provides a network of narrow optical modes with linewidths at the level of less than or equal to150 Hz, presently limited by measurement noise. Finally, they summarize their progress in using the femtosecond laser comb to transfer the stability and low phase-noise optical oscillators to the microwave domain. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Observ Paris, BNM, SYRTE, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Diddams, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 35 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1077-260X J9 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT JI IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1072 EP 1080 DI 10.1109/JSTQE.2003.819096 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 750LX UT WOS:000186993100012 ER PT J AU Stanford, V AF Stanford, V TI Beam me up, doctor McCoy SO IEEE PERVASIVE COMPUTING LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Smart Space Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Smart Space Project, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stanford, V (reprint author), NIST, Smart Space Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1536-1268 J9 IEEE PERVAS COMPUT JI IEEE Pervasive Comput. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 2 IS 3 BP 13 EP 18 DI 10.1109/MPRV.2003.1228522 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 728VB UT WOS:000185736100004 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW AF Lemmon, EW TI Pseudo-pure fluid equations of state for the refrigerant blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE density; equation of state; heat capacity; HFC-32; HFC-125; HFC-134a; HFC-143a; R-404A; R-407C; R-410A; R-507A; refrigerant mixtures; speed of sound; thermodynamic properties; VLE ID PLUS PENTAFLUOROETHANE R-32+125; PVTX PROPERTIES; DIFLUOROMETHANE; 1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE; PHASE AB Pseudo-pure fluid equations of state explicit in Helmholtz energy have been developed to permit rapid calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C. The equations were fitted to values calculated from a mixture model developed in previous work for mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-143a. The equations may be used to calculate the single-phase thermodynamic properties of the blends; dew and bubble point properties are calculated with the aid of additional ancillary equations for the saturation pressures. Differences between calculations from the pseudo-pure fluid equations and the full mixture model are on average 0.01%, with all calculations less than 0.1% in density except in the critical region. For the heat capacity and speed of sound, differences are on average 0.1% with maximum differences of 0.5%. Generally, these differences are consistent with the accuracy of available experimental data for the mixtures, and comparisons are given to selected experimental values to verify accuracy estimates. The equations are valid from 200 to 450 K and can be extrapolated to higher temperatures. Computations from the new equations are up to 100 times faster for phase equilibria at a given temperature and 5 times faster for single-phase state points given input conditions of temperature and pressure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 24 IS 4 BP 991 EP 1006 DI 10.1023/A:1025048800563 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 706ZV UT WOS:000184485700006 ER PT J AU Feresenbet, E Raghavan, D Holmes, GA AF Feresenbet, E Raghavan, D Holmes, GA TI The influence of silane coupling agent composition on the surface characterization of fiber and on fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE interfacial shear strength; glass fiber epoxy composite; bonding and nonbonding coupling agents; single fiber fragmentation test; contact angle; DRIFT spectroscopy ID GLASS-FIBERS; INTERPHASE; ADHESION; MONOLAYERS; SILICON AB It is well known that the fiber-matrix interface in many composites has a profound influence on composite performance. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of composition and concentration of coupling agent on interface strength by coating E-glass fibers with solutions containing a mixture of hydrolyzed propyl trimethoxysilane (PTMS) and gamma-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS). The failure behavior and strength of the fiber-matrix interface were assessed by the single-fiber fragmentation test (SFFT), while the structure of silane coupling agent was studied in terms of its thickness by ellipsometry, its morphology by atomic force microscopy, its chemical composition by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and its wettability by contact angle measurement. Deposition of 4.5x10 -3 mol/L solution of coupling agent in water resulted in a heterogeneous surface with irregular morphology. The SFFT results suggest that the amount of adhesion between the glass fiber and epoxy is dependent not only on the type of coupling agent but also on the composition of the coupling agent mixture. As the concentration of APS in the mixture increased, the extent of interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix increased and the mode of failure changed. For the APS coated glass epoxy system, matrix cracks were formed perpendicular to the fiber axis in addition to a sheath of debonded interface region along the fiber axis. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, 525 Coll St NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM draghavan@howard.edu NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 79 IS 7 BP 643 EP 665 DI 10.1080/00218460309580 PG 23 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 690TX UT WOS:000183566800002 ER PT J AU Ruberu, SR Liu, YG Wong, CT Perera, SK Langlois, GW Doucette, GJ Powell, CL AF Ruberu, SR Liu, YG Wong, CT Perera, SK Langlois, GW Doucette, GJ Powell, CL TI Receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: Optimization and interlaboratory comparison SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MOUSE BIOASSAY; SAXITOXIN; STANDARDIZATION; SYNAPTOSOMES AB A receptor binding assay (RBA) for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins was formatted for use in a high throughput detection system using microplate scintillation counting. The RBA technology was transferred from the National Ocean Service, which uses a Wallac TriLux 1450 MicroBeta microplate scintillation counter, to the California Department of Health Services, which uses a Packard TopCount scintillation counter. Due to differences in the detector arrangement between these 2 counters, markedly different counting efficiencies were exhibited, requiring optimization of the RBA protocol for the TopCount instrument. Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity [limit of detection = 0.2 mug saxitoxin (STX) equiv/100 g shellfish tissue] of the modified protocol were equivalent to those of the original protocol. The RBA robustness and adaptability were demonstrated by an interlaboratory study, in which STX concentrations in shellfish generated by the TopCount were consistent with MicroBeta-derived values. Comparison of STX reference standards obtained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Research Council, Canada, showed no observable differences. This study confirms the RBA's value as a rapid, high throughput screen prior to testing by the conventional mouse bioassay (MBA) and its suitability for providing an early warning of increasing PSP toxicity when toxin levels are below the MBA limit of detection. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sanitat & Radiat Labs Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Management Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ruberu, SR (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sanitat & Radiat Labs Branch, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 16 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 737 EP 745 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 717HH UT WOS:000185081300025 PM 14509433 ER PT J AU Schafer, R Avery, SK Gage, KS AF Schafer, R Avery, SK Gage, KS TI A comparison of VHF wind profiler observations and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis over the tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADAR MEASUREMENTS; CHRISTMAS-ISLAND; DOPPLER RADAR; VARIABILITY; MONSOON; ECMWF; NMC AB VHF wind profiler measurements of zonal and meridional winds are compared with the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis at sites in the tropical Pacific. By December 1999 the profilers at Darwin, Australia, and Biak, Indonesia, in the western Pacific; Christmas Island, Kiribati, in the central Pacific; and Piura Peru, in the eastern Pacific had collected between 8 and 13 yr of nearly continuous data. While these profilers routinely observe winds up to about 20 km, only winds at Christmas Island are assimilated into the reanalysis. The long period of profiler operation provides an opportunity to study differences between the profiler and reanalysis winds in the equatorial Pacific, a region with geographically sparse observations. Mean and seasonal mean zonal and meridional winds are used to identify differences in the profiler and reanalysis winds. Two potential causes for the discrepancy between profiler and reanalysis winds are identified. The first of these is related to different spatial and temporal characteristics of the reanalysis and profiler data. The second cause is the geographical sparseness of rawinsonde data, and not assimilating wind profiler observations. The closest agreement between the mean and seasonal mean zonal winds was found at Christmas Island, a site at which profiler winds are assimilated. A good agreement between reanalysis and profiler meridional and zonal winds is also shown at Darwin, where nearby rawinsonde observations are available. The poorest agreement was found at Piura ( where profiler winds are not assimilated), the closest rawinsonde is almost 2000 km from the profiler site, and topography is not adequately resolved in the reanalysis. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schafer, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, CIRES Bldg,Room 318, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 42 IS 7 BP 873 EP 889 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0873:ACOVWP>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695AV UT WOS:000183809700001 ER PT J AU Krishna, TVBPSR Sharan, M Gopalakrishnan, SG Aditi AF Krishna, TVBPSR Sharan, M Gopalakrishnan, SG Aditi TI Mean structure of the nocturnal boundary layer under strong and weak wind conditions: EPRI case study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; BHOPAL GAS LEAK; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; MODEL-CALCULATIONS; STABLE CONDITIONS; PARAMETERIZATION; DISPERSION; EXCHANGE; POLLUTANTS; LAND AB The major objective of this study was to analyze the mean structure and evolution of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) under strong and weak wind conditions. Meteorological data collected during the plume-validation experiment conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) over a flat homogeneous terrain at Kincaid, Illinois (39degrees35'N, 89degrees25'W), were utilized. A one-dimensional meteorological boundary layer model originally developed by R. A. Pielke, modified with turbulent kinetic energy mixing-length closure, a layer-by-layer emissivity-based radiation scheme, and nonlinear nondimensional temperature and wind profiles in the surface layer, was used. In the four cases that were considered, ranging from strong to weak geostrophic forcing, the model reproduced the observed mean profiles, their evolutions in the NBL, and the inertial oscillations reasonably well. The NBL developed into three layers wherein 1) very close to the surface, radiative cooling dominated over turbulence cooling; 2) a layer above, turbulent cooling was the dominant mechanism; and 3) near the top of the turbulent layer and above, clear-air radiative cooling was the dominating mechanism. However, depending on the geostrophic wind, the structure of these layers varied from one situation to another. The wind maximum, which was at least above 200 m of altitude under windy conditions, was located at an altitude of less than 100 m for the weak-wind case, probably because of weaker diffusion in the boundary layer during transition. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, New Delhi 110016, India. SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Sharan, M (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. RI Gopalakrishnan , Sundararaman /I-5773-2013 OI Gopalakrishnan , Sundararaman /0000-0003-1384-7860 NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 42 IS 7 BP 952 EP 969 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0952:MSOTNB>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695AV UT WOS:000183809700006 ER PT J AU Lu, CJ Davydov, AV Josell, D Bendersky, LA AF Lu, CJ Davydov, AV Josell, D Bendersky, LA TI Interfacial reactions of Ti/n-GaN contacts at elevated temperature SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CENTERED-CUBIC TITANIUM; INDUCED STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS; OHMIC CONTACTS; ALUMINUM MULTILAYERS; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; FCC TITANIUM; THIN-FILMS; N-GAN; MICROSTRUCTURE AB Interfacial reactions in Ti/GaN contacts have been studied using conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM), and x-ray diffraction. The thin film contacts were fabricated by evaporating Ti on n-GaN and subsequent rapid thermal annealing in argon. An x-ray result shows that the as-deposited Ti on GaN is an epitaxial hcp phase, whereas a fcc phase was identified from the as-deposited metal layer in cross-sectional TEM specimens. This phenomenon is interpreted as the transformation of hcp-Ti phase to fcc-TiHx phase by hydrogen incorporation during TEM specimen thinning. At elevated temperature, first gallium and then nitrogen diffused into the metal layer. The reaction front moved into the Ti layer, and after annealing at 700 degreesC many voids were formed along the Ti/GaN interface at the GaN side. A sequence of phases GaN/TiN/Ti2GaN/Ti3Ga/Ti was identified in annealed contacts, and corresponds to the expected diffusion path. The ternary phase Ti2GaN was confirmed with electron diffraction and EFTEM. A planar TiN layer, which formed in direct contact to the GaN, presumably governs the electrical properties of the alloyed contact. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hubei Univ, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China. EM davydov@nist.gov RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 1 BP 245 EP 253 DI 10.1063/1.1579128 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 692CN UT WOS:000183642900032 ER PT J AU Hite, DA Russek, SE Pappas, DP AF Hite, DA Russek, SE Pappas, DP TI In situ conductance characterization of Fe/Ag multilayer contacts on GaAs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SCHOTTKY-BARRIER FORMATION; FILMS; AG; SEMICONDUCTORS; GAAS(110); INTERFACE AB Electrical transport characteristics for epitaxially grown Ag/Fe/Ag multilayers on GaAs(100) and GaAs(110) have been studied under various growth conditions. The surfaces and structure of the multilayer were characterized by low energy electron diffraction and angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy/diffraction at all stages of the growth. In situ conductance spectroscopy performed between growth steps indicates a strong dependence of the transport characteristics on the morphology at the metal/semiconductor interface. A nanoclustered silver overlayer exhibits a reverse leakage current due to defect states in the discontinuous film; however, annealed continuous Ag overlayers on GaAs behave as a uniform rectifying diode. After completion of the magnetic multilayer growth, current-voltage characteristics indicate a sharp turn on in the reverse current at similar to0.6 V with nonlinear behavior. This is characteristic of electron tunneling through the Schottky barrier from the multilayer contact into the semiconductor. The implementation of these magnetic multilayer contacts for electrical spin injection is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dhite@boulder.nist.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 1 BP 621 EP 625 DI 10.1063/1.1577398 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 692CN UT WOS:000183642900087 ER PT J AU Westwater, ER Stankov, BB Cimini, D Han, Y Shaw, JA Lesht, BM Long, CN AF Westwater, ER Stankov, BB Cimini, D Han, Y Shaw, JA Lesht, BM Long, CN TI Radiosonde humidity soundings and microwave radiometers during Nauru99 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR RETRIEVALS; TOGA COARE; CLOUD; CONTINUUM; TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE; PACIFIC; DESIGN; BIAS AB During June-July 1999, the NOAA R/V Ron H. Brown (RHB) sailed from Australia to the Republic of Nauru where the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates a long-term climate observing station. During July, when the RHB was in close proximity to the island of Nauru, detailed comparisons of ship- and island-based instruments were possible. Essentially identical instruments were operated from the ship and the island's Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Station (ARCS)-2. These instruments included simultaneously launched Vaisala RS80-H radiosondes, the Environmental Technology Laboratory's (ETL) Fourier transform infrared radiometer (FTIR), and ARM's atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI), as well as cloud radars/ceilometers to identify clear conditions. The ARM microwave radiometer (MWR) operating on Nauru provided another excellent dataset for the entire Nauru99 experiment. The calibration accuracy was verified by a liquid nitrogen blackbody target experiment and by consistent high quality tipping calibrations throughout the experiment. Comparisons were made for calculated clear-sky brightness temperature (T-b) and for precipitable water vapor (PWV). These results indicate that substantial errors, sometimes of the order of 20% in PWV, occurred with the original radiosondes. When a Vaisala correction algorithm was applied, calculated T(b)s were in better agreement with the MWR than were the calculations based on the original data. However, the improvement in T-b comparisons was noticeably different for different radiosonde lots and was not a monotonic function of radiosonde age. Three different absorption algorithms were compared: Liebe and Layton, Liebe et al., and Rosenkranz. Using AERI spectral radiance observations as a comparison standard, scaling of radiosondes by MWR data was compared with both original and corrected soundings. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite & Data Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013; OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X; Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290 NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 7 BP 953 EP 971 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<953:RHSAMR>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695AW UT WOS:000183809800001 ER PT J AU Hamazu, K Hashiguchi, H Wakayama, T Matsuda, T Doviak, RJ Fukao, S AF Hamazu, K Hashiguchi, H Wakayama, T Matsuda, T Doviak, RJ Fukao, S TI A 35-GHz scanning Doppler radar for fog observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHASED-ARRAY SYSTEM; WAVELENGTH RADAR; MU RADAR; CLOUD; PRECIPITATION; VELOCITY; GHZ AB To observe fog, a 35-GHz scanning Doppler radar was designed, assembled, and tested. The radar, mounted on a flatbed vehicle for portability, transmits peak powers of 100 kW in a pulse of 0.5-mus width and a beamwidth of 0.3degrees. Thus, a reflectivity factor Z of -20 dBZ at a range of 10 km generates a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB. Doppler velocity measurements are made by sampling the radio frequency phase within each pulse transmitted by a magnetron oscillator and referencing the phases of the received echoes to the transmitted phase. A Nyquist velocity of approximately 9.7 m s(-1) is obtained in real time using the spaced pulse-pair method, and aliases of radial velocities are corrected using software. The three-dimensional structure of sea fog and its advection are depicted with the radar. C1 Mitsubishi Electr Corp, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008310, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto, Japan. Mitsubishi Electr Corp, Kanagawa, Japan. Mitsubishi Electr Corp, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Hamazu, K (reprint author), Mitsubishi Electr Corp, Chiyoda Ku, 2-2-3 Marunouchi, Tokyo 1008310, Japan. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 7 BP 972 EP 986 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<972:AGSDRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695AW UT WOS:000183809800002 ER PT J AU Chilson, PB Yu, TY Strauch, RG Muschinski, A Palmer, RD AF Chilson, PB Yu, TY Strauch, RG Muschinski, A Palmer, RD TI Implementation and validation of range imaging on a UHF radar wind profiler SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-DOMAIN INTERFEROMETRY; TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERE; SHEETS; STRATOSPHERE; TURBULENCE; MESOSPHERE; SOMARE-99; DIVERSITY; FIELD AB The available range resolution of pulsed radar wind profilers is usually limited by bandwidth restrictions. Range imaging (RIM) has recently been developed as a means of mitigating these limitations by operating the wind profilers over a small set of distinct transmitter frequencies. A constrained optimization method can then be used to generate high-resolution maps of the reflectivity field as a function of range. This paper presents a description of how the RIM technique has been recently implemented on the Platteville 915-MHz tropospheric profiler, the first such implementation at UHF. Examples of data collected during a two-part experiment on 10 April 2001 using the Platteville 915-MHz tropospheric profiler are presented. In the first part, an intercomparison was made involving measurements from RIM and standard radar techniques. It is shown that available frequency bandwidth can be very effectively utilized through the RIM processing. In the second part of the experiment, RIM was applied to radar observations collected with a short (0.5 mus) transmit pulse. The resulting data include observations of a thin, persistent scattering layer attributed to a subsidence inversion and billows from a Kelvin Helmholtz instability. Estimates of the width of the layer were found to be as small as 12 m. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Elect Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Electroopt, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Chilson, PB (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway,R-ET2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 7 BP 987 EP 996 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<987:IAVORI>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695AW UT WOS:000183809800003 ER PT J AU Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Chu, SY Toedt, J Eisenstein, E Howard, AJ Gilliland, GL AF Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Chu, SY Toedt, J Eisenstein, E Howard, AJ Gilliland, GL TI Crystal structure of the YchF protein reveals binding sites for GTP and nucleic acid SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BIOCHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; EXCHANGE-RATE; P-LOOP; OBG; GENE; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS AB The bacterial protein encoded by the gene ychF is 1 of 11 universally conserved GTPases and the only one whose function is unknown. The crystal structure determination of YchF was sought to help with the functional assignment of the protein. The YchF protein from Haemophilus influenzae was cloned and expressed, and the crystal structure was determined at 2.4 k resolution. The polypeptide chain is folded into three domains. The N-terminal domain has a mononucleotide binding fold typical for the P-loop NTPases. An 80-residue domain next to it has a pronounced alpha-hellical coiled coil. The C-terminal domain features a six-stranded half-barrel that curves around an alpha-hellix. The crablike three-domain structure of YchF suggests the binding site for a double-stranded nucleic acid in the cleft between the domains. The structure of the putative GTP-binding site is consistent with the postulated guanine specificity of the protein. Fluorescence measurements have demonstrated the ability of YchF to bind a double-stranded nucleic acid and GTP. Taken together with other experimental data and genomic analysis, these results suggest that YchF may be part of a nucleoprotein complex and may function as a GTP-dependent translation factor. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. IIT, Biol Chem & Phys Sci Dept, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat Res & Instrumentat, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Teplyakov, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014; OI Teplyakov, Alexey/0000-0003-0296-0016 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01-GM57890, P01 GM057890] NR 42 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 185 IS 14 BP 4031 EP 4037 DI 10.1128/JB.185.14.4031-4037.2003 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 699WR UT WOS:000184079500007 PM 12837776 ER PT J AU Mason, TG Lin, MY AF Mason, TG Lin, MY TI Time-resolved small angle neutron scattering measurements of asphaltene nanoparticle aggregation kinetics in incompatible crude oil mixtures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COMPATIBILITY MODEL AB We use time-resolved-small angle neutron scattering to study the kinetics of asphaltene nanoparticle aggregation in incompatible crude oil mixtures. We induce asphaltene aggregation by mixing asphaltene-rich Syrian crude oil (SACO) with a paraffinic British crude oil and observe the scattered neutron intensity, I, as a function of wave number, q, over times, t, ranging from twenty minutes to about a week. We observe a growth in I at low q as the nanoscale asphaltenes agglomerate into microscale aggregates and interpret this growth as an increase in surface scattering from the aggregates. We fit I(q, t) to an empirical model and measure the growth in the power-law exponent, a, associated with the low-q logarithmic slope of I( q). We define a time, tau(alpha), associated with the first appearance of the aggregates when alpha > 3; tau(alpha) increases as a function of the volume fraction, phi(m), of SACO in the mixture. The surface scattering intensity initially increases and then saturates at long times when the aggregate structures no longer evolve at the length scales we probe. Based on this saturation, we define a time scale, tau(I), which is larger than tau(alpha) but has essentially the same dependence on phi(m). We interpret tau(alpha)(phi(m)) and tau(I)(phi(m)) in terms of a simple aggregation model based on diffusion-limited kinetics and a repulsive potential barrier that models the effective solvent quality. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Exxon Res & Engn Co, Corp Strateg Res, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TG (reprint author), Exxon Res & Engn Co, Corp Strateg Res, Route 22 E, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 1 BP 565 EP 571 DI 10.1063/1.1572457 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 691BR UT WOS:000183585400066 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV AF Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV TI Heat capacities, enthalpy increments, and derived thermodynamic functions for pyrazine between the temperatures 5K and 380K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE pyrazine; heat capacity; standard entropy; enthalpy of fusion; triple-point temperature; phase transition ID XYLENE ISOMERIZATION; RECOMMENDED VALUES; VAPOR-PRESSURES; 250 K; RECONCILIATION; EQUILIBRIA AB Heat capacities and enthalpy increments between the temperatures T approximate to 5 K and T approximate to 380 K were measured with adiabatic calorimetry for pyrazine. The triple-point temperature, enthalpy of fusion, heat capacities, and derived thermodynamic functions are reported for the solid and liquid phases. Three solid-to-solid phase transitions were observed, and the transition temperatures and enthalpies are reported. All results are compared with literature values. The adiabatic calorimetric results reported here provide key quantities required for thermodynamic consistency analyses, which can provide needed validations for calculational techniques (ab initio, semi-empirical, statistical, group contribution, etc.). Such validations are currently lacking for polyazines, such as pyrazine. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Petrol & Energy Res, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Phys Properties Res Facil, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1059 EP 1072 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(03)00041-7 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 696CN UT WOS:000183868300002 ER PT J AU Xie, PP Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA Adler, R Gruber, A Ferraro, R Huffman, GJ Curtis, S AF Xie, PP Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA Adler, R Gruber, A Ferraro, R Huffman, GJ Curtis, S TI GPCP Pentad precipitation analyses: An experimental dataset based on gauge observations and satellite estimates SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; GLOBAL LAND PRECIPITATION; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; MONTHLY RAINFALL; MODEL; OSCILLATION; MICROWAVE; REANALYSIS AB As part of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), analyses of pentad precipitation have been constructed on a 2.5degrees latitude-longitude grid over the globe for a 23-yr period from 1979 to 2001 by adjusting the pentad Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) against the monthly GPCP-merged analyses. This adjustment is essential because the precipitation magnitude in the pentad CMAP is not consistent with that in the monthly CMAP or monthly GPCP datasets primarily due to the differences in the input data sources and merging algorithms, causing problems in applications where joint use of the pentad and monthly datasets is necessary. First, pentad CMAP-merged analyses are created by merging several kinds of individual data sources including gauge-based analyses of pentad precipitation, and estimates inferred from satellite observations. The pentad CMAP dataset is then adjusted by the monthly GPCP-merged analyses so that the adjusted pentad analyses match the monthly GPCP in magnitude while the high-frequency components in the pentad CMAP are retained. The adjusted analyses, called the GPCP-merged analyses of pentad precipitation, are compared to several gauge-based datasets. The results show that the pentad GPCP analyses reproduced spatial distribution patterns of total precipitation and temporal variations of submonthly scales with relatively high quality especially over land. Simple applications of the 23-yr dataset demonstrate that it is useful in monitoring and diagnosing intraseasonal variability. The Pentad GPCP has been accepted by the GPCP as one of its official products and is being updated on a quasi-real-time basis. C1 Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Off Global Programs, OAR, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Xie, PP (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd,605, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; Curtis, Scott/C-1115-2013; Huffman, George/F-4494-2014; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010; OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135; Curtis, Scott/0000-0001-9065-8639 NR 47 TC 198 Z9 207 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2197 EP 2214 DI 10.1175/2769.1 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695XU UT WOS:000183856300005 ER PT J AU Kumar, A Yang, FL AF Kumar, A Yang, FL TI Comparative influence of snow and SST variability on extratropical climate in northern winter SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; COVER; ANOMALIES; GCM; HEMISPHERE; PREDICTABILITY; PRECIPITATION; FEEDBACK; PACIFIC AB In this study the influence of snow on atmospheric seasonal mean variability in the extratropical latitudes during boreal winter was studied. The motivation for this analysis was to understand the characteristics of low-frequency atmospheric variability in the extratropical latitudes, and to assess if the interannual variations in snow could lead to potential predictability on seasonal timescales. The influence of snow on atmospheric variability was assessed from a suite of atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) simulations where snow depth amount was either prescribed to a seasonally varying climatology, or was allowed to evolve during the model integration. Further, the influence of snow variability was contrasted with the influence of interannual variability in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the atmospheric flow. A systematic influence of snow variability on the atmospheric seasonal mean variability was found. For example, for the GCM simulations in which snow amount and its extent were allowed to evolve freely, the interannual variability of surface air temperature was found to be larger. The influence of snow variability, however, was confined to the lower troposphere, and little change in the interannual variability of upper-tropospheric circulation, for example, 200-hPa heights, occurred. This bottom-up vertical structure of the influence of snow on the atmospheric variability was in contrast to the top-down influence of tropical SST variability on the extratropical flow. The cause for the enhancement of atmospheric variability in the lower troposphere was argued to be related to the dependence of surface albedo on snow depth amount. This dependence was such that the interaction between the atmospheric variability and the underlying snow could be viewed as a positive feedback process whereby surface temperature anomalies amplify even further. C1 Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2248 EP 2261 DI 10.1175/2771.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695XU UT WOS:000183856300008 ER PT J AU Angell, JK AF Angell, JK TI Effect of exclusion of anomalous tropical stations on temperature trends from a 63-station radiosonde network, and comparison with other analyses SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; SURFACE; TROPOSPHERE AB A 63-station radiosonde network has been used for many years to estimate temperature variations and trends at the surface and in the 850-300-, 300-100-, and 100-50-mb layers of climate zones, both hemispheres, and the globe, but with little regard for the quality of individual station data. In this paper, nine tropical radiosonde stations in this network are identified as anomalous based on unrepresentatively large standard-error-of-regression values for 300-100-mb trends for the period 1958-2000. In the Tropics the exclusion of the 9 anomalous stations from the 63-station network for 1958-2000 results in a warming of the 300-100-mb layer rather than a cooling, a doubling of the warming of the 850-300-mb layer to a value of 0.13 K decade(-1), and a greater warming at 850-300-mb than at the surface. The global changes in trend are smaller, but include a change to the same warming of the surface and the 850-300-mb layer during 1958-2000. The effect of the station exclusions is much less for 1979-2000, suggesting that most of the data problems are before this time. Temperature trends based on the 63-station network are compared with the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and other radiosonde trends, and agreement is better after the exclusion of the anomalous stations. There is consensus that in the Tropics the troposphere has warmed slightly more than the surface during 1958-2000, but that there has been a warming of the surface relative to the troposphere during 1979-2000. Globally, the warming of the surface and the troposphere are essentially the same during 1958-2000, but during 1979-2000 the surface warms more than the troposphere. During the latter period the radiosondes indicate considerably more low-stratospheric cooling in the Tropics than does the MSU. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 13 BP 2288 EP 2295 DI 10.1175/2763.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 695XU UT WOS:000183856300011 ER PT J AU Ciesielski, PE Johnson, RH Haertel, PT Wang, JH AF Ciesielski, PE Johnson, RH Haertel, PT Wang, JH TI Corrected TOGA COARE sounding humidity data: Impact on diagnosed properties of convection and climate over the warm pool SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; MOISTURE BUDGETS; SQUALL LINES; CLOUD; HEAT; SENSITIVITY; SATELLITE; PROFILES; RAINFALL; UNCERTAINTIES AB This study reports on the humidity corrections in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere ( TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) upper-air sounding dataset and their impact on diagnosed properties of convection and climate over the warm pool. During COARE, sounding data were collected from 29 sites with Vaisala-manufactured systems and 13 sites with VIZ-manufactured systems. A recent publication has documented the characteristics of the humidity errors at the Vaisala sites and a procedure to correct them. This study extends that work by describing the nature of the VIZ humidity errors and their correction scheme. The corrections, which are largest in lower-tropospheric levels, generally increase the moisture in the Vaisala sondes and decrease it in the VIZ sondes. Use of the corrected humidity data gives a much different perspective on the characteristics of convection during COARE. For example, application of a simple cloud model shows that the peak in convective mass flux shifts from about 8degreesN with the uncorrected data to just south of the equator with corrected data, which agrees better with the diagnosed vertical motion and observed rainfall. Also, with uncorrected data the difference in mean convective available potential energy ( CAPE) between Vaisala and VIZ sites is over 700 J kg(-1); with the correction, both CAPEs are around; 1300 J kg(-1), which is consistent with a generally uniform warm pool SST field. These results suggest that the intensity and location of convection would differ significantly in model simulations with humidity-corrected data, and that the difficulties which the reanalysis products had in reproducing the observed rainfall during COARE may be due to the sonde humidity biases. The humidity-corrected data appear to have a beneficial impact on budget-derived estimates of rainfall and radiative heating rate, such that revised estimates show better agreement with those from independent sources. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. ATD, NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ciesielski, PE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 41 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 14 BP 2370 EP 2384 DI 10.1175/2790.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 700EU UT WOS:000184100300005 ER PT J AU Eskridge, RE Luers, JK Redder, CR AF Eskridge, RE Luers, JK Redder, CR TI Unexplained discontinuity in the US radiosonde temperature data. Part I: Troposphere SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; VAISALA RADIOSONDES; VIZ AB Inhomogeneities in U. S. radiosonde data that used the VIZ and Vaisala RS80 cannot be explained by radiation errors, which can be removed by the heat balance models. WMO intercomparision data, modeling results, temperature time series, and 1200 minus 0000 UTC temperature differences are examined to show that there appears to be an error in the U. S. RS80/RSN93 temperature correction software. Radiosonde soundings taken at U. S. stations that launch Vaisala RS80 radiosondes, which are integrated within the National Weather Service (NWS) Microcomputer Automatic Radio-Theodolite (Micro-ART) system, should not be used in climate studies since there is a large systematic error of unknown origin in the temperature data. This paper is the first of two and is primarily concerned with the midtroposphere. The second paper discusses the large unexplained 0000 and 1200 UTC differences in the stratosphere. C1 Natl Climat Ctr, NOAA, Asheville, NC USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Eskridge, RE (reprint author), 1776 Sweeten Creek Rd, Asheville, NC 28803 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 14 BP 2385 EP 2395 DI 10.1175/2762.1 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 700EU UT WOS:000184100300006 ER PT J AU Yang, FL Kumar, A Schlesinger, ME Wang, WQ AF Yang, FL Kumar, A Schlesinger, ME Wang, WQ TI Intensity of hydrological cycles in warmer climates SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GREENHOUSE-GAS; TEMPERATURE; MODEL AB The fact that the surface and tropospheric temperatures increase with increasing CO2 has been well documented by numerical model simulations; however, less agreement is found for the changes in the intensity of precipitation and the hydrological cycle. Here, it is demonstrated that while both the radiative heating by increasing CO2 and the resulting higher sea surface temperatures contribute to warm the atmosphere, they act against each other in changing the hydrological cycle. As a consequence, in a warmer climate forced by increasing CO2 the intensity of the hydrological cycle can be either more or less intense depending upon the degree of surface warming. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Nalt Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, SAIC, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Yang, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 NR 15 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 14 BP 2419 EP 2423 DI 10.1175/2779.1 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 700EU UT WOS:000184100300009 ER PT J AU Sun, DZ Fasullo, J Zhang, T Roubicek, A AF Sun, DZ Fasullo, J Zhang, T Roubicek, A TI On the radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR FEEDBACK; CLIMATE-SYSTEM-MODEL; EL-NINO; SURFACE FLUXES; WARM-POOL; SIMULATION; CLOUDS; BUDGET AB An analysis of the climatic feedbacks in the NCAR Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3) over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue is presented. Using interannual signals in the underlying SST, the radiative and dynamical feedbacks have been calculated using both observations and outputs from the NCAR CCM3. The results show that the positive feedback from the greenhouse effect of water vapor in the model largely agrees with that from observations. The dynamical feedback from the atmospheric transport in the model is also comparable to that from observations. However, the negative feedback from the solar forcing of clouds in the model is significantly weaker than the observed, while the positive feedback from the greenhouse effect of clouds is significantly larger. Consequently, the net atmospheric feedback in the CCM3 over the equatorial cold tongue region is strongly positive (5.1 W m(-2) K-1), while the net atmospheric feedback in the real atmosphere is strongly negative (-6.4 W m(-2) K-1). A further analysis with the aid of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data suggests that cloud cover response to changes in the SST may be a significant error source for the cloud feedbacks. It is also noted that the surface heating over the cold tongue in CCM3 is considerably weaker than in observations. In light of results from a linear feedback system, as well as those from a more sophisticated coupled model, it is suggested that the discrepancy in the net atmospheric feedback may have contributed significantly to the cold bias in the equatorial Pacific in the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM). C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Sun, DZ (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI FASULLO, JOHN/0000-0003-1216-892X NR 20 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 16 IS 14 BP 2425 EP 2432 DI 10.1175/2786.1 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 700EU UT WOS:000184100300010 ER PT J AU Noren, DP Crocker, DE Williams, TM Costa, DP AF Noren, DP Crocker, DE Williams, TM Costa, DP TI Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body composition; fasting; lipid; metabolism; seals ID BODY-COMPOSITION; METABOLIC-RATE; PROTEIN CONSERVATION; MATERNAL ENERGY; PHOCA-VITULINA; WEANED PUP; GRAY SEALS; MASS-LOSS; STARVATION; WATER AB During fasting most mammals preferentially utilize lipid reserves for energy while sparing protein reserves. This presents a potential problem for marine mammals that also depend on lipids as a major component of blubber, the primary thermoregulatory structure. Because of this dual function for lipid, rates of lipid and protein utilization should be closely regulated during the postweaning fast in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). To quantify energy expenditure during the fast, we measured body mass and composition of 60 pups at 2.3+/-0.2 days and 55.9+/-0.3 days postweaning in 1999 and in 2000. Body condition differed significantly between years. At weaning, body mass (125.9+/-3.8 kg) and percentage lipid content (39.3+/-0.6% of body mass) in 2000 were significantly greater than body mass (115.2+/-3.1 kg) and percentage lipid content (35.8+/-0.6%) in 1999. In general, percentage lipid content increased with body mass, and fatter pups utilized lipid at relatively higher rates during the fast. Lipid fueled 85-95% and 88-98% of energy expended by pups in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Postweaning fast duration (32-78 days) was positively correlated with body mass and hence lipid content at weaning. This suggests that body composition at weaning influences lipid utilization patterns and ultimately the duration of the postweaning fast in northern elephant seal pups. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. RP Noren, DP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 65 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0174-1578 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 173 IS 5 BP 443 EP 454 DI 10.1007/s00360-003-0353-9 PG 12 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 703TY UT WOS:000184298100009 PM 12759767 ER PT J AU Swider, JR Hackley, VA Winter, J AF Swider, JR Hackley, VA Winter, J TI Characterization of Chinese ink in size and surface SO JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE LA English DT Article DE soot; animal glue; sol; electrophoresis; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS); laser Doppler electrophoresis (LDE); isoelectric point (IEP) ID CARBON; SOOT AB Chinese ink, a mixture of soot and animal glue, has been used in East Asia for centuries as the sole black paint of choice. The combination of animal glue and soot particles create a distinctive dispersion system giving Chinese ink its unique properties among paints and inks. Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) size measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed subtle differences in particle size and aggregation among inks of different soot origin. Surface chemistry of the particles was examined using laser Doppler electrophoresis (LDE) for determination of the isoelectric point (IEP). The IEPs of different inks were not distinct, but reflected the presence of the collagen-based glue on the particles' surface. The IEP and size dropped significantly when inks were treated with collagenase and when soot and carbon blacks alone were measured, pointing to the important role of animal glue in this dispersion system. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Freer Gallery Art, Dept Conservat & Sci Res, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Arthur M Sackler Gallery, Dept Conservat & Sci Res, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Swider, JR (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Freer Gallery Art, Dept Conservat & Sci Res, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM joseph.swider@asia.si.edu OI Hackley, Vincent/0000-0003-4166-2724 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 22 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1296-2074 J9 J CULT HERIT JI J. Cult. Herit. PD JUL-SEP PY 2003 VL 4 IS 3 BP 175 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S1296-2074(03)00044-X PG 12 WC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry, Analytical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry; Geology; Materials Science; Spectroscopy GA 738NF UT WOS:000186294200003 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Fischer, DA AF Wallace, WE Fischer, DA TI Resonant soft X-ray photofragmentation of propane SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE mass spectrometry; photofragmentation; photoionization; polyethylene; propane; soft X-rays ID SITE-SPECIFIC FRAGMENTATION; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULES; SILSESQUIOXANES; EXCITATION AB A comparison was made between the mass spectra of propane (CH3CH2CH3) for resonant soft X-ray photofragmentation and for electron-impact ionization. The soft X-ray photon energy was tuned to 287.7 eV to promote Auger relaxations from the C-H bonds (1s-->C-H sigma* transition). It was hypothesized that this would lead to proton loss without C-C chain fragmentation. Compared to traditional 70 eV electron-impact ionization, photoionization does bias the mass spectrum toward proton loss; however, residual vibrational energy in the room temperature propane leads to a non-trivial amount of C-C bond scission. The resonant soft X-ray photofragmentation is dominated by three-carbon ions between 38 and 40 u created by the loss of hydrogen while the electron-impact ionization is dominated by a major peak at 29 u corresponding to the two-carbon ion C2H5+. Within each envelope of three-, two-, or single-carbon ions the core-level photoionization spectrum showed a bias toward enhanced multiple hydrogen removal compared to the electron-stimulated spectrum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 130 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0368-2048(03)00053-7 PG 6 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 700UX UT WOS:000184130500001 ER PT J AU Fox, KJ Grafton, RQ Kirkley, J Squires, D AF Fox, KJ Grafton, RQ Kirkley, J Squires, D TI Property rights in a fishery: regulatory change and firm performance SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE productivity; profits; index numbers; regulations ID SUPERLATIVE INDEX NUMBERS; PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH; TECHNICAL PROGRESS; PRIVATE PROPERTY; EFFICIENCY; OUTPUT; PROFITS; MODELS; BANKS; INPUT AB A new method is introduced and applied to the British Columbia halibut fishery to analyze changes in productivity of firms harvesting a natural capital stock. The index-number technique decomposes the contributions of output prices, variable input prices, fixed inputs and productivity to firm profits, adjusted for changes in the natural capital stock. An application of the method is given using micro-level data from a common-pool resource. The indexes provide a ready-made comparison of all firms to the most profitable firm per unit of resource stock. Benchmarking with the decompositions also allows firms and regulators to improve overall industry performance by allowing them to analyze what components are contributing most to (relative) economic profits. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Inst Adv Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sch Econ, Ctr Appl Econ Res, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Grafton, RQ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Inst Adv Studies, 5th Floor Hancock Bldg Bldg 43, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RI Grafton, R. Quentin/A-5277-2008 OI Grafton, R. Quentin/0000-0002-0048-9083 NR 51 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 46 IS 1 BP 156 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0095-0696(02)00027-X PG 22 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 691QM UT WOS:000183617000009 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Schoske, R Vallone, PM Redman, JW Kline, MC AF Butler, JM Schoske, R Vallone, PM Redman, JW Kline, MC TI Allele frequencies for 15 autosomal STIR loci on US caucasian, African American, and Hispanic populations SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE DNA profiling; short tandem repeats; DNA typing; STR; CSF1PO; FGA; TH01; TPOX; vWA; D3S1358; D5S818; D7S820; D8S1179; D13S317; D16S539; D18S51; D21S11; D2S1338; D19S433 C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 4 TC 85 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 48 IS 4 BP 908 EP 911 PG 4 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 697HC UT WOS:000183935600043 PM 12877323 ER PT J AU Toivanen, PK Baker, DN Peterson, WK Singer, HJ Watermann, J Wygant, JR Russell, CT Kletzing, CA AF Toivanen, PK Baker, DN Peterson, WK Singer, HJ Watermann, J Wygant, JR Russell, CT Kletzing, CA TI Polar observations of transverse magnetic pulsations initiated at substorm onset in the high-latitude plasma sheet SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE transverse pulsations; substorm onset signatures; onset timing; plasma sheet boundary; polar spacecraft ID MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; SPACECRAFT; MODEL; SATELLITE; INSTRUMENT; BOUNDARY; GROWTH; FIELDS; PHASE AB [1] This paper presents simultaneous observations of 6-mHz magnetic pulsations in the nightside high-latitude plasma sheet, inner plasma sheet at the geosynchronous distance, and auroral region on the ground in association with substorm onset. We study an isolated substorm (AE similar to 300 nT) onset on 19 October 1999 at similar to0145 UT. The Polar spacecraft was located in the plasma sheet near the plasma sheet boundary and was magnetically conjugate with the Greenland west coast magnetometer chain. Polar measured large-amplitude transverse magnetic ( 10 nT; toroidal) and electric (20 mV m(-1)) field oscillations (similar to6 mHz) during the early development of the negative bay ( 300 nT) in Greenland. On the ground, pulsations ( 50 nT) with the same frequency were superimposed on the negative bay. The geostationary GOES 8 spacecraft was located 2 hours west of Greenland. It observed compressional magnetic field oscillations ( 1 nT and similar to6 mHz). At Polar the pulsations were initiated similar to3 min before the first outward propagating substorm signature, an abrupt enhancement of the plasma sheet electron fluxes. Such a rich data set allows us to study in detail the spatial origin of the pulsations, their timing with respect to the negative bay onset, and their role in initiation of the substorm current wedge. It is concluded that the pulsations were initiated between the plasma sheet boundary and the tailward expanding region of the enhanced plasma sheet electron fluxes. The pulsations were then later observed on the ground and at GOES 8. It can also be argued that the pulsations were an integral part of the formation of the substorm current wedge. Finally, we suggest that the pulsations were generated by periodic variations in the rate of the current diversion from the braking region of the earthward flows generated by reconnection at the near-Earth neutral line. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Minnesota, Dept Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Toivanen, PK (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Peterson, WK/A-8706-2009; OI Peterson, WK/0000-0002-1513-6096; Kletzing, Craig/0000-0002-4136-3348 NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A7 AR 1267 DI 10.1029/2001JA009141 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 698WN UT WOS:000184022500001 ER PT J AU Croley, TE AF Croley, TE TI Weighted-climate parametric hydrologic forecasting SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE probability; meterology; sampling; forecasting; weight; climatic changes; parameters; hydrology AB This paper briefly summarizes an existing nonparametric method for using meteorology probability forecasts in operational hydrology and extends it for parametric estimation. The methodology builds a sample of possibilities for the future, of climate series from the historical record, which is weighted to agree with selected forecasts of meteorology probabilities. The nonparametric method concentrates on isolated event probabilities rather than on the entire probability distribution for various variables. It sometimes assigns the same weight to all climate series in selected categories, resulting in the same relative frequency for those climate series. By changing to a parametric approach, one determines entire probability distributions that match available forecast meteorology probabilities. This allows a continuous distribution of probability across a variable, not always possible with the nonparametric approach. This paper illustrates both the nonparametric and the parametric methods with an example, comments on both approaches, and evaluates both in a selected comparison. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Croley, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 8 IS 4 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2003)8:4(171) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 692QG UT WOS:000183671300001 ER PT J AU Sellner, KG Doucette, GJ Kirkpatrick, GJ AF Sellner, KG Doucette, GJ Kirkpatrick, GJ TI Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE harmful algal blooms; detection; molecular techniques; remote sensing; modeling ID RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; WHOLE-CELL HYBRIDIZATION; NITZSCHIA SPECIES BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; RECEPTOR-BINDING ASSAY; DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION; RNA-TARGETED PROBES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; BALTIC SEA; PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; DNA PROBES AB Blooms of autotrophic algae and some heterotrophic protists are increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world and are collectively grouped as harmful algal blooms (HABs). Blooms of these organisms are attributed to two primary factors: natural processes such as circulation, upwelling relaxation, and river flow; and, anthropogenic loadings leading to eutrophication. Unfortunately, the latter is commonly assumed to be the primary cause of all blooms, which is not the case in many instances. Moreover, although it is generally acknowledged that occurrences of these phenomena are increasing throughout the world's oceans, the reasons for this apparent increase remain debated and include not only eutrophication but increased observation efforts in coastal zones of the world. There is a rapidly advancing monitoring effort resulting from the perception of increased impacts from these HABs, manifested as expanding routine coastal monitoring programs, rapid development and deployment of new detection methods for individual species, toxins, and toxicities, and expansion of coastal modeling activities towards observational forecasts of bloom landfall and eventually bloom prediction. Together, these many efforts will provide resource managers with the tools needed to develop effective strategies for the management and mitigation of HABs and their frequently devastating impacts on the coastal environment. C1 Chesapeake Res Consortium, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Sellner, KG (reprint author), Chesapeake Res Consortium, 645 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. EM sellnerk@si.edu RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 186 TC 201 Z9 221 U1 30 U2 215 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 30 IS 7 BP 383 EP 406 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0074-9 PG 24 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 725CB UT WOS:000185524300001 PM 12898390 ER PT J AU Luy, B Marino, JP AF Luy, B Marino, JP TI JE-TROSY: combined J- and TROSY-spectroscopy for the measurement of one-bond couplings in macromolecules SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE TROSY; J-spectroscopy; scalar couplings; residual dipolar couplings; RNA; protein ID RESIDUAL DIPOLAR COUPLINGS; QUANTITATIVE J-CORRELATION; 2-DIMENSIONAL NMR-SPECTRA; LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE MEDIUM; E.COSY-TYPE MEASUREMENT; ORIENTED MACROMOLECULES; ACCURATE MEASUREMENT; PULSE SEQUENCES; HIGH-RESOLUTION; CT-COSY AB With the application of RDCs in high-resolution NMR studies of macromolecules, there has been an interest in the development of accurate, sensitive methods for measuring N-15-H-1 and C-13-H-1 one-bond coupling constants. Most methods for determining these couplings are based on the measurement of the displacement between cross-peak components in J-coupled spectra. However, for large macromolecules and macromolecular complexes, these methods are often unreliable since differential relaxation can significantly broaden one of the multiplet components (i.e., the anti-TROSY component) and thereby make accurate determination of its position difficult. To overcome this problem, a J-evolved transverse relaxation optimized (JE-TROSY) method is presented for the determination of one-bond couplings that involves J-evolution of the sharpest cross-peak multiplet component selected in a TROSY experiment. Couplings are measured from the displacement of the TROSY component in the additional J-evolution dimension relative to a zero frequency origin. The JE-TROSY method is demonstrated on uniformly labeled N-15,C-13-labeled RNA and peptide samples, as well as with an RNA-protein complex, in which the protein is uniformly N-15,C-13-labeled. In all cases, resolved, sensitive spectra are obtained from which heteronuclear one-bond J-couplings could be accurately and easily measured. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Luy, Burkhard/I-1918-2013 OI Luy, Burkhard/0000-0001-9580-6397 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM59107] NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1090-7807 J9 J MAGN RESON JI J. Magn. Reson. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 163 IS 1 BP 92 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00105-8 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physics; Spectroscopy GA 703KM UT WOS:000184278600011 PM 12852911 ER PT J AU Kim, JH Babushok, VI Germer, TA Mulholland, GW Ehrman, SH AF Kim, JH Babushok, VI Germer, TA Mulholland, GW Ehrman, SH TI Cosolvent-assisted spray pyrolysis for the generation of metal particles SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COPPER(II) ACETATE MONOHYDRATE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; NANOPARTICLES; KINETICS; OXYSALTS; SALTS; FINE; PD; AU AB A cosolvent-assisted spray pyrolysis process was developed for the formation of phase-pure metal particles from metal salt precursors without the direct addition of hydrogen or other reducing gas. Generation of phase-pure copper and nickel particles from aqueous solutions of copper acetate, copper nitrate, and nickel nitrate over the temperature range of 450 to 1000 degreesC was demonstrated. Addition of ethanol as a cosolvent plays a crucial role in producing phase-pure metal powders. Results of a modeling study of ethanol decomposition kinetics suggest that cosolvent decomposition creates a strong reducing atmosphere during spray pyrolysis via in situ production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehrman, SH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 10 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1614 EP 1622 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0222 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 698ET UT WOS:000183985200017 ER PT J AU Li, H Salamanca-Riba, L Ramesh, R Scott, JH AF Li, H Salamanca-Riba, L Ramesh, R Scott, JH TI Ordering in (La,Sr)(Al,Ta)O-3 substrates SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB (La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O-3 (LSAT) has recently received increased attention as a substrate for the deposition of various oxide films. LSAT is usually considered as having a perovskite structure. However, the exact atomic structure of LSAT is not yet well known and has received little attention up to now. In this paper, a series of studies using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry were conducted to determine the atomic structure of LSAT. It was found that LSAT consists of two types of domains: one with a simple cubic perovskite structure (disordered with a = 0.3868 nm) and the other with a face-centered-cubic structure (ordered with a = 0.773 nm). Computer image simulation of high-resolution lattice images suggests that the ordered structure is due to ordering of the Al and Ta ions. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, H (reprint author), Motorola Labs, 7700 S River Pkwy, Tempe, AZ USA. RI Salamanca-Riba, Lourdes/B-3785-2009 OI Salamanca-Riba, Lourdes/0000-0001-8155-6403 NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1698 EP 1704 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0233 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 698ET UT WOS:000183985200028 ER PT J AU Wong, APS Johnson, GC AF Wong, APS Johnson, GC TI South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; MECHANISM; FLOW AB The structure, formation, and destruction of South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (SPESTMW) are analyzed. Geographic extent and water properties are discussed by using high-quality CTD sections collected between 1991 and 1996. Defined as having a planetary potential vorticity magnitude of less than 3 x 10(-10) m(-1) s(-1), SPESMTW has a volume of about 1.1 x 10(15) m(3), estimated from CTD data. The ventilation of this mode water is described by using data from a high-resolution XBT section in concert with 30-month time series from profiling CTD floats, some of the first Argo deployments. Published subduction rates allow a mode-water formation rate estimate of 8.7 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1). Combining this estimate with the volume yields a residence time of about 4 years. The density-compensating covarying patterns of late winter surface temperature and salinity in the ventilation region of SPESTMW are shown to contribute to the strength of the mode water. However, while the destabilizing salinity gradient in SPESTMW contributes to its formation, it may also hasten its destruction by leaving it susceptible to double-diffusive convective mixing. SPESTMW spreads northwestward from its ventilation region within the subtropical gyre, eventually joining the South Equatorial Current. It is speculated that the proximity of the SPESTMW ventilation region to the Tropics, where winds and sea surface temperatures vary significantly, coupled with a direct interior circulation pathway to the equator, may allow SPESTMW to effect modulation of ENSO dynamics. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Wong, APS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 33 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1493 EP 1509 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1493:SPESMW>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 700EV UT WOS:000184100400012 ER PT J AU Baier, CT Napp, JM AF Baier, CT Napp, JM TI Climate-induced variability in Calanus marshallae populations SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING-SEA; POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; FREQUENCY TIME-SERIES; EGG-PRODUCTION; NORWEGIAN SEA; GEORGES BANK; PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENT; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM; SHELIKOF STRAIT AB Calanus marshallae is the dominant mesozooplankton copepod species over the south-eastern Bering Sea middle shelf. Climate-induced changes in the magnitude and timing of production by C. marshallae may affect the living marine resources of the Bering Sea shelf ecosystem. We examined springtime abundance, gonadal maturity and stage distributions of C. marshallae copepodites during five consecutive years (1995-1999) that spanned the range of variability observed over the past 34 years in terms of water temperature and ice cover. We compared our results with previous work conducted during cool (1980) and warm (1981) years [Smith, S. L. and Vidal, J. (1986) Cont. Shelf Res., 5, 215-239]. The spring phytoplankton bloom began relatively early in association with ice (1995, 1997, 1999), but began late when ice was absent or retreated early (1996, 1998). Egg production began well before the bloom and continued over a long duration. Copepodites, however, were recruited during a relatively short period, coincident with the spring phytoplankton bloom. The relationship between brood stock and spring-generation copepodite abundances was weak. Copepodite concentrations during May were greatest in years of most southerly ice extent. Copepodite populations were highly variable among years, reflecting interannual variability in the atmosphere-ice-ocean system. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Baier, CT (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 59 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 25 IS 7 BP 771 EP 782 DI 10.1093/plankt/25.7.771 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 697PB UT WOS:000183951300007 ER PT J AU Young, SK Trevino, SF Tan, NCB Paul, RL AF Young, SK Trevino, SF Tan, NCB Paul, RL TI Utilization of prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis in the evaluation of Nafion membranes SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Nafion; perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes; prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis; ion exchangers; counterion form membranes; ionomers; membranes ID ANGLE X-RAY; PERFLUORINATED IONOMER MEMBRANES; WATER; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR; POLYMER AB Researchers have performed evaluations on Nafion membranes for many years. An important aspect of the membranes is their chemical composition and uniformity. One technique that could provide accurate and fast quantitative measurements of the chemical composition and water within the membranes is prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (PGAA). In this work, PGAA was applied to the chemical characterization of Nafion membranes in various forms. The evaluation confirmed the necessity of pretreatment of the membranes for the elimination of contamination. A series of counterion-exchanged membranes were examined so that we could determine the degree of conversion achieved under different conditions and residual water levels. The results indicated that the type of counterion was an important factor determining conversion levels, that partial conversion could be achieved, and that counterion displacement could be forced to occur in certain environments. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USA, Ballist Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Young, SK (reprint author), USA, Ballist Res Lab, WMSRL WM MA Bldg 4600, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 13 BP 1485 EP 1492 DI 10.1002/polb.10488 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 690RZ UT WOS:000183564000006 ER PT J AU Start, PR Mauritz, KA AF Start, PR Mauritz, KA TI Surlyn (R)/silicate nanocomposite materials via a polymer in situ sol-gel process: Morphology SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE nanocomposites; morphology; ionomers; silicas; electron microscopy; atomic force miscroscopy ID HYBRID MATERIALS; IONOMERS; CHEMISTRY; TETRAETHYLORTHOSILICATE AB Surlyn(R)/silicate hybrid materials were produced via diffusion-controlled polymer in situ sol-gel reactions for tetraethylorthosilicate. The heterogeneous morphologies of these materials were inspected with transmission electron (TEM), atomic force (AFM), and environmental scanning electron microscopic methods. The silicate uptake was highly dependent on the water affinity of the particular Surlyn(R) form (acid or ionic) rather than on the affinity of the solvent. The morphology consisted of silicate particles with diameters that were on the order of tens of nanometers. Hence, these materials can be classified as nanocomposites. The particle size distributions in both the TEM and AFM images for all composites appeared to be narrow, with un-neutralized Surlyn(R) exhibiting a broader distribution. Larger particles were found near the film surfaces, and the silicon elemental distribution across the film thickness indicated higher concentrations near the surfaces, which is most likely due to the fact that the sol-gel reaction is diffusion controlled in these polymeric media. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Polymer Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RP Mauritz, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kenneth.mauritz@usm.edu NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0887-6266 EI 1099-0488 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 13 BP 1563 EP 1571 DI 10.1002/polb.10501 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 690RZ UT WOS:000183564000014 ER PT J AU VanLandingham, MR AF VanLandingham, MR TI Review of instrumented indentation SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE calibration methods; contact mechanics; depth-sensing indentation; elastic modulus; instrumented indentation; measurement science; nanoindentation; tip shape characterization ID DEPTH-SENSING INDENTATION; FILM MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PYRAMIDAL INDENTATION; FORCE MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; TIP GEOMETRY; NANOINDENTATION; LOAD; INDENTER; HARDNESS AB Instrumented indentation, also known as depth-sensing indentation or nanoindentation, is increasingly being used to probe the mechanical response of materials from metals and ceramics to polymeric and biological materials. The additional levels of control, sensitivity, and data acquisition offered by instrumented indentation systems have resulted in numerous advances in materials science, particularly regarding fundamental mechanisms of mechanical behavior at micrometer and even sub-micrometer length scales. Continued improvements of instrumented indentation testing towards absolute quantification of a wide range of material properties and behavior will require advances in instrument calibration, measurement protocols, and analysis tools and techniques. In this paper, an overview of instrumented indentation is given with regard to current instrument technology and analysis methods. Research efforts at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) aimed at improving the related measurement science are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP VanLandingham, MR (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Weap & Mat Res Directorate, Polymers Res Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM mark.vanlandingham@us.army.mil NR 61 TC 211 Z9 217 U1 9 U2 84 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 108 IS 4 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.6028/jres.108.024 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 720JH UT WOS:000185257300001 PM 27413609 ER PT J AU Tarrio, C Grantham, S Squires, MB Vest, RE Lucatorto, TB AF Tarrio, C Grantham, S Squires, MB Vest, RE Lucatorto, TB TI Towards high accuracy reflectometry for extreme-ultraviolet lithography SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE extreme ultraviolet; lithography; metrology; reflectometry; synchrotron radiation ID LIGHT-SOURCE AB Currently the most demanding application of extreme ultraviolet optics is connected with the development of extreme ultraviolet lithography. Not only does each of the Mo/Si multilayer extreme-ultraviolet stepper mirrors require the highest attainable reflectivity at 13 nm ( nearly 70 %), but the central wavelength of the reflectivity of these mirrors must be measured with a wavelength repeatability of 0.001 nm and the peak reflectivity of the reflective masks with a repeatability of 0.12 %. We report on two upgrades of our NIST/DARPA Reflectometry Facility that have given us the ability to achieve 0.1 % repeatability and 0.3 % absolute uncertainty in our reflectivity measurements. A third upgrade, a monochromator with thermal and mechanical stability for improved wavelength repeatability, is currently in the design phase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tarrio, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Electron & Opt Phys Div, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ctarrio@nist.gov; grantham@nist.gov; rvest@nist.gov; tlucatorto@nist.gov NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 108 IS 4 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.6028/jres.108.025 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 720JH UT WOS:000185257300002 PM 27413610 ER PT J AU Lee, YG Lyons, KW LeBrun, TW AF Lee, YG Lyons, KW LeBrun, TW TI Virtual environment for manipulating microscopic particles with optical tweezers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanoscale assembly; nanotechnology; optical tweezers; virtual reality AB In this paper, virtual reality techniques are used to define an intuitive interface to a nanoscale manipulation device. This device utilizes optical methods to focus laser light to trap and reposition nano-to-microscopic particles. The underlying physics are simulated by the use of Lagrange mechanics. A unique control method for the manipulation of the particles is also provided. The user can naturally grab and steer the particles. Behind the scene, a complex computation is performed to find the new location of the potential field induced by the laser beam that would move the particles accordingly. Haptic feedback is used to constrain the steering motion within the physical capability of the potential field. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yglee@nist.gov; kevin.lyons@nist.gov; thomas.lebrun@nist.gov NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 108 IS 4 BP 275 EP 287 DI 10.6028/jres.108.026 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 720JH UT WOS:000185257300003 PM 27413611 ER PT J AU Song, NO Kwak, BJ Miller, LE AF Song, NO Kwak, BJ Miller, LE TI On the stability of exponential backoff SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE exponential backoff algorithm; medium access control; stability ID PERFORMANCE; PROTOCOLS; ETHERNET; CHANNELS; NUMBER AB Random access schemes for packet networks featuring distributed control require algorithms and protocols for resolving packet collisions that occur as the uncoordinated terminals contend for the channel. A widely used collision resolution protocol is the exponential backoff (EB). New analytical results for the stability of the ( binary) EB are given. Previous studies on the stability of the ( binary) EB have produced contradictory results instead of a consensus: some proved instability, others showed stability under certain conditions. In these studies, simplified and/or modified models of the backoff algorithm were used. In this paper, care is taken to use a model that reflects the actual behavior of backoff algorithms. We show that EB is stable under a throughput definition of stability; the throughput of the network converges to a non-zero constant as the offered load N goes to infinity. We also obtain the analytical expressions for the saturation throughput for a given number of nodes, N. The analysis considers the general case of EB with backoff factor r, where BEB is the special case with r = 2. We show that r = 1/( 1 - e(-1)) is the optimum backoff factor that maximizes the throughput. The accuracy of the analysis is checked against simulation results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, NO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nsong@nist.gov; bjkwak@nist.gov; lmiller@nist.gov NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 108 IS 4 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.6028/jres.108.027 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 720JH UT WOS:000185257300004 PM 27413612 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Chin, F Ban, K Wyatt-Millington, R AF Gharavi, H Chin, F Ban, K Wyatt-Millington, R TI A link-level simulator of the cdma2000 reverse-link physical layer SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cdma2000; CDMA (code division Multiple Access); IMT 2000; rake receiver; reverse link; third generation mobile systems (3G) AB The cdma2000 system is an evolutionary enhancement of the IS-95 standards which support 3G services defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). cdma2000 comes in two phases: 1XRTT and 3XRTT (1X and 3X indicates the number of 1.25 MHz wide radio carrier channels used and RTT stands for Radio Transmission Technology). The cdma2000 1XRTT, which operates within a 1.25 MHz bandwidth, can be utilized in existing IS-95 CDMA channels as it uses the same bandwidth, while 3XRTT requires the commitment of 5 MHz bandwidth to support higher data rates. This paper describes a software model implementation of the cdma2000 reverse link and its application for evaluating the effect of rake receiver design parameters on the system performance under various multipath fading conditions. The cdma2000 models were developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), using SPW ( Signal Processing Worksystem) commercial software tools. The model has been developed in a generic manner that includes all the reverse link six radio configurations and their corresponding data rates, according to cdma2000 specifications. After briefly reviewing the traffic channel characteristics of the cdma2000 reverse link ( subscriber to base station), the paper discusses the rake receiver implementation including an ideal rake receiver. It then evaluates the performance of each receiver for a Spreading Rate 3 (3XRTT) operation, which is considered as a true "3G" cdma2000 technology. These evaluations are based on the vehicular IMT-2000 ( International Mobile Telecommunication 2000) channel model using the link budget defined in cdma2000 specifications for the reverse link. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Div, Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Div, Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gharavi@nist.gov; koichiro.ban@nist.gov RI Wyatt-Millington, Rosemary/D-2412-2009; Wyatt-Millington, Rosemary/B-6625-2017; OI Wyatt-Millington, Rosemary/0000-0003-4063-9522; Halliwell, Rosemary/0000-0002-3376-3499 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 108 IS 4 BP 299 EP 321 DI 10.6028/jres.108.028 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 720JH UT WOS:000185257300005 PM 27413613 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Coutts, R Stalick, JK Levin, I Huang, Q AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Coutts, R Stalick, JK Levin, I Huang, Q TI BaO-Nd2O3-CuOx subsolidus equilibria under carbonate-free conditions at pO(2)=100 Pa and at pO(2)=21 kPa SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BA-CU-O; OXYGEN PARTIAL-PRESSURE; TERNARY PHASE-DIAGRAM; ND1+XBA2-XCU3OZ SOLID-SOLUTION; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; NDO1.5-BAO-CUO SYSTEM; CURRENT-DENSITY; AIR ATMOSPHERE AB Subsolidus phase equilibria of the BaO-Nd2O3-CuO, system at PO2 = 100Pa (0.1% O-2 volume fraction, 810degreesC) and at PO2 = 21 kPa (21% O-2 volume fraction, 930degreesC have been investigated by applying controlled-atmosphere methods to minimize the presence of carbonate and CO2 and H2O contamination. Under carbonate-free conditions, the BaO Nd2O3-CuOx phase diagrams at PO2 = 100 Pa and at PO2 = 21 kPa are similar to one another except for differences in the extent of the solid solutions. Apart from the limiting binary phases, the ternary system consists of three solid solutions and one stoichiometric ternary compound. The first solid solution is the high T-c series, Ba2-xNd1+xCu3O6+z (0.3 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0 at pO(2) = 100 Pa; 0.95 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0 at pO(2) = 21 kPa). At pO(2) = 21 kPa, a compositionally dependent phase change was detected, from tetragonal (0.7 > x greater than or equal to 0) to orthorhombic (0.95 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0.7). The second solid solution series, the 'brown-phase' Ba1+xNd2-xCuOz, has a narrow homogeneity region (0.10 > x greater than or equal to 0 at PO2 = 100 Pa; 0.15 > x greater than or equal to 0 at PO2 = 21 kPa). In the high BaO part of the phase diagram, a third solid solution (Ba2-xNdx)CuO3+z (x = 0 to approximate to 0.3 at PO2 = 100 Pa; x = 0 - 0.45 at O-2 = 21 kPa) was confirmed, as well as a nominally stoichiometric phase, Ba4Nd2Cu2Oz. The latter phase is an insulator, with a structure comprised of unusual CuO5 linear chains. A significant difference in tie line distribution involving the Ba2-xNdl+xCu3O6+z superconductor was found under carbonate-free conditions relative to literature studies completed in air. Instead of the BaCuO2 + x-Ba-2 + xNd(4-x),Cu2Oz tie line normally encountered in air, a Ba2-x,Nd1+xCu3O6+ (Ba,Nd)(2)CuO3+x, tie line was established. This tie line substantially expands the field of stability of the Ba2-xNd1+xCu3O6+z superconductor phase into the BaO-rich region of the phase diagram. Implications for the processing of materials based on the Ba2-xNd1+x xCuO(6+ z) superconductor are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20749 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 84 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 173 IS 2 BP 476 EP 488 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00044-6 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 707ND UT WOS:000184516000028 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, IM Azizov, ND TI Densities and apparent molar volumes of aqueous NaNO3 solutions at temperatures from 292 to 573 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aqueous solution; apparent molar volume; density; equation of state; partial molar volume; sodium nitrate; water ID HEAT-CAPACITIES; SODIUM-NITRATE; POTASSIUM-NITRATE; NITRIC-ACID; WATER; 25-DEGREES-C; ELECTROLYTES; CONDUCTIVITY; IONIZATION; VISCOSITY AB Densities of four aqueous NaNO3 solutions (0.100, 0.303, 0.580, 0.892 mol-kg(-1) H2O) have been measured in the liquid phase with a constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. Measurements were made at ten isotherms between 292 and 573 K. The range of pressure was 0.1-30 MPa. The total uncertainty of density, pressure, temperature, and concentration measurements were estimated to be less than 0.06%, 0.05%, 10 mK, and 0.014%, respectively. Values of saturated densities were determined by extrapolating experimental P-rho data to the vapor pressure at fixed temperature and composition. Apparent molar volumes were derived using measured values of density for the solutions and for pure water. The apparent molar volumes were extrapolated to zero concentration to yield partial molar volumes at infinite dilution. The temperature, pressure, and concentration dependence of partial and apparent molar volumes were studied. The measured values of density and apparent and partial molar volume were compared with data reported in the literature. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala, Russia. Azerbaijan State Oil Acad, Baku 370601, Azerbaijan. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 50 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 32 IS 7 BP 573 EP 599 DI 10.1023/A:1026388205205 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 737AD UT WOS:000186205700001 ER PT J AU Gillis, KA Mehl, JB Moldover, MR AF Gillis, KA Mehl, JB Moldover, MR TI Theory of the Greenspan viscometer SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC VISCOMETER; ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; VISCOSITY; GASES; PRESSURES; PROPANE AB We present a detailed acoustic model of the Greenspan acoustic viscometer, a practical instrument for accurately measuring the viscosity eta of gases. As conceived by Greenspan, the viscometer is a Helmholtz resonator composed of two chambers coupled by a duct of radius r(d). In the lowest order, eta = pifrho (r(d)/Q)(2), where f and Q are the frequency and quality factor of the isolated Greenspan mode, and rho is the gas density. In this level of approximation, the viscosity can be determined by measuring the duct radius and frequency response of the resonator. In the full acoustic model of the resonator, the duct is represented by a T-equivalent circuit, the chambers as lumped impedances, and the effects of the diverging fields at the duct ends by lumped end impedances with inertial and resistive components. The model accounts for contributions to 1/Q from thermal dissipation (primarily localized in the chambers) and from a capillary used for filling and evacuating the resonator. A robust, prototype instrument is being used for measuring the viscosity of reactive gases used in semiconductor processing. For well-characterized surrogate gases, the prototype viscometer generated values of eta that were within +/-0.8% of published reference values throughout the pressure range 0.2-3.2 MPa. Remarkably, we achieved this level of agreement by only slight adjustment of the numerically calculated inertial and resistive end effect parameters to improve the agreement with helium reference values. No other parameters were adjusted. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillis, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 114 IS 1 BP 166 EP 173 DI 10.1121/1.1577550 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 699ZF UT WOS:000184087100017 PM 12880030 ER PT J AU Straub, KH Kiladis, GN AF Straub, KH Kiladis, GN TI The observed structure of convectively coupled Kelvin waves: Comparison with simple models of coupled wave instability SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATIONS; EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; TOGA COARE; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; STRATIFORM INSTABILITY; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE; CISK MODES; DISTURBANCES; ENVIRONMENT AB Observations of the horizontal and vertical structure of convectively coupled Kelvin waves are presented and are compared with the predicted structures of moist Kelvin ( or gravity) waves in three simple models of coupled wave instability: wave - conditional instability of the second kind ( CISK), wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE), and stratiform instability. The observations are based on a linear regression analysis of multiple years of ECMWF reanalysis and station radiosonde data. Results suggest that both the wave-CISK and stratiform instability theories successfully predict many important features of observed moist Kelvin waves, but that unrealistic aspects of these models limit their ability to provide comprehensive explanations for the dynamics of these waves. It is suggested that an essential component of any theory for moist Kelvin waves is the second baroclinic mode heat source associated with stratiform precipitation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Straub, KH (reprint author), Susquehanna Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, 514 Univ Ave, Selinsgrove, PA 17870 USA. NR 45 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 60 IS 14 BP 1655 EP 1668 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1655:TOSOCC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 694FT UT WOS:000183764000002 ER PT J AU Ye, J Peng, JL Jones, RJ Holman, KW Hall, JL Jones, DJ Diddams, SA Kitching, J Bize, S Bergquist, JC Hollberg, LW Robertsson, L Ma, LS AF Ye, J Peng, JL Jones, RJ Holman, KW Hall, JL Jones, DJ Diddams, SA Kitching, J Bize, S Bergquist, JC Hollberg, LW Robertsson, L Ma, LS TI Delivery of high-stability optical and microwave frequency standards over an optical fiber network SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND-LASER; PHASE-CONTROL; TRANSITIONS; COMB; SPECTROSCOPY; HG-199(+); CLOCKWORK; TIME; NM AB Optical and radio frequency standards located in JILA and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) laboratories have been connected through a 3.45-km optical fiber link. An optical frequency standard based on an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser at 1064 mn (with an instability of similar to4 X 10(-14) at 1 s) has been transferred from JILA to NIST and simultaneously measured in both laboratories. In parallel, a hydrogen maser-based radio frequency standard (with an instability of similar to2.4 X 10(-13) at 1 s) is transferred from NIST to JILA. Comparison between these frequency standards is made possible by the use of femtosecond frequency combs in both laboratories. The degradation of the optical and rf standards that are due to the instability in the transmission channel has been measured. Active noise cancellation is demonstrated to improve the transfer stability of the fiber link. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Ye@jila.colorado.edu RI Peng, Jin-Long/D-3425-2011; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Peng, Jin-Long/0000-0001-6149-8197; NR 24 TC 130 Z9 132 U1 5 U2 27 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1459 EP 1467 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.001459 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 701MW UT WOS:000184172200007 ER PT J AU Stutzke, NA Burkett, SL Russek, SE AF Stutzke, NA Burkett, SL Russek, SE TI High-frequency noise measurements in spin-valve devices SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY NOV 03-08, 2002 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Amer Vacuum Soc AB High-frequency magnetic noise in magnetoresistive devices being developed for read-sensor and magnetic random access memory applications may present fundamental limitations on the performance of submicrometer magnetic devices. High-frequency magnetic noise (HFN) arises from intrinsic thermal fluctuations of the device magnetization. High-frequency noise spectroscopy provides a powerful tool to characterize the dynamics and response of small multilayer magnetic devices. In this study, the noise characteristics of micrometer-dimension spin valves have been investigated at frequencies in the range 0.1-6 GHz. At frequencies below this range 1/f noise dominates. HFN measurements, as a function of bias current and longitudinal magnetic field, are obtained for IrMn exchange-biased spin valves using a 50 GHz spectrum analyzer, low-noise amplifier, and a microwave probing system. The magnetic noise is obtained by taking the difference between the noise spectrum of the device in a saturated and unsaturated state. The data can be fit to simple models that predict the noise power to be proportional to the imaginary part of the free-layer magnetic susceptibility. There are some important differences between the high-frequency noise measurements and direct measurements of the device susceptibility (both at the device and wafer level). The noise measurements show a smaller damping parameter (a smaller ferromagnetic resonance linewidth) and additional features due to the presence of nonuniform modes. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Boise State Univ, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stutzke, NA (reprint author), Boise State Univ, Boise, ID 83725 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 21 IS 4 BP 1167 EP 1171 DI 10.1116/1.1582458 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 705RU UT WOS:000184409200054 ER PT J AU Farkas, N Zhang, G Evans, EA Ramsier, RD Dagata, JA AF Farkas, N Zhang, G Evans, EA Ramsier, RD Dagata, JA TI Nanoscale oxidation of zirconium surfaces: Kinetics and mechanisms SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International Symposium of the American-Vacuum-Society CY NOV 03-08, 2002 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Amer Vacuum Soc ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; SCANNED PROBE OXIDATION; FIELD-INDUCED OXIDATION; INDUCED LOCAL OXIDATION; NITRIDE FILMS; SPACE-CHARGE; SILICON; ZR(0001); GROWTH; NANOFABRICATION AB We show that atomic force microscope-induced oxide features can be formed reproducibly on both Zr and ZrN surfaces, and that the growth rate decreases rapidly with increasing time. There is an increase in oxide-feature height with humidity for both systems, and an approximately linear dependence of the height of the structures on the applied voltage for all films for short exposure times. As the anodization time increases, only the thinnest (6 nm) films show a large enhancement in oxide-feature height, demonstrating the role of the film/substrate interface. Under the same conditions, the height of features grown on ZrN films is greater than for those grown on Zr films, indicating that nitrogen plays a role in the oxidation process. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Farkas, N (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Phys, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 21 IS 4 BP 1188 EP 1193 DI 10.1116/1.1560712 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 705RU UT WOS:000184409200058 ER PT J AU Prabhu, VM Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL AF Prabhu, VM Jones, RL Lin, EK Wu, WL TI Polyelectrolyte effects in model photoresist developer solutions SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON; PHENOLIC POLYMER DISSOLUTION; X-RAY-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; ORDERED STRUCTURE; DILUTE-SOLUTIONS; IONIC-STRENGTH; FLUCTUATIONS AB We demonstrate that the deprotected photoresist poly(4-hydroxy styrene) is a polyelectrolyte when dissolved in aqueous base solutions. This polyelectrolyte effect manifests itself by the well-known monomer-monomer correlations as measured by small-angle neutron scattering. The correlation peak at the finite wave vector is a function of the solution ionic strength and polymer concentration. The weakening of the polyelectrolyte effects with added salts and excess base is also demonstrated. These studies emphasize the role of salt additives and aqueous base concentration and their influence on equilibrium solution properties such as the second virial coefficient and single chain radius of gyration. The fundamental role of these equilibrium properties with respect to the dissolution process is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prabhu, VM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 21 IS 4 BP 1403 EP 1410 DI 10.1116/1.1591742 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 717GW UT WOS:000185080000037 ER PT J AU Goldstein, T Gulland, FMD Aldridge, BM Harvey, JT Rowles, T Lambourn, DM Jeffries, SJ Measures, L Yochem, PK Stewart, BS Small, RJ King, DP Stott, JL Mazet, JAK AF Goldstein, T Gulland, FMD Aldridge, BM Harvey, JT Rowles, T Lambourn, DM Jeffries, SJ Measures, L Yochem, PK Stewart, BS Small, RJ King, DP Stott, JL Mazet, JAK TI Antibodies to phocine herpesvirus-1 are common in North American harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE ELISA; harbor seal; herpesvirus; marine wildlife; PhHV-1; Phoca vitulina; serosurvey ID INFECTIONS; RICHARDSII; DISEASE AB Phocine herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) has been associated with morbidity and high mortality in neonatal harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) along the Pacific coast of California (USA) and in northern Europe. Seals dying with PhHV-1 associated disease in California primarily have histopathologic evidence of adrenal necrosis or adrenalitis with herpesviral inclusion bodies. Little is known about prevalence of exposure to PhHV-1, modes of disease transmission, and viral pathogenesis in free-ranging harbor seal populations. To evaluate the prevalence in North America, 866 serum samples collected between 1994 and 2002 from harbor seals captured or stranded on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evidence of PhHV-1 exposure. Samples from three harbor seal age classes (pre-weaned, weaned, and subadults/adults) were obtained from each of four regions to compare exposure among sex, age class, and region. We found increasing prevalence with age as 37.5% of pre-weaned pups, 87.6% of weaned pups, and 99.0% of subadults and adults were seropositive. When accounting for age, no associations between seropositivity and sex or location of harbor seals were detected. These data indicate that PhHV-1 is endemic in the harbor seal populations of North America. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Hlth Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 95695 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Tacoma, WA 98404 USA. Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Goldstein, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Hlth Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Mazet, Jonna/B-4811-2012 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 39 IS 3 BP 487 EP 494 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 723YM UT WOS:000185459200001 PM 14567209 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, SA Beers, KL Byrd, HCM AF Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, SA Beers, KL Byrd, HCM TI MALDI-TOF mass spectral characterization of covalently cationized polystyrene SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; SPECTROMETRY; POLYMERS C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Byrd, HCM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI BENCHERIF, SIDI/0000-0002-7704-5608 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 13 BP 4669 EP 4671 DI 10.1021/ma034171a PG 3 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 696HK UT WOS:000183881400001 ER PT J AU VanderHart, DL Snyder, CR AF VanderHart, DL Snyder, CR TI Proton NMR characterization of room-temperature aging after modest thermal cycling in isotactic polypropylenes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SEMI-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS; ALPHA-RELAXATION; TOPOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS; MECHANICAL-BEHAVIOR; MELTING BEHAVIOR; C-13 NMR; SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS; SOLITON MODEL; POLYETHYLENE; SOLIDS AB A proton NMR method, based on simple Bloch-decay spectra in the solid state, is presented that enables one to follow, with excellent sensitivity, structural changes associated with aging in semicrystalline polymers whose T, is well below the aging temperature. The method is demonstrated for two representative isotactic polypropylene (iPP) samples, a Ziegler-Natta product and a metallocene product. Starting with samples that had been melt crystallized at a cooling rate of 1 degreesC/min and then aged at ambient temperature for long periods of time, subsequent mild heating cycles between ambient temperature and temperatures below 90 degreesC were applied. Such heating cycles remained more than 70 degreesC below the major crystalline melting temperature for iPP. Aging at 20 degreesC was monitored by NMR over aging times, 6 min < t(age) < 4 d, following those heating cycles. It was shown that changes in the Bloch-decay spectra, corresponding to a lower limit of 2-3% of the mass of iPP being transformed from mobile to rigid components, accompanied the aging process over the 4 d period. Moreover, the time dependence was linear in 109(tag,). It was further shown that the population of those noncrystalline (NC) stems with the highest mobility was most strongly reduced by aging; this observation does not, however, unambiguously establish that these same chains were the actual stems participating in the newly formed structures. The aging process was also shown to be reversible in the sense that the structures formed could be completely destroyed by repeating the mild heating cycle. Attention was paid to the definition of crystallinity, and an operational definition of crystallinity for the NMR measurements was based on the component with a long (> 150 ms) value of T-1xy, the relaxation along the quantization axis of the toggling frame in a multiple pulse (MP) experiment. The complementary NC component, by this definition, includes not only the motionally averaged protons seen in the Bloch-decay spectrum but also certain protons with more hindered motions which, by Bloch-decay criteria, appear rigid. Approximately 75% of the NC protons transformed by aging are converted to "crystalline" protons, using the T-1xy definition; hence, the structural changes in aging seem to be dominated by crystallization, which we are comfortable to call secondary crystallization. A quick assay of the longitudinal proton relaxation, T-1(H), was also made during aging. Aside from some changes originating from oxygen losses during heating, T-1(H) was found to be independent of aging time, and implications are pursued. Without making firm conclusions, observations are noted that may have relevance to the morphological location of secondary crystallites and to the factors that influence the amount of material available for such crystallization. The extent of secondary crystallization in the metallocene iPP is only modestly smaller than in the Ziegler-Natta iPP, although the metallocene iPP has a lower stereo-regiodefect concentration, a narrower polydispersity, and no expected "amorphous fraction". It is speculated that significant secondary crystallization would also characterize a defect-free iPP with low polydispersity. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP VanderHart, DL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 48 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 13 BP 4813 EP 4826 DI 10.1021/ma030131v PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 696HK UT WOS:000183881400023 ER PT J AU Schabetsberger, R Sztatecsny, M Drozdowski, G Brodeur, RD Swartzman, GL Wilson, MT Winter, AG Napp, JM AF Schabetsberger, R Sztatecsny, M Drozdowski, G Brodeur, RD Swartzman, GL Wilson, MT Winter, AG Napp, JM TI Size-dependent, spatial, and temporal variability of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) feeding at a structural front in the Southeast Bering Sea SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PUBBLICAZIONI DELLA STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA DI NAPOLI I LA English DT Article DE Theragra chalcogramma; walleye pollock; predation; diel feeding; frontal regions; Bering Sea ID PRIBILOF-ISLANDS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; PREY SELECTION; ALASKA; FISHES; ZOOPLANKTON; GROUNDFISH; PREDATION; PROXIMITY; PLANKTON AB The waters surrounding the Pribilof Islands are an important nursery ground for juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma ), an important forage fish in the pelagic food web of the productive Bering Sea shelf region. The diet of juvenile pollock was studied in two consecutive years along a transect line crossing from a well-mixed coastal domain, through a frontal region to stratified water farther offshore. Variability in stomach fullness was high and evidence for increased feeding intensity in the front was weak. Prey diversity and prey size generally increased with increasing fish size, shifting from predominantly small copepods to larger, more evasive prey items such as euphausiids, crab megalopae and fish. The diet of the fish reflected changes in the relative abundance of copepods and euphausiids in the prey fields between years. Juvenile pollock showed increased feeding rates at dusk, and stomach fullness as well as prey condition were generally lowest just before sunrise; however, the proportion of euphausiids increased in the diet of pollock caught at night, suggesting that some food was also ingested during darkness. Juvenile pollock and their euphausiid prey both vertically migrated above the thermocline at night, although each had a different daytime depth. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Zool, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Univ Vienna, Inst Ecol & Conservat Biol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Schabetsberger, R (reprint author), Salzburg Univ, Inst Zool, Hellbrunnerstr 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-9565 J9 MAR ECOL-P S Z N I JI Mar. Ecol.-Pubbl. Stn. Zool. Napoli PD JUL PY 2003 VL 24 IS 2 BP 141 EP 164 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0485.2003.03819.x PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 704NL UT WOS:000184345700004 ER PT J AU Dalebout, ML Ross, GJB Baker, CS Anderson, RC Best, PB Cockcroft, VG Hinsz, HL Peddemors, V Pitman, RL AF Dalebout, ML Ross, GJB Baker, CS Anderson, RC Best, PB Cockcroft, VG Hinsz, HL Peddemors, V Pitman, RL TI Appearance, distribution, and genetic distinctiveness of Longman's beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE molecular genetics; mtDNA; holotype; species identification; taxonomy; external appearance; osteology; distribution; tropical bottlenose whales ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; EXTRACTION; ZIPHIIDAE; CETACEA; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; BONES AB Longman's beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus, was known previously from only two skulls. Here we describe four new specimens of this species from strandings in the western and central Indian Ocean. Two juveniles, previously misidentified from external morphology as Hyperoodon planifrons, were identified as I. pacificus through diagnostic characteristics of mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences derived from the holotype of this species. Images of the external appearance and teeth of the species are presented for the first time. Comparison of the color pattern of these new specimens with that of "tropical bottlenose whales" sighted in the tropical Indian and Pacific oceans confirm that those unidentified whales represent L pacificus. Moore (1968) erected a new genus, Indopacetus, for this species (described initially as Mesoplodon pacificus) based primarily on cranial morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of short mtDNA fragments available from the specimens known to date were unable to resolve the validity of this genus. However, the diagnostic osteological features highlighted by Moore (1968) for Indopacetus were also observed in the new specimens. Rib count and number of fused cervical vertebrae may also be diagnostic. Rostrum depth at mid-length and melon shape further distinguish this species from Mesoplodon beaked whales. As such, we see no reason on morphological grounds to overturn Moore's (1968) proposal that Longman's beaked whale is sufficiently distinct to be afforded its own genus. C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1000, New Zealand. Ctr Marine Res, H Whitewaves, Male, Maldives. Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. Ctr Dolphin Studies, ZA-6600 Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. Int Sch Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Life & Environm Sci, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Baker, CS (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1000, New Zealand. EM cs.baker@auckland.ac.nz NR 56 TC 45 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 421 EP 461 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01314.x PG 41 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800001 ER PT J AU Perrin, WF Mesnick, SL AF Perrin, WF Mesnick, SL TI Sexual ecology of the spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris: Geographic variation in mating system SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Stenella longirostris; odontocete; reproduction; testis; mating system; polygyny; polygynandry; sexual dimorphism; mortality rate; geographic variation ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; SPERM COMPETITION; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; TESTES SIZE; BODY SIZE; DIMORPHISM; SELECTION; PRIMATES; PRODUCTIVITY AB We offer the first report for a cetacean of geographical variation in mating system based in morphology. Analysis of samples from 1,678 male spinner dolphins from the eastern Pacific revealed that testis + epididymis weight was greater (to 1,354 g) in the whitebelly form of the species than in the eastern form (to 843 g). Sexual dimorphism in dorsal-fin shape is greater in the eastern form. The difference in testis size was strongly linked with shape of the dorsal fin on an individual basis. Only a few eastern males (0.6%) reached testis + epididymis weight at which all epididymides contain sperm, while a much larger proportion of whitebelly spinners (15.2%) reached this level, suggesting that a smaller proportion of eastern spinner males may participate in reproductive activity. This, and the fact that increased dimorphism and decreased testis size are indicative of increased polygyny in a wide variety of other mammal species, leads to the conclusion that the mating system varies geographically in the species, with a gradient from a more polygynous mating system in the eastern form to a more open or polygynandrous mating system in the whitebelly form. Differences in ovulation rate in the two forms are consistent with this conclusion. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Perrin, WF (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 65 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 17 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 462 EP 483 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01315.x PG 22 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800002 ER PT J AU Perrin, WF Dolar, MLL Amano, M Hayano, A AF Perrin, WF Dolar, MLL Amano, M Hayano, A TI Cranial sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cetacea; Delphinidae; Lagenodelphis hosei; Fraser's dolphin; sexual dimorphism; geographic variation; Philippines; Japan; skull; discriminant analysis ID TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; STENELLA-LONGIROSTRIS; NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; PHOCOENOIDES-DALLI; NORTH-ATLANTIC; MORPHOLOGY; MITOCHONDRIAL; PORPOISE; WATERS AB Knowledge of geographic variation is important to questions of population assessment and management. Fraser's dolphins have been exploited in two regions in the western Pacific. Analysis of 137 skulls from the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, France, the U.S., St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the eastern tropical Pacific revealed sexual dimorphism in 5 of 26 measurements (difference of 1.9%-5.8% between males and females), similar to levels of cranial dimorphism in other small pelagic delphinids. Males had a larger braincase and temporal fossae and smaller external nares than females. Sexually dimorphic characters were excluded, and male and females samples were pooled to examine geographic differences in the remaining characters. Multivariate analyses yielded significant differences between the Philippine and Japanese series within the North Pacific and between a pooled North Pacific series and a North Atlantic series. The Japanese skulls were on average broader and had a wider rostrum, larger orbit, larger internal nares, and longer braincase than the Philippine skulls. These differences suggest that Fraser's dolphins exploited in Japanese and Philippine waters in directed fisheries or as bycatch belong to different populations and should be assessed and managed separately. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Trop Marine Res, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Otsuchi Marine Res Ctr, Otsuchi, Iwate 0281102, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Dept Zool, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Perrin, WF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM william.perrin@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 484 EP 501 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01316.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800003 ER PT J AU Torres, LG Rosel, PE D'Agrosa, C Read, AJ AF Torres, LG Rosel, PE D'Agrosa, C Read, AJ TI Improving management of overlapping bottlenose dolphin ecotypes through spatial analysis and genetics SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops truncatus; spatial analysis; molecular analysis; management; stock structure; abundance estimates; overlapping populations ID MITOCHONDRIAL; POPULATIONS; UNCERTAINTY; ABUNDANCE; MODELS AB In the Northwest Atlantic the distribution of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) overlaps with that of the offshore ecotype. We hypothesized that the distribution of the two ecotypes could be delineated by depth and/or distance from shore, facilitating their identification during surveys. We obtained 304 skin biopsy samples and identified each as either coastal or offshore using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. We then interpreted the spatial distribution of coastal and offshore forms using spatial analysis. Using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis, we found a statistically significant break in ecotype distribution at 34 km from shore. In waters beyond 34 km from shore and deeper than 34 m, all bottlenose dolphins were of the offshore ecotype. Within 7.5 km of shore, all 65 samples were of the coastal ecotype. Between these two areas only nine samples were collected, so the genetic composition of bottlenose dolphins in this area remains poorly known. To enhance our understanding of the spatial distribution of the two ecotypes, future research should obtain more biopsy samples in this zone. Nevertheless, our results indicate that a conservative abundance estimate for the coastal ecotype could be generated from surveys of bottlenose dolphins within 7.5 km of shore. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Torres, LG (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 26 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 18 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 502 EP 514 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01317.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800004 ER PT J AU Shelden, KEW Rugh, DJ Mahoney, BA Dahlheim, ME AF Shelden, KEW Rugh, DJ Mahoney, BA Dahlheim, ME TI Killer whale predation on belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska: Implications for a depleted population SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Delphinapterus leucas; Orcinus orca; beluga; killer whale; predator-prey interactions; stranding; mortality; Cook Inlet; Alaska ID ORCINUS-ORCA; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; MARINE MAMMALS; SEA OTTERS; ABUNDANCE; SIGHTINGS; SIZE; BAY AB Killer whale predation on belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska, has become a concern since the decline of these belugas was documented during the 1990s. Accordingly, killer whale sightings were compiled from systematic surveys, observer databases, and anecdotal accounts. Killer whales have been relatively common in lower Cook Inlet (at least 100 sightings from 1975 to 2002), but in the upper Inlet, north of Kalgin Island, sightings were infrequent (18 in 27 yr), especially prior to the 1990s. Beach cast beluga carcasses with teeth marks and missing flesh also provided evidence of killer whale predation. Most observed killer whale/beluga interactions were in the upper Inlet. During 11 of 15 observed interactions, belugas were obviously injured or killed, either through direct attacks or indirectly as a result of stranding. Assuming at least one beluga mortality occurred during the other four encounters, we can account for 21 belugas killed between 1985 and 2002. This would suggest a minimum estimate of roughly 1/yr and does not include at least three instances where beluga calves accompanied an adult that was attacked. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Reg Off, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Shelden, KEW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 47 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 529 EP 544 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01319.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800006 ER PT J AU Antonelis, GA Baker, JD Polovina, JJ AF Antonelis, GA Baker, JD Polovina, JJ TI Improved body condition of weaned Hawaiian monk seal pups associated with El Nino events: Potential benefits to an endangered species SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; pup; condition; girth; mass; survival; El Nino ID PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE; GREY SEALS; GROWTH; CONSEQUENCES; SURVIVAL; MASS; SIZE AB Efforts to enhance recovery of endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) require an understanding of factors influencing population dynamics. This study examines relationships between body condition and survival of monk seal pups at French Frigate Shoals and Laysan Island and El Nino events. Girth measurements and mass estimates were used as indicators of pup body condition, and survival was evaluated from weaning to age 2. Linear models and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate El Nino effects. Temporal trends in mean girth, mass, and survival were identified at both study sites. After accounting for temporal trends, girths were 3.7 cm and 2.7 cm greater during El Nino years at French Frigate Shoals and Laysan Island, respectively. Average mass estimates were significantly greater during El Nino years at French Frigate Shoals (2.6 kg increase), but were not significantly different at Laysan Island (1.8 kg increase). Weaned pups born at French Frigate Shoals during El Nino years survived significantly better, but this effect was not detected at Laysan Island. El Nino events probably affect pup condition and survival, but these parameters need to be monitored during future El Nino events to clarify these relationships. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Antonelis, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 590 EP 598 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01323.x PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800010 ER PT J AU Mizroch, SA AF Mizroch, SA TI Digital photography improves efficiency of individual dolphin identification: A reply to Markowitz et al. SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mizroch, SA (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 612 EP 614 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01327.x PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 698HK UT WOS:000183992800013 ER PT J AU Lehman, J Theocharous, E Eppeldauer, G Pannell, C AF Lehman, J Theocharous, E Eppeldauer, G Pannell, C TI Gold-black coatings for freestanding pyroelectric detectors SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gold-black; lithium tantalate; pyroelectric detector; reflectance; spatial uniformity; spectral responsivity ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB We describe the process of depositing gold-black on thin, freestanding pyroelectric detector substrates and compare this with previous work documented in the literature. We have evaluated gold-black coatings on thin, freestanding pyroelectric detector substrates by means of scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer reflectance, and spectral responsivity measurements. Spectrophotometric measurements indicate that reflectance at normal incidence varies by less than 1% at wavelengths shorter than 2.5 mum and by less than 10% at 10 mum. These results are correlated with the spectral responsivity of the detector and demonstrate that radiation not reflected by the gold-black is absorbed by the detector element. We have evaluated gold-black coatings as a function of position at two wavelengths and found variations of less than 1% at 1.25 mum and less than 5% at 10.3 mum, which demonstrates that spatial uniformity can be coating dependent. Gold-black coatings exposed to a 193 nm wavelength excimer laser were evaluated by visual inspection for damage and determined to have a damage threshold of approximately 38 mJ cm(-2). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kent, Sch Phys Sci, Canterbury CT2 7NR, Kent, England. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 12 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 4 U2 21 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 14 IS 7 BP 916 EP 922 AR PII S0957-0233(03)59777-6 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/7/304 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 720PK UT WOS:000185269000005 ER PT J AU Beven, JL Stewart, SR Lawrence, MB Avila, LA Franklin, JL Pasch, RJ AF Beven, JL Stewart, SR Lawrence, MB Avila, LA Franklin, JL Pasch, RJ TI Annual summary: Atlantic hurricane season of 2001 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; TRACK; FORECASTS; BASIN AB Activity during the 2001 hurricane season was similar to that of the 2000 season. Fifteen tropical storms developed, with nine becoming hurricanes and four major hurricanes. Two tropical depressions failed to become tropical storms. Similarities to the 2000 season include overall activity much above climatological levels and most of the cyclones occurring over the open Atlantic north of 25degreesN. The overall "lateness'' of the season was notable, with 11 named storms, including all the hurricanes, forming after 1 September. There were no hurricane landfalls in the United States for the second year in a row. However, the season's tropical cyclones were responsible for 93 deaths, including 41 from Tropical Storm Allison in the United States, and 48 from Hurricanes Iris and Michelle in the Caribbean. C1 Natl Hurricane Ctr, NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Beven, JL (reprint author), Natl Hurricane Ctr, NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 131 IS 7 BP 1454 EP 1484 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 694FN UT WOS:000183763400017 ER PT J AU Tippett, MK Anderson, JL Bishop, CH Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS AF Tippett, MK Anderson, JL Bishop, CH Hamill, TM Whitaker, JS TI Ensemble square root filters SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; KALMAN FILTER; ANALYSIS SCHEME; SYSTEM AB Ensemble data assimilation methods assimilate observations using state-space estimation methods and lowrank representations of forecast and analysis error covariances. A key element of such methods is the transformation of the forecast ensemble into an analysis ensemble with appropriate statistics. This transformation may be performed stochastically by treating observations as random variables, or deterministically by requiring that the updated analysis perturbations satisfy the Kalman filter analysis error covariance equation. Deterministic analysis ensemble updates are implementations of Kalman square root filters. The nonuniqueness of the deterministic transformation used in square root Kalman filters provides a framework to compare three recently proposed ensemble data assimilation methods. C1 Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY USA. GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Tippett, MK (reprint author), IRI LDEO, 223 Monell,POB 1000-61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Tippett, Michael/C-6286-2011 OI Tippett, Michael/0000-0002-7790-5364 NR 23 TC 384 Z9 394 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 131 IS 7 BP 1485 EP 1490 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1485:ESRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 694FN UT WOS:000183763400018 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD Sampson, CR AF Aberson, SD Sampson, CR TI On the predictability of tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific basin SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC BASIN AB A new Northwest Pacific climatology and persistence (CLIPER) model is derived with historical tropical cyclone tracks during the satellite and aircraft reconnaissance era ( 1970 - 95). The new CLIPER extends the forecasts from 3 to 5 days and exhibits smaller forecast biases than the previous CLIPER, although forecast errors are comparable. The new model is based on more accurate historical tropical cyclone track data, and a simpler derivation of the regression equations, than is the old model. Nonlinear systems analysis shows that the predictability timescale in which the average errors increase by a factor e is just over 15 h, which is about the same as that calculated by similar methods near Australia and in the North Atlantic. This suggests that 5-day tropical cyclone track forecasts may be beneficial, assuming small initial errors; therefore, a CLIPER model extended to 5 days is needed as a baseline to measure the forecast skill. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Sampson, Charles/F-5684-2010; Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 10 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 131 IS 7 BP 1491 EP 1497 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1491:OTPOTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 694FN UT WOS:000183763400019 ER PT J AU Thornton, J McMahon, PJ Allman, BE Murphy, JE Nugent, KA Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA AF Thornton, J McMahon, PJ Allman, BE Murphy, JE Nugent, KA Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA TI The detection and sizing of flaws in components from the hot-end of gas turbines using phase-contrast radiography with neutrons: a feasibility study SO NDT & E INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE radiography; neutrons; phase contrast; gas turbine engines ID HARD X-RAYS AB In this paper we present a feasibility study of the use of phase contrast radiography in the examination of components from the hot-section of gas turbine engines. These components are usually made from dense materials (nickel or cobalt based superalloys) and, consequently, radiographic examination requires either high energy X-rays (above 60 keV) or neutrons. The relative merits of employing X-rays and neutrons for phase contrast radiography are compared. It is shown that, for similar penetration, neutrons offer better sensitivity and that it should be possible to detect even micron-wide cracks orientated perpendicular to the incident rays. Simulation shows that, for cracks parallel to the incident rays, crack growth in increments of microns can be resolved by monitoring the development of the Fresnel diffraction pattern. Some preliminary experimental results are also presented that demonstrate an improvement over conventional neutron radiography. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 DSTO, Airframes & Engines Div, Melbourne, Vic 3207, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thornton, J (reprint author), DSTO, Airframes & Engines Div, 506 Lorimer St, Melbourne, Vic 3207, Australia. RI Nugent, Keith/J-2699-2012; Nugent, Keith/I-4154-2016 OI Nugent, Keith/0000-0003-1522-8991; Nugent, Keith/0000-0002-4281-3478 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0963-8695 J9 NDT&E INT JI NDT E Int. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 36 IS 5 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0963-8695(03)00007-0 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 685ZA UT WOS:000183293700002 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Blackwelder, WP Glasgow, HB Burkholder, JM Moeller, PDR Ramsdell, JS AF Levin, ED Blackwelder, WP Glasgow, HB Burkholder, JM Moeller, PDR Ramsdell, JS TI Learning impairment caused by a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida infused into the hippocampus of rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pfiesteria piscicida; toxin; hippocampus; radial-arm maze; learning; cognition ID ESTUARY-ASSOCIATED SYNDROME; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MICROGLIAL CELLS; PITUITARY-CELLS; VISUAL FUNCTION; DINOFLAGELLATE; COMPLEX; MEMORY; RECEPTORS AB Pfiesteria piscicida, an estuarine dinoflagellate, which has been shown to kill fish, has also been associated with neurocognitive deficits in humans. With a rat model, we have demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between Pfiesteria exposure and learning impairment. In several studies, we have replicated the finding in Sprague-Dawley rats that exposure to fixed acute doses of Pfiesteria cells or filtrates caused radial-arm maze learning impairment. Recently, this finding of Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment in rats has been independently replicated in another laboratory as well. We have demonstrated significant Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment in both the win-shift and repeated-acquisition tasks in the radial-arm maze and in reversal learning in a visual operant signal detection task. These learning impairments have been seen as long as 10 weeks after a single acute exposure to Pfiesteria. In the current study, we used a hydrophilic toxin isolated from clonal P piscicida cultures (PfTx) and tested its effect when applied locally to the ventral hippocampus on repeated acquisition of rats in the radial-arm maze. Toxin exposure impaired choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze repeated acquisition procedure. The PfTx-induced impairment was seen at the beginning of the session and the early learning deficit was persistent across 6 weeks of testing after a single administration of the toxin. Eventually, with enough practice, in each session, the PfTx-exposed rats did learn that session's problem as did control rats. This model has demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to a hydrophilic toxin produced by P. piscicida and learning impairment, and specifically that the ventral hippocampus was critically involved. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Neurobehav Res Lab, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth sci, Durham, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Appl Aquat Ecol, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC USA. NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Neurobehav Res Lab, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, BOX 3412, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 419 EP 426 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(03)00011-4 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 693AU UT WOS:000183693100001 PM 12798959 ER PT J AU Schnee, RW Abrams, D Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, A Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Dixon, R Driscoll, D Eichblatt, S Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haller, EE Hellmig, J Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Nam, SW Nelson, H Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Shutt, T Smith, A Sonnenschein, AH Spadafora, AL Wang, C Yellin, S Young, BA AF Schnee, RW Abrams, D Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, A Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Dixon, R Driscoll, D Eichblatt, S Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haller, EE Hellmig, J Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Nam, SW Nelson, H Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Shutt, T Smith, A Sonnenschein, AH Spadafora, AL Wang, C Yellin, S Young, BA TI Results from the 1998-1999 Runs of the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International UCLA Symposium on Sources and Detection of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe CY FEB 20-22, 2002 CL MARINA DEL REY, CALIFORNIA ID WIMP SEARCH; CONSTRAINTS; LIMITS AB The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) uses low-temperature Ge and Si detectors to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their elastic-scattering interaction with atomic nuclei while discriminating against interactions of background particles. CDMS data from 1998 and 1999 with a relaxed fiducial-volume cut (resulting in 15.8 kg-days exposure on Ge) are consistent with an earlier analysis with a more restrictive fiducial-volume cut. Twenty-three WIMP candidate events are observed, but these events are consistent with a background from neutrons. Resulting limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross-section are lower than those of any other experiment for WIMPs with masses between 10-70 GeV c(-2). Under the assumptions of standard WIMP interactions and a standard halo, the results are incompatible with the annual-modulation signal of DAMA at 99.99% CL in the asymptotic limit. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Schnee, RW (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; OI Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5632 J9 NUCL PHYS B-PROC SUP JI Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 124 BP 185 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0920-5632(03)02102-9 PG 4 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 703UE UT WOS:000184298700033 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Kim, HS Song, JS Griffith, D AF Lee, SK Kim, HS Song, JS Griffith, D TI A study on deflection routing in optical burst-switched networks SO PHOTONIC NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE OBS; deflection routing; contention; burst drop ID CONTENTION RESOLUTION; WDM NETWORKS; INTERNET AB A major concern in optical burst-switched networks is contention,which occurs when multiple bursts contend for the same link. While a deflection routing protocol is proposed as one of the contention resolution techniques,there has been no appropriate deflection routing algorithm to find an alternate route. In this paper, we formulate a deflection routing problem based on the burst blocking rate resulting from resource contention in an optical burst-switched network. This algorithm minimizes the contention on the alternate path with the minimum distance. Furthermore, in this paper, we develop an analytical model for the deflection routing time when deflection routing is performed to resolve contention. In this model, we investigate the expected deflection routing time considering that the burst could be dropped even with deflection routing due to another contention on the alternate path. Simulations are conducted to show that there is an improvement in terms of burst loss rate and network throughput. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, SK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Song, Jooseok/G-8615-2012 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-974X J9 PHOTONIC NETW COMMUN JI Photonic Netw. Commun. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 6 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1023/A:1023686708384 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Optics; Telecommunications GA 673MR UT WOS:000182585200005 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H Majkrzak, CF Sipatov, AY Giebultowicz, TM TI Polarized neutron reflectivity studies of magnetic semiconductor superlattices SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Polarised Neutrons for Condensed Matter Investigations (PNCMI 2002) CY SEP 16-19, 2002 CL JULICH, GERMANY SP Forsch Szentrum Julich DE ferromagnetic semiconductors; superlattices; neutron reflectometry AB Polarized neutron reflectivity studies of EuS/PbS, EuS/YbSe and GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices performed at the NIST Center for Neutron Research are presented. Pronounced antiferromagnetic (AFM) interlayer coupling has been found in EuS/PbS superlattices for a very broad range of PbS spacer thicknesses. Similar, but weaker, AFM coupling is also present in EuS/YbSe, although only for relatively thin YbSe layers. Neutron polarization analysis shows distinct in-plane asymmetry of the magnetization directions of EuS layers in both systems under investigation. For GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices, ferromagnetic (FM) interlayer correlations have been observed. Polarized neutron reflectometry investigations of several GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices have revealed that the manganese magnetic moments in individual GaMnAs layers, in spite of low Mn concentration, form a truly long range, that is in certain cases a single domain, ferromagnetic state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kharkov State Polytech Univ, UA-310002 Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. OI Sipatov, Alexander/0000-0002-2693-2135 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JUL PY 2003 VL 335 IS 1-4 BP 44 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(03)00188-1 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 695UH UT WOS:000183848400012 ER PT J AU Chen, WC Bailey, C Borchers, JA Farrow, RFC Gentile, TR Hussey, D Majkrzak, CF O'Donovan, KV Remmes, N Snow, WM Thompson, AK AF Chen, WC Bailey, C Borchers, JA Farrow, RFC Gentile, TR Hussey, D Majkrzak, CF O'Donovan, KV Remmes, N Snow, WM Thompson, AK TI Polarized He-3 analyzers for neutron reflectometry SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Polarised Neutrons for Condensed Matter Investigations (PNCMI 2002) CY SEP 16-19, 2002 CL JULICH, GERMANY SP Forsch Szentrum Julich DE He-3 analyzer; diffuse reflectometry; magnetically shielded solenoid ID SPIN RELAXATION; FILTER AB At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Indiana University, we are developing polarized He-3 analyzers for neutron reflectometry. We have employed He-3 analyzers at two polarized neutron reflectometers, NG1 at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) and POSY I at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), Argonne National Laboratory. The long-term goal for both efforts is to perform efficient studies of magnetic diffuse scattering. At the NCNR, we tested a He-3 analyzer by comparing measurements of specular scattering obtained with a supermirror analyzer to those obtained with a He-3 analyzer. For this test, we measured the spin-flip and nonspin-flip scattering from a Mn0.52Pd0.48/Fe thin film. The results with the He-3 analyzer show very good agreement with those obtained with the supermirror analyzer. We have Also carried out tests of the He-3 analyzer for application to magnetic diffuse scattering experiments. We discuss the development of a He-3 analyzer for IPNS that will be employed. for studies of patterned magnetic arrays. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8461, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.gentile@nist.gov RI Remmes, Nicholas/I-8227-2014 OI Remmes, Nicholas/0000-0001-8672-3231 NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 EI 1873-2135 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JUL PY 2003 VL 335 IS 1-4 BP 196 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(03)00236-9 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 695UH UT WOS:000183848400043 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Swartzendruber, LJ Kaduk, JA Bennett, LH AF Wong-Ng, W Swartzendruber, LJ Kaduk, JA Bennett, LH TI Magnetic and structural properties of the "brown phase" solid solution Ba(Nd2-xLax)CuO5 SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Ba(Nd2-xLax)CuO5; ferromagnetism; crystal structure; superconductor-related ID OXYGEN PARTIAL-PRESSURE; CURRENT-DENSITY; AIR ATMOSPHERE; DIAGRAM; SYSTEM; NONSTOICHIOMETRY; CONSTRUCTION; Y2BACUO5; REGION; FILMS AB The compounds BaR2CuO5 (R. = Y and lanthanides) are well-known impurities that often coexist with the high T-c superconductors, Ba2RCu3O6+x. With R = La and Nd, brown color solid solutions (Ba1+xR2-xCuO5-x) form instead of the "green phase", BaR2CuO5 (lanthanides with ionic radii smaller than that of Sm). A complete solid solution of Ba(Nd2-xLax)CuO5 exists with the tetragonal space group P4/mbm. Crystallographic studies of selected members (x = 0.2, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.6) by X-ray Rietveld refinement technique showed the structure consists of RO8 and BaO10 cages, and square planar CuO4 units. As x increases in Ba(Nd2-xLax)CuO5, the size of these RO8 and BaO10 cages increases. BaLa2CuO5 was confirmed to be ferromagnetic at approximate to5 K; despite the isostructural property of BaLa2CuO5 and BaNd5CuO5, the Nd-analog was found to be antiferromagnetic. As x in Ba(Nd2-xLax)CuO5 increases between 0 and 2, the amount of ferromagnetism increases. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Mat Bldg,Rm A-207, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 390 IS 3 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0921-4534(03)00854-2 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 688XM UT WOS:000183462600005 ER PT J AU Bullock, SS Markov, IL AF Bullock, SS Markov, IL TI Arbitrary two-qubit computation in 23 elementary gates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATIONS; ERROR-CORRECTION; ENTANGLEMENT AB We address the problem of constructing quantum circuits to implement an arbitrary two-qubit quantum computation. We pursue circuits without ancilla qubits and as small a number of elementary quantum gates as possible. Our lower bound for worst-case optimal two-qubit circuits calls for at least 17 gates: 15 one-qubit rotations and 2 controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. We also constructively prove a worst-case upper bound of 23 elementary gates, of which at most four (CNOT gates) entail multiqubit interactions. Our analysis shows that synthesis algorithms suggested in previous work, although more general, entail larger quantum circuits than ours in the special case of two qubits. One such algorithm has a worst case of 61 gates, of which 18 may be CNOT gates. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Bullock, SS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 012318 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.012318 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 708MP UT WOS:000184571600044 ER PT J AU Calarco, T Datta, A Fedichev, P Pazy, E Zoller, P AF Calarco, T Datta, A Fedichev, P Pazy, E Zoller, P TI Spin-based all-optical quantum computation with quantum dots: Understanding and suppressing decoherence SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ERROR-CORRECTING CODES; EXCITONS; RELAXATION; SYSTEM; SEMICONDUCTORS; SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULES; DYNAMICS; STATES; ATOMS AB We present an all-optical implementation of quantum computation using semiconductor quantum dots. Quantum memory is represented by the spin of an excess electron stored in each dot. Two-qubit gates are realized by switching on trion-trion interactions between different dots. State selectivity is achieved via conditional laser excitation exploiting Pauli exclusion principle. Read out is performed via a quantum-jump technique. We analyze the effect on our scheme's performance of the main imperfections present in real quantum dots: exciton decay, hole mixing, and phonon decoherence. We introduce an adiabatic gate procedure that allows one to circumvent these effects and evaluate quantitatively its fidelity. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ECT, I-38050 Villazzano, TN, Italy. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Datta, Animesh/E-8139-2011; Zoller, Peter/O-1639-2014 OI Datta, Animesh/0000-0003-4021-4655; Zoller, Peter/0000-0003-4014-1505 NR 72 TC 179 Z9 179 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 012310 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.012310 PG 21 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 708MP UT WOS:000184571600036 ER PT J AU Roos, PA Murphy, SK Meng, LS Carlsten, JL Ralph, TC White, AG Brasseur, JK AF Roos, PA Murphy, SK Meng, LS Carlsten, JL Ralph, TC White, AG Brasseur, JK TI Quantum theory of the far-off-resonance continuous-wave Raman laser: Heisenberg-Langevin approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NOISE-REDUCTION; 3-LEVEL ATOMS; MODEL; AMPLIFICATION; INVERSION; CAVITY; OUTPUT; INPUT; H-2; OSCILLATOR AB We present the quantum theory of the far-off-resonance continuous-wave Raman laser using the Heisenberg-Langevin approach. We show that the simplified quantum Langevin equations for this system are mathematically identical to those of the nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator in the time domain with the following associations: pump <----> pump, Stokes <----> signal, and Raman coherence <----> idler. We derive analytical results for both the steady-state behavior and the time-dependent noise spectra, using standard linearization procedures. In the semiclassical limit, these results match with previous purely semiclassical treatments, which yield excellent agreement with experimental observations. The analytical time-dependent results predict perfect photon statistics conversion from the pump to the Stokes and nonclassical behavior under certain operational conditions. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Directed Energy Solut, Colorado Springs, CO 80921 USA. RP Roos, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ralph, Timothy/A-1858-2011; White, Andrew/A-1088-2009 OI White, Andrew/0000-0001-9639-5200 NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 013802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.013802 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 708MP UT WOS:000184571600114 ER PT J AU Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA AF Sims, JS Hagstrom, SA TI Comment on "Analytic value of the atomic three-electron correlation integral with Slater wave functions" SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Letter AB Reference is made to the paper by Remiddi [Phys. Rev. A 44, 5492 (1991)]. In this Comment we point out two misprints in the paper. We provide further verification of the corrections with a short table comparing 30 significant digit results using Remiddi's formula (with our corrections) and the output of our recently developed triangle integral package. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 016501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.016501 PG 1 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 708MP UT WOS:000184571600157 ER PT J AU Champion, JDM Harris, MJ Holdsworth, PCW Wills, AS Balakrishnan, G Bramwell, ST Cizmar, E Fennell, T Gardner, JS Lago, J McMorrow, DF Orendac, M Orendacova, A Paul, DM Smith, RI Telling, MTF Wildes, A AF Champion, JDM Harris, MJ Holdsworth, PCW Wills, AS Balakrishnan, G Bramwell, ST Cizmar, E Fennell, T Gardner, JS Lago, J McMorrow, DF Orendac, M Orendacova, A Paul, DM Smith, RI Telling, MTF Wildes, A TI Er2Ti2O7: Evidence of quantum order by disorder in a frustrated antiferromagnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ISING PYROCHLORE MAGNETS; KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; SPIN LIQUID; DIPOLAR INTERACTIONS; LATTICE; ICE; HO2TI2O7 AB Er2Ti2O7 has been suggested to be a realization of the frustrated <111> XY pyrochlore lattice antiferromagnet, for which theory predicts fluctuation-induced symmetry breaking in a highly degenerate ground state manifold. We present a theoretical analysis of the classical model compared to neutron scattering experiments on the real material, both below and above T-N=1.173(2) K. The model correctly predicts the ordered magnetic structure, suggesting that the real system has order stabilized by zero-point quantum fluctuations that can be modeled by classical spin wave theory. However, the model fails to describe the excitations of the system, which show unusual features. C1 UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Phys Lab, F-69364 Lyon, France. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Safarik Univ, Dept Phys, Kosice 04154, Slovakia. Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Bramwell, ST (reprint author), UCL, Dept Chem, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, England. EM s.t.bramwell@ucl.ac.uk RI Wills, Andrew/C-1622-2008; Cizmar, Erik/R-9171-2016; Telling, Mark/F-3294-2014; McMorrow, Desmond/C-2655-2008; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Fennell, Tom/D-1912-2014; lago, jorge/G-1491-2016; Orendac, Martin/H-4923-2016; Balakrishnan, Geetha/P-5977-2016 OI Cizmar, Erik/0000-0001-6289-110X; McMorrow, Desmond/0000-0002-4947-7788; lago, jorge/0000-0002-4224-720X; Balakrishnan, Geetha/0000-0002-5890-1149 NR 31 TC 141 Z9 141 U1 5 U2 37 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 020401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.020401 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 719XC UT WOS:000185229500005 ER PT J AU Chien, CL Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Chien, CL Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Hybrid domain walls and antiferromagnetic domains in exchange-coupled ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY; BIAS; MODEL; FILMS; FERROMAGNET; MECHANISMS; INTERFACES; ASYMMETRY AB Magneto-optical imaging has revealed new features crucial for the understanding of the exchange bias phenomenon. We have observed hybrid domain walls consisting of ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic sections and their evolution. The external magnetic field moves only the ferromagnetic section of the hybrid domain walls, leading to the formation of an exchange spring parallel to the interface. The nucleation and unwinding of the exchange spring occur at different locations and its propagation depends on the chirality of the FM domain walls. The stationary antiferromagnetic sections of the hybrid domain walls define the antiferromagnetic domains. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. RP Chien, CL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 17 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 014418 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.014418 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 708RN UT WOS:000184582900083 ER PT J AU da Silva, FCS Nibarger, JP AF da Silva, FCS Nibarger, JP TI Thermal stability of exchange-coupled magnetic grains SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID TIME-DEPENDENCE; MEDIA; ANISOTROPY; RECORDING/ AB We analyzed the effects of exchange interactions on the thermal stability of magnetic grains in perpendicular recording media. We modeled the magnetic properties of single-domain, uniformly oriented grains using the master equation formalism and the mean-field theory for systems with anisotropy. In the absence of applied fields and for exchange fields much smaller than the anisotropy field, the relaxation time of the system increases linearly with the exchange field amplitude. In the presence of applied fields, exchange interactions and thermal fluctuations improve the switching dynamics of the system leading to a reduction in the energy barrier distribution width and a reduction in the switching field amplitude. For both cases, we propose analytic expressions for the thermal dependence of the relaxation time and the switching field. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP da Silva, FCS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM fcss@boulder.nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 012414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.012414 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 708RN UT WOS:000184582900024 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Springholz, G Giebultowicz, TM Goldman, KI Majkrzak, CF Kacman, P Blinowski, J Holl, S Krenn, H Bauer, G AF Kepa, H Springholz, G Giebultowicz, TM Goldman, KI Majkrzak, CF Kacman, P Blinowski, J Holl, S Krenn, H Bauer, G TI Magnetic interactions in EuTe epitaxial layers and EuTe/PbTe superlattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INTERLAYER CORRELATIONS; MULTILAYERS; TRANSITION; PERIOD; EUS AB The magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) EuTe epitaxial layers and the short period EuTe/PbTe superlattices (SLs), grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on (111) BaF2 substrates, were studied by magnetization and neutron-diffraction measurements. Considerable changes of the Neel temperature as a function of the EuTe layer thickness as well as of the strain state were found. A mean-field model, taking into account the variation of the exchange constants with the strain-induced lattice distortions and the nearest-neighbor environment of Eu atoms, was developed to explain the observed T-N changes in a wide range of samples. Pronounced interlayer magnetic correlations have been revealed by neutron diffraction in EuTe/PbTe SL's with PbTe spacer thickness of up to 60 Angstrom. The observed diffraction spectra were analyzed, in a kinematical approximation, assuming partial interlayer correlations characterized by an appropriate correlation parameter. The formation of interlayer correlations between the AFM EuTe layers across the nonmagnetic PbTe spacer was explained within the framework of a tight-binding model. In this model, the interlayer coupling stems from the dependence of the total electronic energy of the EuTe/PbTe SL on the spin configurations in the adjacent EuTe layers. The influence of the EuTe and PbTe layer thickness fluctuations, inherent in the epitaxial growth process, on the magnetic properties and interlayer coupling is discussed. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Johannes Kepler Univ, Inst Halbleiterphys, A-4040 Linz, Austria. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Warsaw, Inst Theoret Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 AR 024419 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.024419 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 719XC UT WOS:000185229500056 ER PT J AU Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, BP AF Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, BP TI Energetics of Li atom displacements in K1-xLixTaO3: First-principles calculations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC PHASE-TRANSITION; OFF-CENTER DEFECTS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ORIENTATIONAL GLASSES; ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; DIELECTRIC RESPONSE; DIPOLE IMPURITIES; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DOPED KTAO3; PEROVSKITES AB K1-xLixTaO3 (KLT) solid solutions exhibit a variety of interesting physical phenomena related to large displacements of Li-ions from ideal perovskite A-site positions. First-principles calculations for KLT supercells were used to investigate these phenomena. Lattice dynamics calculations for KLT exhibit a Li off-centering instability. The energetics of Li-displacements for isolated Li-ions and for Li-Li pairs up to 4th neighbors were calculated. Interactions between nearest neighbor Li-ions, in a Li-Li pair, strongly favor ferroelectric alignment along the pair axis. Such Li-Li pairs can be considered "seeds" for polar nanoclusters in KLT. Electrostriction, local oxygen relaxation, coupling to the KT soft-mode, and interactions with neighboring Li ions all enhance the polarization from Li off-centering. Calculated hopping barriers for isolated Li ions and for nearest neighbor Li-Li pairs are in good agreement with Arrhenius fits to experimental dielectric data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. RP Prosandeev, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 58 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 014120 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.014120 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 708RN UT WOS:000184582900055 ER PT J AU Sato, TJ Lee, SH Katsufuji, T Masaki, M Park, S Copley, JRD Takagi, H AF Sato, TJ Lee, SH Katsufuji, T Masaki, M Park, S Copley, JRD Takagi, H TI Unconventional spin fluctuations in the hexagonal antiferromagnet YMnO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS AB We used inelastic neutron scattering to show that well below its Neel temperature, T-N, the two-dimensional (2D) XY nearly triangular antiferromagnet YMnO3 has a prominent central peak associated with 2D antiferromagnetic fluctuations with a characteristic lifetime of 0.55(5) ps, coexisting with the conventional long-lived spin waves. Existence of the two time scales suggests competition between the Neel phase favored by weak interplane interactions, and the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase intrinsic to the 2D XY spin system. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Waseda Univ, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Chem, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tjsato@nist.gov RI Takagi, Hidenori/B-2935-2010; Sato, Taku/I-7664-2015; Katsufuji, Takuro/B-6283-2016 OI Sato, Taku/0000-0003-2511-4998; Katsufuji, Takuro/0000-0002-3199-1228 NR 21 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 1 AR 014432 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.014432 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 708RN UT WOS:000184582900097 ER PT J AU De Bruyn, H Gilbert, RG White, JW Schulz, JC AF De Bruyn, H Gilbert, RG White, JW Schulz, JC TI Characterization of electrosterically stabilized polystyrene latex; implications for radical entry kinetics SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE latex; SANS; styrene ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; EMULSION POLYMERIZATION; ACRYLIC-ACID; PARTICLE SURFACE; PROPAGATION RATE; WATER; STYRENE; COPOLYMERIZATION; TEMPERATURE; MONOMER AB Electrosterically stabilized polystyrene latexes with a poly(acrylic acid) hydrophilic layer with either perdeuterated core or perdeuterated hydrophilic layer were prepared in situ in a styrene/acrylic acid copolymerization, in a manner similar to that commonly employed industrially. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements were made over a range of contrasts for three latexes at high and low pH. Parameters obtained by fitting to standard core/shell models were consistent with the shell being highly hydrated (about 89% at low pH and about 94% at high pH). The core was found to contain about 3% acrylic acid. Doubling the proportion of acrylic acid in the recipe increased shell thickness by about 20%, slightly reduced particle size and slightly increased the proportion of acrylic acid incorporated into the core. The maximum degree of polymerization (DOP) of the entering (and therefore grafted) species was estimated from the shell thickness to be about 44 monomer units for 0.02 M acrylic acid and 66 for 0.04 M. The observed dependence of hairy layer (shell) thickness on the initial amount of acrylic acid suggests that the critical DOP for entry (and therefore true grafting) of the electrosteric stabilizer is thermodynamically (not kinetically) controlled. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Chem F11, Key Ctr Polymer Colloids, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilbert, RG (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Sch Chem F11, Key Ctr Polymer Colloids, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM gilbert@chem.usyd.edu.au RI Schulz, Jamie/B-3819-2008; Gilbert, Robert/C-5660-2009 OI Gilbert, Robert/0000-0001-6988-114X NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JUL PY 2003 VL 44 IS 16 BP 4411 EP 4420 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00452-X PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 701LJ UT WOS:000184168800003 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Bright, D AF Gillen, G Bright, D TI Tools and procedures for quantitative microbeam isotope ratio imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE image processing; isotope ratio; isotope ratio imaging; secondary ion mass spectrometry; surface analysis; secondary ion imaging ID DEAD-TIME; MULTIPLIER; INCLUSIONS; MICROSCOPY; RESOLUTION; GRAINS AB In this work we demonstrate the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) combined with the Lispix image processing program (Bright 1995) to generate quantitative isotope ratio images from a test sample of a calcium-aluminum rich inclusion from the Allende meteorite that is known to contain discrete mineral grains with perturbed Mg isotopic ratios. Using 19.5 keV impact O- primary ion bombardment and detection of positive secondary ions, microbeam imaging SIMS has allowed us to identify, from the isotope ratio images, enrichments in the Mg-26/Mg-24 isotope ratio of approximately 5-15% in selected mineral grains. Using custom image processing software, each isotopic ratio image is corrected on an individual pixel basis for a number of factors including detector dead-time, mass bias effects, and isobaric interferences. We have developed procedures for correlating the isotopic images with polarized optical microscopy so that targeted mineral grains could be identified for further SIMS analysis. Finally, additional image processing tools have been developed to allow for pixel-by-pixel evaluation of the influence of detector dead-time and count rate errors on the isotopic ratio images and for correlation of the isotopic images with elemental distribution maps. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanaly Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanaly Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JUL-AUG PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 165 EP 174 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 705FD UT WOS:000184384300001 PM 12926607 ER PT J AU Moersdorf, PF AF Moersdorf, PF TI The way ahead SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Moersdorf, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 44 IS 7 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 704GW UT WOS:000184332100001 ER PT J AU Gallagher, A Bano, G Rozsa, K AF Gallagher, A Bano, G Rozsa, K TI Particles in silicon deposition discharges SO SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS LA English DT Article DE amorphous silicon; silane; discharge; particles ID RF PLASMA DEPOSITION; SILANE PLASMA; LIGHT-SCATTERING; IN-SITU; GROWTH; BEHAVIOR AB The causes of particle growth in silane discharges, and of their escape to growing devices, are discussed. The relation between particle densities, sizes, and escape to the electrodes in an experimental reactor versus those expected (versus location) in large device-production reactors are explained. Available particle growth, density, and escape data is briefly reviewed and explained. In particular, the important distinction between particles drifting with the gas flow and those trapped at the downstream edge of the plasma is clarified. The very important role of thermophoretic forces is discussed, particularly its influence on the size of particles that incorporate into devices. Methods are suggested to mitigate particle incorporation into devices, and to prevent major particle buildup at the downstream end of a reactor. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gallagher, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM alang@jila.colorado.edu RI Bano, Gregor/S-4884-2016 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0248 EI 1879-3398 J9 SOL ENERG MAT SOL C JI Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells PD JUL PY 2003 VL 78 IS 1-4 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00432-4 PG 14 WC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science; Physics GA 694WL UT WOS:000183798100003 ER PT J AU Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S AF Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S TI An investigation of solar maximum metric type II radio bursts: Do two kinds of coronal shock sources exist? SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WIND SPACECRAFT DATA; MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; NEAR-SUN; ORIGIN; FLARE; WAVES; EMISSION; EVENTS AB A detailed statistical investigation of solar Type II radio bursts during the last solar maximum period 1999-2001 has been made to address the question if there exist two kinds of coronal shock sources. For this, the Type II bursts were classified into two classes: (i) those associated with flares only (Class I); and (ii) those associated with flares and CMEs (Class II) according to their temporal association. While the properties of all the type IIs agree in general with the common range of values, the properties of the shocks of the two classes differ slightly. For example, while the duration and shock speed for Class II are higher than those of Class I, the ending frequency for Class II is significantly lower. We have also examined in detail the physical association with other solar and interplanetary activities (Type IV bursts, Long Duration Events, Wind/WAVES decahectometric Type IIs, and interplanetary shocks) using the data in 2000. As a result, we have found noticeable differences between these two classes in terms of the following physical characteristics: First, the associations of these activities for Class II are much higher than those of Class I. Second, the correlation values between the flare parameters and the Type II properties for Class II are significantly smaller. Third, observed double Type IIs exist in only Class II events. The above results suggest that there are two kinds of coronal shocks or, rather, two general classes of coronal shock sources. C1 Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. NJIT, Big Bear Solar Observ, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Sch Phys, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Shanmugaraju, A (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 46 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1 BP 161 EP 184 DI 10.1023/A:1024890925978 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 702YF UT WOS:000184251900011 ER PT J AU Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S AF Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S TI On the kinematic evolution of flare-associated CMEs SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; LIMB PROMINENCE ERUPTION; MAGNETIC-FLUX ROPE; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION; DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION; SOLAR-FLARES; LASCO; INTERPLANETARY; PROPAGATION; ACCELERATION AB We report a common tendency of the kinematic evolution of three flare-associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Their kinematic evolutions are examined using well-observed data (eruptive filaments, X-ray structures, and prominences) very close to the solar surface as well as SOHO/LASCO C2-C3 data. Their height-time data are fitted using three analytical models (exponential, power-law, and linear) to examine their kinematic behaviors. The speed and acceleration of the CMEs are then obtained from the analytical expressions of height-time data. From this analysis, it is found that the kinematic patterns of these three CMEs have a typical tendency; that is, the speed of the CMEs very close to the surface (lower corona) is approximately exponential in form, but it is nearly constant in the upper corona. The peak of the acceleration is found to occur within 2-3 solar radii and during the eruptive phase of the associated flare. It is also noted that the observed kinematic patterns are quite similar to those predicted by two flux rope emergence models: (i) a theoretical, electrodynamic model (Chen, 1996); and (ii) a numerical simulation, self-consistent, 2 1/2D MHD model (Wu, Guo, and Dryer, 1997). C1 Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. NJIT, Big Bear Solar Observ, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80308 USA. Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Sch Phys, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Shanmugaraju, A (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 41 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1 BP 185 EP 201 DI 10.1023/A:1024808819850 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 702YF UT WOS:000184251900012 ER PT J AU Hale, RS Horne, JK Degan, DJ Conners, ME AF Hale, RS Horne, JK Degan, DJ Conners, ME TI Paddlefish as potential acoustic targets for abundance estimates SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID INDIVIDUAL FISH; PELAGIC PLANKTIVORES; THREADFIN SHAD; STRENGTH; SWIMBLADDER; SCATTERING; MODELS; LAKE; SIZE AB Under water acoustics is a noninvasive sampling technique that potentially reduces expense and injury to target species, but this method may be underutilized for sampling large freshwater fishes. We measured target strength (TS), developed anatomically based backscatter models, and conducted gill-net and acoustic surveys of paddlefish Polyodon spathula to explore the potential use of acoustic surveys for estimating the abundance of large freshwater fishes. Mean TS measured from two size-groups of paddlefish at 200kHz was -37.14 decibels (dB; SD = -2.36) for age-0 fish (353-406 mm) and -27.25 dB (SD = -2.21) for adult fish (1,018-1,284 mm), indicating that TS could differentiate these size-groups. Backscatter models identified strong contributions of the swim bladder to TS and revealed the sensitivity of acoustic backscatter to paddlefish length, aspect, and acoustic carrier frequency. Model results were generally within one SD of measured means from individual fish of each size-group. Target strength results were used to count two populations of adult paddlefish in mobile surveys using an echo sounder with a 200kHz, 6degrees split-beam transducer. One population was stocked in 1.6-ha Hebron Pond, where no large fish were previously present. The other population resided in 28-ha Horseshoe Lake, an Ohio River backwater. Twenty-one paddlefish stocked in Hebron Pond were accurately counted during the first of six side-looking surveys, but subsequent surveys only counted between two and seven fish. Depletion gillnetting results in Horseshoe Lake provided an estimated baseline of 130 +/- 55 paddlefish for comparison with abundance estimates from side-looking and down-looking acoustic surveys during day and night. Acoustic abundance estimates ranged from 187-313 fish (sidelooking) to 3,164-13,489 fish (down-looking) depending on survey time (day or night) and the approach to analysis. Ratio estimates and cluster estimates provided similar results, and the coefficient of variation of the mean (100(.)SE/mean) ranged from 20% to 50%. Acoustic estimates were either greater or more variable than those derived from depletion gillnetting, yet acoustic surveys required only 6 man-hours compared to 180 man-hours for the gillnetting estimate. Our study is the first to indicate that TS can be used to count adult paddlefish and that, upon refinement of survey techniques, TS can be used to estimate paddlefish abundance. The benefits of acoustic surveys may be realized sampling other large freshwater fishes when the target species can be differentiated with TS and considerations are made for transducer selection. C1 Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife, Hebron, OH 43025 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98198 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fishery Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hale, RS (reprint author), Ohio Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife, 10517 Canal Rd SE, Hebron, OH 43025 USA. NR 49 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2003 VL 132 IS 4 BP 746 EP 758 DI 10.1577/T02-060 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 703NY UT WOS:000184287600010 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, AI Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM AF Abdulagatov, AI Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM TI Vapor-pressure for the pure fluids from calorimetric measurements near the critical point SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Review DE alcohol; critical point; equation of state; heat capacity; n-alkane; saturated density; vapor-pressure; vapor-liquid equilibria; water ID ISOCHORIC HEAT-CAPACITY; ORDINARY WATER SUBSTANCE; YANG-YANG RELATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CRITICAL REGION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; COMPRESSED LIQUID; CONSTANT VOLUME; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; NITROGEN TETROXIDE AB We report the values of second temperature derivatives of the vapor-pressure curve (d(2)P(S) /dT(2)) and chemical potential (d(2)mu/dT(2)) for pure fluids derived from precise two-phase isochoric heat capacity measurements over a wide temperature range including the critical region. The values of (d(2)P(S)/dT(2)) derived from C-V2 measurements were compared with the values calculated from direct differentiation of the vapor-pressure equation from the literature. The derived (d(2)P(S)/dT(2)) data has been used to develop a scaling-type vapor-pressure equation in the critical region. A description of the vapor-pressure calculation procedure from C-V2 measurements is given. The values of the critical pressure PC and slope of the vapor-pressure curve (dP(S)/dT)(C) at the critical point were calculated by using calorimetric measurements. The asymptotic behavior of the second temperature derivatives of the vapor-pressure curve (d(2)P(S)/dT(2)) and chemical potential (d(2)mu/dT(2)) near the critical point are discussed. The strength of the Yang-Yang anomaly, R-mu, defined by Fisher as R-mu = A(mu)/(A(mu) + A(P)), where A(mu) and A(P) are the amplitudes of the singularity of -T(d(2)mu/dT(2)) approximate to A(mu)t(-alpha) and TVC (d(2)P(S)/dT(2)) approximate to A(P)t(-alpha) was estimated from derived results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367005, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367030, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 108 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 209 IS 1 BP 55 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00083-9 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 691JM UT WOS:000183602900004 ER PT J AU Masuda, Y Bowman, JD Carlini, RD Case, T Chupp, TE Coulter, KP Freedman, SJ Gentile, TR Gericke, M Greene, GL Hersmann, FW Ino, T Ishimoto, S Jones, GL Leuschner, MB Mitchell, GS Morimoto, K Muto, S Nann, H Page, SA Perittila, SI Ramsay, WD Sharapov, EI Smith, TB Snow, WM Wilburn, SW Yuan, YW AF Masuda, Y Bowman, JD Carlini, RD Case, T Chupp, TE Coulter, KP Freedman, SJ Gentile, TR Gericke, M Greene, GL Hersmann, FW Ino, T Ishimoto, S Jones, GL Leuschner, MB Mitchell, GS Morimoto, K Muto, S Nann, H Page, SA Perittila, SI Ramsay, WD Sharapov, EI Smith, TB Snow, WM Wilburn, SW Yuan, YW TI Parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetry in the neutron-proton capture SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Particles and Nuclei International Conference (PANIC 02) CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2002 CL OSAKA, JAPAN ID ANAPOLE MOMENT; F-18; SEARCH AB An experiment to measure gamma-ray asymmetry A(gamma) with a high precision in neutron-proton radiative capture is under construction at LANSCE. The experiment will determine the weak pion-nucleon coupling constant H-pi(1) with an error of 3x10(-7), 30 % of its predicted value. We discuss the experiment and its status. C1 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Tukubash 3050801, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Hamilton Coll, Clinton, NY 13323 USA. Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. Joint Nucl Res Inst, Dubna, Russia. Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Masuda, Y (reprint author), KEK, High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Tukubash 3050801, Japan. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9474 J9 NUCL PHYS A JI Nucl. Phys. A PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 721 BP 485C EP 488C DI 10.1016/S0375-9474(03)01105-9 PG 4 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 697JH UT WOS:000183938800092 ER PT J AU Smith, BD Braulik, G Jefferson, TA Chung, BD Vinh, CT Van Du, D Van Hanh, B Trong, PD Ho, DT Van Quang, V AF Smith, BD Braulik, G Jefferson, TA Chung, BD Vinh, CT Van Du, D Van Hanh, B Trong, PD Ho, DT Van Quang, V TI Notes on two cetacean surveys in the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cetaceans; Gulf of Tonkin; Vietnam; China; dolphin; porpoise ID PACIFIC AB During 17-26 October 1999, we searched for cetaceans along 665 km of trackline in coastal and offshore waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. We had five cetacean sightings: two of Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins Sousa chinensis, one of finless porpoises Neophocaena phocaenoides, one of a mixed school of pantropical spotted dolphins Stenella attenuata and probable spinner dolphins S. longirostris (subspecies unknown), and one of a probable bottlenose dolphin Tursiops sp. During 2-11 April 2000, we searched along 1, 146 km of trackline in the same waters. We had four sightings: one of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), one of spinner dolphins (probable dwarf form-S.l. roseiventris) and two of Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins. Although sighting conditions were often poor, our results indicate that cetaceans occur in low (but un-quantified) densities in Vietnamese waters of the Gulf. Possible reasons for this include historically sparse populations due to natural ecological conditions in the Gulf or population declines caused by anthropogenic impacts, including accidental entanglement in gillnets, reduced prey availability from overfishing, and mortality caused by fishing with explosives. During the surveys we observed push-net fishing vessels using explosives near the mouth of Halong Bay and the partial carcass of a finless porpoise that appeared to have been cut in half to extract it from a gillnet. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Downstream Res Grp, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Minist Fisheries, Res Inst Marine Prod, Haiphong 35000, Vietnam. Haiphong Inst Oceanog, Haiphong, Vietnam. Inst Oceanog, Dept Vertebrate Marine Resources, Nha Trang, Vietnam. RP Smith, BD (reprint author), 27-16 Soy Naya,Moo 1, Rawai 83130, Phuket, Thailand. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD JUN 30 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 165 EP 171 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 702CL UT WOS:000184207700021 ER PT J AU Trickl, T Cooper, OR Eisele, H James, P Mucke, R Stohl, A AF Trickl, T Cooper, OR Eisele, H James, P Mucke, R Stohl, A TI Intercontinental transport and its influence on the ozone concentrations over central Europe: Three case studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE intercontinental transport; transatlantic transport; ozone; lidar; trajectories; particle dispersion model ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; TRACE GAS-COMPOSITION; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; UNITED-STATES; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; CARBON-MONOXIDE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FOREST-FIRES; AMERICA AB In this paper we report on a detailed analysis of the first clear observation of ozone import from North America in the free troposphere over central Europe in May 1996 and of two more recent cases of transatlantic transport. The analysis is based on calculations with the FLEXTRA trajectory model and the FLEXPART tracer model and data from Measurements of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) flights and North American surface sites. Lidar measurements carried out under conditions of developing anticyclonicity at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, consistently yield peak ozone mixing ratios in the middle and upper troposphere between 80 and 110 ppb during the warm season. These layers are traced back to North America by FLEXTRA trajectories. The prevailing transport pathway involves a warm conveyor belt exporting high amounts of ozone, formed during a prefrontal high-ozone episode, from the central part of the eastern United States to the upper troposphere. The polluted air may enter central Europe above an airstream descending from the stratosphere, thus inverting the normal atmospheric stratification, with stratospheric air at low levels and boundary layer air in the upper troposphere. However, the first two cases studied in this paper show that the export from the eastern United States may arrive over Europe at times prior to the onset of the anticyclonic conditions. Analysis of these cases reveals the complexity of the air export from North America. The ozone maxima occurring during the observational periods are traced back to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in other source areas in the United States. Some of them are related to entrainments even from source areas beyond North America, either in the stratosphere or in Asia. The third case is quite different in its advection pathway, with almost straight and horizontal advection at 6 to 8 km above sea level starting from the Great Lakes area. A positive correlation between ozone and aerosol in that layer verifies the presence of PBL air. However, the very high ozone mixing ratio ( up to 130 ppb) and an anticorrelation of ozone and humidity suggest the entrainment of another component from long-range transport in the upper troposphere from beyond North America. In two of the case studies the export from the PBL was presumably influenced by large-scale convection. C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch IMK IFU, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bioklimatol & Immiss Forsch, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. RP Trickl, T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch IMK IFU, Kreuzeckbahnstr 19, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. EM thomas.trickl@imk.fzk.de RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Trickl, Thomas/F-7331-2010; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; NR 63 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D12 AR 8530 DI 10.1029/2002JD002735 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 708QD UT WOS:000184578700002 ER PT J AU Geyer, A Alicke, B Ackermann, R Martinez, M Harder, H Brune, W di Carlo, P Williams, E Jobson, T Hall, S Shetter, R Stutz, J AF Geyer, A Alicke, B Ackermann, R Martinez, M Harder, H Brune, W di Carlo, P Williams, E Jobson, T Hall, S Shetter, R Stutz, J TI Direct observations of daytime NO3: Implications for urban boundary layer chemistry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE photochemistry; nitrate radical; oxidation capacity; NOx loss; ozone production; photosmog ID OH PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; OZONE PROCESS INSIGHTS; OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; NIGHTTIME RADICAL CHEMISTRY; LONG-TERM OBSERVATION; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; PEROXY-RADICALS; CONTINENTAL TROPOSPHERE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS AB The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night in most environments. During the day, however, NO3 has thus far been considered insignificant. Here we present daytime measurements of NO3 by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy near Houston, Texas, during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000. On 3 consecutive days in August/September 2000, NO3 reached levels from similar to5 ppt 3 hours before sunset to 31 ppt around sunset. Daytime NO3 had a negligible effect on the photostationary state (PSS) between O-3 and NOx, with the exception of the last hour before sunset, when it significantly accelerated NO-to-NO2 conversion. On August 31, chemical reactions involving NO3 destroyed 8 (+/-4) ppb Ox (= O-3 + NO2) during the day and 27 (+/-6) ppb at night. NO3 chemistry contributed 10 (+/-7)% to the total O-x loss during the daytime, and 28% (+/-18%) integrated over a 24-hour period. It therefore played an important role in the Ox budget. NO3 also contributed significantly to the daytime oxidation of hydrocarbons such as monoterpenes and phenol in Houston. The observed daytime NO3 mixing ratios can be described as a function of O-3 and NOx. Above [NOx]/[O-3] ratios of 3%, daytime NO3 becomes independent of NOx and proportional to the square of O-3. Our calculations indicate that elevated (>1 ppt) NO3 levels can be present whenever ozone mixing ratios exceed typical urban smog levels of 100 ppb. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, AQ, Italy. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geyer, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; Di Carlo, Piero/C-1657-2016; Di Carlo, Piero/Q-4450-2016 OI Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; Di Carlo, Piero/0000-0003-4971-4509; Di Carlo, Piero/0000-0003-4971-4509 NR 82 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D12 AR 4368 DI 10.1029/2002JD002967 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 708QC UT WOS:000184578600002 ER PT J AU Stohl, A Forster, C Eckhardt, S Spichtinger, N Huntrieser, H Heland, J Schlager, H Wilhelm, S Arnold, F Cooper, O AF Stohl, A Forster, C Eckhardt, S Spichtinger, N Huntrieser, H Heland, J Schlager, H Wilhelm, S Arnold, F Cooper, O TI A backward modeling study of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE source-receptor relationships; retroplumes; trajectories; aircraft measurements ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; REGIONAL EXPERIMENT 1993; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; BOREAL FOREST-FIRE; AIR-POLLUTION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; PHOTOLYSIS FREQUENCY; DISPERSION MODELS; AEROSOL-FORMATION AB In this paper we present simulations with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to study the intercontinental transport of pollution from North America during an aircraft measurement campaign over Europe. The model was used for both the flight planning and a detailed source analysis after the campaign, which is described here with examples from two episodes. Forward calculations of emission tracers from North America, Europe, and Asia were made in order to understand the transport processes. Both episodes were preceded by stagnant conditions over North America, leading to the accumulation of pollutants in the North American boundary layer. Both anthropogenic sources and, to a lesser extent, forest fire emissions contributed to this pollution, which was then exported by warm conveyor belts to the middle and upper troposphere, where it was transported rapidly to Europe. Concentrations of many trace gases (CO, NOy, CO2, acetone, and several volatile organic compounds; O-3 in one case) and of ambient atmospheric ions measured aboard the research aircraft were clearly enhanced in the pollution plumes compared to the conditions outside the plumes. Backward simulations with the particle model were introduced as an indispensable tool for a more detailed analysis of the plume's source region. They make trajectory analyses (which, to date, were mainly used to interpret aircraft measurement data) obsolete. Using an emission inventory, we could decompose the tracer mixing ratios at the receptors (i.e., along the flight tracks) into contributions from every grid cell of the inventory. For both plumes we found that emission sources contributing to the tracer concentrations over Europe were distributed over large areas in North America. In one case, sources in California, Texas, and Florida contributed almost equally, and smaller contributions were also made by other sources located between the Yucatan Peninsula and Canada. In the other case, sources in eastern North America, including moderate contributions from forest fires, were most important. The plume's maximum was mainly caused by anthropogenic emissions from the New York area. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported where a pollution plume from a megacity was reliably detected over another continent. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. EM stohl@tracy.fw.tum.de; forster@tracy.fw.tum.de; eckhardt@forst.tu-muenchen.de; spichtinger@forst.tu-muenchen.de; Heidi.Huntrieser@dlr.de; Joerg.Heland@dlr.de; Stefan.Wilhelm@mpi-hd.mpg.de; frank.arnold@mpi-hd.mpg.de; cooper@al.noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375 NR 62 TC 181 Z9 186 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D12 AR 4370 DI 10.1029/2002JD002862 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 708QC UT WOS:000184578600001 ER PT J AU Mischna, MA Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ McCleese, DJ AF Mischna, MA Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ McCleese, DJ TI On the orbital forcing of Martian water and CO2 cycles: A general circulation model study with simplified volatile schemes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Martian climate; obliquity; Mars GCM; surface ice; surface layering ID POLAR LAYERED DEPOSITS; CHAOTIC OBLIQUITY; GROUND ICE; SEASONAL RESERVOIRS; LANDING SITES; MARS ODYSSEY; NEAR-SURFACE; ATMOSPHERE; PRESSURE; CLIMATE AB Variations in the Martian water and CO2 cycles with changes in orbital and rotational parameters are examined using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Mars General Circulation Model. The model allows for arbitrary specification of obliquity, eccentricity, and argument of perihelion as well as the position and thickness of surface ice. Exchange of CO2 between the surface and atmosphere is modeled, generating seasonal cycles of surface ice and surface pressure. Water is allowed to exchange between the surface and atmosphere, cloud formation is treated, and both cloud and vapor are transported by modeled winds and diffusion. Exchange of water and CO2 with the subsurface is not allowed, and radiative effects of water vapor and clouds are not treated. The seasonal cycle of CO2 is found to become more extreme at high obliquity, as suggested by simple heat balance models. Maximum pressures remain largely the same, but the minima decrease substantially as more CO2 condenses in the more extensive polar night. Vapor and cloud abundances increase dramatically with obliquity. The stable location for surface ice moves equatorward with increasing obliquity, such that by 45degrees obliquity, water ice is stable in the tropics only. Ice is not spatially uniform, but rather found preferentially in regions of high thermal inertia or high topography. Eccentricity and argument of perihelion can provide a second-order modification to the distribution of surface ice by altering the temporal distribution of insolation at the poles. Further model simulations reveal the robustness of these distributions for a variety of initial conditions. Our findings shed light on the nature of near-surface, ice-rich deposits at midlatitudes and low-latitudes on Mars. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mischna, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, 595 Charles Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM mischna@ucla.edu; mir@gps.caltech.edu NR 45 TC 141 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E6 AR 5062 DI 10.1029/2003JE002051 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 708VV UT WOS:000184591300001 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Harris, AB AF Yildirim, T Harris, AB TI Quantum dynamics of a hydrogen molecule confined in a cylindrical potential SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; H-2; ADSORPTION; ROTATION; BUNDLES AB We study the coupled rotation-vibration levels of a hydrogen molecule in a confining potential with cylindrical symmetry. We include the coupling between rotations and translations and show how this interaction is essential to obtain the correct degeneracies of the energy level scheme. We applied our formalism to study the dynamics of H-2 molecules inside a "smooth" carbon nanotube as a function of tube radius. The results are obtained both by numerical solution of the (2J+1)-component radial Schrodinger equation and by developing an effective Hamiltonian to describe the splitting of a manifold of states of fixed angular momentum J and number of phonons N. For nanotube radius smaller than approximate to3.5 Angstrom, the confining potential has a parabolic shape and the results can be understood in terms of a simple toy model. For larger radius, the potential has the "Mexican hat" shape and therefore the H-2 molecule is off centered, yielding radial and tangential translational dynamics in addition to rotational dynamics of H-2 molecule which we also describe by a simple model. Finally, we make several predictions for the the neutron scattering observation of various transitions between these levels. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 27 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 24 AR 245413 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.245413 PG 15 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 701UD UT WOS:000184186600066 ER PT J AU Randall, CE Rusch, DW Bevilacqua, RM Hoppel, KW Lumpe, JD Shettle, E Thompson, E Deaver, L Zawodny, J Kyro, E Johnson, B Kelder, H Dorokhov, VM Konig-Langlo, G Gil, M AF Randall, CE Rusch, DW Bevilacqua, RM Hoppel, KW Lumpe, JD Shettle, E Thompson, E Deaver, L Zawodny, J Kyro, E Johnson, B Kelder, H Dorokhov, VM Konig-Langlo, G Gil, M TI Validation of POAM III ozone: Comparisons with ozonesonde and satellite data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; validation; POAM; solar occultation; SAGE; HALOE ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SAGE-II; POLAR OZONE; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ATMOS EXPERIMENT; PROFILES; VARIABILITY; INSTRUMENT AB This paper describes the validation of ozone profiles from the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument. POAM III O-3 is measured with 1-km vertical resolution throughout most of the stratosphere and random errors of similar to5%. It is shown that sunspots do not significantly affect the POAM O-3 retrievals, nor do polar stratospheric clouds, except under rarely encountered, extreme conditions of very low O-3 and exceptionally high aerosol extinction. A statistical analysis is presented of comparisons between coincident measurements from POAM III and ozonesondes, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II. On average, POAM III O-3 profiles agree to within +/-5% with these correlative data from 13 to 60 km. There is a suggestion that from 30 to 60 km POAM III sunrise data might be biased slightly low (<5%) relative to POAM sunset data. There is evidence that POAM III has a high bias of up to similar to 0.1 ppmv from 10 to 12 km, and that this bias might stem, in part, from errors in the retrieval of aerosol extinction at 0.6 mm, the primary O-3 absorption wavelength in the POAM retrievals. Below 10 km the POAM III data agree with coincident sonde measurements to better than 0.05 ppmv on average, which can correspond to large relative differences of more than +30% at 8-9 km and -100% at 5 km. We conclude that the POAM III profiles are highly accurate and adequate for quantitative scientific studies. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA USA. GATS Inc, Newport News, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Spdankyla Observ, Sodankyla, Finland. NOAA CMDL, Boulder, CO USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. Cent Aerol Observ, Moscow, Russia. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. Inst Nacl Tecn Aeroespacial, LATMOS, Torrejon De Arroz, Spain. RP Randall, CE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM randall@lasp.colorado.edu; rusch@lasp.colorado.edu; bevilacqua@nrl.navy.mil; karl.hoppel@nrl.navy.mil; lumpe@cpi.com; shettle@nrl.navy.mil; r.e.thompson@larc.nasa.gov; l.e.deaver@larc.nasa.gov; j.m.zawodny@larc.nasa.gov; esko.kyro@fmi.fi; Bryan.Johnson@noaa.gov; Hennie.Kelder@knmi.nl; vdor@caomsk.mipt.ru; gkoenig@awi-bremerhaven.de; gilm@inta.es RI Konig-Langlo, Gert/K-5048-2012; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014 OI Konig-Langlo, Gert/0000-0002-6100-4107; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397 NR 32 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D12 AR 4367 DI 10.1029/2002JD002944 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 708QA UT WOS:000184578400003 ER PT J AU Skoug, RM Thomsen, MF Henderson, MG Funsten, HO Reeves, GD Pollock, CJ Jahn, JM McComas, DJ Mitchell, DG Brandt, PC Sandel, BR Clauer, CR Singer, HJ AF Skoug, RM Thomsen, MF Henderson, MG Funsten, HO Reeves, GD Pollock, CJ Jahn, JM McComas, DJ Mitchell, DG Brandt, PC Sandel, BR Clauer, CR Singer, HJ TI Tail-dominated storm main phase: 31 March 2001 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE tail current; geomagnetic storm; Dst index; ENA imaging ID ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS; RING-CURRENT; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MAGNETIC STORMS; IMAGE MISSION; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; MAGNETOPAUSE CROSSINGS; MIDLATITUDE STATIONS; PLASMA SHEET; FIELD AB [1] On 31 March 2001 a fast solar wind transient with strong southward interplanetary magnetic field B-z produced a large geomagnetic storm at Earth, with a drop in the Dst index to - 350 nT between 0400 and 0900 UT. The Earth's magnetosphere was very compressed during this interval, with the bow shock crossing geosynchronous orbit on at least two occasions. Here we present space-based and ground-based observations demonstrating that tail currents, rather than ring currents, were the dominant contributor to the Dst index during the main phase of this storm. The plasma sheet during this interval was exceptionally dense and penetrated very deeply towards the Earth, leading to extremely strong tail currents flowing quite close to the Earth. These tail currents produced a very distorted magnetosphere, with strong stretching of the magnetic field lines in the nightside plasma sheet. Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images from the MENA and HENA instruments on IMAGE show a very narrow spatial distribution, with ENAs confined to the nightside until a magnetic field dipolarization at similar to 0630 UT when Dst was - 250 nT. Ground magnetometer measurements confirm that the disturbance was localized on the nightside and dominated by tail currents up until the field dipolarization. Following the dipolarization, higher energy ENAs began to drift toward dusk, forming a partial ring current. Even at that time, low-energy ENAs were not observed on the dayside, either due to inhibited access or to strong charge exchange losses. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. SW Res Inst, Instrumentat & Space Res Div, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM rskoug@lanl.gov; mthomsen@lanl.gov; mghenderson@lanl.gov; hfunsten@lanl.gov; gdreeves@lanl.gov; cpollock@swri.edu; jjahn@swri.edu; dmccomas@swri.edu; Donald.G.Mitchell@jhuap1.edu; brandpc1@jhuap1.edu; sandel@vega.lpl.arizona.edu; rclauer@umich.edu; hsinger@sec.noaa.gov RI Funsten, Herbert/A-5702-2015; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Henderson, Michael/A-3948-2011; Brandt, Pontus/N-1218-2016 OI Funsten, Herbert/0000-0002-6817-1039; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Henderson, Michael/0000-0003-4975-9029; Brandt, Pontus/0000-0002-4644-0306 NR 60 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUN 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A6 AR 1259 DI 10.1029/2002JA009705 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 708WL UT WOS:000184593000007 ER EF