FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Hale, PD Williams, DF AF Hale, PD Williams, DF TI Calibrated measurement of optoelectronic frequency response SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE calibration; frequency response; measurement; optoelectronic devices; scattering matrices ID MODULATOR AB We describe the most straightforward method for accurately measuring the frequency response of optoelectronic devices. The method uses a calibrated optical reference receiver, a modulated optical source, and a calibrated electrical vector network analyzer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM hale@boulder.nist.gov RI Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 34 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9480 EI 1557-9670 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD APR PY 2003 VL 51 IS 4 BP 1422 EP 1429 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.809186 PN 2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 666DZ UT WOS:000182162700013 ER PT J AU Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Hollberg, L AF Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Hollberg, L TI Experimental study of noise properties of a Ti : Sapphire femtosecond laser SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article AB The fidelity of a coherent link between optical and microwave frequencies is largely determined by noise processes in a mode-locked femtosecond laser. This work presents an experimental study of the noise properties of a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. It includes measurements of pulse repetition rate fluctuations and shot noise exhibited by the Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. Based on the results of noise measurements, the fractional frequency stability of a microwave signal produced by the femtosecond laser has been evaluated. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ivanov, EN (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD APR PY 2003 VL 50 IS 4 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2003.1197957 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 675CD UT WOS:000182674700001 PM 12744390 ER PT J AU Clarke, ED Spear, LB Mccracken, ML Marques, FFC Borchers, DL Buckland, ST Ainley, DG AF Clarke, ED Spear, LB Mccracken, ML Marques, FFC Borchers, DL Buckland, ST Ainley, DG TI Validating the use of generalized additive models and at-sea surveys to estimate size and temporal trends of seabird populations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance estimates; common guillemot; model-based estimation; vector correction; waved albatross; western gull ID EGG-PRODUCTION METHOD; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; COUNTING SEABIRDS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; FARMLAND BIRDS; ABUNDANCE; FISHERY; AGE AB 1. The population size of seabirds is often difficult to estimate from surveys at breeding colonies because of factors such as burrow nesting and nocturnal breeding. The reliability of alternative surveys conducted at sea has not previously been validated. Sample-based estimates from at-sea surveys could be biased and have poor precision due to non-random survey design and the uneven distribution of seabirds at sea. 2. We conducted at-sea surveys of western gulls Larus occidentalis and common guillemots Uria aalge of the Farallon Islands, California, USA, and waved albatrosses Phoebastria irrorata of the Galapagos. The observed counts were modelled using generalized additive models (GAMs), with a correction factor for bird movement relative to the ship included in an offset. The models were used to produce estimates of the size of the seabird populations at sea, which were compared with independent colony-based estimates, adjusted to account for the number of non-breeders. 3. Gull and guillemot populations were estimated separately for each of 10 survey years. Temporal trends were estimated by smoothing through the annual values. The albatross data from 7 survey years were pooled to obtain a single estimate of average population size. 4. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the annual estimates were approximately 10%, 15-20% and 15-45% prior to smoothing for the albatross, gull and guillemot, respectively. The CVs of the smoothed estimates were about 10% for the gull and 15% for the guillemot. These represent substantial improvements in precision over previous sample-based estimates from at-sea surveys. 5. The colony-based estimates usually lay within the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of both the annual and smoothed sea-based estimates, showing that the sea-based methods worked well. 6. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that GAMs of at-sea seabird survey data, collected under suitable protocols and corrected for bird movement, can accurately estimate population size. Given sufficient demographic information, these methods can provide a valuable tool for the management of populations that are difficult to census at the breeding colony. C1 Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, Observ, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. HT Harvey & Associates Ecol Consultants, San Jose, CA 95118 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Clarke, ED (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm Modelling, Observ, Buchanan Gardens, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, Fife, Scotland. RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012 NR 53 TC 43 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 22 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 40 IS 2 BP 278 EP 292 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00802.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 665KG UT WOS:000182118700008 ER PT J AU Lang, S Tao, WK Simpson, J Ferrier, B AF Lang, S Tao, WK Simpson, J Ferrier, B TI Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partitioning methods SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL SQUALL-LINE; LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; SMALL IMPLICIT DIFFUSION; TOGA-COARE; VERTICAL PROFILES; MOISTURE BUDGETS; CLOUD CLUSTERS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; ANVIL CLOUDS AB Six different convective-stratiform separation techniques are compared and evaluated using 2D numerical simulations of a tropical and a midlatitude continental squall line. The techniques used include a texture algorithm applied to surface rainfall, a similar algorithm but with additional criteria applied to vertical velocity and cloud, a texture algorithm applied to vertical velocities below the melting layer, a simple approach that assumes a constant characteristic width for the convective region, a more sophisticated texture algorithm applied to radar reflectivities below the melting layer, and a new technique based on the premise that the fall speed of precipitation particles is large relative to air velocity in regions of stratiform precipitation. Comparisons are made in terms of rainfall, mass fluxes, apparent heating and moistening, hydrometeor contents, reflectivity and vertical-velocity contoured-frequency-with-altitude diagrams (CFAD), microphysics, and latent heating retrieval. Overall, it was found that the different separation techniques produced results that qualitatively agreed. However, the quantitative differences were significant. The texture algorithm applied to surface rain consistently produced the most stratiform rain while the texture algorithm applied to radar reflectivities below the melting layer and the new method comparing air velocities to terminal velocities consistently produced the most convective rain. The simple constant-area method performed comparably to the others in this squall line setting. Observational comparisons within the context of the model were unable to identify a superior technique. However, all of the methods were able to generate CFADs that were consistent with observations. Latent heating retrieval was shown to be sensitive to the use of separation technique mainly as a result of differences in the stratiform region. Methods that found very little stratiform rain resulted in exaggerated rain-normalized stratiform heating profiles. C1 NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Lang, S (reprint author), NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 58 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 42 IS 4 BP 505 EP 527 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0505:MOCSPP>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 654YJ UT WOS:000181524300005 ER PT J AU Robins, LH Armstrong, JT Marinenko, RB Paul, AJ Pellegrino, JG Bertness, KA AF Robins, LH Armstrong, JT Marinenko, RB Paul, AJ Pellegrino, JG Bertness, KA TI High-accuracy determination of the dependence of the photoluminescence emission energy on alloy composition in AlxGa1-xAs films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; AL CONCENTRATION; GAP; ALGAAS AB In an effort to improve the accuracy of photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the Al mole fraction (x) of AlxGa1-xAs alloys, the PL peak emission energy, E-PL,E-peak, was measured at room temperature for molecular-beam epitaxy-grown AlxGa1-xAs films with 0less than or equal tox<0.37, and correlated with independent measurements of x by in situ reflective high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and also by ex situ wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in an electron microprobe analyzer (WDS/EMPA). The measurement uncertainty of E-PL,E-peak was minimized through the following procedures: Accurate calibration of the photon energy (or wavelength) scale, correction of the measured spectra for the spectrometer response function, fitting the data with a well-chosen line shape function, and compensation for the effect of ambient temperature drift. With these procedures, the 2sigma measurement uncertainty of E-PL,E-peak was of the order 5x10(-4) eV for most samples. From correlation of the PL and WDS/EMPA composition data, the slope partial derivativeE(PL,peak)/partial derivativex near room temperature was determined to be partial derivativeE(PL,peak)/partial derivativex=(1.4017+/-0.0090 eV)-[(2.71+/-0.97)x10(-4) eV/K](T-298.3 K). Correlation with the RHEED data gave the same result within measurement uncertainty. Previously published measurements of partial derivativeE(PL,peak)/partial derivativex were reviewed and compared with the present study. The results of T. F. Kuech [Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 505 (1987)], based on nuclear resonant reaction analysis of the Al mole fraction, were found to be in good agreement with the present study after the addition of a correction term to account for the sample temperature difference (T=2 K for Kuech , T=298 K for the present study). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Robins, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lawrence.robins@nist.gov NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 3747 EP 3759 DI 10.1063/1.1556554 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 658PP UT WOS:000181729600004 ER PT J AU Raevski, IP Prosandeev, SA Bogatin, AS Malitskaya, MA Jastrabik, L AF Raevski, IP Prosandeev, SA Bogatin, AS Malitskaya, MA Jastrabik, L TI High dielectric permittivity in AFe(1/2)B(1/2)O(3) nonferroelectric perovskite ceramics (A=Ba, Sr, Ca; B=Nb, Ta, Sb) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RELAXATION; CACU3TI4O12; SPECTROSCOPY; CONSTANT AB AFe(1/2)B(1/2)O(3)(A=Ba, Sr, Ca; B=Nb, Ta, Sb) ceramics were synthesized and temperature dependences of dielectric permittivity were measured at different frequencies. The experimental data obtained show very high values of dielectric permittivity in a wide temperature interval that is inherent to so-called high-k materials. Analyses of these data establish a Maxwell-Wagner mechanism as a main source for the phenomenon observed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Kostovan Don 344090, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rostov State Univ, Inst Phys Res, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Inst Phys AS CR, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. RP Raevski, IP (reprint author), Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. EM smotr@ip.rsu.ru RI Raevski, Igor/E-2020-2011; Malitskaya, Maria/H-5195-2012; Jastrabik, Lubomir /H-1217-2014 OI Raevski, Igor/0000-0003-0132-9150; NR 23 TC 268 Z9 272 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 7 BP 4130 EP 4136 DI 10.1063/1.1558205 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 658PP UT WOS:000181729600060 ER PT J AU Harvey, TE Bertness, KA Hickernell, RK Wang, CM Splett, JD AF Harvey, TE Bertness, KA Hickernell, RK Wang, CM Splett, JD TI Accuracy of AlGaAs growth rates and composition determination using RHEED oscillations SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE-XII) CY SEP 15-20, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE reflection high energy electron diffraction; molecular beam epitaxy; semiconducting III-V materials ID ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION OSCILLATIONS; INTENSITY OSCILLATION; MBE GROWTH; GAAS AB We investigate the sources of uncertainty in the measurement of the reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity oscillations during growth of AlAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs on GaAs substrates, and the resulting effects on predicted growth rates and composition. Sources of error examined include beam positioning, flux transients, substrate size, 'beat' phenomena in the RHEED oscillations, substrate temperature, and incident beam direction. We find that flux transients and flux nonuniformity are the dominant systematic errors in predicting growth rates and composition with RHEED. From flux uniformity measurements, we estimate the beam positioning error for our growth system to be 0.2-0.6%/mm, and substrate size to impact the uncertainty by as much as several percent. In addition to these errors, flux transients can cause an uncertainty of up to 1%. We also present a procedure that uses the measured variance in the growth rates to calculate the composition with the smallest mean square error. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO USA. RP Harvey, TE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 815-04,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD APR PY 2003 VL 251 IS 1-4 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(03)00840-6 PG 7 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 666LY UT WOS:000182179800014 ER PT J AU Fu, CC Bertness, KA Wang, CM AF Fu, CC Bertness, KA Wang, CM TI Effects of noise level in fitting in situ optical reflectance spectroscopy data SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE-XII) CY SEP 15-20, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE characterization; molecular beam epitaxy; semiconducting aluminum compounds; semiconducting gallium compounds ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE AB Curve fitting of simulated optical reflectance spectroscopy data is used to evaluate the accuracy of parameters derived from the fits of actual data. These simulations show that to determine the index of refraction n to an accuracy of 0.0015 (corresponding 0.044% for Al0.5Ga0.5As at growth temperature), a reflectance noise with standard deviation sigma less than or equal to 0.00005 is required if the absolute reflectance calibration is unknown. The simulations also show that when the absolute reflectance is known within +/- 0.05%, a noise of up to sigma = 0.0008 would result in the same desired accuracy for n. The factors contributing to the uncertainty of the reflectance scaling factor include the temperatures of the photo detectors, stability of light intensity, and deposits on the window of the growth chamber. These factors are investigated experimentally and possible solutions that will allow calibration within the goal range are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Inst Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fu, CC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Inst Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD APR PY 2003 VL 251 IS 1-4 BP 118 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)02282-0 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 666LY UT WOS:000182179800022 ER PT J AU White, AB Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG AF White, AB Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG TI Coastal orographic rainfall processes observed by radar during the California land-falling jets experiment SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL VELOCITY; PRECIPITATION; MOUNTAINS; MESOSCALE; PROFILER; CLOUDS; RASS; CLASSIFICATION; CUMULONIMBUS; EVOLUTION AB Radar and rain gauge observations collected in coastal mountains during the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) are used to diagnose the bulk physical properties of rainfall during a wet winter season ( January-March 1998). Three rainfall types were clearly distinguishable by differences in their vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity: nonbright band, bright band, and hybrid ( seeder-feeder). The contribution of each rainfall type to the total rainfall observed at the radar site ( 1841 mm) was determined by a new, objective algorithm. While hybrid rain occurred most often, nonbrightband rain (NBB rain) contributed significantly (28%) to the total. This paper focuses on characterizing NBB rain because of the need to document this key physical process and because of its impact on Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) precipitation surveillance capabilities. NBB rain is a quasi-steady, shallow rain process that does not exhibit a radar bright band, that occurs largely beneath the melting level, and that can produce rain rates exceeding 20 mm h(-1). Composite vertical profiles were produced for NBB rain using 1417 samples and brightband rain using 5061 samples. Although the mean rain rate for each composite was 3.95 mm h(-1), at all altitudes NBB rain had systematically weaker equivalent radar reflectivity (e.g., 20.5 dBZ(e) vs 28.5 dBZ(e) at 263 m above ground level) and much smaller Doppler vertical fall velocities (e.g., 2.25 m s(-1) vs 6.25 m s(-1) at 263 m) than did brightband rain. The reflectivity-rain-rate (Z-R) relationship for NBB rain (Z = 1.2R(1.8)) differs significantly from that of brightband/ hybrid rain (Z = 207R(1.1)). The meteorological context in which NBB rain occurred is described through case studies and seasonal statistics. NBB rain occurred in a wide variety of positions relative to frontal zones within land-falling storms, but three-quarters of it fell when the layer-mean, profiler-observed wind direction at 1250 m MSL ( the altitude of the composite low-level jet) was between 190degrees and 220degrees. The importance of orographic forcing during NBB rain, relative to all rain events, was indicated by a stronger correlation between upslope wind speed and coastal rain rates at 1250 m MSL (r = 0.74 vs r = 0.54), stronger low-level wind speeds, and wind directions more orthogonal to the mean terrain orientation. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP White, AB (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 37 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 4 IS 2 BP 264 EP 282 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<264:CORPOB>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 668EF UT WOS:000182276800008 ER PT J AU Luo, LF Robock, A Vinnikov, KY Schlosser, CA Slater, AG Boone, A Braden, H Cox, P de Rosnay, P Dickinson, RE Dai, YJ Duan, QY Etchevers, P Henderson-Sellers, A Gedney, N Gusev, YM Habets, F Kim, JW Kowalczyk, E Mitchell, K Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Pitman, AJ Schaake, J Shmakin, AB Smirnova, TG Wetzel, P Xue, YK Yang, ZL Zeng, QC AF Luo, LF Robock, A Vinnikov, KY Schlosser, CA Slater, AG Boone, A Braden, H Cox, P de Rosnay, P Dickinson, RE Dai, YJ Duan, QY Etchevers, P Henderson-Sellers, A Gedney, N Gusev, YM Habets, F Kim, JW Kowalczyk, E Mitchell, K Nasonova, ON Noilhan, J Pitman, AJ Schaake, J Shmakin, AB Smirnova, TG Wetzel, P Xue, YK Yang, ZL Zeng, QC TI Effects of frozen soil on soil temperature, spring infiltration, and runoff: Results from the PILPS 2(d) experiment at Valdai, Russia SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE SCHEME; MOISTURE SIMULATIONS; SNOW-COVER; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE; BIOSPHERE; REPRESENTATION; VALIDATION; HYDROLOGY AB The Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2(d) experiment at Valdai, Russia, offers a unique opportunity to evaluate land surface schemes, especially snow and frozen soil parameterizations. Here, the ability of the 21 schemes that participated in the experiment to correctly simulate the thermal and hydrological properties of the soil on several different timescales was examined. Using observed vertical profiles of soil temperature and soil moisture, the impact of frozen soil schemes in the land surface models on the soil temperature and soil moisture simulations was evaluated. It was found that when soil-water freezing is explicitly included in a model, it improves the simulation of soil temperature and its variability at seasonal and interannual scales. Although change of thermal conductivity of the soil also affects soil temperature simulation, this effect is rather weak. The impact of frozen soil on soil moisture is inconclusive in this experiment due to the particular climate at Valdai, where the top 1 m of soil is very close to saturation during winter and the range for soil moisture changes at the time of snowmelt is very limited. The results also imply that inclusion of explicit snow processes in the models would contribute to substantially improved simulations. More sophisticated snow models based on snow physics tend to produce better snow simulations, especially of snow ablation. Hysteresis of snow-cover fraction as a function of snow depth is observed at the catchment but not in any of the models. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Meteo France CNRM, Toulouse, France. German Weather Serv, Agrommeteorol Res, Braunschweig, Germany. Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell, Berks, England. CNRS, Lab Meteorol Dynam, Paris, France. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. NOAA, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD USA. Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading, Berks, England. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Water Problems, Moscow, Russia. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. NOAA NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Macquarie Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow, Russia. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Dynam & Precipitat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX USA. RP Robock, A (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM robock@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Cox, Peter/B-3299-2012; Dai, Yongjiu/D-6261-2014; Slater, Andrew/B-4666-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Dai, Yongjiu/D-1070-2010; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; Henderson-Sellers, Ann/H-5323-2011; de Rosnay, Patricia/M-8203-2013; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Smirnova, Tatiana/D-3350-2015; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Dai, Yongjiu/0000-0002-3588-6644; SLATER, ANDREW/0000-0002-4009-4844; Slater, Andrew/0000-0003-0480-8560; Habets, Florence/0000-0003-1950-0921; Robock, Alan/0000-0002-6319-5656; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; de Rosnay, Patricia/0000-0002-7374-3820; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; NR 39 TC 90 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 4 IS 2 BP 334 EP 351 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<334:EOFSOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 668EF UT WOS:000182276800013 ER PT J AU Serreze, MC Clark, MP Bromwich, DH AF Serreze, MC Clark, MP Bromwich, DH TI Monitoring precipitation over the Arctic terrestrial drainage system: Data requirements, shortcomings, and applications of atmospheric reanalysis SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NCEP-NCAR REANALYSIS; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; SEA-ICE; PART I; RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; OSCILLATION; RADIATION; FIELDS AB An effort is under way aimed at historical analysis and monitoring of the pan-Arctic terrestrial drainage system. A key element is the provision of gridded precipitation time series that can be readily updated. This has proven to be a daunting task. Except for a few areas, the station network is sparse, with large measurement biases due to poor catch efficiency of solid precipitation. The variety of gauges used by different countries along with different reporting practices introduces further uncertainty. Since about 1990, there has been serious degradation of the monitoring network due to station closure and a trend toward automation in Canada. Station data are used to compile monthly gridded time series for the 30-yr period 1960-89 at a cell resolution of 175 km. The station network is generally sufficient to estimate the mean and standard deviation of precipitation at this scale ( hence the statistical distributions). However, as the interpolation procedures must typically draw from stations well outside of the grid box bounds, grid box time series are poorly represented. Accurately capturing time series requires typically four stations per 175-km cell, but only 38% of cells contain even a single station. Precipitation updates at about a 1-month time lag can be obtained by using the observed precipitation distributions to rescale precipitation forecasts from the NCEP-1 reanalysis via a nonparametric probability transform. While recognizing inaccuracies in the observed time series, cross-validated correlation analyses indicate that the rescaled NCEP-1 forecasts have considerable skill in some parts of the Arctic drainage, but perform poorly over large regions. Treating climatology as a first guess with replacement by rescaled NCEP-1 values in areas of demonstrated skill yields a marginally useful monitoring product on the scale of large watersheds. Further improvements are realized by assimilating data from a limited array of station updates via a simple replacement strategy, and by including aerological estimates of precipitation less evapotranspiration ( P 2 ET) within the initial rescaling procedure. Doing a better job requires better observations and an improved atmospheric model. The new ERA-40 reanalysis may fill the latter need. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Serreze, MC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM serreze@kryos.colorado.edu RI Clark, Martyn/A-5560-2015; Bromwich, David/C-9225-2016 OI Clark, Martyn/0000-0002-2186-2625; NR 44 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 4 IS 2 BP 387 EP 407 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<387:MPOTAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 668EF UT WOS:000182276800016 ER PT J AU Lofaj, F Smith, DT Blessing, GV Luecke, WE Wiederhorn, SM AF Lofaj, F Smith, DT Blessing, GV Luecke, WE Wiederhorn, SM TI Instrumented indentation and ultrasonic velocity techniques for the evaluation of creep cavitation in silicon nitride SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TENSILE CREEP; ELASTIC-MODULI; CERAMICS; POROSITY; DEFORMATION; DEPENDENCE; COMPONENTS; BEHAVIOR AB Instrumented indentation and ultrasonic wave velocity techniques combined with precise density change measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the changes of elastic moduli in silicon nitride after tensile deformation up to 3%. Linear dependencies on strain were also found for the degradation of the indentation modulus, longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic wave velocities, Young's, shear and bulk moduli and Poisson's ratio. The results obtained by indentation technique and ultrasonic method were essentially identical. TEM observation confirmed that multigrain junction cavities were responsible for the density changes and the elastic moduli degradation. The density changes were linearly proportional to tensile strain with the slope of 0.75. Thus, cavitation is the dominant creep mechanism in silicon nitride studied. Instrumented indentation and ultrasound velocity techniques are suitable for non-destructive monitoring of creep damage accumulation in ceramic components. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Mat Res, Kosice 04353, Slovakia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lofaj, F (reprint author), Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Mat Res, Kosice 04353, Slovakia. EM lofaj@saske.sk RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 7 BP 1403 EP 1412 DI 10.1023/A:1022943709022 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 659FY UT WOS:000181767700006 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D Demarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Barrett, M Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, BM Langer, C Lucas, D Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D Demarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Barrett, M Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, BM Langer, C Lucas, D Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Quantum information with trapped ions at NIST SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Quantum Information Conceptual Foundations Developments and Perspectives CY JUL 13-18, 2002 CL OVIEDO, SPAIN ID STATE; ENTANGLEMENT; COMPUTATION; DECOHERENCE; MOTION; GATES; ATOM; MANIPULATION; UNIVERSAL; COMPUTER AB We report experiments on coherent quantum-state synthesis and control of trapped atomic ions. This work has the overall goal of performing large-scale quantum information processing; however, such techniques can also be applied to fundamental tests and demonstrations of quantum mechanical principles, as well as to the improvement of quantum-limited measurements. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia Monteneg. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM dil@boulder.nist.gov RI Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI DeMarco, Brian/0000-0002-2791-0413; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 EI 1362-3044 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 50 IS 6-7 BP 1115 EP 1129 DI 10.1080/0950034031000064799 PG 15 WC Optics SC Optics GA 685LP UT WOS:000183265300021 ER PT J AU Barber, J Masiello, T Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL AF Barber, J Masiello, T Chrysostom, ETH Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL TI High resolution infrared studies of the nu(2), nu(4) bands of (SO3)-S-34-O-16, including both intensity and wavenumber perturbations SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared; spectrum; sulfur trioxide; sulfur-34 ID SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; SO3; SPECTRUM; NU-3 AB The infrared spectrum of the nu(2), nu(4) bending mode region of S-34-substituted sulfur trioxide, (SO3)-S-34-O-16, has been recorded at a resolution of 0.0025 cm(-1). The nu(2) and nu(4) levels are coupled by a Coriolis interaction, yielding significant spectral shifts that have been successfully analyzed to obtain rovibrational constants for the ground state and both fundamentals. Comparisons are made with (SO3)-S-32-O-16 parameters and the B-0 rotational constant is found to be 0.348 556 03(28) cm(-1), only very slightly larger than the corresponding value of 0.348 543 33(5) cm(-1) for (SO3)-S-32-O-16. Coriolis and iota-type resonance interactions between the nu(2) and nu(4) levels produce frequency shifts and strong intensity perturbations in the spectra that are considered for both (SO3)-S-34-O-16 and (SO3)-S-32-O-16. The resulting analysis yields an average value of +/-0.62(8) for the dipole derivative ratio (partial derivativemu(x)/partial derivativeQ(4x))/(partial derivativemu(z)/partial derivativeQ(2)) and a positive sign for the product of this ratio with the zeta(2,4)(y) Coriolis constant, for which experiment gives +/-0.5940(15). Ab initio calculations indicate that the signs of partial derivativemu(x)/partial derivativeQ(4x) and partial derivativemu(z)/partial derivativeQ(2) are both positive and hence zeta(2,4)(y) is also positive, in agreement with earlier calculations. These signs indicate that the effective charge movement in the xz plane has the same sense of rotation as Q(2), Q(4x) atom motion in this plane that produces a p,, vibrational angular momentum component, correlated motion that is confirmed by ab initio calculations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 218 IS 2 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00051-6 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 673YV UT WOS:000182609600006 ER PT J AU Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL AF Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL TI Analysis of the nu(2), nu(4) infrared hot bands and nu(1) CARS spectrum of (SO3)-S-34-O-16 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared; coherent Raman; CARS; spectrum; sulfur trioxide; sulfur-34 ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; COHERENT RAMAN; SO3; PROGRAM; NU-3 AB High-resolution (0.0015 cm(-1)) infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the (SO3)-S-34-O-16 IR-active hot bands originating from the nu(2) and nu(4) bending mode levels and terminating in the states 2(nu2) (iota = 0), nu(2) + nu(4) (iota = +/-1), and 2nu(4) (iota = 0, +/-2). The upper states are strongly coupled via Fermi resonance and indirect Coriolis interactions to the v, symmetric stretching mode levels that are only directly accessible from the ground state via a Raman-active transition. A Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) spectrum of nu(1) for (SO3)-S-34-O-16 is presented which is dramatically different from the corresponding one for (SO3)-S-32-O-16. From the infrared transitions, accurate rovibrational constants are deduced for all the mixed states, leading to deperturbed values for nu(1), alpha(1)(beta), and alpha(1)(C) of 1064.920(84), 0.000 834 5(54), and 0.000 410 (11) cm(-1), respectively. The uncertainties in the last digits are shown in parentheses and represent two standard deviations. These parameters reproduce the unresolved Q-branch contour of the CARS spectrum very well. Various other rotational and vibrational parameters have been determined, leading to values of B-e = 0.349 760 6(33) cm(-1) and r(e) = 141.734 70(68) pm, values that are identical (within experimental error) to those found for (SO3)-S-32-O-16. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 218 IS 2 BP 204 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00035-3 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 673YV UT WOS:000182609600007 ER PT J AU Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT Vigasin, AA AF Baranov, YI Lafferty, WJ Fraser, GT Vigasin, AA TI On the origin of the band structure observed in the collision-induced absorption bands of CO2 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-SPECTRUM; DIMER; REGION; SPECTROSCOPY; 2-NU(2); NU(1) C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Gen Phys, Moscow 119991, Russia. RP Lafferty, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Mol Phys, Room B268, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 218 IS 2 BP 260 EP 261 DI 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00093-0 PG 2 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 673YV UT WOS:000182609600014 ER PT J AU Ornolfsdottir, EB Pinckney, JL Tester, PA AF Ornolfsdottir, EB Pinckney, JL Tester, PA TI Quantification of the relative abundance of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (Dinophyta), using unique photopigments SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHEMTAX; Galveston Bay; HPLC; Karenia brevis; photopigment biomarkers; red tide ID PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY-STRUCTURE; RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; ALGAL CLASS ABUNDANCES; GYMNODINIUM-BREVE; PIGMENT ANALYSIS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS; CAROTENOID-PIGMENTS; GYRODINIUM-AUREOLUM AB Diagnostic photopigment analysis is a useful tool for determining the presence and relative abundance of algal groups in natural phytoplankton assemblages. This approach is especially useful when a genus has a unique photopigment composition. The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup comb. nov. shares the diagnostic pigment gyroxanthin-diester with only a few other dinoflagellates and lacks peridinin, one of the major diagnostic pigments of most dinoflagellate species. In this study, measurements of gyroxanthin-diester and other diagnostic pigments of K. brevis were incorporated into the initial pigment ratio matrix of the chemical taxonomy program (CHEMTAX) to resolve the relative contribution of K. brevis biomass in mixed estuarine phytoplankton assemblages from Florida and Galveston Bay, Texas. The phytoplankton community composition of the bloom in Galveston Bay was calculated based on cell enumerations and biovolumetric measurements in addition to chl a -specific photopigment estimates of biomass (HPLC and CHEMTAX). The CHEMTAX and biovolume estimates of the phytoplankton community structure were not significantly different and suggest that the HPLC-CHEMTAX approach provides reasonable estimates of K. brevis biomass in natural assemblages. The gyroxanthin-diester content per cell of K. brevis from Galveston Bay was significantly higher than in K. brevis collected from the west coast of Florida. This pigment-based approach provides a useful tool for resolving spatiotemporal distributions of phytoplankton in the presence of K. brevis blooms, when an appropriate initial ratio matrix is applied. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Ornolfsdottir, EB (reprint author), Inst Freshwater Fisheries, Vagnhofda 7, IS-110 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM erla@veidimal.is NR 44 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 BP 449 EP 457 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 660YB UT WOS:000181861800021 ER PT J AU Huang, QZ Karen, VL Santoro, A Kjekshus, A Linden, J Pietari, T Karen, P AF Huang, QZ Karen, VL Santoro, A Kjekshus, A Linden, J Pietari, T Karen, P TI Substitution of Co3+ in YBa2Fe3O8 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE yttrium-barium-iron-cobalt oxide; solid-solution phase; triple-perovskite-type structure; antiferromagnetism; Fe-57 Mossbauer spectra ID NEUTRON-POWDER-DIFFRACTION; VARIED OXYGEN-CONTENT; MAGNETIC-STRUCTURES; FE-57 MOSSBAUER; NUCLEAR; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB The accommodation of Co in the oxygen-saturated solid-solution phase YBa2(Fe1-zCoz)(3)O8+w has been investigated by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques, as well as by Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy. Of the nominal composition range 0.00less than or equal tozless than or equal to1.00 tested, the solid-solution limit under syntheses at 950degreesC in 1 bar O-2 is z = 0.47(5). No symmetry change in the nuclear and magnetic structures is seen as a consequence of the Co substitution, and the Co atoms are distributed evenly over the two sites that are square-pyramidally and octahedrally coordinated for w = 0. The oxygen-saturated samples maintain their oxygen content roughly constant throughout the homogeneity range, showing that Co3+ replaces Fe3+. Despite the nearly constant value of w, Mossbauer spectroscopy shows that the amount of tetravalent Fe slightly increases with increasing z, and this allows Co to adopt valence close to 3.00 to a good approximation. The magnitude of the antiferromagnetic moment (located in the a, b plane) decreases with 7 in accordance with the high-spin states of the majority Fe3+ and Co3+ ions. Bond-valence analyses are performed to illustrate how the structural network becomes increasingly frustrated as a result of the substitution of Fe3+ by the smaller Co3+ ion. A contrast is pointed out with the substitution of cobalt in YBa2Cu3O7 where it is a larger Co2+ ion that replaces smaller Cu2+. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Abo Akad Univ, Dept Phys, FI-20500 Turku, Finland. Aalto Univ, Dept Tech Phys, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland. RP Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, POB 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. EM pavel.karen@kjemi.uio.no RI Karen, Pavel/A-9062-2008 OI Karen, Pavel/0000-0003-2937-6477 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 EI 1095-726X J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 172 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00122-6 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 685WE UT WOS:000183286200012 ER PT J AU Cranswick, LMD Mumme, WG Grey, IE Roth, RS Bordet, P AF Cranswick, LMD Mumme, WG Grey, IE Roth, RS Bordet, P TI A new octahedral tilt system in the perovskite phase Ca3Nb2O8 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The perovskite-related phase Ca3Nb2O8, when grown as single crystals from a calcium vanadate flux, incorporates a small amount of vanadium from the flux to form the composition Ca3Nb2-xVxO8 with x = 0.05. The crystals have pseudo-cubic symmetry with a = 6 x a(c)(perovskite). The actual symmetry is rhombohedral, space group R3, with a(h) = 16.910(1) Angstrom, C-h = 41.500(2) Angstrom. The structure was solved using a combination of single-crystal methods together with constrained refinements of powder X-ray and neutron powder data. The unit-cell composition is [Ca(138)square(24)]A [Ca42Nb117V3](B)[O(480)square(6)], With vacancies in both the anion sites and A-cation sites. The Ca and Nb atoms are fully ordered in the B-sites such that (001) layers containing only Nb-centered octahedra alternate with layers containing both Nb-centered and Ca-centered octahedra. At the origin B-site, ordered oxygen vacancies result in the octahedron being transformed to a tetrahedron, which, in the single crystals, is occupied by vanadium. The structure displays a new type of octahedral tilt system in which 3 x 3 x 3 blocks of (a(+)a(+)a(+)) tilts are periodically twinned on the pseudo-cubic {100}(c) planes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, CCCP14, London WC1E 7HX, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, Cristallog Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France. RP Grey, IE (reprint author), CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD APR PY 2003 VL 172 IS 1 BP 178 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00011-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 685WE UT WOS:000183286200027 ER PT J AU Simiu, E Wilcox, R Sadek, F Filliben, JJ AF Simiu, E Wilcox, R Sadek, F Filliben, JJ TI Wind speeds in ASCE 7 standard peak-gust map: Assessment SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE wind speeds; meteorology; wind forces; statistics; geography; buildings ID UNITED-STATES; DESIGN AB The ASCE 7 peak-gust map divides the United States into two main adjacent wind speed zones that do not reflect correctly the country's differentiated extreme wind climate. Following a request by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), CPP Inc. through Texas Tech Univ. provided information used for the development of the map and for its a posteriori justification. Using this information we show that the methodology used in the map's development averages out real climatological differences and causes severe bias errors for the following reasons: (1) the estimation of the speeds was based on superstations, of which 80% included stations that were also contained in one or more other superstations; (2) stations with significantly different physical geography and meteorology were in many cases included in the same superstation; (3) legitimate wind speed data were omitted from data records in cases in which analyses resulted in speeds different from those postulated in the map; (4) and off-the-shelf smoothing software was used that does not account for physical geography and meteorological differences. Case studies show that the map entails severe bias errors, causing unnecessary waste due to overestimated wind loads or potential losses due to underestimated wind loads. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys, Provo, UT 84601 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 4 BP 427 EP 439 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:4(427) PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 657QU UT WOS:000181678500001 ER PT J AU Heyliger, PR Johnson, WL AF Heyliger, PR Johnson, WL TI Traction-free vibrations of finite trigonal elastic cylinders SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE METHOD; CONSTANTS; ROD AB The unrestrained, traction-free vibrations of finite elastic cylinders with trigonal material symmetry are studied using two approaches, based on the Ritz method, which formulate the weak form of the,equations of motion in cylindrical and rectangular coordinates. Elements of group theory are used to divide approximation functions into orthogonal subsets, thus reducing the size of the computational problem and classifying the general symmetries of the vibrational modes. Results for the special case of an isotropic cylinder are presented and compared with values published by other researchers. For the isotropic case, the relative accuracy of the formulations in cylindrical and rectangular coordinates can be evaluated, because exact analytical solutions are known for the torsional modes. The calculation in cylindrical coordinates is found to be more accurate for a given number of terms in the series approximation functions. For a representative trigonal material, langatate, calculations of the resonant frequencies and the sensitivity of the frequencies on each of the elastic constants are presented. The dependence on geometry (ratio of length to diameter) is briefly explored. The special case of a transversely isotropic cylinder (with the elastic stiffness C-14 equal to zero) is also considered. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society. of America. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Heyliger, PR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 2003 VL 113 IS 4 BP 1812 EP 1825 DI 10.1121/1.1548159 PN 1 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 663LR UT WOS:000182007500002 PM 12703694 ER PT J AU Johnson, WL Heyliger, PR AF Johnson, WL Heyliger, PR TI Symmetrization of Ritz approximation functions for vibrational analysis of trigonal cylinders SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID DETERMINE ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; RESONANCE METHOD AB In the Ritz method of calculating vibrational,normal modes, a set of finite series approximation functions provides a matrix eigenvalue equation for the coefficients in the series and the resonant frequency. The matrix problem usually can be block-diagonalized by grouping the functions, into subsets according to their properties under the symmetry operations that are common to the specimen geometry and crystal class. This task is addressed, in this study, for the case of cylindrical specimens of crystals belonging to one of the higher trigonal crystal classes: The existence of doubly degenerate resonant modes significantly complicates the analysis. Group-theoretical projection operators are employed to extract, from series approximation functions in cylindrical coordinates, the terms that transform according to each irreducible representation of the point group. This provides a complete symmetry-based block diagonalization and categorization of the modal symmetries. Off-diagonal projection operators are used to provide relations between the displacement patterns of degenerate modes. The method of analysis is presented in detail to assist in its application to other geometries, crystal structures, and/or forms of Ritz approximation functions. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America.In the Ritz method of calculating vibrational,normal modes, a set of finite series approximation functions provides a matrix eigenvalue equation for the coefficients in the series and the resonant frequency. The matrix problem usually can be block-diagonalized by grouping the functions, into subsets according to their properties under the symmetry operations that are common to the specimen geometry and crystal class. This task is addressed, in this study, for the case of cylindrical specimens of crystals belonging to one of the higher trigonal crystal classes: The existence of doubly degenerate resonant modes significantly complicates the analysis. Group-theoretical projection operators are employed to extract, from series approximation functions in cylindrical coordinates, the terms that transform according to each irreducible representation of the point group. This provides a complete symmetry-based block diagonalization and categorization of the modal symmetries. Off-diagonal projection operators are used to provide relations between the displacement patterns of degenerate modes. The method of analysis is presented in detail to assist in its application to other geometries, crystal structures, and/or forms of Ritz approximation functions. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 2003 VL 113 IS 4 BP 1826 EP 1832 DI 10.1121/1.1558372 PN 1 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 663LR UT WOS:000182007500003 PM 12703695 ER PT J AU Elsasser, C Heuer, AH Ruhle, M Wiederhorn, SM AF Elsasser, C Heuer, AH Ruhle, M Wiederhorn, SM TI International Workshop on the Science and Technology of Alumina SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Fraunhofer Inst Werkstoffmech, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Elsasser, C (reprint author), Fraunhofer Inst Werkstoffmech, Woehlerstr 11, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 533 EP 533 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 667DT UT WOS:000182216300001 ER PT J AU Park, CW Yoon, DY Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA AF Park, CW Yoon, DY Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA TI Singular grain boundaries in alumina and their roughening transition SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on the Science and Technology of Alumina CY MAR, 2002 CL SCHLOSS RINGBERG, GERMANY ID DOPED ALUMINA; LIQUID-PHASE; VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; ANISOTROPIC SURFACES; GROWTH; CREEP; DEPENDENCE; BICRYSTALS; TRANSFORMATION; MICROSTRUCTURE AB The shapes and structures of grain boundaries formed between the basal (0001) surface of large alumina grains and randomly oriented small alumina grains are shown to depend on the additions of SiO2, CaO, and MgO. If a sapphire crystal is sintered at 1620degreesC in contact with high-purity alumina powder, the grain boundaries formed between the (0001) sapphire surface and the small alumina grains are curved and do not show any hill-and-valley structure when observed under transmission electron microscopy, (TEM). These observations indicate that the, grain boundaries are atomically rough. When 100 ppm (by mole) of SiO2 and 50 ppm of CaO are added, the (0001) surfaces of the single crystal and the elongated abnormal grains form flat grain boundaries with most of the fine matrix grains as observed at all scales including high-resolution TEM. These grain boundaries, which maintain their flat shape even at the triple junctions, are possible if and only if they are singular corresponding to cusps in the polar plots of the grain boundary energy as a function of the grain boundary normal. When MgO is added to the specimen containing SiO2 and CaO, the flat (0001) grain boundaries become curved at all scales of observation, indicating that they are atomically rough. The grain boundaries between small matrix grains also become defaceted and hence atomically rough. C1 Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Basic Res Lab, Wireless Commun Devices Dept, Taejon 305350, South Korea. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Park, CW (reprint author), Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Basic Res Lab, Wireless Commun Devices Dept, Taejon 305350, South Korea. NR 72 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 603 EP 611 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 667DT UT WOS:000182216300012 ER PT J AU Hockey, BJ Wiederhorn, SM Blendell, JE Lee, JS Kang, MK AF Hockey, BJ Wiederhorn, SM Blendell, JE Lee, JS Kang, MK TI Structure of sapphire bicrystal boundaries produced by liquid-phase sintering SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on the Science and Technology of Alumina CY MAR, 2002 CL SCHLOSS RINGBERG, GERMANY ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; INTERGRANULAR FILMS; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; ALUMINUM-OXIDE AB The structure and composition of sapphire bicrystal boundaries produced by liquid-phase sintering depended on the crystallographic misorientation of the crystals across the boundary and on the orientation of the boundary. Basal twist boundaries of 15degrees or 30degrees were not wetted by glass, but contained significant amounts of Ca and Si at the boundary. For tilt boundaries of 7degrees or 12degrees, the glass wetted segments of boundaries that contained the basal plane of either crystal. Boundary segments with orientations of 40degrees or more from the basal plane, however, were dewetted (i.e., "dry"). Boundary segments oriented less than similar to40degrees from the basal orientation were partially wetted, consisting of segments of wetted and dry grain boundaries. For the 12degrees tilt boundary, Ca and Si could be detected on portions of the boundary that contained no glass. For bicrystal boundaries having tilts of less than or equal to4degrees, dewetting occurred for all observed boundary orientations. Basal-oriented segments in these small angle tilt boundaries contained noticeable concentrations of adsorbed Ca and Si, while nonbasal segments were apparently free of Ca and Si. Most results could be explained based on a combined Wulff plot construction, which predicts partially wetted grain boundaries and "missing" angles for unwetted grain boundaries. Results that could not be explained by the construction included growth step ledges bounded by nonequilibrium facet planes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hockey, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lee, Jong-Sook/D-1035-2013 OI Lee, Jong-Sook/0000-0002-2227-0808 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 612 EP 622 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 667DT UT WOS:000182216300013 ER PT J AU Orlanski, I AF Orlanski, I TI Bifurcation in eddy life cycles: Implications for storm track variability SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LINEAR BAROCLINIC WAVES; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SURF ZONE; EL-NINO; STRATOSPHERE; HEMISPHERE; DOWNSTREAM; DYNAMICS AB By analyzing a number of very high resolution, nonhydrostatic experiments of baroclinic lifecycles, it was concluded that the intensity of the near-surface baroclinic development influences the upper-level wave to such an extent that it could produce cyclonic or anticyclonic wave breaking. Since the final jet position is equatorward or poleward, the position depends on whether the waves break cyclonically or anticyclonically, respectively. The low-level baroclinicity plays a very important role in the outcome of the wave and feedback to the mean circulation. Using a shallow water model the hypothesis that the intensity of the eddy forcing from the lower layers of the atmosphere can have a profound effect on the disturbances of the upper layers is tested. From these experiments the following is concluded. For weak intensities, the strong effective beta asymmetries due to the earth's sphericity produce anticyclonic wave breaking and a poleward shift of the zonal jet will occur. For moderate forcing, anticyclonic wave breaking occurs and consequently, as before, a poleward shift of the zonal jet will occur. However, there is an important distinction between weak and moderate forcing. In the latter case, the eddy anticyclonic centers are very intense. The influence of the two anticyclones produces a difluence field that will strain the cyclonic vortex along the SW-NE direction. Consequently, the meridional vorticity flux upsilon'zeta' is positive in the north and negative in the south. This process has two effects: thinning the cyclone and producing positive vorticity fluxes on the north, negative fluxes on the south and moving the jet poleward. By increasing the forcing, the cyclone centers become considerably more intense than the anticyclones (CVC) and they are able to deform and thin the anticyclones, thus moving the jet equatorward. This transition is very abrupt; above a threshold amplitude, the life cycle bifurcates to a cyclonic wave breaking. The implications for storm track variability are quite direct. In normal years, at the entrance of the storm track, intense baroclinicity produces CVCs with a slight shift of the jet equatorward. At the last half of the storm track, due to much weaker baroclinicity, anticyclonic wave breaking occurs (AVCs) displacing the jet poleward. The eddies at the entrance of the storm track develop from the baroclinicity of the subtropical jet. Downstream fluxing and weaker surface baroclinicity make the upper-level waves more aloft and barotropic by the middle of the storm track. These waves normally break anticyclonically, enhancing the subpolar eddy-driven jet. In the warm phase of ENSO, more baroclinicity (and subtropical moisture flux) is present in the eastern Pacific Ocean. This enhanced baroclinicity could support more CVCs in the eastern basin, maintaining the subtropical jet further east. C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Orlanski, I (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 60 IS 8 BP 993 EP 1023 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<993:BIELCI>2.0.CO;2 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 667GC UT WOS:000182222100001 ER PT J AU Schneider, T Held, IM Garner, ST AF Schneider, T Held, IM Garner, ST TI Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PAST 3-DIMENSIONAL OBSTACLES; GENERATED LEE VORTICES; SLIP STRATIFIED FLOW; VORTEX FORMATION; ISOLATED MOUNTAIN; LINEAR-THEORY; CIRCULATION; RIDGES; WAKES; FLUX AB Many aspects of geophysical flows can be described compactly in terms of potential vorticity dynamics. Since potential temperature can fluctuate at boundaries, however, the boundary conditions for potential vorticity dynamics are inhomogeneous, which complicates considerations of potential vorticity dynamics when boundary effects are dynamically significant. A formulation of potential vorticity dynamics is presented that encompasses boundary effects. It is shown that, for arbitrary flows, the generalization of the potential vorticity concept to a sum of the conventional interior potential vorticity and a singular surface potential vorticity allows one to replace the inhomogeneous boundary conditions for potential vorticity dynamics by simpler homogeneous boundary conditions ( of constant potential temperature). Functional forms of the surface potential vorticity are derived from field equations in which the potential vorticity and a potential vorticity flux appear as sources of flow quantities in the same way in which an electric charge and an electric current appear as sources of fields in electrodynamics. For the generalized potential vorticity of flows that need be neither balanced nor hydrostatic and that can be influenced by diabatic processes and friction, a conservation law holds that is similar to the conservation law for the conventional interior potential vorticity. The conservation law for generalized potential vorticity contains, in the quasigeostrophic limit, the well-known dual relationship between fluctuations of potential temperature at boundaries and fluctuations of potential vorticity in the interior of quasigeostrophic flows. A nongeostrophic effect described by the conservation law is the induction of generalized potential vorticity by baroclinicity at boundaries, an effect that plays a role, for example, in mesoscale flows past topographic obstacles. Based on the generalized potential vorticity concept, a theory is outlined of how a wake with lee vortices can form in weakly dissipative flows past a mountain. Theoretical considerations and an analysis of a simulation show that a wake with lee vortices can form by separation of a generalized potential vorticity sheet from the mountain surface, similar to the separation of a friction-induced vorticity sheet from an obstacle, except that the generalized potential vorticity sheet can be induced by baroclinicity at the surface. C1 NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY USA. NYU, Ctr Atmosphere Ocean Sci, New York, NY USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Schneider, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Mail Code 100-23,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Schneider, Tapio /A-7038-2014 OI Schneider, Tapio /0000-0001-5687-2287 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 60 IS 8 BP 1024 EP 1040 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 667GC UT WOS:000182222100002 ER PT J AU Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR Bonevich, JE AF Tsuda, T Hussey, CL Stafford, GR Bonevich, JE TI Electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CORROSION BEHAVIOR; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; MOLTEN-SALT; PITTING CORROSION; IONIC LIQUIDS; MICROSTRUCTURE; MULTILAYERS; RESISTANCE; CHEMISTRY; FILMS AB The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl3-EtMeImCl) molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as TiCl2, was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction (m/o) composition of this melt, but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0) did not lead to dissolved Ti(II), but to an insoluble passivating film of TiCl3. At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti(0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti(IV) vaporized from the melt as TiCl4(g). As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic AlCl3-NaCl, Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the AlCl3-EtMeImCl melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to similar to19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti(II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsuda, T (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Chem & Biochem, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Tsuda, Tetsuya/F-7234-2014 OI Tsuda, Tetsuya/0000-0001-9462-8066 NR 37 TC 75 Z9 85 U1 5 U2 60 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 150 IS 4 BP C234 EP C243 DI 10.1149/1.1554915 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 654UU UT WOS:000181515100039 ER PT J AU Shacklette, JM Cundiff, ST AF Shacklette, JM Cundiff, ST TI Nonperturbative transient four-wave-mixing line shapes due to excitation-induced shift and excitation-induced dephasing SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COHERENT OPTICAL-RESPONSE; MULTIPLE-QUANTUM-WELLS; LORENTZ-LOCAL FIELD; 4-WAVE-MIXING SIGNALS; SELECTIVE REFLECTION; POLARIZATION STATE; SEMICONDUCTORS; GAAS; SPECTROSCOPY; BEATS AB We numerically calculate the transient-four-wave-mixing (TFWM) response in systems that exhibit either a resonance frequency or a dephasing rate that depends on the level of excitation, which can occur in semiconductors or a dense atomic vapor. These effects change the intensity dependence of the TFWM signal, causing it to display noncubic behavior for significantly lower pulse areas and even a reduction in signal intensity for increasing pulse area. They also qualitatively change both the temporal behavior and spectrum of the TFWM signal in ways that cannot adequately be described in perturbation theory. For time-integrated TFWM, the saturation behavior is also found to depend on the delay between pulses. For comparison, the effects of local fields are also calculated as they produce similar effects. These results can help provide discrimination among the various phenomena. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shacklette, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD APR PY 2003 VL 20 IS 4 BP 764 EP 769 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.000764 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 664LR UT WOS:000182063000017 ER PT J AU Vanderah, DJ Gates, RS Silin, V Zeiger, DN Woodward, JT Meuse, CW Valincius, G Nickel, B AF Vanderah, DJ Gates, RS Silin, V Zeiger, DN Woodward, JT Meuse, CW Valincius, G Nickel, B TI Isostructural self-assembled monolayers. 1. Octadecyl 1-thiaoligo(ethylene oxides) SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; BILAYER-MEMBRANES; THIOL MONOLAYERS; SILVER SURFACES; GOLD; DIFFRACTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY AB The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a series of octadecyl 1-thiaoligo(ethylene oxide)(x) disulfides {[S(CH2CH2O),C18H37](2)}, where x = 4-8, were assembled on gold and characterized by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For x = 6-8, the EIS data indicate stable, highly ordered, nearly defect-free SAMs that behave as ideal capacitors in an electrochemical environment, comparable to well-packed SAMs of octadecanethiol. For these SAMs, the RAIRS data show that the 1-thiaoligo(ethylene oxide) (TOEO) segments, oriented normal to the substrate, adopt the ordered (7)/(2) helical conformation of the folded-chain crystal polymorph of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and the hydrocarbon segments, tilted similar to30degrees to the normal, adopt a nearly all-trans conformation. AFM measurements on x = 6 yield reciprocal lattice points that are consistent with the root3 x root3R30degrees overlayer structure commonly found in SAMs of long-chain alkanethiols. Within the limits of our measurements, the x = 6-8 SAMs appear to be isostructural. As a result, SAM thicknesses should increase in a predictable fashion. SE and XRR measurements indicate thickness increases of 0.30 +/- 0.05 nm/ethylen oxide (EO) unit, in good agreement with the expected increase of similar to0.28 nm/EO unit as derived from the unit cell dimensions of crystalline PEO. Films in which relative thicknesses can be calculated directly from crystallographic dimensions and are independent of refractive index should be useful materials for surface science metrology. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Biochem, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Vanderah, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Nickel, Bert/A-2095-2009 OI Nickel, Bert/0000-0002-0254-8841 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 7 BP 2612 EP 2620 DI 10.1021/la026990e PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 662ZT UT WOS:000181980900014 ER PT J AU Dabrowski, F Le Bras, M Delobel, R Gilman, JW Kashiwagi, T AF Dabrowski, F Le Bras, M Delobel, R Gilman, JW Kashiwagi, T TI Using clay in PA-based intumescent formulations. Fire performance and kinetic parameters SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Eurofillers 2001 Conference CY JUL 09-12, 2001 CL LODZ, POLAND ID NANOCOMPOSITE AB The improved fire performance of polyamide-6 clay nanocomposite compared with polyamide-6 are correlated with their degradation kinetic parameters. Moreover substituting polyamide-6 by polyamide-6 clay nanocomposite in an intumescent blend enables to improve its fire properties. Once again, the improved fire performance can be correlated with the kinetic degradation parameters. The advantages of using nano-dispersed clay are shown. C1 USTL, ENSCL, Lab Genie Proc Interact Fluides React Mat, F-59652 Villeneuve Dascq, France. NIST, Mat Fire Res Grp, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Le Bras, M (reprint author), USTL, ENSCL, Lab Genie Proc Interact Fluides React Mat, BP 108, F-59652 Villeneuve Dascq, France. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD APR PY 2003 VL 194 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1002/masy.200390083 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 688AC UT WOS:000183409000022 ER PT J AU Barlow, J Cameron, GA AF Barlow, J Cameron, GA TI Field experiments show that acoustic pingers reduce marine mammal bycatch in the California drift gill net fishery SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bycatch; fishery; pinger; cetacean; dolphin; pinniped; Delphinus delphis; Zalophus californianus; short-beaked common dolphin; California sea lion ID PORPOISES PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; ALARMS AB A controlled experiment was carried out in 1996-1997 to determine whether acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) reduce marine mammal bycatch in the California drift gill net fishery for swordfish and sharks. Using Fisher's exact test, bycatch rates with pingers were significantly less for all cetacean species combined (P < 0.001) and for all pinniped species combined (P = 0.003). For species tested separately with this test, bycatch reduction was statistically significant for short-beaked common dolphins (P = 0.001) and California sea lions (P = 0.02). Bycatch reduction is not statistically significant for the other species tested separately, but sample sizes and statistical power were low, and bycatch rates were lower in pingered nets for six of the eight other cetacean and pinniped species. A log-linear model relating the mean rate of entanglement to the number of pingers deployed was fit to the data for three groups: short-beaked common dolphins, other cetaceans, and pinnipeds. For a net with 40 pingers, the models predict approximately a 12-fold decrease in entanglement for short-beaked common dolphins, a 4-fold decrease for other cetaceans, and a 3-fold decrease for pinnipeds. No other variables were found that could explain this effect. The pinger experiment ended when regulations were enacted to make pingers mandatory in this fishery. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Barlow, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 13 TC 72 Z9 87 U1 6 U2 40 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 19 IS 2 BP 265 EP 283 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01108.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 655YZ UT WOS:000181582200002 ER PT J AU Oleson, EM Barlow, J Gordon, J Rankin, S Hildebrand, JA AF Oleson, EM Barlow, J Gordon, J Rankin, S Hildebrand, JA TI Low frequency calls of Bryde's whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BALAENOPTERA-EDENI C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. RP Oleson, EM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM eoleson@ucsd.edu NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2003 VL 19 IS 2 BP 407 EP 419 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 655YZ UT WOS:000181582200013 ER PT J AU Samson, E Marchand, J Snyder, KA AF Samson, E Marchand, J Snyder, KA TI Calculation of ionic diffusion coefficients on the basis of migration test results SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS; CHLORIDE DIFFUSIVITY; CEMENT SYSTEMS; POROUS-MEDIA; CONCRETE; MECHANISMS; TRANSPORT; MORTARS; INGRESS; PASTES AB Migration tests are now commonly used to estimate the diffusion coefficients of cement-based materials. Over the past decade, various approaches have been proposed to analyze migration test results. In many cases, the interpretation of test data is based on a series of simplifying assumptions. However, a thorough analysis of the various transport mechanisms that take place during a migration experiment suggests that some of them are probably not valid. Consequently, a more rigorous approach to analyze migration test results is presented. The test procedure is relatively simple and consists in measuring the evolution of the electrical current passing through the sample. Experimental results are then analyzed using the extended Nernst-Planck-Poisson set of equations. A simple algorithm is used to determine for each experiment the tortuosity factor that allows to best reproduce the current curve measured experimentally. The main advantage of this approach resides in the fact that the diffusion coefficients of all ionic species present in the system can be calculated using a single series of data. Typical examples of the application of this method are given. Results indicate that the diffusion coefficients calculated using this approach are independent of the applied voltage and depends only slightly on the concentration level. and the chemical make-up of the upstream cell solution. C1 Univ Laval, Dept Civil Engn, CRIB, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. SIMCO Technol Inc, Quebec City, PQ G1P 4R7, Canada. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Samson, E (reprint author), Univ Laval, Dept Civil Engn, CRIB, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. NR 45 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 5 U2 32 PU R I L E M PUBLICATIONS PI CACHAN PA 61 AVE PRESIDENT WILSON, 94235 CACHAN, FRANCE SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD APR PY 2003 VL 36 IS 257 BP 156 EP 165 DI 10.1617/14002 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 665PB UT WOS:000182128900003 ER PT J AU Anderson, JL AF Anderson, JL TI A local least squares framework for ensemble filtering SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL DATA ASSIMILATION; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; PART I; SYSTEMS AB Many methods using ensemble integrations of prediction models as integral parts of data assimilation have appeared in the atmospheric and oceanic literature. In general, these methods have been derived from the Kalman filter and have been known as ensemble Kalman filters. A more general class of methods including these ensemble Kalman filter methods is derived starting from the nonlinear filtering problem. When working in a joint state observation space, many features of ensemble filtering algorithms are easier to derive and compare. The ensemble filter methods derived here make a (local) least squares assumption about the relation between prior distributions of an observation variable and model state variables. In this context, the update procedure applied when a new observation becomes available can be described in two parts. First, an update increment is computed for each prior ensemble estimate of the observation variable by applying a scalar ensemble filter. Second, a linear regression of the prior ensemble sample of each state variable on the observation variable is performed to compute update increments for each state variable ensemble member from corresponding observation variable increments. The regression can be applied globally or locally using Gaussian kernel methods. Several previously documented ensemble Kalman filter methods, the perturbed observation ensemble Kalman filter and ensemble adjustment Kalman filter, are developed in this context. Some new ensemble filters that extend beyond the Kalman filter context are also discussed. The two-part method can provide a computationally efficient implementation of ensemble filters and allows more straightforward comparison of methods since they differ only in the solution of a scalar filtering problem. C1 NOAA, GFDL, Boulder, CO USA. RP Anderson, JL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, MMM, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM jla@ucar.edu NR 23 TC 190 Z9 195 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2003 VL 131 IS 4 BP 634 EP 642 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0634:ALLSFF>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 658JM UT WOS:000181717900003 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Schiller, H AF Krasnopolsky, VM Schiller, H TI Some neural network applications in environmental sciences. Part I: forward and inverse problems in geophysical remote measurements SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article DE neural network; remote sensing; numerical weather prediction; model emulation; inverse modeling; scope check ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING MODEL; SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; SSM/I; APPROXIMATION; RETRIEVALS; RADIANCES; ALGORITHM AB A broad class of neural network (NN) applications dealing with the remote measurements of geophysical (physical, chemical, and biological) parameters of the oceans. atmosphere, and land surface is presented. In order to infer these parameters from remote sensing (RS) measurements, standard retrieval and variational techniques are applied. Both techniques require a data converter (transfer function or forward model) to convert satellite measurements into geophysical parameters or vice versa. In many cases. the transfer function and the forward model can be represented as a continuous nonlinear mapping. Because the NN technique is a generic technique for nonlinear mapping, it can be used beneficially for modeling transfer functions and forward models. These applications are introduced in a broader framework of solving forward and inverse problems in RS. In this broader context, we show that NN is an appropriate and efficient tool for solving for-ward and inverse problems in RS and for developing fast and accurate forward models and accurate and robust retrieval algorithms. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by several real-life examples-operational NN applications developed by the authors for SSM/I and medium resolution imaging spectrometer sensors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, D-2054 Geesthacht, Germany. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Sci Applicat Int Corp, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 49 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3-4 BP 321 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0893-6080(03)00027-3 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 669MD UT WOS:000182354300003 PM 12672428 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Chevallier, F AF Krasnopolsky, VM Chevallier, F TI Some neural network applications in environmental sciences. Part II: advancing computational efficiency in environmental numerical models SO NEURAL NETWORKS LA English DT Article DE neural networks; numerical modeling; atmospheric modeling; oceanic modeling; wave modeling; equation of stated; nonlinear interactions; parameterization of physics ID GRAVITY-WAVE SPECTRUM; NONLINEAR ENERGY-TRANSFER; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; APPROXIMATION; PARAMETERIZATIONS; OPERATORS; FORECASTS; VARIABLES; FLUXES; BUDGET AB A new generic neural network (NN) application-improving computational efficiency of certain processes in numerical environmental models-is considered. This approach can be used to accelerate the calculations and improve the accuracy of the parameterizations of several types of physical processes which generally require computations involving complex mathematical expressions. including differential and integral equations, rules. restrictions and highly nonlinear empirical relations based on physical or statistical models. It is shown that, from a mathematical point of view, such parameterizations can usually be considered as continuous mappings (continuous dependencies between two vectors) and, therefore, NNs can be used to replace primary parameterization algorithms. In addition to fast and accurate approximation of the primary parameterization, NN also provides the entire Jacobian for very little computation cost. Four particular real-life applications of the NN approach are presented here: for oceanic numerical models, a NN approximation of the UNESCO equation of state of the sea water (NN for the density of the seawater) and an inversion of this equation (NN for the salinity of the seawater); for atmospheric numerical models. a NN approximation for long wave radiative transfer code; and for wave models, a NN approximation for the nonlinear wave-wave interaction. In all considered applications a significant acceleration of numerical computations has been achieved. The first two of these NN applications have already been implemented in the multi-scale ocean forecast system at NCEP. The NN approach introduced in this paper can provide numerically efficient solutions to a wide range of problems in numerical models where lengthy, complicated calculations, which describe physical. chemical and/or biological processes, must be repeated frequently. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Sci Applicat Int Corp, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov RI Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016 OI Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813 NR 47 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-6080 J9 NEURAL NETWORKS JI Neural Netw. PD APR-MAY PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3-4 BP 335 EP 348 DI 10.1016/S0893-6080(03)00026-1 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 669MD UT WOS:000182354300004 PM 12672429 ER PT J AU Gavrin, VN Abdurashitov, JN Bowles, TJ Cleveland, BT Elliott, SR Gavrin, VN Girin, SV Gorbachev, VV Gurkina, PP Ibragimova, TV Kalikhov, AV Khairnasov, NG Knodel, TV Mirmov, IN Nico, JS Shikhin, AA Teasdale, WA Veretenkin, EP Vermul, VM Wilkerson, JF Yants, VE Zatsepin, GT AF Gavrin, VN Abdurashitov, JN Bowles, TJ Cleveland, BT Elliott, SR Gavrin, VN Girin, SV Gorbachev, VV Gurkina, PP Ibragimova, TV Kalikhov, AV Khairnasov, NG Knodel, TV Mirmov, IN Nico, JS Shikhin, AA Teasdale, WA Veretenkin, EP Vermul, VM Wilkerson, JF Yants, VE Zatsepin, GT CA SAGE Collaboration TI Measurement of the solar neutrino capture rate in SAGE SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics CY MAY 25-30, 2002 CL MUNICH, GERMANY SP Techn Univ Munchen, Max Planck Inst Phys, Werner Heisenberg Inst ID GALLIUM METAL; CONSTRAINTS; MODELS; FLUX; B-8; GNO AB Combined analysis of the data of 92 runs of SAGE during the 12-year period January 1990 through December 2001 gives a capture rate of solar neutrinos with energy more than 233 keV of 70.9(-5.2)(+5.3) (syst.) (+3.7)(-3.2) (syst.) SNU. This represents only 55% of the predicted standard solar model rate of similar to130 SNU. The results of individual runs as well as the results of combined analysis of all runs during yearly, monthly, and bimonthly periods are presented. No compelling evidence for temporal variations is observed. By an analysis of the SAGE results combined with those from all other solar neutrino experiments, we make the first estimate of the electron neutrino pp flux that reaches the Earth to be (4.6 +/- 1.2) X 10(10)/(cm(2) S). Assuming that neutrinos oscillate to active flavors the pp neutrino flux emitted in the solar fusion reaction is approximately (7.6 +/- 2.0) x 10(10)/(cm(2) s), in agreement with the standard solar model calculation of (5.95 +/- 0.06) X 10(10)/(cm(2) S). C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, Moscow 117312, Russia. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gavrin, VN (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, 60Th October Anniversary Prospect 7, Moscow 117312, Russia. RI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/B-2206-2014; Yants, Viktor/C-1038-2014; OI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/0000-0002-1577-1364; Wilkerson, John/0000-0002-0342-0217 NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5632 J9 NUCL PHYS B-PROC SUP JI Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. PD APR PY 2003 VL 118 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0920-5632(03)01302-1 PG 8 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 677GW UT WOS:000182799400006 ER PT J AU Lyons, ET DeLong, RL Spraker, TR Melin, SR Tolliver, SC AF Lyons, ET DeLong, RL Spraker, TR Melin, SR Tolliver, SC TI Observations in 2001 on hookworms (Uncinaria spp.) in otariid pinnipeds SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SEAL CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; FUR SEALS; NEMATODA; ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE; PREVALENCE; BIOLOGY; ISLAND; PUPS AB Uncinaria spp. were recovered from the milk of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) collected from the: (1) teats of a cow just after parturition (one parasitic third-stage larva, L-3) (2) stomach of her nursing pup (two L-3) and (3) stomach of a dead pup about 2 days old (one L-3, one headless, probably L-3, and four L-4) on San Miguel Island, California in May 2001. This, in addition to earlier research, indicates transmammary transmission of hookworms in this host. Uncinaria spp. were found in dead northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the: (1) intestines of 2 of 75 pups (either one or two adult specimens in each infected pup) and (2) ventral abdominal blubber of 3 of 78 subadult males (one to seven L-3 in each infected seal) on St. Paul Island (SPI), Alaska in July and August 2001. These findings verify the low current prevalence of Uncinaria spp. in fur seals on SPI. Rectal fecal samples taken from 50 live Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups, about 1 month old, on Rogue Reef in Curry County, Oregon in July 2001, were all negative for the eggs of Uncinaria spp. The apparent zero infection rate in these pups is possibly because the rocky terrain of this rookery is not suitable for hookworm transmission. C1 Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lyons, ET (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Gluck Equine Res Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD APR PY 2003 VL 89 IS 6 BP 503 EP 505 DI 10.1007/s00436-002-0784-3 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 671JD UT WOS:000182460900013 PM 12658464 ER PT J AU Browman, HI Vetter, RD Rodriguez, CA Cullen, JJ Davis, RF Lynn, E St Pierre, JF AF Browman, HI Vetter, RD Rodriguez, CA Cullen, JJ Davis, RF Lynn, E St Pierre, JF TI Ultraviolet (280-400 nm)-induced DNA damage in the eggs and larvae of Calanus finmarchicus G. (Copepoda) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NM INDUCED MORTALITY; CULTURED FISH CELLS; PYRIMIDINE DIMERS; 280-400 NM; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; MARINE ZOOPLANKTON; NORTHERN GULF; ST.-LAWRENCE; GEORGES BANK; AMINO-ACIDS AB In previous work, we evaluated the effects of ultraviolet (UV = 280-400 nm) radiation on the early life stages of a planktonic Calanoid copepod (Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus) and of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Both are key species in North Atlantic food webs. To further describe the potential impacts of UV exposure on the early life stages of these two species, we measured the wavelength-specific DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer [CPD] formation per megabase of DNA) induced under controlled experimental exposure to UV radiation. UV-induced DNA damage in C. finmarchicus and cod eggs was highest in the UV-B exposure treatments. Under the same spectral exposures, CPD loads in C. finmarchicus eggs were higher than those in cod eggs, and for both C. finmarchicus and cod embryos, CPD loads were generally lower in eggs than in larvae. Biological weighting functions (BWF) and exposure response curves that explain most of the variability in CPD production were derived from these data. Comparison of the BWF revealed significant differences in sensitivity to UV-B: C. finmarchicus is more sensitive than cod, and larvae are more sensitive than eggs. This is consistent with the raw CPD values. Shapes of the BWF were similar to each other and to a quantitative action spectrum for damage to T7 bacteriophage DNA that is unshielded by cellular material. The strong similarities in the shapes of the weighting functions are not consistent with photoprotection by UV-absorbing compounds, which would generate features in BWF corresponding to absorption bands. The BWF reported in this study were applied to assess the mortality that would result from accumulation of a given CPD load: for both C. finmarchicus and cod eggs, an increased load of 10 CPD Mb(-1) of DNA due to UV exposure would result in approximately 10% mortality. C1 Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, Mont Joli, PQ, Canada. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Quebec, Dept Oceanog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Browman, HI (reprint author), Austevoll Aquaculture, Res Stn, Inst Marine Res, N-5392 Storebo, Norway. RI Cullen, John/B-6105-2008; Browman, Howard/B-4441-2009 OI Cullen, John/0000-0002-7740-0999; Browman, Howard/0000-0002-6282-7316 NR 41 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 77 IS 4 BP 397 EP 404 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0397:UNDDIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 667UJ UT WOS:000182251700009 PM 12737142 ER PT J AU Chiang, CK AF Chiang, CK TI The bromine doping of polyacetylene SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd APCTP/6th Taiwan International Symposium on Statistical Physics CY MAY 30-JUN 01, 2002 CL NATL CHUNG HSING UNIV, HUI-SUN FOREST AREA, TAICHUNG, TAIWAN HO NATL CHUNG HSING UNIV, HUI-SUN FOREST AREA DE polyacetylene; doping; bromine; chemistry Nobel Prize; conducting polymer; l-D conductor ID ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; NOBEL LECTURE; DOPED POLYACETYLENE; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; CHAIN; FILM AB The original experiment of the bromine doping of polyacetylene performed by Chiang and Shirakawa is described. This simple. seminal experiment impacted physics and chemistry through the discovery of metallic conducting synthetic organic polymers and the verification and demonstration of the doping concept in organic polymers. Although the molecular formula of polyacetylene is simple, this molecule exhibits complex behavior and fueling significant work not only in polymer science, but also in quantum physics. The soliton theories used to describe polyacetylene's simple but unique 1-D Structure inspired many new quantum concepts for more complicated conducting polymers. The continuing study of model complex conducting polymers could lead to a better understanding of quantum electronic devices at the molecular level. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, CK (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 321 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01754-5 PG 13 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 664JF UT WOS:000182057400014 ER PT J AU Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M Bryant, GW AF Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M Bryant, GW TI Electronic properties of quantum-dot molecules SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Superlattices Nano-Structures and Nano-Devices (ICSNN-02) CY JUL 22-26, 2002 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE DE quantum dots; artificial molecules ID SEMICONDUCTOR AB We investigate the electronic structure of several double quantum dot systems: (i) hetero-dot artificial molecules built from two US chemically synthesized nanocrystals and (ii) two vertically stacked pyramidal self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The calculations are performed using the empirical tight-binding approach. The results of calculations show significant coupling between the nanocrystals that form a quantum-dot molecule. When two quantum dots are close enough, the strong coupling can split and reorder energy levels, change state symmetries and make substantial changes in optical spectra. Formation of double-dot states having bonding and antibonding character by analogy to diatomic molecules is shown. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Phys, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jaskolski, W (reprint author), Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Phys, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD APR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1-4 BP 40 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00729-4 PG 2 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 675ND UT WOS:000182700700013 ER PT J AU Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML AF Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML TI Modified Wigner inequality for secure quantum-key distribution SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ENTANGLED PHOTONS; BELL THEOREM; FREE-SPACE; CRYPTOGRAPHY; STATES AB In this paper, we discuss the insecurity with present implementations of the Ekert protocol for quantum-key distribution based on the Wigner inequality. We propose a modified version of this inequality which guarantees safe quantum-key distribution. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Castelletto, S (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013 OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115 NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 AR 044303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.044303 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 673WY UT WOS:000182604300134 ER PT J AU Safronova, MS Williams, CJ Clark, CW AF Safronova, MS Williams, CJ Clark, CW TI Optimizing the fast Rydberg quantum gate - art. no. 040403 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; DIPOLE POLARIZABILITIES; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE; NEUTRAL ATOMS; ENERGY-LEVELS; CONSTANTS AB The fast phase gate scheme, in which the qubits are atoms confined in sites of an optical lattice, and gate operations are mediated by excitation of Rydberg states, was proposed by Jaksch [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2208 (2000)]. A potential source of decoherence in this system derives from motional heating, which occurs if the ground and Rydberg states of the atom move in different optical lattice potentials. We propose to minimize this effect by choosing the lattice photon frequency omega, so that the ground and Rydberg states have the same frequency-dependent polarizability alpha(omega). The results are presented for the case of Rb. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Safronova, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 21 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 AR 040303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.040303 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 673WY UT WOS:000182604300003 ER PT J AU Savukov, IM Johnson, WR Safronova, UI Safronova, MS AF Savukov, IM Johnson, WR Safronova, UI Safronova, MS TI Energies, transition rates, and electron electric-dipole-moment enhancement factors for Ce IV and Pr V SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PERTURBATION-THEORY CALCULATIONS; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; SYSTEMS; ATOMS; IONS AB Energies, transition rates, and electron electric-dipole-moment (EDM) enhancement factors are calculated for low-lying states of Ce IV and Pr V using relativistic many-body perturbation theory. This study is related to recent investigations of the more complicated Gd IV ion, which is promising for electron EDM experiments. The ions Ce IV and Pr V both have a single valence electron, permitting one to carry out reliable ab initio calculations of energy levels, transition rates, and other atomic properties using well-developed computational methods. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Savukov, IM (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 AR 042504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.042504 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 673WY UT WOS:000182604300063 ER PT J AU La-Orauttapong, D Toulouse, J Ye, ZG Chen, W Erwin, R Robertson, JL AF La-Orauttapong, D Toulouse, J Ye, ZG Chen, W Erwin, R Robertson, JL TI Neutron scattering study of the relaxor ferroelectric (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3-xPbTiO(3) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PHASE-DIAGRAM; PHONON ANOMALIES; PB(MG1/3NB2/3)O-3; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; BEHAVIOR; PB(ZN1/3NB2/3)O-3; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB Neutron elastic diffuse scattering experiments performed on Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PZN) and on its solid solution with PbTiO3(PT), known as PZN-xPT, with x=4.5 and 9 % around many reflections show that diffuse scattering is observed around reflections with mixed indices in the transverse and diagonal directions only. From the width of the diffuse scattering peak a correlation length is extracted. In PZN, we have reported that the diffuse scattering is more extended in the transverse than in the diagonal directions [D. La-Orauttapong, J. Toulouse, J. L. Robertson, and Z.-G. Ye, Phys. Rev. B 64, 212101 (2001)]. In the present work, the results show that the addition of PT leads to a broadening of the diffuse scattering along the diagonal, relative to the transverse directions, indicating a change in the orientation of the polar regions. Also, with the addition of PT, the polar nanoregions condense at a higher temperature above the transition than in pure PZN (>40 K), due to stronger correlations between the polar regions. Neutron inelastic scattering measurements have also been performed on PZN-xPT. The results show the broadening of the transverse acoustic phonon mode at a small momentum transfer q upon cooling. We attribute this broadening to the appearance of the polar nanoregions. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Phys, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP La-Orauttapong, D (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Phys, Bldg 16, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. NR 31 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 13 AR 134110 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.134110 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 673WW UT WOS:000182604100037 ER PT J AU Schoen, K Jacobson, DL Arif, M Huffman, PR Black, TC Snow, WM Lamoreaux, SK Kaiser, H Werner, SA AF Schoen, K Jacobson, DL Arif, M Huffman, PR Black, TC Snow, WM Lamoreaux, SK Kaiser, H Werner, SA TI Precision neutron interferometric measurements and updated evaluations of the n-p and n-d coherent neutron scattering lengths SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE-FIELD THEORY; FADDEEV CONTINUUM CALCULATIONS; NUCLEON-DEUTERON SCATTERING; ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY; CHARGE RADIUS; 3-NUCLEON; SYSTEMS; THRESHOLD; SILICON; PHYSICS AB We have performed high-precision measurements of the coherent neutron scattering lengths of gas phase molecular hydrogen and deuterium using neutron interferometry. After correcting for molecular binding and multiple scattering from the molecule, we find b(np)=(-3.7384+/-0.0020) fm and b(nd)=(6.6649+/-0.0040) fm. Our results are in agreement with the world average of previous measurements, b(np)=(-3.7410+/-0.0010) fm and b(nd)=(6.6727+/-0.0045) fm. The new world averages for the n-p and n-d coherent scattering lengths, including our new results, are b(np)=(-3.7405+/-0.0009) fm and b(nd)=(6.6683+/-0.0030) fm. We compare b(nd) with the calculations of the doublet and quartet scattering lengths of several nucleon-nucleon potential models and show that almost all known calculations are in disagreement with the precisely measured linear combination corresponding to the coherent scattering length. Combining the world data on b(nd) with the modern high-precision theoretical calculations of the quartet n-d scattering lengths recently summarized by Friar , we deduce a new value for the doublet scattering length of (2)a(nd)=[0.645+/-0.003(expt)+/-0.007(theory)] fm. This value is a factor of 4, more precise than the previously accepted value of (2)a(nd)=[0.65+/-0.04(expt)] fm. The current state of knowledge of scattering lengths in the related p-d system, ideas for improving by a factor of 5 the accuracy of the b(np) and b(nd) measurements using neutron interferometry, and possibilities for further improvement of our knowledge of the coherent neutron scattering lengths of H-3, He-3, and He-4 are discussed. C1 Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Indiana Univ, IUCF, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Schoen, K (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 98 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD APR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 AR 044005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.67.044005 PG 21 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 675ZN UT WOS:000182727600018 ER PT J AU Lim, K Zhang, H Tempczyk, A Krajewski, W Bonander, N Toedt, J Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O AF Lim, K Zhang, H Tempczyk, A Krajewski, W Bonander, N Toedt, J Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O TI Structure of the YibK methyltransferase from Haemophilus influenzae (HI0766): A cofactor bound at a site formed by a knot SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; PROTEIN-STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; RECOGNITION; METHYLATION AB The crystal structures of YibK from Haemophilus influenzae (1110766) have been determined with and without bound cofactor product S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) at 1.7 and 2.0 Angstrom resolution, respectively. The molecule adopts an alpha/beta fold, with a topology that differs from that of the classical methyltransferases. Most notably, HI0766 contains a striking knot that forms the binding crevice for the cofactor. The knot formation is correlated with an alternative arrangement of the secondary structure units compared with the classical methyltransferases. Two loop regions undergo conformational changes upon AdoHcy binding. In contrast to the extended conformation of the cofactor seen in the classical methyltransferase structures, AdoHcy binds to HI0766 in a bent conformation. HI0766 and its close sequence relatives are all shorter versions of the more remotely related rRNA/tRNA methyltransferases of the spoU sequence family. We propose that the spoU sequence family contains the same core domain for cofactor binding as HI0766 but has an additional domain for substrate binding. The substrate-binding domain is absent in HI0766 sequence family and may be provided by another Haemophilus influenzae partner protein, which is yet to be identified. Proteins 2003;51:56-67. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss,Inc. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Biol Chem & Phys Sci Dept, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM57890] NR 44 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD APR 1 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 56 EP 67 DI 10.1002/prot.10323 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 651MF UT WOS:000181323200005 PM 12596263 ER PT J AU Homar, V Romero, R Stensrud, DJ Ramis, C Alonso, S AF Homar, V Romero, R Stensrud, DJ Ramis, C Alonso, S TI Numerical diagnosis of a small, quasi-tropical cyclone over the western Mediterranean: Dynamical vs. boundary factors SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE air-sea interaction; cyclogenesis; factor separation; potential-vorticity inversion ID POLAR-LOW DEVELOPMENT; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; SIMULATION; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; CATALONIA; OUTBREAK AB A small, quasi-tropical cyclone occurred on 12 September 1996 over the western Mediterranean. Intense convective activity over the region during this period also produced a tornado outbreak in the Balearic Islands and torrential precipitation over eastern mainland Spain. Mesoscale model runs properly simulate the cyclone formation and show convection and heavy precipitation following the cyclone trajectory during its eastward progression. A sensitivity study examining the upper-level dynamic forcing, latent- and sensible-heat fluxes from the sea, and orography is conducted. A potential-vorticity (PV) inversion technique is used to reduce the amplitude of the upper-level trough in the model initial conditions. The results show that neither the orography nor the sensible-heat flux from the sea play a significant role during this particular cyclone development. Conversely, both the latent-heat flux and the upper-level trough are shown to be crucial for low-level cyclogenesis. Features common to hurricane-like polar lows are found for the cyclone, and an analysis of the precise role of the upper-level structures and the convective development is conducted. A factor-separation technique is used to determine the individual effects of the aforementioned factors, as well as their interaction. At the first stage of the cyclogenesis, the upper-level PV anomaly enhanced the low-level circulation of the synoptic-scale low and enhanced the latent-heat flux from the sea. During its mature stage, the circulation associated with the small-scale cyclone enhanced the latent-heat flux from the sea, thereby helping to maintain the development of deep convection, and inducing further cyclone deepening by diabatic heating. This scenario has many similarities with the air-sea interaction instability mechanism. Thus, the joint action of the upper-level anomaly, as a spin-up agent, and the latent-heat flux, as a sustainer of convection, emerges as the primary factor for the genesis and evolution of the small quasi-tropical cyclone. C1 Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Homar, V (reprint author), Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain. RI Homar Santaner, Victor/K-2678-2014 OI Homar Santaner, Victor/0000-0003-1459-2003 NR 36 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 590 BP 1469 EP 1490 DI 10.1256/qj.02.91 PN A PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 673BT UT WOS:000182559900008 ER PT J AU Shine, KP Bourqui, MS Forster, PMD Hare, SHE Langematz, U Braesicke, P Grewe, V Ponater, M Schnadt, C Smiths, CA Haighs, JD Austin, J Butchart, N Shindell, DT Randel, WJ Nagashima, T Portmann, RW Solomon, S Seidel, DJ Lanzante, J Klein, S Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD AF Shine, KP Bourqui, MS Forster, PMD Hare, SHE Langematz, U Braesicke, P Grewe, V Ponater, M Schnadt, C Smiths, CA Haighs, JD Austin, J Butchart, N Shindell, DT Randel, WJ Nagashima, T Portmann, RW Solomon, S Seidel, DJ Lanzante, J Klein, S Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD TI A comparison of model-simulated trends in stratospheric temperatures SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE greenhouse gases; ozone depletion; stratospheric water vapour; temperature trends ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; WATER-VAPOR; OZONE; CLIMATE; CHEMISTRY; PAST; INCREASES; GCM AB Estimates of annual-mean stratospheric temperature trends over the past twenty years, from a wide variety of models, are compared both with each other and with the observed cooling seen in trend analyses using radiosonde and satellite observations. The modelled temperature trends are driven by changes in ozone (either imposed from observations or calculated by the model), carbon dioxide and other relatively well-mixed greenhouse gases, and stratospheric water vapour. The comparison shows that whilst models generally simulate similar patterns in the vertical profile of annual-and global-mean temperature trends, there is a significant divergence in the size of the modelled trends, even when similar trace gas perturbations are imposed. Coupled-chemistry models are in as good agreement as models using imposed observed ozone trends, despite the extra degree of freedom that the coupled models possess. The modelled annual- and global-mean cooling of the upper stratosphere (near 1 hPa) is dominated by ozone and carbon dioxide changes, and is in reasonable agreement with observations. At about 5 hPa, the mean cooling from the models is systematically greater than that seen in the satellite data; however, for some models, depending on the size of the temperature trend due to stratospheric water vapour changes, the uncertainty estimates of the model and observations just overlap. Near 10 hPa there is good agreement with observations. In the lower stratosphere (20-70 hPa), ozone appears to be the dominant contributor to the observed cooling, although it does not, on its own, seem to explain the entire cooling. Annual- and zonal-mean temperature trends at 100 hPa and 50 hPa are also examined. At 100 hPa, the modelled cooling due to ozone depletion alone is in reasonable agreement with the observed cooling at all latitudes. At 50 hPa, however, the observed cooling at midlatitudes of the northern hemisphere significantly exceeds the modelled cooling due to ozone depletion alone. There is an indication of a similar effect in high northern latitudes, but the greater variability in both models and observations precludes a firm conclusion. The discrepancies between modelled and observed temperature trends in the lower stratosphere are reduced if the cooling effects of increased stratospheric water vapour concentration are included, and could be largely removed if certain assumptions were made regarding the size and distribution of the water vapour increase. However, given the uncertainties in the geographical extent of water vapour changes in the lower stratosphere, and the time period over which such changes have been sustained, other reasons for the discrepancy between modelled and observed temperature trends cannot be ruled out. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. Free Univ Berlin, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. Meteorol Off, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ibaraki, Japan. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Shine, KP (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. EM k.p.shine@reading.ac.uk RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Shine, Keith/D-9093-2012; Grewe, Volker/A-6147-2011; Braesicke, Peter/D-8330-2016; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016; Randel, William/K-3267-2016; Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Shine, Keith/0000-0003-2672-9978; Grewe, Volker/0000-0002-8012-6783; Braesicke, Peter/0000-0003-1423-0619; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X; Randel, William/0000-0002-5999-7162; Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171 NR 39 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 14 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 590 BP 1565 EP 1588 DI 10.1256/QJ.02.186 PN A PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 673BT UT WOS:000182559900012 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Gong, JD AF Xu, Q Gong, JD TI Background error covariance functions for Doppler radial-wind analysis SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE non-isotropy; representer method; statistical interpolation ID ADJOINT-METHOD RETRIEVALS; DATA ASSIMILATION; FIELDS AB Under the assumption that the vector field of the background wind error is Gaussian random, homogeneous and isotropic in the horizontal, a two-dimensional form of error covariance function is derived for the radial component of the background wind projected onto the direction of radar beam at a low elevation. The derived covariance function is homogeneous but non-isotropic in the horizontal, and approximately homogeneous on the conical surface of low-elevation radar scans. This covariance function can be applied directly to statistical interpolation of radar-observed radial winds on the conical surface, although the true optimality of the analysis depends on the underlying assumption. It can also be used as an influence function for the radial-wind analysis with zero background. The structure of this covariance function is interpreted in terms of the influence of a single point observation on the radial-wind analysis. The utility and merits of this covariance function are demonstrated by numerical experiments. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 590 BP 1703 EP 1720 DI 10.1256/qj.02.129 PN A PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 673BT UT WOS:000182559900019 ER PT J AU Wang, ZY Blendell, JE White, GS Jiang, Q AF Wang, ZY Blendell, JE White, GS Jiang, Q TI Atomic force microscope observations of domains in fine-grained bulk lead zirconate titanate ceramics SO SMART MATERIALS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS; FRACTURE-MECHANICS; ELECTRIC FATIGUE; PZT; BOUNDARY; BEHAVIOR; STRESS AB This study describes sample preparation techniques that allow atomic force microscope observation of domains on the scale of tens of nanometers in tine-grained bulk lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. It is shown that carefully conducted light polishing and etching results in no signiticant disturbance to domain morphologies in hard PZT ceramics. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Mech Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, ZY (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Mech Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0964-1726 J9 SMART MATER STRUCT JI Smart Mater. Struct. PD APR PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 217 EP 222 AR PII S0964-1726(03)58532-9 DI 10.1088/0964-1726/12/2/309 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA 682GT UT WOS:000183083900009 ER PT J AU Aneknman, BE Aviles, AI Pinheiro, JC AF Aneknman, BE Aviles, AI Pinheiro, JC TI Optimal designs for mixed-effects models with two random nested factors SO STATISTICA SINICA LA English DT Article DE assembled designs; crossed and nested factors; D-optimality; experimental design; fixed and random effects; hierarchical nested design; maximum likelihood; nested factorials; variance components AB The main objective of this paper is to provide experimental designs for the estimation of fixed effects and two variance components, in the presence of nested random effects. Random nested factors arise from quantity designations such as lot or batch, and from sampling and measurement procedures. We introduce a general class of designs for mixed-effects models with random nested factors, called assembled designs, where the nested factors are nested under the treatment combinations of the crossed factors. We provide parameters and notation for describing and enumerating assembled designs. Conditions for existence and uniqueness of D-optimal assembled designs for the case of two variance components axe presented. Specifically, we show that, in most practical situations, designs that are most balanced (i.e., where the samples are distributed as uniformly as possible among batches) result in D-optimal designs for maximum likelihood estimation. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Ind Engn & Management Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. US Dept Commerce, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nova Pharmaceut Corp, Biostat, E Hanover, NJ 07936 USA. RP Aneknman, BE (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Ind Engn & Management Sci, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU STATISTICA SINICA PI TAIPEI PA C/O DR H C HO, INST STATISTICAL SCIENCE, ACADEMIA SINICA, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1017-0405 J9 STAT SINICA JI Stat. Sin. PD APR PY 2003 VL 13 IS 2 BP 385 EP 401 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 673QE UT WOS:000182591000007 ER PT J AU Miller, JB Tans, PP White, JWC Conway, TJ Vaughn, BW AF Miller, JB Tans, PP White, JWC Conway, TJ Vaughn, BW TI The atmospheric signal of terrestrial carbon isotopic discrimination and its implication for partitioning carbon fluxes SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Carbon Dioxide Conference CY OCT 01-05, 2001 CL SENDAI, JAPAN ID CO2; BIOSPHERE; NETWORK; TOWER; C-13 AB The C-13:C-12 ratio in atmospheric carbon dioxide has been measured in samples taken in the NOAA/CMDL network since 1991. By examining the relationship between weekly anomalies in delta(13)C and CO2 at continental sites in the network, we infer temporal and spatial values for the isotopic signature of terrestrial CO2 fluxes. We can convert these isotopic signatures to values of discrimination if we assume the atmospheric starting point for photosynthesis. The average discrimination in the Northern Hemisphere between 30 and 50degreesN is calculated to be 16.6 +/- 0.2 per mil. In contrast to some earlier modeling studies, we find no strong latitudinal gradient in discrimination. However, we do observe that discrimination in Eurasia is larger than in North America, which is consistent with two modeling studies. We also observe a possible trend in the North American average of discrimination toward less discrimination. There is no apparent trend in the Eurasian average or at any individual sites. However, there is interannual variability on the order of 2 per mil at several sites and regions. Finally, we calculate the northern temperate terrestrial CO2 flux replacing our previous discrimination values of about 18 per mil with the average value of 16.6 calculated in this study. We find this enhances the terrestrial sink by about 0.4 GtC yr(-1). C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Moitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO USA. RP Miller, JB (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Moitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009; OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; VAUGHN, BRUCE/0000-0001-6503-957X NR 19 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00019.x PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 675ME UT WOS:000182698400013 ER PT J AU Miller, JB Tans, PP AF Miller, JB Tans, PP TI Calculating isotopic fractionation from atmospheric measurements at various scales SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Carbon Dioxide Conference CY OCT 01-05, 2001 CL SENDAI, JAPAN ID CO2; NETWORK AB In this paper we describe some new approaches for calculating isotopic discrimination from atmospheric measurements Of CO2 and delta(13)C. We introduce a framework that is more flexible than the traditional "Keeling plot" two end-member mixing model, because it allows for the explicit specification of the background values of both CO2 and delta(13)C. This approach is necessary for evaluating time series for which one can be certain that the Keeling plot requirement of stable background is violated. We also discuss a robust method for curve fitting and for estimating uncertainty of the fitting parameters. In addition to accounting for the uncertainty associated with measurements, we also account for the uncertainty associated with the appropriateness of the analytical model to the data. Our analysis suggests that uncertainty in calculated source signatures is more strongly related to the appropriateness of the model to the data than to the analytical precision of CO2 and delta(13)C measurements. Relative to our approach, other approaches tend to underestimate the uncertainty in the fitted parameters. There can be substantial uncertainty in slopes and intercepts (two per mil or more) even if R-2 is greater than 0.98. In addition, we note that fitting methods not accounting for uncertainty in both x and y result in systematic biases in the fitted parameters. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of the apparent isotopic source signature when this is a composite of several sources. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Miller, JB (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NR 16 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 40 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00020.x PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 675ME UT WOS:000182698400014 ER PT J AU Gurney, KR Law, RM Denning, AS Rayner, PJ Baker, D Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fan, SM Fung, IY Gloor, M Heimann, M Higuchi, K John, J Kowalczyk, E Maki, T Maksyutov, S Peylin, P Prather, M Pak, BC Sarmiento, J Taguchi, S Takahashi, T Yuen, CW AF Gurney, KR Law, RM Denning, AS Rayner, PJ Baker, D Bousquet, P Bruhwiler, L Chen, YH Ciais, P Fan, SM Fung, IY Gloor, M Heimann, M Higuchi, K John, J Kowalczyk, E Maki, T Maksyutov, S Peylin, P Prather, M Pak, BC Sarmiento, J Taguchi, S Takahashi, T Yuen, CW TI TransCom 3 CO2 inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Carbon Dioxide Conference CY OCT 01-05, 2001 CL SENDAI, JAPAN ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION; TRACER; SINKS; SIMULATION; SURFACE; SCALE AB Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations contain information about surface sources and sinks, which can be quantitatively interpreted through tracer transport inversion. Previous CO2 inversion calculations obtained differing results due to different data, methods and transport models used. To isolate the sources of uncertainty, we have conducted a set of annual mean inversion experiments in which 17 different transport models or model variants were used to calculate regional carbon sources and sinks from the same data with a standardized method. Simulated transport is a significant source of uncertainty in these calculations, particularly in the response to prescribed "background" fluxes due to fossil fuel combustion, a balanced terrestrial biosphere, and air-sea gas exchange. Individual model-estimated fluxes are often a direct reflection of their response to these background fluxes. Models that generate strong surface maxima near background exchange locations tend to require larger uptake near those locations. Models with weak surface maxima tend to have less uptake in those same regions but may infer small sources downwind. In some cases, individual model flux estimates cannot be analyzed through simple relationships to background flux responses but are likely due to local transport differences or particular responses at individual CO2 observing locations. The response to the background biosphere exchange generates the greatest variation in the estimated fluxes, particularly over land in the Northern Hemisphere. More observational data in the tropical regions may help in both lowering the uncertain tropical land flux uncertainties and constraining the northern land estimates because of compensation between these two broad regions in the inversion. More optimistically, examination of the model-mean retrieved fluxes indicates a general insensitivity to the prior fluxes and the prior flux uncertainties. Less uptake in the Southern Ocean than implied by oceanographic observations, and an evenly distributed northern land sink, remain in spite of changes in this aspect of the inversion setup. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. CSIRO, Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Qual Assurance Sect, Div Atmospher Environm, Observat Dept,Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. Inst Global Change Res, Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Gurney, KR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM keving@atmos.colostate.edu RI Law, Rachel/A-1969-2012; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011; Pak, Bernard/F-4326-2015; Maksyutov, Shamil/G-6494-2011; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Law, Rachel/0000-0002-7346-0927; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875; Pak, Bernard/0000-0002-2137-8171; Maksyutov, Shamil/0000-0002-1200-9577; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 NR 72 TC 170 Z9 174 U1 4 U2 29 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 555 EP 579 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00049.x PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 675ME UT WOS:000182698400042 ER PT J AU Charba, JP Reynolds, DW McDonald, BE Carter, GM AF Charba, JP Reynolds, DW McDonald, BE Carter, GM TI Comparative verification of recent quantitative precipitation forecasts in the National Weather Service: A simple approach for scoring forecast accuracy SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MODEL; NMC; FREQUENCIES; PREDICTION; NETWORK; RIVER; MM5 AB Comparative verification of operational 6-h quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) products used for stream-flow models run at National Weather Service (NWS) River Forecast Centers (RFCs) is presented. The QPF products include 1) national guidance produced by operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models run at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), 2) guidance produced by forecasters at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) of NCEP for the conterminous United States, 3) local forecasts produced by forecasters at NWS Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs), and 4) the final QPF product for multi-WFO areas prepared by forecasters at RFCs. A major component of the study was development of a simple scoring methodology to indicate the relative accuracy of the various QPF products for NWS managers and possibly hydrologic users. The method is based on mean absolute error (MAE) and bias scores for continuous precipitation amounts grouped into mutually exclusive intervals. The grouping (stratification) was conducted on the basis of observed precipitation, which is customary, and also forecast precipitation. For ranking overall accuracy of each QPF product, the MAE for the two stratifications was objectively combined. The combined MAE could be particularly useful when the accuracy rankings for the individual stratifications are not consistent. MAE and bias scores from the comparative verification of 6-h QPF products during the 1998/99 cool season in the eastern United States for day 1 (0-24-h period) indicated that the HPC guidance performed slightly better than corresponding products issued by WFOs and RFCs. Nevertheless, the HPC product was only marginally better than the best-performing NCEP NWP model for QPF in the eastern United States, the Aviation (AVN) Model. In the western United States during the 1999/2000 cool season, the WFOs improved on the HPC guidance for day 1 but not for day 2 or day 3 (24-48- and 48-72-h periods, respectively). Also, both of these human QPF products improved on the AVN Model on day 1, but by day 3 neither did. These findings contributed to changes in the NWS QPF process for hydrologic model input. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Off Sci & Technol, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Hydrometeorol Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. Natl Weather Serv, Sci Serv, Eastern Reg Headquarters, NOAA, Bohemia, NY USA. RP Charba, JP (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Off Sci & Technol, NOAA, W-OST21,1325 East West Hwy,Rm 10410, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 161 EP 183 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0161:CVORQP>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300003 ER PT J AU Knaff, JA Kossin, JP DeMaria, M AF Knaff, JA Kossin, JP DeMaria, M TI Annular hurricanes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL CYCLONES; INTENSITY; VORTICES; FLOW; ATLANTIC; EYE; EVOLUTION; EYEWALL AB This study introduces and examines a symmetric category of tropical cyclone, which the authors call annular hurricanes. The structural characteristics and formation of this type of hurricane are examined and documented using satellite and aircraft reconnaissance data. The formation is shown to be systematic, resulting from what appears to be asymmetric mixing of eye and eyewall components of the storms involving either one or two possible mesovortices. Flight-level thermodynamic data support this contention, displaying uniform values of equivalent potential temperature in the eye, while the flight-level wind observations within annular hurricanes show evidence that mixing inside the radius of maximum wind likely continues. Intensity tendencies of annular hurricanes indicate that these storms maintain their intensities longer than the average hurricane, resulting in larger-than-average intensity forecast errors and thus a significant intensity forecasting challenge. In addition, these storms are found to exist in a specific set of environmental conditions, which are only found 3% and 0.8% of the time in the east Pacific and Atlantic tropical cyclone basins during 1989-99, respectively. With forecasting issues in mind, two methods of objectively identifying these storms are also developed and discussed. C1 Colorado State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Knaff, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Kossin, James/D-3929-2011; Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010; Kossin, James/C-2022-2016 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; Kossin, James/0000-0003-0461-9794 NR 29 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 204 EP 223 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0204:AH>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300005 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM Parker, SS Kirkwood, PD AF Gaffin, DM Parker, SS Kirkwood, PD TI An unexpectedly heavy and complex snowfall event across the southern Appalachian region SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; MODEL DESCRIPTION; GRAVITY-WAVES; SYSTEM; PREDICTION; CENTERS AB On 26 March 1999, an unexpectedly heavy and complex snowfall event occurred across the southern Appalachian region. This event produced 20-30 cm (8-12 in.) of snow across the Smoky Mountains and 10-15 cm (4-6 in.) across other portions of southwest North Carolina, northeast Tennessee, and southwest Virginia. This snowfall event was complex in that several different lifting mechanisms combined to produce unexpectedly heavy amounts, especially in a narrow band across the Great Tennessee Valley. Lift from frontogenesis, orography, cold air damming, and mesoscale waves contributed to the snowfall amounts across the entire region. An interesting aspect of this snowfall was the banded enhancements observed during the initial stage of the event. These banded enhancements, observed by both satellite and radar, were determined to be the result of mesoscale waves. These waves developed around 0900 UTC in the lee of the Smoky Mountains as a strengthening southerly flow above 850 hPa became nearly perpendicular to the Smokies. A moist stable layer just above the mountain ridges (between 850 and 650 hPa) provided a sufficient duct for mountain waves to form across northeast Tennessee. Convective activity later developed around 1200 UTC across northeast Georgia along an inverted surface trough. This convective activity appeared to have helped trigger additional waves across western North Carolina. It appeared that the waves contributed to the heavy snowfall amounts by providing additional lift to the larger-scale lift present, which together maximized the release of the conditional instability across the region. After 1400 UTC, wave activity appeared to diminish across the southern Appalachian region as the larger-scale lift overwhelmed the waves. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 224 EP 235 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0224:AUHACS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300006 ER PT J AU Cairns, MM Corey, J AF Cairns, MM Corey, J TI Mesoscale model simulations of high-wind events in the complex terrain of western Nevada SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON CASCADE MOUNTAINS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ETA-MODEL; WAVES; WINDSTORMS; EVOLUTION; STABILITY; EXAMPLES; SIDE AB The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) has been used to simulate high-wind events in the complex terrain of western Nevada. The objective was to determine the resolution necessary to produce accurate forecasts of high surface wind and to explore utilizing numerical model output as warning decision guidance in data-sparse areas. Two high-wind cases were simulated by the MM5 to demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution models in the West. These events produced sustained surface winds of greater than 39 kt (20 m s(-1)), and wind gusts in excess of 78 kt (40 m s(-1)), which resulted in extensive damage. In both cases, the MM5 simulation was able to capture the mountain waves responsible for the high winds. The operational Eta Model, in comparison, did not indicate the existence of high-wind events. Results suggested that a model horizontal grid spacing of 5 km or less is necessary to predict accurately high-wind events in the complex terrain of Nevada. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Reno, NV USA. RP Cairns, MM (reprint author), OFCM, 8455 Colesville Rd,Ste 1500, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 249 EP 263 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0249:MMSOHE>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300008 ER PT J AU Roebber, PJ Bruening, SL Schultz, DM Cortinas, JV AF Roebber, PJ Bruening, SL Schultz, DM Cortinas, JV TI Improving snowfall forecasting by diagnosing snow density SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID INGREDIENTS-BASED METHODOLOGY; WINTER SEASON PRECIPITATION; NEURAL-NETWORK; ICE CRYSTALS; ACCURACY; GROWTH; PREDICTION AB Current prediction of snowfall amounts is accomplished either by using empirical techniques or by using a standard modification of liquid equivalent precipitation such as the 10-to-1 rule. This rule, which supposes that the depth of the snowfall is 10 times the liquid equivalent (a snow ratio of 10:1, reflecting an assumed snow density of 100 kg m(-3)), is a particularly popular technique with operational forecasters, although it dates from a limited nineteenth-century study. Unfortunately, measurements of freshly fallen snow indicate that the snow ratio can vary from on the order of 3:1 to (occasionally) 100:1. Improving quantitative snowfall forecasts requires, in addition to solutions to the significant challenge of forecasting liquid precipitation amounts, a more robust method for forecasting the density of snow. A review of the microphysical literature reveals that many factors may contribute to snow density, including in-cloud (crystal habit and size, the degree of riming and aggregation of the snowflake), subcloud (melting and sublimation), and surface processes (compaction and snowpack metamorphism). Despite this complexity, the paper explores the sufficiency of surface and radiosonde data for the classification of snowfall density. A principal component analysis isolates seven factors that influence the snow ratio:solar radiation (month), low-to midlevel temperature, mid- to upper-level temperature, low- to midlevel relative humidity, midlevel relative humidity, upper-level relative humidity, and external compaction (surface wind speed and liquid equivalent). A 10-member ensemble of artificial neural networks is employed to explore the capability of determining snow ratio in one of three classes:heavy (1:1, ratio, 9:1), average (9:1 less than or equal to ratio less than or equal to 15:1), and light (ratio. 15:1). The ensemble correctly diagnoses 60.4% of the cases, which is a substantial improvement over the 41.7% correct using the sample climatology, 45.0% correct using the 10-to-1 ratio, and 51.7% correct using the National Weather Service "new snowfall to estimated meltwater conversion'' table. A key skill measure, the Heidke skill score, attains values of 0.34-0.42 using the ensemble technique, with increases of 75%-183% over the next most skillful approach. The critical success index shows that the ensemble technique provides the best information for all three snow-ratio classes. The most critical inputs to the ensemble are related to the month, temperature, and external compaction. Withholding relative humidity information from the neural networks leads to a loss of performance of at least 5% in percent correct, suggesting that these inputs are useful, if nonessential. Examples of pairs of cases highlight the influence that these factors have in determining snow ratio. Given the improvement over presently used techniques for diagnosing snow ratio, this study indicates that the neural network approach can lead to advances in forecasting snowfall depth. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Roebber, PJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, 3200 N Cramer Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 65 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 264 EP 287 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0264:ISFBDS>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300009 ER PT J AU Zehr, RM AF Zehr, RM TI Environmental vertical wind shear with Hurricane Bertha (1996) SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE; PREDICTION SCHEME SHIPS; EXTERNAL INFLUENCES; TROPICAL CYCLONES; ATLANTIC; INTENSIFICATION; FLOW AB Hurricane Bertha (1996) was influenced by vertical wind shear with highly variable direction and magnitude. The paper describes a unique method for determining the vertical tilt of a tropical cyclone vortex using satellite and aircraft data. Hurricane Bertha's vortex tracks at three levels are shown during a period of intensification just prior to landfall. During this period, the hurricane vortex becomes more closely aligned in the vertical. Changes in asymmetries of satellite infrared (IR) cold cloud areas are shown to be related to the vortex alignment. Environmental vertical shear measurements throughout Hurricane Bertha's life cycle are presented using IR cloud asymmetries and numerical model analyses. Intensification periods are associated with more symmetric IR cloud measurements. The directions of the IR cloud asymmetric orientations are compared with numerical-mode-derived vertical shear directions. The changes in the vertical shear analyses are discussed with respect to observed intensity change, and other potential influences on intensity change. A trough interaction and the warm ocean influence of the Gulf Stream were observed with Hurricane Bertha. Correlation coefficients indicate weak correlations among vertical shear quantities and intensity change. Slightly higher correlations are shown with IR cloud asymmetry measurements versus numerical-model-derived vertical shear quantities. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Team, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Zehr, RM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Foothills Campus,W Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 345 EP 356 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0345:EVWSWH>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300014 ER PT J AU Monteverdi, JP Doswell, CA Lipari, GS AF Monteverdi, JP Doswell, CA Lipari, GS TI Shear parameter thresholds for forecasting tornadic thunderstorms in northern and central California SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SUPERCELL; STORMS; ENVIRONMENTS AB A study of 39 nontornadic and 30 tornadic thunderstorms (composing 25 tornado "events,'' as defined in the text) that occurred in northern and central California during the period 1990-94 shows that stratification of the stronger tornadic events (associated with F1 or greater tornadoes) on the basis of 0-1- and 0-6-km positive and bulk shear magnitudes is justified statistically. Shear values for the weaker F0 events could not be distinguished statistically from the "background'' values calculated for the nontornadic (null) thunderstorm events observed during the period. Shear magnitudes calculated for the F1/F2 events suggest that these tornadoes had developed in an environment supportive of supercell convection. Hindcasting the tornado events based upon shear thresholds produced a high probability of detection (POD) and low false alarm ratio (FAR), particularly for the stronger (F1/F2) events. Although the current sample size is limited and the conclusions drawn from it should be considered preliminary, it appears that California forecasters may be able to use shear profiles to distinguish days on which there is a higher threat of storms producing moderate and significant tornadoes. Buoyancy, as indicated by surface-based convective available potential energy (SBCAPE), was weak for each of the categories, and there were no statistically significant differences between SBCAPE values for each of the categories. Thus, as is true elsewhere, buoyancy magnitude alone appears to be of no value in forecasting whether California thunderstorms will be tornadic. C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Monteverdi, JP (reprint author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Geosci, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD APR PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 357 EP 370 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0357:SPTFFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671EL UT WOS:000182452300015 ER PT J AU Wang, MC Walker, WA Sha, KT Chou, LS AF Wang, MC Walker, WA Sha, KT Chou, LS TI Feeding habits of the pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata, off the Eastern coast of Taiwan SO ZOOLOGICAL STUDIES LA English DT Article DE Enoploteuthis chunii; Myctophum asperum; lanternfish; otolith; squid beak ID DELPHINUS-DELPHIS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; STOMACH CONTENTS; COMMON DOLPHINS; PORPOISE; DIET AB Stomach contents were analyzed from 45 pantropical spotted dolphins, Stenella attenuata, confiscated by Taiwan police and as by-catches by in fisheries off eastern Taiwan from February 1994 to November 1995. Mesopelagic prey species dominated the stomach contents. Sixty-four species of fish made up 67.5% and 21 species of cephalopods made up 32.5% by number. Myctophid lanternfishes and enoploteuthid squid accounted for 78.3% of all prey consumed. The enoploteuthid squid, Enoploteuthis chunii, was the primary prey and represented 25.8% by number of the total prey, with an overall occurrence of 66.7%. Results of this study are generally similar to those at earlier food habits studies conducted on this species in the eastern tropical Pacific. In both regions, the ratio of fish and cephalopods consumed and the trophic levels of the dominant prey were similar. Stenella attenuata in the eastern tropical Pacific and off the eastern coast of Taiwan are feeding primarily on myctophid lanternfishes and species of the cephalopod families Enoploteuthidae and Ommastrephidae. The ANOSIM analysis demonstrated a significant difference in prey composition by season. The most numerically abundant prey species, Enoploteuthis chunii, play an important role in the observed seasonal differences, which contributed 16.8% to the average dissimilarity between fall-winter and spring-summer. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Zool, Taipei 106, Taiwan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Zool, Taipei 115, Taiwan. RP Chou, LS (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Zool, Taipei 106, Taiwan. OI Chou, Lien-Siang/0000-0003-4610-5257 NR 43 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACAD SINICA INST ZOOLOGY PI TAIPEI PA EDITORIAL OFFICE, TAIPEI 115, TAIWAN SN 1021-5506 J9 ZOOL STUD JI Zool. Stud. PD APR PY 2003 VL 42 IS 2 BP 368 EP 378 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 684WK UT WOS:000183229400011 ER PT J AU Nibarger, JP Lopusnik, R Silva, TJ AF Nibarger, JP Lopusnik, R Silva, TJ TI Damping as a function of pulsed field amplitude and bias field in thin film Permalloy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MAGNETIZATION DYNAMICS AB We have measured the step response in thin film Permalloy as a function of both a hard-axis pulsed field amplitude and an easy-axis longitudinal magnetic bias field using a pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer. The bias field ranged from 0 to 8000 A/m (0 to 100 Oe) and the pulsed field varied from 0.32 to 320 A/m (0.004 to 4 Oe). The rotation angle of the equilibrium magnetization direction varied from 0.002degrees to 40degrees for this range of field values. Data were analyzed to extract the Gilbert damping parameter, alpha. The damping parameter decreased monotonically with an increase in longitudinal bias field. However, there is no observed dependence of alpha on the pulse amplitude, indicating that the damping is independent of the angle of rotation. We conclude that there is no significant nonlinear generation of spin waves that affects the damping in the case of free induction decay for the range of field pulses employed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nibarger, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM nibarger@boulder.nist.gov RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 18 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2003 VL 82 IS 13 BP 2112 EP 2114 DI 10.1063/1.1564866 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 659WU UT WOS:000181801100039 ER PT J AU Adams, RM Houston, LL McCarl, BA Tiscareno, ML Matus, JG Weiher, RF AF Adams, RM Houston, LL McCarl, BA Tiscareno, ML Matus, JG Weiher, RF TI The benefits to Mexican agriculture of an El Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO) early warning system SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate forecast; ENSO; economic value; agriculture; Mexico ID SECTOR MODELS; US AB Weather agencies worldwide are attempting to determine if systematic disturbances in climate, such as the El Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO), can be detected far enough in advance so that decisions can be altered to better accommodate these disturbances. Mexico is one country where ENSO-related climatic disturbances have been observed. If climate forecasters were able to disseminate information on upcoming ENSO-induced weather patterns with sufficient lead time, Mexican farmers could adjust by altering a variety of crop decisions, such as growing less (or more) water consumptive crops, planting drought resistant varieties, or altering planting times. This could have a positive impact on crop production, enhancing food security, farmers' incomes, and social welfare. The purpose of this paper is to value such forecasts in a Mexican agricultural setting. To assess the economic consequences of climate arising from various ENSO phases, estimates of regional crop yield sensitivity for key crops were modeled using a crop biophysical simulator. The value of a forecast is then measured by the expected increase in economic benefits due to changes in cropping patterns, production and consumption arising from the yield changes under each ENSO phase forecast. These economic estimates are derived from an economic model of Mexican agriculture. The value of the ENSO information will depend on its accuracy in terms of predictions of the weather consequences of each phase. The economic model is a stochastic, price endogenous, mathematical programming model that represents agronomic and economic conditions in a five-state Mexican region. This model depicts agricultural behavior across the three ENSO phases and provides the basis for calculating the value of information. The benefits of an ENSO early warning system for Mexico is approximately US$ 10 million annually, based on a 51-year time period of ENSO frequencies and when a forecast skill of 70% is assumed. This value translates into an internal rate of return for such an early warning system of approximately 30%. The values for higher skill levels are correspondingly higher. The values estimated here should be viewed as lower bound estimates of the value of an ENSO early warning system because benefits are not estimated for other parts of Mexican agriculture, such as non-commercial (subsistence) agricultural areas, areas where there is only a weak ENSO signal that is not very predictable, and the livestock sector. Also, benefits here do not include benefits that could occur with adjustments in energy generation, water management, or any other economic sectors that may be positively affected by the existence of an ENSO early warning system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resources Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. INIFAP, College Stn, TX USA. Inst Socioecon Estadist & Informat, Coll Post Grad Inst Ensenanza & Invest Ciencias A, College Stn, TX USA. USDC, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resources Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM richard.m.adams@orst.edu RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 26 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAR 30 PY 2003 VL 115 IS 3-4 BP 183 EP 194 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00201-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00201-0 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 658CQ UT WOS:000181704400006 ER PT J AU Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Novelli, PC AF Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Novelli, PC TI Hydrogen in the atmosphere: Observations above a forest canopy in a polluted environment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrogen; pollution; emissions; car exhaust; troposphere ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; OH CONCENTRATIONS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; EMISSIONS; BUDGET; HYDROCARBONS; TEMPERATURE AB [1] Long-term in situ observations of atmospheric concentrations of molecular hydrogen were monitored every 24 minutes for three years (1996-1998) above Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, in concert with measurements of carbon monoxide and twelve other trace gases. A seasonal cycle with a spring maximum and autumn minimum was observed. The diurnal cycle was characterized by a morning minimum and an afternoon maximum, reflecting the combined effects of uptake by soils and boundary height fluctuations. Enhancements of H-2 concentrations in pollution events, concurrent with winds from the southwest, were typically 100-200 ppb above the background seasonal cycle. The mean molar ratio of H-2 and CO (DeltaH(2)/DeltaCO) in pollution plumes was 0.396 +/- 0.050 ppb/ppb. The results agree with expectations from the water-gas equilibrium (CO + H2O <-> CO2 + H-2) for conditions in automobile engines and with car emission data. These observations suggest that automobiles are the major anthropogenic source of atmospheric hydrogen and that the ratio of DeltaH(2)/DeltaCO has changed little as emission controls have taken effect. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barnes, DH (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM dhb@io.harvard.edu; wofsy@fas.harvard.edu; brian_fehlau@post.harvard.edu; ewg@io.harvard.edu; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov; geoff.dutton@noaa.gov; paul.c.novelli@noaa.gov NR 44 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D6 AR 4197 DI 10.1029/2001JD001199 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677QD UT WOS:000182818300001 ER PT J AU Merico, A Tyrrell, T Brown, CW Groom, SB Miller, PI AF Merico, A Tyrrell, T Brown, CW Groom, SB Miller, PI TI Analysis of satellite imagery for Emiliania huxleyi blooms in the Bering Sea before 1997 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANOMALOUS CONDITIONS; CLIMATE; OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON; VARIABILITY; SCATTERING AB The presence of blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in the Bering Sea shelf has been studied using satellite imagery in order to ascertain whether its first reported appearance in 1997 is really a new phenomenon for the area. Examination for Emiliania huxleyi blooms in Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery dating from 1978 to 1996 was performed and the relationship between the presence of Emiliania huxleyi and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the El Nino Southern Oscillation was investigated. No evidence of the presence of this species was found in CZCS or AVHRR imagery between 1978 and 1995. AVHRR images reveal that a small coccolithophore bloom was present in summer 1996. Although the blooms of 1997 were unprecedented in extension and intensity, it appears that the Bering Sea ecosystem did not respond as abruptly to atmospheric anomalies as initially reported. C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Plymouth Marine Lab, Remote Sensing Grp, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. RP Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. EM a.merico@soc.soton.ac.uk; t.tyrrell@soc.soton.ac.uk; Christopher.W.Brown@noaa.gov; sbg@pml.ac.uk; pim@pml.ac.uk RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008; Groom, Steve/A-1355-2012; Merico, Agostino/C-1103-2013; Miller, Peter/E-4525-2013 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391; Merico, Agostino/0000-0001-8095-8056; Miller, Peter/0000-0002-5292-8789 NR 20 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 28 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1337 DI 10.1029/2002GL016648 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 677PV UT WOS:000182817500006 ER PT J AU Horrocks, LA Candy, B Nightingale, TJ Saunders, RW O'Carroll, A Harris, AR AF Horrocks, LA Candy, B Nightingale, TJ Saunders, RW O'Carroll, A Harris, AR TI Parameterizations of the ocean skin effect and implications for satellite-based measurement of sea-surface temperature SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE ocean skin effect; SST; satellite remote sensing ID EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; WIND-SPEED; HEAT-FLUX; ELIMINATION; VALIDATION; RETRIEVALS; DIFFERENCE; ACCURACY; ATSR AB Satellite-based retrievals of sea-surface temperature (SST) hold great potential for augmenting and improving existing global climate analyses. However, optimal blending of satellite data with in situ measurements of SST requires an accurate estimate of the temperature difference between radiometric skin and bulk water sampled below the skin. Contemporaneous shipborne radiometer measurements and in situ measurements of SST were obtained during a cruise in the western Pacific and used to define the nighttime skin-bulk temperature difference. A strong trend of increasing temperature difference with decreasing wind speed was observed. Three published parameterizations of the skin effect have been tested against the ship observations, with excellent agreement achieved by one of these. Good results were also obtained when this scheme was forced by heat fluxes from the Met Office numerical weather prediction global analysis collocated with the observations in space and time. The implementation of a skin effect model in a global satellite data processing system was tested using collocated observations of SST from buoys (bulk) and along-track scanning radiometer 2 (skin) during 1995-1997. This is a vital step toward integrating accurate satellite retrievals of SST with traditional in situ data sources for climate variability studies. C1 Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Horrocks, LA (reprint author), Met Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England. NR 43 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C3 AR 3096 DI 10.1029/2002JC001503 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 677QM UT WOS:000182819100003 ER PT J AU Poskrebyshev, GA Huie, RE Neta, P AF Poskrebyshev, GA Huie, RE Neta, P TI The rate and equilibrium constants for the reaction NO3 center dot+Cl- reversible arrow NO3-+Cl-center dot in aqueous solutions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID LASER FLASH-PHOTOLYSIS; NITRIC-ACID SOLUTIONS; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; HYDROXYL RADICALS; NITRATE; DECAY; ATOMS; NO3; OXIDATION AB The rate and equilibrium constants for the reaction NO3. + Cl- reversible arrow NO3 + Cl-. in aqueous solutions were measured by pulse radiolysis. The formation and decay of the nitrate radical, NO3. and the dichloride radical anion, Cl-2(.-), in irradiated aqueous solutions containing nitric acid and chloride ions were followed under various conditions. Because of the complexity of the system, the forward rate constant and the equilibrium constant were derived from modeling the experimental results, including secondary formation and decay reactions. The modeling study results in an equilibrium constant of K-eq = (3.5 +/- 0.5) at an ionic strength between 0.1 and 1 mol L-1 and a forward rate constant kl = (3.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1). in contrast with previous reports, no effect of ionic strength (up to 2 mol L-1) on the forward rate constant was observed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huie, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Poskrebyshev, Gregory/I-9122-2016 OI Poskrebyshev, Gregory/0000-0002-8920-7037 NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 27 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 12 BP 1964 EP 1970 DI 10.1021/jp0215724 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 658JH UT WOS:000181717500010 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Lucas, D Barrett, M Britton, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Lucas, D Barrett, M Britton, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Experimental demonstration of a robust, high-fidelity geometric two ion-qubit phase gate SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; TRAP; STATE; DECOHERENCE; COMPUTER; MOTION AB Universal logic gates for two quantum bits (qubits) form an essential ingredient of quantum computation. Dynamical gates have been proposed(1,2) in the context of trapped ions; however, geometric phase gates (which change only the phase of the physical qubits) offer potential practical advantages because they have higher intrinsic resistance to certain small errors and might enable faster gate implementation. Here we demonstrate a universal geometric pi-phase gate between two beryllium ion-qubits, based on coherent displacements induced by an optical dipole force. The displacements depend on the internal atomic states; the motional state of the ions is unimportant provided that they remain in the regime in which the force can be considered constant over the extent of each ion's wave packet. By combining the gate with single-qubit rotations, we have prepared ions in an entangled Bell state with 97% fidelity-about six times better than in a previous experiment(3) demonstrating a universal gate between two ion-qubits. The particular properties of the gate make it attractive for a multiplexed trap architecture(4,5) that would enable scaling to large numbers of ionqubits. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI DeMarco, Brian/0000-0002-2791-0413; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 22 TC 613 Z9 624 U1 2 U2 42 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 27 PY 2003 VL 422 IS 6930 BP 412 EP 415 DI 10.1038/nature01492 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 659WV UT WOS:000181801200039 PM 12660778 ER PT J AU Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Brown, WOJ Cohn, SA AF Zhang, GF Doviak, RJ Vivekanandan, J Brown, WOJ Cohn, SA TI Cross-correlation ratio method to estimate cross-beam wind and comparison with a full correlation analysis SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE spaced antenna technique; cross-beam wind; cross-correlation; cross-correlation ratio (CCR); full correlation analysis (FCA); wind profilers ID SPACED ANTENNA TECHNIQUE; SPECTRA; PROFILERS; ERRORS; RADAR AB Cross-beam wind is usually estimated using a full correlation analysis (FCA) method applied to signals from spaced antennas. In this paper we present a cross-correlation ratio (CCR) method for wind measurements. The CCR method is illustrated using theory, and data obtained with the National Center for Atmospheric Research's multiple antenna profiling radar. The standard errors of estimated cross-beam wind using CCR and a FCA are studied based on a rigorous analysis of the variance of the cross-correlation estimates. The results of the analysis are compared with previous works. It is shown that the current method is easy to implement and has smaller error for receiving antenna spacing small compared to the transmitting antenna dimensions. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Zhang, GF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Zhang, Guifu/M-3178-2014 OI Zhang, Guifu/0000-0002-0261-2815 NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD MAR 27 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 AR 8052 DI 10.1029/2002RS002682 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 677RG UT WOS:000182820900001 ER PT J AU Bidigare, RR Benitez-Nelson, C Leonard, CL Quay, PD Parsons, ML Foley, DG Seki, MP AF Bidigare, RR Benitez-Nelson, C Leonard, CL Quay, PD Parsons, ML Foley, DG Seki, MP TI Influence of a cyclonic eddy on microheterotroph biomass and carbon export in the lee of Hawaii SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VOLUME; SEAWATER; WATERS; OCEAN; SEA AB A multi-platform sampling strategy was used to investigate carbon cycling in a cold-core eddy that formed in the lee of Hawaii during September 2000. Micro-heterotroph biomass and Th-234-derived carbon export rates within the eddy were 2 to 3 times higher than those observed for adjacent waters. If this eddy is representative of other cyclonic eddies that are frequently formed in the lee of Hawaii, then eddy activity may significantly enhance the areal efficiency of the biological pump and facilitate the transfer of organic carbon to organisms inhabiting the mesopelagic and abyssal-benthic zones of this subtropical ecosystem. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Hawaii, Div Nat Sci, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Bidigare, RR (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 19 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1318 DI 10.1029/2002GL016393 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 677PT UT WOS:000182817300006 ER PT J AU Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Dubovik, O Holben, BN Sapper, J Tanre, D Pietras, C AF Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Dubovik, O Holben, BN Sapper, J Tanre, D Pietras, C TI A study of the effect of non-spherical dust particles on the AVHRR aerosol optical thickness retrievals SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SATELLITE; CLIMATE; VALIDATION AB Non-spherical assumption of particle shape has been used to replace the spherical assumption in the AVHRR aerosol optical thickness (tau) retrievals for dust particles. Retrieved tau with both spherical and non-spherical assumptions have been compared to the surface AERONET observations at two desert dust sites to evaluate and quantify the effect of non-spherical dust particles on the satellite aerosol retrievals. The errors ( especially the random error) in the satellite retrieved t have been reduced as a result of adopting the non-spherical assumption in the NOAA/NESDIS AVHRR aerosol retrieval algorithm. This result suggests the importance of taking into account the effects of non-sphericity in the retrieval of dust particles from AVHRR measurements. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Terr Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, OSDPD, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, Lille, France. NASA, SAIC, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Xuepeng.Zhao@noaa.gov RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1317 DI 10.1029/2002GL016379 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 677PT UT WOS:000182817300004 ER PT J AU Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Montzka, SA AF Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Montzka, SA TI Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City - Washington, DC, corridor, 1996-1998: 2. A study of the efficacy of the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory measures SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Montreal Protocol; pollution; CFCs; methyl chloroform; halon-1211; perchloroethylene ID 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE METHYL CHLOROFORM; CHLORINE EMISSIONS INVENTORY; HEMISPHERE BASE-LINE; EUROPEAN AIR MASSES; ACTIVE TRACE GASES; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; MACE-HEAD; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; REACTIVE CHLORINE AB Background concentrations, emission rates, and trends in emission rates for five trace gases are inferred for the northeastern United States from continuous atmospheric observations at Harvard Forest in central New England for 1996-1998. Mixing ratios of gases regulated by the Montreal Protocol (CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2F-CClF2), CH3CCl3, and halon-1211 (CBrClF2)) are referenced to CO and PCE (perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, C2Cl4) to determine their urban/industrial source strengths and to test existing estimates of U.S. emissions. Despite the full imposition by 1996 of the Montreal Protocol ban on production by developed countries, our data show that significant releases to the atmosphere continue and that only emissions of CFC-12 and CH(3)CC(l)3 declined in the region during this period. A broader historical and geographical study of emissions reveals that from 1986 to 1996 the international treaty has reduced U. S. emissions of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CH3CCl3 by 87%, 70%, 93%, and 87%, respectively, but current trends suggest persistent emissions for many years following. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Barnes, DH (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM dhb@io.harvard.edu; wofsy@fas.harvard.edu; brian_fehlau@post.harvard.edu; ewg@io.harvard.edu; James.W.Elkins@noaa.gov; Geoff.Dutton@noaa.gov; Stephen.A.Montzka@noaa.gov NR 61 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D6 AR 4186 DI 10.1029/2001JD001117 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677QA UT WOS:000182818000002 ER PT J AU Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Montzka, SA AF Barnes, DH Wofsy, SC Fehlau, BP Gottlieb, EW Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Montzka, SA TI Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City - Washington, DC, corridor, 1996-1998: 1. Providing independent verification of CO and PCE emissions inventories SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE pollution; carbon monoxide; perchloroethylene; emissions; New York City ID 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE METHYL CHLOROFORM; HEMISPHERE BASE-LINE; EUROPEAN AIR MASSES; ACTIVE TRACE GASES; MACE-HEAD; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; UNITED-STATES; HALOCARBONS; IRELAND; ATMOSPHERE AB Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon monoxide (CO) and perchloroethylene (PCE, C2Cl4) were measured above the canopy at Harvard forest, MA every half-hour for 3 years starting in January 1996. Pollution enhancements are strongly correlated with winds from the southwest, the direction of the New York City-Washington, D.C., corridor, as compared to background levels observed during northwest winds traveling from Canada. We establish the ratio of CO to PCE pollution enhancements by wind direction, by season, and by year and use these results to test the quality of county-level and national source emission inventories for these two gases. The EPA carbon monoxide emission county-level inventories and the McCulloch and Midgley sales-based national-level PCE release estimates are found to be in accord with our independent observations of urban/industrial releases. For the New York City-Washington, D.C., corridor the inventory-based COI/PCEI emissions ratio of 584 (kg/kg) for 1996 falls well within the range of observationally-based DeltaCO/DeltaPCE pollution plume ratios of 388 to 706 (kg/kg) and is only 11% higher than the observed mean of 521+/-90 (kg/kg). On the basis of this agreement, PCE emission estimates for 1997 and 1998 are derived from the CO inventory emissions values and the observed DeltaCO/DeltaPCE ratios in pollution plumes for those years; despite the call for voluntary cutbacks, urban/industrial emissions of PCE appear to be on the rise. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Barnes, DH (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM dhb@io.harvard.edu; wofsy@fas.harvard.edu; brian_fehlau@post.harvard.edu; ewg@io.harvard.edu; James.W.Elkins@noaa.gov; Geoff.Dutton@noaa.gov; Stephen.A.Montzka@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D6 AR 4185 DI 10.1029/2001JD001116 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677QA UT WOS:000182818000001 ER PT J AU Binkowski, FS Roselle, SJ AF Binkowski, FS Roselle, SJ TI Models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component - 1. Model description SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE models-3/CMAQ; PM; air quality modeling; visibility; aerosol species ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; ABSORPTION-MODEL; DYNAMICS; SIZE; NUCLEATION; EQUILIBRIUM; GROWTH; EXTINCTION; SIMULATION AB The aerosol component of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is designed to be an efficient and economical depiction of aerosol dynamics in the atmosphere. The approach taken represents the particle size distribution as the superposition of three lognormal subdistributions, called modes. The processes of coagulation, particle growth by the addition of mass, and new particle formation, are included. Time stepping is done with analytical solutions to the differential equations for the conservation of number, surface area, and species mass. The component considers both PM2.5 and PM10 and includes estimates of the primary emissions of elemental and organic carbon, dust, and other species not further specified. Secondary species considered are sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, water, and secondary organics from precursors of anthropogenic and biogenic origin. Extinction of visible light by aerosols is represented by two methods: a parametric approximation to Mie extinction and an empirical approach based upon field data. The algorithms that simulate cloud interactions with aerosols are also described. Results from box model and three-dimensional simulations are exhibited. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Binkowski, FS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM frank_binkowski@unc.edu NR 67 TC 319 Z9 326 U1 11 U2 85 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D6 AR 4183 DI 10.1029/2001JD001409 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677QA UT WOS:000182818000003 ER PT J AU Mebust, MR Eder, BK Binkowski, FS Roselle, SJ AF Mebust, MR Eder, BK Binkowski, FS Roselle, SJ TI Models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component - 2. Model evaluation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Models-3/CMAQ; PM; model evaluation; air quality modeling; visibility; aerosol species ID MASS CONCENTRATIONS; MECHANISM AB An initial evaluation of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component reveals CMAQ's varying ability to simulate observed visibility indices and aerosol species concentrations. The visibility evaluation, using National Weather Service observations from 139 airports for 11-15 July 1995, shows that CMAQ reasonably captured the general spatial and temporal patterns of visibility degradation, including major gradients, maxima and minima. However, CMAQ's two visibility prediction methods, Mie theory approximation and mass reconstruction, both underpredict visibility degradation (i.e., overpredict visibility). The mean bias, normalized mean bias (NMB), mean error and normalized mean error (NME) for the Mie calculations are -5.9 dv, -21.7%, 7.0 dv and 25.4%, respectively. For the reconstruction simulations, these statistics are -9.8 dv, -35.5%, 10.0 dv and 36.2%, respectively. Most simulated values (similar to90% Mie and similar to85% reconstruction) fall within a factor of two of the observations, although r(2)=0.25 (Mie) and r(2)=0.24 (reconstruction). The speciated aerosol evaluation uses observations of sulfate, nitrate, PM2.5, PM10 and organic carbon obtained from 18 stations of the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network in June 1995. This evaluation reveals that, with the exception of sulfate (mean bias: 0.15 mug/m(3), NMB: 3.1%), the model consistently underpredicts aerosol concentrations of nitrate (-0.10 mug/m(3), -33.1%), PM2.5 (-3.9 mug/m(3), -30.1%), PM10 (-5.66 mug/m(3), -29.2%) and organic carbon (-0.78 mug/m(3), -33.7%). Sulfate was simulated best by the model (r(2)=0.63, mean error=1.75 mug/m(3), NME=36.2%), followed by PM2.5 (0.55, 5.00 mug/m(3), 38.5%), organic carbon (0.25, 0.94 mug/m(3), 40.6%), PM10 (0.13, 9.85 mug/m(3), 50.8%) and nitrate (0.01, 0.33 mug/m(3), 104.3%). Except for nitrate, 75-80% of simulated concentrations fall within a factor of two of the IMPROVE observations. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Mebust, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mmebust@hpcc.epa.gov NR 32 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D6 AR 4184 DI 10.1029/2001JD001410 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 677QA UT WOS:000182818000004 ER PT J AU Angell, CA Yue, YZ Wang, LM Copley, JRD Borick, S Mossa, S AF Angell, CA Yue, YZ Wang, LM Copley, JRD Borick, S Mossa, S TI Potential energy, relaxation, vibrational dynamics and the boson peak, of hyperquenched glasses SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Workshop on Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Supercooled Fluids, Glasses, and Amorphous Materials CY SEP 22-27, 2002 CL PISA, ITALY ID NEUTRON INELASTIC-SCATTERING; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; FORMING LIQUIDS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; GLASSFORMING LIQUIDS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; ENTHALPY RELAXATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AB We describe a combination of laboratory and simulation studies that give quantitative information on the energy landscape for glass-forming liquids. Both types of study focus on the idea of suddenly extracting the thermal energy, so that the system obtained for subsequent study has the structure, and hence potential energy, of a liquid at a much higher temperature than the normal glass temperature T(g). One type of study gives information on the energy that can be trapped in experimental glasses by hyperquenching, relative to the normal glass, and on the magnitude of barriers separating basins of attraction on the landscape. Stepwise annealing studies also give information on the matter of energy heterogeneity and the question of 'nanogranularity' in liquids near T(g). The other type of study gives information on the vibrational properties of a system confined to a given basin, and particularly on how that vibrational structure changes with the state of configurational excitation of the liquid. A feature in the low frequency ('boson peak') region of the density of vibrational states of the normal glass becomes much stronger in the hyperquenched glass. Qualitatively similar observations are made on heating fragile glass-formers into the supercooled and stable liquid states. The vibrational dynamics findings are supported and elucidated by constant pressure molecular dynamics/normal mode MD/NM simulations/analysis of the densities of states of different inherent structures of a model fragile liquid (orthoterphenyl (OTP) in the Lewis-Wahnstrom approximation). These show that, when the temperature is raised at constant pressure, the total density of states changes in a manner that can be well represented by a two-Gaussian 'excitation across the centroid', 'leaving a third and major Gaussian component unchanging. The low frequency Gaussian component, which grows with increasing temperature, has a constant peak frequency of 18 cm(-1) and is identified with the Boson peak. It is suggested that the latter can serve as a signature for configurational excitations of the ideal glass structure, i.e. the topologically diverse defects of the glassy solid state. The excess vibrational heat capacity associated with this generation of low frequency modes with structural excitation is shown to be responsible for about 60% of the jump in heat capacity at T(g), most of the remainder coming from configurational excitation. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Aalborg, Dept Chem, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Scottsdale Community Coll, Scottsdale, AZ 85256 USA. Univ Paris 06, Phys Theor Liquides Lab, F-5252 Paris 05, France. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, INFM Udr, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Angell, CA (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Yue, Yuanzheng/H-1313-2011; Mossa, Stefano/B-8230-2014 OI Mossa, Stefano/0000-0001-6335-762X NR 81 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 29 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAR 26 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 11 SI SI BP S1051 EP S1068 AR PII S0953-8984(03)58945-7 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/15/11/327 PG 18 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 665YD UT WOS:000182148100028 ER PT J AU Ho, DL Glinka, CJ AF Ho, DL Glinka, CJ TI Effects of solvent solubility parameters on organoclay dispersions SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SMECTITE CLAY COLLOIDS; POLYMER; MIXTURES AB With Hansen's solubility parameters, delta(o)(2) = delta(d)(2) + delta(p)(2) + delta(h)(2), the correlation between the degree of exfoliation of organically modified clays and the solvent in which the clay platelets are dispersed/mixed has been analyzed. It has been found that the dispersion force of the solvent, reflected by delta(d), is the principal factor determining whether the clay platelets remain suspended in the solvent while the polar (delta(p)) and hydrogen-bonding (delta(h)) forces affect primarily the tactoid formation/structure of the suspended platelets. The organically modified clays studied in this work precipitated in any solvent with molecules with moderately strong hydrogen-bonding groups. The correlation found has been used to correctly identify a solvent, trichloroethylene, which completely exfoliates the organically modified clay studied in this work. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ho, DL (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM derek.ho@nist.gov NR 31 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1309 EP 1312 DI 10.1021/cm0217194 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 660CT UT WOS:000181816800015 ER PT J AU Avens, L Wang, JH Johnsen, S Dukes, P Lohmann, KJ AF Avens, L Wang, JH Johnsen, S Dukes, P Lohmann, KJ TI Responses of hatchling sea turtles to rotational displacements SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caretta caretta; equilibrium; orientation; navigation; sea turtle; waves ID CARETTA-CARETTA L; VESTIBULAR COMPENSATION; OFFSHORE MIGRATION; ORIENTATION; PERCEPTION; DIRECTION; RECOVERY AB After emerging from underground nests, sea turtle hatchlings migrate through the surf zone and out to the open ocean. During this migration, both waves and water currents can disrupt hatchling orientation by unpredictably rotating the turtles away from their migratory headings. In addition, waves cause turtles to roll and pitch, temporarily impeding forward swimming by forcing the hatchlings into steeply inclined positions. To maintain seaward orientation and remain upright in the water column, hatchlings must continuously compensate for such displacements. As a first step toward determining how this is achieved, we studied the responses of loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) sea turtle hatchlings to rotational displacements involving yaw, roll, and pitch. Hatchlings responded to rotations in the horizontal plane (yaw) by extending the rear flipper on the side opposite the direction of rotation. Thus, the flipper presumably acts as a rudder to help turn the turtle back toward its original heading. Turtles responded to rotations in the roll plane with stereotypic movements of the front flippers that act to right the hatchlings with respect to gravity. Finally, hatchlings responded to rotations in the pitch plane with movements of the hind flippers that appear likely to curtail or counteract the pitching motion. Thus, the results of these experiments imply that young sea turtles emerge from their nests possessing a suite of stereotypic behavioral responses that function to counteract rotational displacements, enable the animals to maintain equilibrium, and facilitate efficient movement toward the open sea. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM lavens@email.unc.edu NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 288 IS 1 BP 111 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00002-9 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 659MD UT WOS:000181779700008 ER PT J AU Smith, DK Escartin, J Cannat, M Tolstoy, M Fox, CG Bohnenstiehl, DR Bazin, S AF Smith, DK Escartin, J Cannat, M Tolstoy, M Fox, CG Bohnenstiehl, DR Bazin, S TI Spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (15 degrees-35 degrees N) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; hydrophones; Mid-Atlantic Ridge; mid-ocean ridges; seismicity ID SLOW-SPREADING RIDGES; STEP PADE SOLUTION; MICROEARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS; TRANSFORM EARTHQUAKES; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; MAGMATIC ACCRETION; FOCAL MECHANISMS; MEDIAN VALLEY; RIFT-VALLEY; MARK AREA AB [1] A detailed investigation of the relationship between the spatial and temporal patterns of the seismic activity recorded by six autonomous hydrophones and the structure of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 15degrees and 35degreesN is presented. Two years of monitoring yielded a total of 3485 hydroacoustically detected events within the array recorded by four or more hydrophones. The seismically active zone extends similar to20 km to either side of the ridge axis, consistent with earlier results from studies of fault morphology. Along the axis, hydrophone-recorded activity shows important variations. Areas with intense and persistent seismic activity (stripes) stand in sharp contrast to areas that lack seismicity (gaps). The regions of persistent activity are a new observation at mid-ocean ridges. In general, the patterns of seismically active/inactive regions are also recognized in the 28-year teleseismic record, implying that these patterns are maintained at timescales between a few years and a few decades. We find no simple relationship between individual segment variables (e.g., length or trend of the segment, maximum offset of discontinuities, or along-axis change in mantle Bouguer anomaly (MBA) and water depths) and number of hydrophone-recorded events. There does appear to be a correlation between axial thermal structure and seismicity. Regions of low and high numbers of events would thus correspond to thinner (hotter) and thicker (colder) lithosphere, respectively. Seismicity may reflect thermal structure at short timescales (decadal or longer), while relief and inferred crustal thickness may integrate this structure over longer periods of time (order of 1 Myr). C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. Inst Phys Globe, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Smith, DK (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, MS 22, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA. EM dsmith@whoi.edu; escartin@ipgp.jussieu.fr; cannat@ccr.jussieu.fr; tolstoy@ldeo.columbia.edu; fox@pmel.noaa.gov; del@ldeo.columbia.edu; bazin@ipgp.jussieu.fr RI Escartin, Javier/B-3344-2008; pgp, lgm/F-8796-2010; ESCARTIN, Javier/A-1043-2010; Bazin, Sara/A-5654-2011; Cannat, Mathilde/F-9304-2010; IPGP, Geosciences Marines/F-8780-2010; ipgp, Laboratoire geoscien/F-8471-2010 OI ESCARTIN, Javier/0000-0002-3416-6856; NR 71 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B3 AR 2167 DI 10.1029/2002JB001964 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 677QR UT WOS:000182819500003 ER PT J AU Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ AF Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ TI Structure and dimensions of PAMAM/PEG dendrimer-star polymers SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DILUTE; ARMS AB Dendrimer-star polymers are prepared by grafting monofunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains of low polydispersity onto the terminal groups of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. A novel gel permeation chromatography technique is used to calculate the average number of PEG branches ("arms") per star. The maximum number of PEG arms (of M-n = 5000 g mol(-1)) ranges from about 30 arms for a generation 3 dendrimer-star to about 750 arms for a generation 10 dendrimer-star. Radii of gyration of the stars are measured in dilute solution in a good solvent (methanol-d(4)) by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The stars have measured radii of gyration of about 6-14 nm. Theoretical dimensions of the stars in dilute solution in a good solvent are calculated by treating the stars as a shell of linear chains tethered to a spherical core. The radii of gyration computed from the core-shell model are consistent with the dilute solution values from SANS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hedden, RC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ronald.hedden@nist.gov RI Hedden, Ronald/M-3909-2014 OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 24 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1829 EP 1835 DI 10.1021/ma025752n PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 659YE UT WOS:000181806000014 ER PT J AU Gu, Y Nakamura, T Prchlik, L Sampath, S Wallace, J AF Gu, Y Nakamura, T Prchlik, L Sampath, S Wallace, J TI Micro-indentation and inverse analysis to characterize elastic-plastic graded materials SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE functionally graded material (FGM); plasma sprayed coating; micro-indentation; inverse analysis; Kalman filter; elastic-plastic material properties ID INSTRUMENTED SHARP INDENTATION; METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITES; ELASTOPLASTIC PROPERTIES; SPHERICAL INDENTATION; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; GRADIENTS; SOLIDS AB Properties of actual graded materials were characterized with a new procedure based on inverse analysis. This procedure utilizes indirect experimental records obtained from instrumented micro-indentation and extracts key properties of indented specimen through the Kalman filter technique. The graded material is composed of mixture of Yittria Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) and NiCrAlY and it possesses varying elastic-plastic properties through its thickness. This procedure enables determination of the compositional profile and the effective mechanical property without resorting to complex experimental measurements. It relies solely on the load-displacement records of instrumented spherical indentation and the inverse analysis during the post-processing. The graded specimens were fabricated by plasma spray deposition process under controlled feeding of PSZ and NiCrAlY powders. Prior to testing of the graded materials, single phased coatings were made with each component and analyzed. This process allows consistent material constants to be used in the graded material analysis. Here PSZ and NiCrAlY were assumed to be elastic and elastic-plastic, respectively. The elastic moduli of both materials were estimated with a common indentation method while the plastic properties of NiCrAlY were determined by modifying the inverse method proposed for the graded materials. The latter procedure represents a new indentation method for characterization of homogeneous elastic-plastic materials. Once the properties of constituents were identified, the properties of graded material were estimated with the Kalman filter technique. The indented load-displacement relations simulated from finite element analysis with the estimated properties and that of measured record showed excellent agreement, which assures a high degree of accuracy in the current measurement procedure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mech Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MATLS A256, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakamura, T (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mech Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Nakamura, Toshio/G-4550-2010 NR 26 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD MAR 25 PY 2003 VL 345 IS 1-2 BP 223 EP 233 AR PII S0921-5093(02)00462-8 DI 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00462-8 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 637WQ UT WOS:000180537100028 ER PT J AU Colavecchia, FD Burke, JP Stevens, WJ Salazar, MR Parker, GA T Pack, R AF Colavecchia, FD Burke, JP Stevens, WJ Salazar, MR Parker, GA T Pack, R TI The potential energy surface for spin-aligned Li-3(1 (4)A(')) and the potential energy curve for spin-aligned Li-2(a (3)Sigma(+)(u)) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; COMPACT EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; EXPONENT BASIS-SETS; ALKALI-METAL ATOMS; SCATTERED DATA; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; GENERAL METHODOLOGY; VIBRATIONAL LEVELS; LI-7(2) AB A global potential energy surface (PES) for the 1 (4)A' spin-aligned state of Li-3 is presented. The surface is constructed as a many body expansion of the potential which is the sum of pairwise additive two-body potentials plus a three-body term. The two-body potential is that for the a (3)Sigma(u)(+) state of the lithium dimer. It combines the most recent Rydberg-Klein-Rees potential available [A. Ross (private communication)] with well-known short and long range expansions and accurately reproduces all known experimental data. To obtain the three-body contributions, an ab initio PES was computed at 1122 points using full configuration interaction for the three valence electrons with an augmented Gaussian basis and the effective core potentials of Stevens, Basch, and Krauss [W. J. Stevens , J. Chem. Phys. 81, 6026 (1984)] for the other electrons. The two-body interactions are also calculated using the same basis and then subtracted from the full interaction to give the three-body term. To construct the three-body potential at arbitrary configurations we use interpolation for small perimeters of the triangle formed by the triatomic system and an analytic fitting function for large perimeters. A switching function guarantees the smoothness of the potential function everywhere. The equilibrium position occurs at D-3h symmetry with a bond distance of 5.861a(0), nearly 2a(0) smaller than the equilibrium value of 7.886a(0) of the lithium dimer. The well depth at the equilibrium is 4112.64 cm(-1). This is considerably deeper than the well depth of 1001.22 cm(-1) for the pairwise additive potential at its equilibrium. Three-body effects are even more important for Li-3 than in the recently reported Na-3 case [J. Higgins , J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5751 (2000)], and the nonadditive three-body term cannot be neglected in any calculation on this system. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Union Univ, Dept Chem, Jackson, TN 38305 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Colavecchia, FD (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, T12,MS B268, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Parker, Gregory/A-4327-2009 OI Parker, Gregory/0000-0002-0225-8887 NR 57 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 22 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 12 BP 5484 EP 5495 DI 10.1063/1.1555124 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 653NE UT WOS:000181442100025 ER PT J AU Lueker, TJ Walker, SJ Vollmer, MK Keeling, RF Nevison, CD Weiss, RF Garcia, HE AF Lueker, TJ Walker, SJ Vollmer, MK Keeling, RF Nevison, CD Weiss, RF Garcia, HE TI Coastal upwelling air-sea fluxes revealed in atmospheric observations of O-2/N-2, CO2 and N2O SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE; NITROUS-OXIDE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS; MONTEREY BAY; EMISSIONS; OCEAN AB [1] We capture water column ventilation resulting from coastal upwelling in continuous records of O-2/N-2, CO2, and N2O at Trinidad, California. Our records reveal the gas exchange response time of the ocean to the upwelling and ensuing biological production. Satellite and buoy wind data allow extrapolation of our records to assess coastal upwelling air-sea fluxes of O-2 and N2O. We improve on previous regional estimates of N2O flux in coastal and continental shelf region of the western U. S. We characterize the source of N2O as being predominately from nitrification based on the O-2/N2O emissions ratio observed in our atmospheric records. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Data Ctr, Ocean Climate Lab, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Lueker, TJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1292 DI 10.1029/2002GL016615 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 667FE UT WOS:000182219900008 ER PT J AU Mendelssohn, R Schwing, FB Bograd, SJ AF Mendelssohn, R Schwing, FB Bograd, SJ TI Spatial structure of subsurface temperature variability in the California Current, 1950-1993 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE California Current; El Nino; subsurface temperatures ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN; DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TIME-SERIES; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; REGIME SHIFTS; WIND STRESS; EL-NINO; OSCILLATION; SEASONALITY; IMPACTS AB [1] State-space models are used to examine long-term spatial patterns in a set of temperature time series representing the meridional and offshore extent of the California Current System (CCS). We use global one-degree summaries from the World Ocean Database at 11 locations and 10 standard depths in the upper 200 m for the period 1950-1993. Four common trends account for most of the total variance and the important time-dependent features of the temperature series. These trends also reveal that different geographical regions and depth strata within the CCS have clearly distinct temporal patterns of interannual to decadal thermal variability: the first common trend reveals a series-long warming tendency at all locations, with the greatest changes occurring in the upper 50 m (75 m) for the coastal (offshore) stations; the second common trend delineates a cross-shore separation, with the coastal locations having greater variance and a stronger impact from most El Nino events and decadal-scale warming and cooling tendencies; the third common trend, with signals strongest in the thermocline, provides a measure of the northern extent of influence of El Nino events and reveals greater interannual variance south of 38degreesN; the fourth common trend separates the series by depth, revealing significant long-term trends in thermal stratification. These spatially-variant thermal fluctuations identify three characteristic patterns of El Nino influence in the CCS, reflecting both the meridional extent and depth structure of their signals. La Nina signals are less spatially variable in the CCS. We also describe the spatially heterogeneous anomaly structure associated with large-scale decadal climate shifts, such as occurred around 1976. It is shown that this event was a coastal- and surface-intensified acceleration of a warming trend that had begun several years earlier. We briefly discuss the biological consequences of the spatially and temporally varying thermal structure of the CCS revealed by this analysis. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Mendelssohn, R (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 58 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAR 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C3 AR 3093 DI 10.1029/2002JC001568 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 667HE UT WOS:000182224600002 ER PT J AU Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Weber, K Windeler, RS AF Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Weber, K Windeler, RS TI Fundamental noise limitations to supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-FIBERS; CONTINUUM GENERATION; PROPAGATION AB Broadband noise on supercontinuum spectra generated in microstructure fiber is shown to lead to amplitude fluctuations as large as 50% for certain input laser pulse parameters. We study this noise using both experimental measurements and numerical simulations with a generalized stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation, finding good quantitative agreement over a range of input-pulse energies and chirp values. This noise is shown to arise from nonlinear amplification of two quantum noise inputs: the input-pulse shot noise and the spontaneous Raman scattering down the fiber. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Franche Comte, Lab Opt PM Duffieux, F-25030 Besancon, France. Free Univ Brussels, Serv Opt & Acoust, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Corwin, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Coen, Stephane/C-9030-2009; Corwin, Kristan/A-1331-2013; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Dudley, John /D-3222-2011 OI Coen, Stephane/0000-0001-5605-5906; Dudley, John /0000-0001-9520-9699 NR 21 TC 195 Z9 199 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 11 AR 113904 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.113904 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 658NZ UT WOS:000181728200013 PM 12688929 ER PT J AU Damski, B Santos, L Tiemann, E Lewenstein, M Kotochigova, S Julienne, P Zoller, P AF Damski, B Santos, L Tiemann, E Lewenstein, M Kotochigova, S Julienne, P Zoller, P TI Creation of a dipolar superfluid in optical lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; NEUTRAL ATOMS; MOLECULES; TRANSITION; INSULATOR; GATES; GAS AB We show that, by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate of two different atomic species into an optical lattice, it is possible to achieve a Mott-insulator phase with exactly one atom of each species per lattice site. A subsequent photoassociation leads to the formation of one heteronuclear molecule with a large electric dipole moment, at each lattice site. The melting of such a dipolar Mott insulator creates a dipolar superfluid, and eventually a dipolar molecular condensate. C1 Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Theoret Phys, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Jagiellonian Univ, Inst Fiz, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Quantenopt, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Damski, B (reprint author), Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Theoret Phys, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. RI Damski, Bogdan/E-3027-2013; Zoller, Peter/O-1639-2014; Lewenstein, Maciej/I-1337-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Zoller, Peter/0000-0003-4014-1505; Lewenstein, Maciej/0000-0002-0210-7800; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 27 TC 135 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 21 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 11 AR 110401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.110401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 658NZ UT WOS:000181728200001 PM 12688917 ER PT J AU Thomann, I Hollberg, L Diddams, SA Equall, R AF Thomann, I Hollberg, L Diddams, SA Equall, R TI Chromium-doped forsterite: dispersion measurement with white-light interferometry SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LOCKED CRFORSTERITE LASER; FEMTOSECOND PULSES; SATURABLE-ABSORBER; GENERATION AB Using a Michelson white-light interferometer, we measure the group-delay dispersion and third-order dispersion coefficients, d(2)phi/domega(2) and d(3)phi/domega(3), of chromium-doped forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) over wavelengths of 1050-1600 run for light polarized along both the c and b crystal axes. In this interval, the second-order dispersion for the c axis ranges from 35 fs(2)/mm to -14 fs(2)/mm, and the third-order dispersion ranges from 36 fs(3)/mm to 142 fs(3)/mm. For the b axis the second-order dispersion ranges from 35 fs(2)/mm to -15 fs(2)/mm and the third-order from 73 fs(2)/mm to 185 fs(3)/mm. Our data are relevant for the development of optimized dispersion compensation tools for Cr:Mg2SiO4 femtosecond lasers. These measurements help to clarify previously published results and show some;significant discrepancies that existed, especially in the third-order dispersion. Our results should furthermore be useful to build up an analytic expression for the index of refraction of chromium forsterite. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Thomann, I (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Campus Box 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM isabell.thomann@colorado.edu; sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Thomann, Isabell/F-1245-2014; OI Thomann, Isabell/0000-0002-4722-5632 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1661 EP 1666 DI 10.1364/AO.42.001661 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 658EJ UT WOS:000181708400011 PM 12665096 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Eberhard, WL Veron, DE Previdi, M AF Feingold, G Eberhard, WL Veron, DE Previdi, M TI First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; SATELLITE; AEROSOL; ALBEDO; STRATUS; SMOKE AB [1] We demonstrate first measurements of the aerosol indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors at a continental US site. The response of nonprecipitating, ice-free clouds to changes in aerosol loading is quantified in terms of a relative change in cloud-drop effective radius for a relative change in aerosol extinction under conditions of equivalent cloud liquid water path. This is done in a single column of air at a temporal resolution of 20 s (spatial resolution of similar to100 m). Cloud-drop effective radius is derived from a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. Aerosol extinction is measured below cloud base by a Raman lidar. Results suggest that aerosols associated with maritime or northerly air trajectories tend to have a stronger effect on clouds than aerosols associated with northwesterly trajectories that also have local influence. There is good correlation (0.67) between the cloud response and a measure of cloud turbulence. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Eberhard, Wynn/B-5402-2015 NR 18 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 AR 1287 DI 10.1029/2002GL016633 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 667FD UT WOS:000182219800004 ER PT J AU Powell, MD Vickery, PJ Reinhold, TA AF Powell, MD Vickery, PJ Reinhold, TA TI Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE ROUGHNESS; OPEN-OCEAN; HURRICANE; STRESS; DEPENDENCE; WAVES; MODEL; FLUX; SIMULATIONS AB The transfer of momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean is described in terms of the variation of wind speed with height and a drag coefficient that increases with sea surface roughness and wind speed. But direct measurements have only been available for weak winds; momentum transfer under extreme wind conditions has therefore been extrapolated from these field measurements. Global Positioning System sondes have been used since 1997 to measure the profiles of the strong winds in the marine boundary layer associated with tropical cyclones. Here we present an analysis of these data, which show a logarithmic increase in mean wind speed with height in the lowest 200 m, maximum wind speed at 500 m and a gradual weakening up to a height of 3 km. By determining surface stress, roughness length and neutral stability drag coefficient, we find that surface momentum flux levels off as the wind speeds increase above hurricane force. This behaviour is contrary to surface flux parameterizations that are currently used in a variety of modelling applications, including hurricane risk assessment and prediction of storm motion, intensity, waves and storm surges. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada. Clemson Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Powell, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Vickery, Peter/D-2708-2012; Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 48 TC 526 Z9 567 U1 4 U2 46 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 20 PY 2003 VL 422 IS 6929 BP 279 EP 283 DI 10.1038/nature01481 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 656XX UT WOS:000181637300031 PM 12646913 ER PT J AU Morales-Ruiz, T Birincioglu, M Jaruga, P Rodriguez, H Roldan-Arjona, T Dizdaroglu, M AF Morales-Ruiz, T Birincioglu, M Jaruga, P Rodriguez, H Roldan-Arjona, T Dizdaroglu, M TI Arabidopsis thaliana Ogg1 protein excises 8-hydroxyguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine from oxidatively damaged DNA containing multiple lesions SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; XRS5 NUCLEAR EXTRACTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI NTH; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; FPG PROTEIN; GLYCOSYLASE ACTIVITY; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CLUSTERED DAMAGE AB A functional homologue of eukaryotic Ogg1 proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has recently been cloned, isolated, and characterized [Garcia-Ortiz, M. V., Ariza, R. R., and RoldanA Arjona, T. (2001) Plant Mol. Biol. 47,795-804]. This enzyme (AtOgg1) exhibits a high degree of sequence similarity in several highly conserved regions with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and human Ogg1 proteins. We investigated the substrate specificity and kinetics of AtOgg1 for excision of modified bases from oxidatively damaged DNA that contained multiple pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. Two different DNA substrates prepared by exposure to ionizing radiation in aqueous solution under N(2)O or air were used for this purpose. Gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry was applied to identify and quantify modified bases in DNA samples. Of the 17 modified bases identified in DNA samples, only 8-hydroxyguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine were significantly excised from both DNA substrates. This is in agreement with the substrate specificities of other eukaryotic Ogg1 proteins that had previously been studied under identical conditions. Excision depended on incubation time, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A significant dependence of excision on the nature of DNA substrate was observed in accord with previous studies on other DNA glycosylases. A comparison of excision kinetics pointed to significant differences between AtOgg1 and other Ogg1 proteins. We also investigated the effect of base-pairing on the excision using double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides that contained 8-OH-Gua paired with each of the four DNA bases. The activity of AtOgg1 was most effective on the 8-OH-Gua:C pair with some or very low activity on other pairs in agreement with the activity of other Ogg1 proteins. The results unequivocally show that AtOgg1 possesses common substrates with other eukaryotic Ogg1 proteins albeit significant differences between their excision kinetics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Cordoba, Fac Ciencias, Dept Genet, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain. Inonu Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Malatya, Turkey. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Ludwik Rydgier Med Univ, Bydgoszcz, Poland. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM miral@nist.gov RI Morales-Ruiz, Teresa/L-4842-2014; Roldan-Arjona, Teresa/H-5976-2015; Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 OI Morales-Ruiz, Teresa/0000-0002-6357-6977; Roldan-Arjona, Teresa/0000-0003-2842-3956; NR 64 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD MAR 18 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 3089 EP 3095 DI 10.1021/bi027226u PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 655DD UT WOS:000181535300037 PM 12627976 ER PT J AU McCollum, JR Ferraro, RR AF McCollum, JR Ferraro, RR TI Next generation of NOAA/NESDIS TMI, SSM/I, and AMSR-E microwave land rainfall algorithms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE rainfall; precipitation; remote sensing; microwave; algorithms; satellite ID CONTINENTAL UNITED-STATES; TROPICAL RAINFALL; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; MEASURING MISSION; ICE-SCATTERING; PRECIPITATION; TRMM; STRATIFORM; RETRIEVAL; CLASSIFICATION AB [1] Revised versions of previous passive microwave land rainfall algorithms are developed for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), the Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager (SSM/I), and the new Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer-Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E). The relationships between rainfall rate and 85 GHz brightness temperature are recalibrated with respect to previous algorithms using collocated TMI and TRMM Precipitation Radar ( PR) data. Another new feature is a procedure to estimate the probability of convective rainfall, as convective/stratiform classification can reduce the ambiguity of possible rainfall rates for a given brightness temperature. These modifications essentially eliminate the global high bias found in studies [e.g., McCollum et al., 2000; Kummerow et al., 2001] of previous versions of the SSM/I and TMI algorithms. However, many regional and seasonal biases still exist, and these are identified. The applicability of the new features to the other microwave sensors is studied using SSM/I data, and a correction is developed to account for the differences in footprint resolution between the TMI and SSM/I. The AMSR-E algorithm is the same as the TMI, as the footprint resolutions and frequencies of these instruments are very similar. The TMI algorithm will be used in the land portion of the official version 6 TMI instantaneous rainfall rate product, to be released in 2003, while the AMSR algorithm will be used in a similar manner for future AMSR-E products. C1 Univ Maryland, NOAA, ESSIC, CICS, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP McCollum, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, NOAA, ESSIC, CICS, 4115 CSSB, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM jeff.mccollum@noaa.gov RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 28 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D8 AR 8382 DI 10.1029/2001JD001512 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 667GR UT WOS:000182223400003 ER PT J AU Elliott, JT Burden, DL Woodward, JT Sehgal, A Douglas, JF AF Elliott, JT Burden, DL Woodward, JT Sehgal, A Douglas, JF TI Phospholipid monolayers supported on spun cast polystyrene films SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; HYBRID BILAYER-MEMBRANES; LIPID-MEMBRANES; LATERAL DIFFUSION; PLANAR MEMBRANES; POLYMER-FILMS; CHOLERA-TOXIN; BINDING; SPECTROSCOPY; MICROSCOPY AB We investigated the use of spun cast polystyrene (PS) films as a hydrophobic solid support for phospholipid monolayers. Fluorescent microscopy indicated that a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) monolayer containing fluorescent lipid formed on similar to80 nm thick films of 2450 M-r PS exposed to phospholipid vesicle solutions. Qualitative fluorescence photobleaching experiments suggested that the phospholipid layer was continuous and the lipid diffusion rate was similar to those observed in glass-supported POPC bilayers. Examination of lipid diffusion by real-time, single-molecule fluorescence detection and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) indicated that the lipid diffusion contained multiple components. We interpreted this as being caused by the presence of surface heterogeneities that confine lipid diffusion. In situ atomic force microscopy revealed the presence of 5-20 nm outgrowths on the PS film resulting from surface rearrangement upon exposure of the film to aqueous conditions. It is possible that such rearrangements play a role in determining the lipid translational dynamics. Our studies indicate that PS films can be suitable supports for phospholipid monolayers, but that immersion into an aqueous environment can significantly influence the film topography and the dynamics of the lipid in the supported monolayer. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wheaton Coll, Dept Chem, Wheaton, IL 60817 USA. RP Elliott, JT (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 63 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 18 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 2275 EP 2283 DI 10.1021/la0260640 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 655PY UT WOS:000181562700058 ER PT J AU Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ Murray, AL Shearer, KD AF Alcorn, SW Pascho, RJ Murray, AL Shearer, KD TI Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; ration level; growth; innate immune system ID ATLANTIC SALMON; GROWTH-HORMONE; SEA BASS; DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; IN-VITRO; SALAR L; FISH; MATURATION; PARR; DIET AB The relationship between nutritional status and disease resistance in cultured salmonids can be affected by dietary manipulations. Careful attention to feeding levels may be important to avoid imbalances in nutrient levels that could ultimately impair a fish's ability to resist infectious microorganisms. In the current study, fish in three feed-level groups were fed an experimental diet either to satiation, 64% of satiation or 40% of satiation. A fourth group of fish were fed a commercial diet at the 64% of satiation level and served as controls. To evaluate certain indices of disease resistance in the test and control fish, a panel of assays was employed to measure humoral and cellular immune functions 30, 39 and 54 weeks after starting the dietary treatments. The panel included measures of blood hematocrit and leucocrit levels, plasma protein concentration and serum lysozyme and complement activity. Cellular analyses included differential blood leucocyte counts, NBT reduction and phagocytosis by pronephros macrophages and myeloperoxidase activity of pronephros neutrophils. No differences were observed in those indices between fish tested from the control-diet group (commercial diet fed at the 64% rate) and fish tested from the 64% feed-level group, except that fish fed the commercial diet had a greater concentration of plasma protein. Leucocrit values and plasma protein concentrations tended to increase among the experimental feed groups as the ration increased from 40% to satiation. More importantly, phagocytic activity by anterior kidney leucocytes was found to be inversely proportional to the feed level. Whereas the results of this study provide evidence that the salmonid immune system may be fairly robust with regard to available metabolic energy, the significant changes observed in phagocytic cell activity suggest that some cellular immune functions may be affected by the feed level. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Pascho, RJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAR 17 PY 2003 VL 217 IS 1-4 BP 529 EP 545 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00369-1 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00369-1 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 648BE UT WOS:000181129300040 ER PT J AU Giulian, GG Hwang, JC Bardo, AM Goldie, SN Krogmeier, JR Goldner, LS Merril, CR AF Giulian, GG Hwang, JC Bardo, AM Goldie, SN Krogmeier, JR Goldner, LS Merril, CR TI Analysis of the moving boundary in cross-gradient SDS-PAGE: a "triple point" SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA C1 NIMH, HHS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 SU S BP A987 EP A987 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 659UY UT WOS:000181796901102 ER PT J AU Atlas, D Williams, CR AF Atlas, D Williams, CR TI Radar echoes from lightning and their microphysical environment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE CELLS; ELECTRIFICATION; PRECIPITATION AB [1] A UHF Profiler radar has detected lightning echoes which occurred preferentially in a "balance layer'', the stratum of mean zero Doppler velocity with rising small ice particles and falling graupel and hail, thus providing the conditions for collisional charging and lightning. The results support prior findings of the role of the balance layer in lightning generation. The 32.8 cm Profiler radar is particularly well suited for these observations because the lightning echoes are not masked by the precipitation echoes, thus allowing simultaneous measurement of the microphysical and kinematic properties. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Atlas, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 AR 1262 DI 10.1029/2002GL016521 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 665ZX UT WOS:000182152100006 ER PT J AU Harkless, JAW Rodriguez, JH Mitas, L Lester, WA AF Harkless, JAW Rodriguez, JH Mitas, L Lester, WA TI A quantum Monte Carlo and density functional theory study of the electronic structure of peroxynitrite anion SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; HL-60 CELLS; BASIS-SETS; ATOMS; OXIDATION AB Single point calculations of the ground state electronic structure of peroxynitrite anion have been performed at the optimized cis geometry using the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF), Moller Plesset second order perturbation theory (MP2), generalized gradient approximation density functional theory (GGA DFT) in the B3LYP form and two quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods, variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC). These calculations reveal differences in atomization energies estimated by B3LYP (287.03 kcal/mol), MP2 (290.84 kcal/mol), and DMC, 307.4(1.9) kcal/mol, as compared to experiment, 313(1) kcal/mol. The error associated with MP2 and B3LYP methods is attributed largely to differential recovery of correlation energies for neutral nitrogen and oxygen atoms relative to the oxygen and peroxynitrite anions. In addition, basis set studies were carried out to determine potential sources of error in MP2 and B3LYP valence energy values. Our studies indicate that MP2 and B3LYP valence energies are strongly dependent on the presence of diffuse functions for the negative ions O- and ONOO-. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Chem Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Harkless, JAW (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 68 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 11 BP 4987 EP 4992 DI 10.1063/1.1544732 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 650XJ UT WOS:000181289000024 ER PT J AU Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Andrews, A Montzka, SA Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Dutton, GS Stroud, V AF Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Andrews, A Montzka, SA Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Dutton, GS Stroud, V TI Chlorine budget and partitioning during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE chlorine; stratosphere; halogens; CFCs; HCFCs; solvents ID ARCTIC POLAR VORTEX; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; TRACE GASES; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; METHYL-BROMIDE; NITROUS-OXIDE AB [1] The amount of chlorine in the stratosphere has a direct influence on the magnitude of chlorine-catalyzed ozone loss. A comprehensive suite of organic source gases of chlorine in the stratosphere was measured during the NASA Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign in the arctic winter of 2000. Measurements included chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halon 1211, solvents, methyl chloride, N2O, and CH4. Inorganic chlorine contributions from each compound were calculated using the organic chlorine measurements, mean age of air, tropospheric trends, and a method to account for mixing in the stratosphere. Total organic chlorine measured at tropospheric levels of N2O was on the order of 3500 ppt. Total calculated inorganic chlorine at a N2O mixing ratio of 50 ppb (corresponding to a mean age of 5.5 years) was on the order of 3400 ppt. CFCs were the largest contributors to total organic chlorine (55-70%) over the measured N2O range (50-315 ppb), followed by CH3Cl (15%), solvents (5-20%), and HCFCs (5-25%). CH3Cl contribution was consistently about 15% across the organic chlorine range. Contributions to total calculated inorganic chlorine at 50 ppb N2O were 58% from CFCs, 24% from solvents, 16% from CH3Cl, and 2% from HCFCs. Updates to fractional chlorine release values for each compound relative to CFC 11 were calculated from the SOLVE measurements. An average value of 0.58 was calculated for the fractional chlorine release of CFC 11 over the 3-4 year mean age range, which was lower than the previous value of 0.80. The fractional chlorine release values for HCFCs 141b and 142b relative to CFC 11 were significantly lower than previous calculations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Facil, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schauffler, SM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM sues@acd.ucar.edu RI Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 80 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 4173 DI 10.1029/2001JD002040 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666AY UT WOS:000182154500001 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D TI Validation of the STORM response in IRI2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; empirical modeling; geomagnetic storm; IRI 2000; STORM model ID INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; THERMOSPHERE AB [1] The latest version of the International reference ionosphere, IRI2000 [Bilitza, 2001], contains a dependence on geomagnetic activity based on an empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model (STORM) [Araujo-Pradere et al., 2002]. The new storm correction in IRI is driven by the previous time history (33 hours) of ap and is designed to scale the normal quiet-time F layer critical frequency (f(o)F(2)) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. An extensive validation of IRI2000 has been performed during geomagnetic storm conditions to determine the validity of the new algorithms. The quality of the storm-time correction has been evaluated by comparing the model with the observed ionospheric response during all the geomagnetic storms with ap > 150 in 2000 and 2001, a total of 14 intervals. The model output was compared with the actual ionospheric response for all available ionosonde stations for each storm. The comparisons show that the model captures the decreases in electron density particularly well in summer and equinox conditions. To quantify the improvement in IRI2000, the root-mean-square error has been evaluated and compared with the previous version of IRI, which had no geomagnetic dependence. The results indicate that IRI2000 has almost a 30% improvement over IRI95 during the storm days and is able to capture more than 50% of the increase in variability, above quiet times, due to the storms. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A3 AR 1120 DI 10.1029/2002JA009720 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 667BV UT WOS:000182211700002 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Cheng, YB AF Zhang, Y Cheng, YB TI Grain boundary devitrification of Ca alpha-sialon ceramics and its relation with the fracture toughness SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY PHASE CHEMISTRY; SILICON-NITRIDE; OXYNITRIDE GLASSES; EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS; POLYMERIC PRECURSOR; INTERNAL-STRESSES; FILM THICKNESS; CRYSTALLIZATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; SI3N4 AB Grain boundary devitrification was carried out on three Ca alpha-sialon ceramics with different grain sizes and morphologies and various amounts of grain boundary glass. The devitrified product was gehlenite in all samples, indicating that the crystallization of the Ca oxynitride glass was accompanied by a volume reduction. The volume reduction upon crystallization and the thermal expansion mismatch between the devitrified product and alpha-sialon grains would result in tensile residual stresses located at multi-grain junctions. These residual tensile stresses were expected to promote the crack deflection and bridging mechanism and thus to improve the material toughness. However, indentation fracture toughness measurement and scanning electron microscope study showed that there was no significant difference in fracture toughness and the fracture mode in present samples prior to and post heat treatment. This may be attributed to a change in the chemistry of the residual glass as a result of the grain boundary devitrification, which could enhance the bonding strength between the adjacent alpha-sialon grains. The enhanced bonding strength could have to some degree hindered the crack deflection and bridging mechanism. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Monash Univ, Sch Phys & Mat Engn, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1359 EP 1364 DI 10.1023/A:1022871501694 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 656UC UT WOS:000181626100033 ER PT J AU Shim, Y Levine, LE Thomson, R Savage, MF AF Shim, Y Levine, LE Thomson, R Savage, MF TI Critical behavior of a strain percolation model for metals with unstable locks SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE self-organizing criticality; percolation; dislocations ID DISLOCATION AB Using a strain percolation model proposed for the transport of mobile dislocations through a dislocation cell structure in a deforming metal, we have further explored the critical behavior of the model when there are some unstable locks present in the system that may be broken by the stress field of incident dislocations. The presence of such locks changes dramatically some of the characteristic features of the system. One such change is a fractal distribution of broken locks within a strained cluster leading to a model parameter-dependent critical point. In the critical regime, growth of a strained cluster as well as the distribution of broken locks within the cluster exhibits universal power-law behavior well explained by ordinary two-dimensional percolation theory. This random aspect of the model at large scales appears to arise from a self-organizing critical behavior of cells that evolve into a state of a minimum stable strain. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Simulat Phys, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Shim, Y (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, A131, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 320 BP 11 EP 24 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01592-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01592-3 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 652JJ UT WOS:000181375800002 ER PT J AU Kuno, M Fromm, DP Johnson, ST Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ AF Kuno, M Fromm, DP Johnson, ST Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ TI Modeling distributed kinetics in isolated semiconductor quantum dots SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CDSE/CDS CORE/SHELL NANOCRYSTALS; DETECTED MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; SINGLE MOLECULES; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; SPECTRAL DIFFUSION; JUMPS; SPECTROSCOPY; TIME; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AB A detailed modeling of recently observed nonexponential fluorescence intermittency in colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is presented. In particular, experiments have shown that both "on"-time and "off"-time probability densities generated from single-QD fluorescence trajectories follow an inverse power law, P(tau(on/off))proportional to1/tau(on/off)(1+alpha), over multiple decades in time, where the exponent 1+alpha can, in general, differ for "on" versus "off" episodes. Several models are considered and tested against their ability to predict inverse power law behavior in both P(tau(on)) and P(tau(off)). A physical picture involving electron tunneling to, and return from, traps located several nanometers away from the QD is found to be consistent with the observed P(tau(off)) but does not yield the inverse power-law behavior seen in P(tau(on)). However, a simple phenomenological model based on exponentially distributed and randomly switched on and off decay rates is analyzed in detail and shown to yield an inverse power-law behavior in both P(tau(on)) and P(tau(off)). Monte Carlo calculations are used to simulate the resulting blinking behavior, and are subsequently compared with experimental observations. Most relevantly, these comparisons indicate that the experimental on-->off blinking kinetics are independent of excitation intensity, in contradiction with previous multiphoton models of on/off intermittency based on an Auger-assisted ionization of the QD by recombination of a second electron-hole pair. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Kuno, Masaru/K-2673-2012 NR 62 TC 241 Z9 242 U1 4 U2 47 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 12 AR 125304 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.125304 PG 15 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 666CL UT WOS:000182158000063 ER PT J AU Su, MY Carter, SG Sherwin, MS Huntington, A Coldren, LA AF Su, MY Carter, SG Sherwin, MS Huntington, A Coldren, LA TI Strong-field terahertz optical mixing in excitons SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-QUANTUM-WELLS; ELECTRIC-FIELD; ABSORPTION; DRIVEN AB Driving a double-quantum-well excitonic intersubband resonance with a terahertz (THz) electric field of frequency omega(THz) generated terahertz optical sidebands omega = omega(THz) + omega(NIR) on a weak near-infrared probe. At high THz intensities, the intersubband dipole energy which coupled two excitons was comparable to the THz photon energy. In this strong-field regime, the sideband intensity displayed a nonmonotonic dependence on the THz field strength. The oscillating refractive index which gives rise to the sidebands may be understood by the formation of dressed states that oscillate with the same periodicity as the driving THz field. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Terahertz Sci & Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Su, MY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Carter, Sam/G-4589-2012 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR 15 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 12 AR 125307 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.125307 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 666CL UT WOS:000182158000066 ER PT J AU Belov, SP McElmurry, BA Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Leonov, I AF Belov, SP McElmurry, BA Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Leonov, I TI Testing the morphed potential of Ar : HBr using frequency and phase stabilized FASSST with a supersonic jet SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GROUND-STATE DYNAMICS; ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; HYDROGEN BROMIDE; SPECTROSCOPY; ARHBR; SPECTROMETER; SYSTEMS; IH; CO AB The lowest frequency Sigma bending vibration of Ar:HBr has been recorded using frequency and phase stabilized Fast Scan Submillimeter Spectroscopic Technique (FASSST) coaxially with a supersonic jet. The fitted band origin was nu(0) = 329611.4482(16) MHz, the excited stated rotational constant was B = 1236.41359(22) MHz, the distortion constants were D-J = 0.0124740(36) MHz and H-J = -2.503(17) x 10(-6) MHz and the quadrupole constants were chi(aa) = 260.9552(79) MHz and D-chi = -0.03174(35) MHz for Ar:(HBr)-Br-79. Corresponding values have also been determined for the Ar:(HBr)-Br-81 isotopomer. chi(aa) and D-chi are compared with values predicted from a recently determined morphed potential of Ar:HBr. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bevan, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM bevan@mail.chem.tamu.edu RI Bevan, John/B-6529-2015; Lucchese, Robert/O-4452-2014 OI Bevan, John/0000-0003-0264-6596; Lucchese, Robert/0000-0002-7200-3775 NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 370 IS 3-4 BP 528 EP 534 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00117-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 652PB UT WOS:000181386600036 ER PT J AU Lai, NC Korsmeyer, KE Holts, D Ramon, D AF Lai, NC Korsmeyer, KE Holts, D Ramon, D TI Metabolic rates of two oceanic elasmobranchs, the shortfin mako shrk (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the pelagic ray (Dasyatis violacea) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA C1 Univ San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Hawaii Pacific Univ, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. SWFSC, San Diego, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 SU S BP A422 EP A422 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 658QZ UT WOS:000181733102000 ER PT J AU Ramsdell, J Woofter, R Colman, J Dechraoui, MYB Dover, S Pandos, B Gordon, CJ AF Ramsdell, J Woofter, R Colman, J Dechraoui, MYB Dover, S Pandos, B Gordon, CJ TI Protective effects of cholestyramine on oral exposure to the red tide toxin brevetoxin SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA C1 Natl Ocean Atmospher Adm, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 SU S BP A613 EP A613 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 658QZ UT WOS:000181733102890 ER PT J AU Toggweiler, JR Murnane, R Carson, S Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL AF Toggweiler, JR Murnane, R Carson, S Gnanadesikan, A Sarmiento, JL TI Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs - 2. Organic pump SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE ocean carbon cycle; organic pump; box model; gas exchange; preformed nutrients; glacial-interglacial; CO2 ID INTERGLACIAL CO2 VARIATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BOTTOM WATER; OCEAN CIRCULATION; SEA-ICE; DEEP; CHEMISTRY; AIR AB [1] Box models of the ocean/atmosphere CO2 system rely on mechanisms at polar outcrops to alter the strength of the ocean's organic carbon pump. GCM-based carbon system models are reportedly less sensitive to the same processes. Here we separate the carbon pumps in a three-box model and the GCM-based Princeton Ocean Biogeochemistry Model to show how the organic pumps operate in the two kinds of models. The organic pumps are found to be quite different in two respects. Deep water in the three-box model is relatively well equilibrated with respect to the pCO(2) of the atmosphere while deep water in the GCM tends to be poorly equilibrated. This makes the organic pump inherently stronger in the GCM than in the three-box model. The second difference has to do with the role of polar nutrient utilization. The organic pump in the GCM is shown to have natural upper and lower limits that are set by the initial PO4 concentrations in the deep water formed in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. The strength of the organic pump can swing between these limits in response to changes in deep-water formation that alter the mix of northern and southern deep water. Thus, unlike the situation in the three-box model, the organic pump in the GCM can become weaker or stronger without changes in polar nutrient utilization. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA. Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Risk Predict Initiat, Garrett Pk, MD 20896 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Toggweiler, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA. RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 33 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 AR 1027 DI 10.1029/2001GB001841 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666AK UT WOS:000182153300002 ER PT J AU Toggweiler, JR Gnanadesikan, A Carson, S Murnane, R Sarmiento, JL AF Toggweiler, JR Gnanadesikan, A Carson, S Murnane, R Sarmiento, JL TI Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs: 1. Solubility pump SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE ocean carbon cycle; solubility pump; box model; gas exchange ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; WATER; TEMPERATURE; TRANSPORT; FLUXES; FLOW AB [1] Bacastow [1996], Broecker et al. [1999], and Archer et al. [2000] have called attention recently to the fact that box models and general circulation models (GCMs) represent the thermal partitioning of CO2 between the warm surface ocean and cold deep ocean in different ways. They attribute these differences to mixing and circulation effects in GCMs that are not resolved in box models. The message that emerges from these studies is that box models have overstated the importance of the ocean's polar regions in the carbon cycle. A reduced role for the polar regions has major implications for the mechanisms put forth to explain glacial - interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2. In parts 1 and 2 of this paper, a new analysis of the ocean's carbon pumps is carried out to examine these findings. This paper, part 1, shows that unresolved mixing and circulation effects in box models are not the main reason for box model-GCM differences. The main factor is very different kinds of restrictions on gas exchange in polar areas. Polar outcrops in GCMs are much smaller than in box models, and they are assumed to be ice covered in an unrealistic way. This finding does not support a reduced role for the ocean's polar regions in the cycling of organic carbon, the subject taken up in part 2. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA. Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Risk Predict Initiat, Garrett Pk, MD 20896 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Toggweiler, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA. RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 AR 1026 DI 10.1029/2001GB001401 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666AK UT WOS:000182153300001 ER PT J AU Rey, AM Burnett, K Roth, R Edwards, M Williams, CJ Clark, CW AF Rey, AM Burnett, K Roth, R Edwards, M Williams, CJ Clark, CW TI Bogoliubov approach to superfluidity of atoms in an optical lattice SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TWISTED BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; PHASE-TRANSITION; SQUEEZED STATES; INSULATOR; SYSTEMS AB We use the Bogoliubov theory of atoms in an optical lattice to study the approach to the Mott-insulator transition. We derive an explicit expression for the superfluid density based on the rigidity of the system under phase variations. This enables us to explore the connection between the quantum depletion of the condensate and the quasi-momentum distribution on the one hand and the superfluid fraction on the other. The approach to the insulator phase may be characterized through the filling of the band by quantum depletion, which should be directly observable via the matter-wave interference patterns. We complement these findings by self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov-Popov calculations for one-dimensional lattices, including the effects of a parabolic trapping potential. C1 NIST, Technol Adm, Phys Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Rey, AM (reprint author), NIST, Technol Adm, Phys Lab, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Roth, Robert/B-6502-2008; Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; NR 28 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 5 BP 825 EP 841 AR PII S0953-4075(03)54873-8 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/36/5/304 PG 17 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 665VR UT WOS:000182142400005 ER PT J AU Ji, Y Chien, CL Stiles, MD AF Ji, Y Chien, CL Stiles, MD TI Current-induced spin-wave excitations in a single ferromagnetic layer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; CO/CU/CO PILLARS; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; NANOWIRES; REVERSAL; SYSTEMS; TORQUES AB Evidence for a current-induced spin-transfer torque effect has been investigated in a series of point contacts to single ferromagnetic layers. At specific current densities, abrupt resistance changes, similar to those attributed to current-induced spin-wave excitations in multilayers, have been observed for one current polarity. The critical current for these resistance changes depends linearly on the external field applied perpendicular to the layer. The observed effect is interpreted as a current-driven heterogeneous instability in an otherwise uniform ferromagnetic layer. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; Ji, Yi/K-8027-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; NR 29 TC 102 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 10 AR 106601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.106601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 656FE UT WOS:000181597500038 PM 12689019 ER PT J AU Wang, XJ Key, JR AF Wang, XJ Key, JR TI Recent trends in arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties from space SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA-ICE; HIGH-LATITUDES; TEMPERATURE; ALBEDO AB Trends in satellite-derived cloud and surface properties for 1982 to 1999 show that the Arctic has warmed and become cloudier in spring and summer but has cooled and become less cloudy in winter. The increase in spring cloud amount radiatively balances changes in surface temperature and albedo, but during summer, fall, and winter, cloud forcing has tended toward increased cooling. This implies that, if seasonal cloud amounts were not changing, surface warming would be even greater than that observed. Strong correlations with the Arctic Oscillation indicate that the rise in surface temperature and changes in cloud amount are related to large-scale circulation rather than to local processes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Wang, XJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 16 TC 131 Z9 136 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAR 14 PY 2003 VL 299 IS 5613 BP 1725 EP 1728 DI 10.1126/science.1078065 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 654WM UT WOS:000181519500043 PM 12637742 ER PT J AU Deshler, T Hervig, ME Hofmann, DJ Rosen, JM Liley, JB AF Deshler, T Hervig, ME Hofmann, DJ Rosen, JM Liley, JB TI Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41 degrees N), using balloon-borne instruments SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratospheric aerosol size distributions; volcanic stratospheric aerosol; background stratospheric aerosol; in situ aerosol size distribution measurements; optical particle counters; balloonborne aerosol measurements ID MAJOR VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; EL-CHICHON; OZONE DEPLETION; SAGE-II; NORTHERN MIDLATITUDES; VERTICAL PROFILES; EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PINATUBO ERUPTION AB Vertical profiles of size-resolved aerosol concentrations above Laramie, Wyoming (41degreesN), have been measured for the past thirty years, 1971-2001. During this period, two somewhat different optical particle counters have been used to measure particles with radii greater than or equal to0.15 mum, whereas the instrument to measure condensation nuclei (CN) has not changed significantly since the late 1970s. The two optical particle counters measure aerosols greater than or equal to0.15, 0.25 mum and aerosols greater than or equal to0.15-2.0 mum in twelve size classes. These measurements have concentration (N) uncertainties proportional to +/-N-0.5, but with a minimum of +/-10%. Sizing uncertainties are about +/-10%. The impact of these uncertainties on size distribution fitting parameters and aerosol moments are approximately +/-30% and +/-40%. The long-term record from these measurements indicates that volcanoes have controlled stratospheric aerosol abundance for 20 of the past 30 years. The present period, beginning in 1997, represents the longest volcanically quiescent period in the record. These and other measurements clearly show that stratospheric aerosol are now in a background state, a state rarely occurring in recent times, and that this background state is not significantly different than observations in 1979. Aerosol volumes and surface areas, inferred from size distributions fit to the measurements, are compared with SAGE II satellite estimates of surface area and volume. For volume the measurements are in agreement within measurement error throughout the record. For surface area there is good agreement for a volcanic aerosol laden stratosphere, but for background aerosol conditions the SAGE II estimates are about 40% less than the in situ measurements. Present aerosol surface areas are similar to1.0 (0.6) mum(2) cm(-3) in the 15-20 (20-25) km layer based on in situ measurements. The Laramie size distribution record is now available to the community over the internet. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. GATS Inc, Driggs, ID 83422 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand. Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Deshler, T (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM deshler@uwyo.edu; m.e.hervig@gats-inc.com; David.J.Hofmann@noaa.gov; wyojim@igc.apc.org; b.liley@niwa.cri.nz NR 88 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 4167 DI 10.1029/2002JD002541 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666AQ UT WOS:000182153800003 ER PT J AU Kumar, A Schubert, SD Suarez, MS AF Kumar, A Schubert, SD Suarez, MS TI Variability and predictability of 200-mb seasonal mean heights during summer and winter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE seasonal predictability; ENSO response; ENSO SSTs ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; ANNUAL CYCLE; CONVECTION; PREDICTION; ANOMALIES AB In this paper a comparison of the variability and predictability of 200-mb seasonal mean heights for winter and summer is made based upon atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations. Simulations from two different AGCMs for the 1982-1999 period are used. The magnitude of seasonal predictability for the winter and summer is found to be similar. The spatial characteristics of seasonal predictability, however, had some interesting differences. For the respective hemisphere's summer the extratropical zonal mean heights had an appreciable contribution towards seasonal predictability, whereas for the winter season, predictability was dominated by eddy heights. There were also interesting interhemispheric differences in seasonal variability and predictability which are attributed to an interplay between the seasonal cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation SST anomalies and the seasonal cycle of mean atmospheric circulation which governs the dynamics of tropical-extratropical interactions. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 806-H, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM arun.kumar@noaa.gov; schubert@dao.gsfc.nasa.gov; max.suarez@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 4169 DI 10.1029/2002JD002728 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 666AQ UT WOS:000182153800006 ER PT J AU Koster, RD Suarez, MJ Higgins, RW Van den Dool, HM AF Koster, RD Suarez, MJ Higgins, RW Van den Dool, HM TI Observational evidence that soil moisture variations affect precipitation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENCE AB [1] Land-atmosphere feedback, by which precipitation-induced soil moisture anomalies affect subsequent precipitation, may be an important element of Earth's climate system, but its very existence has never been demonstrated conclusively at regional to continental scales. Evidence for the feedback is sought in a 50-year observational precipitation dataset covering the United States. The precipitation variance and autocorrelation fields are characterized by features that agree (in structure, though not in magnitude) with those produced by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Because the model-generated features are known to result from land-atmosphere feedback alone, the observed features are suggestive of the existence of feedback in nature. C1 NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Climate & Radiat Branch, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Washington, DC USA. RP NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM randal.d.koster@nasa.gov RI Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012 OI Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383 NR 14 TC 127 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 12 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 AR 1241 DI 10.1029/2002GL016571 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 665ZN UT WOS:000182151300006 ER PT J AU Redfield, S Ayres, TR Linsky, JL Ake, TB Dupree, AK Robinson, RD Young, PR AF Redfield, S Ayres, TR Linsky, JL Ake, TB Dupree, AK Robinson, RD Young, PR TI A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer survey of coronal forbidden lines in late-type stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE line : profiles; stars : coronae; stars : late-type; ultraviolet : stars; X-rays : stars ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH; OBSERVING STELLAR CORONAE; X-RAY-EMISSION; A-TYPE STARS; ROTATIONAL VELOCITIES; RADIAL-VELOCITIES; TRANSITION REGION; HERTZSPRUNG GAP; BINARY-SYSTEM; CAPELLA AB We present a survey of coronal forbidden lines detected in Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of nearby stars. Two strong coronal features, Fe XVIII lambda974 and Fe XIX lambda1118, are observed in 10 of the 26 stars in our sample. Various other coronal forbidden lines, observed in solar ares, also were sought but not detected. The Fe XVIII feature, formed at log T = 6 : 8 K, appears to be free of blends, whereas the Fe XIX line can be corrupted by a C I multiplet. FUSE observations of these forbidden iron lines at spectral resolution = lambda/Deltalambda similar to 15,000 provides the opportunity to study dynamics of hot coronal plasmas. We find that the velocity centroid of the Fe XVIII feature deviates little from the stellar rest frame, confirming that the hot coronal plasma is confined. The observed line widths generally are consistent with thermal broadening at the high temperatures of formation and show little indication of additional turbulent broadening. The fastest rotating stars, 31 Com, alpha Aur Ab, and AB Dor, show evidence for excess broadening beyond the thermal component and the photospheric v sin i. The anomalously large widths in these fast-rotating targets may be evidence for enhanced rotational broadening, consistent with emission from coronal regions extending an additional DeltaR similar to 0.4-1.3 R-* above the stellar photosphere, or represent the turbulent broadening caused by flows along magnetic loop structures. For the stars in which Fe XVIII is detected, there is an excellent correlation between the observed Rontgensatellit (ROSAT) 0.2-2.0 keV soft X-ray flux and the coronal forbidden line flux. As a result, Fe XVIII is a powerful new diagnostic of coronal thermal conditions and dynamics that can be utilized to study high-temperature plasma processes in late-type stars. In particular, FUSE provides the opportunity to obtain observations of important transition region lines in the far-UV, as well as simultaneous measurements of soft X-ray coronal emission, using the Fe XVIII coronal forbidden line. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, CASA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 54 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAR 10 PY 2003 VL 585 IS 2 BP 993 EP 1006 DI 10.1086/346129 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650WU UT WOS:000181287200037 ER PT J AU Conkright, ME Gregg, WW AF Conkright, ME Gregg, WW TI Comparison of global chlorophyll climatologies: In situ, CZCS, Blended in situ-CZCS and SeaWiFS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC PENINSULA WATERS; OCEANIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENT; BIOOPTICAL PROPERTIES; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SATELLITE CHLOROPHYLL; DATA-SET; EL-NINO; COLOR AB Chlorophyll climatologies derived from historical in situ data, Coastal Zone Color Scanner data (CZCS) and SeaWiFS (Version 3) data were intercompared to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in representing chlorophyll distributions in the global ocean. A fourth dataset, produced by blending ill situ data with CZCS data was compared to the other three. Systematic biases were associated with each of these datasets. In situ and CZCS data appeared to underestimate chlorophyll since the blended analysis produced generally elevated values. The underestimate by situ data is related to problems mostly in the analysis of the data. CZCS underestimates are related to calibration and algorithm problems. The SeaWiFS data for the open ocean appears to be valid since its within 10% of the blended climatology for all seasons except winter. In the coastal ocean, SeaWiFS may overestimate chlorophyll with values 30-77% higher than the next closest climatology. Blending of in situ and satellite may produce the best climatology. This method takes advantage of the higher quality of in situ data. and the spatial variability of satellite sensor data, The blended method may be of greatest use for SeaWiFS in coastal areas. where the algorithm problems are greatest. C1 NOAA, Ocean Climate Lab, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Conkright, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Climate Lab, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, E-OC5, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 62 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 969 EP 991 DI 10.1080/01431160110115573 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 662BT UT WOS:000181926400005 ER PT J AU Romanov, P Tarpley, D AF Romanov, P Tarpley, D TI Automated monitoring of snow cover over South America using GOES Imager data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB An automated system has been developed for monitoring snow cover over South America, The system uses observations in the risible, middle infrared and infrared spectral bands from the Imager instrument onboard Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Maps of snow cover are generated on a daily basis at a spatial resolution of 4 km. In the Letter, we present the results of snow cover monitoring during an 18-month period extending from May 2000 to November 2001. Seasonal changes of the snow-covered area are analysed. The extent of wintertime snow cover in South America was found to be loader than reported in earlier studies. C1 NOAA MESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Romanov, P (reprint author), NOAA MESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 712, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 NR 6 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1119 EP 1125 DI 10.1080/0143116021000044823 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 662BT UT WOS:000181926400015 ER PT J AU Brenes, CL Coen, JE Chelton, DB Enfield, DB Leon, S Ballestero, D AF Brenes, CL Coen, JE Chelton, DB Enfield, DB Leon, S Ballestero, D TI Wind driven upwelling in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-AMERICA; PACIFIC COAST AB Using satellite sensor data and information from local meteorological stations, a transient upwelling event in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. has been observed during the period 6-8 March 1997 in coincidence with strong upwelling in the Gulf of Papagayo. Strong north-easterlies funnelled through two mountain passes are responsible for this feature, observed intermittently between November and March. C1 Univ Nacl, Oceanog Lab, Heredia, Costa Rica. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33148 USA. Univ Nacl, Lab Quim Marina, Heredia, Costa Rica. RP Brenes, CL (reprint author), Univ Nacl, Oceanog Lab, Apdo 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica. RI Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1127 EP 1133 DI 10.1080/0143116021000028632 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 662BT UT WOS:000181926400016 ER PT J AU Garzoli, SL Servain, J AF Garzoli, SL Servain, J TI CLIVAR workshop on tropical Atlantic variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATIC VARIABILITY; OCEAN; SEA; HURRICANES; INDEXES; MODES C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. FUNCEME, BR-60115221 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. RP Garzoli, SL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 AR 8001 DI 10.1029/2002GL016823 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 665FK UT WOS:000182108800009 ER PT J AU Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V AF Erlick, C Ramaswamy, V TI Note on the definition of clear sky in calculations of shortwave cloud forcing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE anomalous absorption; indirect aerosol effect; cloud forcing ID SOLAR-RADIATION; ABSORPTION; AEROSOL; AIRCRAFT; MODELS; TRACKS; BUDGET; SHIPS AB [1] An important item to distinguish in estimations of cloud forcing is the characteristics of the "clear sky.'' In this study we investigate the influence of the composition of the clear sky in calculations of shortwave cloud forcing based on two case studies from the Monterey Area Ship Track Experiment (MAST). The forcing is calculated with respect to a clear sky devoid of aerosol particles and with respect to a clear sky containing the aerosol particles present in and below the cloud layer at below-cloud ambient humidity. It is found that in the case of a continentally influenced stratocumulus cloud containing a large concentration of dust and/or soot aerosols, the definition of clear sky makes an 8-10% difference in the upwelling solar irradiance and cloud forcing ratio. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Erlick, C (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. EM caryn@dina.es.huji.ac.il; vr@gfdl.noaa.gov NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAR 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 4156 DI 10.1029/2002JD002990 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 665GC UT WOS:000182110400006 ER PT J AU Moreland, J AF Moreland, J TI Micromechanical instruments for ferromagnetic measurements SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ANGULAR-MOMENTUM DETECTION; RESONANCE FORCE MICROSCOPY; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; TORQUE MAGNETOMETRY; RECORDING MEDIA; LOW FIELDS; CANTILEVER; MAGNETOELECTRONICS; SENSOR; FILMS AB I review some of the novel methods for measuring ferromagnetic properties of thin films based on micromechanical magnetometers and put them into context relative to current research on nanomagnetism. Measurements rely on the detection of mechanical forces or torques on thin films deposited onto microcantilevers. Displacements of the cantilever are detected by optical methods similar to those developed for atomic force microscopy. High sensitivities are achieved by integrating the sample with the detector, allowing magnetic measurements of samples with a total magnetic moment smaller than that detectable with conventional magnetometers. Cantilevers with low spring constants and high mechanical Q are essential for these measurements. Sensitivities better than 10(5) mu(B) are possible at room temperature with the potential for single spin detection below 1 K, where the thermomechanical noise of micromechanical sensors is substantially reduced. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moreland, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 68 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 18 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD MAR 7 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 5 BP R39 EP R51 AR PII S0022-3727(03)30149-4 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/36/5/201 PG 13 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 660CF UT WOS:000181815700001 ER PT J AU Krutzen, M Sherwin, WB Connor, RC Barre, LM Van de Casteele, T Mann, J Brooks, R AF Krutzen, M Sherwin, WB Connor, RC Barre, LM Van de Casteele, T Mann, J Brooks, R TI Contrasting relatedness patterns in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) with different alliance strategies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE alliance formation; bottlenose dolphins; kinship; relatedness; skew theory; Tursiops sp. ID REPRODUCTIVE-SKEW; PAIRWISE RELATEDNESS; ANIMAL SOCIETIES; SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; MODEL; POPULATIONS; MARKERS; CETACEANS; PATERNITY AB Male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay have one of the most complex male societies outside humans. Two broad mating strategies have been identified in males. In the first strategy, there are two types of alliances: stable 'first-order' pairs and trios that herd individual females in reproductive condition, and 'second-order' teams of two first-order alliances (five or six individuals) that join forces against rivals in contests for females. In the alternative strategy, a 'super-alliance' of ca. 14 individuals, males form pairs or trios to herd females, but in contrast to the stable alliances, these pairs and trios are highly labile. Here, we show that males in stable first-order alliances and the derived second-order alliances are often strongly related, so that they may gain inclusive fitness benefits from alliance membership. By contrast, members of the super-alliance are no more closely related than expected by chance. Further, the strength of the association of alliance partners within the super-alliance, as measured by an index of joint participation in consorting a female, was not correlated with their genetic relatedness. Thus, within one population and one sex, it appears that there may be simultaneous operation of more than one mode of group formation. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. UMASS Sartmouth, Dept Biol, N Dartmouth, MA 02748 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, Lab Anim Ecol, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Georgetown Univ, Dept Psychol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Krutzen, M (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM michael.kruetzen@unsw.edu.au; w.sherwin@unsw.edu.au; rconnor@umassd.edu; lynne.barre@noaa.gov; casteele@uia.ua.ac.be; mannj2@georgetown.edu; rob.brooks@unsw.edu.au RI Brooks, Robert/A-1251-2008; Sherwin, William B/C-3432-2008; Krutzen, Michael/D-9550-2011; OI Brooks, Robert/0000-0001-6926-0781; Sherwin, William B/0000-0002-1578-8473; Krutzen, Michael/0000-0003-1055-5299 NR 49 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 5 U2 24 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 EI 1471-2954 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD MAR 7 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1514 BP 497 EP 502 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2229 PG 6 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 654HD UT WOS:000181488500007 PM 12641904 ER PT J AU Kozlov, SN Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ AF Kozlov, SN Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ TI OH reactivity and UV spectra of propane, n-propyl bromide, and isopropyl bromide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; RATE CONSTANTS; ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES; KINETICS; FLUORESCENCE; RADICALS; ALKANES; CHLOROBROMOMETHANE; 1-BROMOPROPANE; PHOTOLYSIS AB The rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, and propane were measured using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range between 210 and 480 K. Arrhenius plots exhibit a noticeable curvature, and the rate constants can be represented using a three-parameter modified Arrhenius expression over the temperature range of the experiments with ca. 2% precision. Such a fit also describes the available high-temperature data for propane quite well. The best three-parameter fits to the data are: k(C3H8)(T) = 1.96 x 10(-12) x (T/298)(1.83) x exp{-167/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(nPB)(T) = 2.99 x 10(-13) x (T/298)(2.79) x exp{+369/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); and k(iPB)(T) = 1.66 x 10(-13) x (T/298)(2.95) x exp{+461/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). For the low temperature range of atmospheric interest, the reaction rate constants can be accurately presented by standard Arrhenius expressions. Based on the available low-temperature data the following rate constants can be recommended for the purpose of atmospheric modeling: k(C3H8)(T < 300 K) = 8.66 x 10(-12) x exp{-615/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(nPB)(T < 300 K) = 3.03 x 10(-12) x exp{-330/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(iPB)(T < 300 K) = 1.77 x 10(-12) x exp{-260/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Atmospheric lifetimes were estimated to be ca. 14, 14, and 19 days for CH3CH2CH3, CH2BrCH2CH3, and CH3CHBrCH3, respectively. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of these bromopropanes were measured between 164 and 270 nm. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Orkin, VL (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012 NR 25 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAR 6 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 9 BP 1333 EP 1338 DI 10.1021/jp021806j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 652EJ UT WOS:000181366600013 ER PT J AU Singer, HJ Carlowicz, MJ Lopez, RE AF Singer, HJ Carlowicz, MJ Lopez, RE TI Storms from the Sun: The emerging science of space weather SO NATURE LA English DT Book Review C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Div Res & Dev, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Singer, HJ (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Div Res & Dev, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAR 6 PY 2003 VL 422 IS 6927 BP 21 EP 22 DI 10.1038/422021a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 651VP UT WOS:000181343100018 ER PT J AU Andersen, WC Bruno, TJ AF Andersen, WC Bruno, TJ TI Kinetics of carbonyl sulfide hydrolysis. 1. Catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions in mixtures of water plus propane SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY-AMINES; COS AB Carbonyl sulfide (COS), which occurs as an impurity in commercial sources of propane, can hydrolyze in the presence of water to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Whereas COS is not itself corrosive, the hydrolysis product H2S is corrosive, especially in the presence of water. In this paper, we summarize the results from studies that address the issue of COS hydrolysis in propane, thought to be a major problem in the liquefied petroleum gas industry. A series of kinetics measurements were made of COS in a propane-water system. Reaction rates were determined from chromatographic monitoring of the decrease in COS and the appearance of H2S in the vapor phase as a function of time. The hydrolysis rate was measured for 500 and 1000 ppm mixtures of COS in propane at 38, 65, and 85 degreesC. COS hydrolysis was not observed in propane at 16 degreesC. In addition, rate constants were measured for the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by potassium hydroxide and alkanolamines. The rate of hydrolysis of COS in the aqueous propane system is several orders of magnitude lower than that in pure water. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAR 5 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 5 BP 963 EP 970 DI 10.1021/ie020772z PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 651CL UT WOS:000181302700004 ER PT J AU Andersen, WC Bruno, TJ AF Andersen, WC Bruno, TJ TI Kinetics of carbonyl sulfide hydrolysis. 2. Effect of n-alkanes in mixtures of water plus hydrocarbon SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SECONDARY-AMINES; COS AB Carbonyl sulfide (COS), which occurs as an impurity in commercial sources of propane, can hydrolyze in the presence of water to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Whereas COS is not itself corrosive, the hydrolysis product H2S is corrosive, especially in the presence of water. This hydrolysis is thought to be a major problem in the liquefied petroleum gas industry. In this paper, we summarize the results from studies that address the issue of COS hydrolysis in the presence of various n-alkanes. A series of kinetics measurements were made of COS in aqueous systems containing methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, or n-hexane at 85 degreesC. Reaction rates were determined from chromatographic monitoring of the decrease in COS and the appearance of H2S in the vapor phase as a function of time. The hydrolysis rates varied for each of the hydrocarbon systems, and all rates were several orders of magnitude lower than those previously reported for pure water. Furthermore, we found the rate of COS hydrolysis to be correlated with the binary interaction diffusion coefficient, D-12, for the alkanes in water. This suggests that the diffusion of larger organic molecules into the aqueous phase impedes the ability of COS to react with water. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAR 5 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 5 BP 971 EP 974 DI 10.1021/ie020773r PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 651CL UT WOS:000181302700005 ER PT J AU Elliott, JT Tona, A Woodward, JT Jones, PL Plant, AL AF Elliott, JT Tona, A Woodward, JT Jones, PL Plant, AL TI Thin films of collagen affect smooth muscle cell morphology SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; TENASCIN-C; I COLLAGEN; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; FOCAL ADHESIONS; GENE-EXPRESSION; INTEGRIN; SURFACE; GROWTH AB Thin films of the extracellular matrix protein, collagen, were prepared by adsorbing native or heat-denatured type I collagen onto hexadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers. The resulting films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and light microscopy. Denatured collagen formed a topographically smooth similar to3.6 nm thick film, consistent with an adsorbed protein monolayer. In contrast, the native collagen thin film consisted of supramolecular collagen fibrils. The density of the large fibrils could be varied by changing the native collagen concentration in the solution from which the films were prepared. The biomimetic nature of the thin collagen films was partially assessed by examining their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Automated quantitative analysis indicated that the morphology of smooth muscle cells on the thin films was dependent on whether the collagen was heat-denatured or was in its native fibrillar form. The area of cells on denatured collagen films was significantly larger than that of cells on thin films of native fibrillar collagen. This response closely mimicked the response of these cells to thick collagen gels. Examination of the relationship between collagen fibril density and cell area indicated that large fibrils play a role in determining how cells respond to collagen. Cells assumed a larger morphology on native collagen films with a lower density of large fibrils. In this study, it is clear that cell morphology on these films is determined by micron-scale interactions between cells and the matrix molecules and is not dependent on the bulk materials properties of collagen gels. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol Physiol & Biotechnol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Plant, AL (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD MAR 4 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1506 EP 1514 DI 10.1021/la026216r PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 651FJ UT WOS:000181309600010 ER PT J AU Nair, S Tsapatsis, M AF Nair, S Tsapatsis, M TI Infrared reflectance measurements of zeolite film thickness, refractive index and other characteristics SO MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE thin films; zeolite; reflectance; spectroscopy; transport ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; MFI MEMBRANES; ADSORPTION; LOCATION; GLASSES; H-ZSM-5; GROWTH; ZSM-5 AB We present a method for the non-destructive measurement of zeolite membrane characteristics by means of infrared (IR) reflectance measurements in the non-absorbing frequency range. A rigorous expression for the IR reflectivity of an isotropic layered structure is combined with a polynomial expansion for the refractive index function, to, interpret reflectance measurements from zeolite MFI membranes grown on alpha-alumina substrates by the seeded growth technique. The optical refractive index function, the membrane thickness, and the RMS roughness of the membrane surface can be extracted from non-linear least squares fitting of the measurement model. The method can also be used to detect the loading of organic species by measuring changes in the optical characteristics. The utility of the method in studying adsorption and transport in zeolite membranes is discussed. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Goessmann Lab 159, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Nair, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-1811 J9 MICROPOR MESOPOR MAT JI Microporous Mesoporous Mat. PD MAR 4 PY 2003 VL 58 IS 2 BP 81 EP 89 AR PII S1387-1811(02)00607-8 DI 10.1016/S1387-1811(02)00607-8 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 653FB UT WOS:000181423600002 ER PT J AU Anderson, WC Bruno, TJ AF Anderson, WC Bruno, TJ TI Kinetics of carbonyl sulfide hydrolysis: Studies in propane and other N-alkanes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM andersen@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 45-PETR BP U429 EP U429 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002172 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW Skrtic, D AF Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW Skrtic, D TI Effect of acidic comonomers on methacrylate conversion and mechanical strength of bioactive composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joe.antonucci@nist.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 28-PMSE BP U664 EP U664 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003447 ER PT J AU Batteas, JD AF Batteas, JD TI Direct observation of the tribochemical restructuring of mica surfaces on the atomic scale SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. EM james.batteas@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 26 BP U611 EP U611 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802777 ER PT J AU Botto, RE VanderHart, DL AF Botto, RE VanderHart, DL TI Probing coal heterogeneity on the nanoscale by NMR SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM rbotto@anl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 003-FUEL BP U843 EP U843 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917803976 ER PT J AU Byrd, HCM Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, S Beers, KL VanderHart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE AF Byrd, HCM Lin-Gibson, S Bencherif, S Beers, KL VanderHart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE TI MALDI-TOF MS characterization of covalently-cationized polymers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michelle.byrd@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 48-PMSE BP U667 EP U667 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003467 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Diky, VV Wilhoit, RC Frenkel, M AF Chirico, RD Diky, VV Wilhoit, RC Frenkel, M TI Global submission and validation of experimental thermodynamic data using guided data capture (GDC) software: Benefits to authors, journals, and data users SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Expt Engn Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM chirico@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 070-CINF BP U560 EP U560 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802683 ER PT J AU Davis, CH Karim, A Beers, KL Amis, EJ Stafford, CM Harrison, C Forster, A Smith, AP Zhang, WH AF Davis, CH Karim, A Beers, KL Amis, EJ Stafford, CM Harrison, C Forster, A Smith, AP Zhang, WH TI Polymer science at the NIST combinatorial methods center. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 228-PMSE BP U695 EP U695 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003647 ER PT J AU Diky, VV Chirico, RD Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Frenkel, M AF Diky, VV Chirico, RD Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Frenkel, M TI Dynamic data evaluation: Algorithm development and analysis for thermodynamic properties of pure organic compounds SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Expt Engn Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM diky@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 015-CINF BP U551 EP U552 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802628 ER PT J AU Ege, C Majewski, J Wu, GH Kjaer, K Satija, SK Lee, KYC AF Ege, C Majewski, J Wu, GH Kjaer, K Satija, SK Lee, KYC TI X-ray and neutron scattering from model membranes with beta-amyloid peptides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Chicago, Inst Biophys Dynam, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Riso Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Chem Dept, Roskilde, Denmark. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. EM canayege@midway.uchicago.edu; kayeelee@uchicago.edu RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 51-COLL BP U615 EP U615 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802802 ER PT J AU Esker, AR Vastine, BA Deng, JJ Polidan, JT Viers, BD Satija, SK AF Esker, AR Vastine, BA Deng, JJ Polidan, JT Viers, BD Satija, SK TI Nanocomposite thin films based on POSS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aesker@vt.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 0002-MTLS BP U58 EP U58 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917800170 ER PT J AU Forster, AM Stafford, CM Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Forster, AM Stafford, CM Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial adhesion measurements: Factorial design concepts for data collection and library evaluation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM aaron.forster@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 281-PMSE BP U703 EP U703 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003700 ER PT J AU Forster, AM Kilbey, SM AF Forster, AM Kilbey, SM TI Influence of shearing parameters on the frictional forces measured between polymer brushes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. EM aaron.forster@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 478-POLY BP U618 EP U618 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003175 ER PT J AU Girard, JE Konaklieva, M Gu, DH Guttman, CM Wetzel, SJ AF Girard, JE Konaklieva, M Gu, DH Guttman, CM Wetzel, SJ TI Analysis of polyethylenimine by ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 47-PMSE BP U667 EP U667 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003466 ER PT J AU Goldie, SN Goldner, LS Fasolka, MJ Hwang, JS Beers, KL AF Goldie, SN Goldner, LS Fasolka, MJ Hwang, JS Beers, KL TI Near-field polarimetric characterization of semi-crystalline polymer systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM scott.goldie@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 89-PMSE BP U674 EP U674 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003508 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, C Simon-Manso, Y Aray, Y Mujica, V AF Gonzalez, C Simon-Manso, Y Aray, Y Mujica, V TI Simple models for the interpretation of I-V curves of 2 '-amino-4,4 ' di(ethynylphenyl)-5 '-nitro-1-benzenethiolate SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Cent Univ Venezuela, Escuela Quim, Fac Ciencias, Caracas, Venezuela. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 337 BP U784 EP U784 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917803665 ER PT J AU Hacker, CA Richter, CA Richter, LJ AF Hacker, CA Richter, CA Richter, LJ TI Characterization of solution-based attachment of organic monolayers to Si(111) for molecular electronic applications. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christina.hacker@nist.gov RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 223-COLL BP U642 EP U642 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802973 ER PT J AU Harrel, SM Turner, GM Beard, MC Schmuttenmaer, CA AF Harrel, SM Turner, GM Beard, MC Schmuttenmaer, CA TI Solvent influence on intramolecular charge transfer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NIST, Dept Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shayne.harrel@yale.edu; charies.schmuttenmaer@yale.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 47-PHYS BP U441 EP U441 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002229 ER PT J AU Helt, JM Batteas, JD AF Helt, JM Batteas, JD TI Wear of mica under aqueous environments: Direct observation of defect nucleation by AFM. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. Grad Ctr, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM jheltsi2@excite.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 316-COLL BP U641 EP U641 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802966 ER PT J AU Hernandez, RM Stranick, SJ Mallouk, TE AF Hernandez, RM Stranick, SJ Mallouk, TE TI Fabrication and characterization of biocomposite nanowire systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Mallouk, Thomas/K-7391-2012 OI Mallouk, Thomas/0000-0003-4599-4208 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 275-INOR BP U51 EP U51 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918000272 ER PT J AU Hickman, JJ Lenghaus, K Dale, J Henry, D Sundaram, S Jenkins, JW Locascio, LE Tarlov, MJ Evju, J AF Hickman, JJ Lenghaus, K Dale, J Henry, D Sundaram, S Jenkins, JW Locascio, LE Tarlov, MJ Evju, J TI Towards understanding the effects of surface modification on the biointerface in biosensors SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Bioengn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. CFD Res Corp, Biomed Technol, Huntsville, AL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM hickman@clemson.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 350-POLY BP U583 EP U583 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003047 ER PT J AU Hsu, S AF Hsu, S TI Scaling issue in nanofriction measurement. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephen.hsu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 BP U617 EP U617 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802814 ER PT J AU Hunston, DL White, CC AF Hunston, DL White, CC TI Mechanical behavior of caulks and sealants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM donald.hunston@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 71-POLY BP U542 EP U542 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002768 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME AF Jacox, ME TI Shedding light on neutral and ionic combustion reaction intermediates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marilyn.jacox@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 167-PHYS BP U458 EP U458 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002344 ER PT J AU Jimenez, E Gierczak, T Stark, H Browns, SS Knight, G Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR AF Jimenez, E Gierczak, T Stark, H Browns, SS Knight, G Burkholder, JB Ravishankara, AR TI Atmospheric chemistry of peroxy nitric acid (PNA, HO2NO2 SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Colorado, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Washington, DC USA. NOAA Aeron Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM ravi@al.noaa.gov RI Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 87 BP U810 EP U810 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917803798 ER PT J AU Koch, WF AF Koch, WF TI Knowledge, skills, and abilities of the 21st century government analytical chemist. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM koch@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA anyl-219 BP U141 EP U141 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917800625 ER PT J AU Korter, TM Beard, MC Lotshaw, WT Iwaki, LK Heilweil, EJ AF Korter, TM Beard, MC Lotshaw, WT Iwaki, LK Heilweil, EJ TI Terahertz spectroscopy of crown ethers in solution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM timothy.korter@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 373-PHYS BP U504 EP U504 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002547 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Walls, HJ Kennedy, SB Welsh, ER AF Lin-Gibson, S Walls, HJ Kennedy, SB Welsh, ER TI Chitosan hydrogels: Crosslink kinetics and gel properties SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 124-PMSE BP U679 EP U679 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003543 ER PT J AU McElmurry, BA Belov, SP Bevan, J Lucchese, RR Leonov, I AF McElmurry, BA Belov, SP Bevan, J Lucchese, RR Leonov, I TI Testing the morphed potential of Ar : HBr using frequency and phase stabilized fassst with a supersonic jet. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Boulder, CO USA. EM blake@mail.chem.tamu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 263-PHYS BP U472 EP U472 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002438 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Yarusso, DJ AF McGuiggan, PM Yarusso, DJ TI Measuring the mechanical properties of a thin polymeric film by AFM. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. 3M Co, Commercial Graph Div, St Paul, MN USA. EM patricia.mcguiggan@nist.gov RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 307-PMSE BP U707 EP U707 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003726 ER PT J AU Meyers, VA Pugh, CA Lufaso, MW Filler, WJ Lewis, WA Curtin, LS AF Meyers, VA Pugh, CA Lufaso, MW Filler, WJ Lewis, WA Curtin, LS TI Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of diferrocene tagged self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Youngstown State Univ, Dept Chem, Youngstown, OH 44555 USA. Pharmacia, Peapack, NJ USA. Nist, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, NJ USA. Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM vflick55@aol.com RI Lufaso, Michael/A-8400-2009 OI Lufaso, Michael/0000-0001-7842-6982 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 913-INOR BP U167 EP U167 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918000907 ER PT J AU Michaels, CA Chase, DB Stranick, SJ AF Michaels, CA Chase, DB Stranick, SJ TI Chemical imaging of thin film polymer blends with near-field IR microscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM chris.michaels@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 117-PMSE BP U678 EP U678 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003536 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ AF Nesbitt, DJ TI Power law fluorescence behavior in single semiconductor quantum dots. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, JILA, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM djn@jila.colorado.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 156-PHYS BP U456 EP U457 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002334 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Gu, XH Vanlandingham, M Martin, J AF Nguyen, T Gu, XH Vanlandingham, M Martin, J TI Surface and interface properties of crosslinked amine-cured epoxies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, BFRL Polymer Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tinh.nguyen@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 429-POLY BP U594 EP U594 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003126 ER PT J AU Noda, N Prabhu, VM Snyder, CR Bur, AJ Roth, SC Hudson, SD AF Noda, N Prabhu, VM Snyder, CR Bur, AJ Roth, SC Hudson, SD TI Dielectric spectroscopy characterization of the dynamics in nylon 6-clay nanocomposites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM noda@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 0031-MTLS BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917800198 ER PT J AU Nyden, MR Awad, WH Wallace, WE AF Nyden, MR Awad, WH Wallace, WE TI Application of MALDI-MS and reactive molecular dynamics in determining the mechanisms of char-formation during the thermal and oxidative degradation of polymers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marc.nyden@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 110-PMSE BP U677 EP U677 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003529 ER PT J AU Pivovar, AM Takata, S AF Pivovar, AM Takata, S TI Measuring the dynamic behavior of biomolecules with neutron scattering. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM adam.pivovar@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 97-COLL BP U622 EP U622 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802848 ER PT J AU Plant, AL AF Plant, AL TI Thin films of collagen and control of cell signaling pathways. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Biomol Mat Grp, Div Biotechnol, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Anne.Plant@NIST.GOV NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 427-COLL BP U674 EP U674 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917803176 ER PT J AU Rafailovich, MH Zhang, WH Seo, YS Yang, NL Yang, NL AF Rafailovich, MH Zhang, WH Seo, YS Yang, NL Yang, NL TI Effect of POSS on polymer blends. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Stony Brook, NY USA. CUNY, Coll Staten Isl, Dept Chem, Staten Isl, NY USA. EM miriam.rafailovich@sunysb.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 0010-MTLS BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917800178 ER PT J AU Rumble, J AF Rumble, J TI Preserving data: The role of databases in future scientific discovery SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Stand Reference Data, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.rumble@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 013-CINF BP U551 EP U551 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802626 ER PT J AU Sheiko, SS Shirvaniants, D da Silva, M Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K Prokhorova, S Moeller, M AF Sheiko, SS Shirvaniants, D da Silva, M Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K Prokhorova, S Moeller, M TI Characterization of individual polymer molecules by AFM. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Freiburg, IMTEK Inst Microsyst Technol, D-7800 Freiburg, Germany. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Tech Chem & Makromol Chem, Aachen, Germany. EM sergei@email.unc.edu RI Santer, Svetlana/H-2137-2012; Pereira-da-Silva, Marcelo/J-6733-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 142-PMSE BP U681 EP U682 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003561 ER PT J AU Sheiko, SS da Silva, M Shirvaniants, D Rodrigues, CA Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K Potemkin, II Moeller, M AF Sheiko, SS da Silva, M Shirvaniants, D Rodrigues, CA Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K Potemkin, II Moeller, M TI Spontaneous curvature of polymer brushes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Moscow, Russia. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Tech Chem & Makromol Chem, Aachen, Germany. EM sergei@email.unc.edu RI Pereira-da-Silva, Marcelo/J-6733-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 499-POLY BP U621 EP U622 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003196 ER PT J AU Steel, ET AF Steel, ET TI Nanoscale chemical characterization at nist. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.steel@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 104-IEC BP U967 EP U967 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917804524 ER PT J AU Stranick, SJ Buntin, SA Michaels, CA AF Stranick, SJ Buntin, SA Michaels, CA TI Scanning near-field dielectric microscopy at microwave frequencies for materials characterization. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stephan.stranick@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 86-PMSE BP U673 EP U673 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003505 ER PT J AU Tarlov, MJ Thomas, C Balss, KM Cavicchi, R AF Tarlov, MJ Thomas, C Balss, KM Cavicchi, R TI Exploring the effect of surface hydration on microboiling events with self-assembled monolayers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.tarlov@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 512-COLL BP U687 EP U687 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917803261 ER PT J AU Thomas, G Tarlov, MJ AF Thomas, G Tarlov, MJ TI Microfluidic sensors for protein analyses. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gthomas@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 103-BIOT BP U199 EP U199 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917800793 ER PT J AU VanderHart, DL Snyder, CR Alamo, RG AF VanderHart, DL Snyder, CR Alamo, RG TI Proton NMR characterization of room-temperature aging in isotactic polypropylene and ethylene/octene copolymers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FAMU FSU, Dept Chem Engn, Tallahassee, FL USA. EM david.vanderhart@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 441-POLY BP U596 EP U596 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003138 ER PT J AU Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Girard, JE AF Wetzel, SJ Guttman, CM Girard, JE TI Influence of laser energy and matrix of MALDI on the molecular mass distribution of poly(ethylene glycol). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 44-PMSE BP U666 EP U666 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003463 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, R AF Zangmeister, CD Robey, SW van Zee, R TI Photoemission studies of organic-thiol self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.zangmeister@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 384-PHYS BP U505 EP U506 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918002557 ER PT J AU Zhang, RW Gu, XH Chen, HM Li, Y Zhang, JJ Nguyen, T Jean, YC AF Zhang, RW Gu, XH Chen, HM Li, Y Zhang, JJ Nguyen, T Jean, YC TI Study of UV-degradation in epoxy polymer by using slow positron annihilation spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64112 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM zhangr@umkc.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 430-POLY BP U594 EP U594 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PW UT WOS:000187918003127 ER PT J AU Zhang, WH Karim, AG Amis, EJ Fasolka, MJ AF Zhang, WH Karim, AG Amis, EJ Fasolka, MJ TI Combinatorial informatic systems at the NIST Combinatorial Methods Center SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 225th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 23-27, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 225 MA 061-CINF BP U558 EP U559 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 761PU UT WOS:000187917802674 ER PT J AU Zabel, RW Harvey, CJ Katz, SL Good, TP Levin, PS AF Zabel, RW Harvey, CJ Katz, SL Good, TP Levin, PS TI Ecologically sustainable yield - Marine conservation requires a new ecosystem-based concept for fisheries management that looks beyond sustainable yield for individual fist species SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article AB Marine conservation requires a new ecosystem-based concept for fisheries management that looks beyond sustainable yield for individual fist species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Zabel, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 19 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 13 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 91 IS 2 BP 150 EP 157 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 645HQ UT WOS:000180970500017 ER PT J AU Phinney, KW Sander, LC AF Phinney, KW Sander, LC TI Enantioselective separations in capillary electrophoresis with dextran sulfate as the chiral selector SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; chiral recognition; dextran sulfate; enantiomers; polysaccharide ID ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; ENANTIOMERIC SEPARATION; ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROMIGRATION TECHNIQUES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRUGS; ENANTIOSEPARATION; POLYSACCHARIDES; CYCLODEXTRINS; HEPARIN AB Dextran sulfate, a polyanionic polysaccharide, was evaluated as a chiral additive in capillary electrophoresis. Structurally related compounds having a variety of functional groups were utilized to probe the selectivity of the chiral selector. The effects of pH, chiral selector concentration, and chiral selector composition on resolution were also studied. At low pH, the reversed polarity mode was employed to achieve separation of the probe compounds. The electrophoretic results provided insight into the chiral recognition of dextran sulfate in capillary electrophoresis. Several factors, including hydrophobic, steric, and electrostatic interactions, appeared to play a role in the observed enantioseparations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phinney, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 375 IS 6 BP 763 EP 768 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-1808-2 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 671FZ UT WOS:000182455800007 PM 12664175 ER PT J AU Ross, D Locascio, LE AF Ross, D Locascio, LE TI Effect of caged fluorescent dye on the electroosmotic mobility in microchannels SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; SURFACE MODIFICATION; FLOW; FABRICATION; DEVICES; CHANNELS AB We report on measurements of electroosmotic mobility in polymer microchannels and silica capillaries with and without the addition of a caged fluorescein dye to the buffer. For PMMA microchannels, the mobility was found to increase from (2.6 +/- 0. 1) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) to (4.6 +/- 0.1) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) upon addition of 1.2 mmol/L of caged dye. For PC microchannels, the mobility increased from (4.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) to (5.4 +/- 0. 1) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) upon addition of caged dye. For PDMS microchannels, the mobility increased from (4.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) to (6.4 +/- 10.5) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) upon addition of caged dye. For fused-silica capillaries, the mobility ((5.5 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1)) was unaffected by the addition of the caged dye. C1 NIST, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1218 EP 1220 DI 10.1021/ac026277u PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 650JE UT WOS:000181259300032 PM 12641244 ER PT J AU Heide-Jorgensen, MP Laidre, KL Wiig, O Jensen, MV Dueck, L Maiers, LD Schmidt, HC Hobbs, RC AF Heide-Jorgensen, MP Laidre, KL Wiig, O Jensen, MV Dueck, L Maiers, LD Schmidt, HC Hobbs, RC TI From Greenland to Canada in ten days: Tracks of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, across Baffin Bay SO ARCTIC LA English DT Article DE bowhead whale; Balaena mysticetus; satellite telemetry; dive behavior; sea ice; Baffin Bay; Canada; Greenland ID BELUGAS DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; NARWHALS MONODON-MONOCEROS; DAVIS STRAIT; CHUKCHI SEAS; MOVEMENTS; SUMMER; DIVE; ISLAND; MIGRATION; ATLANTIC AB Five bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) were instrumented with satellite transmitters in northwestern Disko Bay, West Greenland, in May 2001. Best results were obtained when tags were deployed with a pole rather than a pneumatic gun. At least three of the tagged whales remained in the northwestern part of the bay for one to two weeks after tagging. A male and a female whale moved from Disko Bay to northern Canada. They left Disko Bay I I days apart and took different routes across Baffin Bay to the southern part of the North Water polynya, just east of the entrance to Lancaster Sound. The whales crossed the central part of Baffin Bay relatively rapidly (travel time of 9-10 days, 3.1 and 4.5 km/h). Dive behaviour of one whale was monitored and showed changes in dive depths, dive rates, and surfacing times in different localities, indicating behavioural changes probably related to feeding. The whales were presumably feeding in both Disko Bay in May and in the southern part of the North Water (southeast of Bylot Island) in June. This study confirms whalers' observations that bowhead whales move between West Greenland and the east coast of Baffin Island. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Oslo, Museum Zool, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. Inst Freshwater, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. RP Heide-Jorgensen, MP (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Wiig, Oystein/J-8383-2012 OI Wiig, Oystein/0000-0003-0395-5251 NR 40 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 15 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD MAR PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1 BP 21 EP 31 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 670XD UT WOS:000182434600003 ER PT J AU Collins, JA Shull, JM Giroux, ML AF Collins, JA Shull, JM Giroux, ML TI A survey of Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer and Hubble Space Telescope sight lines through high-velocity cloud Complex C SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Galaxy : halo; ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; quasars : absorption lines ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; MAGELLANIC STREAM; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; ABUNDANCES; METALLICITY AB Using archival Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data, we have assembled a survey of eight sight lines through high-velocity cloud Complex C. Abundances of the observed ion species vary significantly for these sight lines, indicating that Complex C is not well characterized by a single metallicity. Reliable metallicities based on [O I/H I] range from 0.1 to 0.25 Z(circle dot). Metallicities based on [S II/H I] range from 0.1 to 0.6 Z(circle dot), but the trend of decreasing abundance with H I column density indicates that photoionization corrections may affect the conversion to [S/H]. We present models of the dependence of the ionization correction on H I column density; these ionization corrections are significant when converting ion abundances to elemental abundances for S, Si, and Fe. The measured abundances in this survey indicate that parts of the cloud have a higher metallicity than previously thought and that Complex C may represent a mixture of "Galactic fountain" gas with infalling low-metallicity gas. We find that [S/O] and [Si/O] have a solar ratio, suggesting little dust depletion. Further, the measured abundances suggest an overabundance of O, S, and Si relative to N and Fe. The enhancement of these alpha-elements suggests that the bulk of the metals in Complex C were produced by Type II supernovae and then removed from the star-forming region, possibly via supernova-driven winds or tidal stripping, before the ISM could be enriched by Nand Fe. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Collins, JA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 42 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 585 IS 1 BP 336 EP 354 DI 10.1086/345949 PN 1 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 646QV UT WOS:000181046500029 ER PT J AU Arnold, JR Dennis, RL Tonnesen, GS AF Arnold, JR Dennis, RL Tonnesen, GS TI Diagnostic evaluation of numerical air quality models with specialized ambient observations: testing the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) at selected SOS 95 ground sites SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE photochemical modeling; model evaluation; ozone sensitivity indicators; Carbon Bond IV; Southern Oxidants Study ID RADICAL PROPAGATION EFFICIENCY; ASSESS OZONE SENSITIVITY; HYDROCARBONS; INDICATORS; MECHANISM; TRANSPORT AB Three probes for diagnosing photochemical dynamics are presented and applied to specialized ambient surface-level observations and to a numerical photochemical model to better understand rates of production and other process information in the atmosphere and in the model. However, care must be taken to ensure that rate and process information is not confounded by inappropriate averaging over these diurnally changing photochemical dynamics. One probe, the [O-3] response surface probe [O-3]/[NOX], is used here as a chemical filter to select NOX-limited hours in the observations and the simulations. Other probes used here are the fraction NOZ/NOY, a measure of chemical aging, and a measure of the production efficiency of O-3 per NOX converted, [O-3] to [No-Z]. The key ambient measurements for all three probes are accurate [NO2] and a reliable estimate of total NOY. Good agreement is shown between models and observations in cases where local photochemical production dominates and where model emissions inputs are thought to be mostly complete. We interpret this agreement to mean that the photochemical processing in CMAQ is substantially similar to that in the atmosphere. More importantly, we see that the three probes provide consistent information about photochemical processing, especially when used together. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Arnold, JR (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 9-10 BP 1185 EP 1198 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01008-7 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 659LA UT WOS:000181777100006 ER PT J AU Sackett, DL Chernomordik, V Krueger, S Nossal, R AF Sackett, DL Chernomordik, V Krueger, S Nossal, R TI Use of small-angle neutron scattering to study tubulin polymers SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID DEUTERIUM-OXIDE; X-RAY; MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION; LOW RESOLUTION; HEAVY-WATER; PROTEIN; INSTABILITY; DIFFRACTION; MICROSCOPY; ACTIVATION AB Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to examine taxol-stabilized microtubules and other tubulin samples in both H2O and D2O buffers. Measurements were made at pH/pD values between 6.0 and 7.8, and observed scattered intensities, I(Q), have been interpreted in terms of multicomponent models of microtubules and related tubulin polymers. A semiquantitative curve fitting procedure has been used to estimate the relative amounts of the supramolecular components of the samples. At both pH and pD 7.0 and above, the tubulin polymers are seen to be predominantly microtubules. Although in H2O buffer the polymer distribution is little changed as the pH varies, when pD is lowered the samples appear to contain an appreciable amount of sheetlike structures and the average microtubule protofilament number increases from ca. 12.5 at pD greater than or equal to approximate to7.0 to ca. 14 at pD approximate to6.0. Such structural change indicates that analysis of microtubule solutions based on H2O/D2O contrast variation must be performed with caution, especially at lower pH/pD. C1 NICHHD, Lab Integrat & Med Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nossal, R (reprint author), NICHHD, Lab Integrat & Med Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 4 IS 2 BP 461 EP 467 DI 10.1021/bm025760b PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 654KP UT WOS:000181496300036 PM 12625746 ER PT J AU Clapham, PJ Berggren, P Childerhouse, S Friday, NA Kasuya, T Kell, L Kock, KH Manzanilla-Naim, S Di Sciara, GN Perrin, WF Read, AJ Reeves, RR Rogan, E Rojas-Bracho, L Smith, TD Stachowitsch, M Taylor, BL Thiele, D Wade, PR Brownell, RL AF Clapham, PJ Berggren, P Childerhouse, S Friday, NA Kasuya, T Kell, L Kock, KH Manzanilla-Naim, S Di Sciara, GN Perrin, WF Read, AJ Reeves, RR Rogan, E Rojas-Bracho, L Smith, TD Stachowitsch, M Taylor, BL Thiele, D Wade, PR Brownell, RL TI Whaling as science SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID WHALES C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Stockholm, Dept Zool, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Sci & Res Unit, Dept Conservat, Wellington, New Zealand. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Teikyo Univ Sci & Technol, Yamanashi 4090193, Japan. CEFAS Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 HT, Suffolk, England. Inst Sea Fisheries, Fed Res Ctr Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany. Ist Cent Ric Applicata Mare, Giuseppe Notabarolo Sciara, I-00166 Rome, Italy. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Coll, Dept Zool & Anim Ecol, Cork, Ireland. CICESE, Inst Nacl Ecol, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. Univ Vienna, Dept Marine Biol, Inst Ecol & Conservat Biol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Deakin Univ, Sch Ecol & Environm, Warrnambool, Vic 3280, Australia. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Clapham, PJ (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2003 VL 53 IS 3 BP 210 EP 212 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0210:WAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 653JZ UT WOS:000181433200010 ER PT J AU Key, PB Chung, KW Opatkiewicz, AD Wirth, EF Fulton, MH AF Key, PB Chung, KW Opatkiewicz, AD Wirth, EF Fulton, MH TI Toxicity of the insecticides fipronil and endosulfan to selected life stages of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LETHAL; EXPOSURE C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Key, PB (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 16 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 70 IS 3 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1007/s00128-003-0019-z PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 647LU UT WOS:000181094900019 PM 12592529 ER PT J AU Etherington, LL Eggleston, DB Stockhausen, WT AF Etherington, LL Eggleston, DB Stockhausen, WT TI Partitioning loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats into mortality and emigration SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Blue Crab Conference CY MAR, 2000 CL UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON, WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA HO UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; POSTSETTLEMENT MORTALITY; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; MARK-RECAPTURE; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; LOCAL DYNAMICS; REEF FISHES; POPULATIONS; IMMIGRATION; DISPERSAL AB Determining how post-settlement processes modify patterns of settlement is vital in understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment variability of species with open populations. Generally, either single components of post-settlement loss (mortality or emigration) are examined at a time, or else the total loss is examined without discrimination of mortality and emigration components. The role of mortality in the loss of early juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, has been addressed in a few studies; however, the relative contribution of emigration has received little attention. We conducted mark-recapture experiments to examine the relative contribution of mortality and emigration to total loss rates of early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass habitats. Loss was partitioned into emigration and mortality components using a modified version of Jackson's (1939) square-within-a-square method. The field experiments assessed the effects of two size classes of early instars (J1-J2, J3-J5), two densities of juveniles (low: 16 m(-2), high: 64 m(-2)), and time of day (day, night) on loss rates. In general, total loss rates of experimental juveniles and colonization rates by unmarked juveniles were extremely high (range = 10-57 crabs m(-2)/6 h and 17-51 crabs m(-2)/6 h for loss and colonization, respectively). Total loss rates were higher at night than during the day, suggesting that juveniles (or potentially their predators) exhibit increased nocturnal activity. While colonization rates did not differ by time of day, J3-J5 juveniles demonstrated higher rates of colonization than J1-J2 crabs. Overall, there was high variability in both mortality and emigration, particularly for emigration. Average probabilities of mortality across all treatment combinations ranged from 0.25-0.67/6 h, while probabilities of emigration ranged from 0.29-0.72/6 h. Although mean mortality rates were greater than emigration rates in most treatments, the proportion of experimental trials in which crab loss from seagrass due to mortality was greater than losses due to emigration was not significantly different from 50%. Thus, mortality and emigration appear to contribute equally to juvenile loss in seagrass habitats. The difference in magnitude (absolute amount of loss) between mean emigration and mean mortality varied between size classes, such that differences between emigration and mortality were relatively small for J1-J2 crabs, but much larger for J3-J5 crabs. Further, mortality rates were density-dependent for J3-J5 juvenile stages but not for J1-J2 crabs, whereas emigration was inversely density-dependent among J3-J5 stages but not for J1-J2 instars. The co-dependency of mortality and emigration suggests that the loss term (emigration or mortality) which has the relatively stronger contribution to total loss may dictate the patterns of loss under different conditions. For older juveniles (J3-J5), emigration may only have a large impact on juvenile loss where densities are low, since the contribution of mortality appears to be much greater than emigration at high densities. The size-specific pattern of density-dependent mortality supports the notion of an ontogenetic habitat shift by early juvenile blue crabs from seagrass to unvegetated habitats, since larger individuals may experience increased mortality at high densities within seagrass beds. Qualitative comparisons between this study and a concurrent study of planktonic emigration of J1-J5 blue crabs (Blackmon and Eggleston, 2001) suggests that benthic emigration among J1-J2 blue crabs was greater than planktonic emigration; for J3-J5 stages benthic and planktonic emigration were nearly equal. This study demonstrates the potentially large role of emigration in recruitment processes and patterns of early juvenile blue crabs, and illustrates how juvenile size, juvenile density, and time of day can affect mortality and emigration rates as well as total loss and colonization. The components of population loss can have very different impacts at the population level on multiple spatial scales, which highlights the need to separate population loss into emigration and mortality. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Etherington, LL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Glacier Bay Field Stn, Gustavus, AK 99826 USA. NR 49 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 IS 2 BP 371 EP 391 PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 732CV UT WOS:000185924000010 ER PT J AU Stockhausen, WT Lipcius, RN AF Stockhausen, WT Lipcius, RN TI Simulated effects of seagrass loss and restoration on settlement and recruitment of blue crab postlarvae and juveniles in the York River, Chesapeake Bay SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Blue Crab Conference CY MAR, 2000 CL UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON, WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA HO UNIV NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON ID ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; TIDAL MARSH CREEK; ABUNDANCE; DECLINE; HABITAT; MEADOW; STOCK AB Seagrass meadows provide important settlement habitat, food and refuge for postlarvae and young juveniles of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. In the York River, Chesapeake Bay, area] cover and distribution of seagrass beds has declined historically. Beds which existed 12-25 km upriver from the mouth disappeared and have not recovered. A model for planktonic postlarval behavior, coupled with a 3-dimensional hydrodynamic transport model for the York River, was used to investigate potential effects of the decline in seagrass abundance, and hypothetical restoration, on blue crab settlement and recruitment to the benthos, both in seagrass and to unvegetated bottom. Effects of habitat loss were investigated in model simulations using two historic patterns of seagrass cover (ca. 1965 and ca. 1996), five patterns with intermediate loss of cover, and three settlement rates. Declines of crab settlement in seagrass (<40%) and total settlement (<25%) were not as great as the reduction in seagrass cover (70%). Although settlement was higher when seagrass cover was greater, a "settlement shadow" created by seagrass near the river mouth reduced settlement in historic upstream seagrass beds and ameliorated effects associated with the loss of those beds. Increases in recruitment associated with restored seagrass beds differed significantly with restoration location, such that seagrass restoration in some locations enhanced recruitment substantially more than equivalent restoration in other locations, due to spatial variation in transport processes. Thus, landscape-level spatial patterns of existing and lost seagrass habitat across the landscape interact with transport processes and postlarval behavior to determine settlement and recruitment, and should be considered when evaluating population impacts of habitat loss or restoration. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Stockhausen, WT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 IS 2 BP 409 EP 422 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 732CV UT WOS:000185924000012 ER PT J AU Lewis, JM AF Lewis, JM TI Ooishi's observation - Viewed in the context of jet stream discovery SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3 BP 357 EP 369 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 662WC UT WOS:000181971100016 ER PT J AU Spina, AP AF Spina, AP TI Habitat associations of steelhead trout near the southern extent of their range SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; CUTTHROAT TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PATCHY ENVIRONMENT; CHINOOK SALMON; SMALL STREAM; WATER TEMPERATURE; CANOPY REMOVAL; RAINBOW-TROUT; SELECTION AB Habitat associations of wild steel head trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in southern and south-central California are poorly described in the scientific literature and are largely unknown. Descriptive surveys and a manipulative experiment were performed to assess use of depth,velocity, run and pool by wild age-0, age-1 and age-2 steelhead in a small south-central California stream. Juvenile steelhead showed size-specific use of depth and velocity, though water depth was the better predictor of size-specific microhabitat use. Age-0 steelhead used shallow areas of the stream, whereas age-1 and age-2 steelhead used relatively deep areas. Juvenile steelhead used pools and runs, but age-0 steelhead showed greater occupancy of runs than was expected when abundance was adjusted according to the size of the sampled unit. Spatial variation in the density of juvenile steelhead was related to the water depth and size of the sampled units and the amount of riparian canopy cover. Because the habitats used by age-0 steelhead may not be suitable for age-1 and older steelhead, the results suggest that multiyear freshwater residence of steelhead requires habitat that is appropriate for all age classes. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. RP Spina, AP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 501 W Ocean Blvd,Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. EM anthony.spina@noaa.gov NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SPR PY 2003 VL 89 IS 2 BP 81 EP 95 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 710UH UT WOS:000184699800003 ER PT J AU Braganza, K Karoly, DJ Hirst, AC Mann, ME Stott, P Stouffer, RJ Tett, SFB AF Braganza, K Karoly, DJ Hirst, AC Mann, ME Stott, P Stouffer, RJ Tett, SFB TI Simple indices of global climate variability and change: Part I - variability and correlation structure SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID MERIDIONAL TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; CENTER COUPLED MODEL; FLUX ADJUSTMENTS; SEA-ICE; GCM; SENSITIVITY; UNCERTAINTIES AB Some simple indices are used to describe global climate variability in observational data and climate model simulations. The indices are surface temperature based and include the global-mean, the land-ocean contrast, the meridional gradient, the interhemispheric contrast, and the magnitude of the annual cycle. These indices contain information independent of the variations of the global-mean temperature for unforced climate variations. They also represent the main features of the modelled surface temperature response to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Hence, they should have a coherent response for greenhouse climate change. On interannual and decadal time scales, the variability and correlation structure of the indices from long control climate model simulations compare well with those from detrended instrumental observations for the twentieth century and proxy based climate reconstructions for 1700-1900. The indices provide a simple but effective way to evaluate global-scale climate variability in control climate model simulations. On decadal time scales, the observed correlation structure between the indices during the twentieth century shows significant differences from the detrended observations and control model simulations. These changes are consistent with forced climate variations in greenhouse climate change simulations. This suggests that the changes in the correlation structure between these indices can be used as an indicator of climate change. C1 Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Karoly, DJ (reprint author), Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, POB 28M, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. RI Karoly, David/C-8262-2011; Tett, Simon/B-1504-2013; Hirst, Anthony/E-2756-2013; Hirst, Anthony/N-1041-2014; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017 OI Karoly, David/0000-0002-8671-2994; Tett, Simon/0000-0001-7526-560X; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X NR 56 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 491 EP 502 DI 10.1007/s00382-002-0286-0 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 671UN UT WOS:000182482600005 ER PT J AU Parson, EA Corell, RW Barron, EJ Burkett, V Janetos, A Joyce, L Karl, TR MacCracken, MC Melillo, J Morgan, MG Schimel, DS Wilbanks, T AF Parson, EA Corell, RW Barron, EJ Burkett, V Janetos, A Joyce, L Karl, TR MacCracken, MC Melillo, J Morgan, MG Schimel, DS Wilbanks, T TI Understanding climatic impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation in the United States: Building a capacity for assessment SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID INCREASING CARBON-DIOXIDE; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; EXPERT JUDGMENTS; CHANGING CLIMATE; GLOBAL CHANGE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; WEEDS; RICE AB Based on the experience of the U.S. National Assessment, we propose a program of research and analysis to advance capability for assessment of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. We identify specific priorities for scientific research on the responses of ecological and socioeconomic systems to climate and other stresses: for improvement in the climatic inputs to impact assessments; and for further development of assessment methods to improve their practical utility to decision-makers. Finally, we propose a new institutional model for assessment, based principally on regional efforts that integrate observations, research, data, applications, and assessment on climate and linked environmental-change issues. The proposed program will require effective collaboration between scientists, resource managers, and other stakeholders, all of whose expertise is needed to define and prioritize key regional issues, characterize relevant uncertainties, and assess potential responses. While both scientifically and omanizationally challenging, such an integrated program holds the best promise of advancing Our capacity to manage resources and the economy adaptively under a changing climate. C1 Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Amer Meteorol Soc, Washington, DC USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USGS, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA USA. World Resources Inst, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Washington, DC USA. US Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Parson, EA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, 79 JFK St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 101 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2003 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 42 DI 10.1023/A:1022188519982 PG 34 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 651UJ UT WOS:000181340200003 ER PT J AU Assel, R Cronk, K Norton, D AF Assel, R Cronk, K Norton, D TI Recent trends in Laurentian Great Lakes ice cover SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CLIMATE CHANGES; EL-NINO; WINTER; WEATHER; MICHIGAN; PATTERNS AB A 39-winter (1963-2001) record of annual maximum ice concentration (AMIC), the maximum fraction of take surface area covered by ice each year, is analyzed for each Great Lake. Lake Erie has the largest median AMIC (94%) followed by Lakes Superior (80%), Huron (63%), Michigan (33%), and Ontario (21%). The frequency distribution of AMICs is negatively skewed for Lakes Superior and Erie and positively skewed for Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Temporal and spatial patterns of typical and extreme AMICs is presented within the context of long-term average air temperatures and lake bathymetry. The variation of spatially averaged ice concentration with discrete depth ranges are discussed for each lake for the upper and lower end of the typical range of AMIC values. In general, ice concentration decreases with increasing depth ranges for a given winter. A decrease in the gradient of ice concentration with depths was also observed with an increase in the AMIC from winter 1983 to winter 1984. A temporal trend in the AMICs supports the hypothesis of three ice cover regimes over the past 39 winters. Approximately 44% of the highest quartile (10 highest) AMICs for the Great Lakes occurred during the 6-winter period: 1977-1982 providing evidence of a higher ice cover regime during this period relative to the 14 winters before them (1963-1976) and the 19 winters after them (1983-2001). Winter 1998 established new low AMIC extremes, and the AMIC averaged over the 1998-2001 winters is the lowest for the period of record on four of the five Great Lakes. These recent trends taken together are noteworthy as they may be harbingers of a period of even lower AMICs in the 21st Century. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Assel, R (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 28 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD MAR PY 2003 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 185 EP 204 DI 10.1023/A:1022140604052 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 651UJ UT WOS:000181340200010 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA Vangel, M Duewer, DL AF Margolis, SA Vangel, M Duewer, DL TI Certification of standard reference material 970, ascorbic acid in serum, and analysis of associated interlaboratory bias in the measurement process SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA VITAMIN-C; CANCER AB Background: The accurate and reproducible measurement of ascorbic acid is essential in delineating the role of ascorbic acid as a diagnostic tool for human disease and for the comparison of data acquired by different laboratories. A stabilized pair of standards of ascorbic acid in human serum, which is compatible with most analytical methods, have been prepared. Methods: The certification was based on the gravimetric addition of ascorbic acid to metaphosphoric acid-stabilized, ascorbic acid-depleted serum and NIST liquid chromatography-electrochemical measurements. The NIST results were analyzed statistically for homogeneity, and the expanded uncertainty of each SRM was calculated using all of the NIST data. An interlaboratory comparison exercise was also performed. Results: These materials, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 970 Ascorbic Acid in Serum, Level I and Level 11, are homogeneous and are certified to contain (10.07 +/- 0.21) and (30.57 +/- 0.28) mmol ascorbic acid/L of solution (expanded uncertainty), respectively. In the interlaboratory comparison (n = 17), the relative SDs for the two materials were 22% and 19%. Conclusions: Two lots of serum, each containing different amounts of ascorbic acid stabilized in metaphosphoric acid, have been prepared and characterized. Many laboratories provide inaccurate results. (C) 2003 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, MRI Imaging Dept, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 49 IS 3 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.1373/49.3.463 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 649EL UT WOS:000181193900014 PM 12600959 ER PT J AU Rust, BW AF Rust, BW TI Fitting nature's basic functions Part IV: The variable projection algorithm SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material ID NONLINEAR LEAST-SQUARES C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rust, BW (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 74 EP 79 DI 10.1109/MCISE.2003.1182965 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 653MR UT WOS:000181440800013 ER PT J AU Hess, K AF Hess, K TI Water level simulation in bays by spatial interpolation of tidal constituents, residual water levels, and datums SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water levels; astronomical tides; Laplace's equation; numerical methods; boundary value problems ID CURVATURE AB A new method of simulating total water level relative to a datum takes values at the tide gauges and spatially interpolates them throughout the region. The values at the gauges which are spatially interpolated are: (1) each tidal constituent's amplitude and (2) phase value; (3) the residual, or non-tidal, water level; and (4) the offset, which is either the difference between local mean sea level (MSL) and mean lower low water (MLLW), or a tidal datum (either MSL or MLLW) relative to the ellipsoid. The water level at any point is computed by summing the astronomic tide (computed from the interpolated constituents), the interpolated residual, and the interpolated offset. In addition, for a GPS-supported survey, the ellipsoidally referenced MLLW values can be spatially interpolated and used to determine MLLW depth. The spatial interpolation at the core of this method is carried out by the use of a set of weighting functions that quantify the local contribution from each of the shore gauges. The weighting functions are generated numerically by solving Laplace's equation on a grid. The new method of estimating total water levels relative to a datum is called tidal constituent and residual interpolation (TCARI). The TCARI method was tested for accuracy using post-processed kinematic GPS measurements of water level collected by NOS in Galveston Bay, Texas, and San Francisco Bay, California. The root mean square errors were estimated to be 8 cm for the Galveston Bay data and 9.2 cm for the San Francisco Bay data, which is approximately the error in the measurements. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hess, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, Coast Survey Dev Lab, 1315 East West Highway,Rm 7826, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 BP 395 EP 414 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00005-0 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 663JA UT WOS:000182001400001 ER PT J AU Carey, C Alexander, MA AF Carey, C Alexander, MA TI Climate change and amphibian declines: is there a link? SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibians; amphibian breeding; amphibian population declines; climate change; El Nino ID RAIN-FOREST FROGS; TOAD BUFO-BUFO; EL-NINO; POPULATION DECLINES; COMMON TOAD; CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA; HIGH-LATITUDE; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; DENSITY AB Global climates have been changing, sometimes rapidly and dramatically, throughout the evolutionary history of amphibians. Therefore, existing amphibian species have been derived from those that have survived major climatic disturbances. Although recent global climate change has resulted in warming in many regions, temperatures in some areas to date have not changed measurably, or have even cooled. Declines of some amphibian populations have been correlated with climate events, but demonstrations of direct causal relationships need further research. Data are available indicating some indirect effect of climate change on the initiation of breeding activities of some amphibians that occur earlier than in previous springs, but the costs and benefits of these changes are just beginning to be investigated. Climate may also play an indirect role in facilitating epidemics of infectious disease. Regardless of the role that climate changes may have played in past and current amphibian declines, future shifts in climate, should they prove as dramatic as predicted, will certainly pose challenges for surviving amphibian populations and for successful recovery efforts of species that have suffered declines. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Carey, C (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 71 TC 131 Z9 149 U1 8 U2 99 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 9 IS 2 BP 111 EP 121 DI 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00011.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 649VW UT WOS:000181229500003 ER PT J AU Edwards, SF AF Edwards, SF TI Property rights to multi-attribute fishery resources SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE fisheries management; ecosystem-based management; multi-attribute resources; property rights; transaction costs; spillovers ID ECONOMIC-THEORY; COST; WEST AB The United Nations' 'Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries' urges governments to manage multiple yield, bycatch, and habitat attributes of fishery resources. The information and enforcement costs of multi-attribute management are high, however. As a result, relatively few attributes (generally stock biomass, age structure, and growth) are specified in yield targets, exposing others (e.g., localized abundance, sex) to excessive use in the public domain. Spillovers caused by fishing gear (e.g., gear conflicts, bycatch, habitat damage) generally are regulated with catch limits and area closures that artificially divide or exclude activities which interact due to attribute jointness. Total fishery income is compromised because tradeoffs are not evaluated at the margin. Alternative arrangements that bundle fishery resource attributes are suggested. Bundled property rights could evolve from a comprehensive assignment of usufruct rights which reduce the transaction costs of gathering information on unspecified attributes and of contracting for spillovers. Markets for harvest rights could resolve the simpler gear conflict and bycatch problems. Other interactions (e.g., predation, habitat requirements) would require corporate or collective property rights and governance arrangements that make harvesters and other interested parties the residual claimants of their harvest decisions, subject to government restrictions that protect public goods. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, DOC, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Edwards, SF (reprint author), NOAA, DOC, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 28 Tarazwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM steve.edwards@noaa.gov NR 66 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 44 IS 2-3 BP 309 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00269-0 PG 15 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 659MU UT WOS:000181781200010 ER PT J AU Johnson, SW Murphy, ML Csepp, DJ AF Johnson, SW Murphy, ML Csepp, DJ TI Distribution, habitat, and behavior of rockfishes, Sebastes spp., in nearshore waters of southeastern Alaska: observations from a remotely operated vehicle SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE ROV; substrate; depth; temperature; species associations ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; GENUS SEBASTES; PISCES-IV; JUVENILES; ASSOCIATIONS; ECOLOGY; EXAMPLE; FISHES; LARVAE; OREGON AB We examined distribution, habitat, and behavior of rockfishes, Sebastes spp., with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in coastal waters < 90 m deep of southeastern Alaska from 1998 to 2000. We identified black, S. melanops, canary, S. pinniger, China, S. nebulosus, copper, S. caurinus, dusky, S. ciliatus, harlequin, S. variegatus, Puget Sound, S. emphaeus, quillback, S. maliger, redstripe, S. proriger, rosethorn, S. helvomaculatus, silvergray, S. brevispinis, tiger, S. nigrocinctus, yelloweye, S. ruberrimus, and yellowtail, S. flavidus, rockfish. Quillback and dusky rockfish were the most widely distributed species, China and harlequin rockfish were the least widely distributed species. Species richness was greater at sites on or near the outer coast than at sites in more inside, sheltered waters. Most (> 75%) observations of rockfish were over complex bottoms of boulder and rock or in vertical bedrock wall habitats. Few rockfish were observed over soft bottoms with no relief. Median depth of observation was less than or equal to 30 m for black, copper, dusky, and yellowtail rockfish and > 30 m for all other species. Median temperature of observation ranged from 6.1 degreesC for harlequin rockfish to 9.4 degreesC for black rockfish. Size of fish was positively correlated (p less than or equal to 0.036) with depth for dusky, quillback, and yelloweye rockfish. Species often observed alone were China (67%), copper (46%), quillback (46%), and rosethorn (43%) rockfish. Most (greater than or equal to70%) observations of harlequin, Puget Sound, silvergray, tiger, and yelloweye rockfish were in mixed species assemblages. When first observed, the behavior of most rockfish species was swimming or hovering. Notable exceptions were China, harlequin, rosethorn, and tiger rockfish; 33 - 57% were resting on bottom or in a hole or crevice. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Johnson, SW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 23 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD MAR PY 2003 VL 66 IS 3 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1023/A:1023981908146 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 682UF UT WOS:000183110200006 ER PT J AU Schauer, JJ Mader, BT Deminter, JT Heidemann, G Bae, MS Seinfeld, JH Flagan, RC Cary, RA Smith, D Huebert, BJ Bertram, T Howell, S Kline, JT Quinn, P Bates, T Turpin, B Lim, HJ Yu, JZ Yang, H Keywood, MD AF Schauer, JJ Mader, BT Deminter, JT Heidemann, G Bae, MS Seinfeld, JH Flagan, RC Cary, RA Smith, D Huebert, BJ Bertram, T Howell, S Kline, JT Quinn, P Bates, T Turpin, B Lim, HJ Yu, JZ Yang, H Keywood, MD TI ACE-Asia intercomparison of a thermal-optical method for the determination of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT; ROUND-ROBIN TESTS; UNITED-STATES; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; DIESEL EXHAUST; AIR-QUALITY; SIZE; ABSORPTION; CHEMISTRY AB A laboratory intercomparison of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements of atmospheric particulate matter samples collected on quartz filters was conducted among eight participants of the ACE-Asia field experiment. The intercomparison took place in two stages: the first round of the intercomparison was conducted when filter samples collected during the ACE-Asia experiment were being analyzed for OC and EC, and the second round was conducted after the ACE-Asia experiment and included selected samples from the ACE-Asia experiment. Each participant operated ECOC analyzers from the same manufacturer and utilized the same analysis protocol for their measurements. The precision of OC measurements of quartz fiber filters was a function of the filter's carbon loading but was found to be in the range of 4-13% for OC loadings of 1.0-25 mug of C cm(-2). For measurements of EC, the precision was found to be in the range of 6-21% for EC loadings in the range of 0.7-8.4 mug of C cm(-2). It was demonstrated for three ambient samples, four source samples, and three complex mixtures of organic compounds that the relative amount of total evolved carbon allocated as OC and EC (i.e., the, ECOC split) is sensitive to the temperature program used for analysis, and the magnitude of the sensitivity is dependent on the types of aerosol particles collected. The fraction of elemental carbon measured in wood smoke and an extract of organic compounds from a wood smoke sample were sensitive to the temperature program used for the ECOC analysis. The ECOC split for the three ambient samples and a coal fly ash sample showed moderate sensitivity to temperature program, while a carbon black sample and a sample of secondary organic aerosol were measured to have the same split of OC and EC with all temperature programs that were examined. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI 53718 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Sunset Lab, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. Sunset Lab, Durham, NC 27713 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Schauer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, 660 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Yu, Jian/A-9669-2008; Keywood, Melita /C-5139-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Yu, Jian/0000-0002-6165-6500; Keywood, Melita /0000-0001-9953-6806; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 33 TC 267 Z9 285 U1 6 U2 54 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 5 BP 993 EP 1001 DI 10.1021/es020622f PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 650HY UT WOS:000181258600041 PM 12666931 ER PT J AU Smith, EP Robinson, T Field, LJ Norton, SB AF Smith, EP Robinson, T Field, LJ Norton, SB TI Predicting sediment toxicity using logistic regression: A concentration-addition approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity data; standards; environmental monitoring; sediment toxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MIXTURES; QUALITY GUIDELINES AB The question posed in this article is how useful the chemical concentration measurements for predicting the outcome of sediment toxicity tests are. Using matched data on sediment toxicity and sediment chemical concentrations from a number of studies, we investigated several approaches for predicting toxicity based on multiple logistic regression with concentration-addition models. Three models were found to meet criteria for acceptability. The first model uses individual chemicals selected using stepwise selection. The second uses derived variables to reflect combined metal contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination, and the interaction between metals and PAHs. The third and final model is a separate species model with derived variables. Overall, these models suggest that toxicity may be correctly predicted approximately 77% of the time, although prediction is better for samples identified as nontoxic than for those known to be toxic. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Smith, EP (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 565 EP 575 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0565:PSTULR>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 647JE UT WOS:000181089000015 PM 12627644 ER PT J AU Hopkins, WA Tatara, CP Brant, HA Jagoe, CH AF Hopkins, WA Tatara, CP Brant, HA Jagoe, CH TI Relationships between mercury body concentrations, standard metabolic rate, and body mass in eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) from three experimental populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mercury; mosquitofish; respiration; standard metabolic rate; tolerance ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DEMOGRAPHIC RESPONSES; FISH; GENERATIONS; MORPHOLOGY; TOXICITY; COSTS; LAKE AB Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were sampled from three experimental populations (two Hg-exposed populations and one reference population) to determine whether transgenerational exposure (lifelong exposure of multiple generations) to Hg adversely affects standard metabolic rate (SMR). Mosquitofish subjected to lifelong Hg exposure accumulated significant concentrations of Hg in their tissues compared to fish from the reference population (mean: 3.89-4.13 vs 0.08 muHg/g wet mass, respectively). Less than 10% of the variability in Hg tissue concentrations could be explained by fish body mass, likely because of the short life span and/or dietary habits of this species. Despite the high body burdens of Hg in exposed fish, we found no significant difference in SMR among individuals from Hg-exposed or reference populations. Our findings contrast recent laboratory work describing elevated SMR in mosquitofish exposed to 100 mug/L dissolved inorganic Hg for 48 h. To account for contrasting results between studies, we hypothesize that acute exposure to dissolved inorganic Hg damages gill epithelium, resulting in increased metabolic rate, but that lifelong Hg exposure via trophic uptake of methyl mercury does not affect fish respiratory structures. Alternative hypotheses include the possibility that G. holbrooki is a species that can tolerate high body burdens of Hg or that more than four years of genetic isolation during Hg exposure (8-12 generations) resulted in selection for Hg-tolerant or -resistant individuals. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Hopkins, WA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 586 EP 590 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0586:RBMBCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 647JE UT WOS:000181089000017 PM 12627646 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Carls, MG Short, JW Rice, SD AF Barron, MG Carls, MG Short, JW Rice, SD TI Photoenhanced toxicity of aqueous phase and chemically dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to Pacific herring eggs and larvae SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet radiation; phototoxicity; herring; petroleum; crude oil ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; FISH EMBRYOS; GULF; IDENTIFICATION; SENSITIVITY; IRRADIANCE AB The photoenhanced toxicity of weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS) was investigated in the eggs and larvae of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) with and without the chemical dispersant Corexit(R) 9527. Oil alone was acutely toxic to larvae at aqueous concentrations below 50 mug/L total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tPAH), and median lethal (LC50s) and effective concentrations (EC50s) decreased with time after initial oil exposure. Brief exposure to sunlight (similar to2.5 h/d for 2 d) significantly increased toxicity 1.5- to 48-fold over control lighting. Photoenhanced toxicity only occurred when oil was present in larval tissue and increased with increasing tPAH concentration in tissue. Ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) treatments were less potent than natural sunlight, and UVA + sunlight caused greater toxicity than sunlight alone. The toxicity of chemically dispersed oil was similar to oil alone in control and UVA treatments, but oil + dispersant was significantly more toxic in the sunlight treatments. The chemical dispersant appeared to accelerate PAH dissolution into the aqueous phase, resulting in more rapid toxicity. In oil + dispersant exposures, the 96-h no-observed-effect concentrations in the UVA + sunlight treatment were 0.2 mug/L tPAH and 0.01 mug/g tPAH. Exposure of herring eggs to oil caused yolk sac edema, but eggs were not exposed to sun and UVA treatment did not cause phototoxicity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that weathered ANS is phototoxic and that UV can be a significant and causative factor in the mortality of early life stages of herring exposed to oil and chemically dispersed oil. C1 PEAK Res, 1134 Avon Lane, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP PEAK Res, 1134 Avon Lane, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. EM macebarron@hotmail.com NR 30 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 39 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 650 EP 660 DI 10.1002/etc.5620220326 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 647JE UT WOS:000181089000026 PM 12627655 ER PT J AU Prager, MH AF Prager, MH TI Is it time to discard the Schaefer model from the stock assessment scientist's toolbox? Reply to the letter to the editor by Maunder SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Prager, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 61 IS 1-3 BP 151 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00274-6 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 648MD UT WOS:000181154400013 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Urbanski, S Bremer, D Wofsy, SC Meyers, T Gower, ST Gregory, M AF Turner, DP Urbanski, S Bremer, D Wofsy, SC Meyers, T Gower, ST Gregory, M TI A cross-biome comparison of daily light use efficiency for gross primary production SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absorbed photosynthetic radiation; carbon cycle; eddy covariance; gross primary production; light use efficiency; remote sensing ID RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; BLACK SPRUCE FOREST; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; EDDY-COVARIANCE AB Vegetation light use efficiency is a key physiological parameter at the canopy scale, and at the daily time step is a component of remote sensing algorithms for scaling gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) over regional to global domains. For the purposes of calibrating and validating the light use efficiency (epsilon(g)) algorithms, the components of epsilon(g) - absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and ecosystem GPP - must be measured in a variety of environments. Micrometeorological and mass flux measurements at eddy covariance flux towers can be used to estimate APAR and GPP, and the emerging network of flux tower sites offers the opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in epsilon(g) at the daily time step. In this study, we examined the relationship of daily GPP to APAR, and relationships of epsilon(g) to climatic variables, at four micrometeorological flux tower sites - an agricultural field, a tallgrass prairie, a deciduous forest, and a boreal forest. The relationship of GPP to APAR was close to linear at the tallgrass prairie site but more nearly hyperbolic at the other sites. The sites differed in the mean and range of daily epsilon(g), with higher values associated with the agricultural field than the boreal forest. epsilon(g) decreased with increasing APAR at all sites, a function of mid-day saturation of GPP and higher epsilon(g) under overcast conditions. epsilon(g) was generally not well correlated with vapor pressure deficit or maximum daily temperature. At the agricultural site, a epsilon(g) decline towards the end of the growing season was associated with a decrease in foliar nitrogen concentration. At the tallgrass prairie site, a decline in epsilon(g) in August was associated with soil drought. These results support inclusion of parameters for cloudiness and the phenological status of the vegetation, as well as use of biome-specific parameterization, in operational epsilon(g) algorithms. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Hort Forestry & Recreat Resources, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.turner@oregonstate.edu RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 86 TC 195 Z9 210 U1 10 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 9 IS 3 BP 383 EP 395 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00573.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652TX UT WOS:000181397100007 ER PT J AU Persson, A Rosenberg, R AF Persson, A Rosenberg, R TI Impact of grazing and bioturbation of marine benthic deposit feeders on dinoflagellate cysts SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE deposit feeder; dinoflagellate; cyst; sediment; grazing ID SEDIMENTS; ECOLOGY AB The impact of benthic deposit feeders on marine dinoflagellate cysts was studied by adding a concentrated natural Swedish cyst assemblage to sediment with different deposit feeders in replicate 4-1 aquaria. The deposit feeders used were the bivalve Abra nitida, the echinoderm Amphiura filiformis, and the polychaetes Melinna cristata and Nereis diversicolor. These species occur naturally near the Swedish west coast and were selected to represent different ways of feeding. The results showed a significant relative decrease of unfossilizable cyst species; whereas, the common fossilizable species Lingulodinium polyedrum significantly increased in the cyst assemblage after grazing. This work suggests that differences in dinoflagellate cyst compositions can in part be caused by different animal grazing behaviors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Marine Ecol, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, Dept Marine Ecol, SE-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden. RP Persson, A (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, MA USA. EM apersson@clam.mi.nmfs.gov; r.rosenberg@kmf.gu.se OI Persson, Agneta/0000-0003-0202-6514 NR 26 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD MAR PY 2003 VL 2 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00003-9 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812UM UT WOS:000220864400004 ER PT J AU Eidson, JC Lee, K AF Eidson, JC Lee, K TI Sharing a common sense of time SO IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT MAGAZINE LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1094-6969 J9 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG JI IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 6 IS 1 BP 26 EP 32 DI 10.1109/MIM.2003.1184276 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 650LK UT WOS:000181265100006 ER PT J AU Lahtinen, J Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Corbella, I AF Lahtinen, J Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Corbella, I TI A calibration method for fully polarimetric microwave radiometers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE calibration; dielectric devices; error analysis; microwave radiometry; polarimetry; remote sensing; wind ID EMISSION; WAVES; GRIDS; SEA AB A technique for absolute end-to-end calibration of a fully polarimetric microwave radiometer is presented. The technique is based on the tripolarimetric calibration technique of Gasiewski and Kunkee, but is extended to provide a means of calibrating all four Stokes parameters. The extension is facilitated using a biaxial phase-retarding micro. wave plate to provide a precisely known fourth Stokes signal from the Gasiewski Kunkee (GK) linearly polarized standard. The relations needed to determine the Stokes vector produced by the augmented standard are presented, and the effects of nonidealities in the various components are discussed. The application of the extended standard to determining the complet set of radiometer constants (the calibration matrix elements) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer in a laboratory environment is illustrated. A calibration matrix inversion technique and error analysis are described, as well. The uncertainties associated with practical implementation of the fully polarimetric standard for spaceborne wind vector measurements are discussed relative to error thresholds anticipated for wind vector retrieval from the U.S. National Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite System. C1 Aalto Univ, Lab Space Technol, Helsinki 02015, Finland. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, ETSE Telecommunicat, Barcelona 08071, Spain. RP Lahtinen, J (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Estec, TOS, ETP, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM janne.lahtinen@esa.int; al.gasiewski@hoaa.gov; marian.klein@noaa.gov; corbella@tsc.upc.es RI Corbella, Ignasi/E-9578-2013 OI Corbella, Ignasi/0000-0001-5598-7955 NR 31 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAR PY 2003 VL 41 IS 3 BP 588 EP 602 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.810203 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 678MQ UT WOS:000182871300009 ER PT J AU Pirzada, SA Liu, JJ Park, D Li, ZF Chen, CY Demczyk, B Johnson, KE Wang, PS Xie, J AF Pirzada, SA Liu, JJ Park, D Li, ZF Chen, CY Demczyk, B Johnson, KE Wang, PS Xie, J TI Ultrathin carbon overcoats: Processing, characterization and tribological performance SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Magnetic Recording Conference CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA UNIV, SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA HO SANTA CLARA UNIV DE carbon overcoat; characterization; ion beam; magnetic disks; precursors; processing; thin; tribology ID THIN-FILM MEDIA; C-H OVERCOATS; AMORPHOUS-CARBON; MAGNETIC DISKS; Z-DOL; LUBRICANT; DEPOSITION; RESISTANCE; INTERFACE; HYDROGEN AB The thickness of carbon overcoats has been reduced to 30 Angstrom or less to achieve high areal density in magnetic media. Presently, technologies such as ion beam deposition and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) produce thin carbon overcoats with a high fraction of sp(3) bonding. These hard and dense overcoats exhibit good wear durability and corrosion resistance. This paper discusses processing, characterization,. and tribological and corrosion performance of ultrathin overcoats (30 Angstrom or less) produced by PECVD. The physical and chemical properties of the carbon overcoat affect the,carbon-lubricant bonding, which subsequently determines the head-disk interaction. Since optimal properties of the carbon vary at the lubricant and magnetic layer interfaces, an interfacial functionality approach is needed for the design of thin overcoats. Functionalized carbon overcoat is a design that consists of a PECVD carbon layer with a sputtered functional layer on top. Characterization and tribological performance and comparison of functionalized carbon overcoat with PECVD carbon is also presented. C1 MMC Technol, San Jose, CA 95131 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Intevac, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. RP Pirzada, SA (reprint author), MMC Technol, San Jose, CA 95131 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 39 IS 2 BP 759 EP 764 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2003.809011 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 661PC UT WOS:000181898100026 ER PT J AU Riddle, B Baker-Jarvis, J Krupka, J AF Riddle, B Baker-Jarvis, J Krupka, J TI Complex permittivity measurements of common plastics over variable temperatures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE complex permittivity; dielectric resonator; microwave freqeuncy; plastics; variable temperatures ID POLYMERS AB In this paper, we present complex permittivity data at microwave frequencies (approximately 10 GHz) for many common plastics over a temperature range of 122 to 375 K. The measurements were made with a TE01delta dielectric resonator placed inside an environmental chamber. Data are presented for the following materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, cross-linked polystyrene, tetrafluorethylene-perfluorpropylene, polypropylene, polysulfone, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, high-density polyethylene, polyoxy-methylene (acetal homopolymer), and polyamide. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Warsaw Univ Technol, PL-00662 Warsaw, Poland. RP Riddle, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 14 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 51 IS 3 BP 727 EP 733 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.808730 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 663HT UT WOS:000182000700007 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Splett, JD Janezic, MD Kaiser, RF AF Coakley, KJ Splett, JD Janezic, MD Kaiser, RF TI Estimation of Q-factors and resonant frequencies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE cylindrical cavity; experimental design; microwave; noise characterization; optimal frequency spacing; quality factor; resonance curve; resonant frequency ID MICROWAVE AB We estimate the quality factor Q and resonant frequency f(0) of a microwave cavity based on observations of a resonance curve on an equally spaced frequency grid. The observed resonance curve is the squared magnitude of an observed complex scattering parameter. We characterize the variance of the additive noise in the observed resonance curve parametrically. Based on this noise characterization, we estimate Q and f(0) and other associated model parameters using the method of weighted least squares (WLS). Based on asymptotic statistical theory, we also estimate the one-sigma uncertainty of Q and f(0). In a simulation study, the WLS method outperforms the 3-dB method and the Estin method. For the case of measured resonances, we show that the WLS method yields the most precise estimates for the resonant frequency and quality factor, especially for resonances that are undercoupled. Given that the resonance curve is sampled at a fixed number of equally spaced frequencies in the neighborhood of the resonant frequency, we determine the optimal frequency spacing in order to minimize the asymptotic standard deviation of the estimate of either Q or f(0). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 51 IS 3 BP 862 EP 868 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.808578 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 663HT UT WOS:000182000700024 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JW Moldover, MR AF Schmidt, JW Moldover, MR TI Dielectric permittivity of eight gases measured with cross capacitors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE argon; carbon dioxide; cross capacitor; dielectric constant; dielectric polarizability; ethane; helium; methane; molar polarizability; natural gas; nitrogen; oxygen; propane ID PRESSURE VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; IMPERFECT GASES; MELTING LINE; FLUID REGION; TRIPLE-POINT; NATURAL-GAS; EQUATION; STATE; MPA AB A four-ring, toroidal cross capacitor was used to measure accurately the relative dielectric permittivity epsilon(p, T) of He, Ar, N-2, O-2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and CO2. (epsilon is often called the "dielectric constant.'') The data are in the range from 0 to 50degreesC and, in many cases, extend up to 7 MPa. The accurate measurement of epsilon(p, T) required a good understanding of the deformation of the gas-filled capacitors with applied pressure. This understanding was tested in two ways. First, the experimental values of epsilon(p, T) for helium were compared with theoretical values. The average difference was within the noise, [epsilon(expt) - epsilon(theory)] = (-0.05 +/- 0.21) x 10(-6), demonstrating that the four-ring cross capacitor deformed as predicted. Second, epsilon(p, T) of argon was measured simultaneously on three isotherms using two capacitors: the four-ring capacitor, and a 16-rod cross capacitor made using different materials and a different geometry. The results for the two capacitors are completely consistent, within the specifications of the capacitance bridge. There was a small inconsistency that was equivalent to 1 x 10(-6) of the measured capacitances, or, for argon, 3 x 10(-5)A(epsilon), where A(epsilon) is the zero-density limit of the molar polarizability p = (epsilon-1)/[(epsilon+2) rho]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moldover, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 33 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 24 IS 2 BP 375 EP 403 DI 10.1023/A:1022963720063 PG 29 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 659EJ UT WOS:000181764300004 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Stepanov, GV AF Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Stepanov, GV TI Isochoric heat capacity measurements for 0.5 H2O+0.5 D2O mixture in the critical region SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; coexistence curve; critical point; crossover equation of state; heavy water; isochoric heat capacity; light water; mixture ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CRITICAL-POINT; CONSTANT VOLUME; PURE WATER; H2O AB The isochoric heat capacity C-V of an equimolar H2O + D2O mixture was measured in the temperature range from 391 to 655 K, at near-critical liquid and vapor densities between 274.05 and 385.36 kg . m(-3). A high-temperature, high-pressure, nearly constant-volume adiabatic calorimeter was used. The measurements were performed in the one- and two-phase regions including the coexistence curve. The uncertainty of the heat-capacity measurement is estimated to be +/-2%. The liquid and vapor one- and two-phase isochoric heat capacities, temperatures, and densities at saturation were extracted from the experimental data for each measured isochore. The critical temperature and the critical density for the equimolar H2O + D2O mixture were obtained from isochoric heat capacity measurements using the method of quasi-static thermograms. The measurements were compared with a crossover equation of state for H2O + D2O mixtures. The near-critical isochoric heat capacity behavior for the 0.5 H2O + 0.5 D2O mixture was studied using the principle of isomorphism of critical phenomena. The experimental isochoric heat capacity data for the 0.5 H2O + 0.5 D2O mixture exhibit a weak singularity, like that of both pure components. The reliability of the experimental method was confirmed with measurements on pure light water, for which the isochoric heat capacity was measured on the critical isochore (321.96 kg . m(-3)) in both the one- and two-phase regions. The result for the phase-transition temperature (the critical temperature, T-C, (this work) = 647.104 +/- 0.003 K) agreed, within experimental uncertainty, with the critical temperature (T-C,T- (IAPWS) = 647.096 K) adopted by IAPWS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Propert Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Propert Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 24 IS 2 BP 405 EP 428 DI 10.1023/A:1022915804133 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 659EJ UT WOS:000181764300005 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Adler, HG Shastri, SD Lee, WK AF Curry, JJ Adler, HG Shastri, SD Lee, WK TI X-ray induced fluorescence measurement of density distributions in a metal-halide lighting arc SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; STATE SCANDIUM IONS; OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY; DISCHARGE; LAMP AB The use of x-ray induced fluorescence to measure elemental densities in a metal-halide lighting arc is described. High-energy synchrotron radiation generated on the Sector 1 Insertion Device beam line at the Advanced Photon Source induces K-shell fluorescence in a high-pressure plasma arc. The detected fluorescence is spectrally resolved, so that multiple elemental species are observed simultaneously. Absolute calibration of the measured densities is straightforward and robust. The penetrating nature of high-energy photons allows these measurements to be made in situ, with the arc contained by an optically translucent polycrystalline alumina (Al2O3) arc tube and a glass vacuum jacket. Spatial distributions extending from one end of the arc tube to the other and from the arc core all-the way to the wall have been obtained for all the principal elements in the arc. A volume element measuring 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm is resolved in the present work, with significantly better spatial resolution possible. Densities as low as 2x10(16) cm(-3) have been observed. X-ray induced fluorescence is useful for the observation of many important high-pressure plasma lighting chemistries including those containing Hg, Tl, Dy, Tm, Ho, Cs, Sn, I, and Xe. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OSRAM SYLVANIA, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8422, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2359 EP 2368 DI 10.1063/1.1534623 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 651EF UT WOS:000181307000006 ER PT J AU Pan, E Yang, B AF Pan, E Yang, B TI Elastic and piezoelectric fields in a substrate AlN due to a buried quantum SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS; DOTS; GAAS(001); PROFILES AB Using the Green's function solution in an anisotropic and linearly piezoelectric half space developed recently by the authors, this article studies the elastic and piezoelectric fields in substrate AlN due to a buried quantum dot (QD). Two different growth orientations are considered: One is the AlN (0001) growing along the (0001) axis, and the other is the AlN (1000) growing along the polar direction [i.e., a direction normal to (0001) axis]. For an InN QD, modeled as a concentrated source, with a volume v(a)=4piR(3)/3 where R=3 nm, and the typical values of misfit strain, at a depth h=10 nm below the surface, the following features have been observed: (1): on the surface of substrate AlN (0001), the hydrostatic strain, piezoelectric potential, and vertical and horizontal electric fields are rotationally symmetric with respect to the z axis. However, these quantities are not rotationally symmetric on the surface of substrate AlN (1000); (2): a hydrostatic strain as large as 0.01 on the surface of the AlN (1000) and as large as 0.008 on the surface of AlN (0001) can be reached, both of which are larger than that on the surface of the substrate GaAs due to a QD with the same volume at the same depth; (3): the piezoelectric potential on the surface of substrate AlN (0001) is much larger than that on the surface of AlN (1000), i.e., 0.8 versus 0.3 V; and (4): large horizontal and vertical electric fields, in the order of 10(8) V/m, can be induced on the surface of AlN, about two orders of magnitude larger than that on the surface of the substrate GaAs due to a QD with the same volume at the same depth. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Civil Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pan, E (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Civil Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010; Pan, Ernian/F-4504-2011 OI Pan, Ernian/0000-0001-6640-7805 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 5 BP 2435 EP 2439 DI 10.1063/1.1542670 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 651EF UT WOS:000181307000017 ER PT J AU Seyoum, HM Bennett, LH Della Torre, E AF Seyoum, HM Bennett, LH Della Torre, E TI Temporal and temperature variations of dc magnetic aftereffect measurements of Fe3O4 powders SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LARGE MAGNETORESISTANCE; VERWEY TRANSITION; CRYSTAL; PHASE AB The temperature variation of the magnetic relaxation process obtained from dc magnetization measurements are investigated in fine Fe3O4 powder in the temperature range of 5 K300 metacercatiae per fish) and noninfected salmon were then injected with either the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 or an acetone-emulphor carrier. B cell function was examined by in vitro hemolytic plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Nanophyetus salmincola infection resulted in significantly lower anterior kidney primary PFCs and lower splenic secondary PFCs. The combination of N. salmincola infection and Aroclor 1254 exposure caused a lower anterior kidney primary PFC response than did either stressor alone. The immune function of juvenile chinook salmon was also measured by challenging them with the marine bacterium Listonella anguillarum (formerly known as Vibrio anguillarum). Fish infected with N. salmincola had higher mortalities than noninfected fish when challenged with L. anguillarum. These experiments demonstrated that N. salmincola infection in juvenile chinook salmon can impair immune function and disease resistance. The findings also show that in combination these natural and anthropogenic stressors can have a greater negative effect on salmon health than either stressor alone. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Jacobson, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 46 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2003 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2003)015<0001:CEONAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 685VK UT WOS:000183284200001 ER PT J AU Habauzit, C Brown, SW Lykke, KR Johnson, BC Feinholz, ME Yarbrough, M Clark, DK AF Habauzit, C Brown, SW Lykke, KR Johnson, BC Feinholz, ME Yarbrough, M Clark, DK TI Radiometric characterization and absolute calibration of the Marine Optical System (MOS) bench unit SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-COLOR; SEAWIFS; SENSORS; SCANNER; ORBIT AB The Marine Optical System (MOS) is a dual charge-coupled device (CCD)-based spectrograph system developed for in-water measurements of downwelling solar irradiance E-d and upwelling radiance L-u. These measurements are currently used in the calibration and validation of satellite ocean color measurement instruments such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). MOS was designed to be deployed from a ship for single measurements and also integrated into the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) for longer time series datasets. Measurements with the two spectrographs in the MOS systems can be compared in the spectral interval from about 580 to 630 nm. In this spectral range, they give different values for Lu or Ed at a common wavelength. To better understand the origin of this observation and the sources of uncertainty in the calibration of MOBY, an MOS bench unit was developed for detailed radiometric characterization and calibration measurements in a laboratory setting. In the work reported here, a novel calibration approach is described that uses a tunable-laser-based, monochromatic, spatially uniform, Lambertian, large area integrating sphere source (ISS). Results are compared with those obtained by a conventional approach using a lamp-illuminated ISS. Differences in the MOS bench unit responsivity between the two calibration approaches were observed and attributed to stray light. A simple correction algorithm was developed for the lamp-illuminated ISS that greatly improves the agreement between the two techniques. Implications for water-leaving radiance measurements by MOS are discussed. C1 NIST, US Dept Commerce, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Johnson, BC (reprint author), NIST, US Dept Commerce, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 20 IS 3 BP 383 EP 391 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0383:RCAACO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648XF UT WOS:000181175900005 ER PT J AU Yan, XJ Dong, Q Hong, XR AF Yan, XJ Dong, Q Hong, XR TI Reliability analysis of group-contribution methods in predicting critical temperatures of organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID LIQUID CRITICAL PROPERTIES; PURE-COMPONENT PROPERTIES; ELEMENTS AB This article examines four group-contribution methods (Joback-Reid, Constantinou-Gani, Wilson-Jasperson, and Marrero-Pardillo) with respect to their abilities for calculating critical temperatures (T-c) of organic compounds on the basis of the parameters published in the original papers. To have a reliable data set for this examination, all experimental data of T-c collected in the SOURCE data system at the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) were evaluated. This data system contains more than 1900 T-c data points for about 630 organic compounds from which we compiled a selected T-c data set involving 510 compounds with uncertainty less than or equal to 5 K. Upon reviewing the normal boiling point (NBP) values for the same 510 compounds, we selected a NBP data set including 448 compounds with uncertainty less than or equal to 3 K for use in the T-c calculations. We then compared the selected T-c values with the values calculated by the four group-contribution methods on the basis of either selected or estimated NBP data. Particularly, we selected 71 compounds that were not included in the development of the parameters for the four models, and we used them to examine the predictive abilities of the models. The deviations of the calculated T-c data were categorized by compound types. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yan, XJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xjyan@boulder.nist.gov NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 2 BP 374 EP 380 DI 10.1021/je025596f PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 658YW UT WOS:000181749600035 ER PT J AU Caliskan, G Kisliuk, A Tsai, AM Soles, CL Sokolov, AP AF Caliskan, G Kisliuk, A Tsai, AM Soles, CL Sokolov, AP TI Protein dynamics in viscous solvents SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BOSON PEAK; MOLECULAR MOTIONS; WATER; TEMPERATURE; MYOGLOBIN; TREHALOSE; LYSOZYME; HYDRATION; TRANSITION AB The mechanism of protein stabilization by glassy solvents is not entirely clear, and the stabilizer effective for a given protein is often discovered empirically. We use low frequency Raman spectroscopy as an effective tool to directly evaluate the ability of different solvents to suppress the conformational fluctuations that can lead to both protein activity and denaturation. We demonstrate that while trehalose provides superior suppression at high temperatures, glycerol is more effective at suppressing protein dynamics at low temperatures. These results suggest that viscosity of the solvent is not the only parameter important for biopreservation. It is also shown that glycerol and water enhance the high temperature conformational fluctuations relative to dry lysozyme, which explains the lower melting temperatures T-m in the hydrated protein and protein formulated in glycerol. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Caliskan, G (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 45 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 9 BP 4230 EP 4236 DI 10.1063/1.1541614 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 646DC UT WOS:000181018700040 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Jeon, HS Wang, H Kim, H Stout, DJ Han, CC AF Hobbie, EK Jeon, HS Wang, H Kim, H Stout, DJ Han, CC TI Shear-induced structure in polymer blends with viscoelastic asymmetry (vol 117, pg 6350, 2002) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 9 BP 4331 EP 4331 DI 10.1063/1.1543144 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 646DC UT WOS:000181018700053 ER PT J AU Neale, R Slingo, J AF Neale, R Slingo, J TI The maritime continent and its role in the global climate: A GCM study SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY-SCALE INTERACTIONS; WESTERN PACIFIC; WINTER MONSOON; CONVECTION; MODEL; SIMULATION; TROPICS; IMPACT; REPRESENTATION; SENSITIVITY AB The Maritime Continent, with its complex system of islands and shallow seas, presents a major challenge to models, which tend to systematically underestimate the precipitation in this region. Experiments with a climate version of the Met Office model (HadAM3) show that even with a threefold increase in horizontal resolution there is no improvement in the dry bias. It is argued that the diurnal cycle over the islands and the complex circulation patterns generated by land-sea contrasts are crucial for the energy and hydrological cycles of the Maritime Continent and for determining the mean climate. It is shown that the model has substantial errors in its simulation of the diurnal cycle over the islands, which can rectify onto the seasonal mean climate. It is further argued that deficient rainfall over the Maritime Continent could be a driver for other systematic errors, such as the excess precipitation over the western Indian Ocean. To demonstrate the sensitivity of global systematic model errors to the heating in this region, two experiments have been performed, one with the existing distribution of islands and a second where the island grid points are replaced by ocean grid points. In the absence of the islands of the Maritime Continent, the local precipitation increases by 15%, reducing the existing dry bias and bringing the model closer to observations. In response to this improved heating distribution, precipitation decreases over the west Indian Ocean and South Pacific convergence zone, reducing the systematic wet bias in these regions. This supports the hypothesis that tropical systematic errors are often related through vertical (Walker) circulations. The extratropical response to changes in the Maritime Continent heat source is also well demonstrated by these experiments. The enhanced heating and, hence, divergent outflow generates Rossby waves, which have a significant impact on the winter circulation and surface temperatures across much of North America and the northeast Eurasian region. These changes are such as to substantially reduce model systematic error in these regions. These results reinforce the critical role played by the Maritime Continent in the global circulation. It emphasizes the need for better representation of convective organization over regions of complex land-sea terrains and the importance of considering the global context of model systematic errors in which biases in the Tropics may be a key factor. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Global Atmospher Modelling, Reading, Berks, England. RP Neale, R (reprint author), NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R CDRI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 33 TC 171 Z9 174 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 16 IS 5 BP 834 EP 848 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0834:TMCAIR>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 645FJ UT WOS:000180965300004 ER PT J AU Roshko, A Bertness, KA AF Roshko, A Bertness, KA TI Interlaboratory comparison of InGaAsP ex situ characterization SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy CY AUG 04-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Assoc Crystal Growth, Amer Chem Soc, Journal Crystal Growth & Design, Coherent Crystal Associates, Crystal Syst Inc, Engelhard Clal LP, Eichem Inc, Haraus, Mat Technol Div, Johnson Matthey Corp, Thermal Technol Inc, Toyo Tanso USA Inc, Vesuvius McDanel, Zicar Ceramics Inc, Shopley Metalorgan, Pillar Ind, Rath Performance Fibers DE characterization; photoluminescence; X-ray diffraction; semiconducting quaternary alloys AB The accuracy of ex situ characterization of InGaAsP materials for optoelectronics has been assessed by circulating a single specimen set among different laboratories. Six InGaAsP thin film specimens, with nominal photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelengths of 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 mum, were measured with X-ray diffraction and PL. X-ray measurement reproducibility appears to be dominated by specimen nonuniformity. The distributions of the X-ray rocking-curve peak separations measured by the different laboratories had standard deviations from 1 to 11 arcsec, depending on the specimen, while the lateral variations across specimens were between 9 and 150 arcsec. In contrast, the variation among PL measurements was larger than the variation within individual samples. Consistent relative offsets between instruments were observed, but these had no apparent correlation with factors such as pump wavelength, wavelength calibration, sample temperature, pump power density, and peak identification. Analysis of the raw PL data with identical methods revealed that the variations are intrinsic to the data, not artifacts of the methods used to extract a characteristic energy from the PL spectra. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Roshko, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD MAR PY 2003 VL 250 IS 1-2 BP 223 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)02246-7 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 652HE UT WOS:000181373100039 ER PT J AU Lehman, SY Bertness, KA Hodges, JT AF Lehman, SY Bertness, KA Hodges, JT TI Detection of trace water in phosphine with cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy CY AUG 04-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Assoc Crystal Growth, Amer Chem Soc, Journal Crystal Growth & Design, Coherent Crystal Associates, Crystal Syst Inc, Engelhard Clal LP, Eichem Inc, Haraus, Mat Technol Div, Johnson Matthey Corp, Thermal Technol Inc, Toyo Tanso USA Inc, Vesuvius McDanel, Zicar Ceramics Inc, Shopley Metalorgan, Pillar Ind, Rath Performance Fibers DE cavity ring-down spectroscopy; impurities; molecular beam epitaxy; phosphides; semiconducting aluminum compounds; semiconducting III-V materials ID SPECTRAL-LINE DATABASE; FTIR SPECTROSCOPY; VAPOR SPECTRUM; GASES; MOISTURE; CM(-1); PHASE AB Water is a detrimental impurity even at concentrations of 10 nmol/mol or less in source gases for compound semiconductor epitaxial growth. Oxygen complexes from water incorporation cause degraded luminescent efficiency and reduced minority-carrier lifetimes. Most techniques for detecting water in process gases have poor accuracy below 1 mumol/mol and require frequent calibration and control of ambient humidity. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), in contrast, makes use of a fundamental physical property of H2O molecules-the optical absorption line strength-and a time-constant measurement to provide a water concentration value with high precision and low uncertainty even in the nmol/mol range. We describe the CRDS technique and present the first CRDS measurements of trace H2O contamination in unpurified and purified phosphine. We also report secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements of the O concentration profiles within a multi-layer film grown using molecular-beam epitaxy in which respective film layers were grown with the purified and unpurified phosphine previously characterized by CRDS. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lehman, SY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,Mailcode 815-04, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; OI Lehman, Susan/0000-0003-4735-1417 NR 12 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD MAR PY 2003 VL 250 IS 1-2 BP 262 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)02248-0 PG 7 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 652HE UT WOS:000181373100045 ER PT J AU Barbier, M Leighfield, TA Soyer-Gobillard, MO Van Dolah, FM AF Barbier, M Leighfield, TA Soyer-Gobillard, MO Van Dolah, FM TI Permanent expression of a cyclin B homologue in the cell cycle of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cell cycle; cyclin B homologue; dinoflagellates; immunolocalization; Karenia brevis; nuclear cycle ID CRYPTHECODINIUM-COHNII BIECHELER; YEAST SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; SEA-URCHIN EGGS; FISSION YEAST; MITOTIC CYCLIN; MESSENGER-RNA; CDC2 KINASE; MITOSIS; LOCALIZATION; COMPLEX AB The eukaryotic cell cycle is driven by a set of cyclin-dependent kinases associated with their regulatory partners, the cyclins, which confer activity, substrate specificities and proper localization of the kinase activity. We describe the cell cycle of Karenia brevis and provide evidence for the presence of a cyclin B homologue in this dinoflagellate using two antibodies with different specificities. This cyclin B homologue has an unusual behavior, since its expression is permanent and it has a cytoplasmic location throughout the cell cycle. There is no evidence for translocation to the nucleus during mitosis. However, it appears also to be specifically bound to the nucleolus throughout the cell cycle. The permanent expression and the cytoplasmic localization during mitosis of this cyclin B homologue is similar to p56, a cyclin B homologue previously described in a different species of dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium cohnii. Here we discuss this unusual behavior of the cyclin B homologue in dinoflagellates, its relationship to the unusual characteristics of dinomitosis, and its potential implications regarding the evolution of cell cycle regulation among eukaryotes. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Paris 06, Observ Oceanolog Banyuls, CNRS,Lab Arago, UMR 7628, F-66651 Banyuls sur Mer, France. RP Barbier, M (reprint author), IFREMER, Microbiol & Phycotoxins, DEL, MP PN, F-44311 Nantes, France. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00246.x PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 672QP UT WOS:000182532900008 PM 12744525 ER PT J AU Goodpaster, JV Drumheller, BC Benner, BA AF Goodpaster, JV Drumheller, BC Benner, BA TI Evaluation of extraction techniques for the forensic analysis of human scalp hair using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Forensic-Sciences CY FEB, 2002 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Amer Acad Forensic Sci DE forensic science; hair; lipids; sebaceous; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ID ACID ETHYL-ESTERS; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; FATTY-ACIDS; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; MARKERS; LIPIDS; DYES AB Preliminary research using on-line supercritical fluid extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFE/GC-MS) has shown that the natural and artificial surface components of human scalp hair are reproducible and differentiable. Therefore, these components may be useful for individualization or determining demographic characteristics or both. However, it is not known how the efficiency and selectivity of on-line SFE/GC-MS compares to other extraction methods. In this study, ultrasound, Soxhlet, and pressurized-fluid extraction were used to extract 1 mg to 1.3 g portions of a composite hair sample taken from an Asian male between the ages of 10 and 18. Percent extractables ranged from 0.9% to 5.6%, depending on the solvent used, and tended to increase with solvent polarity. Chemical analysis using GC/MS showed that the extracts contained large proportions of free fatty acids, squalene, cholesterol, and various wax esters. Finally, comparisons to SFE/GC-MS showed that this method possesses adequate efficiency, no observable differences in selectivity, and greater potential for miniaturization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Dept Treasury, Bur Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms, Rockville, MD USA. Montgomery Blair High Sch, Sci Math Comp Sci Magnet Program, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Benner, BA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 48 IS 2 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 650XU UT WOS:000181290100006 PM 12664986 ER PT J AU Robertson, DS Courtier, N Winester, D AF Robertson, DS Courtier, N Winester, D TI Absolute gravimeter helium immersion experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE gravimetry; absolute gravity ID GRAVITY AB Operating an FG-5 absolute gravimeter in a helium atmosphere should reduce the noise that is caused by vibrations of the air-vacuum interface where the interferometer laser beam enters and leaves the vacuum dropping chamber. The helium atmosphere will decrease the change in refractivity across the interface by up to 88% over the value in air, depending on the purity of the helium. A marked reduction in the post-fit residuals is observed at frequencies of about 50 Hz and little or no effect at higher frequencies. A qualitative explanation of the frequency cutoff in terms of motion of air under compression is developed. Further experiments to measure and characterize the effects of the vibrations are planned. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Table Mt Grav Observ, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS, NOAA, Longmont, CO 80503 USA. RP Robertson, DS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, NOS, Natl Geodet Survey, N NGS6, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD MAR PY 2003 VL 76 IS 11-12 BP 684 EP 689 DI 10.1007/s00190-002-0295-0 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 666NM UT WOS:000182183400009 ER PT J AU Youd, TL Idriss, IM Andrus, RD Arango, I Castro, G Christian, JT Dobry, R Finn, WDL Harder, LF Hynes, ME Ishihara, K Koester, JP Liao, SSC Marcuson, WF Martin, GR Mitchell, JK Moriwaki, Y Power, MS Robertson, PK Seed, RB Stokoe, KH AF Youd, TL Idriss, IM Andrus, RD Arango, I Castro, G Christian, JT Dobry, R Finn, WDL Harder, LF Hynes, ME Ishihara, K Koester, JP Liao, SSC Marcuson, WF Martin, GR Mitchell, JK Moriwaki, Y Power, MS Robertson, PK Seed, RB Stokoe, KH TI Closure to "Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils" SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bechtel Corp, San Francisco, CA 94119 USA. GEI Consultants Inc, Winchester, MA 01890 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Calif Dept Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 94236 USA. USA, Engineer Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Sci Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 162, Japan. Parsons Brinckerhoff, Boston, MA 02116 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Geomatrix Consultants, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Youd, TL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1090-0241 J9 J GEOTECH GEOENVIRON JI J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 3 BP 284 EP 286 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:3(284) PG 3 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 646VW UT WOS:000181057100012 ER PT J AU Azuah, RT Glyde, HR Scherm, R Mulders, N Fak, B AF Azuah, RT Glyde, HR Scherm, R Mulders, N Fak, B TI Bose-Einstein condensation in liquid He-4 in Vycor SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUPERFLUID HE-4; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; POROUS-MEDIA; ROTON; TRANSITION; AEROGEL; GLASS AB We present neutron scattering measurements of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in liquid He-4 confined in Vycor. The data show clear evidence of a condensate in Vycor with a condensate fraction comparable to that of bulk superfluid He-4, approximately 7.5% at low temperature and SVP. The temperature dependence of n(0)(T) is also similar to that in the bulk with critical temperature for BEC, T-BEC, in the range 1.802.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 647KX UT WOS:000181092900007 ER PT J AU Velez, JA Watson, W Sandknop, EM Arntz, W Wolff, M AF Velez, JA Watson, W Sandknop, EM Arntz, W Wolff, M TI Larval and osteological development of the mote sculpin (Normanichthys crockeri) (Pisces : Normanichthyidae) from the Independencia Bight, Pisco, Peru SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FAMILY AB Ontogeny of Normanichthys crockeri is described and illustrated based on 66 specimens (1.9-20.5 mm; including recently hatched larvae through to the transformation stage) collected in Bahia Independencia, Pisco, Peru. Larvae hatch at approximately 1.8 mm, undergo notochord flexion at ca. 6.2-9.0 mm, and transform to juvemles at ca. 20.0 mm. Larvae were identified by the series method, using a combination of meristic and developmental characters that permitted definitive identification. Diagnostic features of the larvae include early development of large, lightly pigmented pectoral fins; early dorsal midline pigment on the trunk and tail which decreases gradually to none by the beginning of the flexion stage and does not reappear until late postflexion stage; and pigment ventrally, on the midlines of the abdominal and postanal regions, on the preanal until late postflexion stage, at the angular, on the caudal region, and usually at the cleithrum. Larvae are moderately slender with preanal length roughly half of body length (ca. 40-53% body length). They have 1,5 pelvic-fin rays, 7+6 principal caudal-fin rays and 36-37 myomeres (11-13+24-26, usually 13+24). The cleithra and bones of the jaws and opercular series are among the first to begin ossifying The anterior vertebrae begin to ossify at ca. 5.0 mm and addition is posteriorly. The pectoral fin is the first to begin ray formation, followed sequentially by the principal caudal-fin rays, second dorsal- and anal-fin rays (forming concurrently), spiny dorsal-fin rays, and pelvic-fin rays. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Ctr Trop Marine Ecol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Velez, JA (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Columbusstr, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 25 IS 3 BP 279 EP 290 DI 10.1093/plankt/25.3.279 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 662DR UT WOS:000181931600005 ER PT J AU McClelland, JJ Anderson, WR Bradley, CC Walkiewicz, M Celotta, RJ Jurdik, E Deslattes, RD AF McClelland, JJ Anderson, WR Bradley, CC Walkiewicz, M Celotta, RJ Jurdik, E Deslattes, RD TI Accuracy of nanoscale pitch standards fabricated by laser-focused atomic deposition SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atom optics; atomic ruler; chromium lines; laser focusing; nanoscale standards; nanotechnology; pitch standards ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; LIGHT; CHROMIUM; LITHOGRAPHY; NANOFABRICATION; NANOSTRUCTURES AB The pitch accuracy of a grating formed by laser-focused atomic deposition is evaluated from the point of view of fabricating nanoscale pitch standard artifacts. The average pitch obtained by the process, nominally half the laser wavelength, is simply traceable with small uncertainty to an atomic frequency and hence can be known with very high accuracy. An error budget is presented for a Cr on sapphire sample, showing that a combined standard uncertainty of 0.0049 nm, or a relative uncertainty of 2.3 x 10(-5), is readily obtained, provided the substrate temperature does not change. Precision measurements of the diffraction of the 351.1 nm argon ion laser line from such an artifact are also presented. These yield an average pitch of (212.7777 +/- 0.0069) nm, which agrees well with the expected value, as corrected for thermal contraction, of (212.7705 +/- 0.0049) nm. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mat Res, NL-6535 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP McClelland, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jabez.mcclelland@nist.gov; robert.celotta@nist.gov RI McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 27 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 99 EP 113 DI 10.6028/jres.108.0010 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300001 PM 27413597 ER PT J AU Murthy, AV Wetterlund, I DeWitt, DP AF Murthy, AV Wetterlund, I DeWitt, DP TI Characterization of an ellipsoidal radiometer SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heat flux; radiometer; sensors AB An ellipsoidal radiometer has been characterized using a 25 mm variable-temperature blackbody as a radiant source. This radiometer is intended for separating radiation from convection effects in fire test methods. The characterization included angular response, responsivity, and purge-gas flow effect studies. The angular response measurements showed that the reflection from the radiometer cavity was higher on one of the cavity halves relative to the other half. Further development work may be necessary to improve the angular response. The responsivity measured with reference to a transfer-standard electrical-substitution radiometer showed dependence on the distance of the radiometer from the blackbody cavity. The purge-gas had the effect of reducing the signal output nearly linearly with flow rate. C1 Aero Tech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. SP Swedish Natl Testing & Res Inst, Boras, Sweden. NIST, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murthy, AV (reprint author), Aero Tech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.6028/jres.108.011 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300002 PM 27413598 ER PT J AU da Silva, FCS Wang, CM Pappas, DP AF da Silva, FCS Wang, CM Pappas, DP TI Interlaboratory comparison of magnetic thin film measurements SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interlaboratory comparison; magnetic films; standard reference materials ID MAGNETOMETER; DIAMOND; GROWTH; SENSITIVITY; NI AB A potential low magnetic moment standard reference material (SRM) was studied in an interlaboratory comparison. The mean and the standard deviation of the saturation moment m(s), the remanent moment m(r), and the intrinsic coercivity H-c of nine samples were extracted from hysteresis-loop measurements. Samples were measured by thirteen laboratories using inductive-field loopers, vibrating-sample magnetometers, alternating-gradient force magnetometers, and superconducting quantum-interference-device magnetometers. NiFe films on Si substrates had saturation moment measurements reproduced within 5% variation among the laboratories. The results show that a good candidate for an SRM must have a highly square hysteresis loop (m(r)/m(s) > 90%), H-c approximate to 400 A.m(-1) (5 Oe), and m(s) approximate to 2 x 10(-7) A.m(2) (2 x 10(-4) emu). C1 NIST, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP da Silva, FCS (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Magnet Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwang@boulder.nist.gov; pappas@boulder..nist.gov NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.6028/jres.108.012 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300003 PM 27413599 ER PT J AU Jain, K Bowers, W Schmidt, JW AF Jain, K Bowers, W Schmidt, JW TI A primary dead-weight tester for pressures (0.05-1.0) MPa SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dead-weight tester; piston/cylinder assembly; piston gage; pressure measurement; primary pressure standards ID FLOW AB Recent advances in technology on two fronts, 1) the fabrication of large-diameter pistons and cylinders with good geometry, and 2) the ability to measure the dimensions of these components with high accuracy, have allowed dead-weight testers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to generate pressures that approach total relative uncertainties previously obtained only by manometers. This paper describes a 35 mm diameter piston/cylinder assembly ( known within NIST as PG-39) that serves as a pressure standard in which both the piston and the cylinder have been accurately dimensioned by Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Both artifacts ( piston and cylinder) appeared to be round within +/- 30 nm and straight within +/- 100 nm over a substantial fraction of their heights. Based on the diameters at 20 degreesC provided by PTB (+/-15 nm) and on the good geometry of the artifact, the relative uncertainties for the effective area were estimated to be about 2.2 x 10(-6) (1sigma). C1 Natl Phys Lab, Force & Hardness Stand Grp, New Delhi 110012, India. NIST, Pressure & Vacuum Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jain, K (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Force & Hardness Stand Grp, Dr Krishnan Rd, New Delhi 110012, India. EM walter.bowers@nist.gov; jschmidt@nist.gov NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.6028/jres.108.013 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300004 PM 27413600 ER PT J AU Slifka, AJ Filla, BJ AF Slifka, AJ Filla, BJ TI Thermal conductivity measurement of an electron-beam physical-vapor-deposition coating SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EB-PVD; thermal barrier coating; thermal conductivity; yttria-stabilized zirconia AB An industrial ceramic thermal-barrier coating designated PWA 266, processed by electron-beam physical-vapor deposition, was measured using a steady-state thermal conductivity technique. The thermal conductivity of the mass fraction 7% yttria-stabilized zirconia coating was measured from 100 degreesC to 900 degreesC. Measurements on three thicknesses of coatings, 170 mum, 350 mum, and 510 mum resulted in thermal conductivity in the range from 1.5 W/(m.K) to 1.7 W/(m.K) with a combined relative standard uncertainty of 20%. The thermal conductivity is not significantly dependent on temperature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Slifka, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM slifka@boulder.nist.gov; filla@boulder.nist.gov NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 147 EP 150 DI 10.6028/jres.108.014 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300005 PM 27413601 ER PT J AU Slifka, AJ Hall, T Boltz, ES AF Slifka, AJ Hall, T Boltz, ES TI Thermal evaluation of scorched graphite-epoxy panels by infrared scanning SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE composites; graphite-epoxy; infrared imaging; thermal performance ID THERMOGRAPHY; COMPOSITES; DAMAGE AB A simple measurement system is described for evaluating damage to graphite-epoxy panels, such as those used in high-performance aircraft. The system uses a heating laser and infrared imaging system to measure thermal performance. Thermal conductivity or diffusivity is a sensitive indicator of damage in materials, allowing this thermal measurement to show various degrees of damage in graphite-epoxy composites. Our measurements track well with heat-flux damage to graphite epoxy panels. This measurement system, including analysis software, could easily be used in the field, such as on the deck of an aircraft carrier or at remote air strips. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. TPL Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Slifka, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM slifka@boulder.nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 108 IS 2 BP 151 EP 156 DI 10.6028/jres.108.015 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 672XZ UT WOS:000182550300006 PM 27413602 ER PT J AU Sander, LC Wise, SA AF Sander, LC Wise, SA TI A new standard reference material for column evaluation in reversed-phase liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RP-LC; standards; reference materials; test mixture ID OCTADECYLSILANE STATIONARY PHASES; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; PACKING MATERIALS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; BONDED PHASES; RETENTION MECHANISMS; UNIVERSAL PROCEDURE; BONDING DENSITY; SILICA; PERFORMANCE AB A new Standard Reference Material (SRM) for use in characterizing general aspects of liquid chromatographic column performance is described. SIRM 870 Column Performance Test Mixture for Liquid Chromatography contains five components: uracil, toluene, ethylbenzene, quinizarin, and amitriptyline, and is intended to provide indications of column void volume, hydrophobicity, methylene selectivity, activity toward organic bases, and activity toward metal chelators. The test is performed under neutral, buffered conditions. The measurement of retention and peak asymmetry factors for the components facilitates column classification. It is anticipated that this material will be useful (1) in column selection during method development, (2) as a control material to monitor column performance over time, and (3) in quality control in column manufacturing. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sander, LC (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 63 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 294 DI 10.1002/jssc.200390034 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 662MD UT WOS:000181950200012 ER PT J AU Posazhennikova, AI Indekeu, JO Ross, D Bonn, D Meunier, J AF Posazhennikova, AI Indekeu, JO Ross, D Bonn, D Meunier, J TI Cross-over between first-order and critical wetting at the liquid-vapour interface of n-alkane/methanol mixtures: Tricritical wetting and critical prewetting SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE wetting phase transitions; critical wetting; tricritical wetting; long-range forces; binary liquid mixtures; adsorption ID LONG-RANGE FORCES; MEAN-FIELD-THEORY; CRITICAL-POINTS; COMPETING BULK; SURFACE FIELDS; TRANSITIONS; SYSTEMS; 1ST-ORDER; RENORMALIZATION; DYNAMICS AB A simple mean- field theory is presented which describes the basic observations of recent experiments revealing rich wetting behaviour of n - alkane/ methanol mixtures at the liquid- vapour interface. The theory, qualitative and in part heuristic, is based on a microscopic lattice- gas model from which a Cahn Landau approach is distilled. Besides the physics associated with the short- range components of the intermolecular interactions, effects of the long- range tails of the net van der Waals forces between interfaces are also taken into account. Further, gravitational thinning of the wetting phase is incorporated. The calculation of the spreading coefficient S is extended to the experimentally relevant situation in which the bulk adsorbate is slightly away from two- phase coexistence due to gravity. Analysis of this novel approximation to S for systems with short- range forces leads to the conclusion that the surface specific heat exponents alpha(s) = 1, 1/ 2, and 0, for first-order wetting, tricritical wetting and critical wetting, respectively, are robust with respect to ( weak) gravitational thinning, consistently with experiment. For three different systems the adsorption is calculated as a function of temperature and compared with the experimentally measured ellipticity. Including weak long- range forces which favour wetting in the theory does not visibly alter the critical wetting transition for the nonane/ methanol mixture, in contrast with the generic expectation of first- order wetting for such systems, but in good agreement with experiment. For decane/ methanol weak long- range forces bring the transition very close to the prewetting critical point, leading to an adsorption behaviour closely reminiscent of short- range tricritical wetting, observed experimentally for alkane chain length between 9.6 and 10. Finally, for undecane/ methanol the transition is clearly of first order. First- order wetting is also seen in the experiment. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys & Magnetisme Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ecole Normale Super, Phys Stat Lab, F-75231 Paris, France. RP Posazhennikova, AI (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys & Magnetisme Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RI Bonn, Daniel/F-9928-2011 NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-4715 J9 J STAT PHYS JI J. Stat. Phys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 110 IS 3-6 BP 611 EP 658 DI 10.1023/A:1022151600747 PG 48 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 640RG UT WOS:000180701300009 ER PT J AU Stanley, HE Buldyrev, SV Giovambattista, N La Nave, E Mossa, S Scala, A Sciortino, F Starr, FW Yamada, M AF Stanley, HE Buldyrev, SV Giovambattista, N La Nave, E Mossa, S Scala, A Sciortino, F Starr, FW Yamada, M TI Application of statistical physics to understand static and dynamic anomalies in liquid water SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE mode coupling theory; low-density liquid; high-density liquid; homogeneous nucleation; structural heterogeneities; instantaneous normal mode ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY LANDSCAPE; GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; INSTANTANEOUS NORMAL-MODES; HYDROGEN-BOND NETWORK; SUPERCOOLED WATER; PHASE-TRANSITION; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS; MOLECULAR MOBILITY AB We present an overview of recent research applying ideas of statistical mechanics to try to better understand the statics and especially the dynamic puzzles regarding liquid water. We discuss recent molecular dynamics simulations using the Mahoney- Jorgensen transferable intermolecular potential with five points (TIP5P), which is closer to real water than previously-proposed classical pairwise additive potentials. Simulations of the TIP5P model for a wide range of deeply supercooled states, including both positive and negative pressures, reveal (i) the existence of a non-monotonic temperature of maximum density line and a non-reentrant spinodal, (ii) the presence of a low-temperature phase transition. The take-home message for the static aspects is that what seems to "matter" more than previously appreciated is local tetrahedral order, so that liquid water has features in common with SiO(2) and P, as well as perhaps Si and C. To better understand dynamic aspects of water, we focus on the role of the number of diffusive directions in the potential energy landscape. What seems to "matter" most is not values of thermodynamic parameters such as temperature T and pressure P, but only the value of a parameter characterizing the potential energy landscape-just as near a critical point what matters is not the values of T and P but rather the values of the correlation length. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stanley, HE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM hes@meta.bu.edu RI Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Buldyrev, Sergey/I-3933-2015; Giovambattista, Nicolas/I-4369-2015; Mossa, Stefano/B-8230-2014; Scala, Antonio/A-2098-2012 OI Giovambattista, Nicolas/0000-0003-1149-0693; Mossa, Stefano/0000-0001-6335-762X; Scala, Antonio/0000-0002-3414-2686 NR 127 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-4715 J9 J STAT PHYS JI J. Stat. Phys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 110 IS 3-6 BP 1039 EP 1054 DI 10.1023/A:1022188608924 PG 16 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 640RG UT WOS:000180701300027 ER PT J AU Krueger, S Gregurick, SK Zondlo, J Eisenstein, E AF Krueger, S Gregurick, SK Zondlo, J Eisenstein, E TI Interaction of GroEL and GroEL/GroES complexes with a nonnative subtilisin variant: a small-angle neutron scattering study SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chaperones; GroEL; GroES; polypeptide substrate binding; neutron scattering; small-angle scattering; contrast variation ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI GROEL; BACTERIAL CHAPERONIN GROEL; X-RAY-SCATTERING; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; MOLTEN GLOBULE; PROTEIN; POLYPEPTIDE; BINDING; SUBSTRATE AB Small-angle neutron scattering and contrast variation were used to study the solution structure of GroEL and GroEL/GroES chaperonins complexed with a normative variant of the polypeptide substrate, subtilisin (PJ9). The subtilisin was 86% deuterated (dPJ9) so that it contrasted sufficiently with the chaperonin, allowing the contrast variation technique to be used to separate the scattering from the two components bound in the complex. Both the native double-ring GroEL and a single-ring mutant were used with dPJ9 bound in a 1:1 stoichiometry per GroEL toroid. This allowed both the position and the shape of dPJ9 in the GroEL/dPJ9 complexes to be determined. A single-ring GroEL/GroES variant complexed with one dPJ9 molecule was used to study the structural changes of dPJ9 in GroEL/GroES/dPJ9 complexes formed with ADP and with ATP. It was found that both the shape and the position of the bound dPJ9 in the GroEL/GroES/dPJ9 complex with ADP were the same as those in the GroEL/dPJ9 complex. However, dPJ9 assumed a more symmetric shape when bound in the GroEL/GroES/dPJ9 complex with ATP. This important observation reflects the relative ability of ATP to promote refolding of protein substrates relative to that of ADP. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Krueger, S (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562,Bldg 235-Room E151, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM49316] NR 39 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1047-8477 J9 J STRUCT BIOL JI J. Struct. Biol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 141 IS 3 BP 240 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00002-9 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 660YX UT WOS:000181864400007 PM 12648570 ER PT J AU Karpov, S Prosperetti, A Ostrovsky, L AF Karpov, S Prosperetti, A Ostrovsky, L TI Nonlinear wave interactions in bubble layers SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC CAVITATION; DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS; PROPAGATION; GENERATION; EQUATIONS AB Due to the large compressibility of gas bubbles, layers of a bubbly liquid surrounded by pure liquid exhibit many resonances that can give rise to a strongly nonlinear behavior even for relatively low-level excitation. In an earlier paper [Druzhinin et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 3570 (1996)] it was pointed out that, by-exciting the bubbly layer in correspondence of two resonant modes, so chosen that the difference frequency also corresponds to a resonant mode, it might be possible to achieve an efficient parametric generation of a low-frequency signal. The earlier work made use of a simplified model for the bubbly liquid that ignored the dissipation and dispersion introduced. by the bubbles. Here a more realistic description of the bubble behavior is used to study the nonlinear oscillations of a bubble layer under both single- and dual-frequency excitation. It is found that a difference-frequency power of the order of 1% can be generated with incident pressure amplitudes of the order of 50 kPa or so. It appears that similar. phenomena would occur in other systems, such as porous waterlike or rubberlike media. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Zel Technol NOAA ETL, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Twente, Fac Appl Phys, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. Univ Twente, Twente Inst Mech, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. RP Prosperetti, A (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Prosperetti, Andrea/A-6263-2008; OI Prosperetti, Andrea/0000-0003-4129-7130; Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 35 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 113 IS 3 BP 1304 EP 1316 DI 10.1121/1.1539519 PG 13 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 653CB UT WOS:000181416700013 PM 12656365 ER PT J AU Demer, DA Conti, SG de Rosny, J Roux, P AF Demer, DA Conti, SG de Rosny, J Roux, P TI Absolute measurements of total target strength from reverberation in a cavity SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CARBIDE CALIBRATION SPHERES; FISH; SCATTERING; WATER; PRECISION; COPPER; ECHOES AB A new method was developed to acoustically measure the density and total scattering cross-section (sigma(t)) or total target strength [TTS = 10 log(10)(sigma(t)/4pi)] of objects in motion in a highly reflective cavity [J. De Rosny and P. Roux, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 2587-2597 (2001)]. From an ensemble of pulse-echo recordings, the average contribution of the scatterer(s) to the reverberation within the cavity provides a measurement of the scattering mean free path. The latter was. shown through theory and experiment to be proportional to the volume of the cavity and inversely proportional the product of the mean sigma(t) and number of scatterers. Here, the TTS measurement uncertainty is characterized using standard metal spheres as references. Theoretical TTS was calculated for multiple copper and tungsten carbide standard spheres (Cu: 60.0 30.05 and 23 mm and WC: 38.1 and 33.4 mm. diameters, respectively), using well-described theory for scattering from elastic spheres and the optical theorem. Measurements of TTS were made over a wide bandwidth (30-120 kHz) and compared to their theoretical values.. Measurements were made in a corrugated, cylindrical, galvanized-steel tank with 25 or 50.1 of fresh water at a temperature of 21 +/- 1degreesC. The results indicate the method can provide TTS measurements that are accurate to at least 0.4 dB with an average precision of +/-0.7 dB (95% confidence interval). Discussed are the requisite cavity volumes and signal-to-noise ratios for quality measurements of TTS, tank volume, and/or numerical abundance of mobile targets. Also discussed are multiple potential applications of this technique in bioacoustical oceanography. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France. Lab Ondes & Acoust, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Demer, DA (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RI roux, philippe/B-8538-2014 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 113 IS 3 BP 1387 EP 1394 DI 10.1121/1.1542648 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 653CB UT WOS:000181416700021 PM 12656373 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Green, P Xu, K AF Quinn, GD Green, P Xu, K TI Cracking and the indentation size effect for Knoop hardness of glasses SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CERAMICS; MICROHARDNESS; BRITTLENESS; FRACTURE AB The Knoop hardnesses of five glasses decreased with increasing load in accordance with the classic indentation size effect (ISE). At moderate loads, cracking dramatically altered the indentation sizes and the ISE trends in three of the five glasses. Cracked indentations were as much as 10 mum longer than uncracked indentations made under identical conditions. Diagonal length readings must be corrected for optical resolution limitations if low power lenses are used. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Delaware State Univ, Phys & Preengn Dept, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Ispat Inland Inc, E Chicago, IN 46312 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 3 BP 441 EP 448 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 659LM UT WOS:000181778200011 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD AF Quinn, GD TI Weibull effective volumes and surfaces for cylindrical rods loaded in flexure SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BRITTLE AB Formulas are given for the effective volumes and effective surfaces for cylindrical rods that have been loaded in flexure. Strength scaling for specimen size usually is dependent on whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed. Flexural loadings of rods of constant diameter are an exception. The ratio of three-point flexural strengths to four-point flexural strengths is independent of whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed. Rods that have been tested in flexure do not expose much material to the maximum stresses. Large rods produce strengths that are comparable to common standard-sized rectangular bend bars for volume flaws. For surface flaws, smaller rectangular bar specimens actually have larger effective surfaces. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 3 BP 475 EP 479 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 659LM UT WOS:000181778200016 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD AF Quinn, GD TI Weibull strength scaling for standardized rectangular flexure specimens SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Formulas for the effective volumes and effective surfaces for rectangular bars loaded in flexure are reviewed. The ratio of strengths from any two configurations, such as three-point flexural to four-point, is independent of whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed, if the cross-sectional sizes are the same. Discrimination between volume- or surface-distributed flaw types, based on the strength ratios, is not possible in such cases. On the other hand, conversion of strengths from one configuration to another is very easy if testing is performed in accordance with one of the current world standard test methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 86 IS 3 BP 508 EP 510 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 659LM UT WOS:000181778200021 ER PT J AU Alemayehu, N AF Alemayehu, N TI Analysis of performance variation using query expansion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOCUMENT-RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AB Information retrieval performance evaluation is commonly made based on the classical recall and precision based figures or graphs. However, important information indicating causes for variation may remain hidden under the average recall and precision figures. Identifying significant causes for variation can help researchers and developers to focus on opportunities for improvement that underlay the averages. This article presents a case study showing the potential of a statistical repeated measures analysis of variance for testing the significance of factors in retrieval performance variation. The TREC-9 Query Track performance data is used as a case study and the factors studied are retrieval method, topic, and their interaction. The results show that retrieval method, topic, and their interaction are all significant. A topic level analysis is also made to see the nature of variation in the performance of retrieval methods across topics. The observed retrieval performances of expansion runs are truly significant improvements for most of the topics. Analyses of the effect of query expansion on document ranking confirm that expansion affects ranking positively. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Alemayehu, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1532-2882 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TEC JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 54 IS 5 BP 379 EP 391 DI 10.1002/asi.10217 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 649ZR UT WOS:000181238300004 ER PT J AU Markowski, PM Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN AF Markowski, PM Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN TI Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; CONVECTIVE STORMS; TORNADOES; ROTATION; SHEAR; WIND; EQUATIONS; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS AB Idealized numerical simulations are conducted in which an axisymmetric, moist, rotating updraft free of rain is initiated, after which a downdraft is imposed by precipitation loading. The experiments are designed to emulate a supercell updraft that has rotation aloft initially, followed by the formation of a downdraft and descent of a rain curtain on the rear flank. In the idealized simulations, the rain curtain and downdraft are annular, rather than hook-shaped, as is typically observed. The downdraft transports angular momentum, which is initially a maximum aloft and zero at the surface, toward the ground. Once reaching the ground, the circulation-rich air is converged beneath the updraft and a tornado develops. The intensity and longevity of the tornado depend on the thermodynamic characteristics of the angular momentum-transporting downdraft, which are sensitive to the ambient low-level relative humidity and precipitation character of the rain curtain. For large low-level relative humidity and a rain curtain having a relatively small precipitation concentration, the imposed downdraft is warmer than when the low-level relative humidity is small and the precipitation concentration of the rain curtain is large. The simulated tornadoes are stronger and longer-lived when the imposed downdrafts are relatively warm compared to when the downdrafts are relatively cold, owing to a larger amount of convergence of circulation-rich downdraft air. The results may explain some recent observations of the tendency for supercells to be tornadic when their rear-flank downdrafts are associated with relatively small temperature deficits. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Markowski, PM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI Markowski, Paul/0000-0002-4295-3390 NR 65 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 60 IS 6 BP 795 EP 823 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QZ UT WOS:000181046900002 ER PT J AU Edamura, M Benck, EC AF Edamura, M Benck, EC TI Transition from E to H mode discharge in pulse-modulated inductively coupled plasmas SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID ION; SIMULATION; REACTOR AB Time-resolved measurements of pulse-modulated inductively coupled plasmas were carried out by using a Langmuir probe. It was found that under a certain set of conditions (a mixture of 20% O-2 and 80% Ar, a pressure of 2.67 Pa, an rf power of 200 W, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and an rf-off time of 100 mus), a plasma transits from E mode (capacitive coupling mode) to H mode (inductive coupling mode) after the rf-off time. With a shorter rf-off time of 50 As, the plasma returned to H mode without passing through E mode. Whether H mode or E mode appears after the rf-off time depends on the electron density at the end of the afterglow. Namely, the restoration to H mode after the if-off time occurs if the plasma has an adequate electron density, and E mode occurs if-electron density is not enough to sustain H mode. It was also found that electron temperature decreases and plasma potential increases gradually during E mode because of the change of the electron-energy distribution. The change of the plasma reduces the impedance mismatching gradually and increases the electron density until the transition to H mode occurs. Such mode transition behavior strongly depends on the basic characteristics of the plasma processing apparatus during continuous discharge and also on the condition of the chamber wall. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Edamura, M (reprint author), Hitachi Ltd, Mech Engn Res Lab, 502 Kandatsu, Ibaraki 3000013, Japan. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 21 IS 2 BP 470 EP 475 DI 10.1116/1.1545756 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 673UH UT WOS:000182598300021 ER PT J AU Ewing, RY Mignucci-Giannoni, AA AF Ewing, RY Mignucci-Giannoni, AA TI A poorly differentiated pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS; TUMORS; MESOTHELIOMA; PAPILLOMAS AB A free-ranging adult, female offshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found freshly dead in 1999 on Ocean Park Beach in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The left-lung and right-lung pleura had multiple white, firm-to-hard nodules with coagulative necrosis. Histologically, the neoplasms were characterized by multiple well-circumscribed, nonencapsulated expansile masses consisting mostly of polygonal cells with fewer circumferential flattened basaloid cells that compressed alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi. Neoplastic cells stained positive for cytokeratin, with sporadic vimentin staining, and were negative for epithelial membrane antigen, thyroid transcription factor-1, calretinin, and human mesothelial cell antigen. A diagnosis of poorly differentiated pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node and renal metastases was made on the basis of histomorphology and immunohistochemical staining. This is the first documentation of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma in a dolphin. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div Comparat Pathol, Miami, FL 33101 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Metropolitana, Red Caribena Varamientos Caribbean Stranding Netw, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Metropolitana, Dept Ciencias & Tecnol, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RP Ewing, RY (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div Comparat Pathol, Miami, FL 33101 USA. OI Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A./0000-0003-1443-4873 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 15 IS 2 BP 162 EP 165 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 655PE UT WOS:000181560600011 PM 12661727 ER PT J AU Wei, Y Cheung, KF Curtis, GD McCreery, CS AF Wei, Y Cheung, KF Curtis, GD McCreery, CS TI Inverse algorithm for tsunami forecasts SO JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE floods; least square method; Tsunamis; forecasting; Hawaii ID FAULTS; RUNUP AB This paper describes a methodology to assess the severity of a tsunami in progress based on real-time water-level data near the source. The inverse method, which uses tsunami signals in water-level data to infer seismic source parameters, is extended to predict the tsunami waveforms away from the source. This study focuses on the Alaska-Aleutian source region and its potential threat to Hawaii. The algorithm divides the source region into 41 subfaults based on previous analyses of major tsunamigenic earthquakes from 1938 to 1986. For unit slip of the subfaults, a linear long-wave model generates a database of synthetic mareograms at 13 water-level stations near the source and at six strategic locations in the Pacific. Regression of recorded tsunami signals using the mareograms provides the slip distribution at the source and the expected waveforms near Hawaii. A jackknife resampling scheme provides the confidence interval bounds of the predictions. The algorithm along with the database is tested and verified using numerically simulated and actual water-level data of past tsunami events. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Richard H Hagemeyer Pacific Tsunami Warning Ctr, Ewa Beach, HI 96706 USA. RP Cheung, KF (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Wei, Yong/I-3462-2015 OI Wei, Yong/0000-0002-6908-1342 NR 29 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-950X J9 J WATERW PORT C-ASCE JI J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 129 IS 2 BP 60 EP 69 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:2(60) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 647LN UT WOS:000181094400002 ER PT J AU Stevick, PT Allen, J Berube, M Clapham, PJ Katona, SK Larsen, F Lien, J Mattila, DK Palsboll, PJ Robbins, J Sigurjonsson, J Smith, TD Oien, N Hammond, PS AF Stevick, PT Allen, J Berube, M Clapham, PJ Katona, SK Larsen, F Lien, J Mattila, DK Palsboll, PJ Robbins, J Sigurjonsson, J Smith, TD Oien, N Hammond, PS TI Segregation of migration by feeding ground origin in North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE migration; segregation; breeding grounds; feeding grounds; Atlantic Ocean; Megaptera novaeangliae ID IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; SEX; CETACEANS; ABUNDANCE; RECAPTURE; ISLANDS; OCEAN AB Results from a large-scale, capture-recapture study of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the North Atlantic show that migration timing is influenced by feeding ground origin. No significant differences were observed in the number of individuals from any feeding area that were re-sighted in the common breeding area in the West Indies. However, there was a relationship between the proportion (logit transformed) of West Indies sightings and longitude (r(2) = 0.97, F-1.3 = 98.27, P = 0.0022) suggesting that individuals feeding farther to the east are less likely to winter in the West Indies. A relationship was also detected between sighting date in the West Indies and feeding area. Mean sighting dates in the West Indies for individuals identified in the Gulf of Maine and eastern Canada were significantly earlier than those for animals identified in Greenland, Iceland and Norway (9.97 days, t(179) = 3.53, P = 0.00054). There was also evidence for sexual segregation in migration; males were seen earlier on the breeding ground than were females (6.63 days, t(105) = 1.98, P = 0.050). This pattern was consistently observed for animals from all feeding areas; a combined model showed a significant effect for both sex (F-1 = 5.942, P = 0.017) and feeding area (F-3 = 4.756, P = 0.0038). The temporal difference in occupancy of the West Indies between individuals from different feeding areas, coupled with sexual differences in migratory patterns, presents the possibility that there are reduced mating opportunities between individuals from different high latitude areas. C1 Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. Coll Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Populat Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Nuuk, Greenland. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Biopsychol Programme, St Johns, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St Johns, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. Ctr Coastal Syst, Provincetown, MA 02657 USA. Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. RP Hammond, PS (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. RI Palsboll, Per /G-6988-2011; OI Palsboll, Per /0000-0002-4198-7599; Robbins, Jooke/0000-0002-6382-722X NR 29 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 29 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 259 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1017/S0952836902003151 PN 3 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 673XW UT WOS:000182607100002 ER PT J AU Idrisi, N Capo, TR Luthy, S Serafy, JE AF Idrisi, N Capo, TR Luthy, S Serafy, JE TI Behavior, oxygen consumption and survival of stressed juvenile sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in captivity SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Serafy, JE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0091-181X J9 MAR FRESHW BEHAV PHY JI Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 36 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 DI 10.1080/1023624021000054299 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 672MX UT WOS:000182525600005 ER PT J AU Gittings, SR Benson, K Takata, L Witman, K AF Gittings, SR Benson, K Takata, L Witman, K TI Conservation science in the National Marine Sanctuary Program SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Marine Sanctuaries Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Gittings, SR (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Sanctuaries Div, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 685GP UT WOS:000183254200002 ER PT J AU Yoklavich, MM Grimes, CB Wakefield, WW AF Yoklavich, MM Grimes, CB Wakefield, WW TI Using laser line scan imaging technology to assess deepwater seafloor habitats in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ASSOCIATIONS; WATERS AB We conducted a 9-day field test of laser line scan (LLS) imaging technology to characterize and explore seafloor habitats in and around the Big Creek Marine Ecological Reserve (BCER) within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary off the central California coast. Our goal was to evaluate the utility of LLS technology for assessing the distribution and abundance of fish, megafaunal invertebrates, and seafloor habitats, and to compare LLS images with those acquired from side-scan sonar and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). We surveyed an area approximately 2.6 km long and 0.4 km wide, extending inside and directly outside BCER. Using LLS technology, we imaged isolated rock outcrops with Patches of large sea anemones and dense groups of fishes, drift kelp, sea pens, salp chains, and individual, sedentary benthic fishes (including California halibut, Pacific electric ray, ratfish, and juvenile lingcod). As can be achieved with side-scan sonar, the LLS system also did an excellent job of imaging structural details of low-relief features such as sand waves and ripples. The LLS system offered the advantage of imaging some of the biogrenic components of habitat and of describing their spatial relationships with detail that currently is not possible using acoustic techniques such as side-scan and multibeam sonar. However, the ROV far exceeded the capability of a LLS system to discern organisms at the highest possible taxonomic level, which ultimately will affect measures of diversity. The ability to visualize the seafloor in a broad context from a mosaic of LLS images could help us understand physical and anthropogenic (e.g., bottom trawling) processes that influence dynamic benthic habitats. Further development and use of LLS technology have the potential to improve our understanding, quantification, and protection of fish habitats. C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA USA. NOAA, NMFS, NWFSC, Newport, OR USA. RP Yoklavich, MM (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 18 EP 26 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 685GP UT WOS:000183254200004 ER PT J AU Lindholm, J Auster, P AF Lindholm, J Auster, P TI Site utilization by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in off-shore gravel habitat as determined by acoustic telemetry: Implications for the design of marine protected areas SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SEA-FLOOR HABITAT; GEORGES-BANK; MOVEMENT PATTERNS; JUVENILE COD; RESPONSES; VARIABILITY; SETTLEMENT; MIGRATION; RESERVES; GROWTH AB We quantified the site utilization of offshore gravel habitat by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using acoustic telemetry. An omni-directional receiver was deployed inside Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary during Summer 2001 in an area that excluded commercial fishing for demersal fishes. Fish were collected using hook and line, tagged externally with coded acoustic pingers, and released on the seafloor using an "elevator" within the range of the receiver Observations were made over 120 days. The total number of days that individual fish were recorded was up to 120 days and a total of 37% of all tagged fish showed high site fidelity to the study area. C1 Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. Univ Connecticut, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Groton, CT USA. RP Lindholm, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 27 EP 34 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 685GP UT WOS:000183254200005 ER PT J AU Wiley, DN Moller, JC Zilinskas, KA Wiley, DN AF Wiley, DN Moller, JC Zilinskas, KA Wiley, DN TI The distribution and density of commercial fisheries and baleen whales within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary: July 2001-June 2002 SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC; MORTALITY; HABITAT AB Research in a national marine sanctuary provides the ability to monitor, assess and understand changes in, and threats to, the area. In July 2001, the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary undertook a year-long study to quantify and map patterns of human and marine mammal use. Data were collected during monthly standardized shipboard surveys that bisected the Sanctuary at 5 km (2.5 nm) intervals. We used a subset of those data and ArcView's Spatial Analyst program to conduct an analysis of the density and distribution of fixed gear (trap and gillnet) fisheries, mobile gear (otter trawl and scallop dredge) fisheries and baleen whales. We used this to develop a "user geography" of the Sanctuary based on patterns of use and identify high use areas that might pose the risk of environmental damage. We also used ArcView to develop an index of Relative Interaction Potential (RIP) to identify where baleen whales might become entangled in fishing gear; a known threat within the Sanctuary. The RIP identified a number of areas that stood out in terms of entanglement risk. Information from the study will allow managers to identify future changes in Sanctuary use and investigate current areas of intense use for potential harm. C1 Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. Int Wildlife Coalit, E Falmouth, MA USA. RP Wiley, DN (reprint author), Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 35 EP 53 PG 19 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 685GP UT WOS:000183254200006 ER PT J AU Cowie-Haskell, BD Delaney, JM AF Cowie-Haskell, BD Delaney, JM TI Integrating science into the design of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA-KEYS; MANAGEMENT AB The Tortugas Ecological Reserve, the largest fully protected marine reserve in the U.S.A., was implemented in July 2001 after a successful, three-year collaborative effort. A key facet of this process was the direct involvement of scientists and the acceptance of their information by the various stakeholders collaborating on the reserve's design. This paper describes how scientific information was ultimately influential in the siting and sizing of the reserve. Case studies such as this may benefit those attempting to use science to inform decisions in marine protected area planning. C1 Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, FL USA. RP Cowie-Haskell, BD (reprint author), Natl Marine Sanctuary, Stellwagen Bank, Scituate, MA USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 68 EP 79 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 685GP UT WOS:000183254200008 ER PT J AU Phan, LT Carino, NJ AF Phan, LT Carino, NJ TI Code provisions for high strength concrete strength-temperature relationship at elevated temperatures SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article AB This paper presents results of experiments, conducted at NIST and elsewhere, to measure compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature. The paper compares the test data with existing design rules and recommendations to assess their applicability to HSC. Based on the compiled data, the paper proposes new strength-temperature relationship for HSC and discusses the need for standardizing the test procedure for testing concrete at high temperature and for a revision of the current design guides to include new data for properties of concrete at high temperature. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phan, LT (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU R I L E M PUBLICATIONS PI CACHAN PA 61 AVE PRESIDENT WILSON, 94235 CACHAN, FRANCE SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 36 IS 256 BP 91 EP 98 DI 10.1617/13811 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 655YD UT WOS:000181579900003 ER PT J AU DeWerd, LA Micka, JA Laird, RW Pearson, DW O'Brien, M Lamperti, P AF DeWerd, LA Micka, JA Laird, RW Pearson, DW O'Brien, M Lamperti, P TI The effect of spectra on calibration and measurement with mammographic ionization chambers (vol 29, pg 2649, 2002) SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Wisconsin, Radiat Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeWerd, LA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Radiat Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 30 IS 3 BP 483 EP 483 DI 10.1118/1.1544681 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 656AX UT WOS:000181587500026 ER PT J AU Perepezko, JH Beckermann, C Boettinger, WJ AF Perepezko, JH Beckermann, C Boettinger, WJ TI Symposium on fundamentals of solidification - Foreword SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Perepezko, JH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Beckermann, Christoph/F-7158-2010 OI Beckermann, Christoph/0000-0002-9976-0995 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 433 EP 433 DI 10.1007/s11661-003-0078-0 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 651YW UT WOS:000181352400001 ER PT J AU Banovic, SW Foecke, T AF Banovic, SW Foecke, T TI Evolution of strain-induced microstructure and texture in commercial aluminum sheet under balanced biaxial stretching SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE; FORMING LIMITS; DEFORMATION; METALS; ALLOY AB The evolution of surface topography and crystallographic texture was investigated under balanced biaxial stretching in sheets of the aluminum alloy 5052-H32. Two different lots of material, with an initial nominal thickness of I mm, were tested in the as-received condition. Samples with increasing levels of balanced biaxial strain were deformed using a modified Marciniak in-plane stretching test. In general, the sheet materials were micro structurally and crystallographically anisotropic. Between the two lots, the initial microstructure and mechanical properties were found to be equivalent; however, the sheet texture was appreciably different. This latter variation was observed to have an effect on the additional roughening of the surface subsequent to deformation. For a given lot of material, the surface roughness was found to be proportional to the magnitude of the strain. However, while the roughening rates for the two lots were comparable, the lot having a stronger initial 12201 texture component was found to roughen to a higher degree. Corresponding changes in the sheet texture were observed to have two regimes as a function of the strain level. In the first regime, typically, for strains (e) up to 0.05, the orientations were found to rotate quickly away from the initial cube (001)(100) orientation observed in the as-received sheet toward positions along the a fiber. Above a strain level of 0.05, the (220) texture component continued to increase with deformation, but at a decreasing rate up to failure of the sheet. The difference in the grain rotation rates observed did not appear to have an effect on the surface roughening, as the relative change of the crystallographic orientations with increasing plastic strain was similar for both heats of material. Instead, it is believed that localized grain or grain-grouping interactions may play a more important role in the surface roughening process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banovic, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 34 IS 3 BP 657 EP 671 DI 10.1007/s11661-003-0100-6 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 651YW UT WOS:000181352400023 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Close, DA AF Moser, ML Close, DA TI Assessing Pacific lamprey status in the Columbia River basin SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA; SEA LAMPREY; EXTINCTION AB In the Columbia River drainage, salmonid-based monitoring programs have historically been used to assess status of both adult and juvenile Pacific lamprey. We compared adult lamprey counts at hydropower dams to recent radiotelemetry results and found that the counts underestimated losses between some dams and overestimated passage times through reservoirs. Count data were not correlated with trap captures of adults conducted in the same area and at the same time, likely due to lamprey-specific behaviors that result in inaccurate counts. We recommend maintenance of traditional count protocols, but emphasize the need for continued research to develop an accurate correction factor to apply to these data. Existing salmonid-based sampling for juvenile lamprey is inadequate and we highlight the need for standardized larval lamprey monitoring that provides both abundance and size distributions. Our electrofishing survey for juvenile lamprey indicated that this technique provides critical information on lamprey recruitment and is feasible over large spatial scales. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Confederated Tribes Umatilla Indian Reservat, Dept Nat Resources, Tribal Fisheries Program, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mary.moser@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC PI SEATTLE PA JEFFREY DUDA, USGS, WESTERN FISHERIES RES CTR, 6505 NE 65 ST, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0029-344X EI 2161-9859 J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2 BP 116 EP 125 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 678XT UT WOS:000182892500004 ER PT J AU Phadke, AC Martino, CD Cheung, KF Houston, SH AF Phadke, AC Martino, CD Cheung, KF Houston, SH TI Modeling of tropical cyclone winds and waves for emergency management SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE aircraft wind measurements; buoy measurements; hurricanes; parametric wind models; tropical cyclones; WAM; wave model; waves; winds ID HURRICANE; LANDFALL; FIELDS AB This paper compares three commonly used parametric models of tropical cyclone winds and evaluates their application in the wave model WAM. The parametric models provide surface wind fields based on best tracks of tropical cyclones and WAM simulates wave growth based on the wind energy input. The model package is applied to hindcast the wind and wave conditions of Hurricane Iniki, which directly hit the Hawaiian Island of Kauai in 1992. The parametric wind fields are evaluated against buoy and aircraft measurements made during the storm. A sensitivity analysis determines the spatial and spectral resolution needed to model the wave field of Hurricane Iniki. Comparisons of the modeled waves with buoy measurements indicate good agreement within the core of the storm and demonstrate the capability of the model package as a forecasting tool for emergency management. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Cheung, KF (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 30 IS 4 BP 553 EP 578 AR PII S0029-8018(02)00033-1 DI 10.1016/S0029-8018(02)00033-1 PG 26 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 631ZJ UT WOS:000180198000006 ER PT J AU Gershgoren, E Bartels, RA Fourkas, JT Tobey, R Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC AF Gershgoren, E Bartels, RA Fourkas, JT Tobey, R Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC TI Simplified setup for high-resolution spectroscopy that uses ultrashort pulses SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; RAMAN-SCATTERING; GENERATION; MOTION AB Using a broadband femtosecond laser and a simple optical setup, we demonstrate narrow-bandwidth-tunable excitation of vibrational modes in CCl4 and CHBr3 liquids. The resolution obtained is 80 times higher than the laser bandwidth. A pair of time-shifted, linearly chirped pulses is created by use of a high-order dispersion-compensated prism-interferometer setup. We use this pulse pair to selectively excite Raman-active transitions. Our setup represents a significant simplification with improved resolution, of previous approaches to the use of ultrashort pulses for chemically selective spectroscopy. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Boston Coll, F Merkert Chem Ctr, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. RP Gershgoren, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Fourkas, John/B-3500-2009; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Fourkas, John/0000-0002-4522-9584; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 16 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 361 EP 363 DI 10.1364/OL.28.000361 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 647YR UT WOS:000181122100021 PM 12659444 ER PT J AU Foreman, SM Jones, DJ Ye, J AF Foreman, SM Jones, DJ Ye, J TI Flexible and rapidly configurable femtosecond pulse generation in the mid-IR SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 18 MU-M; REPETITION-RATE; GASE AB We demonstrate a new experimental approach for flexible femtosecond pulse generation in the mid-IR by use of difference-frequency generation from two tightly synchronized Ti:sapphire lasers. The resultant mid-IR pulse train can be easily tuned, with an adjustable repetition frequency up to 100 MHz, a pulse energy of similar to1.5 X 10(-13) J, and an intensity noise similar to that of the Ti:sapphire. Rapid switching of the mid-IR wavelength and programmable amplitude modulation are achieved by precision setting of the time delay between two original pulses. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Foreman, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 11 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 13 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 370 EP 372 DI 10.1364/OL.28.000370 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 647YR UT WOS:000181122100024 PM 12659447 ER PT J AU Lee, JD Kim, SU Lee, SS Jung, JI Su, DH AF Lee, JD Kim, SU Lee, SS Jung, JI Su, DH TI Differentiated wavelength assignment with QoS recovery for DWDM next generation internet backbone networks SO PHOTONIC NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE wavelength assignment; network survivability; QoS recovery; DWDM ID QUALITY AB This paper describes a differentiated wavelength assignment strategy for the appropriate allocation of wavelengths on wavelength-routed quality of service (QoS) routes with differentiated QoS class and recovery capabilities. The paper is based on the differentiated MPlambdaS services (DMS) model as a framework for optical bandwidth management and the real time provisioning of optical channels in re-configurable transport networks. MPlambdaS stands for multi protocol lambda switching which is a functional part of GMPLS (generalized MPLS). We discuss here a QoS recovery scheme at the optical layer, at the MPlambdaS layer, and at the IP layer, as related to QoS failure caused by device failures or attack-induced faults in dense-wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transport networks. According to the QoS characteristics of wavelength in optical links and the type of used optical cross-connect (OXC) nodes, a differentiated wavelength assignment strategy that considers QoS recovery capability is also described. We point out important problems that should be resolved in the DMS model for optical QoS routing with differentiated wavelength assignment. C1 Pukyong Natl Univ, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Taejon 305350, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Div Elect & Comp Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pukyong Natl Univ, 599-1 Daeyeon 3 Dong Nam Gu, Pusan 608737, South Korea. EM jdlee@kit.ac.kr; kimsu@pknu.ac.kr; sslee@etri.re.kr; jijung@hanyang.ac.kr; dsu@nist.gov NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1387-974X EI 1572-8188 J9 PHOTONIC NETW COMMUN JI Photonic Netw. Commun. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 163 EP 175 DI 10.1023/A:1022168427379 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Optics; Telecommunications GA 640RH UT WOS:000180701400005 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Rao, Q AF Xie, RH Rao, Q TI Generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing in a high-Q micromaser cavity. (VIII). Multi-photon interaction SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE dipole; squeezed state; chaotic state; vacuum field; multi-photon transition; quantum fluctuation; uncertainty relation; density matrix method ID JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL; STATES; FIELD; SUPERPOSITION; LIGHT AB In our preceding serial works, we have investigated the generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing (HOADS) in a high-Q micromaser cavity, discussing the effects of dynamic Stark shift, atomic damping, atomic coherence and nonlinear one-photon processes and different initial states (for example, correlated and uncorrelated states, superposition states, squeezed vacuum). In this paper, we continue to study HOADS in a high-Q micromaser cavity, but consider that the atom interacts with the optical field via a multi-photon transition process and that the initial atom is arbitrarily prepared. For a vacuum initial field, we demonstrate that HOADS cannot occur if the atom is initially prepared in a chaotic state and that a coherent atomic state generates less efficient and stable HOADS than an arbitrary one. It is found that large detuning may lead to enhanced and strong HOADS. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 319 BP 233 EP 244 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01519-4 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01519-4 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 650UA UT WOS:000181280700017 ER PT J AU Liu, ZY Dowben, PA Popov, AP Pappas, DP AF Liu, ZY Dowben, PA Popov, AP Pappas, DP TI Consideration of possible mass and velocity corrections to magnetic cluster experiments SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FERROMAGNETIC CLUSTERS; FREE-IRON; BEHAVIOR AB Gadolinium occurs, in natural abundance, as several isotopes. The possible combinations of different gadolinium isotopes dictates that even for a fixed number of atoms in the cluster, clusters of gadolinium atoms will exhibit a range of masses. This and the expected consequence of the translation energy distributions are explored as possible corrections to Stern-Gerlach cluster beam-deflection experiments. Upon closer inspection of the experimental data, we find that the translation energy plus the vibrational temperature distribution may be inhomogeneous. This could be the origin of a long tail to high deflections in the experimental deflection profiles, at low cluster temperatures, in the magnetic cluster Stern-Gerlach experiments. C1 Univ Nebraska, Behlen Lab Phys, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Inst Engn Phys, Moscow 115409, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Magnet Recording Measurements 816 01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Liu, ZY (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Behlen Lab Phys, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 AR 033202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.033202 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 662TX UT WOS:000181965900062 ER PT J AU Morsch, O Muller, JH Ciampini, D Cristiani, M Blakie, PB Williams, CJ Julienne, PS Arimondo, E AF Morsch, O Muller, JH Ciampini, D Cristiani, M Blakie, PB Williams, CJ Julienne, PS Arimondo, E TI Decay and revival of phase coherence of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL LATTICES; BLOCH OSCILLATIONS; EXCITATIONS; MODE; 1D AB The dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate nonadiabatically loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice is studied by analyzing the phase coherence between sites along the lattice as well as the radial profile of the condensate after a time-of flight. A simple model is proposed that predicts the short-time dephasing as a function of the condensate parameters. In the radial direction, heavily damped oscillations are observed, as well as an increase in the condensate temperature. These findings are interpreted as a rethermalization due to dissipation of the initial condensate excitations into high-lying modes. C1 Univ Pisa, INFM, Dipartimento Fis E Fermi, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morsch, O (reprint author), Univ Pisa, INFM, Dipartimento Fis E Fermi, Via Buonarroti 2, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RI Blakie, Peter/A-1554-2009; Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Ciampini, Donatella/E-2097-2012; Muller, Jorg Helge/M-5187-2014; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Blakie, Peter/0000-0003-4772-6514; Muller, Jorg Helge/0000-0001-6984-0487; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 AR 031603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.031603 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 662TX UT WOS:000181965900009 ER PT J AU Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Wynands, R Stahler, M Kitching, J Hollberg, L AF Taichenachev, AV Yudin, VI Wynands, R Stahler, M Kitching, J Hollberg, L TI Theory of dark resonances for alkali-metal vapors in a buffer-gas cell SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-TRAPPING RESONANCES; ATOMIC-FREQUENCY REFERENCES; COHERENT; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES AB We develop an analytical theory of dark resonances that accounts for the full atomic-level structure, as well as all field-induced effects such as coherence preparation, optical pumping, ac Stark shifts, and power broadening. The analysis uses a model based on relaxation constants, which assumes the total collisional depolarization of the excited state. A good qualitative agreement with the experiments for Cs in Ne is obtained. C1 Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Inst Laser Phys SD RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. NIST Boulder, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Taichenachev, AV (reprint author), Novosibirsk State Univ, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3 AR 033810 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.033810 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 662TX UT WOS:000181965900093 ER PT J AU Martinis, JM Nam, S Aumentado, J Lang, KM Urbina, C AF Martinis, JM Nam, S Aumentado, J Lang, KM Urbina, C TI Decoherence of a superconducting qubit due to bias noise SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM INTERFERENCE DEVICES; JOSEPHSON-JUNCTION; 1/F NOISE; PHASE DIFFERENCE; COULOMB BLOCKADE; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; STATE; OSCILLATIONS; CIRCUIT AB We calculate for the current-biased Josephson junction the decoherence of the qubit state from noise and dissipation. The effect of dissipation can be entirely accounted for through a semiclassical noise model that appropriately includes the effect of zero-point and thermal fluctuations from dissipation. The magnitude and frequency dependence of this dissipation can be fully evaluated with this model to obtain design constraints for small decoherence. We also calculate decoherence from spin echo and Rabi control sequences and show they are much less sensitive to low-frequency noise than for a Ramsey sequence. We predict small decoherence rates from 1/f noise of charge, critical current, and flux based on noise measurements in prior experiments. Our results indicate this system is a good candidate for a solid-state quantum computer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Martinis, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Aumentado, Jose/C-2231-2009; Urbina, Cristian/M-6412-2015 OI Aumentado, Jose/0000-0001-5581-1466; Urbina, Cristian/0000-0001-9145-8081 NR 29 TC 161 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 9 AR 094510 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.094510 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 663RL UT WOS:000182019300113 ER PT J AU Popov, AP Anisimov, AV Pappas, DP AF Popov, AP Anisimov, AV Pappas, DP TI Mechanisms for the multistep spin reorientation of ultrathin Fe films on Gd SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID AMORPHOUS METALLIC FILMS; MAGNETIC-ANISOTROPY; TRANSITION; SURFACE; FERROMAGNET; LAYERS; ORDER AB The multistep spin reorientation transition of ultrathin iron films on bulk gadolinium is described theoretically. We find that it is necessary to include cubic terms in the magnetic anisotropy energy expansion in order to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, the signs of the anisotropy coefficients required to explain the coexistence of both first- and second-order phase transitions in this spin reorientation transition are obtained. We can then model this system using either a surface or a bulk driven model, or a combination of both. C1 Moscow State Engn Phys Inst, Dept Mol Phys, Moscow 115407, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Popov, AP (reprint author), Moscow State Engn Phys Inst, Dept Mol Phys, Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115407, Russia. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 9 AR 094428 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.094428 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 663RL UT WOS:000182019300091 ER PT J AU Burton, BP Van de Walle, A AF Burton, BP Van de Walle, A TI First-principles-based calculations of the CaCO3-MgCO3 and CdCO3-MgCO3 subsolidus phase diagrams SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS LA English DT Article DE first principles; phase diagram calculation; order-disorder; CaCO3-MgCO3; CdCO3-MgCO3 ID INITIO MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; SYSTEM CACO3-MGCO3; DOLOMITE; CALCITE; SUPERSTRUCTURES; CARBONATES; TRANSITION; MICROSCOPY AB Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of the CaCO3-MgCO3 and CdCO3-MgCO3 phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd3Mg (CO3)(4) and CdMg3(CO3)(4), are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO3-MgCO3 system, but a low-lying metastable Ca3Mg(CO3)(4) state, analogous to the Cd3Mg(CO3)(4) phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg3(CO3)(4), have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A(m)B(n) cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Burton, BP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM benjamin.burton@nist.gov; avdw@northwestern.edu RI van de Walle, Axel/L-5676-2013 OI van de Walle, Axel/0000-0002-3415-1494 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0342-1791 EI 1432-2021 J9 PHYS CHEM MINER JI Phys. Chem. Miner. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 BP 88 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s00269-002-0294-y PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Materials Science; Mineralogy GA 671LR UT WOS:000182466700003 ER PT J AU Davern, M Rockwood, TH Sherrod, R Campbell, S AF Davern, M Rockwood, TH Sherrod, R Campbell, S TI Prepaid monetary incentives and data quality in face-to-face interviews SO PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID RESPONSE RATES; METAANALYSIS; BEHAVIOR C1 Univ Minnesota, State Hlth Access Data Assistance Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD USA. US Bur Census, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Davern, M (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, State Hlth Access Data Assistance Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0033-362X J9 PUBLIC OPIN QUART JI Public Opin. Q. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1086/346012 PG 9 WC Communication; Political Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Communication; Government & Law; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 668BK UT WOS:000182270300010 ER PT J AU Tassey, G AF Tassey, G TI R&D investment trends. US needs more high-tech SO RESEARCH-TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tassey, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INST INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1550 M ST., NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0895-6308 J9 RES TECHNOL MANAGE JI Res.-Technol. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 46 IS 2 BP 9 EP 11 PG 3 WC Business; Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Business & Economics; Engineering GA 650UL UT WOS:000181281700004 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Wang, H Kim, H Han, CC Grulke, EA Obrzut, J AF Hobbie, EK Wang, H Kim, H Han, CC Grulke, EA Obrzut, J TI Optical measurements of structure and orientation in sheared carbon-nanotube suspensions SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID COMPOSITES; SCATTERING; STRENGTH; FLOW AB We describe an optical metrology for measuring shear-induced structure and orientation in dilute dispersions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Small-angle polarized light scattering and optical microscopy are combined in situ to quantify the structural anisotropy of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in semidilute, surfactant-stabilized aqueous suspensions under simple shear flow. Measurements performed as a function of the applied shear rate are used to demonstrate, the capabilities and limitations of the experimental technique, which should be suitable for probing the shear response of polymer-nanotube melts and solutions. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Adv Carbon Mat Ctr, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Natl Inst Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Chem, Yongin 449701, Kyungkido, South Korea. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 28 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 74 IS 3 BP 1244 EP 1250 DI 10.1063/1.1540722 PN 1 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 655AZ UT WOS:000181530300014 ER PT J AU Outola, I Pehrman, R Jaakkola, T AF Outola, I Pehrman, R Jaakkola, T TI Effect of industrial pollution on the distribution of (CS)-C-137 in soil and the soil-to-plant transfer in a pine forest in SW Finland SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE radiocaesium; industrial pollution; forest; soil; plant ID CU-NI SMELTER; CHERNOBYL FALLOUT; HEAVY-METALS; SCOTS PINE; RADIOCESIUM; CS-137; AVAILABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; HARJAVALTA; SR-90 AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of industrial pollution on the distribution of radiocaesium in soil and on its transfer from soil to plants. The study was started in September 2000 in four Scots pine stands located at distances of 0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km along a transect running SE from the Cu-Ni smelter at Harjavalta in SW Finland. Annual emissions from the smelter in 1990 were 80 t of Cu, 31 t of Ni and 9000 t of SO2, and in 1999 these were 5.9, 0.8 and 3400 t, respectively. At each site, soil profiles were sampled with a corer, and samples were separated into litter (L), organic soil layer (O) and mineral soil layers (B, E). Mushrooms, lichens (Cladina spp. and Cetraria islandica), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) plants were collected at each site, except at a distance of 0.5 km, where only mushrooms were available. In the organic soil layer, Cs-137 activity decreased from 8000 Bq/m(2) at a distance of 8 km from the smelter to 1500 Bq/m(2) at a distance of 0.5 km; in litter, Cs-137 concentration increased from 6300 Bq/m(2) at 8 km to 14 000 Bq/m(2) at 0.5 km. Cs-137 activity concentration decreased significantly in plants, mushrooms and lichens as the pollution load increased. In lichens, Cs-137 activity decreased from 910 Bq/kg at 8 km to 170 Bq/kg at 2 km, while in lingonberry it decreased from 1470 to 20 Bq/ kg and in crowberry from 310 to 20 Bq/kg. Aggregated transfer factors for Cs-137 decreased in a similar way in lingonberry from 7.6 x 10(-2) m(2)/kg at 8 km to 7.7 x 10(-4) m(2) /kg at 2 km and in crowberry from 1.6 X 10(-2) to 7.9 X 10(-4) m(2)/kg. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Helsinki, Lab Radiochem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Outola, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 303 IS 3 BP 221 EP 230 AR PII S0048-9697(02)00402-3 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00402-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 660MG UT WOS:000181836500004 PM 12606162 ER PT J AU Aceves-Medina, G Jimenez-Rosenberg, SPA Hinojosa-Medina, A Funes-Rodriguez, R Saldierna, RJ Lluch-Belda, D Smith, PE Watson, W AF Aceves-Medina, G Jimenez-Rosenberg, SPA Hinojosa-Medina, A Funes-Rodriguez, R Saldierna, RJ Lluch-Belda, D Smith, PE Watson, W TI Fish larvae from the Gulf of California SO SCIENTIA MARINA LA English DT Article DE fish larvae; ichthyoplankton; Gulf of California ID OF-CALIFORNIA; VARIABILITY; HISTORY; REGION AB Taxonomic composition of fish larvae was analysed from 464 plankton samples obtained during 10 oceanographic surveys in the Gulf of California between 1984 and 1988. We identified 283 taxa: 173 species, 57 genera, and 53 families. Tropical and subtropical species predominated except during the winter, when temperate-subarctic species were dominant. The most abundant species were the mesopelagic Benthosema panamense, Triphoturus mexicanus and Vinciguerria lucetia, but the coastal pelagic species Engraulis mordax, Opisthonema spp., Sardinops caeruleus and Scomber japonicus were also prominent. The taxonomic composition of the ichthyoplankton shows the seasonality of the Gulf as well as environmental changes that occurred between the 1984-1987 warm period and the 1956-1957 cool period previously reported. The presence of E. mordax larvae as one of the most abundant species in the Gulf provides evidence of the reproduction of this species two years before the development of the northern anchovy fishery and the decline of the sardine fishery in the Gulf of California. C1 INP, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Aceves-Medina, G (reprint author), INP, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, Apdo Postal 593, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU INST CIENCIAS MAR BARCELONA PI BARCELONA PA PG MARITIM DE LA BARCELONETA, 37-49, 08003 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0214-8358 J9 SCI MAR JI Sci. Mar. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 654UR UT WOS:000181514900001 ER PT J AU Vajk, OP Greven, M Mang, PK Lynn, JW AF Vajk, OP Greven, M Mang, PK Lynn, JW TI Neutron scattering, magnetometry, and quantum Monte Carlo study of the randomly diluted spin-1/2 square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on High-T(c) Superconductivity CY JUN 07-08, 2002 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA DE insulators; crystal growth; phase transitions; spin dynamics; neutron scattering ID DOPED LA2CUO4; PHASE-TRANSITION; LOW-TEMPERATURES; NONMAGNETIC IMPURITIES; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CORRELATION LENGTH; TRANSVERSE-FIELD; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DYNAMICS; ORDER AB We have successfully grown sizable single crystals of La2Cu1-z(Zn,Mg),O-4 with up to nearly half of the magnetic Cu sites replaced by non-magnetic Zn and Mg. Neutron scattering, SQUID magnetometry, and complementary quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations demonstrate that this material is an excellent model system for the study of site percolation of the square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet (SLHAF) in the quantum-spin limit S= 1/2. Carefully oxygen-reduced samples exhibit Neel order up to the percolation threshold for site dilution, z(P) approximate to 40.7%. For z > 10%, the material exhibits a low-temperature tetragonal (LTT) structural phase, with a transition temperature that increases linearly with doping. Above z approximate to 25%, Neel order occurs in the LTT phase. Up to at least z = 35%, the Neel temperature T-N(z) of the experimental system corresponds to the temperature at which QMC indicates that the spin correlations for the nearest-neighbor S= 1/2 SLHAF have grown to approximately 100 lattice constants. Neutron scattering measurements of the static structure factor in the paramagnetic regime allow the determination of the two-dimensional spin correlations, which are found to be in excellent quantitative agreement with QMC over a wide common temperature and doping range. Neutron scattering and QMC results for the temperature dependence of the static structure factor amplitude S(pi,pi) are in good agreement as well. As the concentration of non-magnetic sites is increased, the magnetic correlation length xi(T,z) crosses over from an exponential dependence on p(s)/T to power-law behavior in the temperature regime studied. Fits to a heuristic cross-over form for xi(T,z) allow an estimate of the spin stiffness, p(s) = p(s)(z), which approaches zero at z = z(P). The combined experimental and numerical data presented here provide valuable quantitative information for tests of theories of the randomly diluted S = 1/2 SLHAF. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Stanford Univ, TH Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, TH Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Greven, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, TH Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM greven@stanford.edu NR 71 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 EI 1879-2766 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 126 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 101 AR PII S0038-1098(02)00708-1 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00708-1 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 655FN UT WOS:000181540800012 ER PT J AU Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR AF Tanuma, S Powell, CJ Penn, DR TI Calculation of electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) VII. Reliability of the TPP-2M IMFP predictive equation SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Quantitative Surface and Nanoanalysis CY JUL 08-11, 2002 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND HO UNIV SURREY DE AES; XPS; inelastic mean free path; TPP-2M equation ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON INTENSITIES; QUANTITATIVE AES; DIGITAL DATABASES; ELEMENTAL DATA; XPS; AUGER; CONVERGENCE; SURFACES; RANGE AB We report comparisons of electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) determined from our predictive IMFP equation TPP-2M and reference IMFPs calculated from optical data. These comparisons were made for values of the parameter N-v (the number of valence electrons per atom or molecule) that we have recommended and those that were recommended in a recent paper by Seah et al. (Surf. Interface Anal. 2001; 31: 778). The comparisons were made for eight elemental solids (K, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta and Bi) and two compounds (KBr and Y2O3) for which there were appreciable differences in the recommended N-v values from the two sources and for which optical data were available for the IMFP calculations. The average of the root-mean-square (RMS) deviations for the ten materials between IMFPs from the TPP-2M equation with our N-v values and the reference IMFPs was 11.0%, whereas the corresponding average with the Seah et al. N-v values was 20.2%. The larger average in the latter comparison was mainly due to large (>20%) RMS deviations for four materials (K, Hf, Ta and KBr). For the other six materials, the RMS deviations with the Seah et al. values of N-v were similar to those with our values of N-v. Based on the comparisons for these ten materials, we believe that it is preferable to use our values of N-v in the TPP-2M equation. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Anal Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 25 TC 171 Z9 175 U1 6 U2 47 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 35 IS 3 BP 268 EP 275 DI 10.1002/sia.1526 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 658MR UT WOS:000181725200006 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Anderson, JL AF Zhang, S Anderson, JL TI Impact of spatially and temporally varying estimates of error covariance on assimilation in a simple atmospheric model SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; ANALYSIS SCHEME; WIND-FIELD; FORECASTS; PREDICTION; SYSTEM AB The background error covariance (correlation) between model state variables is of central importance for implementing data assimilation and understanding model dynamics. Traditional approaches for estimating the background error covariance involve many heuristic approximations, and often the estimated covariance is flow-independent, i.e. only reflecting statistics of the climatological background. This study examines temporally and spatially varying estimates of error covariance in a spectral barotropic model using a Monte Carlo approach, an implementation of an ensemble square root filter called the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF). The EAKF is designed to maintain as much information about the distribution of the prior state variables as possible, and results show that this method can produce reasonable estimates of error correlation structure with an affordable sample (ensemble) size. The impact of using temporally and spatially varying estimates of error covariance in the EAKF is examined by using the time and spatial mean error covariances derived from the EAKF in an ensemble optimal interpolation (OI) assimilation scheme. Three key results are: (1) for the same ensemble size, an ensemble filter such as the EAKF produces better assimilations since its flow-dependent error covariance estimates are able to reflect more about the synoptic-scale wave structure in the simulated flows; (2) an ensemble OI scheme can also produce reasonably good assimilation results if the time-invariate covariance matrix is chosen appropriately; (3) when using the EAKF to estimate the error covariance matrix for improving traditional assimilation algorithms such as variational analysis and OI, a relatively small ensemble size may be used to estimate correlation structure although larger ensembles produce progressively better results. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Zhang, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 49 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 126 EP 147 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.00010.x PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 652KL UT WOS:000181378300002 ER PT J AU McNutt, SL Overland, JE AF McNutt, SL Overland, JE TI Spatial hierarchy in Arctic sea ice dynamics SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID BEAUFORT SEA; PACK ICE; WINTER; IMAGERY; BALANCE; MODEL; OCEAN AB We define a new classification for Arctic sea ice dynamics based on a spatial and temporal scale: floe, multifloe, aggregate, coherent, sub-basin and seasonal. The classification is supported by remote sensing and in situ observations of ice motions at scales of 1-700 km, as found in the existing scientific literature. The first significant change in sea ice behavior appears as an "emergent" property of the sea ice at the transition from the multifloe scale (2-10 km] < 1 d) to the aggregate scale (10-75 km/1-3 d). This emergent behavior establishes a statistical mechanical length where sea ice can be considered a plastic continuum. A second important, or coherent scale occurs at 75-300 km and 3-7 d, where the spatial/temporal processes of sea ice dynamics best match the scales of the wind forcing, i.e., winds of this duration and fetch are necessary to fully load the internal stress field. At scales smaller than the coherent scale, the spatial dimension is important because the sea ice motions on the coherent scale provide non-local forcing to the aggregate scale. At dimensions larger than the coherent scale, including the sub-basin and seasonal scales, spatial and temporal averaging occurs, which smooths discontinuities. To understand and model sea ice dynamics at each of these scales requires an understanding of the detail at the next smallest level. Proper understanding and representation of sea ice dynamics at all scales is critical to devising a sound strategy for data assimilation into sea ice models. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.00012.x PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 652KL UT WOS:000181378300006 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Blackwelder, WR Glasgow, HB Burkholder, JM Moeller, PR Ramsdell, JS AF Levin, ED Blackwelder, WR Glasgow, HB Burkholder, JM Moeller, PR Ramsdell, JS TI Learning impairment caused by infusion of a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida into the hippocampus of rats. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Ctr Appl Aquat Ecol, Raleigh, NC USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 344 BP 71 EP 71 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518500347 ER PT J AU Ramsdell, J Woofter, R Dechraoui, MB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ AF Ramsdell, J Woofter, R Dechraoui, MB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ TI Measurement of blood brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term and low dose exposure in mice. SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol C1 NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC USA. AgRes, Food Sci Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand. US EPA, NEEHRL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 72 SU S MA 1168 BP 240 EP 241 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 654WB UT WOS:000181518501174 ER PT J AU Baker, TR Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Boyer, GL Plumley, FG AF Baker, TR Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Boyer, GL Plumley, FG TI GTX(4) imposters: characterization of fluorescent compounds synthesized by Pseudomonas stutzeri SF/PS and Pseudomonas/Alteromonas PTB-1, symbionts of saxitoxin-producing Alexandrium spp. SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE saxitoxin; paralytic shellfish poisoning; Alexandrium; bacteria ID PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RECEPTOR-BINDING ASSAY; POISONING TOXINS; PROTOGONYAULAX; OXIDATION; CULTURE AB Saxitoxins, the etiological agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning, are synthesized by dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria. Several reports indicate that bacteria are capable of saxitoxin synthesis. Two bacterial strains were isolated from saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellates, Alexandrium tamarense and A. lusitanicum ( = Alexandrium minutum), and grown under a variety of culture conditions including those previously reported to induce saxitoxin synthesis in bacteria. Five fluorescent compounds were accumulated by the bacteria that had HPLC-FLD retention times similar to a reference standard of GTX(4), one of the saxitoxin congeners. However, we were unable to detect GTX(1), the epimeric partner of GTX(4), in the bacterial samples. The GTX(4) standard was hydrolyzed by NaOH/heat treatment but four of the bacterial compounds were stable. Unlike GTX(4), none of the five bacterial compounds were detectable by HPLC-FLD following electrochemical oxidation. The fluorescence emission spectrum of each of the five bacterial compounds was unique and readily discernable from the spectrum of GTX(4). None of the samples containing the putative GTX(4) toxin yielded positive results when analyzed by a H-3-saxitoxin receptor-binding assay for saxitoxin-like activity. We cannot rule out the possibility that these bacteria produce saxitoxins, however, our data clearly demonstrate that they accumulate at least five different fluorescent compounds that could be easily mistaken for GTX(4). We conclude that these five fluorescent compounds are GTX(4) imposters and that fluorescence scanning and chemical/heat stability should, at a minimum, be incorporated into HPLC-FLD protocols for identification of saxitoxins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv & Marine Biomed & Environm Sci, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Plumley, FG (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM fffgp@uaf.edu RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 28 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD MAR 1 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 3 BP 339 EP 347 AR PII S0041-0101(02)00314-8 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00314-8 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 650FE UT WOS:000181251700011 PM 12565757 ER PT J AU Spidle, AP Kalinowski, ST Lubinski, BA Perkins, DL Beland, KF Kocik, JF King, TL AF Spidle, AP Kalinowski, ST Lubinski, BA Perkins, DL Beland, KF Kocik, JF King, TL TI Population structure of Atlantic salmon in Maine with reference to populations from Atlantic Canada SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SALAR L.; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; PACIFIC SALMON; EAST-COAST; SIZE; INDIVIDUALS; DIVERSITY AB Anadromous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from 12 rivers in Maine, 3 rivers in New Brunswick, and 2 rivers each in Nova Scotia, Quebec, Newfoundland, and Labrador as well as 2 landlocked strains in Maine (N = 3,863) were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. Fish in the drainages of Maine's Kennebec and Penobscot rivers were genetically similar to those sampled from the 8 rivers recently listed as containing an endangered distinct population segment under the United States' Endangered Species Act. Genetic distance estimates confirm that Maine's Atlantic salmon, both landlocked and anadromous, represent a discrete population unit, genetically as independent from any Canadian population as the Canadian populations are from each other. Within Maine, the anadromous and landlocked populations were statistically distinct. Anadromous Atlantic salmon were more genetically similar among year-classes within rivers than among rivers, as would be expected if the river is the unit of population. The effective number of breeders estimated within each river is larger than the number of adults estimated from samples and redd counts over the 10-year period from 1991 to 2000. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Johnson Controls Inc, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Hadley, MA 01035 USA. Maine Atlantic Salmon Commiss, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Maine Field Stn, Orono, ME 04473 USA. RP King, TL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Branch, 11700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM tim_king@usgs.gov RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008 NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 196 EP 209 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0196:PSOASI>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900002 ER PT J AU Harvey, CJ Schram, ST Kitchell, JF AF Harvey, CJ Schram, ST Kitchell, JF TI Trophic relationships among lean and siscowet lake trout in Lake Superior SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FOOD-WEB; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; STABLE NITROGEN; CARBON ISOTOPES; FISH COMMUNITY; GREAT-LAKES; RATIOS; RESTORATION; POPULATION; DYNAMICS AB Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush occur in several different morphotypes in Lake Superior, including nearshore "leans" and deepwater "siscowets." Siscowets, which are highly abundant and commercially undesirable, have been hypothesized to constrain populations of the more desirable lean lake trout through competition for prey. The stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of leans and siscowets differed in several regions of U.S. waters, implying differences in both production base and trophic level. Spatial differences were partly a result of large-scale variation in food web structure, as stable isotope analysis of fishes in the genus Coregonus revealed different site-to-site patterns. In western Lake Superior, delta(13)C was similar among small leans and siscowets (implying a common production base) but diverged as the fish grew larger. The value of delta(15)N was greater for siscowets than for leans at all sizes, further implying that siscowets feed on a different prey assemblage than leans and are preying on another predatory fish, burbot Lota Iota. A bioenergetics-based stable isotope model showed that siscowets in western Lake Superior may rely on nearshore prey for up to 25% of their production until they reach relatively large sizes. The large biomass of siscowets thus may exert strong predation pressure on nearshore communities in some regions. Evidence from central U.S. waters of Lake Superior, however, implies that siscowet predation on nearshore prey has not had a direct negative effect on lean lake trout stocks. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. RP Harvey, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM chris.harvey@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0219:TRALAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900004 ER PT J AU Ryan, BA Smith, SG Butzerin, JM Ferguson, JW AF Ryan, BA Smith, SG Butzerin, JM Ferguson, JW TI Relative vulnerability to avian predation of juvenile salmonids tagged with passive integrated transponders in the Columbia River estuary, 1998-2000 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; PACIFIC COAST; POPULATION; BASIN AB Caspian terns Sterna caspia and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus that colonize dredge-spoil islands in the Columbia River estuary prey upon millions of juvenile Pacific salmonids annually. We estimated the relative vulnerability of various salmonid stocks to these predators by using data from passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags detected on these colonies; 96,382 tags were detected from the 1998-2000 migration years. On tern colonies, detection rates were highest for tags from steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and lowest for tags from yearling chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. However, detection rates on cormorant colonies were similar for tags from steelhead and coho salmon O. kisutch but lower for tags from yearling chinook salmon. Analyses based on migration history showed tags of transported fish were frequently detected in lower proportions than those of their counterparts that migrated in-river, the pattern being most pronounced in steelhead. Analyses based on origin (hatchery versus wild) showed similar detection proportions for the tags of wild versus hatchery steelhead on both tern and cormorant colonies. In contrast, 3.1% of hatchery versus 1.1% of wild chinook salmon tags previously detected at Bonneville Dam were detected on a colony, the greater vulnerability of hatchery fish being more pronounced on tern colonies. These tags accounted for 11.5% of steelhead, 4.6% of coho salmon, and 2.6% of yearling chinook salmon detected at Bonneville Dam, the last downstream impoundment encountered by seaward migrants. These estimates of predation are minimal because detection efficiency was not 100% and tags from many salmonid prey were not deposited on a nesting colony. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ryan, BA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM brad.ryan@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 275 EP 288 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0275:RVTAPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900008 ER PT J AU Meise, CJ Johnson, DL Stehlik, LL Manderson, J Shaheen, P AF Meise, CJ Johnson, DL Stehlik, LL Manderson, J Shaheen, P TI Growth rates of juvenile winter flounder under varying environmental conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OF-THE-YEAR; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; OTOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; YELLOW PERCH; WADDEN-SEA; SIZE; MORTALITY; PREDATION AB Fluctuations in juvenile winter flounder growth have been attributed to large-scale fluctuations in temperature, mesoscale fluctuations in salinity, and smaller-scale factors such as prey abundances. This study examines individual growth rates determined through otolith increment counts of free-living juvenile winter flounder during the 2000 settlement period (April 11-July 7) in Navesink River-Sandy Hook Bay estuary in New Jersey. The fish grew at highly variable rates (mean = 1.02, range = 0.25-1.91 mm/d) and did not demonstrate localized differences in growth. In addition, growth rates determined by changes in length of fish from two local areas (river and bay) were compared in the laboratory. Growth in these fish was highly variable, did not differ with location, but did decline significantly during the settlement period in the river (mean = 0.17 mm/d, range = 0.00-0.54 mm/d) and bay (mean = 0.27 mm/d, range = 0.02-0.61 mm/d). The laboratory observations supported field results of no significant differences between river and bay growth rates. General additive models were used on estuarywide field growth rates to examine their relationship with environmental variables. We found a significant positive linear relationship between growth and average water temperature and negative relationships between growth and temperature range and salinity. Food abundance showed the only curvilinear relationship with growth rate, indicating lower growth at food levels below 50 individuals/m(2). Long-term sampling was conducted to examine the effects of these early growth conditions on fall survivors. Through this sampling, it was revealed that winter flounder continued to metamorphose late into the season (July-August). By spawning over several months and having many offspring with variable growth rates, winter flounder may increase the probability of some members surviving the innate variability of a temperate estuary. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, JJ Howard Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Meise, CJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, JJ Howard Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM carol.meise@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 132 IS 2 BP 335 EP 345 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0335:GROJWF>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 658QX UT WOS:000181732900014 ER PT J AU Bloch, D Heide-Jorgensen, MP Stefansson, E Mikkelsen, B Ofstad, LH Dietz, R Andersen, LW AF Bloch, D Heide-Jorgensen, MP Stefansson, E Mikkelsen, B Ofstad, LH Dietz, R Andersen, LW TI Short-term movements of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas around the Faroe Islands SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE the Faroe Islands; Globicephala melas; long-finned pilot whale; movements; satellite telemetry ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ATLANTIC; BEHAVIOR AB On 15 July 2000, a pod of about 80 long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas was driven to the coast at Sandavagur, the Faroe Islands (62.055degreesN, 7.157degreesW) for the purpose of tagging selected whales with satellite-linked radio transmitters. A transmitter was attached to the anterior flank of the dorsal fin of four beached whales. After the tagging, all four whales were reunited with their pod and the entire pod was driven to sea. The positions of three of the four whales were tracked (one for a period of 47 days) and the results show that the whales separated after a few days and eventually went in different directions. After 10 days, two of the whales were observed together in a pod, and after 19 days two of the whales were located at positions determined to be within 2.3 km of each other. The whales showed a strong affinity for the deep water off the continental shelf. The sex and relatedness of the four, tagged whales were determined from skin biopsies. The tagged whales comprised one adult female with one juvenile in puberty, possibly her male offspring, and two adult males, one of which could be the offspring or the sibling of the female. The swimming speed of the whales was estimated at 0.2-14.5 km/hour, and they travelled average distances of 70-111 km/24 hours with a maximum of 200 km in 24 hours. Considering the mobility of the whales, it seems likely that the catches that occur at the Faroe Islands are recruited from a larger area in the North Atlantic than previously presumed. This suggests that the whales are taken from a larger population than that estimated from coastal areas around the Faroe Islands, hence increasing the probability that the harvest is sustainable. C1 Museum Hist Nat, FO-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-8410 Ronde, Denmark. Faroese Fisheries Lab, FO-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark. Green Inst Nat Resources, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bloch, D (reprint author), Museum Hist Nat, FO-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark. EM doreteb@ngs.fo; madspeter.heide-joergensen@noaa.gov; eydfinns@ngs.fo; bjarnim@ngs.fo; liseo@frs.fo; rdi@dmu.dk; lwa@dmu.dk RI Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015; OI Andersen, Liselotte Wesley/0000-0003-3225-9917 NR 48 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 47 EP 58 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 662PP UT WOS:000181956600006 ER PT J AU Orr, AJ Laake, JL Dhruv, ML Banks, AS DeLong, RL Huber, HR AF Orr, AJ Laake, JL Dhruv, ML Banks, AS DeLong, RL Huber, HR TI Comparison of processing pinniped scat samples using a washing machine and nested sieves SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; diet; harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; pinniped; scat analysis; Zalophus californianus ID CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; MARINE MAMMALS; ISLAND; DIET; OTOLITHS; PREY AB Scat (fecal) samples are commonly collected to assess the diet of pinnipeds; however, large sample sizes are required, to account for individual and/or seasonal variation in diet composition. Thus, it is imperative to have an efficient, reliable method to process scats. We tested the reliability and efficiency of processing pinniped scats with a washing machine as compared to nested sieves, which are frequently used. We randomly divided 217 California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and 218 Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) scats into 2 nearly equal-sized groups for processing by sieves or washing machine. Hard parts of prey were identified to species, number of prey was enumerated, and length of each otolith was measured. There were no significant differences between the methods in the average number of species or number of individual prey identified. The average length of otoliths processed in the washing machine was 5.1% (SE = 1.5%) smaller for sea lion prey but only 2.9% (SE = 2.0%) for harbor seal prey than otoliths processed using sieves. To reduce the potential impact of variability among scats, we processed 20 scats using nested sieves, identified the prey, reassembled the remains and waste material, and reprocessed the same scats through the washing machine. As a control for loss during handling, we also processed and reprocessed 20 scats through sieves. Five percent of the individual prey were lost in the reprocessing by washing machine (7 of 131) and sieves (5 of 104). Average otolith length was reduced 1.0% in machine reprocessing and 0.6% in sieve reprocessing. We also compared the time required to process 20 scats via each method. There was a 58.3% reduction in processing time with the washing machine (2.5 hr) compared to the sieves (6.0 hr). Unless scats are collected with substrate material containing rocks or vegetation, washing-machine processing is reliable and significantly faster than sieve processing. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Orr, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2003 VL 31 IS 1 BP 253 EP 257 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 673EH UT WOS:000182566900029 ER PT J AU Sieber, JR AF Sieber, JR TI Untitled SO X-RAY SPECTROMETRY LA English DT News Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sieber, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.sieber@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0049-8246 J9 X-RAY SPECTROM JI X-Ray Spectrom. PD MAR-APR PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2 BP 166 EP 167 PG 2 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 660RV UT WOS:000181847600014 ER PT J AU Chiang, MYM Fernandez-Garcia, M AF Chiang, MYM Fernandez-Garcia, M TI Relation of swelling and T-g depression to the apparent free volume of a particle-filled, epoxy-based adhesive SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hygrothermal aging; swelling; glass transition temperature; absorption; particle; fillers; adhesive ID ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; MOISTURE ABSORPTION; WATER; RESIN; DIFFUSION; DEGRADATION; DESORPTION; SORPTION AB The effect of hygrothermal aging on a particle-filled, epoxy-based adhesive was studied using a gravimetric sorption technique. This study has explored moisture sorption characteristics as well as the associated behaviors of swelling and the depression of the glass transition temperature (T-g). We observed that the diffusion of water in this adhesive has a non-Fickian behavior, and the depression of T-g, proceeds to a definite value that is independent of the final equilibrium water content of the system. Our observations suggest that water diffuses into the polymer in a dual-sorption mode, in which water resides in two populations. In one population, water is considered to occupy apparent free volume of the adhesive, and the second population water infiltrates polymer structure and forms hydrogen-bonded clusters. Our results show that hygrothermal aging temperature and swelling do not alter the apparent free volume of this adhesive. We conclude that the constant value of T-g depression at saturation implies that only water in the apparent free volume is responsible for the T-g depression, whereas the swelling proceeds through the formation of hydrogen bonds in the adhesive. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Fernandez-Garcia, Marta/P-6710-2014 OI Fernandez-Garcia, Marta/0000-0003-2061-0351 NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 9 BP 1436 EP 1444 DI 10.1002/app.11576 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 631VH UT WOS:000180187100007 ER PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Shields, JR Harris, RH Davis, RD AF Kashiwagi, T Shields, JR Harris, RH Davis, RD TI Flame-retardant mechanism of silica: Effects of resin molecular weight SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE silicas; flame retardance; resins; melt ID OXIDATIVE-DEGRADATION; POLYMERS; NANOCOMPOSITES AB The effects of resin molecular weight on the flame-retardant mechanism of silica were studied with two different molecular weights of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 122,000 and 996,000 g/mol, and two silicas, fused silica with a small surface area and silica gel with a large surface area. A total of six different samples were studied, with a mass fraction of 10% silica. The mass loss rate of the six samples in nitrogen and the heat release rate from burning in air were measured at an external radiant flux of 40 kW/m(2). The addition of silica gel to the low-molecular-weight PMMA significantly reduced the mass loss rate and heat release rate; addition to the high-molecular-weight PMMA provided the largest reductions of these quantities in this study. For fused silica, some reduction in mass loss rate and heat release rate was observed when it was added to the high-molecular-weight PMMA; addition to the low-molecular-weight PMMA did not reduce either loss rate. Chemical analysis of the collected residues and observation of the sample surface during gasification reveal the accumulation of silica near the surface; the larger its coverage over the sample surface was, less the mass loss rate and heat release rate were. Both the level of accumulation and its surface coverage depended strongly not only on the silica characteristics but also on the melt viscosity of the PMMA. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 9 BP 1541 EP 1553 DI 10.1002/app.11967 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 631VH UT WOS:000180187100019 ER PT J AU Diaz, S Nelson, D Deferrari, G Camilion, C AF Diaz, S Nelson, D Deferrari, G Camilion, C TI A model to extend spectral and multiwavelength UV irradiances time series: Model development and validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE UV-B irradiances; ozone; ozone depletion; UV irradiance modeling; multiregressive model ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE RESPONSE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; SURFACE; AEROSOLS; CLOUD; TRANSMITTANCE; TRANSMISSION; DEPENDENCE; DERIVATION AB [1] Measurements of spectral and multichannel UV radiation became more common in the middle and late eighties after the discovery of the "ozone hole,'' but time series for these measurements are still relatively short for the determination of trends to be applied in geophysical and biological studies. However, systematic measurements of total column ozone have been performed since the late 1950s at several stations, and global coverage has been available since the late 1970s. Also, long-term time series of broadband instruments (Pyranometers, UV and erythemally weighted) are available from many sites around the world. In this paper a multiregressive model that enables the inference of spectral or narrow band UV irradiances from total ozone column and broadband irradiance, in places where relatively short time series of UV spectral irradiances are available, is proposed. To test the model, measurements of irradiances performed at three of the stations in the NSF UV Radiation Monitoring Network, under all weather, solar zenith angle and surface conditions, were used. The model generated very good results over a wide variety of situations. Pyranometer data from the NOAA/CMDL surface radiation budget database for South Pole and Barrow Stations were used to estimate daily integrated narrow band irradiances. A time series of monthly means for the narrowband (303.030-307.692 nm) were then computed, dating back to the late 1970s. C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Austral Invest Cient, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fueg, Argentina. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NSF, Ctr Austral Invest Cient, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fueg, Argentina. IAI, Ctr Austral Invest Cient, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fueg, Argentina. RP Diaz, S (reprint author), Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Austral Invest Cient, Ruta 3 & Cap Mutto, RA-9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fueg, Argentina. EM subediaz@stalink.com; dnelson@cmdl.noaa.gov; defe@infovia.com.ar; carolinacamilion@hotmail.com NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D4 AR 4150 DI 10.1029/JD002134 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 664PJ UT WOS:000182069200004 ER PT J AU Sibeck, DG Trivedi, NB Zesta, E Decker, RB Singer, HJ Szabo, A Tachihara, H Watermann, J AF Sibeck, DG Trivedi, NB Zesta, E Decker, RB Singer, HJ Szabo, A Tachihara, H Watermann, J TI Pressure-pulse interaction with the magnetosphere and ionosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE traveling convection vortices; pressure pulses ID WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE; TRAVELING CONVECTION VORTICES; MAGNETIC-FIELD SIGNATURES; SOLAR-WIND; BOW SHOCK; EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; IMPULSE EVENTS; HIGH-LATITUDES; TWIN VORTICES AB [1] We reexamine traveling convection vortices ( TCVs) seen by the Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies on 9 November 1993. IMP- 8 energetic ion observations confirm that the solar wind pressure variations previously associated with these TCVs were generated by kinetic processes within the Earth's foreshock. As expected during this interval of spiral IMF orientation, fast mode waves launched by the pressure variations first arrived in the equatorial ionosphere near dusk and propagated dawnward. We derive a model for the field- aligned currents generated by transient compressions of the magnetopause and show that it accounts for the number of TCVs seen in the prenoon ionosphere, their sense of rotation, the latitude at which they occur, and their absence in the postnoon ionosphere. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Lab Ciencias Espaciais Santa Maria, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 8120053, Japan. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Sibeck, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 696,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 45 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A2 AR 1095 DI 10.1029/2002JA009675 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 664TN UT WOS:000182077300003 ER PT J AU Giovambattista, N Buldyrev, SV Starr, FW Stanley, HE AF Giovambattista, N Buldyrev, SV Starr, FW Stanley, HE TI Connection between Adam-Gibbs theory and spatially heterogeneous dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED ORTHO-TERPHENYL; POTENTIAL-ENERGY LANDSCAPE; GLASS-TRANSITION; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; INHERENT STRUCTURE; SIMULATED WATER; POLYMER MELT; LIQUIDS; RELAXATION; MODEL AB We investigate the spatially heterogeneous dynamics in the extended simple point charge model of water using molecular dynamics simulations. We relate the average mass n(*) of mobile particle clusters to the diffusion constant and the configurational entropy. Hence, n(*) can be interpreted as the mass of the "cooperatively rearranging regions" that form the basis of the Adam-Gibbs theory of the dynamics of supercooled liquids. We also examine the time and temperature dependence of these transient clusters. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Giovambattista, N (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Buldyrev, Sergey/I-3933-2015; Giovambattista, Nicolas/I-4369-2015; OI Giovambattista, Nicolas/0000-0003-1149-0693; Stanley, H./0000-0003-2800-4495 NR 37 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 8 AR 085506 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.085506 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 650XL UT WOS:000181289300028 PM 12633440 ER PT J AU Kenzelmann, M Xu, G Zaliznyak, IA Broholm, C DiTusa, JF Aeppli, G Ito, T Oka, K Takagi, H AF Kenzelmann, M Xu, G Zaliznyak, IA Broholm, C DiTusa, JF Aeppli, G Ito, T Oka, K Takagi, H TI Structure of end states for a haldane spin chain SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HEISENBERG CHAIN; CHARGE DYNAMICS; IMPURITY ATOMS; Y2BANIO5; SYSTEM; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; EXCITATIONS; DEFECTS AB Inelastic neutron scattering was used to probe edge states in a quantum spin liquid. The experiment was performed on finite length antiferromagnetic spin-1 chains in Y2BaNi1-xMgxO5. At finite fields, there is a Zeeman resonance below the Haldane gap. The wave-vector dependence of its intensity provides direct evidence for staggered magnetization at chain ends, which decays exponentially towards the bulk [xi=8(1) at T=0.1 K]. Continuum contributions to the chain-end spectrum indicate interchain segment interactions. We also observe a finite size blueshift of the Haldane gap. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6BT, England. NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Kenzelmann, M (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; Takagi, Hidenori/B-2935-2010; Zaliznyak, Igor/E-8532-2014; Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Zaliznyak, Igor/0000-0002-9886-3255; Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826 NR 20 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 28 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 8 AR 087202 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.087202 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 650XL UT WOS:000181289300043 PM 12633455 ER PT J AU Danilin, MY Popp, PJ Herman, RL Ko, MKW Ross, MN Kolb, CE Fahey, DW Avallone, LM Toohey, DW Ridley, BA Schmid, O Wilson, JC Baumgardner, DG Friedl, RR Thompson, TL Reeves, JM AF Danilin, MY Popp, PJ Herman, RL Ko, MKW Ross, MN Kolb, CE Fahey, DW Avallone, LM Toohey, DW Ridley, BA Schmid, O Wilson, JC Baumgardner, DG Friedl, RR Thompson, TL Reeves, JM TI Quantifying uptake of HNO3 and H2O by alumina particles in Athena-2 rocket plume SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE alumina particles; uptake of HNO3 and H2O; rocket emissions ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; OXIDE; HCL; COEFFICIENTS; TROPOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; EMISSIONS; CLONO2; IMPACT; WATER AB [1] The goal of this study is to quantify uptake of H2O and HNO3 by and estimate their residence time on alumina particles in Athena-2 rocket plumes. This study uses in situ measurements made in the lower stratosphere with the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft on 24 September 1999. Constraining the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), plume model with available measurements, we found that (1) H2O uptake coefficient for alumina particles is larger than 3 x 10(-4), (2) HNO3 is produced via ClONO2 + HCl --> Cl-2 + HNO3 on alumina particles and resides on their surfaces for 5-52 min, and (3) alumina particles in the plume are covered by 100-200 monolayers of adsorbed H2O and 0.1 - 10 monolayers of HNO3 under lower stratospheric conditions. These values are uncertain by at least a factor of 2. We speculate that the H2O coverage remaining on alumina particles accelerates the ClONO2 + HCl --> Cl-2 + HNO3 reaction, thus leading to a larger than previously thought global ozone loss to solid-fueled rocket emissions, especially if at least several percent of emitted alumina mass are in submicron particles. C1 Boeing Co, MC OR RC, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Danilin, MY (reprint author), Boeing Co, MC OR RC, POB 3707, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. EM danilin@h2o.ca.boeing.com RI Kolb, Charles/A-8596-2009; Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Ko, Malcolm/D-5898-2015; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Schmid, Otmar/F-1078-2013 OI Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D4 AR 4141 DI 10.1029/2002JD002601 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 664PF UT WOS:000182068900005 ER PT J AU Hintze, PE Kjaergaard, HG Vaida, V Burkholder, JB AF Hintze, PE Kjaergaard, HG Vaida, V Burkholder, JB TI Vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of sulfuric acid vapor SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID MODE OVERTONE SPECTRA; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; DIPOLE-MOMENT FUNCTIONS; BAND INTENSITIES; STRETCHING OVERTONES; H2O AB We have measured and analyzed the infrared (IR), near-infrared (NIR) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectra of vapor-phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Transitions associated with the fundamental vibrations and the first and second OH stretching overtones of this molecule have been identified. Our measured vibrational spectrum extends and complements those in the literature and agrees well with ab initio calculated spectra. We have calculated the fundamental and overtone OH stretching intensities with the use of a simple anharmonic oscillator local-mode model with ab initio calculated dipole-moment functions. Theory and experiment have been used to investigate the OH stretching vibrational overtones of H2SO4 and indicate that the OH stretching mode in H2SO4 is an important aspect of the spectroscopy of this atmospheric chromophore. We have attempted to measure the VUV spectrum of vapor-phase sulfuric acid and, in the absence of observed bands, give upper bounds to the photoabsorption cross section. We conclude that H2SO4 absorbs in the IR and NIR regions, with the OH stretching vibration playing the dominant role, and that the electronic excitation of H2SO4 will only be significant at very high energies, well above those available from the sun in the earth's atmosphere. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Vaida, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM vaida@colorado.edu RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Kjaergaard, Henrik /H-4333-2014; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014; OI Kjaergaard, Henrik /0000-0002-7275-8297; Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056; Hintze, Paul/0000-0002-9962-2955 NR 31 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 27 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 8 BP 1112 EP 1118 DI 10.1021/jp0263626 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 648HW UT WOS:000181145900005 ER PT J AU Harwood, MH Roberts, JM Frost, GJ Ravishankara, AR Burkholder, JB AF Harwood, MH Roberts, JM Frost, GJ Ravishankara, AR Burkholder, JB TI Photochemical studies of CH3C(O)OONO2 (PAN) and CH3CH2C(O)OONO2 (PPN): NO3 quantum yields SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PEROXYACETYL NITRATE PAN; PEROXYPROPIONYL NITRATE; OZONE PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; REACTIVE NITROGEN; ORGANIC NITRATES; REGIONAL OZONE; PHOTODISSOCIATION AB The quantum yields for the production of NO3 in the gas-phase UV photolysis of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN, CH3C(O)OONO2) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN, CH3CH2C(O)OONO2) at 248 and 308 nm were measured. We report room-temperature quantum yield values of 0.19 +/- 0.04 and 0.41 +/- 0.10 at 248 and 308 nm, respectively, for PAN and 0.22 +/- 0.04 and 0.39 +/- 0.04 at 248 and 308 nm, respectively, for PPN. UV absorption cross sections for PPN between 200 and 340 nm over the temperature range 296-253 K are also reported. The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD FEB 27 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 8 BP 1148 EP 1154 DI 10.1021/jp0264230 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 648HW UT WOS:000181145900010 ER PT J AU Scheurer, JA Bestgen, KR Fausch, KD AF Scheurer, JA Bestgen, KR Fausch, KD TI Resolving taxonomy and historic distribution for conservation of rare great plains fishes: Hybognathus (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) in eastern Colorado basins SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID GRANDE SILVERY MINNOW; COLLECTIONS; SYSTEMATICS AB Similar morphology and confused historical taxonomy of Hybognathus hankinsoni (brassy minnow) and Hybognathus placitus (plains minnow) have made determination of their historic distributions and conservation status unclear in eastern Colorado basins. We developed logistic regression models from morphometric measurements to predict species identity of Hybognathus collections from Colorado and adjacent counties (n = 1154 specimens in 134 lots). A model based on orbit diameter, standard length, and eye position correctly predicted 98% of the specimens examined and 100% of the museum lots. Hybognathus hankinsoni have larger eyes centered on a horizontal line through the tip of the snout, whereas H. placitus have smaller eyes centered above the tip of the snout. The two species were historically sympatric in the Platte, Republican, and Smoky Hill River basins, whereas H. placitus was allopatric in the Arkansas River basin. The taxonomic characters defined here will allow accurate identification of future collections to determine the status of these native fishes. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Larval Fish Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Scheurer, JA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, 7305 Beach Dr E, Orchard, WA 98366 USA. EM julie.scheurer@noaa.gov RI Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010 NR 61 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD FEB 26 PY 2003 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 654DC UT WOS:000181477800001 ER PT J AU Belova, E Chilson, PB Kirkwood, S Rietveld, MT AF Belova, E Chilson, PB Kirkwood, S Rietveld, MT TI The response time of PMSE to ionospheric heating SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PMSE; polar mesosphere; ionospheric heating; radars ID MESOSPHERE SUMMER ECHOES; POLAR MESOSPHERE; VHF RADAR; MHZ RADAR; REGION; MIDLATITUDES; BACKSCATTER; PROFILES; AEROSOLS AB [1] During July of 1999, experiments were conducted in northern Norway to investigate the effects of ionospheric heating on polar mesosphere summer echoes ( PMSE). The experiments were conducted using the European incoherent scatter ( EISCAT) VHF radar and heating facility. It was shown that heating can dramatically reduce the backscattered echo power of PMSE. Here, we reexamine the high temporal resolution data of the PMSE backscattered power from three of the experiments as a function of ionospheric heating. Particular attention is paid to the transitions from the heater off- to- on and on- to- off states. The transition times of the PMSE echo power from high to low and low to high, respectively, is estimated in both cases to be less than 30 ms. It is suggested that enhancement of the electron diffusivity during heating is unlikely to account for such a fast decrease of radar backscattered power when the heater is switched on. We consider that an increase of the electron Debye length up to a significant fraction of a radar wavelength due to electron heating will change scattering character that might explain the observed heating effect on PMSE. C1 Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EISCAT, N-9027 Ramfjordbotn, Norway. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Belova, E (reprint author), Swedish Inst Space Phys, Box 812, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. NR 27 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D8 AR 8446 DI 10.1029/2002JD002385 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 664PU UT WOS:000182070100001 ER PT J AU Jiang, YL Ichikawa, Y Song, F Stivers, JT AF Jiang, YL Ichikawa, Y Song, F Stivers, JT TI Powering DNA repair through substrate-electrostatic interactions SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BINDING-ENERGY; GLYCOSYLASE; CATALYSIS; EXCISION; KINETICS AB The reaction catalyzed by the DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) proceeds through an unprecedented stepwise mechanism involving a positively charged oxacarbenium ion sugar and uracil anion leaving group. Here we use a novel approach to evaluate the catalytic contribution of electrostatic interactions between four essential phosphodiester groups of the DNA substrate and the cationic transition state. Our strategy was to substitute each of these phosphate groups with an uncharged (R)- or (S)-methylphosphonate linkage (MeP). We then compared the damaging effects of these methylphosphonate substitutions on catalysis with their damaging effects on binding of a cationic 1-azadeoxyribose (1-aza-dR(+)) oxacarbenium ion analogue to the UDG-uracil anion binary complex. A plot of log k(cat)/K-m for the series of MeP-substituted substrates against log K-D for binding of the 1-aza-dR(+) inhibitors gives a linear correlation of unit slope, confirming that the electronic features of the transition state resemble that of the 1-aza-dR+, and that the anionic backbone of DNA is used in transition state stabilization. We estimate that all of the combined phosphodiester interactions with the substrate contribute 6-8 kcal/mol toward lowering the activation barrier, a stabilization that is significant compared to the 16 kcal/mol catalytic power of UDG. However, unlike groups of the enzyme that selectively stabilize the charged transition state by an estimated 7 kcal/mol, these phosphodiester groups also interact strongly in the ground state. To our knowledge, these results provide the first experimental evidence for electrostatic stabilization of a charged enzymatic transition state and intermediate using the anionic backbone of DNA. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Optimer Pharmaceut Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Stivers, JT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056834, GM56834] NR 25 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 25 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 7 BP 1922 EP 1929 DI 10.1021/bi027014x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 647NE UT WOS:000181098800012 PM 12590578 ER PT J AU Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Nishi, N Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F Enriquez, II AF Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Nishi, N Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F Enriquez, II TI Reply to comment by A. E. Dessler and E. M. Weinstock on "Balloon-borne observations of water vapor and ozone in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere" by H. Vomel et al. SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Editorial Material DE tropical tropopause; dehydration; stratospheric water vapor; upper troposphere; relative humidity; stratosphere troposphere exchange ID DEHYDRATION MECHANISM; TROPOPAUSE; TRANSPORT; CIRRUS C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. Inst Nacl Meteorol & Hidrol, Quito, Ecuador. RP Vomel, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM holger.voemel@noaa.gov RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D4 AR 4137 DI 10.1029/2002JD002984 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 664PA UT WOS:000182068400005 ER PT J AU Rippard, WH Pufall, MR Silva, TJ AF Rippard, WH Pufall, MR Silva, TJ TI Quantitative studies of spin-momentum-transfer-induced excitations in Co/Cu multilayer films using point-contact spectroscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYER; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; PILLARS; DEVICES; DOMAINS; WAVES AB We have measured current-induced magnetic excitations in a variety of exchange-coupled Co/Cu multilayers using point-contact spectroscopy. A step in the dc resistance and corresponding peak in dV/dI are observed at a critical current I-c whose value depends linearly on applied magnetic field B-app(') in agreement with Slonczewski's theory. These features are observed for both in- and out-of-plane fields. Excitations in ferromagnetically coupled films occur even without an applied field. The spin transfer efficiency is determined from the slope and intercept of I-c vs B-app and varied from contact to contact. For out of plane magnetized samples, the deduced spin transfer efficiency values are in good agreement with the predictions of Slonczewski. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rippard, WH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 21 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 24 PY 2003 VL 82 IS 8 BP 1260 EP 1262 DI 10.1063/1.1556168 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 646ZD UT WOS:000181066000040 ER PT J AU Morgan, AB Gilman, JW AF Morgan, AB Gilman, JW TI Characterization of polymer-layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction: A comparative study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nanocomposites; WAXS; TEM ID QUATERNARY AMMONIUM MONTMORILLONITE; ORGANIC MODIFIERS; FLAMMABILITY; DISPERSION; STABILITY; HYBRID AB Several polymer-layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites (PLSNs) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) in an effort to characterize the nanoscale dispersion of the layered silicate. The PLSNs investigated included thermoset (cyanate esters) and thermoplastic polymers (polystyrene, nylon 6, and polypropylene-g-maleic anhydride). The results of this study reveal that the overall nanoscale dispersion of the clay in the polymer is best described by TEM, especially when mixed morphologies are present. XRD is useful for the measurement of d-spacings in intercalated systems but cannot always observe low clay loadings (<5%) or be used as a method to identify an exfoliated nanocomposite where no XRD peaks are present (constituting a negative result). Most importantly, the study showed that XRD is not a stand-alone technique, and it should be used in conjunction with TEM. Our studies suggest that new definitions, or a clarification of existing definitions, are needed to properly describe the diversity of PLSN nanostructures seen in various materials. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morgan, AB (reprint author), Dow Chem Co USA, Corp R&D, Inorgan Mat Grp, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 38 TC 411 Z9 418 U1 13 U2 85 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 22 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 8 BP 1329 EP 1338 DI 10.1002/app.11884 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 627YU UT WOS:000179965100020 ER PT J AU Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D AF Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D TI Relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large-scale circulation in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE wind stress curl; vorticity; lake circulation ID CYCLONIC CIRCULATION; MEAN CIRCULATION; DRIVEN; WAVE AB [1] This paper uses the results from two multiseason numerical model simulations of Lake Michigan hydrodynamics to examine the relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large-scale circulation. The multiseason simulations provide a period long enough to encompass the full range of atmospheric and thermal conditions that can occur in the lake. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose the relative importance of various mechanisms responsible for the large-scale circulation patterns by analyzing the vorticity balance in the lake on a monthly timescale. Five different model scenarios are used to isolate the predominant mechanisms: (1) baroclinic lake, spatially variable wind stress; (2) barotropic lake, spatially variable wind stress; (3) baroclinic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; (4) barotropic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; and (5) barotropic lake, linearized equations, spatially uniform wind stress. By comparing the results of these five model scenarios it is shown that the cyclonic wind stress curl in the winter and the effect of baroclinicity in the summer are primarily responsible for the predominantly cyclonic flow in the lake. Topographic effects are also important but are not as significant as wind stress curl and baroclinic effects. Nonlinear effects are much smaller. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schwab, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 27 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C2 AR 3044 DI 10.1029/2001JC001066 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 663BJ UT WOS:000181984900003 ER PT J AU Tumlinson, J Shull, JM Venkatesan, A AF Tumlinson, J Shull, JM Venkatesan, A TI Cosmological effects of the first stars: Evolving spectra of Population III SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : theory; galaxies : high-redshift; stars : evolution ID HIGH-REDSHIFT; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; ALPHA EMISSION; MASSIVE STARS; EVOLUTION; REIONIZATION; HELIUM; ULTRAVIOLET; HYDROGEN; UNIVERSE AB The first stars hold intrinsic interest for their uniqueness and for their potentially important contributions to galaxy formation, chemical enrichment, and feedback on the intergalactic medium (IGM). Although the sources of cosmological reionization are unknown at present, the declining population of large bright quasars at redshifts z > 3 implies that stars are the leading candidates for the sources that reionized the hydrogen in the IGM by z similar to 6. The metal-free composition of the first stars restricts the stellar energy source to proton-proton burning rather than the more efficient CNO cycle. Consequently, they are hotter, smaller, and have harder spectra than their present-day counterparts of finite metallicity. We present new results from a continuing study of metal-free stars from a cosmological point of view. We have calculated evolving spectra of Population III clusters, derived from a grid of zero-metallicity stellar evolutionary tracks. We find that H-ionizing photon production from metal-free stellar clusters takes twice as long as that of Population II to decline to 1/10 its peak value. In addition, metal-free stars produce substantially more photons than Population II in the He II ( E > 4 ryd) continuum. We suggest that large Lyalpha equivalent widths (W-Lyalpha > 400 Angstrom) may provide a means of detecting metal-free stellar populations at high redshift and that He II recombination lines (lambdalambda1640, 4686) may confirm identifications of Population III. While Population III clusters are intrinsically bluer than their Population II counterparts, nebular continuum emission makes up this difference and may confuse attempts to discern Population III stars with broadband colors. In a companion paper, we explore the consequences of evolving spectra of Population III for the reionization of the IGM in both Hand He. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. JILA, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tumlinson, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 53 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD FEB 20 PY 2003 VL 584 IS 2 BP 608 EP 620 DI 10.1086/345737 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 643WG UT WOS:000180884100009 ER PT J AU Venkatesan, A Tumlinson, J Shull, JM AF Venkatesan, A Tumlinson, J Shull, JM TI Evolving spectra of Population III stars: Consequences for cosmological reionization SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : theory; intergalactic medium ID INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; GALAXY FORMATION; UNIVERSE; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION; RADIATION; OBJECTS; DENSITY; CLOUDS AB We examine the significance of the first metal-free stars (Population III) for the cosmological reionization of H I and He II These stars have unusually hard spectra, with the integrated ionizing photon rates from a Population III stellar cluster for H I and He II being 1.6 and 10(5) times stronger, respectively, than those from a Population II cluster. For the currently favored cosmology, we find that Population III stars alone can reionize H I at redshifts of z similar or equal to 9 and 4.7 and He II at z similar or equal to 5.1 and 0.7 for continuous and instantaneous modes of star formation, respectively. More realistic scenarios involving combinations of Population III and Population II stellar spectra yield similar results for hydrogen. Helium never reionizes completely in these cases; the ionization fraction of He III reaches a maximum of about 60% at z similar to 5.6 if Population III star formation lasts for 10(9) yr. Future data on H I reionization can test the amount of small-scale power available to the formation of the first objects and provide a constraint on values of sigma(8) less than or similar to 0.7. Since current UV observations indicate an epoch of reionization for He II at z similar to 3, He II may reionize more than once. Measurements of the He II Gunn-Peterson effect in the intergalactic medium at redshifts z greater than or similar to 3 may reveal the significance of Population III stars for He II reionization, particularly in "void" regions that may contain relic ionization from early Population III stellar activity. C1 JILA, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, UCB 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM aparna@casa.colorado.edu; tumlinso@casa.colorado.edu; mshull@casa.colorado.edu NR 66 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD FEB 20 PY 2003 VL 584 IS 2 BP 621 EP 632 DI 10.1086/345738 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 643WG UT WOS:000180884100010 ER PT J AU Beletsky, D Schwab, DJ Roebber, PJ McCormick, MJ Miller, GS Saylor, JH AF Beletsky, D Schwab, DJ Roebber, PJ McCormick, MJ Miller, GS Saylor, JH TI Modeling wind-driven circulation during the March 1998 sediment resuspension event in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE circulation modeling; Lake Michigan; sediment resuspension AB [1] A three-dimensional primitive equation numerical ocean model was applied to Lake Michigan to simulate hydrodynamic conditions during the March 1998 sediment resuspension event in southern Lake Michigan caused by a storm with winds up to 20 m/s. The hydrodynamic model is driven with surface winds derived from observed meteorological conditions at 18 land stations and a meteorological buoy and also with surface winds calculated using a mesoscale meteorological model. Current observations from 11 subsurface moorings showed that the model driven with observed winds was able to qualitatively simulate wind-driven currents but underestimated current speeds during the most significant wind event. In addition, a pronounced offshore flow in the area of observations was also underestimated. Hydrodynamic model results using the meteorological model winds as the forcing function showed significant improvement over model results which were based on observed winds proving the importance of mesoscale winds for current modeling in large lakes. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RP Beletsky, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, 1600 Draper Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C2 AR 3038 DI 10.1029/2001JC001159 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 663BH UT WOS:000181984800001 ER PT J AU Mukherjee, S Cohen, RE Gulseren, O AF Mukherjee, S Cohen, RE Gulseren, O TI Vacancy formation enthalpy at high pressures in tantalum SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID GENERALIZED GRADIENT APPROXIMATION; FIRST-PRINCIPLES; INTEGRATIONS; SIMULATION; EQUATION; ENERGIES; METALS; STATE AB Using a mixed basis pseudopotential method, total energy calculations were performed to obtain the enthalpy of vacancy formation in Ta as a function of pressure, which is important for understanding the effects of pressure on mechanical properties. The vacancy formation enthalpy is found to increase from 2.95 eV at ambient pressures to 12.86 eV at 300 GPa, and the vacancy formation volume decreases from being 53 +/- 5% of the bulk volume per atom at ambient pressure to 20 +/- 2% at 300 GPa, for a 54-atom supercell. We also show that there is a strong correspondence between the vacancy formation enthalpy and the melting temperature in Ta. C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Washington, DC 20015 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Mukherjee, S (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RI Cohen, Ronald/B-3784-2010 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-5871-2359 NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD FEB 19 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 855 EP 861 AR PII S0953-8984(03)54310-7 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/15/6/312 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 657NZ UT WOS:000181674400016 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD Thirumalai, D AF Mountain, RD Thirumalai, D TI Molecular dynamics simulations of end-to-end contact formation in hydrocarbon chains in water and aqueous urea solution SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; FREE-ENERGIES; HYDRATION; GUANIDINIUM; ALGORITHM; SOLVATION; MECHANISM; LIQUID; STATE; PAIR AB We probe the urea-denaturation mechanism using molecular dynamics simulations of an elementary "folding" event, namely, the formation of end-to-end contact in the linear hydrocarbon chain (HC) CH3(CH2)(18)CH3. Electrostatic effects are examined using a model HC in which one end of the chain is positively charged (+0.2e) and the other contains a negative charge (-0.2e). For these systems multiple transitions between "folded" (conformations in which the chain ends are in contact) and "unfolded" (end-to-end contact is broken) can be observed during 4 ns molecular dynamics simulations. In water and 6 M aqueous urea solution HC and the charged HC fluctuate between collapsed globular conformations and a set of expanded structures. The collapsed conformation adopted by the HC in water is slightly destablized in 6 M urea. In contrast, the end-to-end contact is disrupted in the charged HC only in aqueous urea solution. Despite the presence of a large hydrophobic patch, on length scales on the order of similar to8-10 Angstrom "denaturation" (transition to the expanded unfolded state) occurs by a direct interaction of urea with charges on the chain ends. The contiguous patch of hydrophobic moieties leads to "mild dewetting", which becomes more pronounced in the charged HC in 6 M aqueous urea solution. Our simulations establish that the urea denaturation mechanism is most likely electrostatic in origin. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 106 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD FEB 19 PY 2003 VL 125 IS 7 BP 1950 EP 1957 DI 10.1021/ja020496f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 647HU UT WOS:000181088000046 PM 12580622 ER PT J AU Westwater, ER Vivekanandan, J AF Westwater, ER Vivekanandan, J TI Preface to special section: Remote sensing of the earth's environment by microwave radiometers and radar SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometers; radars; polarimeters; radar and radiometric calibration; satellite remote sensing; ground-based remote sensing; electromagnetic modeling of scattering; emission; radiative transfer C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway MS R-E-ET1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Ed.R.Westwater@noaa.gov; vivek@ucar.edu NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD FEB 18 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 AR 8046 DI 10.1029/2002RS002809 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 663CE UT WOS:000181987500001 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Lin, EK Bauer, BJ Wu, WL Hwang, BK Gray, WD AF Lee, HJ Lin, EK Bauer, BJ Wu, WL Hwang, BK Gray, WD TI Characterization of chemical-vapor-deposited low-k thin films using x-ray porosimetry SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PORE-SIZE; REFLECTIVITY; SIO2 AB Trimethylsilane-based carbon-doped silica films prepared with varying chemical-vapor-deposition process conditions were characterized using x-ray reflectivity and porosimetry to measure the film thickness, average film density, density depth profile, wall density, and porosity. Samples deposited under single or dual frequency conditions with either N2O or O-2 as an oxidant were compared. The structural parameters were correlated with the chemical bond structure measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The density profiles of the porous films were uniform with a slight densification at the film surface. The distribution of pores was also uniform through the film. Films prepared under a single frequency and/or N2O atmosphere had the lowest film density, wall density, and dielectric constant. The porosities of the films were similar and the pore sizes were less than 10 Angstrom. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Adv Mat Business Elect Ind, Midland, MI 48686 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD FEB 17 PY 2003 VL 82 IS 7 BP 1084 EP 1086 DI 10.1063/1.1553996 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 644KR UT WOS:000180917000028 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM Sniegoski, LT Satterfield, MB AF Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM Sniegoski, LT Satterfield, MB TI Development and evaluation of an isotope dilution LC/MS method for the determination of total homocysteine in human plasma SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CLINICAL-APPLICATIONS; RAPID-DETERMINATION; SERUM AB Elevated plasma homocysteine has been identified as a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and recently, it has been associated with the development of dementia in older adults. Selected ion-monitoring isotope-dilution LC/MS (electrospray) has been developed and evaluated as a reference method for the accurate determination of total homocysteine in human plasma. Homocysteine is quantitatively isolated from plasma via the use of anion-exchange resins and then detected and quantified in stabilized plasma extracts with selected ion-monitoring LC/MS. This method is shown to be highly comparable to LC/MS/MS determinations in terms of its analytical accuracy and precision, yet this alternative measurement approach does not necessitate the enhanced instrumentation or added expense required of tandem MS/MS determinations. LC/MS detection of homocysteine was linear (standard error of the estimate for the regression line was 0.0323) over 3 orders of magnitude, and the calculated limits of detection and quantification were 0.06/mumol/L(0.12 ng on column) and 0.6 mumol/L (1.2 ng on column), respectively. Independent calibration curves showed excellent linearity (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.996) between 0 and 25 mumol/L homocysteine over a 3-day period. The accuracy and precision of total homocysteine measurements for patient samples and quality control pools using LC/MS were compared to total homocysteine measurements using LC/MS/MS, GC/MS, FPIA, and LC-FD. LC/MS performed well in relation to the other homocysteine methods in terms of its capability to accurately quantify plasma homocysteine over the normal range (5-15 mumol/L). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 47 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 4 BP 775 EP 784 DI 10.1021/ac0204799 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 647CF UT WOS:000181073800011 PM 12622366 ER PT J AU Choquette, SJ O'Neal, L Duewer, DL AF Choquette, SJ O'Neal, L Duewer, DL TI Rare-earth glass reference materials for near-infrared spectrometry: Correcting and exploiting temperature dependencies SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CALIBRATION AB Quantitative descriptions of the location of seven near-infrared absorption bands as functions of temperature 5-50 degreesC are presented here for three recently introduced wavelength/wavenumber Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): SRM 2035, SRM 2065, and SRM 2036. For all bands in all three SRMs, locations are well described as linear models parametrized with the location at 0 degreesC (intercept) and the rate of location change per degreesC (slope). Since these materials were produced from compositionally similar melts, the slopes for each band are identical within measurement imprecision in all three SRMs; only minor differences are observed in the intercepts. Because the direction of change in location differs among the bands, it is possible to use the measured band locations to reliably estimate sample temperature. Two approaches to estimating temperature are evaluated: slope and measurement uncertainty-weighted means. While both methods work well with measurements made under well-characterized and stable environmental conditions, the more complex uncertainty-weighted analysis becomes relatively more predictive as the total measurement uncertainties increase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duewer, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 4 BP 961 EP 966 DI 10.1021/ac025969f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 647CF UT WOS:000181073800037 PM 12622392 ER PT J AU Soles, CL Douglas, JF Lin, EK Lenhart, JL Jones, RL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M AF Soles, CL Douglas, JF Lin, EK Lenhart, JL Jones, RL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M TI Incoherent neutron scattering and the dynamics of thin film photoresist polymers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANNIHILATION LIFETIME SPECTROSCOPY; CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED PHOTORESISTS; HARD-SPHERE SYSTEMS; FREE-VOLUME; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; GLASSY-POLYMERS; REACTION FRONT; MODEL; FLUID; POLYCARBONATE AB Elastic incoherent neutron scattering is employed to parameterize changes in the atomic/molecular mobility in lithographic polymers as a function of film thickness. Changes in the 200 MHz and faster dynamics are estimated in terms of a harmonic oscillator model and the corresponding Debye-Waller factor mean-square atomic displacement . We generally observe that relatively large values in the glassy state lead to a strong suppression of when the polymer is confined to exceedingly thin films. In contrast, this thin film suppression is diminished or even absent if in the glass is relatively small. We further demonstrate that highly localized side group or segmental dynamics of hydrogen-rich moieties, such as methyl groups, dominate and that thin film confinement apparently retards these motions. With respect to photolithography, we demonstrate that a reduced in exceedingly thin model resist films corresponds to a decrease in the reaction front propagation kinetics. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM csoles@nist.gov NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 4 BP 1978 EP 1986 DI 10.1063/1.1539538 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 640RU UT WOS:000180702400021 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Gao, JJ Neogi, S Levin, TM Scott, JH Grantham, S AF Levine, ZH Gao, JJ Neogi, S Levin, TM Scott, JH Grantham, S TI Parallax measurements of integrated circuit interconnects using a scanning transmission electron microscope SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOMOGRAPHY; STEM AB A 300 keV scanning transmission electron microscope was used to obtain tilt-series images of two two-level copper integrated circuit samples. The center-to-center layer spacing obtained from the tilt series showed internal consistency at the level of 15%, and external validity at the level of 20%. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Montgomery Blair High Sch, Silver Spring, MD 20901 USA. Intel Corp, Q&R Failure Anal, Desktop Platforms Grp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 15 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 4 BP 2193 EP 2197 DI 10.1063/1.1538336 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 640RU UT WOS:000180702400056 ER PT J AU Bollinger, JJ Kriesel, JM Mitchell, TB King, LB Jensen, MJ Itano, WM Dubin, DHE AF Bollinger, JJ Kriesel, JM Mitchell, TB King, LB Jensen, MJ Itano, WM Dubin, DHE TI Laser-cooled ion plasmas in Penning traps SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Interactions (TCPFI) CY AUG 25-30, 2002 CL WILDBAD KREUTH, GERMANY ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; STRUCTURAL PHASE-TRANSITIONS; LOW-ORDER MODES; NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; COULOMB CRYSTAL; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; DUSTY PLASMA; MACH CONES; DYNAMICS; TRANSPORT AB A laser-cooled ion plasma in a Penning trap provides a rigorous realization of a strongly coupled one-component plasma. After a brief review of the crystal structures that have been observed in Penning traps, we summarize two recent experiments. First we describe careful measurements of the stability of the plasma rotation which is controlled by a rotating electric field. We then discuss the excitation of plasma wakes produced by radiation pressure from a laser. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Bollinger, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.bollinger@nist.gov NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 3 BP 499 EP 510 AR PII S0953-4075(03)54365-6 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/36/3/308 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 655NZ UT WOS:000181560100011 ER PT J AU Tanaka, U Bize, S Tanner, CE Drullinger, RE Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Itano, WM Wineland, DJ Bergquist, JC AF Tanaka, U Bize, S Tanner, CE Drullinger, RE Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Itano, WM Wineland, DJ Bergquist, JC TI The Hg-199(+) single ion optical clock: recent progress SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Interactions (TCPFI) CY AUG 25-30, 2002 CL WILDBAD KREUTH, GERMANY ID FEMTOSECOND-LASER COMB; FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE AB We report on work directed toward the systematic evaluation of an optical frequency standard based on the S-2(1/2)-D-2(5/2) transition of a single, laser-cooled, trapped Hg-199(+) ion, whose resonance frequency is 1.06 x 10(15) Hz. For the purpose of the evaluation, two Hg-199(+) standards have been constructed. In the cooling-laser system built for the second standard, an injection-locking scheme has been applied to a cw Ti:sapphire laser. We also report optical frequency measurements of the clock transition pet-formed over the past 21 months with the first standard. During this term, the variation of the clock transition frequency is found to be less than one part in 10(14). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Commun Res Labs, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan. Lab Syst Reference Temps Espace, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Tanaka, U (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 3 BP 545 EP 551 AR PII S0953-4075(03)54352-8 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/36/3/312 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 655NZ UT WOS:000181560100015 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Barrett, M Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, BM Langer, C Lucas, D Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Barrett, M Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, BM Langer, C Lucas, D Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Towards quantum information with trapped ions at NIST SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Interactions (TCPFI) CY AUG 25-30, 2002 CL WILDBAD KREUTH, GERMANY ID EXPERIMENTAL VIOLATION; ENGINEERED RESERVOIRS; STATE; COMPUTATION; DECOHERENCE; ATOM; ENTANGLEMENT; GATES; MOTION; MANIPULATION AB We report experiments on coherent quantum-state synthesis and the control of trapped atomic ions. This work has the overall goal of performing large-scale quantum information processing; however, such techniques can also be applied to fundamental tests and demonstrations of quantum mechanical principles, as well as to the improvement of quantum-limited measurements. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012; OI DeMarco, Brian/0000-0002-2791-0413; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 60 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 3 BP 599 EP 612 AR PII S0953-4075(03)54725-3 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/36/3/317 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 655NZ UT WOS:000181560100020 ER PT J AU Hotinski, RM Toggweiler, JR AF Hotinski, RM Toggweiler, JR TI Impact of a Tethyan circumglobal passage on ocean heat transport and "equable'' climates SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE anoxia; Permian; extinctions; paleoceanography; stagnant; circulation ID PLATE TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTIONS; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; MARINE TEMPERATURES; CRETACEOUS CLIMATE; DRAKE PASSAGE; MODEL; EVOLUTION; SIMULATION; LATITUDE AB [1] The presence of low-latitude circumglobal passage from the late Jurassic (similar to160 Ma) through the Miocene (similar to14 Ma) provides a possible mechanism for increased poleward ocean heat transport during periods of warm climate and may help explain low meridional temperature gradients of the past. Experiments using an ocean general circulation model (GCM) with an energy-balance atmosphere and idealized bathymetry reveal that, like the modern Drake Passage, a circumglobal Tethyan Passage might have induced high rates of wind-driven upwelling of relatively cold and deep water, but at low latitudes. With no change in radiative forcing, a low-latitude circumglobal passage increases simulated northern high-latitude temperatures by 3degrees-7degreesC, while tropical temperatures cool by up to 2degreesC relative to a scenario with solid meridional boundaries. Combining this mechanism of heat transport with increased radiative forcing allows substantial warming of northern high latitudes by 7degrees-11degreesC, while tropical temperatures remain within 3degreesC of present-day temperatures. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Hotinski, RM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM hotinski@princeton.edu NR 85 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 AR 1007 DI 10.1029/2001PA000730 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 662RW UT WOS:000181962900001 ER PT J AU Derevianko, A Porsev, SG Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Derevianko, A Porsev, SG Kotochigova, S Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Ultracold collision properties of metastable alkaline-earth atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FINE-STRUCTURE TRANSITIONS; MOLECULAR THEORY AB Ultracold collisions of spin-polarized Mg-24, Ca-40, and Sr-88 in the metastable P-3(2) excited state are investigated based on molecular potentials obtained from ab initio calculations. We calculate the long-range interaction potentials and estimate the scattering length and the collisional loss rate as a function of magnetic field. The scattering lengths show resonance behavior due to the appearance of a molecular bound state in a purely long-range interaction potential and are positive for magnetic fields below 50 mT. A loss-rate model shows that losses should be smallest near zero magnetic field and for fields slightly larger than the resonance field, where the scattering length is also positive. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Derevianko, A (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI Derevianko, Andrei/G-8356-2011; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 14 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 6 AR 063002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.063002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 646BX UT WOS:000181015900014 PM 12633291 ER PT J AU Tie, XX Emmons, L Horowitz, L Brasseur, G Ridley, B Atlas, E Stround, C Hess, P Klonecki, A Madronich, S Talbot, R Dibb, J AF Tie, XX Emmons, L Horowitz, L Brasseur, G Ridley, B Atlas, E Stround, C Hess, P Klonecki, A Madronich, S Talbot, R Dibb, J TI Effect of sulfate aerosol on tropospheric NOx and ozone budgets: Model simulations and TOPSE evidence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric aerosol; NOx; ozone ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; SULFURIC-ACID; HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; PINATUBO AEROSOLS; NITRIC-ACID; N2O5; ERUPTION; SENSITIVITY; CONVERSION AB [1] The distributions of NOx and O-3 are analyzed during TOPSE (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox). In this study these data are compared with the calculations of a global chemical/transport model (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers (MOZART)). Specifically, the effect that hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulfate aerosols has on tropospheric NOx and O-3 budgets is studied. The results show that without this heterogeneous reaction, the model significantly overestimates NOx concentrations at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) in winter and spring in comparison to the observations during TOPSE; with this reaction, modeled NOx concentrations are close to the measured values. This comparison provides evidence that the hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulfate aerosol plays an important role in controlling the tropospheric NOx and O-3 budgets. The calculated reduction of NOx attributed to this reaction is 80 to 90% in winter at high latitudes over North America. Because of the reduction of NOx, O-3 concentrations are also decreased. The maximum O-3 reduction occurs in spring although the maximum NOx reduction occurs in winter when photochemical O-3 production is relatively low. The uncertainties related to uptake coefficient and aerosol loading in the model is analyzed. The analysis indicates that the changes in NOx due to these uncertainties are much smaller than the impact of hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulfate aerosol. The effect that hydrolysis of N2O5 on global NOx and O-3 budgets are also assessed by the model. The results suggest that in the Northern Hemisphere, the average NOx budget decreases 50% due to this reaction in winter and 5% in summer. The average O-3 budget is reduced by 8% in winter and 6% in summer. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the sulfate aerosol loading is significantly smaller than in the Northern Hemisphere. As a result, sulfate aerosol has little impact on NOx and O-3 budgets of the Southern Hemisphere. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Tie, XX (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM xxtie@ucar.edu RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Madronich, Sasha/D-3284-2015; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Madronich, Sasha/0000-0003-0983-1313; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 40 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D4 AR 8364 DI 10.1029/2001JD001508 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 662FR UT WOS:000181937100003 ER PT J AU Solan, M Germano, JD Rhoads, DC Smith, C Michaud, E Parry, D Wenzhofer, F Kennedy, B Henriques, C Battle, E Carey, D Iocco, L Valente, R Watson, J Rosenberg, R AF Solan, M Germano, JD Rhoads, DC Smith, C Michaud, E Parry, D Wenzhofer, F Kennedy, B Henriques, C Battle, E Carey, D Iocco, L Valente, R Watson, J Rosenberg, R TI Towards a greater understanding of pattern, scale and process in marine benthic systems: a picture is worth a thousand worms SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Scientific Meeting on Benthic Dynamics: In Situ Surveillance of the Sediment-Water Interface CY MAR 25-29, 2002 CL UNIV ABERDEEN, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND HO UNIV ABERDEEN DE acoustic; benthic; imaging; photography; sediment-water interface; video ID SEABED DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM; ORGANISM-SEDIMENT RELATIONS; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC-OCEAN; EASTERN IRISH SEA; DEEP-SEA; IN-SITU; BIOGENIC STRUCTURES; DEMERSAL FISHES; MAXMUELLERIA-LANKESTERI; CLASSIFICATION-SYSTEM AB Historically, advances in our knowledge of benthic community structure and functioning have necessarily relied upon destructive sampling devices (grabs, cores, anchor dredges, etc.) that lose valuable contextual information in the process of sampling. In the last 40 years, instrumentation capable of measuring dynamic events and/or processes within and immediately above the seafloor has been developed that facilitates the collection of ecological information. Of these, both acoustic and optical imaging devices have played a significant role in revealing much about the physiology and behaviour of, and interactions between benthic species, and the sedimentary habitat in which they reside. While a number of reviews have separately considered the methodological and technical aspects of imaging technologies, the collective contribution that imaging has made to benthic ecology has received less attention. In this short review, we attempt to highlight key instances over the last 40 years where either acoustic or optical-based imaging techniques have provided new ecological insights and information about fine-grained sedimentary environments. In so doing, we focus on the ecological advances that have formed the precursor to current research efforts and introduce some of the latest revelations from appropriate and emerging imaging applications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Ocean Lab, Newbury AB41 6AA, Aberdeen, England. Germano & Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98006 USA. Inst Marine Biol Crete, Iraklion 71003, Crete, Greece. Ctr Oceanol Marseille, Lab Oceanog & Biogeochim, F-13288 Marseille 9, France. Inst Sci Mer Rimouski, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. Univ Plymouth, Inst Marine Studies, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark. Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Martin Ryan Marine Sci Inst, Galway, Ireland. CoastalVis, Newport, RI 02840 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI 02840 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Engn, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Marine Ecol, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, S-45034 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Solan, M (reprint author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Ocean Lab, Newbury AB41 6AA, Aberdeen, England. EM m.solan@abdn.ac.uk RI Solan, Martin/E-9338-2012; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Solan, Martin/0000-0001-9924-5574; Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 219 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 EI 1879-1697 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD FEB 12 PY 2003 VL 285 BP 313 EP 338 AR PII S0022-0981(02)00535-X DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00535-X PG 26 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 646GE UT WOS:000181026600020 ER PT J AU Lieberman, RS Ortland, DA Yarosh, ES AF Lieberman, RS Ortland, DA Yarosh, ES TI Climatology and interannual variability of diurnal water vapor heating SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; TIDAL SIGNATURES; TIDES; SURFACE; PACIFIC; MODEL; WIND; RADIATION AB [1] Tropospheric heating by water vapor absorption of near-infrared (IR) radiation is a leading drive of the propagating diurnal tide. A climatology of monthly diurnal water vapor IR heating rates is derived using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and a global precipitable water (PW) data set. The new climatology updates an existing one compiled in 1982 that provides seasonally averaged IR heating between 35 degreesS and 35 degreesN. The new heating rates have greater temporal and spatial resolution and enable examination of intraseasonal and year-to-year variability over the 10-year span of the PW data set. Our findings suggest that tropical tropospheric variability may be communicated to the diurnal tide (and possibly the middle and upper atmosphere) by means of water vapor heating. C1 NW Res Associates, Colorado Res Associates Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Lieberman, RS (reprint author), NW Res Associates, Colorado Res Associates Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ruth@colorado-research.com NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4123 DI 10.1029/2002JD002308 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 662FE UT WOS:000181936000003 ER PT J AU Cimini, D Shaw, JA Westwater, ER Han, Y Irisov, V Leuski, V Churnside, JH AF Cimini, D Shaw, JA Westwater, ER Han, Y Irisov, V Leuski, V Churnside, JH TI Air temperature profile and air/sea temperature difference measurements by infrared and microwave scanning radiometers SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE air/sea interface; marine boundary layer; scanning radiometers; microwave and infrared radiometry; sea surface temperature ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WIND-SPEED; ATMOSPHERIC FLUXES; COOLING RATES; WATER-VAPOR; HEAT-FLUX; MODEL; SKIN AB [1] A system of two scanning radiometers has been developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Environmental Technology Laboratory and deployed on the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during the Nauru99 cruise in the tropical western Pacific in June and July 1999. The system is composed of a high-quality temperature sensor and two independent, vertically scanning radiometers, measuring atmospheric and oceanic emission in the microwave (MW), and infrared (IR) regions. Both radiometers measure emission from a uniformly mixed atmospheric gas: oxygen for MW (60 GHz) and carbon dioxide for IR (14.2 mum). The high atmospheric absorption at these frequencies allows one calibration point from the horizontal atmospheric view using the in situ temperature sensor measurements as a reference. The signal at all other scan angles is scaled relative to that at the horizontal, resulting in a differential technique that is independent of calibration offset. This technique provides continuous and accurate estimates of boundary layer air temperature profile and air/sea temperature difference. The main advantage of this technique is that the water skin temperature can be measured at different optical depths without disturbing the skin layer (magnitude order of microns). We first compare radiometric data collected during the experiment with simulations obtained by atmospheric and oceanic radiative transfer models. We then use statistical inversion techniques to estimate air temperature profiles from upward looking measurements, based on an a priori data set of about 1500 ship-based radiosonde observations. For the "well-posed'' problem of air/sea temperature difference estimation, we apply a physical retrieval algorithm to the downward looking measurements, accounting for air attenuation and sea surface roughness. Then we show retrieval results and evaluate the achieved accuracy. Finally, we compare radiometric estimates with in situ measurements, discussing similarities and discrepancies. C1 Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, Ctr Excellence Integrat Remote Sensing Tech & Num, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO USA. RP Cimini, D (reprint author), Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, Ctr Excellence Integrat Remote Sensing Tech & Num, Via Vetoio 1, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Churnside, James/H-4873-2013; Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 37 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD FEB 12 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 AR 8045 DI 10.1029/2002RS002632 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 662TH UT WOS:000181964100001 ER PT J AU Kim, HC Volksen, W Miller, RD Huang, E Yang, GY Briber, RM Shin, K Satija, SK AF Kim, HC Volksen, W Miller, RD Huang, E Yang, GY Briber, RM Shin, K Satija, SK TI Neutron reflectivity on nanoporous poly(methylsilsesquioxane) thin films SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID TEMPLATING NANOPOROSITY; ORGANOSILICATES; FOAMS C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. IBM Corp, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, HC (reprint author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012; OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942; Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD FEB 11 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 3 BP 609 EP 611 DI 10.1021/cm0207550 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 643XK UT WOS:000180888300001 ER PT J AU Fry, CD Dryer, M Smith, Z Sun, W Deehr, CS Akasofu, SI AF Fry, CD Dryer, M Smith, Z Sun, W Deehr, CS Akasofu, SI TI Forecasting solar wind structures and shock arrival times using an ensemble of models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE space weather; interplanetary shocks; solar flares; forecasting real-time; geomagnetic storms; storm sudden comencements ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; INTERPLANETARY; DISTURBANCES; SIMULATION; PREDICTION; WAVES; MHD AB [1] Forecasting the time of arrival at Earth of interplanetary shocks following solar metric type II activity is an important first step in the establishment of an operational space weather prediction system. The quality of the forecasts is of utmost importance. The performances of the shock time of arrival (STOA) and interplanetary shock propagation models (ISPM) were previously evaluated by Smith et al. [2000] for 36 solar events. Here we use 173 solar events between February 1997 and October 2000 to set thresholds for the Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry version 2 (HAFv.2) model and then present the results of a comparison of the performance of this model to the STOA and ISPM solar wind models. Each model predicts shock arrival time (SAT) at the Earth using real-time metric type II radio frequency drifts and coincident X-ray and optical data for input and L1 satellite observations for verification. Our evaluation of input parameters to the models showed that the accuracy of the solar metric type II radio burst observations as a measure of the initial shock velocity was compromised for those events at greater than 20 solar longitude from central meridian. The HAF model also calculates the interplanetary shock propagation imbedded in a realistic solar wind structure through which the shocks travel and interact. Standard meteorological forecast metrics are used. A variety of statistical comparisons among the three models show them to be practically equivalent in forecasting SAT. Although the HAF kinematic model performance compares favorably with ISPM and STOA, it appears to be no better at predicting SAT than ISPM or STOA. HAFv.2 takes the inhomogeneous, ambient solar wind structure into account and thereby provides a means of sorting event-driven shock arrivals from corotating interaction region (CIR) passage. C1 Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Explorat Phys Int Inc, 6275 Univ Dr,Suite 37-105, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM gfry@expi.com; murraydryer@msn.com; zdenka.smith@noaa.gov; sun@jupiter.gi.alaska.edu; cdeehr@gi.alaska.edu; sakasofu@iarc.uaf.edu RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 35 TC 119 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD FEB 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A2 AR 1070 DI 10.1029/2002JA009474 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 662EA UT WOS:000181932900002 ER PT J AU Dulloo, AR Ruddy, FH Seidel, JG Adams, JM Nico, JS Gilliam, DM AF Dulloo, AR Ruddy, FH Seidel, JG Adams, JM Nico, JS Gilliam, DM TI The thermal neutron response of miniature silicon carbide semiconductor detectors SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE silicon carbide; neutron detection; radiation sensor ID RADIATION AB Neutron response calibrations have been performed for miniature SiC semiconductor detectors based on a Schottky diode design in neutron fields maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The SiC diodes detect neutrons via neutron-induced charged particles (tritons) produced by the Li-6(n,alpha)H-3 reaction. The neutron response was calibrated at fluence rates from 1.76 x 10(4) to 3.59 x 10(10) cm(-2) s(-1) in NIST neutron fields. The maximum deviation from linearity of the fit of the neutron response of the SiC detectors to the NIST-measured fluence rates is much less than 5%, which is the estimated uncertainty in the measured fluence rates. A direct comparison of the SiC count rates to count rates obtained with a NIST double fission chamber over limited ranges where the detector positions and configurations remain unchanged shows a relative precision of +/-0.6%. In a separate set of calibrations, a SiC neutron detector that had been previously irradiated with a fast (E > 1 MeV) neutron fluence of 1.3 x 10(16) cm(-2) was found to have an absolute neutron fluence rate response that was indistinguishable from that of a previously unirradiated detector. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Westinghouse Sci & Technol Dept, Pittsburgh, PA 15235 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dulloo, AR (reprint author), Westinghouse Sci & Technol Dept, 1332 Beulah Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15235 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD FEB 11 PY 2003 VL 498 IS 1-3 BP 415 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01987-3 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 650FQ UT WOS:000181252700031 ER PT J AU Johnson, RB Barnett, HJ AF Johnson, RB Barnett, HJ TI Determination of fat content in fish feed by supercritical fluid extraction and subsequent lipid classification of extract by thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; lipid content; fish feed; Soxhlet; acid hydrolysis; TLC-FID ID STANDARD METHODS; ACID COMPOSITION; FOOD-PRODUCTS; GROUND-BEEF; MEAL; QUALITY; SALMON; SFE; OIL AB A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method employing carbon dioxide with an alcohol modifier was developed to determine fat content in fish feed. Fat content was determined for 14 dry extruded salmon or trout grower feeds with advertised fat contents ranging from 14% to 33% (w/w). Results with the new method were significantly higher than those obtained from Soxhlet extractions (AOCS Method Ba 3 - 3 8) with a difference in mean fat content of 1.9% (P < 0.001) and were similar but significantly higher than total fat determinations by acid hydrolysis followed by organic extraction (AOAC Method 922.06) with a difference in mean fat content of 0.3% (P < 0.001). Lipid extracts from the Soxhlet and the SFE methods were classified by thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection into five lipid classes. Extracts from the SFE method contained a significantly greater amount of phospholipids (15-85%) than extracts from the Soxhlet method (P<0.001). Advantages of the SFE method over conventional fat determination methods include an increased yield of lipid, shorter analysis times and the absence of hazardous chemicals. The SFE method has the additional advantage over acid hydrolysis methods of estimating total fat content with minimal chemical damage to the lipid extract. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Johnson, RB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD FEB 10 PY 2003 VL 216 IS 1-4 BP 263 EP 282 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00405-2 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00405-2 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 630ZC UT WOS:000180140800023 ER PT J AU Henderson, M Yeh, ET Gong, P Elvidge, C Baugh, K AF Henderson, M Yeh, ET Gong, P Elvidge, C Baugh, K TI Validation of urban boundaries derived from global night-time satellite imagery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CITY LIGHTS; HUMAN-SETTLEMENTS; UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE AB Night-time imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) has been proposed as a useful tool for monitoring urban expansion around the world, but determining appropriate light thresholds for delineating cities remains a challenge. In this paper we present a new approach. We used DMSP stable lights and radiance-calibrated images to delimit urban boundaries for San Francisco, Beijing and Lhasa, cities with different levels of urbanization and economic development, and compared the results against boundaries derived from high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. Unthresholded DMSP images exaggerate and shift the extent of these urban areas. We then calculated light thresholds that minimized the discrepancies between the DMSP- and TM-derived urban boundaries for each city. Our comparison highlights the difficulty of using DMSP data across areas with disparate urban characteristics, but suggests the possibility of calibrating this data source for monitoring growth of cities at comparable levels of development. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Henderson, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013; Yeh, Emily/O-7909-2014 OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804; Yeh, Emily/0000-0002-4401-2404 NR 27 TC 82 Z9 110 U1 8 U2 44 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD FEB 10 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 3 BP 595 EP 609 DI 10.1080/01431160210144534 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 641ZN UT WOS:000180777100012 ER PT J AU Moore, FL Elkins, JW Ray, EA Dutton, GS Dunn, RE Fahey, DW McLaughlin, RJ Thompson, TL Romashkin, PA Hurst, DF Wamsley, PR AF Moore, FL Elkins, JW Ray, EA Dutton, GS Dunn, RE Fahey, DW McLaughlin, RJ Thompson, TL Romashkin, PA Hurst, DF Wamsley, PR TI Balloonborne in situ gas chromatograph for measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE chromatography; atmospheric tracers; transport; balloonborne ID ER-2 AIRCRAFT; TRACE GASES; INSTRUMENTS ABOARD; OZONE LOSS; TRANSPORT; AGE; N2O; CO2; CH4; LIFETIMES AB [1] An in situ gas chromatograph (GC) instrument on a balloonborne package is described in detail and data from seven science deployments are presented. This instrument, the Lightweight Airborne Chromatograph Experiment (LACE), operates on the Observations of the Middle Stratosphere (OMS) in situ gondola and has taken data from the upper troposphere to near 32 km with a vertical resolution of better than 300 m. LACE chromatography has been developed to measure halon-1211, the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-113, CFC-12), nitrous oxide (N2O), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) every 70 s and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hydrogen (H-2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) every 140 s. In the introduction we present scientific motivation for choosing this suite of molecules and for the use of faster sample rates resulting in unprecedented vertical resolution from an in situ GC. Results from an intercomparison with the Airborne Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species (ACATS-IV) instrument are shown to quantitatively connect this LACE data set to the complementary data set generated on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Dynojet Res Inc, Belogrode, MT USA. Res Electroopt Inc, Boulder, CO USA. RP Moore, FL (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM fred.moore@noaa.gov; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov; eray@al.noaa.gov; Geoff.Dutton@noaa.gov; dfahey@al.noaa.gov; rmclaughlin@al.noaa.gov; tthompson@al.noaa.gov; Pavel.Romashkin@noaa.gov; Dale.Hurst@noaa.gov; PaulaW@reoinc.com RI Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; McLaughlin, Richard/I-4386-2013; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8330 DI 10.1029/2001JD000891 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KY UT WOS:000181890800001 ER PT J AU Brock, CA Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Neuman, JA Parrish, DD Holloway, JS Nicks, DK Frost, GJ Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Wilson, JC Reeves, JM Lafleur, BG Hilbert, H Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Schauffler, SM Stroud, VR Wiedinmyer, C AF Brock, CA Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Neuman, JA Parrish, DD Holloway, JS Nicks, DK Frost, GJ Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Wilson, JC Reeves, JM Lafleur, BG Hilbert, H Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Schauffler, SM Stroud, VR Wiedinmyer, C TI Particle growth in urban and industrial plumes in Texas SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; particles; plumes; oxidation; urban; industrial ID POWER-PLANT PLUMES; ORGANIC AEROSOL; OZONE FORMATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; STRATOSPHERE; EMISSIONS; NITROGEN; GASOLINE; SIZE AB [1] Particle size distributions and gas-phase particle precursors and tracer species were measured aboard an aircraft in the plumes downwind from industrial and urban sources in the vicinity of Houston, TX during the daytime in late August and early September 2000. Plumes originating from the Parish gas-fired and coal-fired power plant, petrochemical industries along the Houston ship channel, the petrochemical facilities near the Gulf coast, and the urban center of Houston were studied. Most of the particle mass flux advected downwind of Houston came from the industries and electrical utilities at the periphery of the city rather than from sources in the urban core. In SO2-rich plumes that did not contain elevated concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particle volume increased with increasing plume oxidation (age) at a rate consistent with condensation and neutralization of the gas-phase oxidation products of SO2. In plumes that were rich in both SO2 and VOCs, observed particle growth greatly exceeded that expected from SO2 oxidation, indicating the formation of organic particulate mass. In plumes that were enhanced in VOCs but not in SO2, and in the plume of the Houston urban center, no particle volume growth with increasing plume oxidation was detected. Since substantial particle volume growth was associated only with SO2-rich plumes, these results suggest that photochemical oxidation of SO2 is the key process regulating particle mass growth in all the studied plumes in this region. However, uptake of organic matter probably contributes substantially to particle mass in petrochemical plumes rich in both SO2 and VOCs. Quantitative studies of particle formation and growth in photochemical systems containing nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), VOCs, and SO2 are recommended to extend those previously made in NOx-VOC systems. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Brock, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. EM cbrock@al.noaa.gov RI Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 25 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4111 DI 10.1029/2002JD002746 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KN UT WOS:000181889900005 ER PT J AU Michalsky, JJ Dolce, R Dutton, EG Haeffelin, M Major, G Schlemmer, JA Slater, DW Hickey, JR Jeffries, WQ Los, A Mathias, D McArthur, LJB Philipona, R Reda, I Stoffel, T AF Michalsky, JJ Dolce, R Dutton, EG Haeffelin, M Major, G Schlemmer, JA Slater, DW Hickey, JR Jeffries, WQ Los, A Mathias, D McArthur, LJB Philipona, R Reda, I Stoffel, T TI Results from the first ARM diffuse horizontal shortwave irradiance comparison SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE pyranometer; diffuse horizontal irradiance; zero irradiance offset; penumbral corrections; reproducibility; intensive observation period ID SOLAR IRRADIANCE; THERMAL OFFSET; SURFACE; PYRANOMETERS AB [1] The first intensive observation period (IOP) dedicated exclusively to the measurement of diffuse horizontal shortwave irradiance was held in the Fall 2001 at the central facility of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site with the cooperation of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) community. The purpose of the study was to compare diffuse irradiance measurements among most commercial pyranometers and a few prototypes calibrated independently using current practices. The hope was to achieve a consensus for this measurement with the goal of improving the uncertainty of shortwave diffuse irradiance measurements. All diffuse broadband measurements were made using the same type of two-axis tracker with the direct beam blocked by shading balls. Tracking was excellent during the IOP with no lost data associated with tracker problems. Fourteen simultaneous measurements were obtained over a two-week period under mostly clear skies with low to moderate aerosol loading. Totally overcast data were obtained during the morning of one day. Five of the measurements are reproducible to about 2 W/m(2) at the 95% confidence level. Three more agree with the mean of these five to about 4 W/m(2) at the 95% confidence level after correction for thermal offsets. C1 SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Kipp & Zonen Inc, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Budapest Univ Econ Sci & Publ Adm, Budapest, Hungary. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Eppley Lab Inc, Newport, RI 02840 USA. Yankee Environm Syst Inc, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. Carter Scott Design, Brunswick, Vic, Australia. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Phys Meteorol Observ, Davos, Switzerland. World Radiat Ctr, Davos, Switzerland. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. RP Michalsky, JJ (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM jim@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; robert.dolce@kippzonen.com; edutton@cmdl.noaa.gov; haeffelin@lmd.polytechnique.fr; h10830maj@helka.iif.hu; joe@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; donald.slater@pnl.gov; jhickeyeplab@ids.net; wqj@yesinc.com; alexander.los@kippzonen.com; csd@carterscott.com.au; bruce.mcarthur@ec.gc.ca; rphilipona@pmodwrc.ch; ibrahim_reda@nrel.gov; thomas_stoffel@nrel.gov NR 12 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4108 DI 10.1029/2002JD002825 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KN UT WOS:000181889900006 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Juang, HMH AF Mo, KC Juang, HMH TI Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Gulf of California on North American monsoon rainfall SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE SST; monsoon; warm season; precipitation ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; LOW-LEVEL JET; UNITED-STATES; MEXICAN MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATOLOGY; TRANSPORT; MICROWAVE; SURGES AB [1] Linkages between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of California and the North American monsoon rainfall were examined using observational data and regional model experiments. SSTs in the Gulf start to increase in late June and reach a maximum in August. Monsoon onset dates in the Southwest were determined from the gridded rainfall analysis. Monsoon onsets can occur before SSTs in the Gulf reach a maximum. There is no relationship between monsoon rainfall onset dates or seasonal total rainfall over the Southwest and SSTs in the Gulf. Regional model experiments were then performed to study the impact of local SSTs on monsoon rainfall using the NCEP regional spectral model (RSM). RSM experiments were performed with the observed SSTs for four summers (July-September 1997-2000). The experiments were repeated with the same initial and boundary conditions but with the climatological SSTs in the Gulf of California and its vicinity. The model is able to capture the general features of monsoon rainfall and the diurnal cycle. Warm (cold) SSTs in the Gulf are responsible for more (less) rainfall along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Over the Southwest, the impact of local SSTs is small. Large-scale flow has more influence on monsoon rainfall than SSTs in the Gulf of California because the SST forcing does not produce significant changes in the low level flow needed to influence rainfall over the Southwest. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Kingtse.Mo@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4112 DI 10.1029/2002JD002403 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KN UT WOS:000181889900001 ER PT J AU Proffitt, MH Aikin, K Tuck, AF Margitan, JJ Webster, CR Toon, GC Elkins, JW AF Proffitt, MH Aikin, K Tuck, AF Margitan, JJ Webster, CR Toon, GC Elkins, JW TI Seasonally averaged ozone and nitrous oxide in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; O-3; stratosphere; tracer; isentropic ID BALLOON-BORNE OBSERVATIONS; ARCTIC POLAR VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; MIDDLE LATITUDES; MODEL SIMULATIONS; ANTARCTIC VORTEX; ER-2 AIRCRAFT; LOSS RATES; WINTER; TRANSPORT AB [1] Northern Hemisphere ozone (O-3) measurements in the lower stratosphere made from 1989 to 1997 are presented along with simultaneous measurements of the conserved tracer nitrous oxide (N2O) to help separate O-3 changes due to photochemistry from those due to transport. This model-independent analysis represents 139 flights aboard the ER-2 aircraft and 12 profiles from balloons and uses zonal, isobaric, and isentropic seasonal averages of O-3 and N2O to examine seasonal changes in O-3 distributions. The resulting seasonal families of curves at constant latitude are somewhat intertwined, while the families of isobaric and isentropic curves are not. Although some of the isobaric curves cross, the isentropic curves are sufficiently separated to confidently estimate O-3 by specifying season, N2O, and potential temperature, then interpolating between the curves. Such estimates may be useful for testing of photochemical models with transport, and perhaps more importantly, the families of curves could serve as baseline references for estimating high latitude photochemical O-3 loss and as an indicator of O-3 recovery in the lower stratosphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Proffitt, MH (reprint author), WMO, Atmospher Res & Environm Programme, Environm Div, 7 Bis Ave Paix,Case Postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. EM proffitt@wmo.ch; kaikin@al.noaa.gov; atuck@al.noaa.gov; jm@caesar.jpl.nasa.gov; Chris.R.Webster@jpl.nasa.gov; toon@mark4sun.jpl.nasa.gov; james.w.elkins@noaa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Aikin, Kenneth/I-1973-2013 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; NR 77 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4110 DI 10.1029/2002JD002657 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KN UT WOS:000181889900003 ER PT J AU Aizpurua, J Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Kall, M Bryant, GW de Abajo, FJG AF Aizpurua, J Hanarp, P Sutherland, DS Kall, M Bryant, GW de Abajo, FJG TI Optical properties of gold nanorings SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED RAMAN-SCATTERING; PLASMON RESONANCE; NANOPARTICLES; SPECTROSCOPY; NANOSHELLS; MOLECULES AB The optical response of ring-shaped gold nanoparticles prepared by colloidal lithography is investigated. Compared to solid gold particles of similar size, nanorings exhibit a redshifted localized surface plasmon that can be tuned over an extended wavelength range by varying the ratio of the ring thickness to its radius. The measured wavelength variation is well reproduced by numerical calculations and interpreted as originating from coupling of dipolar modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the nanorings. The electric field associated with these plasmons exhibits uniform enhancement and polarization in the ring cavity, suggesting applications in near-infrared surface-enhanced spectroscopy and sensing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Ctr Mixto CSIC UPV EHU, San Sebastian 20080, Spain. DIPC, San Sebastian 20080, Spain. RP Aizpurua, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kall, Mikael/A-2732-2008; Sutherland, Duncan/E-4385-2010; Garcia de Abajo, Javier/A-6095-2009; Kall, Mikael/A-6753-2012; CSIC-UPV/EHU, CFM/F-4867-2012; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CTR., DIPC/C-3171-2014 OI Sutherland, Duncan/0000-0002-5045-9915; Garcia de Abajo, Javier/0000-0002-4970-4565; Kall, Mikael/0000-0002-1163-0345; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; NR 17 TC 663 Z9 670 U1 14 U2 169 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 5 AR 057401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.057401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 644LD UT WOS:000180918300054 PM 12633394 ER PT J AU Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS AF Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS TI Tuning p-wave interactions in an ultracold Fermi gas of atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; FESHBACH RESONANCES; INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; SUPERFLUIDITY; SPECTROSCOPY; DEGENERACY; THRESHOLD; CESIUM; RB-85 AB We have measured a p-wave Feshbach resonance in a single-component, ultracold Fermi gas of K-40 atoms. We have used this resonance to enhance the normally suppressed p-wave collision cross section to values larger than the background s-wave cross section between K-40 atoms in different spin states. In addition to the modification of two-body elastic processes, the resonance dramatically enhances three-body inelastic collisional loss. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Regal, CA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 32 TC 216 Z9 216 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 90 IS 5 AR 053201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.053201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 644LD UT WOS:000180918300011 PM 12633351 ER PT J AU Trokhimovski, YG Kuzmin, AV Pospelov, MN Irisov, VG Sadovsky, IN AF Trokhimovski, YG Kuzmin, AV Pospelov, MN Irisov, VG Sadovsky, IN TI Laboratory polarimetric measurements of microwave emission from capillary waves SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; Stokes parameters; diffraction; gravity-capillary waves ID WATER AB [1] The results of polarimetric microwave measurements of thermal emission from a water surface with artificial periodic structure are presented. The goal of the experiment is to verify the results of a model describing polarized microwave emission from gravity-capillary waves on a sea surface. Periodic undulations of water surface were produced in a tank by a set of parallel nylon threads raised slightly above the mean surface. Due to surface tension, the water surface assumes a periodic profile; the amplitude of the roughness was changed by moving the frame with the threads up and down. The measurements of the three Stokes parameters of the emission were carried out with the Ka-band polarimeter. The experimental setup allowed measurements to be made over a wide range of view angles (from near-nadir to 70). The tank rotation allowed variation of the azimuthal angle between the periodic structure and the observation plane of more than 300degrees. The experimental data show the existence of the resonant peak in the Stokes parameters predicted by the model. The amplitude of the peak reached 10 K. Also, drastic contrasts were registered in the azimuth dependencies of the Stokes parameters. This result is evidence of the important role that short gravity-capillary waves play in sea-surface polarized microwave emission. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow 117997, Russia. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Vladimir State Univ, Radio Phys & Elect Fac, Vladimir 600026, Russia. RP Trokhimovski, YG (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow 117997, Russia. EM Michael.Pospelov@asp.iki.rssi.ru NR 11 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 EI 1944-799X J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 3 AR 8039 DI 10.1029/2002RS002661 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 661RN UT WOS:000181903700004 ER PT J AU Wert, BP Trainer, M Fried, A Ryerson, TB Henry, B Potter, W Angevine, WM Atlas, E Donnelly, SG Fehsenfeld, FC Frost, GJ Goldan, PD Hansel, A Holloway, JS Hubler, G Kuster, WC Nicks, DK Neuman, JA Parrish, DD Schauffler, S Stutz, J Sueper, DT Wiedinmyer, C Wisthaler, A AF Wert, BP Trainer, M Fried, A Ryerson, TB Henry, B Potter, W Angevine, WM Atlas, E Donnelly, SG Fehsenfeld, FC Frost, GJ Goldan, PD Hansel, A Holloway, JS Hubler, G Kuster, WC Nicks, DK Neuman, JA Parrish, DD Schauffler, S Stutz, J Sueper, DT Wiedinmyer, C Wisthaler, A TI Signatures of terminal alkene oxidation in airborne formaldehyde measurements during TexAQS 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE formaldehyde; tropospheric oxidation; urban pollution; alkene oxidation; petrochemical facility emissions ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TUNABLE DIODE-LASER; PHASE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OH PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; RADICAL INITIATED OXIDATION; POWER-PLANT PLUMES; SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; UNITED-STATES AB [1] Airborne formaldehyde (CH2O) measurements were made by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) at high time resolution (1 and 10 s) and precision (+/-400 and +/-120 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) (2sigma), respectively) during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2000. Measurement accuracy was corroborated by in-flight calibrations and zeros and by overflight comparison with a ground-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system. Throughout the campaign, the highest levels of CH2O precursors and volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity were measured in petrochemical plumes. Correspondingly, CH2O and ozone production was greatly enhanced in petrochemical plumes compared with plumes dominated by power plant and mobile source emissions. The photochemistry of several isolated petrochemical facility plumes was accurately modeled using three nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) (ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6) (both anthropogenic), and isoprene (C5H8) (biogenic)) and was in accord with standard hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated chemistry. Measurement-inferred facility emissions of ethene and propene were far larger than reported by inventories. Substantial direct CH2O emissions were not detected from petrochemical facilities. The rapid production of CH2O and ozone observed in a highly polluted plume (30+ parts per billion by volume (ppbv) CH2O and 200+ ppbv ozone) originating over Houston was well replicated by a model employing only two NMHCs, ethene and propene. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Tulsa, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA. Univ Tulsa, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ionphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Wert, BP (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM bwert@ucar.edu RI Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Hansel, Armin/F-3915-2010 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Hansel, Armin/0000-0002-1062-2394 NR 60 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4104 DI 10.1029/2002JD002502 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KL UT WOS:000181889700003 ER PT J AU Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Holben, BN Pietras, C Voss, KJ AF Zhao, TXP Laszlo, I Holben, BN Pietras, C Voss, KJ TI Validation of two-channel VIRS retrievals of aerosol optical thickness over ocean and quantitative evaluation of the impact from potential subpixel cloud contamination and surface wind effect SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol retrieval; validation; remote sensing; cloud contamination ID RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION; INDIVIDUAL AVHRR CHANNELS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; CONSISTENCY CHECKS; INFRARED SCANNER; QUALITY-CONTROL; SATELLITE; AERONET; INFORMATION; ALGORITHM AB [1] TRMM/CERES-VIRS Single Satellite Footprint (SSF) data and AERONET Sun/sky radiometer observations from 1998 have been combined to validate SSF aerosol optical thickness (tau) retrievals over ocean along with a quantitative evaluation of the effects of potential subpixel cloud contamination and surface wind on the satellite tau retrievals. Potential subpixel cloud contamination is verified in Visible/Infrared Scanner (VIRS) SSF aerosol retrievals and constitutes a major source of systematic and random errors of the retrieval algorithm as determined from comparisons with AERONET observations. A positive correlation between the surface wind speed (which determines the roughness of the ocean surface) and the SSF tau has been observed for large surface wind speed. The validation results imply this correlation represents the real relationship between the surface wind and the wind-driven aerosols rather than the disturbing effect of the surface reflectance associated with the rough ocean surface. After the potential subpixel cloud contamination is minimized and the effects of large surface wind are removed in the tau match-ups, the positive biases in the SSF tau (compared to AERONET tau) for mean conditions have been reduced from 0.05 to 0.02 in VIRS channel 1 (0.63 mum) and 0.05 to 0.03 in channel 2 (1.61 mum). Random errors have also been reduced from 0.09 to 0.06 at 0.63 mum, and from 0.06 to 0.05 at 1.61 mum. The validation results support the application of the SSF aerosol data in radiation and climate studies as well as supply useful guidance for the adjustment and improvement of the aerosol retrieval algorithm. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Zhao, TXP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1,RM 711-B,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xuepeng.zhao@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Voss, Kenneth /A-5328-2013 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Voss, Kenneth /0000-0002-7860-5080 NR 49 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4106 DI 10.1029/2002JD002346 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KL UT WOS:000181889700002 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW Baker, ET Cannon, GA AF Lavelle, JW Baker, ET Cannon, GA TI Ocean currents at Axial Volcano, a northeastern Pacific seamount SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE ocean currents; seamount; Juan de Fuca Ridge; oceanography; Axial Volcano ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; TRAPPED WAVES; HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; FIEBERLING-GUYOT; TIDAL CURRENTS; COBB-SEAMOUNT; NORTH PACIFIC; ABYSSAL OCEAN; TIME SERIES; TOPOGRAPHY AB [1] Axial Volcano is a magmatically active seamount that straddles the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). With a summit depth of 1400 m, the volcano intercepts deep ocean flows at a height well above that of the linear ridge adjoining it to the north and south. Multiyear, yearlong observations of currents at Axial show that mean flow circles the seamount in an anticyclonic sense, consistent with dynamical constraints, with means as large as 6.6 cm s(-1). Spectra of currents indicate prominent tidal, inertial, and in some cases weather-band period (3- to 7-day) peaks, as has been seen elsewhere along the JdFR ridge. For K-1, O-1, and S-2 tidal currents at the seamount, amplitudes are several times larger than the corresponding background amplitudes and rotation around the tidal current ellipses is anticyclonic. M-2 tidal currents show none of the same properties. Energy at the inertial frequency decreases by more than an order of magnitude from 100 m above to 400 m below the volcano's summit. In contrast, weather-band (WB) period energy increases tenfold over the same depth range, with WB energy all but unobservable at summit depth. The presence of WB oscillations makes Axial unlike other seamounts where long observations have been made. The current meter observations also provide a picture of seasonal trends. As expected, during the period Summer 1996 to Spring 1997, largest amounts of WB energy are found during autumn and winter; in contrast, WB motion at Axial Volcano during Winter 2000 was summer-like in intensity. A linear, baroclinic model of forced damped azimuthal mode-one oscillatory flow around an idealized axisymmetric seamount shows that amplification of diurnal flow should occur principally at the seamount summit while amplification of the WB should occur, as the observations show, on the seamount flanks. Model and measured phase relationships for temperature and current time series pairs circumscribing Axial support the view that azimuthal mode-one oscillations are prominent. Over the 0.8- to 6-day range for forcing period (T-C) the model indicates that the principal topographic resonance, as indicated by kinetic energy (KE) amplification, occurs for a T-C greater than 1 and less than 2 days with only mild dependence in that range on background stratification and seamount shape. Additional but weaker topographic resonances can occur at longer periods in model results, but as T-C becomes slightly larger than the frictional timescale, topographic resonances no longer appear. High dissipation and thus short frictional timescales reported by others in regions of rough, sloping topography make topographic resonances at Axial at periods greater than a few days somewhat unlikely. The relatively broad WB spectral peaks at some Axial sites are consequently more likely the result of spectral peaks in forcing than of topographic resonance. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 57 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C2 AR 3020 DI 10.1029/2002JC001305 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 661LU UT WOS:000181892700003 ER PT J AU Krauss, M Gresh, N Antony, J AF Krauss, M Gresh, N Antony, J TI Binding and hydrolysis of ampicillin in the active site of a zinc lactamase SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID METALLO-BETA-LACTAMASE; SUBSTRATE-ASSISTED CATALYSIS; COMPACT EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; BROAD-SPECTRUM INHIBITOR; EXPONENT BASIS-SETS; BACTEROIDES-FRAGILIS; BACILLUS-CEREUS; AB-INITIO; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AB Binding and hydrolysis of ampicillin are described in a model active site derived from dinuclear B. fragilis zinc lactamase. The protein binding site consists of the two zinc cations bound with a bridging hydroxide and ligands from the first-shell residues, conserved residues near the zinc site, and the moveable loop of residues from numbers 43-53. The model active site consists of the first-shell residues, the conserved residues, and glu45 and glu47 from the moveable loop. Ampicillin is primarily located in the active site by the binding of the thiazolidine ring's extra-cyclic carboxylate to the ammonium of conserved lysine 184 when water bound to Zn2 in the active site is retained. A comparable strong salt bridge is formed between the ammonium of the ampicillin zwitterion and glu45 on the flexible loop that moves mostly as a unit at least 10 A to complete the binding site. The zwitterion character of this antibiotic influences the final docking arrangement and ultimate reaction path. Classical molecular dynamics, in the presence of Zn2 bound water, Watt and Wat2, and a limited number of waters placed around the ionic groups in the active site, determined a number of reactive docking conformations. One of the low-energy structures with strong interactions to glu45 and glu47 was chosen by the reactive proximity of the nucleophilic water, Wat2, to calculate the reaction path for binding reactant, intermediates, and product for the initial hydrolysis reaction. Water is added to solvate the classical reactant structure, and the reaction path was calculated quantum mechanically within a model chosen from the molecular mechanics structure. Two waters were found in a productive conformation for hydrolysis, the water bound to Zn2 (path 1) and water bound to the ampicillin carboxylate (path 2). In path 1, the hydrolysis product is only bound to the enzyme through hydrogen bonds and can be released by solvating these bonds. Additional proton-transfer steps from the initial product can occur, however, to create intermediates from this product stabilized by interaction with the Zn1 cation. The product formed in path 2 is bound directly to Zn2 suggesting that neither zinc is specially chosen for a catalytic role. Within this model the entire active site is utilized for both binding and catalysis in the case of ampicillin. Strong polar hydrogen bonds are found to the substrate, the waters in the active site, and the residue ligands present in the active site. Autocatalysis or assistance in water activation by the carboxylate of the antibiotic is found and likely to be general. The proton abstracted from the water can park on a number of anionic or polar atom sites in the active site leading to a range of intermediates. The lactam ring C-N bond does not break with prior protonation of the nitrogen or with the initial attack by the hydroxide abstracted from the nucleophilic water but requires attack of the hydroxide at the carbonyl carbon either prior to proton binding or concurrently. This study provides insight into a wider variety of antibiotic docking and shows that more than one reaction path is possible within the highly ionic active site of a bimetallic lactamase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Paris 05, CNRS, INSERM, Lab Pharmacochim Mol,U 266,FRE 2463, F-75006 Paris, France. Free Univ Berlin, Dept Math & Comp Sci, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. RP Krauss, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD FEB 6 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 5 BP 1215 EP 1229 DI 10.1021/jp027097r PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 641QD UT WOS:000180755800016 ER PT J AU Angevine, WM White, AB Senff, CJ Trainer, M Banta, RM Ayoub, MA AF Angevine, WM White, AB Senff, CJ Trainer, M Banta, RM Ayoub, MA TI Urban-rural contrasts in mixing height and cloudiness over Nashville in 1999 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE urban heat island; Southern Oxidant Study; radar wind profiler; lidar; air quality; mixing depth; boundary layer ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; AIRBORNE LIDAR; WIND PROFILER; OZONE; FLUXES; MODEL; AREAS AB [1] Strong contrasts in daytime mixing height (boundary layer [BL] height or z(i)) between urban and rural areas were observed during the 1999 Nashville Summer Intensive field campaign of the Southern Oxidants Study. On occasion, the urban mixing height was as much as 45% (700 m) higher than that over the rural areas. The difference was quite persistent, showing strongly in statistical comparisons, with a mean difference over all hours available for comparison of 160 m. Clouds had higher bases and were more common over the urban area as well. In this paper, measurements from wind profiling radars, lidars, and aircraft are used to characterize mixing height and clouds. The urban-rural contrasts have important implications for regional air quality. The mixing height is a first-order control on pollutant concentrations. The urban-rural contrast also results in the venting of urban pollutants, affecting the local concentrations and the regional background. Clouds affect air quality by changing the radiative input for photochemistry and through changes in mixing and venting. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM wangevine@al.noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D3 AR 4092 DI 10.1029/2001JD001061 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661KC UT WOS:000181888900001 ER PT J AU Bhatia, S Barker, J Mourchid, A AF Bhatia, S Barker, J Mourchid, A TI Scattering of disklike particle suspensions: Evidence for repulsive interactions and large length scale structure from static light scattering and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; SMECTITE CLAY SUSPENSIONS; LAPONITE SUSPENSIONS; AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS; COLLOIDAL DISKS; PHASE-DIAGRAM; MODEL; GEL; TRANSITION; BEHAVIOR AB We present static light scattering results for Laponite suspensions. Analyzing our data using the Zimm. technique, we measure a second virial coefficient of 6.0 x 10(-23) m(3) at an ionic strength of 10(-4) M. Both results agree well with recent theories and computations for the thermodynamics of hard disks. Our data support the conclusion that the classical Onsager result underestimates the repulsive contribution in discotic systems. We also present neutron scattering results at very low q which conclusively confirm the existence of large-scale structure in Laponite gels above the isotropic-nematic transition. C1 CNRS Rhodia, UMR 166, Complex Fluids Lab, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mourchid, A (reprint author), CNRS Rhodia, UMR 166, Complex Fluids Lab, 259 Prospect Plains Rd, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA. RI Bhatia, Surita/B-4536-2008 NR 33 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD FEB 4 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 532 EP 535 DI 10.1021/la0265732 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 641GN UT WOS:000180737100010 ER PT J AU Leibrock, E Huey, LG Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, E Fehsenfeld, FC AF Leibrock, E Huey, LG Goldan, PD Kuster, WC Williams, E Fehsenfeld, FC TI Ground-based intercomparison of two isoprene measurement techniques SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ION CHEMISTRY; TRACE GASES; 2-METHYL-3-BUTEN-2-OL; TROPOSPHERE; EMISSION AB An informal intercomparison of two isoprene (C5H8) measurement techniques was carried out during Fall of 1998 at a field site located approximately 3 km west of Boulder, Colorado, USA. A new chemical ionization mass spectrometric technique (CIMS) was compared to a well-established gas chromatographic technique (GC). The CIMS technique utilized benzene cation chemistry to ionize isoprene. The isoprene levels measured by the CIMS were often larger than those obtained with the GC. The results indicate that the CIMS technique suffered from an anthropogenic interference associated with air masses from the Denver, CO metropolitan area as well as an additional interference occurring in clean conditions. However, the CIMS technique is also demonstrated to be sensitive and fast. Especially after introduction of a tandem mass spectrometric technique, it is therefore a candidate for isoprene measurements in remote environments near isoprene sources. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Environm Res Labs, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Leibrock, E (reprint author), Boston Consulting Grp Inc, Ludwigstr 21, D-80539 Munich, Germany. RI Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 3 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 642AC UT WOS:000180778400001 ER PT J AU Lichtenberg, E Penn, TM AF Lichtenberg, E Penn, TM TI Prevention versus treatment under precautionary regulation: A case study of groundwater contamination under uncertainty SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE groundwater contamination; nitrate; nonpoint source pollution; pollution prevention; water pollution ID NITRATE; WATER AB Policy discussions on agricultural pollution problems characterize prevention as more cost effective and precautionary than ex post treatment. We derive conditions under which treatment alone is more cost effective in situations involving multiple sources of emissions, multiple sites affected, and a commonly used precautionary approach to uncertainty. We also show that a greater degree of precaution can result in less reliance on prevention. An empirical case study indicates that treatment alone is, the most cost-effective means of dealing with nitrate in most Maryland community water system wells. The use of leaching prevention measures is restricted to the most intensive poultry producing areas. The incremental cost of precaution is substantial. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lichtenberg, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Lichtenberg, Erik/C-3195-2014 OI Lichtenberg, Erik/0000-0003-0619-6254 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 85 IS 1 BP 44 EP 58 DI 10.1111/1467-8276.t01-2-00102 PG 15 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 640LU UT WOS:000180691000004 ER PT J AU Schoske, R Vallone, PM Ruitberg, CM Butler, JM AF Schoske, R Vallone, PM Ruitberg, CM Butler, JM TI Multiplex PCR design strategy used for the simultaneous amplification of 10 Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE multiplex PCR design; Y chromosome; short tandem repeats; primer design ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY; DNA AMPLIFICATION; OPTIMIZATION; POLYMORPHISMS; ASSOCIATION; POLYMERASE; PRODUCTS; SAMPLES AB The simultaneous amplification of multiple regions of a DNA template is routinely performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a process termed multiplex PCR. A useful strategy involving the design, testing, and optimization of multiplex PCR primer mixtures will be presented. Other multiplex design protocols have focused on the testing and optimization of primers, or the use of chimeric primers. The design of primers, through the close examination of predicted DNA oligomer melting temperatures (T(m)) and primer-dimer interactions, can reduce the amount of testing and optimization required to obtain a well-balanced set of amplicons. The testing and optimization of the multiplex PCR primer mixture constructed here revolves around varying the primer concentrations rather than testing multiple primer combinations. By solely adjusting primer concentrations, a wellbalanced set of amplicons should result if the primers were designed properly. As a model system to illustrate this multiplex design protocol, a 10-loci multiplex (10-plex) Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) assay is used. C1 American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schoske, R (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Chem, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. EM richard.schoske@nist.gov RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 46 TC 46 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 375 IS 5 BP 333 EP 343 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1683-2 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 652QM UT WOS:000181389900002 PM 12589496 ER PT J AU Bezabeh, DZ Bamford, HA Schantz, MM Wise, SA AF Bezabeh, DZ Bamford, HA Schantz, MM Wise, SA TI Determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate-related standard reference materials by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE diesel particulate matter; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; normal-phase liquid chromatography; standard reference materials (SRMs) ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LUMINESCENT DETECTION; NITRO-PAH; IDENTIFICATION; EXTRACTS; SAMPLES; COLUMN; AIR AB Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) detection was utilized for quantitative determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in diesel particulate-related standard reference materials (SRMs). Prior to GC/MS analysis, isolation of the nitro-PAHs from the complex diesel particulate extract was accomplished using solid phase extraction (SPE) and normal-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) fractionation using an amino/cyano stationary phase. Concentrations of eight to ten mononitro-PAHs and three dinitropyrenes were determined in three diesel particulate-related SRMs: SRM 1650a Diesel Particulate Matter, SRM 1975 Diesel Particulate Extract, and SRM 2975 Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift). The results from GC/MS NICI using two different columns (5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane and 50% phenyl methylpolysiloxane) were compared to each other and to results from two other laboratories for selected nitro-PAHs. 1-Nitropyrene was the most abundant nitro-PAHs in each of the diesel particulate SRMs (19.8+/-1.1 mug g(-1) particle in SRM 1650a and 33.1+/-0.6 mug g(-1) particle in SRM 2975). Three dinitropyrene isomers were measured in SRM 1975 at 0.5-1.4 mug g(-1) extract and in SRM 2975 at 1-3 mug g(-1) particle. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), Natl Lab Ctr, Bur Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms, 1401 Res Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 33 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 27 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 375 IS 5 BP 381 EP 388 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1698-8 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 652QM UT WOS:000181389900009 PM 12589503 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM Margolis, SA Nelson, CP AF Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM Margolis, SA Nelson, CP TI Affinity extraction combined with stable isotope dilution LC/MS for the determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in human plasma SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE affinity extraction; folate binding protein; folates; human plasma; isotope-dilution; liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; RED-CELL FOLATE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; MEGALOBLASTIC-ANEMIA; SERUM; BINDING; ACID; DEFICIENCY AB The predominant circulating folate monoglutamate in human plasma (>90%), and thus the most significant folate for accurately diagnosing folate deficiency, is 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5MT). Folate deficiency is typically indicated when circulating folate levels are less than or equal to3 ng/mL. The quantitative determination of plasma folates in general, and of 5MT in particular, is complicated by their naturally low levels (pg/mL to ng/mL), their instability, and their tendency to interconvert. Highly specific and sensitive analytical methods are needed to accurately quantify endogenous 5MT in human plasma. A method that utilizes the specific high-affinity binding sites of bovine folate binding protein (FBP) and the selectivity and sensitivity of selected ion monitoring mode isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to quantify plasma 5MT has been developed. The method is based on the solid-phase affinity extraction (SPAE) of 5MT and its stable isotopically labeled analogue ([C-13(5)]5MT) from plasma (1 mL) using FBP immobilized to polymeric beads. The excess high-affinity binding sites on the affinity columns enable quantitative extraction of 5MT from plasma under optimized sample pH conditions. Additionally, it is demonstrated that plasma proteins do not hinder the determination of 5MT; therefore, protein precipitation is not required before the affinity extraction step. Detection and quantification of the extracted 5MT is provided by positive-ion mode LC/MS in which the protonated molecular ions [M+H](+) of the analyte and the internal standard are monitored. The method shows linearity over three orders of magnitude (0.04-40 ng/mL) and has limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 and 0.4 ng/mL, respectively. Calibration curves obtained by spiking 5MT into plasma exhibited good linearity between 0 and 25 ng/mL and both the plasma calibration standards and the plasma samples were stable for at least 48 It at room temperature. The recovery (average +/-% RSD) of 5MT spiked into plasma from 5 to 25 ng/mL was 98.0% +/-1.6% (n = 15). 5MT levels determined by SPAE-LC/MS compared to "total folate" levels determined by radioassay and microbiological assay were discordant. Reasons for the discordancy are theorized, but it is clear that there exists an urgent need for clinical reference materials containing certified folate levels. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 313 IS 1 BP 117 EP 127 AR PII S0003-2697(02)00531-6 DI 10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00531-6 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 647KZ UT WOS:000181093100016 PM 12576066 ER PT J AU Briggman, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC AF Briggman, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC TI In situ nonlinear optical spectroscopy: Applications in biology SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 4A EP 4A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800017 ER PT J AU Dunmire, D Walker, ARH AF Dunmire, D Walker, ARH TI Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of supported membranes with application to membrane protein structural studies SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 5A EP 5A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800019 ER PT J AU Korter, TM Middleton, C Tim, JS Dunmire, D Romero, D Hudson, BS Walker, ARH AF Korter, TM Middleton, C Tim, JS Dunmire, D Romero, D Hudson, BS Walker, ARH TI Structural and dynamical details of biotin SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Syracuse Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 5A EP 5A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800020 ER PT J AU Boukari, H Sackett, D Nossal, R Krueger, S Chernomordik, V AF Boukari, H Sackett, D Nossal, R Krueger, S Chernomordik, V TI Probing the stability of drug-induced tubulin polymers SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 114A EP 114A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800554 ER PT J AU Heinz, WF Goldner, LS AF Heinz, WF Goldner, LS TI Fluorescence quenching dynamics of single antigen-antibody pairs under an applied load SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 124A EP 124A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800604 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J TI Spontaneously formed monodispersed unilamellar vesicles for controlled drug delivery. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 CNR, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 134A EP 134A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800648 ER PT J AU Krueger, S Gregurick, S Zondlo, J Eisenstein, E AF Krueger, S Gregurick, S Zondlo, J Eisenstein, E TI Interaction of GroEL and GroEL/GroES Chaperonins with a non-native polypeptide substrate: A small-angle neutron scattering study. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. UMBI, CARB, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 175A EP 175A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800854 ER PT J AU Kulin, S Kishore, R Helmerson, K Locascio, L AF Kulin, S Kishore, R Helmerson, K Locascio, L TI Optical manipulation of liposomes as microreactors SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 196A EP 196A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123800961 ER PT J AU Wang, LL Gaigalas, AK Blasic, J Holden, MJ Pires, R AF Wang, LL Gaigalas, AK Blasic, J Holden, MJ Pires, R TI Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a donor acceptor pair on two oligonucleotides hybridized adjacently to a DNA template SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 291A EP 291A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123801426 ER PT J AU Bardo, AM DeJong, ES Yim, PB Marino, JP Goldner, LS AF Bardo, AM DeJong, ES Yim, PB Marino, JP Goldner, LS TI Rotational dynamics of surface tethered RNA via single molecule polarization modulation microscopy SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CARB, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 300A EP 300A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123801468 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Wang, H Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Wang, H Katsaras, J TI A metastable aligned lamellar phase, populated with defects lying on a two-dimensional lattice and induced by macroscopic confinement. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 CNR, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Raman Res Inst, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 368A EP 368A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123801802 ER PT J AU Saiz, L Bandyopadhyay, S Klein, ML AF Saiz, L Bandyopadhyay, S Klein, ML TI Effect of the pore region of a transmembrane ion-channel on the physical properties of a simple membrane SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 382A EP 382A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123801872 ER PT J AU Korter, TM Iwaki, L Heilweil, EJ Kutteruf, MR Campbell, MB AF Korter, TM Iwaki, L Heilweil, EJ Kutteruf, MR Campbell, MB TI Terahertz spectroscopy of oligopeptides and amino acids SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bryn Mawr Coll, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 USA. Sparta Syst Inc, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 482A EP 482A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123802362 ER PT J AU Ege, C Majewski, J Satija, S Kjaer, K Lee, KYC AF Ege, C Majewski, J Satija, S Kjaer, K Lee, KYC TI X-ray and neutron scattering from model membranes with amyloid beta SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 577A EP 577A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123802834 ER PT J AU Giulian, GG Hwang, JS Goldie, SN Krogmeier, JR Bardo, AM Goldner, LS Merril, CR AF Giulian, GG Hwang, JS Goldie, SN Krogmeier, JR Bardo, AM Goldner, LS Merril, CR TI Examination of dodecyl sulfate properties in SDS-PAGE SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 01-05, 2003 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Biophys Soc, Axon Instruments, ALA Sci Instruments C1 NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 SU S BP 583A EP 583A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 682ZW UT WOS:000183123802865 ER PT J AU Cope, A AF Cope, A TI Probabilistic quantitative snowfall forecasts SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cope, A (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 165 EP 165 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000012 ER PT J AU Koch, SE Mitchem, JD AF Koch, SE Mitchem, JD TI A structured process for prediction of convection associated with split cold fronts SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; MODELS; ALOFT C1 NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Hazards Res Lab, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Koch, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 174 EP 179 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-174 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000014 ER PT J AU Wood, VT Weisman, RA AF Wood, VT Weisman, RA TI A hole in the weather warning system - Improving access to hazardous weather information for deaf and hard of hearing people SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Survey results reveal that people with hearing loss still have difficulty accessing weather warning systems, although the situation has improved during the past few years. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. St Cloud State Univ, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. RP Wood, VT (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-187 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000016 ER PT J AU Glahn, HR Ruth, DP AF Glahn, HR Ruth, DP TI The new digital forecast database of the national weather service SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB This new database capitalizes on the revolutionary way NWS forecasters are working together to make their high.-resolution, up-to-date forecasts available to the nation. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Meteorol Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Glahn, HR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Meteorol Dev Lab, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-195 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000017 ER PT J AU Moninger, WR Mamrosh, RD Pauley, PM AF Moninger, WR Mamrosh, RD Pauley, PM TI Automated meteorological reports from commercial aircraft SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; WIND; TEMPERATURE; FORECASTS; ACCURACY AB The more than 170,000 observations per day, from aircraft worldwide are improving both computer-generated and human-made weather forecasts. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, NWS Forecase Off, Green Bay, WI USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Moninger, WR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway,R-FSI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI moninger, william/G-4910-2015 OI moninger, william/0000-0003-0716-4721 NR 46 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-203 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000018 ER PT J AU Revercomb, HE Turner, DD Tobin, DC Knuteson, RO Feltz, WF Barnard, J Bosenberg, J Clough, S Cook, D Ferrare, R Goldsmith, J Gutman, S Halthore, R Lesht, B Liljegren, J Linne, H Michalsky, J Morris, V Porch, W Richardson, S Schmid, B Splitt, M Van Hove, T Westwater, E Whiteman, D AF Revercomb, HE Turner, DD Tobin, DC Knuteson, RO Feltz, WF Barnard, J Bosenberg, J Clough, S Cook, D Ferrare, R Goldsmith, J Gutman, S Halthore, R Lesht, B Liljegren, J Linne, H Michalsky, J Morris, V Porch, W Richardson, S Schmid, B Splitt, M Van Hove, T Westwater, E Whiteman, D TI The ARM program's water vapor intensive observation periods - Overview, initial accomplishments, and future challenges SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAMAN LIDAR; METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; PRECIPITABLE WATER; COOLING RATES; GPS; TEMPERATURE; AEROSOLS; ACCURACY; NETWORK AB Results from a series of experiments focused on the lower troposphere have pointed,the way to significantly improving the accuracy of water vapor measurements. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Turner, DD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Linne, Holger/J-8510-2014 OI Linne, Holger/0000-0003-3188-0429 NR 50 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 217 EP 236 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-217 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000019 ER PT J AU Seidel, DJ Durre, I AF Seidel, DJ Durre, I TI Comments on "Trends in low and high cloud boundaries and errors in height determination of cloud boundaries" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID RADIOSONDE C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Seidel, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 237 EP 240 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-237 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000020 ER PT J AU Chernykh, IV Alduchov, OA Eskridge, RE AF Chernykh, IV Alduchov, OA Eskridge, RE TI Comments on "Trends in low and high cloud boundaries and errors in height determination of cloud boundaries" - Reply SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter ID UPPER-AIR OBSERVATIONS; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; WATER-VAPOR; CLIMATE C1 Russian Res Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Chernykh, IV (reprint author), Russian Res Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-241 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649CH UT WOS:000181189000022 ER PT J AU Magee, JA Obedzinski, M McCormick, SD Kocik, JF AF Magee, JA Obedzinski, M McCormick, SD Kocik, JF TI Effects of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MARINE SURVIVAL; LOW PH; GROWTH-HORMONE; BROOK TROUT; NOVA-SCOTIA; K+ ATPASE; ALUMINUM; WATER; RIVERS; ACID AB The effect of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt physiology and survival in fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW) was investigated. Smolts were held in either ambient (control, pH 6.0-6.6), acidified (chronic, pH 4.4-6.1), or episodically acidified (episodic, pH reduction from control levels to pH similar to5.2 for 48 h once weekly) river water for 31 days and then transferred to 34parts per thousand SW. Smolts fed little while in acidified conditions and chronic smolts did not grow in length or weight. In FW, chronic smolts experienced increases in hematocrit and plasma potassium and reductions in plasma sodium and chloride. Upon transfer to SW, chronic and episodic smolts experienced reductions in hematocrit, increases in plasma sodium, chloride, and potassium levels, and suffered mortalities. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activities were reduced by exposure to acid. For most parameters, the effect of episodic acid exposure was less than that of chronic acidification. Exposure to acidic conditions, even when short in duration and followed by a 30-h recovery period in suitable water (pH 6.5), led to a 35% mortality of smolts upon transfer to SW. This study highlights the importance of measuring and assessing sublethal stresses in FW and their ultimate effects in marine ecosystems. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Orono, ME 04473 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Little Falls Field Stn, HCR 72, Cherryfield, ME 04622 USA. US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Kocik, JF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 31 Main St, Orono, ME 04473 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 214 EP 221 DI 10.1139/F03-015 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 673TU UT WOS:000182596900011 ER PT J AU Bamford, HA Bezabeh, DZ Schantz, MM Wise, SA Baker, JE AF Bamford, HA Bezabeh, DZ Schantz, MM Wise, SA Baker, JE TI Determination and comparison of nitrated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Nitro-PAH; air particulate; diesel; standard reference materials ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; NITRO-PAH; DIURNAL CONCENTRATIONS; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AMBIENT AIR; MATTER; ATMOSPHERE; 2-NITROFLUORANTHENE; IDENTIFICATION AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology has issued numerous environmental matrix standard reference materials (SRMs) for the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; however, only one SRM (diesel particulate material) was issued with certified and reference values for four nitrated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH). The objective of this study was to develop an improved analytical procedure to quantify 28 mononitro- and dinitro-PAHs, including numerous isomers, in air and diesel particulate SRMs. Two air particulate matrix SRMs, SRM 1649a Urban Dust and SRM 1648 Urban Particulate Matter, and fine particulate matter, collected from Baltimore MD for use as an "interim reference material" for the determination of organic contaminants, have been characterized for nitro-PAHs. Concentrations of nitro-PAHs in all three air particulate materials were at the ng/g level with the highest nitro-PAH concentration being 2-nitrofluoranthene (range between 246 and 340 ng/g). For the three diesel particulate-related SRMs, SRM 1650a Diesel Particulate Matter, SRM 1975 Diesel Particulate Extract, and SRM 2975 Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Fortlift), concentrations of nitro-PAHs were in the mug/g range, with 1-nitropyrene as the dominant nitro-PAH (range between 18 and 40 mug/g). Distinct nitro-PAH isomer patterns were present between the air and diesel particulate materials. These results will provide isomer identification and reference concentrations for a large number of nitro-PAHs in the existing diesel and air particulate SRMs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bamford, HA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM bamford@cbl.umces.edu RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781 NR 52 TC 141 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 49 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2003 VL 50 IS 5 BP 575 EP 587 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00667-7 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00667-7 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 630AL UT WOS:000180085300001 PM 12685733 ER PT J AU Mlakar, PF Dusenberry, DO Harris, JR Haynes, G Phan, LT Sozen, MA AF Mlakar, PF Dusenberry, DO Harris, JR Haynes, G Phan, LT Sozen, MA TI The pentagon report SO CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 USA, Corps Engineers, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. SImpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc, Waltham, MA USA. JR Harris & Co, Denver, CO USA. Bur Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms, Washington, DC USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Lafayette, IN USA. RP Mlakar, PF (reprint author), USA, Corps Engineers, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0885-7024 J9 CIVIL ENG JI Civil Eng. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 73 IS 2 BP 42 EP 55 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 644MA UT WOS:000180920700021 ER PT J AU Stephenson, DB Pavan V AF Stephenson, DB Pavan, V TI The North Atlantic Oscillation in coupled climate models: a CMIP1 evaluation SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; SEA-ICE; OCEAN; HEMISPHERE; VARIABILITY; EUROPE; TRENDS; ENSO; PREDICTABILITY AB This study investigates the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) simulated by 17 global coupled ocean-atmosphere models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Robust NAO indices are defined by calculating the leading principal components of winter time mean surface temperatures (land and sea) in the North Atlantic region (120degreesW 60degreesE, 20-80degreesN). Encouragingly, 13 out of 17 of the models capture the NAO surface temperature quadrupole pattern with centres of action over Northwest Europe, the northwest Atlantic, the southeastern USA, and the Middle East. The northern dipole is better captured than the southern dipole which is often simulated too far eastwards over the Atlantic Ocean. Out of the 17 models, ten models produce NAO indices that vary similar to the observations as stationary "weakly red noise" with only small correlations between successive winters (r < 0.3). Another five models drift monotonically towards warmer conditions, and two models exhibit long-term stochastic trends. Several of the models significantly overestimate the teleconnection between NAO and the tropical ENSO phenomenon. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. ARPA, SMR, I-40122 Bologna, Italy. Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. German Climate Comp Ctr, Hamburg, Germany. CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. United Kingdom Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell, Berks, England. Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Ibaraki, Japan. German Climate Comp Ctr, Hamburg, Germany. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. CERFACS, Global Change Team, F-31057 Toulouse, France. Chinese Acad Sci, LASG, IAP, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Stephenson, DB (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, POB 243,Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. EM D.B.stephenson@reading.ac.uk RI Stephenson, David/A-9903-2011 NR 56 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 20 IS 4 BP 381 EP 399 DI 10.1007/s00382-002-0281-5 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 657HA UT WOS:000181659300005 ER PT J AU Weltzien, FA Norberg, B Helvik, JV Andersen, O Swanson, P Andersson, E AF Weltzien, FA Norberg, B Helvik, JV Andersen, O Swanson, P Andersson, E TI Identification and localization of eight distinct hormone-producing cell types in the pituitary of male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adenohypophysis; immunohistochemistry; in situ hybridization; Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. (Pleuronectiformes, Teleostei) ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SPARUS-AURATA L; RAINBOW-TROUT; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION; GTH-II; BETA-ENDORPHIN; GROWTH-HORMONE; INTERMEDIATE PITUITARY; SOMATOLACTIN CELLS AB The eight distinct hormone-producing cell types in the adenohypophysis of male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) were identified and localized using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Lactotropes either occupied most of the rostral pars distalis (RPD) or they were arranged in follicular structures located along the periphery of the RPD. Corticotropes were confined to a thin layer of RPD cells bordering the pars nervosa (PN). The somatotropes were arranged in multicellular layers bordering the highly convoluted PN penetrating the proximal pars distalis (PPD), while thyrotropes, scattered in small islets in between the somatotropes, were located in the centro-dorsal part of the PPD. Gonadotropes were found throughout the PPD. Immunoreactivity to glycoprotein-alpha and luteinizing hormone beta-subunit was also observed along the periphery of the pars intermedia (PI), indicating that a thin extension of the PPD surrounded the PI. In situ hybridization showed that follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were produced in distinct cells of the PPD. PI contained somatolactotropes bordering the highly convoluted PN, and melanotropes that showed positive immunostaining against both anti-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and anti-beta-endorphin. The general cellular organization was similar to that of other teleost fish. These results lay the basis for future investigations on Atlantic halibut pituitary physiology. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Marine Res, Austevoll Aquaculture Res Stn, N-5392 Storebo, Norway. Univ Bergen, Dept Mol Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Inst Aquaculture Res, N-1432 As, Norway. NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Bergen, Dept Fisheries & Marine Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. RP Weltzien, FA (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Gen Physiol, POB 1051, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM f.a.weltzien@bio.uio.no RI Andersson, Eva/C-1824-2012 OI Andersson, Eva/0000-0002-7864-1014 NR 60 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 134 IS 2 BP 315 EP 327 AR PII S1095-6433(02)00266-0 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00266-0 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 654YX UT WOS:000181525500009 PM 12547261 ER PT J AU Taylor, MH Mountain, DG AF Taylor, MH Mountain, DG TI The role of local wintertime atmospheric heat flux in determining springtime temperature variability in the northern Middle Atlantic Bight during 1965-1973 SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE temperature anomalies; atmospheric forcing; continental shelves; Middle Atlantic Bight ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SHELF WATER; SALINITY; SURFACE; OCEAN; GULF; RADIATION; SLOPE; MAINE AB This project examines the role of local atmospheric forcing during the transition from relatively cold wintertime to relatively warmer springtime temperatures in the northern Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) region during 1965-1973. A one-dimensional water column model is run for eight consecutive winter seasons with local surface heat flux used as the only external forcing. Historical data from the Nantucket Light Ship, along with modeled radiation estimates for New York and Boston are used for the heat flux calculations. Two model simulations were made for each winter season, allowing for both a qualitative and quantitative comparison of model output with observed regional temperature variability and with observed temperature changes measured at Nantucket Lightship (NLS). Interannual variability (IAV) in local atmospheric heat flux during wintertime is shown to be a dominant factor in determining springtime temperature conditions during the study period. However, the residuals from a regression analysis suggest that advective processes may have contributed to the observed temperature variability, although it is believed that the advective influence is secondary to local surface heat flux in the northern MAB for this study period. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Taylor, MH (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD FEB-MAR PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3-4 BP 377 EP 386 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00189-9 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00189-9 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 652ND UT WOS:000181384500008 ER PT J AU Chan, KS Stenseth, NC Kittilsen, MO Gjosaeter, J Lekve, K Smith, T Tveite, S Danielssen, D AF Chan, KS Stenseth, NC Kittilsen, MO Gjosaeter, J Lekve, K Smith, T Tveite, S Danielssen, D TI Assessing the effectiveness of releasing cod larvae for stock improvement with monitoring data SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE ARMAX modeling; cod; Dannevig; Hjort; larvae release; permutation testing; stock enhancement; time-series modeling ID COASTAL COD; GADUS-MORHUA; STOCHASTIC-PROCESSES; CLASS STRENGTH; POPULATIONS; ENHANCEMENT; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; TRENDS AB Beginning in the 1880s, management of marine fisheries by hatching and releasing yolk-sac-stage larvae was advocated in both the United States and Norway. Major cod hatchery. programs were popular in both countries until the mid-20th century, despite lack of evidence that cod abundance increases with release of hatchery-reared fish larvae; the potential value for such management procedures was repeatedly advocated throughout the 20th century. In Norway, a beach-seine monitoring program was begun in the early 1900s to collect data on fall abundance of 6-mo-old demersal fish in 21 fjords along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast and is still going on. We used these data in conjunction with hatchery data on numbers of yolk-sac larval cod released each spring in several fjords to test for an effect of the releases on the abundance of fjord cod populations. Using both a permutation test and a statistically derived time-series model for the cod's population dynamics, we found a Slight, but statistically significant, dependence of 6-mo-old cod abundance on the number of yolk-sac larvae released in four of the 16 fjords (for which we had adequate release and beach-seine data needed for carrying out the testing). However, using the time-series model, we did not find evidence of long-term increases in the abundance of mature cod in any of the fjords. We discuss our findings on the basis of the literature on marine fish population enhancement programs worldwide. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Univ Iowa, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Marine Res Inst, Flodevigen Marine Res Stn, N-4817 His, Norway. Univ Oslo, Div Marine Zool & Marine Chem, Dept Biol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Stenseth, NC (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RI Stenseth, Nils Chr./G-5212-2016 OI Stenseth, Nils Chr./0000-0002-1591-5399 NR 62 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 BP 3 EP 22 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0003:ATEORC]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 657JX UT WOS:000181663700002 ER PT J AU Airame, S Dugan, JE Lafferty, KD Leslie, H McArdle, DA Warner, RR AF Airame, S Dugan, JE Lafferty, KD Leslie, H McArdle, DA Warner, RR TI Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biogeography; Channel Islands; connectivity; ecological linkages; fisheries management; habitat; marine reserves; MPA; reserve size; simulated annealing ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; FISHERY; MANAGEMENT AB Using ecological criteria as a theoretical framework, we describe the steps involved in designing a network of marine reserves for conservation and fisheries management. Although we-describe the case study of the Channel Islands, the approach to marine reserve design may be effective in other regions where traditional management alone does not sustain marine resources. A group of agencies, organizations, and individuals established clear goals for marine reserves in the Channel Islands, including conservation of ecosystem biodiversity, sustainable fisheries, economic viability, natural and cultural heritage, and education. Given the constraints of risk management, experimental design, monitoring, and enforcement, scientists recommended at least one, but no more than four, reserves in each biogeographic region. In general, the percentage of an area to be included in a reserve network depends on the goals. In the Channel Islands, after consideration of both conservation goals and the risk from human threats and natural catastrophes, scientists recommended reserving an area of 30-50% of all representative habitats in each biogeographic region. For most species of concern, except pinnipeds and seabirds, information about distributions, dispersal, and population growth was limited. As an alternative to species distribution information, suitable habitats for species of concern were used to locate potential reserve sites. We used a simulated annealing algorithm to identify potential reserve network scenarios that would represent all habitats within the smallest area possible. The analysis produced an array of potential reserve network scenarios that all met the established goals. C1 Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Sea Grant Cooperat Extens, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Airame, S (reprint author), Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, 113 Harbor Way,Suite 150, Santa Barbara, CA 93109 USA. RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 71 TC 140 Z9 143 U1 15 U2 67 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S170 EP S184 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700014 ER PT J AU Leslie, H Ruckelshaus, M Ball, IR Andelman, S Possingham, HP AF Leslie, H Ruckelshaus, M Ball, IR Andelman, S Possingham, HP TI Using siting algorithms in the design of marine reserve networks SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE conservation planning; Florida Keys; habitat diversity; marine reserves; optimization; representative; reserve selection; simulated annealing; siting algorithms; spatial clustering ID SELECTION ALGORITHMS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; CONNECTIVITY; SITES AB Using benthic habitat data from the Florida Keys (USA), we demonstrate how siting algorithms can help identify potential networks of marine reserves that comprehensively represent target habitat types. We applied a flexible optimization tool-simulated annealing-to represent a fixed proportion of different marine habitat types within a geographic area. We investigated the relative influence of spatial information, planning-unit size, detail of habitat classification, and magnitude of the overall conservation goal on the resulting network scenarios. With this method, we were able to identify many adequate reserve systems that met the conservation goals, e.g., representing at least 20% of each conservation target (i.e., habitat type) while fulfilling the overall aim of minimizing the system area and perimeter. One of the most useful types of information provided by this siting algorithm comes from an "irreplaceability analysis," which is a count of the number of, times unique planning units were included in reserve system scenarios. This analysis indicated that many different combinations of sites produced networks that met the conservation goals. While individual 1-km(2) areas were fairly interchangeable, the irreplaceability analysis highlighted larger areas within the planning region that were chosen consistently to meet the goals incorporated into the algorithm. Additionally, we found that reserve systems designed with a high degree of spatial clustering tended to have considerably less perimeter and larger overall areas in reserve-a configuration that may be preferable particularly for sociopolitical reasons. This exercise illustrates the value of using the simulated annealing algorithm to help site marine reserves: the approach makes efficient use of;available resources, can be used interactively by conservation decision makers, and offers biologically suitable alternative networks from which an effective system of marine reserves can be crafted. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Math, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RP Leslie, H (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM leslieh@science.oregonstate.edu RI Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X; NR 33 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S185 EP S198 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700015 ER PT J AU Roberts, CM Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR AF Roberts, CM Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR TI Application of ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing reserve networks SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity conservation; ecosystem functioning; ecosystem services; fisheries management; marine reserve selection; reserve evaluation criteria; reserve networks ID CORAL-REEFS; FISH COMMUNITIES; CARIBBEAN CORAL; SOUTH-AFRICA; AREAS; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; MANAGEMENT AB Marine reserves are being established worldwide in response to,a growing recognition of the conservation crisis that is building in the oceans. However, designation of reserves has been largely opportunistic, or protective measures have been implemented (often overlapping and sometimes in conflict) by different entities seeking to achieve different ends. This has created confusion among both users and enforcers, and the proliferation of different measures provides a false sense of protection where little is offered. This paper sets out a procedure grounded in current understanding of ecological processes, that allows the evaluation and selection of reserve sites in order to develop functional, interconnected networks of fully protected reserves that will fulfill multiple objectives. By fully protected we mean permanently closed to fishing and other resource extraction. We provide a framework that unifies the central aims of conservation and fishery management, while also meeting other human needs such. as the provision of ecosystem services (e.g., maintenance of coastal water quality, shoreline protection, and recreational opportunities). In our scheme, candidate sites for reserves are evaluated against 12 criteria focused toward sustaining the biological integrity and productivity of marine systems at both local and regional scales. While a limited number of sites will be indispensable in a network, many will be of similar value as reserves, allowing the design of numerous alternative, biologically adequate networks. Devising multiple network designs will help ensure that ecological functionality is preserved throughout the socioeconomic evaluation process. Too often, socioeconomic criteria have dominated the process of reserve selection, potentially undermining their efficacy. We argue that application of biological criteria must precede and inform socioeconomic evaluation, since maintenance of ecosystem functioning is essential for meeting all of the goals for reserves. It is critical that stakeholders are fully involved throughout this process. Application of the proposed criteria will lead to networks whose multifunctionality will help. unite the objectives of different management entities, so accelerating progress toward improved stewardship of the oceans. C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Charles Darwin Res Stn, Quito, Ecuador. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Ecol, Santiago, Chile. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Sea Grant, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roberts, CM (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM cr10@york.ac.uk RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 55 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 6 U2 84 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S215 EP S228 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700017 ER PT J AU Roberts, CM Andelman, S Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Possingham, HP Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR AF Roberts, CM Andelman, S Branch, G Bustamante, RH Castilla, JC Dugan, J Halpern, BS Lafferty, KD Leslie, H Lubchenco, J McArdle, D Possingham, HP Ruckelshaus, M Warner, RR TI Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE biodiversity conservation; ecosystem functioning; ecosystem services; fisheries management; marine reserve selection; reserve evaluation criteria; reserve networks ID CORAL-REEF FISHES; SOUTH-AFRICA; FOOD WEBS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; THREATENED STATUS; GLOBAL FISHERIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; KELP DETRITUS; FRESH-WATER; DONAX-SERRA AB Several schemes have been developed to help select the locations of marine reserves. All of them combine social, economic, and biological criteria, and few offer any guidance as to how to prioritize among the criteria identified. This can imply that the relative weights given to different criteria are unimportant. Where two sites are of equal value ecologically; then socioeconomic criteria should dominate the choice of which should be protected. However, in many cases, socioeconomic criteria are given equal or greater weight than ecological considerations in the choice of sites. This can lead to selection of reserves with little biological value that fail to meet many of the desired objectives. To avoid such a possibility, we develop a series of criteria that allow preliminary evaluation of candidate sites according to their relative biological values in advance of the application of socioeconomic criteria. We include criteria that,. while not strictly biological, have a strong influence on the species present or ecological processes. Out scheme enables sites to be assessed according to their biodiversity, the processes which underpin that diversity, and the processes that support fisheries and provide a spectrum of other services important to people. Criteria that capture biodiversity values include biogeographic representation, habitat representation and heterogeneity, and presence of species or populations of special interest (e.g., threatened species). Criteria that capture sustainability of biodiversity and fishery values include the size of reserves necessary to protect viable habitats, presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, connectivity among reserves, links among ecosystems, and provision of ecosystem services to people. Criteria measuring human and natural threats enable candidate sites to be eliminated from consideration if risks are too great, but also help prioritize among sites where threats can be mitigated by protection. While our criteria can be applied to the design of reserve networks, they also enable choice of single reserves to be made in the context of the attributes of existing protected areas. The overall goal of our scheme is to promote the development of reserve networks that will maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at large scales. The values of eco-system goods and services for people ultimately depend on meeting this objective. C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Charles Darwin Res Stn, Quito, Ecuador. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Ecol, Santiago, Chile. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR USA. Univ Calif Sea Grant, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Appl & Mol Ecol, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roberts, CM (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM cr10@york.ac.uk RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008; Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013; Leslie, Heather/B-4980-2014 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X; Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685; NR 116 TC 179 Z9 184 U1 9 U2 134 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 SU S BP S199 EP S214 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 658WA UT WOS:000181742700016 ER PT J AU Squires, D Omar, IH Jeon, Y Kirkley, J Kuperan, K Susilowati, I AF Squires, D Omar, IH Jeon, Y Kirkley, J Kuperan, K Susilowati, I TI Excess capacity and sustainable development in Java Sea fisheries SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIES; SKILL AB Excess capacity and overfishing are problems in the open-access, common-pool fisheries of the Java Sea. Data development analysis is used to estimate excess fishing capacity and the number of vessels to decommission in three Java Sea fisheries of Indonesia, the purse seine, mini purse seine, and longline. First- and second-best policy measures are discussed to reduce the excess capacity and give sustainable management and development. The importance of incentive design, asymmetric information, and the regulator's principal-agent problem are emphasized in license limitation programs. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Putra Malaysia, ICLARM, Serdang, Malaysia. Cent Michigan Univ, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Diponegoro Univ, Semarang, Indonesia. RP Squires, D (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 1355-770X J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON JI Environ. Dev. Econ. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 8 BP 105 EP 127 DI 10.1017/S1355770X03000068 PN 1 PG 23 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 667GG UT WOS:000182222500005 ER PT J AU Pahl, JW Mendelssohn, IA Henry, CB Hess, TJ AF Pahl, JW Mendelssohn, IA Henry, CB Hess, TJ TI Recovery trajectories after in situ burning of an oiled wetland in coastal Louisiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE oil spill; gas condensate; in situ burning; brackish marsh; Distichlis spicata; Spartina patens; Schoenoplectus robustus; Louisiana ID MARSH; FIRE; VEGETATION; HERBIVORY; LAKE AB The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate in a brackish marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was remediated through the use of in situ burning. An assessment of vegetation recovery was initiated in three treatment marshes: (1) oil-impacted and burned, (2) oil impacted and unburned, and (3) a nonoiled unburned reference. We compared percent cover, stem density, and biomass in the treatment marshes to define ecological recovery of the marsh vegetation and soil hydrocarbon content to determine the efficacy of in situ burning as a cleanup technique. Burning led to a rapid decrease in soil hydrocarbon concentrations in the impacted-and-burned marsh to background levels by the end of the first growing season. Although a management fire accidentally burned the oil-impacted-and-unburned and reference marshes in December 1995, stem density, live biomass, and total percent cover values in the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh were equivalent to those in the other treatment marshes after three years. In addition, plant community composition within the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh was similar to the codominant mix of the grasses Distichlis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina patens (wire grass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh after the same time period, Rapid recovery of the oil-impacted-and-unburned marsh was likely due to lower initial hydrocarbon exposure. Water levels inundating the soil surface of this grass-dominated marsh and the timing of the in situ burn early in the growing season were important factors contributing to the rapid recovery of this wetland. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning, under the proper conditions, can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in herbaceous wetlands. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Duke Univ, Wetland Ctr, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NOAA, HAZMAT, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Louisiana Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Grand Ctr, LA 70643 USA. RP Mendelssohn, IA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Wetland Biogeochem Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 18 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 236 EP 251 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2820-6 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 635FV UT WOS:000180389100007 PM 12520379 ER PT J AU Hwang, H Fisher, SW Kim, K Landrum, PF Larson, RJ Versteeg, DJ AF Hwang, H Fisher, SW Kim, K Landrum, PF Larson, RJ Versteeg, DJ TI Assessing the toxicity of dodecylbenzene sulfonate to the midge Chironomus riparius using body residues as the dose metric SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE body residue; dodecylbenzene sulfonate; midges; toxicokinetics; chronic endpoints ID LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATES; SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED PYRENE; WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; AQUATIC TOXICITY; LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; LETHAL; BIOCONCENTRATION; BIODEGRADATION; TEMPERATURE AB Dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) is a component of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), an anionic surfactant, mainly used in household detergents. Due to the large quantity of DBS in use, there is concern over adverse environmental effects. This work examined the toxicokinetics and toxicity of the 2-phenyl isomer of dodecylbenzene sulfonate in 4-d, 10-d, and partial life-cycle tests on the midge, Chironomus riparius, exposed to aqueous solutions. Toxicokinetics were determined in 10-d uptake and 5-d elimination tests. The toxicokinetics were based on parent compound concentration in water and yielded an uptake coefficient (k(u)) of 17.5 (14.87-20.20) ml/g/h, an elimination rate constant (k(e)) of 0.073 (0.062-0.085) per h, a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 56 to 240, and A half-life (t(1/2)) of 9.5 (8.0-11.0) h. Biotransformation measurements did not reveal evidence for DBS metabolism. Thus, body residues, determined in the toxicity study, represent parent compound. In toxicity tests, 4- and 10-d LR50s (the body residue required to cause 50% mortality) in live midges were 0.72 (0.65-0.79) and 0.18 (0.08-0.42) mmol/kg, respectively. Thirty-day LR50s were 0.18 (0.09-1.64) and 0.21 (0.15-0.39) mmol/kg in duplicate studies. Of the sublethal endpoints, only developmental time increase was significant, with the lowest-observed-effect residues of 0.085 (0.067-0.105) and 0.100 (0.087-0.114) mmol/kg for male and female midges, respectively. Deformities in surviving larvae were also observed as chronic responses for body residues exceeding the 30-d LR50. The body residues required for mortality suggest that DBS acts like a polar narcotic in the midge. C1 Ohio State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Dept Environm Sci, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45253 USA. RP Fisher, SW (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Program, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 55 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 302 EP 312 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0302:ATTODS>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 637HC UT WOS:000180504800010 PM 12558161 ER PT J AU Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Mason, DM Schwab, DJ McCormick, MJ Fleischer, GW DeSorcie, TJ AF Hook, TO Rutherford, ES Brines, SJ Mason, DM Schwab, DJ McCormick, MJ Fleischer, GW DeSorcie, TJ TI Spatially explicit measures of production of young alewives in Lake Michigan: Linkage between essential fish habitat and recruitment SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th Annual American-Fisheries-Society Conference CY NOV 06-10, 2000 CL GULF SHORES, ALABAMA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; PREDATORY CONTROL; STEELHEAD TROUT; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GREAT-LAKES; FOOD-WEB; ONTARIO; DYNAMICS; SIZE; POPULATION AB The identification and protection of essential habitats for early life stages of fishes are necessary to sustain fish stocks. Essential fish habitat for early life stages may be defined as areas where fish densities, growth, survival, or production rates are relatively high. To identify critical habitats for young-of-year (YOY) alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan, we integrated bioenergetics models with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to generate spatially explicit estimates of potential population production (an index of habitat quality). These estimates were based upon YOY alewife bioenergetic growth rate potential and their salmonine predators' consumptive demand. We compared estimates of potential population production to YOY alewife yield (an index of habitat importance). Our analysis suggested that during 1994-1995, YOY alewife habitat quality and yield varied widely throughout Lake Michigan. Spatial patterns of alewife yield were not significantly correlated to habitat quality. Various mechanisms (e.g., predator migrations, lake circulation patterns, alternative strategies) may preclude YOY alewives from concentrating in areas of high habitat quality in Lake Michigan. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hook, TO (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Fisheries Res Inst, 212 Museums Annex Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667 NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD FEB PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1007/BF02691690 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 655XA UT WOS:000181576900003 ER PT J AU Kellison, GT Eggleston, DB Taylor, JC Burke, JS AF Kellison, GT Eggleston, DB Taylor, JC Burke, JS TI An assessment of biases associated with caging, tethering, and trawl sampling of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID WINTER FLOUNDER; HABITAT QUALITY; JUVENILE FISHES; GROWTH-RATES; REEF FISHES; CORAL-REEF; PREDATION; ARTIFACTS; ESTUARY; SAND AB We provide an example of the type of bias assessment that should, but often is not, used in ecological studies using techniques such as caging, tethering, and trawl sampling. Growth rates of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from cage enclosures were compared to those from mark-recapture trials, and prey types (identified through stomach content analysis) compared between caged fish and wild fish collected from nursery sites over a 2-yr period. Site-specific growth rates estimated from the caging method were similar (+/- 15%) to those estimated from the mark-recapture trials. Prey types were nearly identical between caged and wild fish, although selectivity may have varied quantitatively. Caging summer flounder will generally be an appropriate tool with which to measure growth rates in the wild, but comparisons with an independent measurement method are necessary for validation. In tethering trials, predation was significantly greater on tethered than on untethered fish, indicating that tethering is not an appropriate tool with which to measure absolute rates of predation on juvenile summer flounder. The lack of effects of substrate (sand versus mud) and fish origin (hatchery-reared versus wild) on predation of tethered versus untethered fish indicates that tethering trials will not indicate treatment-specific differences when none exist. Tethering may be an acceptable method for comparing relative rates of predation on different substrates and between hatchery-reared and wild juvenile summer flounder in the field, although true differences in treatment levels could be masked by tethering. Beam trawl efficiency estimates for juvenile summer flounder were similar between beach and marsh habitats, but differed significantly between marsh sites, indicating that site-specific trawl efficiency estimates may be critical to accurately assess juvenile flounder abundance. There was no significant effect of habitat or sites within habitat on the mean size of recaptured fish, indicating the appropriateness of comparisons of size-frequency information between the sites and habitats used in this study. Caging, tethering, and beam trawl sampling are appropriate tools for measuring ecological parameters of juvenile summer flounder, but only if possible biases of each method are identified and compensated for when interpreting data collected using these methods. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Kellison, GT (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Biscayne Natl Pk,9700 SW 328th St, Homestead, FL 33033 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD FEB PY 2003 VL 26 IS 1 BP 64 EP 71 DI 10.1007/BF02691694 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 655XA UT WOS:000181576900007 ER PT J AU Laksanalamai, P Jiemjit, A Bu, Z Maeder, DL Robb, FT AF Laksanalamai, P Jiemjit, A Bu, Z Maeder, DL Robb, FT TI Multi-subunit assembly of the Pyrococcus furiosus small heat shock protein is essential for cellular protection at high temperature SO EXTREMOPHILES LA English DT Article DE hyperthermophile; Pyrococcus furiosus; small heat shock protein; subunit assembly; thermotolerance ID COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE; ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN DOMAIN; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; OLIGOMERIC STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; IN-VITRO; THERMOTOLERANCE; EXPRESSION; CHAPERONIN; STRESS AB The hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, expresses a small, alpha-crystallin-like protein in response to exposure to extreme temperatures, above 103degreesC. The P. furiosus small heat shock protein (Pfu-sHSP) forms large oligomeric complexes. Based on the available crystal structures of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and wheat sHSPs, the protruding carboxy terminal domain is probably involved in subunit interactions. We constructed Pfu-sHSP mutants to analyze chaperone function and to study multi-subunit assembly. The results confirmed that the carboxy terminus of Pfu-sHSP is involved in inter-dimer interactions, whereas the amino terminal deletion mutant still exhibited the wild-type assembly characteristics. The ability to form oligomeric complexes via the carboxy terminal domain was shown to be necessary for thermotolerance of Escherichia coli overexpressing Pfu-sHSP. The amino terminal domain was not required for inter-species thermotolerance. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Robb, FT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, 701 E Pratt St, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. OI Robb, Frank/0000-0001-5833-6496 NR 29 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN SN 1431-0651 J9 EXTREMOPHILES JI Extremophiles PD FEB PY 2003 VL 7 IS 1 BP 79 EP 83 DI 10.1007/s00792-002-0298-z PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 650JD UT WOS:000181259200010 PM 12579383 ER PT J AU Strelcheck, AJ Fitzhugh, GR Coleman, FC Koenig, CC AF Strelcheck, AJ Fitzhugh, GR Coleman, FC Koenig, CC TI Otolith-fish size relationship in juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison of growth rates between laboratory and field populations SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gag; grouper; otolith growth; somatic growth; otolith size-fish size relationship; Mycteroperca microlepis ID SOMATIC GROWTH; LIFE-HISTORY; LARVAL; BASS; SEA AB In this study, we conducted experiments on wild-caught juvenile gag Mycteroperca microlepis from the eastern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate the effect of food availability on somatic growth and otolith growth. Juveniles were fed at two different food levels until all fish attained similar sizes. We found that food availability significantly affected growth rates. However, we also found that this manifested itself in differential otolith size. That is, slower-growing gag had larger, heavier otoliths than equal-sized faster-growing gag; an experimental result that has been observed previously among various fish species. We wanted to apply these experimental results to field-caught gag because our initial observations indicated that gag from more southern latitudes along Florida's west coast were larger than gag from more northern latitudes, at least during the early juvenile period. Applying these relationships to regional field populations, we found that juvenile gag from the more northern latitudes appeared to grow faster than those from southern latitudes, using an otolith-fish size proxy for growth. However, examination of fish length-age relationships revealed that juvenile gag growth rates were not significantly different between regions. These results are contrary to the expectation that larger-sized gag from southern latitudes are growing faster, and suggests that other factors, such as spawning time and habitat quality may explain regional size differences. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All-rights reserved. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Inst Fishery Resource Ecol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Strelcheck, AJ (reprint author), Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Div Marine Fisheries, 2590 Execut Ctr Circle E,Suite 201, Tallahassee, FL 32301 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2-3 BP 255 EP 265 AR PII S0165-7836(02)00171-6 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00171-6 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643TZ UT WOS:000180877700005 ER PT J AU Somerton, DA AF Somerton, DA TI Bridle efficiency of a survey trawl for flatfish: measuring the length of the bridles in contact with the bottom SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bottom trawl; flatfish herding; trawl bridles; bridle efficiency ID CAPTURE EFFICIENCY; THEORETICAL-MODEL; GEAR AB A bottom trawl catch of flatfish is composed of fish that were initially in the path of the net and fish that were initially in the path of the bridles and were subsequently herded into the net path. Bridle efficiency (i.e. the proportion of fish in the bridle path herded into the net path) can be estimated by fitting a model to catch and trawl measurement data collected in a field experiment in which the bridle path is varied in width by varying bridle length. Since flatfish are herded by the direct contact or close approach of the bridles with the bottom, part of the necessary field work is estimating the length of the bridles in contact with the bottom. Previously, bottom contact of the bridles has been determined using video cameras, but this is not possible when the bridles are entirely obscured by the mud clouds generated by the trawl doors. As an alternative approach, a bridle-mounted bottom contact sensor (BCS) was developed to allow measurement of the off-bottom distance of a bridle and the percentage of time it is in contact with the bottom. For the survey trawl studied, approximately 43% of the lower bridle was sufficiently close to the bottom to presumably elicit a herding response; however, the middle of the three bridles sagged to such an extent-that it touched the bottom ahead of the lower bridle and extended the length to 51%. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Somerton, DA (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2-3 BP 273 EP 279 AR PII S0165-7836(02)00178-9 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00178-9 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643TZ UT WOS:000180877700007 ER PT J AU Vestergaard, N Squires, D Kirkley, J AF Vestergaard, N Squires, D Kirkley, J TI Measuring capacity and capacity utilization in fisheries: the case of the Danish Gill-net fleet SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fleet capacity; capacity utilization; Danish Gill-net fishery; data envelopment analysis ID TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY; INDUSTRY AB Different measures of capacity and capacity utilization (CU) are estimated and examined for the multi-species Danish Gill-net fleet using a mathematical programming approach-data envelopment analysis (DEA). The potential capacity output is calculated using an output-orientated measure. CU is assessed using both a partial CU measure, which permits CU to be assessed relative to each output, and a ray measure. Based on the ray measure, the average CU for the Danish Gill-net fleet was estimated to be between 0.85 and 0.95. The partial CU measure for cod was determined to be approximately the same as the overall or ray CU measure, but the partial CU measure for plaice was less than the level of the ray measure, which indicated that the production of plaice could be increased by a higher proportion than could the production of cod. The optimal variable input utilization was also estimated. It was determined that, on average, the variable input-number of trips-could be increased by 27% compared to the optimal level. Results also indicated higher excess capacity for cod and sole than for other species, which is in accordance with how the fishery developed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Denmark, Inst Environm & Business Econ, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. Us Natl Inst Marine Sci, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Vestergaard, N (reprint author), Univ So Denmark, Inst Environm & Business Econ, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. OI Vestergaard, Niels/0000-0001-9270-2461 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2-3 BP 357 EP 368 AR PII S0165-7836(02)00141-8 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00141-8 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643TZ UT WOS:000180877700014 ER PT J AU Carlson, JK Cortes, E AF Carlson, JK Cortes, E TI Gillnet selectivity of small coastal sharks off the southeastern United States SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE shark; gillnet; selectivity; mesh size; fishery ID NET MESH SELECTIVITIES; AUSTRALIA AB Gillnet selectivity parameters for the Atlantic sharpnose, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, blacknose, Carcharhinus acronotus, finetooth, Carcharhinus isodon, and bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo, sharks were estimated from fishery-independent catches in multi-panel gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 8.9 to 14.0 cm in steps of 1.3 cm, with an additional size of 20.3 cm. Mesh selectivities were estimated using a maximum-likelihood model, which fits a gamma distribution to length data for each mesh size using the log-likelihood function. The Atlantic sharpnose and finetooth shark exhibited the broadest selection curves. Peak selectivities for the Atlantic sharpnose were reached from 750 mm FL for the 8.9 cm mesh to 1150 mm FL for the 14.0 cm mesh in 50 mm FL increments per mesh. Peak selectivity for the finetooth shark was reached at 550 mm FL for the 8.9 and 10.2 cm meshes, increased to 650 mm FL for the 11.4 mesh, and 750 turn FL for the 12.7 and 14.0 cm meshes. Selectivity was highest at 1150 rum FL for the 20.3 cm mesh. The bormethead and blacknose shark exhibited narrower selection curves, with peak selectivity occurring at 450 turn FL for the 8.9 cm mesh, 750 turn for the 12.7 cm mesh in 100 mm FL increments per mesh. Maximum selectivity for the 20.3 cm mesh was 950 and 1050 mm FL for bormethead and blacknose shark, respectively. The theta(1) values for blacknose and finetooth shark were most similar (140.58 and 141.25), whereas the value calculated for Atlantic sharpnose was the highest (211.95) and that for the bormethead (131.77) was the lowest. Values calculated for theta(2), a parameter that describes the variance of sizes by mesh, ranged from 27,259 for the bormethead to 189,873 for the finetooth shark. Although gillnets used in this study were not directly constructed for use in estimation of gillnet selectivities, information on mesh selectivities estimated herein has direct applicability to commercial gillnets with meshes of similar sizes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Carlson, JK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RI Cortes, Enric/H-2700-2013 NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2-3 BP 405 EP 414 AR PII S0165-7836(02)00135-2 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00135-2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643TZ UT WOS:000180877700018 ER PT J AU Airame, S AF Airame, S TI The ecology-policy interface SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Airame, S (reprint author), Channel Isl Natl Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 BP 46 EP 47 DI 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0046:TEPI]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WL UT WOS:000221789300020 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Chadwick, WW Fox, CG Embley, RW AF Dziak, RP Chadwick, WW Fox, CG Embley, RW TI Hydrothermal temperature changes at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge associated with M-w 6.2 Blanco Transform earthquake SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal vents; earthquakes; fluid temperature; Juan de Fuca Ridge; transform fault ID WATER-LEVEL CHANGES; ZONE-NE PACIFIC; FRACTURE-ZONE; CALIFORNIA; EVOLUTION; PARKFIELD AB The regional impact of transform seismicity on ridge-crest hydrothermal venting and ridge-transform dynamics is investigated using a June 1-7, 2000, Blanco Transform earthquake sequence. The mainshock (M-w 6.2) and 170 foreshocks and aftershocks were located using T waves recorded on U.S. Navy hydrophones, and indicate that the active transform fault may be farther south than in previous tectonic models. During the earthquake sequence, two temperature probes were deployed in black smoker chimneys at the Vent1 and Plume hydrothermal fields along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. These two hydrothermal systems are similar to39 km northwest of the mainshock's acoustic location. Both probes show significant (>5 degreesC) temperature declines following the mainshock, the Vent1 temperature changes occurring over days to weeks while the Plume changes were coseismic. The Vent1 and Plume fluid temperature decreases are consistent with earthquake-induced changes to permeability in the upper ocean crust. The evidence suggests that deep-ocean hydrothermal systems can be altered by large earthquakes even at a distance and across tectonic provinces, and ridge-crest seismic and magmatic activity are not the only causes of change to hydrothermal systems. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Newport, OR USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD FEB PY 2003 VL 31 IS 2 BP 119 EP 122 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0119:HTCATS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 644BQ UT WOS:000180898400006 ER PT J AU McKinley, GA Follows, MJ Marshall, J Fan, SM AF McKinley, GA Follows, MJ Marshall, J Fan, SM TI Interannual variability of air-sea O-2 fluxes and the determination of CO2 sinks using atmospheric O-2/N-2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; CARBON-CYCLE; OXYGEN; CIRCULATION; MODEL AB Motivated by the use of atmospheric O-2/N-2 to determine CO2 sinks under the assumption of negligible interannual variability in air-sea O-2 fluxes, we examine interannual fluctuations of the global air-sea flux of O-2 during the period 1980-1998 using a global ocean circulation and biogeochemistry model along with an atmospheric transport model. It is found that both the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and wintertime convection in the North Atlantic are primary drivers of global air-sea oxygen flux interannual variability. Model estimated extremes of O-2 flux variability are -70/+100 x 10 12 mol/yr (Tmol/yr), where positive fluxes are to the atmosphere. O-2/N-2 variability could cause an up to +/-1.0 PgC/yr error in estimates of interannual variability in land and ocean CO2 sinks derived from atmospheric O-2/N-2 observations. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP McKinley, GA (reprint author), Inst Nacl Ecol, Perifer 5000,Piso 4, Mexico City 04530, DF, Mexico. RI Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011 NR 25 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 3 AR 1101 DI 10.1029/2002GL016044 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 678YD UT WOS:000182893500001 ER PT J AU Collier, TK Adams, SM AF Collier, TK Adams, SM TI Establishing causal relationships between environmental stressors and biological effects in field studies SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Environm Conservat Div, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Collier, TK (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2575 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 15 EP 15 DI 10.1080/713609849 PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 651DU UT WOS:000181305900003 ER PT J AU Myers, MS Johnson, LL Collier, TK AF Myers, MS Johnson, LL Collier, TK TI Establishing the causal relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and hepatic neoplasms and neoplasia-related liver lesions in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE PAHs; PCBs; liver neoplasia; flatfish; causality; epizootiology ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; SEDIMENT QUALITY THRESHOLDS; PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; PUGET-SOUND; DNA-ADDUCTS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; TOXIC-CHEMICALS; MARINE FISH; MOLECULAR EPIZOOTIOLOGY; STARRY FLOUNDER AB For almost 25 years our laboratory has studied the impact of PAHs and related industrial contaminants on benthic fish, following an interdisciplinary approach involving chemical exposure assessment linked to synoptic detection of various effects at several levels of biological organization. These data demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between neoplastic and neoplasia-related liver lesions in English sole, and exposure to PAHs, and to a lesser degree, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as PCBs. In statistical analyses of data from multiple field studies conducted since 1978, exposure to PAHs measured in various compartments has consistently been identified as a highly significant, major risk factor for neoplasms and related lesions in this species, with PCB exposure shown to be a significant, but less consistent and less strong risk factor for these lesions. A cause-and-effect relationship between PAHs and toxicopathic liver lesions in this species is further supported by the experimental induction of toxicopathic lesions identical to those observed in field-collected fish, in sole exposed in the laboratory to model carcinogenic PAHs such as BaP or to PAH-rich extracts of sediments from Eagle Harbor, a severely PAH-contaminated site in Puget Sound. More recent field studies have identified significant associations between hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) induction and xenobiotic-DNA adduct formation, and hepatic lesion prevalences in wild subadult English sole. Field studies in Eagle Harbor subsequent to capping of the most PAH-contaminated region of this harbor with clean dredge spoils have shown a decline in exposure to PAHs as assessed by biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) and hepatic xenobiotic-DNA adducts. This decline in PAH exposure has been accompanied by a dramatic decline in risk of occurrence of toxicopathic hepatic lesions in English sole from Eagle Harbor. Further, laboratory studies have induced lesions in English sole by injections of extracts from PAH-contaminated sediments. Overall, these findings relating to exposure to PAHs and chlorinated hydrocarbons and the occurrence of hepatic neoplasms and neoplasia-related lesions in English sole fulfill the classic criteria for causality in epizootiological. or ecological risk assessment studies, including: (1) strength of association, (2) consistency of association, (3) specificity of association, (4) toxicological and biological plausibility, (5) temporal sequence/timing (i.e., exposure precedes disease, effect decreases when the cause is decreased or removed), (6) dose-response or biological gradient, and (7) supportive experimental evidence. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol Program,Environm & Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Myers, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol Program,Environm & Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 70 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 23 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 67 EP 94 DI 10.1080/713609853 PG 28 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 651DU UT WOS:000181305900007 ER PT J AU Collier, TK AF Collier, TK TI Forensic ecotoxicology: Establishing causality between contaminants and biological effects in field studies SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE causality; ecoepidemiology; weight of evidence; field study; contaminants AB Twelve papers in this series were derived from two conference sessions focusing on causality in field studies. Eight of these papers involve case studies examining biological effects of chemical contaminants in field situations. Using a weight-of-evidence approach, these case studies were evaluated against seven proposed criteria for establishing causality. The seven criteria were: strength of association; consistency of association; specificity of association; time order; biological gradient; experimental evidence; and biological plausibility. One of these seven criteria,,specificity of association' was found to be of little utility for establishing causality in these field studies. The case studies are presented in approximate order of increasing levels of biological organization (i.e., going from endpoints at the suborganismal level to endpoints at the population or community level). In case studies examining higher levels of biological organization, it appears that the 'biological gradient' criterion was also not useful in establishing causality. These results, together with suggestions from other papers in the series, are used to recommend a set of modified criteria for establishing causality in field studies of the biological effects of chemical contaminants. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Environm Conservat Div, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Collier, TK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr,Environm Conservat Div, Ecotoxicol & Environm Fish Hlth Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 9 IS 1 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1080/713609862 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 651DU UT WOS:000181305900016 ER PT J AU Banfield, D Conrath, BJ Smith, MD Christensen, PR Wilson, RJ AF Banfield, D Conrath, BJ Smith, MD Christensen, PR Wilson, RJ TI Forced waves in the martian atmosphere from MGS TES nadir data SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE atmospheres; structure; Mars, atmosphere; meteorology; tides, atmospheric ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STATIONARY WAVES; MARS; TIDES; TEMPERATURES; AEROBRAKING; DYNAMICS; MISSION AB We have analyzed the temperature retrievals from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) nadir spectra to yield latitude-height resolved maps of various atmospheric forced wave modes as a function of season for a full Mars year. Among the isolated wave modes is the zonal mean, time mean temperature, which we used to derive zonal mean zonal winds and stationary wave quasi-geostrophic indices of refraction, diagnostic of their propagation. The diurnal Kelvin wave was isolated in the data, with results roughly consistent with models (Wilson and Hamilton, 1996, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1290-1326). The s = I and S = 2 stationary waves were found to have significant amplitude in ducts extending up the winter polar jets, while the s = 3 stationary wave was found to be confined to near the surface. The s = 1 stationary wave was found to have little phase tilt with height during northern winter, but significant westward phase tilt with height in the southern winter. This indicates that the wave carries heat poleward, slightly more than that found in Barnes et al. (1996; J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12,753-12,776). The s = I stationary wave is likely the dominant mechanism for eddy meridional heat transport for the southern winter. We noted that the phase of the s = 2 stationary wave is nearly constant with time, but that the s = 1 stationary wave moved 90degrees of longitude from fall to winter and back in spring in the North. While interannual variability is not yet addressed, overall, these results provide the first comprehensive benchmark for forced waves in Mars's atmosphere against which future atmospheric models of Mars can be compared. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Banfield, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; OI Banfield, Don/0000-0003-2664-0164 NR 34 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD FEB PY 2003 VL 161 IS 2 BP 319 EP 345 DI 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00044-1 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 653FA UT WOS:000181423500008 ER PT J AU Churnside, JH Demer, DA Mahmoudi, B AF Churnside, JH Demer, DA Mahmoudi, B TI A comparison of lidar and echosounder measurements of fish schools in the Gulf of Mexico SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE echosounder; fish; lidar; survey; volume backscatter coefficient AB In December 2000 the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Fish Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) system was operated from an airplane off the west coast of Florida. Schools of fish were located and their volume-backscattering coefficients, beta(pi), measured at the lidar wavelength of 532 nm. Concurrently, a 208 kHz echosounder was deployed from a small boat to measure the acoustic ;volume-back scattering coefficients, s(nu), of the same schools. Seven schools were characterized with both the lidar and the echosounder. The correlation between these seven pairs of beta(pi) and s(nu) measurements was 0.994. A linear regression of beta(pi) versus s(nu) had a negative y-intercept, which supports aerial observations of some degree of avoidance reaction of fish to the passing survey boat. The slope was slightly greater than unity, in agreement with previous calculations that the acoustic backscatter of similar fish is slightly greater than the lidar backscatter. The results of this study indicate that lidar is a suitable tool for surveying rapidly the distributions and abundances of epipelagic fish stocks in the shallow waters off the w est coast of Florida. Aerial lidar surveys do not have the biases of fish-avoidance reaction potentially affecting acoustic and trawl surveys. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Fisheries Resources Div, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013 NR 12 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1327 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 637QA UT WOS:000180522800014 ER PT J AU Fowler, HA Devaney, JE Hagedorn, JG AF Fowler, HA Devaney, JE Hagedorn, JG TI Growth model for filamentary streamers in an ambient field SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION LA English DT Article DE dielectric breakdown; fast streamer stage simulation; filamentary streamer model; fractal structure; growth rates; power law; stochastic growth; Monte Carlo methods; parallel computing; visualization ID LARGE OIL GAPS; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; PROPAGATION AB We have simulated the fast streamer stage of liquid dielectric breakdown as stochastic growth of a branching fractal tree. Breakdown and threshold properties of the fluid are represented in the random filter procedure. A range of fractal densities, from sparse to bushy, is approximated by the choice of power-law (4th-power to linear). The choice of threshold (cutoff) voltage also significantly affects the growth form. These parameters combine with the shape and concentration of the electric field, to regulate the distribution and directedness of the local discharge growth pattern. Inclusion of a voltage gradient along the streamer tree produces a secondary narrowing effect on the growth. A large grid (128 cubed) is used for the discretization. Diagonal growth paths to neighbor-vertices are included, increasing the choice of available directions for each discharge event. We use a combination of data-parallel programming and three-dimensional visualization. Complete growth histories, evolving from the voltage distribution, can be displayed in animation or in color banding against the "trials" variable, which simulates a time tick. Side views of the structures provide comparison against sub-microsecond snapshots from experiment. Results include sparse, directed trees evolving from a 4th-power-law filter; also dense trees from a linear filter, whose conical upper-envelope boundary is strongly influenced by the choice of threshold (cutoff) potential. C1 NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1070-9878 EI 1558-4135 J9 IEEE T DIELECT EL IN JI IEEE Trns. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1109/TDEI.2003.1176564 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 647RC UT WOS:000181107000012 ER PT J AU Hill, DA AF Hill, DA TI Reciprocity in reverberation chamber measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic reciprocity; mode-stirred chamber; power conservation; radiated emissions; radiated immunity; reverberation chamber; total radiated power AB Even though reverberation chambers have been used primarily for radiated immunity testing, they are reciprocal devices that are equally applicable for radiated emissions testing. This short paper presents the theory for radiated emissions testing and uses electromagnetic reciprocity theory to demonstrate the link between radiated emissions and immunity testing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 45 IS 1 BP 117 EP 119 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2002.808047 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 648BH UT WOS:000181129600013 ER PT J AU Wilheit, T Kummerow, CD Ferraro, R AF Wilheit, T Kummerow, CD Ferraro, R TI Rainfall algorithms for AMSR-E SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometer; rain ID PASSIVE MICROWAVE SENSORS; PRECIPITATION RETRIEVAL; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; STRATIFORM; CLASSIFICATION; IMAGER; MODEL AB Three related algorithms have been developed to retrieve rainfall from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System observations. First, land and ocean backgrounds must be treated separately. The highly reflective ocean background is ideal for observing atmospheric constituents including rainfall. The high and variable emissivity of the land background limits the usefulness of the signal from the liquid hydrometeors under most conditions. For an algorithm with global applicability, it is more reasonable to use the signal generated by scattering of microwaves from frozen hydrometeors. Unfortunately, this scattering is related to rainfall only indirectly. This dichotomy is reinforced by the differing availability of ground truth in the two environments. Thus, two distinct approaches must be used in generating the algorithms for the two cases. The oceanic algorithm is based on physical models, and the land algorithm is generated empirically. Functionally, the two algorithms are merged into a common structure for retrievals on a pixel-by-pixel (Level-2) basis, but the distinct philosophies remain. The third element is the monthly total product (Level-3) which could be generated by simply summing the Level-2 products. However, subtle biases, unimportant on a Level-2 basis, could introduce serious errors into the totals. Therefore, we have chosen to generate a separate product over the oceans consisting of monthly averaged rain rates over 5degrees x 5degrees boxes. The Level-3 ocean algorithm assumes that the rainfall intensity is distributed log-normally and also absorbs small instrumental calibration errors and some modeling errors. The physical assumptions are, for the most part, a simplification of the assumptions used in the oceanic Level-2 algorithm. The possibilities being more limited, the overland portion of the Level-3 product is generated by simply summing the Level-2 product. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wilheit, T (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Wilheit, Thomas/G-9438-2012; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 31 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 204 EP 214 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808312 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600005 ER PT J AU Aumann, HH Chahine, MT Gautier, C Goldberg, MD Kalnay, E McMillin, LM Revercomb, H Rosenkranz, PW Smith, WL Staelin, DH Strow, LL Susskind, J AF Aumann, HH Chahine, MT Gautier, C Goldberg, MD Kalnay, E McMillin, LM Revercomb, H Rosenkranz, PW Smith, WL Staelin, DH Strow, LL Susskind, J TI AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the aqua mission: Design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE climate; greenhouse gases; humidity sounder; hyperspectral; infrared; microwave; temperature sounder; weather forecasting ID SATELLITE AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), and the Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB) form an integrated cross-track scanning temperature and humidity sounding system on the Aqua satellite of the Earth Observing System (EOS). AIRS is an infrared spectrometer/radiometer that covers the 3.7-15.4-tim spectral range with 2378 spectral channels. AMSU is a 15-channel microwave radiometer operating between 23 and 89 GHz. HSB is a four-channel microwave radiometer that makes measurements between 150 and 190 GHz. In addition to supporting the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's interest in process study and climate research, AIRS is the first hyperspectral infrared radiometer designed to support the operational requirements for medium-range weather forecasting of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and other numerical weather forecasting centers. AIRS, together with the AMSU and HSB microwave radiometers, will achieve global retrieval accuracy of better than 1 K in the lower troposphere under clear and partly cloudy conditions. This paper presents an overview of the science objectives, AIRS/AMSU/HSB data products, retrieval algorithms, and the ground-data processing concepts. The EOS Aqua was launched on May 4, 2002 from Vandenberg AFB, CA, into a 705-km-high, sun-synchronous orbit. Based on the excellent radiometric and spectral performance demonstrated by AIRS during prelaunch testing, which has by now been verified during on-orbit testing, we expect the assimilation of AIRS data into the numerical weather forecast to result in significant forecast range and reliability improvements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; OI Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 40 TC 696 Z9 732 U1 12 U2 60 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600009 ER PT J AU Goldberg, MD Qu, YN McMillin, LM Wolf, W Zhou, LH Divakarla, M AF Goldberg, MD Qu, YN McMillin, LM Wolf, W Zhou, LH Divakarla, M TI AIRS near-real-time products and algorithms in support of operational numerical weather prediction SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric retrieval; atmospheric soundings; eigenvectors; hyperspectral infrared; microwave; principal components; satellite remote sensing ID CLOUD-CLEARED RADIANCES; SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; TOVS; RETRIEVAL AB The assimilation of Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A, and Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AIRS/AMSU/HSB) data by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centers is expected to result in improved forecasts. Specially tailored radiance and retrieval products derived from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data are being prepared for NWP centers. There are two types of products-thinned radiance data and full-resolution retrieval products of atmospheric and surface parameters. The radiances are thinned because of limitations in communication bandwidth and computational resources at NWP centers. There are two types of thinning: 1) spatial and spectral thinning and 2) data compression using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is also used for quality control and for deriving the retrieval first guess used in the AIRS processing software. Results show that PCA is effective in estimating and filtering instrument noise. The PCA regression retrievals show layer mean temperature (I km in troposphere, 3 kin in stratosphere) accuracies of better than 1 K in most atmospheric regions from simulated AIRS data. Moisture errors are generally less than 15 % in 2-km layers, and ozone errors ate near 10 % over approximately 5-km layers from simulation. The PCA and regression methodologies are described. The radiance products also include clear field-of-view (FOV) indicators. The residual cloud amount, based on simulated data, for FOVs estimated to be clear (free of clouds) is about 0.5 % over ocean and 2.5 % over land. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Decis Syst Technol Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Divakarla, Murty/E-7936-2011; Wolf, Walter/E-7935-2011; Zhou, Lihang/E-7938-2011 OI Divakarla, Murty/0000-0002-0399-3381; Wolf, Walter/0000-0002-2102-8833; Zhou, Lihang/0000-0001-6232-2871 NR 24 TC 129 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 21 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 379 EP 389 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808307 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600021 ER PT J AU Fetzer, E McMillin, LM Tobin, D Aumann, HH Gunson, MR McMillan, WW Hagan, DE Hofstadter, MD Yoe, J Whiteman, DN Barnes, JE Bennartz, R Vomel, H Walden, V Newchurch, M Minnett, PJ Atlas, R Schmidlin, F Olsen, ET Goldberg, MD Zhou, SS Ding, HJ Smith, WL Revercomb, H AF Fetzer, E McMillin, LM Tobin, D Aumann, HH Gunson, MR McMillan, WW Hagan, DE Hofstadter, MD Yoe, J Whiteman, DN Barnes, JE Bennartz, R Vomel, H Walden, V Newchurch, M Minnett, PJ Atlas, R Schmidlin, F Olsen, ET Goldberg, MD Zhou, SS Ding, HJ Smith, WL Revercomb, H TI AIRS/AMSU/HSB validation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE atmospheric measurements; infrared spectroscopy; inverse problems; microwave radiometry; remote sensing; terrestrial atmosphere ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER; COMPLEX QUALITY-CONTROL; WATER-VAPOR; ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION; RADIOSONDE HEIGHTS; NATIONAL CENTERS; RAMAN LIDAR; SATELLITE; CLOUD AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AIRS/AMSU/HSB) instrument suite onboard Aqua observes infrared and microwave radiances twice daily over most of the planet. AIRS offers unprecedented radiometric accuracy and signal to noise throughout the thermal infrared. Observations from the combined suite of AIRS, AMSU, and HSB are processed into retrievals of atmospheric parameters such as temperature, water vapor, and trace gases under all but the cloudiest conditions. A more limited retrieval set based on the microwave radiances is obtained under heavy cloud cover. Before measurements and retrievals from AIRS/AMSU/HSB instruments can be fully utilized they must be compared with the best possible in situ and other ancillary "truth" observations. Validation is the process of estimating the measurement and retrieval uncertainties through comparison with a set of correlative data of known uncertainties. The ultimate goal of the validation effort is retrieved product uncertainties constrained to those of radiosondes; tropospheric rms uncertainties of 1.0 degreesC over a 1-km layer for temperature, and 10% over 2-km layers for water vapor. This paper describes the data sources and approaches to be used for validation of the AIRS/AMSU/HSB instrument suite, including validation of the forward models necessary for calculating observed radiances, validation of the observed radiances themselves, and validation of products retrieved from the observed radiances. Constraint of the AIRS product uncertainties to within the claimed specification of 1 K/1 kin over well-instrumented regions is feasible within 12 months of launch, but global validation of all AIRS/AMSU/HSB products may require considerably more time due to the novelty and complexity of this dataset and the sparsity of some types of correlative observations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Fetzer, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Bennartz, Ralf/F-3760-2010 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560; NR 55 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 418 EP 431 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808293 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600024 ER PT J AU King, MD Menzel, WP Kaufman, YJ Tanre, D Gao, BC Platnick, S Ackerman, SA Remer, LA Pincus, R Hubanks, PA AF King, MD Menzel, WP Kaufman, YJ Tanre, D Gao, BC Platnick, S Ackerman, SA Remer, LA Pincus, R Hubanks, PA TI Cloud and aerosol properties, precipitable water, and profiles of temperature and water vapor from MODIS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE aerosols; aqua; clouds; meteorology; remote sensing; satellite applications; Terra; terrestrial atmosphere; water vapor ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; SOUNDINGS; ALGORITHM; SOUNDER; 1ST AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is an earth-viewing sensor that flies on the Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, respectively. MODIS scans a swath width of 2330 km that is sufficiently wide to provide nearly complete global coverage every two days from a polar-orbiting, sun-synchronous, platform at an altitude of 705 km. MODIS provides images in 36 spectral bands between 0.415 and 14.235 mum with spatial resolutions of 250 m (two bands), 500 m (five bands), and 1000 m (29 bands). These bands have been carefully selected to enable advanced studies of land, ocean, and atmospheric properties. Twenty-six bands are used to derive atmospheric properties such as cloud mask, atmospheric profiles, aerosol properties, total precipitable water, and cloud properties. In this paper we describe each of these atmospheric data products, including characteristics of each of these products such as file size, spatial resolution used in producing the product, and data availability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP King, MD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; King, Michael/C-7153-2011; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Pincus, Robert/B-1723-2013 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; Pincus, Robert/0000-0002-0016-3470 NR 25 TC 527 Z9 540 U1 5 U2 69 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 442 EP 458 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808226 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600026 ER PT J AU Platnick, S King, MD Ackerman, SA Menzel, WP Baum, BA Riedi, JC Frey, RA AF Platnick, S King, MD Ackerman, SA Menzel, WP Baum, BA Riedi, JC Frey, RA TI The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE clouds; meteorology; remote sensing; satellite applications; terrestrial atmosphere ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; AIRBORNE SIMULATOR IMAGERY; LIQUID WATER CLOUDS; SPECTROMETER MODIS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ICE CRYSTALS; RETRIEVAL; SYSTEM; REFLECTANCE AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of five instruments aboard the Terra Earth Observing System (EOS) platform launched in December 1999. After achieving final orbit, MODIS began earth observations in late February 2000 and has been acquiring data since that time. The instrument is also being flown on the Aqua spacecraft, launched in May 2002. A comprehensive set of remote sensing algorithms for cloud detection and the retrieval of cloud physical and optical properties have been developed by members of the MODIS atmosphere science team. The archived products from these algorithms have applications in climate change studies, climate modeling, numerical weather prediction, as well as fundamental atmospheric research. In addition to an extensive cloud mask, products include cloud-top properties (temperature, pressure, effective emissivity), cloud thermodynamic phase, cloud optical and microphysical parameters (optical thickness, effective particle radius, water path), as well as derived statistics. We will describe the various algorithms being used for the remote sensing of cloud properties from MODIS data with an emphasis on the pixel-level retrievals (referred to as Level-2 products), with 1-km or 5-km spatial resolution at nadir. An example of each Level-2 cloud product from a common data granule (5 min of data) off the coast of South America will be discussed. Future efforts will also be mentioned. Relevant points related to the global gridded statistics products (Level-3) are highlighted though additional details are given in an accompanying paper in this issue. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Platnick, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; King, Michael/C-7153-2011; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 NR 38 TC 893 Z9 909 U1 11 U2 120 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 459 EP 473 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600027 ER PT J AU Key, JR Santek, D Velden, CS Bormann, N Thepaut, JN Riishojgaard, LP Zhu, YQ Menzel, WP AF Key, JR Santek, D Velden, CS Bormann, N Thepaut, JN Riishojgaard, LP Zhu, YQ Menzel, WP TI Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE MODIS; numerical weather prediction; polar meteorology; satellite applications; winds ID METEOSAT; FORECASTS; SYSTEM; IMPACT; IMAGES AB Wind products from geostationary satellites have been generated for over 20 years and are now used in numerical weather prediction systems. However, geostationary satellites are of limited utility poleward of the midlatitudes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of deriving high latitude tropospheric wind information from polar-orbiting satellites. The methodology employed is based on the algorithms currently used with geostationary satellites, modified for use with the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) infrared window and water vapor bands. These bands provide wind information throughout the troposphere in both clear and cloudy conditions. The project presents some unique challenges, including the irregularity of temporal sampling, varying viewing geometries, and uncertainties in wind vector height assignment as a result of low atmospheric water vapor amounts and thin clouds. A 30-day case study dataset has been produced and is being used in model impact studies. Preliminary results are encouraging: when the MODIS winds are assimilated in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) system and the NASA Data Assimilation Office system, forecasts of the geopotential height for the Arctic, the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, and the Antarctic are improved significantly. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Key, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050 NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD FEB PY 2003 VL 41 IS 2 BP 482 EP 492 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808238 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 671ZB UT WOS:000182494600029 ER PT J AU Kabos, P Reader, HC Arz, U Williams, DF AF Kabos, P Reader, HC Arz, U Williams, DF TI Calibrated waveform measurement with high-impedance probes SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE calibration; high-impedance probe; on-wafer measurement; waveform measurement ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; MICROWAVE AB We develop an on-wafer waveform calibration technique that combines a frequency-domain mismatch correction to account for the effects of the probe on the measurement with an oscilloscope calibration. The mismatch correction is general and can be applied to any type of microwave probe, including scanning and internal-node probes for noninvasive integrated-circuit tests. We show that, for the commercial high-impedance probe we used, this calibration approach allows accurate on-wafer waveform reconstruction for a variety of probe ground configurations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Hannover, D-30060 Hannover, Germany. RP Kabos, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 51 IS 2 BP 530 EP 535 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2002.807842 PN 1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 645LZ UT WOS:000180980100028 ER PT J AU Bamzai, AS AF Bamzai, AS TI Relationship between snow cover variability and Arctic oscillation index on a hierarchy of time scales SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE global and continental-scale snow cover; trend; snow onset; snowmelt; Arctic oscillation; lead-lag correlation; composite analysis ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATURE; EXTENT AB Based on satellite-derived global snow cover data on weekly time scales, the climatology and interannual variability of snow onset day-of-year, snowmelt day-of-year and number of snow-free days in a year are presented. Trends for snow onset day-of-year, snowmelt day-of-year and number of snow-free days in a year indicate that there has been an increase in number of snow-free days in recent decades. The relationship between snow cover and the Arctic oscillation (AO) index is examined on a hierarchy of time scales using lagged correlation and composite analysis. On weekly time scales, composite Snow extent anomalies are maximum when AO leads snow cover by 1 week. These composite differences are maintained several weeks thereafter, particularly in the negative phase of the AO. Maps of composite snow cover anomalies when AO leads snow cover by 1 week delineate the spatial structure of these snow anomalies. On monthly time scales, lead-lag correlation between monthly snow cover and AO index indicates that the AO index during January, February and March is significantly correlated with snow cover in concurrent and subsequent spring months, particularly over Eurasia. Finally, on seasonal time scales, it is shown that winter season AO and winter/spring season snow cover are significantly correlated. Copyright (C) 2003 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bamzai, AS (reprint author), NOAA, Off Global Programs, 1100 Wayne Ave,Suite 1210, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 21 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 131 EP 142 DI 10.1002/joc.854 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647CH UT WOS:000181074000001 ER PT J AU Li, J Menzel, WP Yang, ZD Frey, RA Ackerman, SA AF Li, J Menzel, WP Yang, ZD Frey, RA Ackerman, SA TI High-spatial-resolution surface and cloud-type classification from MODIS multispectral band measurements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATTERN-RECOGNITION; COVER ANALYSIS; AVHRR IMAGERY; CLEAR-SKY; EMISSIVITY; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVAL; WINDOW AB A method for automated classification of surface and cloud types using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiance measurements has been developed. The MODIS cloud mask is used to define the training sets. Surface and cloud-type classification is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method. Initial classification results define training sets for subsequent iterations. Iterations end when the number of pixels switching classes becomes smaller than a predetermined number or when other criteria are met. The mean vector in the spectral and spatial domain within a class is used for class identification, and a final 1-km-resolution classification mask is generated for such a field of view in a MODIS granule. This automated classification refines the output of the cloud mask algorithm and enables further applications such as clear atmospheric profile or cloud parameter retrievals from MODIS and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiance measurements. The advantages of this method are that the automated surface and cloud-type classifications are independent of radiance or brightness temperature threshold criteria, and that the interpretation of each class is based on the radiative spectral characteristics of different classes. This paper describes the ML classification algorithm and presents daytime MODIS classification results. The classification results are compared with the MODIS cloud mask, visible images, infrared window images, and other observations for an initial validation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Madison, WI USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 36 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 42 IS 2 BP 204 EP 226 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0204:HSRSAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640BU UT WOS:000180667200004 ER PT J AU Augustine, JA Cornwall, CR Hodges, GB Long, CN Medina, CI DeLuisi, JJ AF Augustine, JA Cornwall, CR Hodges, GB Long, CN Medina, CI DeLuisi, JJ TI An automated method of MFRSR calibration for aerosol optical depth analysis with application to an Asian dust outbreak over the United States SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; SUN PHOTOMETRY; PINATUBO; PROGRAM; CLOUD AB Over the past decade, networks of Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSR) and automated sun photometers have been established in the United States to monitor aerosol properties. The MFRSR alternately measures diffuse and global irradiance in six narrow spectral bands and a broadband channel of the solar spectrum, from which the direct normal component for each may be inferred. Its 500-nm channel mimics sun photometer measurements and thus is a source of aerosol optical depth information. Automatic data reduction methods are needed because of the high volume of data produced by the MFRSR. In addition, these instruments are often not calibrated for absolute irradiance and must be periodically calibrated for optical depth analysis using the Langley method. This process involves extrapolation to the signal the MFRSR would measure at the top of the atmosphere (I-lambda0). Here, an automated clear-sky identification algorithm is used to screen MFRSR 500-nm measurements for suitable calibration data. The clear-sky MFRSR measurements are subsequently used to construct a set of calibration Langley plots from which a mean I-lambda0 is computed. This calibration I-lambda0 may be subsequently applied to any MFRSR 500-nm measurement within the calibration period to retrieve aerosol optical depth. This method is tested on a 2-month MFRSR dataset from the Table Mountain NOAA Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) station near Boulder, Colorado. The resultant I-lambda0 is applied to two Asian dust-related high air pollution episodes that occurred within the calibration period on 13 and 17 April 2001. Computed aerosol optical depths for 17 April range from approximately 0.30 to 0.40, and those for 13 April vary from background levels to >0.30. Errors in these retrievals were estimated to range from 60.01 to 60.05, depending on the solar zenith angle. The calculations are compared with independent MFRSR-based aerosol optical depth retrievals at the Pawnee National Grasslands, 85 km to the northeast of Table Mountain, and to sun-photometer-derived aerosol optical depths at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, 50 km to the south. Both the Table Mountain and Golden stations are situated within a few kilometers of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, whereas the Pawnee station is on the eastern plains of Colorado. Time series of aerosol optical depth from Pawnee and Table Mountain stations compare well for 13 April when, according to the Naval Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System, an upper-level Asian dust plume enveloped most of Colorado. Aerosol optical depths at the Golden station for that event are generally greater than those at Table Mountain and Pawnee, possibly because of the proximity of Golden to Denver's urban aerosol plume. The dust over Colorado was primarily surface based on 17 April. On that day, aerosol optical depths at Table Mountain and Golden are similar but are 2 times the magnitude of those at Pawnee. This difference is attributed to meteorological conditions that favored air stagnation in the planetary boundary layer along the Front Range, and a west-to-east gradient in aerosol concentration. The magnitude and timing of the aerosol optical depth measurements at Table Mountain for these events are found to be consistent with independent measurements made at NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations at Missoula, Montana, and at Bondville, Illinois. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, RARL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Radiat Measurement Program, Richland, WA USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Augustine, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, RARL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 42 IS 2 BP 266 EP 278 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0266:AAMOMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640BU UT WOS:000180667200007 ER PT J AU Draxler, RR AF Draxler, RR TI Evaluation of an ensemble dispersion calculation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EUROPEAN TRACER EXPERIMENT; ETEX; FORECASTS; TRAJECTORIES; PREDICTIONS; METHODOLOGY; VALIDATION; ERRORS AB A Lagrangian transport and dispersion model was modified to generate multiple simulations from a single meteorological dataset. Each member of the simulation was computed by assuming a 61-gridpoint shift in the horizontal direction and a 6250-m shift in the vertical direction of the particle position, with respect to the meteorological data. The configuration resulted in 27 ensemble members. Each member was assumed to have an equal probability. The model was tested by creating an ensemble of daily average air concentrations for 3 months at 75 measurement locations over the eastern half of the United States during the Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX). Two generic graphical displays were developed to summarize the ensemble prediction and the resulting concentration probabilities for a specific event: a probability-exceed plot and a concentration-probability plot. Although a cumulative distribution of the ensemble probabilities compared favorably with the measurement data, the resulting distribution was not uniform. This result was attributed to release height sensitivity. The trajectory ensemble approach accounts for about 41%-47% of the variance in the measurement data. This residual uncertainty is caused by other model and data errors that are not included in the ensemble design. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Draxler, RR (reprint author), R-ARL Rm 3350,1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 25 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 42 IS 2 BP 308 EP 317 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0308:EOAEDC>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640BU UT WOS:000180667200010 ER PT J AU Wong, APS Johnson, GC Owens, WB AF Wong, APS Johnson, GC Owens, WB TI Delayed-mode calibration of autonomous CTD profiling float salinity data by theta-S climatology SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; INTERPOLATION AB Autonomous CTD profiling floats are free-moving floats that report vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, and pressure at regular time intervals. The Argo program plans to deploy 3000 such floats to observe the upper 2000 m of the global ocean. These floats give good measurements of temperature and pressure, but salinity measurements may experience significant sensor drifts with time. The moving nature of these floats means that it is too expensive to retrieve them regularly for physical calibrations. Thus a system has been set up to correct the drift in these profiling float salinity data by using historical hydrographic data. An objective mapping technique is used to estimate the background climatological salinity field on theta surfaces from nearby historical data. Temporal variations in water mass properties are accounted for in the objective estimate. The float salinity data are fitted to the background climatology in potential conductivity space by weighted least squares with a time-varying slope. The error associated with estimating the background climatology is carried through in the weighted least squares calculations. The result is a set of calibrated salinity data with error estimates. Because of the need to accumulate a time series for calculating a stable slope correction term, this system is a delayed-mode quality control system, with reliable calibrations available a few months after float data are obtained. However, contemporary ship-based measurements are essential in determining whether a measured trend is due to sensor drift or due to natural variability. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Wong, APS (reprint author), JISAO PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 18 TC 102 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 308 EP 318 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0308:DMCOAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640BX UT WOS:000180667600008 ER PT J AU Ferguson, EE Miller, TM Viggiano, AA AF Ferguson, EE Miller, TM Viggiano, AA TI The reaction HCl++CF4 -> HCF4++Cl: Implications for the heat of formation of CF3+ SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS; THERMAL-ENERGY REACTIONS; ION; THERMOCHEMISTRY; HSO4-(H2SO4)(X)(HNO3)(Y); AFFINITIES; GAUSSIAN-2; STABILITY; MOLECULES; FLUORIDE AB For some years there has been a dispute concerning the appearance energy of CF3+ from CF4 [AE(CF3+/CF4)], or alternatively, the ionization energy of CF3[IE(CF3)] or the heat of formation of CF3+[Delta(f)H(CF3+)]. In an earlier work [M. Tichy, G. Javahery, N. D. Twiddy, and E. E. Ferguson, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 79, 231 (1987)] the reaction between HCl+ was used to support a low value, AE(CF3+/CF4)=14.2 eV. A remeasurement of this reaction over the temperature range 173-500 K shows that the original study was in error, both in the reported rate constant and the ion product. In the present work, the rate constant was found to be collisional, producing HCF4+. The rate constant for thermal decomposition of HCF4+ into HF+CF3+ was measured in the course of this work. These new measurements bring into harmony AE(CF3+/CF4) obtained from the HCl+ reaction and the value AE(CF3+/CF4)=14.67+/-0.04 eV reported by R. L. Asher and B. Ruscic [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 210 (1997)]. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NOAA, ERL, CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Viggiano, AA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 118 IS 5 BP 2130 EP 2134 DI 10.1063/1.1532338 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 638PR UT WOS:000180579900013 ER PT J AU Rutherford, S Mann, ME Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ AF Rutherford, S Mann, ME Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ TI Climate field reconstruction under stationary and nonstationary forcing SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NONORTHOGONAL PROBLEMS; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; RIDGE REGRESSION AB The fidelity of climate reconstructions employing covariance-based calibration techniques is tested with varying levels of sparseness of available data during intervals of relatively constant (stationary) and increasing (non-stationary) forcing. These tests employ a regularized expectation-maximization algorithm using surface temperature data from both the instrumental record and coupled ocean-atmosphere model integrations. The results indicate that if radiative forcing is relatively constant over a data-rich calibration period and increases over a data-sparse reconstruction period, the imputed temperatures in the reconstruction period may be biased and may underestimate the true temperature trend. However, if radiative forcing is stationary over a data-sparse reconstruction period and increases over a data-rich calibration period, the imputed values in the reconstruction period are nearly unbiased. These results indicate that using the data-rich part of the twentieth-century instrumental record (which contains an increasing temperature trend plausibly associated with increasing radiative forcing) for calibration does not significantly bias reconstructions of prior climate. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Rutherford, S (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017 OI Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X NR 18 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 462 EP 479 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0462:CFRUSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640JY UT WOS:000180686700007 ER PT J AU Kanamitsu, M Mo, KC AF Kanamitsu, M Mo, KC TI Dynamical effect of land surface processes on summer precipitation over the southwestern United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; GULF-OF-CALIFORNIA; MEXICAN MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GLOBAL CLIMATE; SURGES; PARAMETERIZATION; DEFORESTATION AB The physical mechanism of summertime precipitation over Arizona and New Mexico (AZNM) is examined using regional model experiments. Two sets of regional model simulations with different physics packages produce very different precipitation (P) over the Southwest including AZNM. The better simulation that produces a wet monsoon similar to the observations has larger evaporation (E) over AZNM and stronger moisture flux from the Gulf of California into AZNM. Diagnostics of the simulations suggested that the increase in precipitation is not due to the increase in evaporation locally but rather to the change in moisture flux. Regional model experiments were then designed to isolate the impact of local E and the large-scale flow. Both regional model experiments and diagnostics support the following physical mechanism: There is an increase in E in the realistic simulation due to the change in land surface physics. This increase in E is compensated by the decrease in sensible heat, which leads to the colder land surface. Associated with this cooling, the surface pressure raises and the Southwest heat low weakens due to the increase in the surface pressure. This alters the large-scale low-level circulation and increases the occurrence of the low-level moisture surge events from the Gulf of California into AZNM, and accordingly, increases P. The mechanism is also found in observations of day-to-day variation of precipitation over AZNM. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, MC 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, NCEP, NWS, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Kanamitsu, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, MC 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 32 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 496 EP 509 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0496:DEOLSP>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640JY UT WOS:000180686700009 ER PT J AU Kanamitsu, M Lu, CH Schemm, J Ebisuzaki, W AF Kanamitsu, M Lu, CH Schemm, J Ebisuzaki, W TI The predictability of soil moisture and near-surface temperature in hindcasts of the NCEP seasonal forecast model SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL; UNITED-STATES; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; SOLAR-RADIATION; NORTH-AMERICA; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; ANOMALIES AB Using the NCEP-DOE reanalysis (R-2) soil wetness and the NCEP Seasonal Forecast System, seasonal predictability of the soil moisture and near-surface temperature, and the role of land surface initial conditions are examined. Two sets of forecasts were made, one starting from climatological soil moisture as initial condition and the other from R-2 soil moisture analysis. Each set consisted of 10-member ensemble runs of 7-month duration. Initial conditions were taken from the first 5 days of April, 12 h apart, for the 1979-96 period. The predictive skill of soil moisture was found to be high over arid/semiarid regions. The model prediction surpassed the persisted anomaly forecast, and the soil moisture initial condition was essential for skillful predictions over these areas. Over temperate zones with more precipitation, and over tropical monsoon regions, the predictive skill of the soil moisture declined steeply in the first 3-4 months. This is due to the difficulties in predicting precipitation accurately. In contrast, the situation was very different over tropical South America where tropical SST forcing controlled the precipitation and where the model simulated the precipitation well. The forecast starting from climatological soil moisture approached the forecast skill of initial soil moisture in 3-4 months; after that the effect of initial soil moisture information tended to disappear. The near-surface temperature anomaly forecast was closely related to the soil moisture anomaly forecast, but the skill was lower. The verification of temperature made against the U. S. 344 climate division data indicated that the improvement in the forecast skill was not an artifact of the R-2 soil moisture analysis. It was suggested that the equatorial Pacific SST anomaly had an impact on the soil moisture anomaly over the continental United States during the first month of integration, and then it contributed positively toward the prediction of near-surface temperature during the following months. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, MC 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, MC 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM kana@ucsd.edu NR 43 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 3 BP 510 EP 521 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0510:TPOSMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 640JY UT WOS:000180686700010 ER PT J AU Fairall, CW Bradley, EF Hare, JE Grachev, AA Edson, JB AF Fairall, CW Bradley, EF Hare, JE Grachev, AA Edson, JB TI Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; WIND STRESS MEASUREMENTS; LARGE-SCALE MODELS; LATENT-HEAT FLUX; SURFACE FLUXES; TOGA COARE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; WATER-VAPOR; TURBULENT FLUXES AB In 1996, version 2.5 of the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk algorithm was published, and it has become one of the most frequently used algorithms in the air-sea interaction community. This paper describes steps taken to improve the algorithm in several ways. The number of iterations to solve for stability has been shortened from 20 to 3, and adjustments have been made to the basic profile stability functions. The scalar transfer coefficients have been redefined in terms of the mixing ratio, which is the fundamentally conserved quantity, rather than the measured water vapor mass concentration. Both the velocity and scalar roughness lengths have been changed. For the velocity roughness, the original fixed value of the Charnock parameter has been replaced by one that increases with wind speeds of between 10 and 18 m s(-1). The scalar roughness length parameterization has been simplified to fit both an early set of NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) experiments and the Humidity Exchange Over the Sea (HEXOS) program. These changes slightly increase the fluxes for wind speeds exceeding 10 m s(-)1. For interested users, two simple parameterizations of the surface gravity wave influence on fluxes have been added (but not evaluated). This new version of the algorithm (COARE 3.0) was based on published results and 2777 1-h covariance flux measurements in the ETL inventory. To test it, 4439 new values from field experiments between 1997 and 1999 were added, which now dominate the database, especially in the wind speed regime beyond 10 m s(-1), where the number of observations increased from 67 to about 800. After applying various quality controls, the database was used to evaluate the algorithm in several ways. For an overall mean, the algorithm agrees with the data to within a few percent for stress and latent heat flux. The agreement is also excellent when the bulk and directly measured fluxes are averaged in bins of 10-m neutral wind speed. For a more stringent test, the average 10-m neutral transfer coefficients were computed for stress and moisture in wind speed bins, using different averaging schemes with fairly similar results. The average (mean and median) model results agreed with the measurements to within about 5% for moisture from 0 to 20 m s(-1). For stress, the covariance measurements were about 10% higher than the model at wind speeds over 15 m s(-1), while inertial-dissipation measurements agreed closely at all wind speeds. The values for stress are between 8% (for inertial dissipation) and 18% (for covariance) higher at 20 m s(-1) than two other classic results. Twenty years ago, bulk flux schemes were considered to be uncertain by about 30%; the authors find COARE 3.0 to be accurate within 5% for wind speeds of 0-10 m s(-1) and 10% for wind speeds of between 10 and 20 m s(-1). C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Fairall, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Bradley, Frank/I-6574-2013; OI GRACHEV, ANDREY/0000-0002-7143-0820 NR 70 TC 846 Z9 889 U1 6 U2 80 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 4 BP 571 EP 591 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644HP UT WOS:000180912100002 ER PT J AU Brunke, MA Fairall, CW Zeng, XB Eymard, L Curry, JA AF Brunke, MA Fairall, CW Zeng, XB Eymard, L Curry, JA TI Which bulk aerodynamic algorithms are least problematic in computing ocean surface turbulent fluxes? SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT THEORY; WIND STRESS MEASUREMENTS; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SEA-SURFACE; TOGA COARE; CLOUD PROPERTIES; HEAT-FLUX; PARAMETERIZATION; PACIFIC AB Bulk aerodynamic algorithms are needed to compute ocean surface turbulent fluxes in weather forecasting and climate models and in the development of global surface flux datasets. Twelve such algorithms are evaluated and ranked using direct turbulent flux measurements determined from covariance and inertial-dissipation methods from 12 ship cruises over the tropical and midlatitude oceans (from about 5degreesS to 60degreesN). The four least problematic of these 12 algorithms based upon the overall ranking for this data include the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) version 3.0 and The University of Arizona (UA) schemes as well as those used at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Data Assimilation Office for version 1 of the Goddard Earth Observing System reanalysis (GEOS-1). Furthermore, the four most problematic of these algorithms are also identified along with possible explanations. The overall ranking is not substantially affected by the use of the average of covariance and inertial-dissipation flux measurements or by taking into consideration measurement uncertainties. The differences between computed and observed fluxes are further evaluated as a function of near-surface wind speed and sea surface temperature to understand the rankings. Finally, several unresolved issues in terms of measurement and algorithm uncertainties are raised. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ctr Etud Environm Terr & Planetaires, Velizy Villacoublay, France. Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Brunke, MA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Phys Atmospher Sci Bldg,POB 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. OI Zeng, Xubin/0000-0001-7352-2764 NR 47 TC 75 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 4 BP 619 EP 635 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0619:WBAAAL>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644HP UT WOS:000180912100005 ER PT J AU Bentamy, A Katsaros, KB Mestas-Nunez, AM Drennan, WM Forde, EB Roquet, H AF Bentamy, A Katsaros, KB Mestas-Nunez, AM Drennan, WM Forde, EB Roquet, H TI Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SEA-SURFACE WIND; WATER-VAPOR; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; TEMPERATURE; VALIDATION; STRESS; FIELDS; MODEL AB Surface fluxes of momentum, freshwater, and energy across the air-sea interface determine oceanic circulation and its variability at all timescales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and examine some ocean surface flux variables using satellite measurements. The remotely sensed data come from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite scatterometer on ERS-2, NASA scatterometer (NSCAT), and several Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) radiometers [Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)] on board the satellites F10-F14. The sea surface temperature comes from daily analysis calculated from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) measurements. This study focuses on the 9-month period (October 1996-June 1997) of the NSCAT mission. To ensure high quality of the merged surface parameter fields, comparisons between different satellite estimates for the same variable have been performed, and bias corrections have been applied so that they are compatible with each other. The satellite flux fields are compared to in situ observations from buoys and ships globally and in different regions of the ocean. It is found that the root-mean-square (rms) difference with weekly averaged wind speeds is less than 2.5 m s(-1) and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.8. For weekly latent heat flux, the rms difference between satellite and buoys does not exceed 30 W m(-2). The comparisons with weekly ship latent heat flux estimates gives an rms difference approaching 40 W m(-2). Comparisons are also made between satellite fields and atmospheric analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR). The wind speeds and latent heat fluxes from these atmospheric analyses compare reasonably well with the satellite estimates. The main discrepancies are found in regions and seasons of large air-sea temperature difference and high wind speed, such as the Gulf Stream during the winter season. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Miami, FL 33149 USA. IFREMER, F-29280 Plouzane, France. Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Meteo France, Ctr Meteorol Spatiale, Lannion, France. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM kristina.katsaros@noaa.gov RI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/A-1427-2012; OI Mestas-Nunez, Alberto/0000-0002-3546-3668; Drennan, William/0000-0003-1708-4311 NR 55 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 4 BP 637 EP 656 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0637:SEOWSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644HP UT WOS:000180912100006 ER PT J AU Sui, CH Li, XF Rienecker, MM Lau, KM Laszlo, I Pinker, RT AF Sui, CH Li, XF Rienecker, MM Lau, KM Laszlo, I Pinker, RT TI The role of daily surface forcing in the upper ocean over the tropical Pacific: A numerical study SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID AIR-SEA INTERACTION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SOLAR-RADIATION; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WESTERN PACIFIC; HEAT-BALANCE; TOGA COARE; NCAR CCM2; WARM POOL AB The impacts of high-frequency surface forcing in the upper ocean over the equatorial Pacific are investigated using a nonlinear reduced-gravity isopycnal ocean circulation model forced by daily and monthly mean forcing. The simulated sea surface temperature (SST) in the daily forcing experiment is colder than that in the monthly forcing experiment near the equator. A mixed layer heat budget calculation shows that the net surface heat flux is primarily responsible for the SST difference in the western Pacific, while zonal advection accounts for the SST difference in the eastern Pacific where other budget terms are large but canceling each other. The daily forcing primarily enhances vertical mixing that reduces the vertical shear of the upper ocean. It also changes the net heat into the ocean through two contrasting processes: one is the increased surface latent heat loss induced by transient winds and the other is colder SST due to stronger mixing, which further reduces heat loss at the surface. As a result, the annual mean net surface heat flux into the ocean is reduced and the meridional thermal advection is weaker. The daily forcing also impacts the variation of the thermocline through a changing mixed layer depth so that the temperature in the simulation with the daily forcing is warmer around the thermocline. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sui, CH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Inst Hydrol Sci, 300 Junda Rd, Tao Yuan 320, Taiwan. EM sui@cc.ncu.edu.tw RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 16 IS 4 BP 756 EP 766 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0756:TRODSF>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644HP UT WOS:000180912100016 ER PT J AU Monks, PS AF Monks, PS TI Monitoring and measurements in global atmospheric science SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Chem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Monks, PS (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Chem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RI Monks, Paul/H-6468-2016 OI Monks, Paul/0000-0001-9984-4390 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP 19N EP 19N PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 669TE UT WOS:000182365900002 ER PT J AU Melamed, ML Solomon, S Daniel, JS Langford, AO Portmann, RW Ryerson, TB Nicks, DK McKeen, SA AF Melamed, ML Solomon, S Daniel, JS Langford, AO Portmann, RW Ryerson, TB Nicks, DK McKeen, SA TI Measuring reactive nitrogen emissions from point sources using visible spectroscopy from aircraft SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID OZONE; PLUMES; NO2 AB Accurate measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a key trace gas in the formation and destruction of tropospheric ozone, are important in studies of urban pollution. Nitrogen dioxide column abundances were measured during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 using visible absorption spectroscopy from an aircraft. The method allows for quantification of the integrated total number of nitrogen dioxide molecules in the polluted atmosphere and is hence a useful tool for measuring plumes of this key trace gas. Further, we show how such remote-sensing observations can be used to obtain information on the fluxes of nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere kith unique flexibility in terms of aircraft altitude. and the height and extent of mixing of the boundary layer. Observations of nitrogen dioxide plumes downwind of power plants were used to estimate the flux of nitrogen oxide emitted from several power plants in the Houston and Dallas metropolitan areas and in North Carolina. Measurements taken over the city of Houston were also employed to infer the total flux from the city as a whole. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Melamed, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; NR 15 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 DI 10.1039/b204220g PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 669TE UT WOS:000182365900007 PM 12619753 ER PT J AU Nicks, DK Holloway, JS Ryerson, TB Dissly, RW Parrish, DD Frost, GJ Trainer, M Donnelly, SG Schauffler, S Atlas, EL Hubler, G Sueper, DT Fehsenfeld, FC AF Nicks, DK Holloway, JS Ryerson, TB Dissly, RW Parrish, DD Frost, GJ Trainer, M Donnelly, SG Schauffler, S Atlas, EL Hubler, G Sueper, DT Fehsenfeld, FC TI Fossil-fueled power plants as a source of atmospheric carbon monoxide SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID LOWER STRATOSPHERE AB Elevated carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in excess of those derived front emissions inventories have been observed in Plumes from one gas- and coal-fired pokier plant and three of four lignite coal-fired electric utility power plants observed in cast and central Texas. Observations of relevated CO on days characterized by differing wind directions show that CO emissions from the lignite plants were relatively constant over time and cannot be ascribed to separate sources adjacent to the power plants. These three plants ere round to be emitting CO at rates 22 to 34 times those tabulated in State and Federal emissions inventories. Elevated CO emissions front the gas- and coal-fired plant were highly variable on time scales of hours to days, in one case changing by a factor of 8 within an hour. Three other fossil-fueled power plants. including one lignite-fired plant observed during this study, did not emit substantial amounts of CO, suggesting that a combination of plant operating conditions and the use of lignite coal may contribute to the enhanced emissions. Observed elevated CO emissions from the three lignite plants. if representative of average operating conditions. represent an additional 30% of the annual total CO emissions from point sources for the state of Texas. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nicks, DK (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1039/b201486f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 669TE UT WOS:000182365900008 PM 12619754 ER PT J AU Kovacs, TA Brune, WH Harder, H Martinez, M Simpas, JB Frost, GJ Williams, E Jobson, T Stroud, C Young, V Fried, A Wert, B AF Kovacs, TA Brune, WH Harder, H Martinez, M Simpas, JB Frost, GJ Williams, E Jobson, T Stroud, C Young, V Fried, A Wert, B TI Direct measurements of urban OH reactivity during Nashville SOS in summer 1999 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE TENNESSEE OZONE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; GAS-PHASE; HYDROCARBONS; TROPOSPHERE; KINETICS AB Emissions of volatile chemicals control the hydroxyl radical (OH), the atmosphere's main cleansing, agent, and thus the production of secondary pollutants, Accounting for all of these chemicals can he difficult, especially in environments with mixed urban and forest emissions. The first direct Measurements of the atmospheric OH reactivity, the inverse of the OH lifetime, were made as part of the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) at Cornelia Fort Airpark in Nashville, TN in summer 1999, Measured OH reactivity was typically 11 s (1). Measured OH reactivity, as 1.4 times larger than OH reactivity calculated from the Sum of the products of Measured chemical concentrations and their OH reaction rate coefficients. This difference is statistically significant at the 1sigma uncertainty level of both the measurements and the calculations but not the 2sigma uncertainty level. Measured OH reactivity was 1.3 times larger than the OH reactivity from a model that uses measured ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO, NO2, SO2, and CO. However, it was within similar to 10% of the OH reactivity from a model that includes hydrocarbon measurements made in a Nashville tunnel and scaled to the ambient CO at Cornelia Fort Airpark. These comparisons indicate that 30% of the OH reactivity in Nashville may come from short-lived highly reactive VOCs that are not usually measured in field intensive Studies or by US EPA's Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. York Univ, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Ohio Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Kovacs, TA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; OI Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 21 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1039/b204339d PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 669TE UT WOS:000182365900012 PM 12619758 ER PT J AU Craig, RM AF Craig, RM TI Accurate spectral characterization of polarization-dependent loss SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE low coherence; Mueller-matrix; polarization-dependent loss (PDL); wavelength dependence ID HIGH-RESOLUTION AB Building on previous work, a rapid automated nonmechanical measurement system for spectral characterization of polarization-dependent loss (PDL) has been developed. A deterministic fixed-states Mueller-Stokes method in conjunction with realtime calibrated spectral information is used to derive wavelength-dependent Mueller matrix elements. Voltage-modulated liquid-crystal variable retarders set the input polarization states. A narrow voltage-tuned filter provides a wavelength sweep following a broadband source; the sweep wavelength is calibrated in realtime by hydrogen cyanide reference lines. This rapid measurement system can measure PDL over a wavelength range of 15 nm in 5 s. A complete uncertainty analysis has been conducted for PDL in the range of 0.05 to 0.3 dB with an expanded uncertainty of 0.0098 dB over the range of 1535 to 1560 run. Performance was verified using a Fresnel reference. Finally, design and performance results from all-fiber artifact calibration standards are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Craig, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 2 BP 432 EP 437 DI 10.1106/JLT.2003.808761 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 669XC UT WOS:000182374900012 ER PT J AU Vertanessian, A Allen, A Mayo, MJ AF Vertanessian, A Allen, A Mayo, MJ TI Agglomerate formation during drying SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE SOLUBILITY; SCATTERING; STRENGTH AB The evolution of agglomerate structure during drying of particles from suspension has been studied for a nanocrystalline Y2O3 (8% mol fraction)-stabilized ZrO2 powder. Agglomerates in drying and dried suspensions were examined at the smallest size scales (1 nm to 1 mum) using ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) and at the largest size scales (100 nm to 10 mum) using scanning electron microscopy. The results were correlated with the degree of particle dissolution in each suspension (measured by flame absorption spectroscopy of the suspension filtrate) and the zeta potential of the particles in suspension prior to drying. Results show that large agglomerates readily form across a pH range from 2 to 9. The fact that Y+3 ion dissolution varies by over four orders of magnitude in this range leads to the conclusion that there is little direct correlation between the degree of Y dissolution and agglomeration in this system (Zr ion dissolution was below the detection limit at all pH values studied). The observation of large agglomerates well before the introduction of air-water interfaces into the drying mass likewise leads to the conclusion that capillary forces are not essential to agglomerate formation. Instead, agglomerates appear to form as a direct consequence of increasing suspension concentration. Zeta potential also plays a role. Specifically, there was a notable change in agglomerate morphology as the isoelectric point was approached, at approximately pH 8. Here USAXS shows the particles in suspension to have a layered interior structure, with small primary particles aggregated in sheets to form each blocky particle. This is in contrast to the more rounded agglomerates formed away from the isoelectric point, which appear to be composed of the same primary particles arranged in chainlike structures. USAXS of powders from the dried suspensions confirms that the structures seen after drying are the same as those present in suspension. The two structural morphologies are attributed to diffusion-limited. (sheets) versus reaction-limited (chains) aggregation, respectively. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Vertanessian, A (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 495 EP 506 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0063 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 643XY UT WOS:000180889900031 ER PT J AU Bernik, S Marinenko, RB Holc, J Samardzija, Z Ceh, M Kosec, M AF Bernik, S Marinenko, RB Holc, J Samardzija, Z Ceh, M Kosec, M TI Compositional homogeneity of ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Ti,Zr)O-3 thick films SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO CODE; ELECTRON-BEAM INTERACTIONS; C-LANGUAGE; CERAMICS; CASINO; SENSORS; ALUMINA AB Quantified wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) x-ray element maps were used to characterize active (Pb,La)(Ti,Zr)O-3 (PLZT) layers on Pt/PLZT/Al2O3 substrates, one fired at 1050 degreesC and the other at 1150 degreesC. In the layer fired at 1050 degreesC, randomly distributed micrometer-sized compositional irregularities were observed as La-rich regions that were in most cases enriched also with Ti and deficient in Ph and Zr compared to the matrix. Such compositional imperfections were not observed in the PLZT layer fired for the same duration at 1150 degreesC. The level of microheterogeneity. for all elements in the specimen fired at 1150 degreesC and for Pb, Ti, and Zr in the specimen fired at 1050 degreesC was below 1% relative at confidence level of 99% while for La it was as much as 2.5% relative. In point-beam line profiles across the active layer starting from the Pt electrode toward the outer surface of the cross-section of the PLZT film, the Ph concentration decreased continuously in both samples, confirming the importance of providing a properly equilibrated partial pressure of Pb around the sample during the entire firing process. Better dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics of the specimen fired at 1150 degreesC compared to the sample fired at 1050 degreesC were attributed to the differences in compositional heterogeneity between these samples. The study of the micro-compositional characteristics of these ceramic materials with quantitative WDS mapping has contributed to the optimization of processing parameters and hence to the understanding of the properties of ferroelectric PUT materials. C1 Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. RP Bernik, S (reprint author), Jozef Stefan Inst, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 2 BP 515 EP 523 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0065 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 643XY UT WOS:000180889900033 ER PT J AU Fahr, A AF Fahr, A TI Ultraviolet absorption spectrum and cross-sections of ethynyl (C2H) radicals SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE ethynyl; radical; C2H; ultraviolet; absorption spectrum; cross-sections; laser photolysis; C2HCF3 ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; KINETIC SPECTROSCOPY; STATE DISTRIBUTION; RATE COEFFICIENTS; RATE CONSTANTS; CCH; PHOTODISSOCIATION; ACETYLENE; METHYLACETYLENE; EMISSION AB This work reports the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and cross-sections of ethnyl (C2H) radicals in the wavelength range 235-260nm, determined at T = 298K and at a total pressure of about 20 kPa (150 Torr). Ethynyl radicals were produced from the single photon 193 nm excimer laser photolysis of dilute mixtures of C2HCF3 or C2H2 in He. Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic analysis of the photolyzed samples showed diacetylene (C4H2) as the major stable product, Addition of methane in the photolysis mixtures resulted in reduction of diacetylene and production of methylacetylene and ethane, products of the reaction of ethynyl radicals with methane. Survey of the ultraviolet spectral region, employing time-resolved UV-absorption spectroscopy. resulted in detection of a transient absorption centered at about 243 nm. The spectra obtained from the 193-nm photolysis of both C2HCF3/He and C2H2/He radical precursors were nearly identical, Suggesting that the absorption feature can be attributed to the ethynyl radicals. The observed ultraviolet spectrum exhibits a relatively broad absorption feature with some structures and an absorption peak at about 243.5 nm. The absorption cross-sections for ethynyl radicals have been determined in this work for the first time. The C2H cross-section, at the maximum absorption. at 243.5 nm is (7.5 +/- 0.9) x 10(-19) cm(2) molecule(-1). The stated uncertainty includes the random and systematic measurement errors. The UV absorption feature, detected in this work. can be assigned to the transitions from the ground electronic state (X(2)Sigma(+)) and also possibly from coupled ground X(2)Sigma(+) and lowest electronic (A(2)Pi) states to the electronic state B (or 3(2)4') of C2H. This assignment is based on previously reported high level ab initio molecular orbital calculations and results of recent laser-induced fluorescence studies of the ethynyl radical, Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fahr, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 217 IS 2 BP 249 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00039-5 PG 6 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 655NK UT WOS:000181558800011 ER PT J AU Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM AF Guin, JP Wiederhorn, SM TI Crack growth threshold in soda lime silicate glass: role of hold-time SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses CY OCT 21-25, 2001 CL RENNES, FRANCE ID STRESS-CORROSION; STATIC FATIGUE; STRENGTH AB Atomic force microscopy was used to examine the shapes of cracks and residual features left behind on the fracture surface after holding cracks at a stress-intensity factor below the fatigue threshold for soda lime silicate glass. After propagating a crack at a stress-intensity factor of K-1 = 0.37 MPa m(1/2), the crack was held either at K-1 = 0.24 MPa m(1/2). or K-1 = 0.1 MPa m(1/2) for Periods ranging from 1 h to approximately 200 h. Cracks held at the higher K-1 left featureless lines on the fracture surface. Becoming more pronounced as the hold-time increased, these lines marked the position of a corrosive notch that formed during the hold period. At about 30 nm from the crack tip, the crack surface displacement decreased reaching zero at the crack tip. The crack tip shape was that of an ogee arch. At the lower hold valued of K-1, crack bifurcation occurred during which the crack became wavy, part of the crack propagating into the crack plane, part out of the crack plane when the crack was repropagated. A smaller crack tip displacement was observed for these cracks. Results of this study are believed to be a consequence of corrosion of the fracture surface caused by a basic solution formed when alkali ions (Na+ and K+) at the crack tip exchange with hydrogen ions in solution. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI guin, jean-pierre/A-5969-2009 OI guin, jean-pierre/0000-0003-2480-5893 NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD FEB PY 2003 VL 316 IS 1 BP 12 EP 20 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01932-4 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01932-4 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 640XN UT WOS:000180714200003 ER PT J AU de Araujo, LEE Walmsley, IA AF de Araujo, LEE Walmsley, IA TI Analytic solution for quantum control of atomic and molecular wavepackets SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS B-QUANTUM AND SEMICLASSICAL OPTICS LA English DT Review DE quantum control; Rydberg atoms; diatomic molecules; wave packets; ultrashort pulses ID STRONG-RESPONSE REGIME; MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION PROCESSES; RYDBERG WAVE-PACKETS; COHERENT CONTROL; LASER CONTROL; VIBRATIONAL-EXCITATION; POPULATION TRANSFER; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; ELECTRONIC-STATE AB In this article, we review a different approach to controlling quantum systems. We show that the quantum control problem can be greatly simplified by limiting the duration of the driving force to less than one characteristic period of the system. (For an atomic-electron Rydberg wavepacket this would be the Kepler period, for example, or the vibrational period in the case of a molecule.) If the target state is a bound state of the system, then for times less than the characteristic period, the particle does not have the opportunity to reach the system's boundary and acts essentially as a classical free particle. Such a restriction on the duration of the driving field allows an analytic solution to be found, even in the nonperturbative regime, helping clarify some of the differences between the perturbative and the nonperturbative regimes of excitation. We also show that our solution is nonunique, and the quantum controller has a multiplicity of solutions to chose from. C1 Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. RP NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM araujo@urgrad.rochester.edu RI de Araujo, Luis/F-7734-2015 NR 75 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4266 J9 J OPT B-QUANTUM S O JI J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP R27 EP R42 AR PII S1464-4266(03)54482-2 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 659ZJ UT WOS:000181809100002 ER PT J AU Levy, MG Gookin, JL Poore, M Birkenheuer, AJ Dykstra, MJ Litaker, RW AF Levy, MG Gookin, JL Poore, M Birkenheuer, AJ Dykstra, MJ Litaker, RW TI Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL-RNA; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; FETUS; PHYLOGENY; INFECTION; PROTOZOA; GENES; CATS AB Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified the flagellates as Pentatrichomonas hominis, an organism putatively capable of infecting the intestinal tracts of a number of mammalian hosts, including cats, dogs, and man. The purpose of the present study was to determine the identity of this recently recognized flagellate by means of rRNA gene sequence analysis; restriction enzyme digest mapping; and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Levy, MG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Farm Anim & Hlth Resource Management, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 43 TC 91 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 89 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0099:TFANPH]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 652XZ UT WOS:000181407300016 PM 12659310 ER PT J AU Kane, J AF Kane, J TI Spatial and temporal abundance patterns for the late stage copepodites of Metridia lucens (Copepoda : Calanoida) in the US northeast continental shelf ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; GEORGES BANK; CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ZOOPLANKTON; OSCILLATION; DYNAMICS; MAINE; GULF AB The annual cycle of abundance for the calanoid copepod Metridia lucens and its interannual variability are described from 17 611 samples collected on 193 broad-scale plankton surveys of the US northeast continental shelf region from 1977 to 1999. The copepod's seasonal distribution is illustrated with bi-monthly geographic abundance plots. Abundance of M. lucens is compared with various environmental variables, abundance of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, density of potential predators and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Metridia lucens abundance increased throughout the ecosystem during spring warming and usually reached peak levels in late spring. The highest mean densities were measured in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), where the copepod is usually found year round and exhibits a weak, decreasing west to east abundance gradient. The less dense populations located on Georges Bank and within the Middle Atlantic Bight are characterized by year-round onshore to offshore gradients that strengthen during the summer months when the copepod concentrates offshore where there is a cool layer of subthermocline water, the region often referred to as the cold pool. Interannual variability in abundance showed two persistent periods: above average values from 1979 to 1982, followed by very low levels from 1983 to at least 1987. Metridia lucens abundance in the 1990s has usually been at or above time series means. None of the environmental variables measured during the surveys could be correlated to this variability. The copepod's abundance in the GOM was not related to variation in the NAO index or to changes in predator abundance found in the region. The seasonal abundance cycle and interannual variability of M. lucens in the GOM were found to be very similar to those found for the dominant copepod, Calanus finmarchicus. Reasons for this coupling are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Kane, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 25 IS 2 BP 151 EP 167 DI 10.1093/plankt/25.2.151 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 652WL UT WOS:000181403800003 ER PT J AU Fanney, AH Dougherty, BP Davis, MW AF Fanney, AH Dougherty, BP Davis, MW TI Short-term characterization of building integrated photovoltaic panels SO JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2002 Solar Conference CY JUN, 2002 CL RENO, NEVADA SP Amer Soc Mech Engn, Solar Energy Div ID MODULES AB Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one or more exterior building surfaces, represents a small but growing part of today's $2 billion dollar. photovoltaic industry. A barrier to the widespread use of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is the lack of validated predictive simulation tools needed to make informed economic decisions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has undertaken a multi-year project to compare the measured performance of BIPV panels to the, predictions of photovoltaic simulation tools. The existing simulation models require input parameters that characterize the electrical performance of BIPV panels subjected to various meteorological conditions. This paper describes the experimental apparatus and test procedures used to capture the required parameters. Results are presented for custom fabricated mono-crystalline, polycrystalline, and silicon film BIPV panels and a commercially available triple junction amorphous silicon panel. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fanney, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8632, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0199-6231 J9 J SOL ENERG-T ASME JI J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME PD FEB PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 13 EP 20 DI 10.1115/1.1531642 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 643YC UT WOS:000180890300002 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Fanney, AH Dougherty, BP AF Davis, MW Fanney, AH Dougherty, BP TI Measured versus predicted performance of building integrated photovoltaics SO JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID MODULES AB The lack of predictive performance tools creates a barrier to the widespread use of building integrated photovoltaic panels. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has created a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) test bed to capture experimental data that can be used to improve and validate previously developed computer simulation tools. Twelve months of performance data have been collected for building integrated photovoltaic panels using four different cell technologies-crystalline, polycrystalline, silicon film, and triple-junction amorphous. Two panels using each cell technology were present, one without any insulation attached to its rear surface and one with insulation having a nominal thermal resistance value of 3.5 m(2) - K/W attached to its rear surface. The performance data associated with these eight panels, along with meteorological data, were compared to the predictions of a photovoltaic model developed jointly by Maui Solar Software and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), which is implemented in their IV Curve Tracer software [1]. The evaluation of the predictive performance tools was done in the interest of refining the tools to provide BIPV system designers with a reliable source for economic evaluation and system sizing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Heat Transfer & Alternat Energy Syst Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Heat Transfer & Alternat Energy Syst Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0199-6231 J9 J SOL ENERG-T ASME JI J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME PD FEB PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1115/1.1532006 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 643YC UT WOS:000180890300003 ER PT J AU Ostrovsky, LA Sutin, AM Soustova, IA Matveyev, AL Potapov, AI Kluzek, Z AF Ostrovsky, LA Sutin, AM Soustova, IA Matveyev, AL Potapov, AI Kluzek, Z TI Nonlinear scattering of acoustic waves by natural and artificially generated subsurface bubble layers in sea SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID COMBINATION FREQUENCY TECHNIQUE; POPULATION MEASUREMENTS; SOUND; EMISSIONS; PROFILES; SPECTRA; WATERS; CLOUDS AB The paper describes nonlinear effects due to a biharmonic acoustic signal scattering from air bubbles in the sea. The results of field experiments in a shallow sea are presented. Two waves radiated at frequencies 30 and 31-37 kHz generated backscattered signals at sum and difference frequencies in a bubble layer. A motorboat propeller was used, to generate bubbles with different concentrations at different times; up-to the return to the natural subsurface layer. Theoretical consideration is given for these effects. The experimental data are in a reasonably good agreement with theoretical predictions. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Zel Technol, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, PL-81712 Sopot, Poland. RP Ostrovsky, LA (reprint author), NOAA, Zel Technol, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 113 IS 2 BP 741 EP 749 DI 10.1121/1.1526497 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 643RU UT WOS:000180874900007 PM 12597169 ER PT J AU Barnard, WF Saxena, VK Wenny, BN DeLuisi, JJ AF Barnard, WF Saxena, VK Wenny, BN DeLuisi, JJ TI Daily surface UV exposure and its relationship to surface pollutant measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; BLACK CARBON CONCENTRATIONS; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; TOTAL OZONE; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; EARTHS SURFACE; TRENDS; SUNLIGHT; CLIMATE AB For the past 30 years, the stratospheric ozone layer has decreased in the Northern Hemisphere. The main effect of this ozone decrease was an expected increase in the UV radiation at the Earth's surface, but there has been no clear evidence of an increasing urban trend in surface UV. This study shows that specific air pollutants can reduce the increased surface levels of UV radiation and offers an explanation for why the expected surface UV increases have not been observed, especially in urban regions. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) UV monitoring site at the University of California at Riverside combined with air pollution data from a site operated by the California Air Resources Board in Rubidoux, CA, provided the basis of this study. The 1997 South Coast Ozone Study (SCOS-97) provided three key ingredients: black carbon, PM10 concentrations, and collocated radiometric measurements. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to provide the stratospheric ozone levels that were included in the statistical model. All of these input parameters would be used to test this study's hypothesis: the expected increase of surface UV radiation, caused by decreases in stratospheric ozone, can be masked by increases in anthropogenic emissions. The values for the pollutants were 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. averages of the instrument's values taken during summer 1997. A statistical linear regression model was employed using the stratospheric ozone, black carbon, PM,,, and surface ozone concentrations, and the sin (Theta) and cos (Theta). The angle Theta is defined by Theta = 2pi (Julian date/365). This model obtained a coefficient of determination of 0.94 with an uncertainty level (p value) of less than 0.3% for all of the variables in the model except ground-level ozone. The final model, regressed against a data set from a remote, western North Carolina. site, resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.92. The model shows that black carbon can reduce the Diffey-weighted UV levels that reach the surface by as much as 35%, depending on the season. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Hampton, VA USA. NOAA, OAR, ARL, SRRB, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barnard, WF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 237 EP 245 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643XJ UT WOS:000180888200010 PM 12617297 ER PT J AU Croley, TE Luukkonen, CL AF Croley, TE Luukkonen, CL TI Potential effects of climate change on ground water in Lansing, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; ground water hydrology; Lansing; Michigan; surface water hydrology; water policy; water resources planning ID GREAT-LAKES HYDROLOGY; GREENHOUSE-GAS; CHANGE SIMULATION; CHANGE IMPACTS AB Computer simulations involving general circulation models, a hydrologic modeling system, and a ground water flow model indicate potential impacts of selected climate change projections on ground water levels in the Lansing, Michigan, area. General circulation models developed by the Canadian Climate Centre and the Hadley Centre generated meteorology estimates for 1961 through 1990 (as a reference condition) and for the 20 years centered on 2030 (as a changed climate condition). Using these meteorology estimates, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory's hydrologic modeling system produced corresponding period streamflow simulations. Ground water recharge was estimated from the streamflow simulations and from variables derived from the general circulation models. The U.S. Geological Survey developed a numerical ground water flow model of the Saginaw and glacial aquifers in the Tri-County region surrounding Lansing, Michigan. Model simulations, using the ground water recharge estimates, indicate changes in ground water levels. Within the Lansing area, simulated ground water levels in the Saginaw aquifer declined under the Canadian predictions and increased under the Hadley. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Water Resources Div, Lansing, MI 48911 USA. RP Croley, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM croley@glerl.noaa.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 39 IS 1 BP 149 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01568.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 656PY UT WOS:000181617200013 ER PT J AU Straub, KH Kiladis, GN AF Straub, KH Kiladis, GN TI Extratropical forcing of convectively coupled Kelvin waves during austral winter SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; STRATIFORM INSTABILITY; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; DISTURBANCES; MODEL; OSCILLATION; TROPOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; BEHAVIOR AB Observations are presented that link extratropical Rossby wave disturbances excited in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet to the initiation of convectively coupled Kelvin waves in the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during austral winter. A baroclinic, zonal wavenumber 6, eastward-propagating Rossby wave train in the subtropical jet turns northeastward in the vicinity of Australia, inducing upper tropospheric divergence and vertical motion fields that spread equatorward and induce cloudiness anomalies in the Tropics. Lower tropospheric pressure surges excited from the extratropics also induce Kelvin wave-like geopotential height and temperature anomalies at the surface, providing additional lower tropospheric convergence and vertical motion forcing. The tropical outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and circulation fields propagate eastward in tandem with the extratropical Rossby wave train at approximately 17 m s(-1). Kelvin wave activity in the central Pacific ITCZ thus appears to be associated with eastward- propagating Rossby wave activity in the extratropics, which is traveling at phase speeds similar to those observed in developed convectively coupled Kelvin waves (15-20 m s(-1)). The longer timescale relationship between subtropical jet activity and Kelvin wave variability in the Tropics is determined through the calculation of monthly averaged composite fields. When Kelvin wave OLR activity is enhanced (suppressed) in the tropical Pacific, eastward- propagating Rossby wave activity in the Kelvin wave phase speed band (8-30 m s(-1)) is anomalously strong (weak) in the subtropical jet. A case study is presented that suggests that enhanced Kelvin wave activity in the central Pacific ITCZ is associated more strongly with enhanced eastward- propagating Rossby wave activity in the subtropics than with the local thermal and moisture boundary conditions in the tropical Pacific. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Susquehanna Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, 514 Univ Ave, Selinsgrove, PA 17870 USA. EM straubk@susqu.edu NR 50 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 3 BP 526 EP 543 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0526:EFOCCK>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634NX UT WOS:000180348000005 ER PT J AU Sura, P AF Sura, P TI Stochastic analysis of Southern and Pacific Ocean sea surface winds SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE; DECADAL VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; COUPLED MODEL; NOISE; EQUATIONS; PREDICTABILITY; TRANSITIONS; STATISTICS AB This paper shows that the synoptic variability of zonal and meridional midlatitude Pacific and Southern Ocean sea surface winds can be well described by a univariate stochastic dynamical system directly derived from data. The method used to analyze blended Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)-NCEP winds is a general method to estimate drift and diffusion coefficients of a continuous stationary Markovian system. Almost trivially, the deterministic part consists of a simple, nearly linear damping term. More importantly, the stochastic part appears to be a state-dependent white noise term, that is, multiplicative noise. The need for a multiplicative noise term to describe the variability of midlatitude winds can be interpreted by the fact that the variability of midlatitude winds increases with increasing wind speed. The results indicate that a complete stochastic description of midlatitude winds requires a state-dependent white noise term, that is, multiplicative noise. A simple Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is not sufficient to describe the wind data within a stochastic framework. The method used fails for tropical regions, suggesting that tropical variability might be non-Markovian. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Phys Oceanog Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-RCD1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 47 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 4 BP 654 EP 666 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0654:SAOSAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 642VY UT WOS:000180827200005 ER PT J AU Snyder, C Hamill, TM AF Snyder, C Hamill, TM TI Leading Lyapunov vectors of a turbulent baroclinic jet in a quasigeostrophic model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; DECAYING TURBULENCE; ERROR GROWTH; PREDICTABILITY; ASSIMILATION; FLOWS; WAVES AB Leading Lyapunov exponents and vectors are calculated for a turbulent baroclinic jet in a quasigeostrophic model with O(10(5)) degrees of freedom. The leading exponent is close to 0.4 day(-1), and the unstable subspace has dimension between 30 and 40. The leading Lyapunov vectors exhibit a strong correlation of their potential vorticity (PV) with the PV gradients of the unperturbed flow. These perturbations do not, however, appear to be instabilities of smaller scale on the turbulent flow. Instead, they share the scales of the flow itself (at least if measured along PV contours) and often simply represent local phase shifts or displacements of existing features in the flow. Singular vectors constrained to the subspace of Lyapunov vectors are also calculated. Maximum amplification factors over 2 days are, on average, about 6, 7.5, and 9 (compared to the factor of 2 implied by the leading exponent) for subspaces of the leading 20, 35, and 60 Lyapunov vectors, respectively. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Snyder, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 60 IS 4 BP 683 EP 688 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0683:LLVOAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 642VY UT WOS:000180827200007 ER PT J AU Baker, BC Freeman, M Melnick, B Wheeler, D Josell, D Moffat, TP AF Baker, BC Freeman, M Melnick, B Wheeler, D Josell, D Moffat, TP TI Superconformal electrodeposition of silver from a KAg(CN2)-KCN-KSeCN electrolyte SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Electrodeposition of silver from a KAg(CN)(2)-KCN electrolyte was investigated. The addition of potassium selenocyanate (KSeCN) results in a hysteretic current-voltage response, specular films, and superconformal growth in submicrometer vias. These observations are well described by the recently proposed curvature enhanced accelerator coverage model of film growth. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Motorola Inc, Adv Prod Res & Dev Lab, Austin, TX 78721 USA. RP Baker, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 10 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP C61 EP C66 DI 10.1149/1.1531195 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 637MW UT WOS:000180517000023 ER PT J AU Kremer, DM Davis, RW Moore, EF Maslar, JE Burgess, DR Ehrman, SH AF Kremer, DM Davis, RW Moore, EF Maslar, JE Burgess, DR Ehrman, SH TI An investigation of particle dynamics in a rotating disk chemical vapor deposition reactor SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX FLOW PHENOMENA; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; HEAT-TRANSFER; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; AEROSOL DYNAMICS; FLUID-MECHANICS; OMVPE REACTORS; MOCVD REACTORS; SILANE; KINETICS AB This paper describes a numerical model for the nucleation, growth, and transport of gas-phase particles formed during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of epitaxial silicon from silane. These particles can lower the deposition rate by consuming precursor, and contaminate the growing film via diffusion to the surface. This model has been constructed for use with the Sandia SPIN code, which contains a solver for the reacting flow and heat transfer in a vertical, rotating disk CVD reactor. A detailed gas-phase chemical kinetic mechanism for the thermal decomposition of silane was developed to simulate formation of small silicon clusters and the depletion of reactive intermediates through condensation. The particle model uses a moment transport formulation to examine the effects of total reactor pressure, temperature, rotation rate, inlet gas composition, and rate of particle growth via condensation on the characteristics of the particle population. Numerical results are presented in terms of the integral moments of the particle distribution which correspond physically to the particle number concentration, average particle diameter, and particle light scattering intensity. In situ validation experiments have been performed in an optically accessible reactor under conditions typical of silicon CVD. The rate of particle growth via condensation, controlled numerically by a global condensation parameter (GCP), was found to control the characteristics of the particle population. The numerical results were found to compare favorably with experiment if this GCP was properly chosen. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kremer, DM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP G127 EP G139 DI 10.1149/1.1536180 PG 13 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 637MW UT WOS:000180517000056 ER PT J AU Aumentado, J Keller, MW Martinis, JM AF Aumentado, Jose Keller, Mark W. Martinis, John M. TI Requirements for robust 2e periodicity in single-Cooper-pair transistors SO JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article DE superconductivity; Cooper pair box; SET; qubits; quasiparticles C1 [Aumentado, Jose; Keller, Mark W.; Martinis, John M.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Aumentado, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MS 814-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jose.aumentado@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA YUSHIMA URBAN BUILDING 5F, 2-31-22 YUSHIMA, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0034, JAPAN SN 0031-9015 J9 J PHYS SOC JPN JI J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 72 SU A PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V15ZZ UT WOS:000207841200058 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Moran, P Ladley, R AF Baker, JD Moran, P Ladley, R TI Nuclear DNA identification of migrating bull trout captured at the Puget Sound Energy diversion dam on the White River, Washington State SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bull trout; Dolly Varden; hybridization; species marker ID VARDEN SALVELINUS-MALMA; DOLLY-VARDEN; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; CLARKI-CLARKI; CONFLUENTUS; CHAR; SEQUENCES AB Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus ) is a char listed as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the coterminous United States. Substantial morphological similarities between bull trout and Dolly Varden (S. malma ) make field identification difficult. This has resulted in an incomplete understanding of their distribution and abundance in Washington State where these two species occur sympatrically. We used three diagnostic nuclear loci to determine the species of char collected at a trap on the White River in southern Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). Each of the 104 samples revealed the expected bull trout genotype at all three loci. This work presents three principle results: (i) the presence of a migratory bull trout population in southern Puget Sound; (ii) no evidence of migratory Dolly Varden over 3 years; and (iii) no evidence of hybridization was detected. These results also demonstrate how molecular markers can provide information essential to the conservation and management of these species. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Puyallup Tribal Fisheries, Puyallup Tribe Indians, Tacoma, WA 98404 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, E323,2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 557 EP 561 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01744.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 635VT UT WOS:000180421000024 PM 12535106 ER PT J AU Granasy, L Pusztai, T Warren, JA Douglas, JF Borzsonyi, T Ferreiro, V AF Granasy, L Pusztai, T Warren, JA Douglas, JF Borzsonyi, T Ferreiro, V TI Growth of 'dizzy dendrites' in a random field of foreign particles SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; COMPOSITE SLURRY; MODEL; CRYSTALLIZATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; ENERGY C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, Lab Struct & Properietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Granasy, L (reprint author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. EM grana@szfki.hu RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Granasy, Laszlo/A-6221-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 20 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 29 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 2 IS 2 BP 92 EP 96 DI 10.1038/nmat815 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 654LV UT WOS:000181499100016 PM 12612692 ER PT J AU Peacor, SD AF Peacor, SD TI Phenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID GROUP-SIZE; CHEMICAL CUES; CHEMOSENSORY ASSESSMENT; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; TROPHIC CASCADE; RANA-AURORA; TRADE-OFF; DIET; VIGILANCE; TADPOLES AB Organisms often perceive predation risk through visual, auditory, or chemical cues that accompany or persist after an attack on other prey individuals. In this paper an argument is developed that suggests that it is adaptive for species that use such indirect cues to include conspecific density in the assessment of predation risk, and to respond to conspecific density by modifying phenotype (e.g. behavior, morphology of life history). A model based on this argument predicts that at equivalent (including negligible) indirect cue levels an organism should adopt less vulnerable phenotypes at lower conspecific density. Further, the phenotypic modifications to differences in conspecific density are predicted to be on the same order of magnitude as phenotypic responses to differences in predator density, to be more pronounced at higher indirect cue levels, and can be extended to responses to differences in the density of heterospecific species that share predators. This "risk assessment" mechanism is qualitatively different from other mechanisms, such as the dilution and many eyes effects that predict behavioral responses to conspecific density. If species use conspecific or heterospecific density to assess predation risk as predicted, there may be implications for the role and evolution of traits used to perceive conspecific and heterospecific densities, species aggregation, and population dynamics, and should be considered in the design of experiments of nonlethal effects of predators. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Peacor, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 58 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD FEB PY 2003 VL 100 IS 2 BP 409 EP 415 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12043.x PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 660VN UT WOS:000181854900025 ER PT J AU Riseman, TM Forgan, EM AF Riseman, TM Forgan, EM TI Maximum entropy mu SR analysis I: planting the kernel SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Munon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (MuSR) CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA DE maximum entropy; inverse problem; data analysis AB The asymmetry signal of a transverse field muSR time histogram is primarily the Fourier transform of the local field distribution P(b) for samples with static local fields b. The maximum entropy technique is used to produce a muSR lineshape which automatically deconvolutes the pulse structure of the beam (for pulsed facilities) and the time window. In this paper, we describe how to combine several component kernels to construct the transformation matrix for converting the lineshape into a time signal. We discuss the implications for improving the muSR maximum entropy (ME) algorithm under certain circumstances, and how dipolar broadening might be deconvoluted safely. This transformation may also be used to create accurate theoretical time signals for conventional fitting. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Riseman, TM (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD FEB PY 2003 VL 326 IS 1-4 BP 226 EP 229 AR PII S0921-4526(02)01607-1 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01607-1 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 643VH UT WOS:000180881600048 ER PT J AU Riseman, TM Forgan, EM AF Riseman, TM Forgan, EM TI Maximum entropy mu SR analysis II: the search for truthful errors SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Munon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (MuSR) CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA DE maximum entropy; inverse problem; error analysis AB In muon spin rotation (muSR) measurements, the details of the local field distribution P(b) are of interest, so either a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or the maximum entropy method (MEM) is applied to extract P(b) from the muSR time spectra. Ideally, one would like to analyze the resulting P(b) as if it were a data set in its own right: fitting P(b) to appropriate theoretical functions and calculating its mean, second moment and third moment. This is only possible if there are rigorous errors associated with P(b). In this paper, we show that the maximum entropy method finds its maximum in a way analogous to chi(2) fitting. Calculation of a covariance matrix naturally follows. The covariance matrix demonstrates that the maximum entropy (ME) result P(b) has intrinsically correlated, not independent, errors. With proper care, P(b) can be fit and have its moments calculated. This method is not limited to muSR applications, it can be applied to other cases involving Fourier transforms of data, such as NMR. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Riseman, TM (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD FEB PY 2003 VL 326 IS 1-4 BP 230 EP 233 AR PII S0921-4526(02)01609-5 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01609-5 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 643VH UT WOS:000180881600049 ER PT J AU Riseman, TM Forgan, EM AF Riseman, TM Forgan, EM TI Maximum entropy mu SR analysis III: automatic selection of the default level and looseness factor SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Munon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (MuSR) CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA DE maximum entropy; inverse problem; data analysis AB The maximum entropy (ME) analysis of muSR time spectra is used to produce the local field distribution P(b). The ME technique has user-defined constants in addition to the usual data manipulation parameters (such as the time range and binning) used in traditional fitting or Fourier transforms. The ME constants are the default level (used to suppress signals below the noise level) and a looseness factor (used to smooth the line shape). In this paper, we discuss how to automatically select values for these constants to ensure that the resulting P(b) is minimally distorted from the ideal and that the calculated errors are sensible. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Riseman, TM (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD FEB PY 2003 VL 326 IS 1-4 BP 234 EP 237 AR PII S0921-4526(02)01610-1 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01610-1 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 643VH UT WOS:000180881600050 ER PT J AU Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML AF Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML TI Quantum and classical noise in practical quantum-cryptography systems based on polarization-entangled photons SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED PHOTONS; PARAMETRIC DOWNCONVERSION; EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS; VIOLATION; TIME; PHOTODETECTORS; INEQUALITY; FIELDS; STATES; PAIRS AB Quantum-cryptography key distribution (QCKD) experiments have been recently reported using polarization-entangled photons. However, in any practical realization, quantum systems suffer from either unwanted or induced interactions with the environment and the quantum measurement system, showing up as quantum and, ultimately, statistical noise. In this paper, we investigate how an ideal polarization entanglement in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) suffers quantum noise in its practical implementation as a secure quantum system, yielding errors in the transmitted bit sequence. Since all SPDC-based QCKD schemes rely on the measurement of coincidence to assert the bit transmission between the two parties, we bundle up the overall quantum and statistical noise in an exhaustive model to calculate the accidental coincidences. This model predicts the quantum-bit error rate and the sifted key and allows comparisons between different security criteria of the hitherto proposed QCKD protocols, resulting in an objective assessment of performances and advantages of different systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM castelle@ien.it; degio@ien.it RI castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013 OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115 NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 AR 022305 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.022305 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 652CD UT WOS:000181361200030 ER PT J AU Khaykovich, B Birgeneau, RJ Chou, FC Erwin, RW Kastner, MA Lee, SH Lee, YS Smeibidl, P Vorderwisch, P Wakimoto, S AF Khaykovich, B Birgeneau, RJ Chou, FC Erwin, RW Kastner, MA Lee, SH Lee, YS Smeibidl, P Vorderwisch, P Wakimoto, S TI Effect of a magnetic field on long-range magnetic order in stage-4 and stage-6 superconducting La2CuO4+y SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID STATIC ANTIFERROMAGNETIC CORRELATIONS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SPIN FLUCTUATIONS; LA2-XSRXCUO4; ENHANCEMENT; CUPRATE AB We have measured the enhancement of the static incommensurate spin-density wave (SDW) order by an applied magnetic field in stage-4 and stage-6 samples of superconducting La2CuO4+y. We show that the stage-6 La2CuO4+y (T-c=32 K) forms static long-range SDW order with the same wave vector as that in the previously studied stage-4 material. We have measured the field dependence of the SDW magnetic Bragg peaks in both stage-4 and stage-6 materials at fields up to 14.5 T. A recent model of competing SDW order and superconductivity describes these data well. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, BENSC 4, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Khaykovich, B (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Khaykovich, Boris/A-7376-2012 OI Khaykovich, Boris/0000-0002-9490-2771 NR 26 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 5 AR 054501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.054501 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 652BU UT WOS:000181360300056 ER PT J AU Tennant, DA Broholm, C Reich, DH Nagler, SE Granroth, GE Barnes, T Damle, K Xu, G Chen, Y Sales, BC AF Tennant, DA Broholm, C Reich, DH Nagler, SE Granroth, GE Barnes, T Damle, K Xu, G Chen, Y Sales, BC TI Neutron scattering study of two-magnon states in the quantum magnet copper nitrate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID BOSE-CONDENSATION; SPIN DYNAMICS; BOUND-STATES; FIELD; CHAIN; ANTIFERROMAGNETS; EXCITATIONS; CU(NO3)2.2.5H2O; EXPANSIONS; CSCOCL3 AB We report measurements of the two-magnon states in a dimerized antiferromagnetic chain material, copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)(2).2.5D(2)O]. Using inelastic neutron scattering we have measured the one- and two-magnon excitation spectra in a large single crystal. The data are in excellent agreement with a perturbative expansion of the alternating Heisenberg Hamiltonian from the strongly dimerized limit. The expansion predicts a two-magnon bound state for qsimilar to(2n+1)pid which is consistent with the neutron scattering data. C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Riso Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Phys, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Tennant, DA (reprint author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RI Nagler, Stephen/B-9403-2010; Nagler, Stephen/E-4908-2010; Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Xu, Guangyong/A-8707-2010; Granroth, Garrett/G-3576-2012; Tennant, David/Q-2497-2015 OI Nagler, Stephen/0000-0002-7234-2339; Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Xu, Guangyong/0000-0003-1441-8275; Granroth, Garrett/0000-0002-7583-8778; Tennant, David/0000-0002-9575-3368 NR 32 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 5 AR 054414 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.054414 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 652BU UT WOS:000181360300050 ER PT J AU Near, TJ Russo, SE Jones, CD DeVries, AL AF Near, TJ Russo, SE Jones, CD DeVries, AL TI Ontogenetic shift in buoyancy and habitat in the Antarctic toothfish, Dissostichus mawsoni (Perciformes : Nototheniidae) SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLEURAGRAMMA-ANTARCTICUM; MCMURDO SOUND; WEDDELL SEA; FISH; PISCES; EVOLUTION; ICE AB Buoyancy measurements and depth of capture were taken on 70 individuals of Dissostichus mawsoni collected from the Southern Scotia Arc and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to examine the effect of age on buoyancy and habitat use. Standard lengths (SL) ranged from 10.4 to 138.0 cm. Juveniles were not buoyant (heavy in water), whereas adults were neutrally buoyant. The slope of the relationship between buoyancy and SL was significantly negative for juveniles (individuals less than 81 cm SL), but there was no significant relationship for adults (individuals greater than 81 cm SL). These results demonstrate an ontogenetic shift in buoyancy. For juveniles, depth of capture and SL had a significantly positive relationship. As individuals reach adulthood they achieve neutral buoyancy and appear to use deeper water habitats. This interpretation is supported by a significant positive correlation between buoyancy and depth of capture for juveniles. Changes in buoyancy with maturation of juveniles may also be associated with a shift in habitat use. Juveniles appear to exploit benthic habitats, whereas adults use the entire water column over deeper water. Given the differences in prey species available in these habitats and based on our results, we predict that diets of juveniles and adults should differ significantly. We also hypothesize that accumulation of lipid deposits from the diet during maturation of juveniles may account for the ontogenetic shift in buoyancy and allow neutral buoyancy to be achieved in adulthood. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Near, TJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 28 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 26 IS 2 BP 124 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s00300-002-0459-7 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 652JF UT WOS:000181375500008 ER PT J AU Ashley, KM Meredith, JC Amis, E Raghavan, D Karim, A AF Ashley, KM Meredith, JC Amis, E Raghavan, D Karim, A TI Combinatorial investigation of dewetting: polystyrene thin films on gradient hydrophilic surfaces SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE dewetting; piranha solution; combinatorial libraries ID POLYMER-FILMS; NUCLEATION; SUBSTRATE; RUPTURE; DEFECTS AB Film stability and dewetting is important to control for applications in coatings such as photoresists, paints, adhesives, lubricants, and biomaterials. We demonstrate the use of 2D combinatorial libraries to investigate thin film dewetting. Substrate libraries with gradients in contact angle (theta) were prepared by immersing Si-H passivated Si in a Piranha solution (H2SO4/H2O2/H2O) at a controlled rate. Libraries of thin films of polystyrene on gradient etched silicon substrates containing orthogonal continuous variation of thickness were screened for dewetting behavior using automated optical microscopy. After comparing the high-throughput screening method to conventional studies of thickness effect on dewetting, a detailed morphological phase-map of the effects of contact angle on dewetting of polystyrene film was generated. Dewetting trends were visibly apparent. The number of polygons of dewetted polymer is sensitive to surface hydrophilicity as characterized by contact angle studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Div Polymer, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Div Polymer, Washington, DC 20059 USA. EM kmashley@nist.gov; carson.meredith@che.gatech.edu; eris.amis@nist.gov; draghavan@howard.edu; alamgir.karim@nist.gov RI Meredith, Carson/B-3323-2009 OI Meredith, Carson/0000-0003-2519-5003 NR 16 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 EI 1873-2291 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD FEB PY 2003 VL 44 IS 3 BP 769 EP 772 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00779-6 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00779-6 PG 4 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 634TV UT WOS:000180357900028 ER PT J AU Stoliarov, SI Westmoreland, PR Nyden, MR Forney, GP AF Stoliarov, SI Westmoreland, PR Nyden, MR Forney, GP TI A reactive molecular dynamics model of thermal decomposition in polymers: 1. Poly(methyl methacrylate) SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE reactive molecular dynamics; poly(methyl methacrylate); thermal decomposition ID OXIDATIVE-DEGRADATION; CHEMISTRY; SIMULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; LINKAGES AB The theory and implementation of reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) are presented. The capabilities of RMD and its potential use as a tool for investigating the mechanisms of thermal transformations in materials are demonstrated by presenting results from simulations of the thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). While it is known that depolymerization must be the major decomposition channel for PMMA, there are unanswered questions about the nature of the initiation reaction and the relative reactivities of the tertiary and primary radicals formed in the degradation process. The results of our RMD simulations, performed directly in the condensed phase, are consistent with available experimental information. They also provide new insights into the mechanism of the thermally induced conversion of this polymer into its constituent monomers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Nyden, MR (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD FEB PY 2003 VL 44 IS 3 BP 883 EP 894 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00761-9 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00761-9 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 634TV UT WOS:000180357900040 ER PT J AU Signor, AW VanLandingham, MR Chin, JW AF Signor, AW VanLandingham, MR Chin, JW TI Effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure on vinyl ester resins: characterization of chemical, physical and mechanical damage SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE vinyl ester; ultraviolet (UV) degradation; integrating sphere; atomic force microscopy; nanoindentation; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; attenuated total reflectance ID NANOSCALE INDENTATION; DEGRADATION AB The increased use of fiber-reinforced vinyl ester composites in outdoor applications has led to questions concerning the environmental durability of these materials, particularly as related to UV exposure. In this work, artificial ultraviolet (UV) degradation was carried out on neat vinyl ester matrix specimens using an integrating sphere-based UV exposure chamber. Significant changes were observed in the bulk mechanical properties, surface chemistry, and surface morphology after 1000 and 4000 h of exposure. A transition from slightly ductile to brittle behavior was observed along with a decrease of up to 40% in average strain to failure and a decrease of up to 60% in the average specific toughness after exposure. Changes in the hardness and modulus of the surface after exposure were studied by using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technique. A significant increase in the apparent hardness of the exposed surface was accompanied by an increase in the apparent modulus of the near-surface region. Morphological changes, including an increase in both the number and size of surface defects on the exposed surface were observed using optical microscopy and tapping-mode AFM. Chemical changes in the exposed surfaces were also observed using Fourier transform infrared- attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chin, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 79 IS 2 BP 359 EP 368 AR PII S0141-3910(02)00300-2 DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00300-2 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 637KN UT WOS:000180510400020 ER PT J AU Kelso, J Satterfield, SG Arsenault, LE Ketchan, PM Kriz, RD AF Kelso, J Satterfield, SG Arsenault, LE Ketchan, PM Kriz, RD TI DIVERSE: A framework for building extensible and reconfigurable device-independent virtual environments and distributed asynchronous simulation SO PRESENCE-TELEOPERATORS AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality 2002 Conference CY MAR, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE ID ACCELERATING SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY; VISUALIZATION; COMPUTATION AB We present DIVERSE, a highly modular collection of complimentary software packages designed to facilitate the creation of device-independent virtual environments and distributed asynchronous simulations. DIVERSE is free/open source software, containing both end-user programs and C++ application programming interfaces (APIs). DPF is the DIVERSE graphics interface to OpenGL Performer. A program using the DPF API can run without modification on platforms ranging from fully immersive systems such as CAVEs to generic desktop workstations. The DIVERSE toolkit (DTK) contains all the nongraphical components of DIVERSE, such as networking utilities, hardware device access, and navigational techniques. It introduces a software implementation of networks of replicated noncoherent shared memory. It also introduces a method that seamlessly extends hardware drivers into interprocess and Internet hardware services. We will describe the design of DIVERSE and present a specific example of how it is being used to aid researchers. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Applicat & Visualizat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Virginia Tech, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM kelso@vt.edu; steve.satterfeld@nist.gov; lanceman@vt.edu; peter.ketcham@nist.gov; rkriz@vt.edu NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU MIT PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142-1209 USA SN 1054-7460 EI 1531-3263 J9 PRESENCE-TELEOP VIRT JI Presence-Teleoper. Virtual Env. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1162/105474603763835314 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 661CL UT WOS:000181873600003 ER PT J AU Lehmann, C Lim, K Chalamasetty, VR Krajewski, W Melamud, E Galkin, A Howard, A Kelman, Z Reddy, PT Murzin, AG Herzberg, O AF Lehmann, C Lim, K Chalamasetty, VR Krajewski, W Melamud, E Galkin, A Howard, A Kelman, Z Reddy, PT Murzin, AG Herzberg, O TI The HI0073/HI0074 protein pair from Haemophilus influenzae is a member of a new nucleotidyltransferase family: Structure, sequence analyses, and solution studies SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE HI0073/HI0074; nucleotidetransferase; hypothetical protein; structural genomics ID DNA-POLYMERASE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ELECTRON-DENSITY; PREDICTION; ALIGNMENT; PROGRAM; GENOME; ERRORS; MAPS; ATP AB The crystal structure of HI0074 from Haemophilus influenzae, a protein of unknown function, has been determined at a resolution of 2.4 Angstrom. The molecules form an up-down, four-helix bundle, and associate into homodimers. The fold is most closely related to the substrate-binding domain of KNTase, yet the amino acid sequences of the two proteins exhibit no significant homology. Sequence analyses of completely and incompletely sequenced genomes reveal that the two adjacent genes, HI0074 and HI0073, and their close relatives comprise a new family of nucleotidyltransferases, with 15 members at the time of writing. The analyses also indicate that this is one of eight families of a large nucleotidyltransferase superfamily, whose members were identified based on the proximity of the nucleotide- and substrate-binding domains on the respective genomes. Both HI0073 and HI0074 were annotated "hypothetical" in the original genome sequencing publication. HI0073 was cloned, expressed, and purified, and was shown to form a complex with HI0074 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions, analytic size exclusion chromatography, and dynamic light scattering. Double- and single-stranded DNA binding assays showed no evidence of DNA binding to HI0074 or to HI0073/HI0074 complex despite the suggestive shape of the putative binding cleft formed by the HI0074 dimer. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM osnat@carb.nist.gov RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM57890] NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2 BP 249 EP 260 DI 10.1002/prot.10260 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 632EA UT WOS:000180209700009 PM 12486719 ER PT J AU Lim, K Tempczyk, A Parsons, JF Bonander, N Toedt, J Kelman, Z Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O AF Lim, K Tempczyk, A Parsons, JF Bonander, N Toedt, J Kelman, Z Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O TI Crystal structure of YbaB from Haemophilus influenzae (HI0442), a protein of unknown function coexpressed with the recombinational DNA repair protein RecR SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; REPLICATION FORKS; SEQUENCE C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Biol Chem & Phys Sci Dept, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM osnat@carb.nist.gov NR 27 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD FEB 1 PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2 BP 375 EP 379 DI 10.1002/prot.10297 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 632EA UT WOS:000180209700020 PM 12486730 ER PT J AU Merchant, CJ Simpson, JJ Harris, AR AF Merchant, CJ Simpson, JJ Harris, AR TI A cross-calibration of GMS-5 thermal channels against ATSR-2 SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE; RETRIEVALS; ELIMINATION; PROJECT; CLOUDS; BIAS AB Motivated by the importance to weather and climate of the Indo-Pacific seas, we present a new calibration of the Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) on the geostationary meteorological satellite, GMS-5. VISSR imagery has significant potential for exploring the dynamics of the ocean and air-sea interactions in this poorly characterized region, by virtue of the VISSR's surface temperature retrieval capability and hourly sampling. However, the calibration of the thermal imagery supplied by the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) is inconsistent with the spectral characteristics of the channels, and published details of the JMA calibration procedure are scant. We use the well-characterized Along-Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR-2) as a reference, and determine calibration corrections for GMS-5 VISSR. We obtain more credible VISSR brightness temperatures and demonstrate sea surface temperature (SST) retrieval that validates well against in situ measurements (bias similar to0.3 and scatter similar to0.4 K). Comparison with a widely used sea surface temperature analysis shows that the GMS-5 VISSR SST fields capture important spatial structure, absent in the analysis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Meteorol, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Calif San Diego, Digital Image Anal Lab, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Merchant, CJ (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Meteorol, James Clerk Maxwell Bldg,Kings Bldg,Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland. RI Merchant, Christopher/E-1180-2014 OI Merchant, Christopher/0000-0003-4687-9850 NR 38 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 268 EP 282 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00112-8 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00112-8 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 673RA UT WOS:000182592900009 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF Yang, JC Bundy, M Tsai, BK Mulholland, GW AF Widmann, JF Yang, JC Bundy, M Tsai, BK Mulholland, GW TI A laboratory apparatus for the measurement of optical extinction coefficients of postflame soot in the infrared SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SMOKE AB An experimental apparatus for the measurement of optical extinction coefficients of postflame soot aerosol in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is presented. Reproducible soot aerosol is generated using a laminar diffusion burner, and the mass concentration of the aerosol is determined gravimetrically. The instrument, which utilizes an infrared spectrograph for the extinction measurements, provides data over the wavelength range 2.5-5.0 mum. The infrared spectrograph, which provides a near-instantaneous measurement of the incident radiation over a range of wavelengths, is ideal for applications in which the deposition of soot over time on the optical windows can interfere with the measurement. Furthermore, the wavelength dependence of the extinction coefficient can be determined independently of the gravimetric measurements, which represents the dominant source of uncertainty in the measurement of the mass specific extinction coefficient. The spectrograph reported herein has been characterized using a well-characterized sodium heat pipe blackbody, and the responsivity of the instrument has been quantified as a function of wavelength. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Widmann, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8663, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 74 IS 2 BP 938 EP 944 DI 10.1063/1.1533102 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 638PM UT WOS:000180579500003 ER PT J AU Chen, CI Hsu, SM AF Chen, CI Hsu, SM TI A chemical kinetics model to predict lubricant performance in a diesel engine. Part I: Simulation methodology SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE diesel engines; lubricant performance; kinetic model; prediction; engine deposit; oil consumption AB The ability of a lubricant to protect increasingly complex diesel engines directly affects engine durability and warranty costs and is becoming increasingly costly to validate. This paper presents a novel approach combining a chemical kinetic model using rate constants determined by a set of laboratory bench tests and a finite-difference computer program to predict lubricant performance in a given diesel engine. The computer program takes into account the engine's mechanical design, such as temperature, pressure, oil flow rate, top ring zone volume, and other parameters. The chemical kinetic model incorporates the kinetic rate constants determined for that particular lubricant in a set of special bench-test procedures tailored to a particular engine and its operating conditions. The bench-test procedures take into account the necessary environment in that particular engine such as specific metal catalysis, oxidation conditions, and deposit formation. The computer program then combines the lubricant degradation model with the engine operating sequence to yield a predictive simulation. This approach is capable of predicting the amount of deposit in the top ring groove and the amount of oil consumption in that engine. The computer program models the engine as three chemical reactors in series. The three reactors are: the oil sump, the top piston ring groove, and the piston cylinder-liner interface. Oil flows from the sump to the piston rings and to the piston liner area. The oxidation process is described by a set of simplified chemical kinetic rate equations. The kinetic constants of the lubricant are determined by laboratory bench-test procedures using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), a Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), and the Micro-Oxidation test apparatus. The design and the operating conditions of the engine de ne the chemical reaction conditions used in the simulation program such as the temperatures of the reactions, the residence time in a particular reactor, the volume of the reactors, and the operating sequence of the engine. The simulation program is validated by the Caterpillar 1K engine dynamometer test results. Two experimental high-temperature lubricants and three IK reference oils were used in this study. Good agreement between model simulation and 1K engine test results was obtained. C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, CI (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 14 IS 2 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.1023/A:1021748002697 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 629KJ UT WOS:000180048600005 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM Chen, CI AF Hsu, SM Chen, CI TI A chemical kinetics model to predict diesel engine performance. Part II. Bench-test procedures SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bench tests; chemical kinetic model; simulation; diesel engine; lubricant performance ID OXYGEN-UPTAKE TEST; LUBRICANTS; OXIDATION; OILS AB Bench tests have been used to screen lubricants and additives for industrial fluids in machinery applications for a long time. As the cost of engine testing increases dramatically, the need for simple laboratory bench tests increases. Bench tests simulate a particular aspect of the engine operation such as oxidation or wear, but the engine operation blends both mechanical, chemical, and combustion processes together and allows these parameters to interact freely. There are many bench tests providing a measure of oxidation stability under simulated conditions. For a given application, while the generic aspects of the lubricant degradation mechanism may be similar, environmental factors such as oxygen availability, the presence of specific metals (catalytic effects), and residence times of the oil at high-temperature regions may be specific to that application. Universal bench-test procedures that can predict oxidation stability therefore are not feasible. As described in part I of this paper, a computer simulation program has been developed combining a chemical kinetic model and a finite-difference program to simulate the engine operating conditions to predict lubricant performance in a diesel engine. This paper describes the bench-test procedures used to determine the kinetic constants used in the kinetic model to describe the lubricant degradation processes. The bench tests are specifically designed for the determination of kinetic constants in general for a particular reaction path but take into account the particular environmental factors intrinsic in the Caterpillar 1K engine dynamometer test. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 14 IS 2 BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1023/A:1021700219535 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 629KJ UT WOS:000180048600006 ER PT J AU Franklin, JL Black, ML Valde, K AF Franklin, JL Black, ML Valde, K TI GPS dropwindsonde wind profiles in hurricanes and their operational implications SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID INNER CORE STRUCTURE AB The recent development of the global positioning system (GPS) dropwindsonde has allowed the wind and thermodynamic structure of the hurricane eyewall to be documented with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. In an attempt to assist operational hurricane forecasters in their duties, dropwindsonde data have been used in this study to document, for the first time, the mean vertical profile of wind speed in the hurricane inner core from the surface to the 700-hPa level, the level typically flown by reconnaissance aircraft. The dropwindsonde-derived mean eyewall wind profile is characterized by a broad maximum centered 500 m above the surface. In the frictional boundary layer below this broad maximum, the wind decreases nearly linearly with the logarithm of the altitude. Above the maximum, the winds decrease because of the hurricane's warm core. These two effects combine to give a surface wind that is, on average, about 90% of the 700-hPa value. The dropwindsonde observations largely confirm recent operational practices at the National Hurricane Center for the interpretation of flight-level data. Hurricane wind profiles outside of the eyewall region are characterized by a higher level of maximum wind, near 1 km, and a more constant wind speed between 700 hPa and the top of the boundary layer. Two factors that likely affect the eyewall profile structure are wind speed and vertical motion. A minimum in surface wind adjustment factor (i.e., relatively low surface wind speeds) was found when the wind near the top of the boundary layer was between 40 and 60 m s(-1). At higher wind speeds, the fraction of the boundary layer wind speed found at the surface increased, contrary to expectation. Low-level downdrafts, and enhanced vertical motion generally, were also associated with higher relative surface winds. These results may be of interest to engineers concerned with building codes, to emergency managers who may be tempted to use high-rise buildings as a "refuge of last resort'' in coastal areas, and to those people on locally elevated terrain. The top of a 25-story coastal high-rise in the hurricane eyewall will experience a mean wind that is about 17% higher (or one Saffir-Simpson hurricane-scale category) than the surface or advisory value. For this reason, residents who must take refuge in coastal high-rises should generally do so at the lowest levels necessary to avoid storm surge. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Franklin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RI Black, Michael/C-3250-2014 OI Black, Michael/0000-0001-9528-2888 NR 18 TC 164 Z9 175 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 32 EP 44 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0032:GDWPIH>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QT UT WOS:000181046300003 ER PT J AU Owens, BF Landsea, CW AF Owens, BF Landsea, CW TI Assessing the skill of operational Atlantic seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE FREQUENCY AB Since 1984, W. Gray of Colorado State University and a team of researchers have been issuing seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts for the North Atlantic Ocean. Prior to this, little work had been done in the area of long-term tropical cyclone forecasting because researchers saw minimal potential skill in any prediction models and no obvious benefits to be gained. However, seasonal forecasts have been attracting more attention as economic and insured losses from hurricane-related catastrophes rose sharply during recent decades. Initially, the forecasts issued by Gray consisted of output from simple statistical prediction models. Over time, the models became increasingly more complex and sophisticated, with new versions being introduced in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1997. In addition, based on a combination of experience with the statistical models and other qualitative considerations such as examinations of analog years, the statistical forecasts were modified to create adjusted seasonal forecasts. This analysis assessed the skill demonstrated, if any, of both the statistical and adjusted forecasts over the benchmarks of climatology and persistence and examined whether the adjusted forecasts were more accurate than the statistical forecasts. The analysis indicates that, over the past 18 yr, both the statistical and adjusted forecasts demonstrated some skill over climatology and persistence. There is also evidence to suggest that the adjusted forecast was more skillful than the statistical model forecast. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Owens, BF (reprint author), Risk Management Solut Ltd, 10 Eastcheap, London EC3M 1AJ, England. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0045:ATSOOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QT UT WOS:000181046300004 ER PT J AU Douglas, MW Leal, JC AF Douglas, MW Leal, JC TI Summertime surges over the Gulf of California: Aspects of their climatology, mean structure, and evolution from radiosonde, NCEP reanalysis, and rainfall data SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; OF-CALIFORNIA; MEXICAN MONSOON AB This paper describes aspects of summertime northward surges of low-level moisture over the Gulf of California, based on 9 yr (1980-88) of radiosonde observations and also from NCEP reanalyses. These events are usually referred to as "gulf surges'' by forecasters in the southwestern United States. A composite structure of 38 well-marked surge passages at Empalme, Mexico, during this period is presented. Radiosonde observations were composited to obtain the synoptic-scale structure of the surge from 2 days before to 2 days after the surge passage at Empalme. The composites reveal that the surges, strongest in the lower troposphere, are associated with low-latitude cyclonic perturbations that pass south of the Gulf of California. The composite cyclonic perturbation associated with the surges can be traced back to the western Gulf of Mexico 2 days prior to surge passage at Empalme. Composites based on the NCEP reanalyses for the same dates also show a similar evolution, though with somewhat weaker amplitude. Rainfall data from Mexican stations along the eastern side of the Gulf of California show that the surges modulate the climatological daily rainfall totals by similar to15%-30%. The evolution of surges is shown to be related to the propagation of tropical storms over the eastern Pacific Ocean. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Douglas, MW (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 18 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 55 EP 74 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0055:SSOTGO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QT UT WOS:000181046300005 ER PT J AU Knaff, JA DeMaria, M Sampson, CR Gross, JM AF Knaff, JA DeMaria, M Sampson, CR Gross, JM TI Statistical, 5-day tropical cyclone intensity forecasts derived from climatology and persistence SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TRACK FORECASTS; ATLANTIC BASIN; SCHEME AB Tropical cyclone track forecasting has improved recently to the point at which extending the official forecasts of both track and intensity to 5 days is being considered at the National Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Current verification procedures at both of these operational centers utilize a suite of control models, derived from the "climatology'' and "persistence'' techniques, that make forecasts out to 3 days. To evaluate and verify 5-day forecasts, the current suite of control forecasts needs to be redeveloped to extend the forecasts from 72 to 120 h. This paper describes the development of 5-day tropical cyclone intensity forecast models derived from climatology and persistence for the Atlantic, the eastern North Pacific, and the western North Pacific Oceans. Results using independent input data show that these new models possess similar error and bias characteristics when compared with their predecessors in the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific but that the west Pacific model shows a statistically significant improvement when compared with its forerunner. Errors associated with these tropical cyclone intensity forecast models are also shown to level off beyond 3 days in all of the basins studied. C1 Colorado State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO USA. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL USA. RP Knaff, JA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Sampson, Charles/F-5684-2010; Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 OI Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 28 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 80 EP 92 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0080:SDTCIF>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QT UT WOS:000181046300007 ER PT J AU Kain, JS Baldwin, ME Weiss, SJ AF Kain, JS Baldwin, ME Weiss, SJ TI Parameterized updraft mass flux as a predictor of convective intensity SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MODEL; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATOLOGY; PLAINS; STORMS AB Parameterized updraft mass flux, available as a unique predictive field from the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convective parameterization, is presented as a potentially valuable predictor of convective intensity. The KF scheme is described in some detail, focusing on a version that is currently being run semioperationally in an experimental version of the Eta Model. It is shown that updraft mass flux computed by this scheme is a function of the specific algorithm that it utilizes and is very sensitive to the thermodynamic characteristics of input soundings. These same characteristics appear to be related to the severity of convection, suggesting that updraft mass flux predicted by the KF scheme has value for predicting severe weather. This argument is supported by anecdotal evidence and a case study. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, NOAA Res, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, NWS Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Kain, JS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 106 EP 116 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0106:PUMFAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646QT UT WOS:000181046300009 ER PT J AU Prather, M Gauss, M Berntsen, T Isaksen, I Sundet, J Bey, I Brasseur, G Dentener, F Derwent, R Stevenson, D Grenfell, L Hauglustaine, D Horowitz, L Jacob, D Mickley, L Lawrence, M von Kuhlmann, R Muller, JF Pitari, G Rogers, H Johnson, M Pyle, J Law, K van Weele, M Wild, O AF Prather, M Gauss, M Berntsen, T Isaksen, I Sundet, J Bey, I Brasseur, G Dentener, F Derwent, R Stevenson, D Grenfell, L Hauglustaine, D Horowitz, L Jacob, D Mickley, L Lawrence, M von Kuhlmann, R Muller, JF Pitari, G Rogers, H Johnson, M Pyle, J Law, K van Weele, M Wild, O TI Fresh air in the 21st century? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; POLLUTION; ASTHMA; POLLUTANTS; EXPOSURE; HEALTH AB Ozone is an air quality problem today for much of the world's population. Regions can exceed the ozone air quality standards (AQS) through a combination of local emissions, meteorology favoring pollution episodes, and the clean-air baseline levels of ozone upon which pollution builds. The IPCC 2001 assessment studied a range of global emission scenarios and found that all but one projects increases in global tropospheric ozone during the 21st century. By 2030, near-surface increases over much of the northern hemisphere are estimated to be about 5 ppb (+2 to +7 ppb over the range of scenarios). By 2100 the two more extreme scenarios project baseline ozone increases of >20 ppb, while the other four scenarios give changes of -4 to +10 ppb. Even modest increases in the background abundance of tropospheric ozone might defeat current AQS strategies. The larger increases, however, would gravely threaten both urban and rural air quality over most of the northern hemisphere. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Oslo, Inst Geofys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Hadley Ctr, UK Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. CEA, CNRS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MD USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Laquila, Italy. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Prather, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Mickley, Loretta/D-2021-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Mickley, Loretta/0000-0002-7859-3470; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 21 TC 137 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 AR 1100 DI 10.1029/2002GL016285 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 678YB UT WOS:000182893300006 ER PT J AU Shin, SI Liu, ZG Otto-Bliesner, BL Kutzbach, JE Vavrus, SJ AF Shin, SI Liu, ZG Otto-Bliesner, BL Kutzbach, JE Vavrus, SJ TI Southern Ocean sea-ice control of the glacial North Atlantic thermohaline circulation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAXIMUM; MODEL; CLIMATE; RECONSTRUCTION; SENSITIVITY; MELTWATER; EVENT; AGE AB A coupled model simulates a shallower and weaker North Atlantic Deep Water circulation at the Last Glacial Maximum, compared to the modern, with an enhanced intrusion of Antarctic Bottom Water into the North Atlantic. These circulation changes are caused by the enhanced Antarctic Bottom Water formation, which is triggered by the enhanced equatorward sea-ice transport, ultimately by increased westerlies, in the Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Shin, SI (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 AR 1096 DI 10.1029/2002GL015513 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 678YB UT WOS:000182893300002 ER PT J AU Csiszar, I Abuelgasim, A Li, ZQ Jin, JZ Fraser, R Hao, WM AF Csiszar, I Abuelgasim, A Li, ZQ Jin, JZ Fraser, R Hao, WM TI Interannual changes of active fire detectability in North America from long-term records of the advanced very high resolution radiometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE AVHRR; biomass burning; satellite fire detection; interannual variability ID BOREAL FOREST-FIRES; AVHRR GAC DATA; CONTINENTAL-SCALE; CHANNEL 3; LAND; ALGORITHM; EMISSIONS; VEGETATION; SATURATION; PRODUCT AB This paper addresses practical issues related to the processing of 1-km National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data for producing a consistent, long-term time series of active fire locations over the Continental United States and Canada. The effects of the interannual changes in measured background temperatures, caused by the orbital drift of the afternoon NOAA satellites and by environmental factors, are investigated. Background temperature changes are analyzed using a time series of monthly mean clear-sky brightness temperatures from the NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) data set at a 1degrees x 1degrees resolution. Examples of target areas over four predominant land cover types, as defined in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) global 1 km data set, are presented. The results indicate that over forests ( defined as >60% tree canopy cover) the contrast between nonburning background and fire pixels is nearly always sufficient for successful fire detection. Over nonforested areas, however, the low saturation temperature of the mid-IR channel on the NOAA 7 to NOAA 14 satellites often sets a physical limit to the separation of valid fire pixels and false ones. Moreover, the severity of this effect changes over the years with the changing background temperatures. The results suggest that because of the potential spurious trends in the number of fires, nonforested areas be excluded from the multiyear analysis. However, a detailed assessment of the emissions from nonforest fires is needed to quantify the effect of this on continental-scale emission estimates. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Off Res & Applicat, natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD USA. Intermap Technol, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, AD, Environm Monitoring Sect, Noetix Res Inc, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Csiszar, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 1121 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM icsiszar@hermes.geog.umd.edu; zli@atmos.umd.edu; jizhongjin@yahoo.com; whao/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010 OI Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X NR 46 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D2 AR 4075 DI 10.1029/2001JD001373 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 678ZU UT WOS:000182897200004 ER PT J AU Li, ZQ Fraser, R Jin, J Abuelgasim, AA Csiszar, I Gong, P Pu, R Hao, W AF Li, ZQ Fraser, R Jin, J Abuelgasim, AA Csiszar, I Gong, P Pu, R Hao, W TI Evaluation of algorithms for fire detection and mapping across North America from satellite SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE forest fire; biomass burning; remote sensing; carbon budget; climate change ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; BOREAL FOREST-FIRES; AVHRR DATA; TEMPERATURE; ECOSYSTEMS; EMISSIONS; WILDFIRES; CANADA; IMAGES; AFRICA AB This paper presents an evaluation of advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)-based remote sensing algorithms for detecting active vegetation fires [Li et al., 2000a] and mapping burned areas [Fraser et al., 2000] throughout North America. The procedures were originally designed for application in Canada with AVHRR data aboard the NOAA 14 satellite. They were tested here with both NOAA 11 and NOAA 14 covering the period 1989-2000. It was found that the active fire detection algorithm performs well with low commission and omission error rates over forested regions in the absence of cloud cover. Moderate errors were found over semi-arid areas covered by thin clouds, as well as along rivers and around lakes observed from sun-glint angles. A modification to a fire algorithm threshold and the addition of a new test can significantly improve the detection accuracy. Burned areas mapped by satellite were compared against extensive fire polygon data acquired by U. S. forest agencies in five western states. The satellite-based mapping matches nearly 90% of total forested burned area, with the difference being mainly attributable to omission of some nonburned islands and patches within the fire polygons. In addition, it maps a significant area of burning outside the fire polygons that appear to be true fires. The 10% omission error was found to be caused mainly by three factors: lack or insufficient number of active fires, partial burning, and vegetation recovery after early season burning. In addition to total area, the location and shapes of burned scars are consistent with the ground-based maps. Overall, the two algorithms are competent for detecting and mapping forest fires in North America north of Mexico with minor modifications. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Nanjing Univ, Int Inst Eart Syst Sci, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Li, ZQ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, 224 CSS Bldg,Room 2207, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM zli@atmos.umd.edu RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010 OI Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X NR 43 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D2 AR 4076 DI 10.1029/2001JD001377 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 678ZU UT WOS:000182897200005 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Witte, JC Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ Logan, JA Fujiwara, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Posny, F Coetzee, GJR Hoegger, B Kawakami, SJ Ogawa, T Fortuin, JPF Kelder, HM AF Thompson, AM Witte, JC Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ Logan, JA Fujiwara, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Posny, F Coetzee, GJR Hoegger, B Kawakami, SJ Ogawa, T Fortuin, JPF Kelder, HM TI Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology - 2. Tropospheric variability and the zonal wave-one SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE free-words-ozone; tropospheric ozone; ozonesondes; satellite ozone; tropical climatology; wave-one; biomass burning; El Nino; satellite retrievals ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATIONS; GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS; INDIAN-OCEAN; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; DEEP CONVECTION; COLUMN OZONE; DRY SEASON; ATLANTIC; TRACE AB The first view of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone variability in the Southern Hemisphere tropics is provided by a 3-year record of ozone soundings from the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz). Observations covering 1998-2000 were made over Ascension Island, Nairobi ( Kenya), Irene ( South Africa), Reunion Island, Watukosek (Java), Fiji, Tahiti, American Samoa, San Cristobal (Galapagos), and Natal (Brazil). Total, stratospheric, and tropospheric column ozone amounts usually peak between August and November. Other features are a persistent zonal wave-one pattern in total column ozone and signatures of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in stratospheric ozone. The wave-one is due to a greater concentration of free tropospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic than the Pacific and appears to be associated with tropical general circulation and seasonal pollution from biomass burning. Tropospheric ozone over the Indian and Pacific Oceans displays influences of the waning 1997-1998 El Nino, seasonal convection, and pollution transport from Africa. The most distinctive feature of SHADOZ tropospheric ozone is variability in the data, e. g., a factor of 3 in column amount at 8 of 10 stations. Seasonal and monthly means may not be robust quantities because statistics are frequently not Gaussian even at sites that are always in tropical air. Models and satellite retrievals should be evaluated on their capability for reproducing tropospheric variability and fine structure. A 1999 2000 ozone record from Paramaribo, Surinam (6degreesN, 55degreesW) (also in SHADOZ) shows a marked contrast to southern tropical ozone because Surinam is often north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). A more representative tropospheric ozone climatology for models and satellite retrievals requires additional Northern Hemisphere tropical data. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto, Japan. INPE Lab Ozonio, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Univ Reunion, St Denis, Reunion. S African Weather Serv, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Swiss Aerol Observ, Meteo Suissem, Payerne, Switzerland. NASDA Earth Observat Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Tech Univ Eindhoven, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Bldg 33,Room E417,Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anne.m.thompson@nasa.gov RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 69 TC 141 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D2 AR 8241 DI 10.1029/2002JD002241 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 678ZU UT WOS:000182897200010 ER PT J AU Hoerling, M Kumar, A AF Hoerling, M Kumar, A TI The perfect ocean for drought SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATION; ENSO AB The 1998-2002 droughts spanning the United States, southern Europe, and Southwest Asia were linked through a common oceanic influence. Cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the eastern tropical Pacific and warm SSTs in the western tropical Pacific and Indian oceans were remarkably persistent during this period. Climate models show that the climate signals forced separately by these regions acted synergistically, each contributing to widespread mid-latitude drying: an ideal. scenario for spatially expansive, synchronized drought. The warmth of the Indian and west Pacific oceans was unprecedented and consistent with greenhouse gas forcing. Some implications are drawn for future drought. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Hoerling, M (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 374 Z9 383 U1 5 U2 57 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 31 PY 2003 VL 299 IS 5607 BP 691 EP 694 DI 10.1126/science.1079053 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 640KH UT WOS:000180687700042 PM 12560548 ER PT J AU Thompson, AM Witte, JC McPeters, RD Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ Logan, JA Fujiwara, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Posny, F Coetzee, GJR Hoegger, B Kawakami, S Ogawa, T Johnson, BJ Vomel, H Labow, G AF Thompson, AM Witte, JC McPeters, RD Oltmans, SJ Schmidlin, FJ Logan, JA Fujiwara, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Posny, F Coetzee, GJR Hoegger, B Kawakami, S Ogawa, T Johnson, BJ Vomel, H Labow, G TI Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology - 1. Comparison with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and ground-based measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; ozonesondes; satellite ozone; tropical climatology ID TROPOSPHERIC COLUMN OZONE; MODIFIED-RESIDUAL METHOD; GAS EXPERIMENT DATA; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; INDIAN-OCEAN; INTERCOMPARISON CAMPAIGN; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; BREWER-MAST; NIMBUS 7 AB A network of 10 southern hemisphere tropical and subtropical stations, designated the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) project and established from operational sites, provided over 1000 ozone profiles during the period 1998-2000. Balloon-borne electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes, combined with standard radiosondes for pressure, temperature, and relative humidity measurements, collected profiles in the troposphere and lower to midstratosphere at: Ascension Island; Nairobi, Kenya; Irene, South Africa; Reunion Island; Watukosek, Java; Fiji; Tahiti; American Samoa; San Cristobal, Galapagos; and Natal, Brazil. The archived data are available at: . In this paper, uncertainties and accuracies within the SHADOZ ozone data set are evaluated by analyzing: (1) imprecisions in profiles and in methods of extrapolating ozone above balloon burst; (2) comparisons of column-integrated total ozone from sondes with total ozone from the Earth-Probe/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) satellite and ground-based instruments; and (3) possible biases from station to station due to variations in ozonesonde characteristics. The key results are the following: (1) Ozonesonde precision is 5%. (2) Integrated total ozone column amounts from the sondes are usually to within 5% of independent measurements from ground-based instruments at five SHADOZ sites and overpass measurements from the TOMS satellite (version 7 data). (3) Systematic variations in TOMS-sonde offsets and in ground-based-sonde offsets from station to station reflect biases in sonde technique as well as in satellite retrieval. Discrepancies are present in both stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. (4) There is evidence for a zonal wave-one pattern in total and tropospheric ozone, but not in stratospheric ozone. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto, Japan. INPE Lab Ozonio, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Univ Reunion, St Denis, Reunion. S African Weather Serv, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. Swiss Aerol Observ, Meteo Suisse, Payerne, Switzerland. NASDA Earth Observat Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Thompson, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Bldg 33,Room E417,Mail Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anne.m.thompson@nasa.gov RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 56 TC 245 Z9 248 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D2 AR 8238 DI 10.1029/2001JD000967 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 678YN UT WOS:000182894400002 ER PT J AU Hinson, DP Wilson, RJ Smith, MD Conrath, BJ AF Hinson, DP Wilson, RJ Smith, MD Conrath, BJ TI Stationary planetary waves in the atmosphere of Mars during southern winter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; atmosphere; meteorology; dynamics ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; RADIO OCCULTATION MEASUREMENTS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; ACCELEROMETER; HEMISPHERE; RESOLUTION; EDDIES; TIDES AB [1] We report new observations of stationary planetary waves in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We focus on a period during midwinter (L-s = 134degrees - 160degrees) when independent observations were acquired by two techniques. Radio occultation experiments sounded the atmosphere at essentially fixed latitude (similar to68degreesS) and local time (similar to1030), yielding profiles of geopotential and temperature between the surface and the 9 Pa pressure level. Observations by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) included systematic limb sounding at nine discrete latitudes and two local times (similar to0200 and similar to1500), yielding temperature profiles at pressures of 1 - 100 Pa. We supplemented these data with a simulation by a Mars general circulation model (MGCM), which provides an accurate synthesis of the observations. These stationary planetary waves have significant amplitudes at zonal wave numbers s = 1 and 2. The s = 1 component propagates vertically, as reflected by a westward tilt with increasing height in the geopotential and temperature fields and a net poleward eddy heat flux. The peak amplitude at s = 1 is similar to1 km in geopotential height and similar to7 K in temperature. The geopotential field of the s = 2 component is "barotropic'' in character, which results through hydrostatic balance in a distinctive temperature field. The peak amplitude at s = 2 is similar to700 m in geopotential height and 4 - 6 K in temperature. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM hinson@nimbus.stanford.edu; rjw@gfdl.noaa.gov; Michael.D.Smith.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; barney@chryse.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012 NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9097 EI 2169-9100 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JAN 30 PY 2003 VL 108 IS E1 AR 5004 DI 10.1029/2002JE001949 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 679DJ UT WOS:000182905300002 ER PT J AU Smirnov, AV Fuks, IM Naugolnykh, KA AF Smirnov, AV Fuks, IM Naugolnykh, KA TI Crosswind ocean radar backscatter and two-scale scattering model at low grazing angles SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE radio oceanography; remote sensing; electromagnetic theory; capillary waves; air/sea interactions ID X-BAND; EVOLUTION; SURFACE AB [1] A two-scale model of rough surface in a crosswind ocean radar illumination is considered. Model characteristics such as polarization and azimuthal dependence are illustrated through numerical calculations. Predictions of the model are compared with rare field measurements made in a crosswind environment. Measurements were obtained at a 2degrees grazing angle. These data, collected by X- and Ka-band (9.3 and 34.6 GHz) radars under crosswind during the 1995 Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment (COPE) off the Oregon Coast, indicate that the backscatter intensity of local "sea-spikes'' measured with horizontal transmit-and-receive polarization (HH) reaches or exceeds that measured with the vertical transmit-and-receive polarization (VV). We suggest that for low grazing angles and in a crosswind environment, a radar geometrical condition can occur where some HH-spikes can be dominated by vertically polarized scattered radiation due to cross tilt of a long wave, when its local slope becomes greater than 45degrees. C1 NOAA, Zel Technol LLC ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Smirnov, AV (reprint author), NOAA, Zel Technol LLC ETL, 325 Broadway R-ETL-O, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JAN 30 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 2 AR 8037 DI 10.1029/2002RS002672 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 679FJ UT WOS:000182909800001 ER PT J AU Granier, C Brasseur, GP AF Granier, C Brasseur, GP TI The impact of road traffic on global tropospheric ozone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EMISSIONS; MODEL AB Model calculations suggest that the emissions by road traffic ( passenger vehicles and trucks) of ozone precursors (NO(x), CO, hydrocarbons) have a substantial impact on the concentration of tropospheric ozone at the regional scale in the boundary layer and at the hemispheric scale in the free troposphere. Increases in the surface ozone concentration resulting from road traffic are typically 5-15% at mid-latitudes in the Northern hemisphere during summer. Similar levels of ozone changes are calculated in the Southern hemisphere during austral summertime, but with perturbations less uniformly distributed than in the Northern hemisphere. Ozone changes produced in the upper troposphere as a result of road traffic are of the same magnitude (5-8% in July) as the changes generated by commercial aircraft operations. A traffic-induced reduction of 3% is estimated for the globally and annually averaged lifetime of methane. C1 CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Granier, C (reprint author), CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995 NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 29 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 2 AR 1086 DI 10.1029/2002GL015972 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 678XW UT WOS:000182892800003 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Sharpless, KE AF Nelson, BC Sharpless, KE TI Quantification of the predominant monomeric catechins in baking chocolate standard reference material by LC/APCI-MS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE catechin; chocolate; epicatechin; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; standard reference material ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; THEOBROMA-CACAO; TEA CATECHINS; COCOA; PROCYANIDINS; POLYPHENOLS; IDENTIFICATION; FLAVAN-3-OLS; SEPARATION AB Catechins are polyphenolic plant compounds (flavonoids) that may offer significant health benefits to humans. These benefits stem largely from their anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antimutagenic properties. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-containing foods is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Chocolate is a natural cocoa bean-based product that reportedly contains high levels of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric catechins. We have applied solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry to the identification and determination of the predominant monomeric catechins, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, in a baking chocolate Standard Reference Material (NIST Standard Reference Material 2384). (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin are detected and quantified in chocolate extracts on the basis of selected-ion monitoring of their protonated [M + H]+ molecular ions. Tryptophan methyl ester is used as an internal standard. The developed method has the capacity to accurately quantify as little as 0.1 mug/mL (0.01 mg of catechin/g of chocolate) of either catechin in chocolate extracts, and the method has additionally been used to certify (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin levels in the baking chocolate Standard Reference Material. This is the first reported use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of monomeric catechins in chocolate and the only report certifying monomeric catechin levels in a food-based Standard Reference Material. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 29 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 3 BP 531 EP 537 DI 10.1021/jf0207474 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 638NZ UT WOS:000180578300001 PM 12537419 ER PT J AU Manney, GL Sabutis, JL Pawson, S Santee, ML Naujokat, B Swinbank, R Gelman, ME Ebisuzaki, W AF Manney, GL Sabutis, JL Pawson, S Santee, ML Naujokat, B Swinbank, R Gelman, ME Ebisuzaki, W TI Lower stratospheric temperature differences between meteorological analyses in two cold Arctic winters and their impact on polar processing studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratosphere; temperatures; meteorological analyses; polar processing ID DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; DURATION BALLOON DATA; SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; OZONE LOSS; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; VORTEX CONDITIONS; MLS OBSERVATIONS; DENITRIFICATION; IMPLEMENTATION AB A quantitative comparison of six meteorological analyses is presented for the cold 1999/2000 and 1995/1996 Arctic winters. Using different analyzed data sets to obtain temperatures and temperature histories can have significant consequences. The area with temperatures below a polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation threshold commonly varies by similar to25% between the analyses, with some differences over 50%. Biases between analyses vary from year to year; in January 2000, Met Office analyses were coldest and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analyses were warmest, while NCEP analyses were usually coldest in 1995/1996 and NCEP/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (REAN) were usually warmest. Freie Universitat Berlin analyses are often colder than others at T less than or similar to 205 K. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) temperatures agreed better with other analyses in 1999/2000, after improvements in the assimilation system, than in 1995/1996. Temperature history case studies show substantial differences using Met Office, NCEP, REAN, ECMWF, and NASA Data Assimilation Office (DAO) analyses. In January 2000 ( when a large cold region was centered in the polar vortex), all analyses gave qualitatively similar results. However, in February 2000 ( a much warmer period) and in January and February 1996 ( comparably cold to January 2000 but with the cold region near the polar vortex edge), distributions of "potential PSC lifetimes" and total time spent below a PSC formation threshold varied significantly between the analyses. Largest peaks in "PSC lifetime" distributions in January 2000 were at 4-6 and 11-14 days, while in 1996 they were at 1-3 days. Different meteorological conditions in comparably cold winters have a large impact on expectations for PSC formation and on the effects of discrepancies between different meteorological analyses. Met Office, NCEP, REAN, ECMWF, and DAO analyses are commonly used in modeling polar processes; the choice of analysis can strongly influence the results of such studies. C1 New Mexico Highlands Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Las Vegas, NV USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. New Mexico Highlands Univ, Sch Educ, Las Vegas, NV USA. New Mexico Highlands Univ, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Free Univ Berlin, Inst Meteorol, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Natl Weather Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP New Mexico Highlands Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Las Vegas, NV USA. RI Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu/N-6998-2014; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu/0000-0002-3918-1166; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X NR 61 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8328 DI 10.1029/2001JD001149 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 679AC UT WOS:000182898000001 ER PT J AU Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Dimeo, RM AF Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Dimeo, RM TI Incoherent neutron scattering as a probe of the dynamics in molecularly thin polymer films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; MICROSCOPIC BASIS; DEUTERON NMR; C-13 NMR; TRANSITION; POLYCARBONATE AB Incoherent neutron scattering measurements were performed on polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films of variable thickness, ranging from bulklike down to 75 Angstrom, or length scales comparable to the polymer's radius of gyration. The temperature dependencies of the incoherent elastic scattering are analyzed in terms of a Debye-Waller factor to estimate the hydrogen-weighted mean-square atomic displacement .We find a general reduction of as the polymer films become increasingly thin, especially above the calorimetric glass transition temperature, T, However, below T-g this reduction depends strongly upon the relative amplitude of the displacement. Specifically, if in the bulk glass is especially large, as seen in PC, the extensive sub-T-g motions are strongly suppressed by thin film confinement. On the contrary, glassy PVC displays comparatively small-amplitude displacements in the glass and virtually no reduction of upon confinement. These results are discussed in terms of a caging of the atomic motions as the degree of thin film confinement increases. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 61 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JAN 28 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 2 BP 373 EP 379 DI 10.1021/ma020952k PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 638YW UT WOS:000180601500019 ER PT J AU Annis, BK Kim, MH Brown, C AF Annis, BK Kim, MH Brown, C TI Comparison of boson peaks in polypropylenes SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FRAGILE GLASS FORMERS; DYNAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; TACTICITY; RESONANCE; MELTS C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Annis, BK (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JAN 28 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 2 BP 520 EP 521 DI 10.1021/ma0212689 PG 2 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 638YW UT WOS:000180601500034 ER PT J AU Mountain, DG AF Mountain, DG TI Variability in the properties of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight, 1977-1999 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Middle Atlantic Bight; shelf water; interannual variability ID SHOALS FLUX EXPERIMENT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SLOPE WATER; GULF; FRONT; SALINITY; MAINE; TRANSPORT AB [1] The seasonal and interannual variability in the temperature, salinity, and volume of Shelf Water (SHW) in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) is described for the period 1977-1999. Large interannual variations in the volume, salinity, and, to a lesser extent, temperature of the SHW occurred that were coherent over multiple year time periods. The variations in volume and salinity originated through processes acting outside of the MAB and were advected into the region from the Gulf of Maine. On a decadal average the SHW observed in the 1990s was approximately 1degreesC warmer, 0.25 PSU fresher, and 1000 km(3) more abundant than during the 1977-1987 period. The warming during the 1990s was largest in the southern part of the bight during the winter, when the SHW was more than 2degreesC warmer then during the earlier decade. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr NMFS, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Mountain, DG (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr NMFS, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 33 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C1 AR 3014 DI 10.1029/2001JC001044 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 660JD UT WOS:000181829300001 ER EF