FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Moles, A Scott, R AF Moles, A Scott, R TI Growth and behavior of juvenile Alaskan flatfishes in the laboratory SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; PACIFIC HALIBUT; TEMPERATURE; RETENTION; PLAICE; SALMON; FISH; SEA AB Juvenile Pacific halibut reared in the laboratory grew at a faster rate and had a more uniform distribution in behavior tests than juveniles of yellowfin sole and rock sole. Juvenile yellowfin sole and rock sole had similar 90-d growth rates (0.71-0.83% BWD) in the laboratory at 10degreesC, whereas Pacific halibut grew significantly faster (1.29% BWD). Rock sole grew the same on both mud and sand, despite a known preference for sand substrate in the field. Yellowfin sole and rock sole had an aggregated distribution in the tanks as measured by nearest-neighbor analysis regardless of the presence of other species, whereas Pacific halibut had a uniform distribution. These are the first observations of growth and behavior of juveniles of these species in the laboratory. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Moles, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 76 IS 1 BP 41 EP 45 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 533WX UT WOS:000174554200005 ER PT J AU Wu, CM Lin, ST Fu, J AF Wu, CM Lin, ST Fu, J TI Heterodyne interferometer with two spatial-separated polarization beams for nanometrology SO OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE heterodyne interferometer; interferometry; nanometrology ID PERIODIC NONLINEARITY AB An interferometer having accuracy in displacement measurement of < 1 nm is necessary in nanometrology. To meet the requirement, the periodic nonlinearity mainly caused by polarization and frequency mixings should be less than deep sub-nanometer. In this paper, two spatial-separated polarization beams are used to avoid mixings and then the periodic nonlinearity. The developed interferometer demonstrates a periodic nonlinearity of about 25 pm and a 2 pm/&RADIC;Hz in displacement noise level. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Inst Nucl Sci, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Taipei Univ Technol, Inst Optoelect Engn, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, CM (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Inst Nucl Sci, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RI Wu, Chien-ming/K-6361-2012 OI Wu, Chien-ming/0000-0002-4985-386X NR 8 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0306-8919 J9 OPT QUANT ELECTRON JI Opt. Quantum Electron. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 34 IS 12 BP 1267 EP 1276 DI 10.1023/A:1021355410552 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA 621BT UT WOS:000179569200012 ER PT J AU Harrison, L Berndt, J Kiedron, P Disterhoft, P AF Harrison, L Berndt, J Kiedron, P Disterhoft, P TI United States Department of Agriculture reference ultraviolet spectroradiometer: current performance and operational experience at Table Mountain, Colorado SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in UV Ground- and Space-Based Measurements and Modeling CY JUL, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE ultraviolet; radiometers; ozone; remote sensing ID TOTAL OZONE; IRRADIANCE AB At present the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Reference Spectroradiometric Network consists of three sites: Table Mountain, Colorado, Lamont, Oklahoma (the ARM program SGP site), and Beltsville, Maryland. At each site we deploy and continuously operate a 1-m cascaded additive-double Czerny-Turner scanning monochromator with a bialkali photomultiplier and photon-counting detection. Lambertian fore-optic errors are less than 1% over the range of zenith angles from 0 to 80degrees. The instruments use photon counting and make measurements at 290 nm not affected by stray light under typical conditions. The basic performance specifications of the instrument were demonstrated by a prototype at the 1997 North-American UV Spectroradiometer Intercomparison. Data shown here demonstrate that these are met in routine operation. The fundamental instrument performance specifications are: Optical resolution: 0.1 nm FWHM, triangular slit-function. Wavelength reproducibility: +/-0.0025- nrn 2sigma with 296-nm Hg retrace-scan corrections applied, +/-0.007 nm 2sigma over typical diurnal variability, without correction. Wavelength accuracy: Limited by calibration systematic errors. Believed to be 0.005-nm worst case. Stray light: < 10(-7) at 4 FWHM, 10(-10) at 20 nm, slit-scattering function versus 325 nm HeCd. Angular response: less than 1% error from cosine over the range of zenith angles from 0 to 80degrees. Signal linearity: The instrument uses a photomultiplier with 2-ns rise-time and photon counting detection. The dual-threshold discriminator has a 700-Mhz synchronous signal counting limit. The maximum counting rates seen at the longest wavelengths are less than 10 MHz; less than 1/5 of the frequency where nonlinearity can be detected, as tested for the 1997 Intercomparison. 2000 was the first full year of operation of our instrument at the NOAA Table Mountain site (140.177 degreesN 105.276 degreesW, 1900 m asl) for which the operational and calibration frequencies justify making the data accessible to outside users for scientific application. We show performance in routine operation and issues of calibration over the period April 2000 to 31 December 2001. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. NOAA, Solar Radiat & Res Branch, Cent Ultraviolet Calibrat Facil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Harrison, L (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, 251 Fuller Rd, Albany, NY 12203 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 41 IS 12 BP 3096 EP 3103 DI 10.1117/1.1517574 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 627UL UT WOS:000179954500015 ER PT J AU Tang, X Zheng, J AF Tang, X Zheng, J TI High-precision measurement of reflectance for films under substrates SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE reflectance; reflectance measurement; optical disk AB A more accurate methodology to measure the reflectance of optical disks, taking into consideration the scattering losses at the surfaces of the disk, is proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed method is a modification of the current standard, as described in Annex D of the Standard ECMA-267, second edition, for 120-mm DVD-Read-Only Disk (Dec. 1999, http:/ www.ecma.ch/). The experiment shows that the optical losses could be, in some cases, as much as 2% of the incident light power. By accounting. for the losses, as in the proposed method, the accuracy of the measured reflectance is significantly improved. Thus, the primary reference disks produced with this method have a higher accuracy in reflectance measurement for the use of optical disk industry. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tang, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8951, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 41 IS 12 BP 3283 EP 3287 DI 10.1117/1.1517288 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 627UL UT WOS:000179954500039 ER PT J AU Gu, ZH Fuks, IM Ciftan, M AF Gu, ZH Fuks, IM Ciftan, M TI Enhanced backscattering at grazing angles SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLANE-LAYERED MEDIUM; WAVE DIFFRACTION; ROUGH; LIGHT AB Backscattering signals at small grazing angles are important for space vehicle atmospheric reentrance and subsurface radar sensing applications. They are also useful in Fourier-transform infrared grazing-angle microscopy. Recently we performed an experimental study of far-field scattering at small grazing angles, in particular, of enhanced backscattering at grazing angles. For a randomly weak rough dielectric film upon a reflecting metal substrate, a large enhanced backscattering peak was measured. Experimental results are compared with small perturbation theoretical predictions. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Surface Opt Corp, San Diego, CA 92127 USA. Zel Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USA, Res Off, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gu, ZH (reprint author), Surface Opt Corp, 11555 Rancho Bernardo Rd, San Diego, CA 92127 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 23 BP 2067 EP 2069 DI 10.1364/OL.27.002067 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 621AC UT WOS:000179565500003 PM 18033443 ER PT J AU Rahmani, A Chaumet, PC Bryant, GW AF Rahmani, A Chaumet, PC Bryant, GW TI Coupled dipole method with an exact long-wavelength limit and improved accuracy at finite frequencies SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID APPROXIMATION; SCATTERING; GRAINS AB We present a new formulation of the coupled dipole method that accounts for local-field effects and is exact in the long-wavelength limit. This formulation also leads to improved accuracy of the description of light-scattering processes at finite frequencies. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, Inst Fresnel, Unite Mixte Rech 6133, F-13397 Marseille 20, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM adel.rahmani@ec-lyon.fr RI Rahmani, Adel/G-6406-2011; patrick, Chaumet/B-6918-2013 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 EI 1539-4794 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 23 BP 2118 EP 2120 DI 10.1364/OL.27.002118 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 621AC UT WOS:000179565500020 PM 18033460 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Rao, Q AF Xie, RH Rao, Q TI Generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing in a high-Q micromaser cavity. (V). A linear superposition of states SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE dipole; squeezed state; superposition state; quantum fluctuation; uncertainty relation; stark shift; two-photon micromaser ID JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL; COHERENT CONTROL; PURIS CRITERION; 2-LEVEL ATOM; STARK SHIFT; QUANTUM; LIGHT; FIELD; OSCILLATOR; COLLAPSE AB In our preceding paper, we investigated the generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing (HOADS) in a nondegenerate two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model in the absence of Stark shift. In this paper, we continue to study HOADS in this model but with the inclusion of Stark shift. Based on the linear superposition principle of quantum mechanics, we discuss the cases where the atom or the two-mode fields are initially prepared in a superposition of states. We demonstrate that the essential condition for generating HOADS is that the initial state of the system should include phase information, and HOADS cannot appear in atomic spontaneous radiation processes. The Stark shift brings time-dependent phase information into emitted photons and has a significant effect (constructively and destructively) on HOADS. It is found that weakly coupling of the intermediate virtual state to the ground state of the atom would lead to much more squeezing and collapse-revival phenomena. The relation between HOADS and second-order atomic dipole squeezing is also discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 63 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 315 IS 3-4 BP 386 EP 410 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01010-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01010-5 PG 25 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 621BN UT WOS:000179568800003 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Rao, Q AF Xie, RH Rao, Q TI Generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing in a high-Q micromaser cavity. (VI). Atomic damping by a squeezed vacuum SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE dipole; squeezed state; quantum fluctuation; uncertainty relation; squeezed vacuum; damping; master equation; SU(2) coherent state ID JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL; QUANTUM-THEORY; MASTER EQUATION; STATES; LIGHT; FIELDS AB In our previous serial works, we investigated the generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing (HOADS) in a high-Q micromaser cavity. In this paper, we continue to study HOADS in this system but consider the effect of atomic damping by a squeezed vacuum in the absence of an external field. The corresponding master equation is introduced and its solutions for an initial SU(2) coherent state of the atom are presented. In the absence of the atomic damping, we have shown that stable and permanent HOADS can be generated by properly preparing the atom in certain SU(2) coherent state. We demonstrate the destructive effect of atomic damping on HOADS by changing the initial atomic coherence or the average number of the reservoir photons. The relation between HOADS and second-order atomic dipole squeezing (SOADS) is discussed. It is found that the atomic damping has more destructive effects on SOADS than on HOADS. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 315 IS 3-4 BP 411 EP 426 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01011-7 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01011-7 PG 16 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 621BN UT WOS:000179568800004 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Rao, Q AF Xie, RH Rao, Q TI Generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing in a high-Q micromaser cavity. (VII). Entangled two-mode coherent states SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE squeezed state; entangled state; perelomov coherent state; Barut-Girardello coherent state; SU(2) coherent state; quantum fluctuation; uncertainty relation; stark shift; squeezed vacuum state; dipole ID JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL; QUANTUM OPTICS; FIELDS; COMMUNICATION; TELEPORTATION; STATISTICS; COLLAPSE AB In our preceding paper V, we investigated the generation of higher-order atomic dipole squeezing (HOADS) in a nondegenerate two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model (NTPJCM) in the presence of Stark shift. In this paper, we continue to study HOADS in this model but focus on the specific cases that the radiation field is initially prepared in a two-mode entangled state (e.g., two-mode squeezed vacuum state, two-mode Perelomov and Barut-Girardello coherent states). It is found that increasing the fixed difference in the photon numbers of the two-mode entangled states of the radiation field could decrease the squeeze duration and shorten the squeeze period, and the detuning may lead to much effective HOADS by properly adjusting certain value. In general, the Stark shift has a destructive effect on HOADS, but the combined effect of the detuning and Stark shift could increase the squeeze duration and lead to regular and periodical HOADS pattern. The influence of atomic coherence on HOADS is also examined in detail. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Queens Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 315 IS 3-4 BP 427 EP 456 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01012-9 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01012-9 PG 30 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 621BN UT WOS:000179568800005 ER PT J AU Paul, BD Cooper, J Gallagher, A Raymer, MG AF Paul, BD Cooper, J Gallagher, A Raymer, MG TI Theory of optical near-resonant cone emission in atomic vapor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ANOMALOUS CONICAL EMISSION; FOCUSED LIGHT-PROPAGATION; FULLY SATURABLE MEDIUM; PUMPED 2-LEVEL ATOMS; PULSE-PROPAGATION; GAUSSIAN BEAMS; BARIUM VAPOR; SODIUM VAPOR; GENERATION; RADIATION AB A time-dependent theory for conical emission during near-resonant propagation of laser light in an atomic vapor, which includes full propagation for the laser and frequency sidebands in a nonlinear two-level medium is presented. The density-matrix equations for the dipole moment and population are solved in the dressed atomic frame. The polarization source terms are accurate to order gamma/R where gamma is a damping constant and R is the generalized Rabi frequency. Analytical plane-wave solutions and numerical, cylindrically symmetric propagation simulations including diffraction are presented. It is shown that the calculations with cylindrically symmetric fields and atomic excitation profiles are incapable of accounting for the high levels of optical gain that are responsible for the intense conical emission observed in experiments. This result is at first surprising, since the model accounts rigorously for all of the physical phenomena that have been previously proposed as being responsible for generating large gains, and the calculation matches the symmetry of the observations. The lack of large calculated gain seems to imply the existence of higher-order (m>0) radial modes in the field for the experimental conditions that give rise to cone emission. In the simulations, however, the cylindrically symmetric fields do produce weak red-detuned cones with angular-frequency distributions similar to those seen in experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Paul, BD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 063816 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.063816 PG 19 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 639YA UT WOS:000180656800109 ER PT J AU Simoni, A Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ AF Simoni, A Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ TI Intensity effects in ultracold photoassociation line shapes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING LENGTHS; STATE PHOTOASSOCIATION; ATOMIC-COLLISIONS; COOLED ATOMS; SPECTROSCOPY; SODIUM; TEMPERATURE; SPECTRA; LIGHT; FIELD AB We derive ultracold atom-atom photoassociation line shapes valid for intense light fields and investigate laser power effects in sodium and rubidium photoassociation to the purely long-range O-g(-) symmetry state. We consider intensities up to a few hundreds W/cm(2), a strongly saturating intensity for typical transitions of experimental interest. For these intensities the O-gi(-) rotational spectrum is still well resolved; however, it is essential to couple the photoassociation resonance to both s- and d-wave ground-state channels. A low-energy d-wave shape resonance can have a profound effect on the line shape. Understanding the line shape is essential for precision spectroscopic analysis and could improve the extraction of ground-state scattering properties such as scattering lengths. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. INFM, I-50125 Florence, Italy. Univ Florence, LENS, I-50125 Florence, Italy. RP Simoni, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; simoni, andrea/C-1410-2011; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 33 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 063406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.063406 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 639YA UT WOS:000180656800071 ER PT J AU Vala, J Amitay, Z Zhang, B Leone, SR Kosloff, R AF Vala, J Amitay, Z Zhang, B Leone, SR Kosloff, R TI Experimental implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm for three-qubit functions using pure coherent molecular superpositions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NMR QUANTUM COMPUTER; COMPUTATION; STATE; LI-2 AB The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is experimentally demonstrated for three-qubit functions using pure coherent superpositions of Li-2 rovibrational eigenstates. The function's character, either constant or balanced, is evaluated by first imprinting the function, using a phase-shaped femtosecond pulse, on a coherent superposition of the molecular states, and then projecting the superposition onto an ionic final state, using a second femtosecond pulse at a specific time delay. C1 Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Res Ctr Mol Dynam, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vala, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Kosloff, Ronnie/D-2388-2013 OI Kosloff, Ronnie/0000-0001-6201-2523 NR 29 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 062316 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.062316 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 639YA UT WOS:000180656800039 ER PT J AU Fu, HX Gulseren, O AF Fu, HX Gulseren, O TI Piezoelectric Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O-3: Interplay of atomic ordering, ferroelectric soft modes, and pressure SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FIRST-PRINCIPLES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; POLARIZATION ROTATION; MONOCLINIC PHASE; BATIO3; PBTIO3; PEROVSKITE; BEHAVIOR; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS AB Three ordered structures of piezoelectric Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O-3 (PZT) under hydrostatic pressure are studied using a first-principles pseudopotential approach. These three structures (namely, a tetragonal phase with Ti/Zr ordered along the pseudocubic [001] direction, a tetragonal phase and a rhombohedral phase, both with Ti/Zr ordered along the [111] direction) differ in atomic ordering and spontaneous polarization. The volume dependences of energy, polarization, and strain are calculated for each structure. We found: (1) The energy difference caused by atomic ordering is similar to58 meV, much larger than the energy difference (similar to1 meV) due to different spontaneous polarizations. Atomic ordering thus dominates the structural energetics of PZT. (2) For the PZT's with Ti/Zr ordered along the [111] direction, the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases are very close in energy (less than 1 meV), indicating a possible large piezoelectric response from rotating polarization. (3) Whereas pressure can dramatically suppress ferroelectricity, it will change but very little the relative stability of two ferroelectric phases. (4) The bulk moduli of three PZT phases are found to be close (similar to154 GPa). (5) The tetragonal PZT with Ti/Zr ordered along the [001] direction will maintain a substantial polarization and strain at similar to15 GPa; it could be useful in making high-pressure ferroelectric devices. (6) The tetragonal and rhombohedral PZT phases ordered along the [111] direction have very different energy surfaces when strains are driven along their polarization directions. These two phases will thus have rather different normal piezoelectric responses. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys, Camden, NJ 08102 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 21 AR 214114 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.214114 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 634AX UT WOS:000180318800043 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, A Seo, JW Fitzsimmons, MR Siegwart, H Fompeyrine, J Locquet, JP Dura, JA Majkrzak, CF AF Hoffmann, A Seo, JW Fitzsimmons, MR Siegwart, H Fompeyrine, J Locquet, JP Dura, JA Majkrzak, CF TI Induced magnetic moments at a ferromagnet-antiferromagnet interface SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE EXCHANGE BIAS; DOMAIN STATE MODEL; NEUTRON REFLECTOMETRY; SPIN STRUCTURE; THIN-FILMS; BILAYERS; ANISOTROPY; LAYER AB We have studied the magnetization depth profile in a Co/LaFeO3 exchange bias system with polarized neutron reflectometry. In the exchange biased state we observe differences between the reflectivity profiles when the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer is saturated either parallel or antiparallel to the cooling field. This difference vanishes above the blocking temperature. Since the reflectivity profiles are directly related to the Fourier components of the magnetization depth profile, this data suggest that a net moment develops within the antiferromagnetic layer close to the interface with the ferromagnetic layer, which remains unchanged during the magnetic-field cycling and is coupled antiferromagnetically to the ferromagnet. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. IBM Corp, Div Res, Zurich Res Lab, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hoffmann, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Hoffmann, Axel/A-8152-2009; Seo, Jin Won/J-3980-2013 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X; Hoffmann, Axel/0000-0002-1808-2767; Seo, Jin Won/0000-0003-4937-0769 NR 33 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 22 AR 220406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.220406 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 633JH UT WOS:000180279000010 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, S Stock, C Ye, ZG Chen, W Gehring, PM Shirane, G AF Wakimoto, S Stock, C Ye, ZG Chen, W Gehring, PM Shirane, G TI Mode coupling and polar nanoregions in the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; ANOMALIES; BEHAVIOR AB We present a quantitative analysis of the phonon line shapes obtained by neutron inelastic scattering methods in the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN). Differences in the shapes and apparent positions of the transverse acoustic- (TA) and transverse optic- (TO) phonon peaks measured in the (300) and (200) Brillouin zones at 690 K are well described by a simple model that couples the TA and soft TO modes in which the primary parameter is the wave vector and temperature-dependent TO linewidth Gamma(q,T). This mode-coupling picture provides a natural explanation for the uniform displacements of the polar nanoregions (PNR's), discovered by Hirota as the PNR result from the condensation of a soft TO mode that also contains a large acoustic component. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wakimoto, S (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NR 21 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 22 AR 224102 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.224102 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 633JH UT WOS:000180279000019 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Harris, AB AF Yildirim, T Harris, AB TI Rotational and vibrational dynamics of interstitial molecular hydrogen SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ORIENTATIONAL ORDERING TRANSITION; SOLID C-60; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CARBON NANOTUBES; C60 AB The calculation of the hindered roton-phonon energy levels of a hydrogen molecule in a confining potential with different symmetries is systematized for the case when the rotational angular momentum J is a good quantum number. One goal of this program is to interpret the energy-resolved neutron time-of-flight spectrum previously obtained for H2C60. This spectrum gives direct information on the energy-level spectrum of H-2 molecules confined to the octahedral interstitial sites of solid C-60. We treat this problem of coupled translational and orientational degrees of freedom (i) by construction of an effective Hamiltonian to describe the splitting of the manifold of states characterized by a given value of J and having a fixed total number of phonon excitations, (ii) by numerical solutions of the coupled translation-rotation problem on a discrete mesh of points in position space, and (iii) by a group theoretical symmetry analysis. Results obtained from these three different approaches are mutually consistent. The results of our calculations explain several aspects of the experimental observations, but show that a truly satisfactory orientational potential for the interaction of an H-2 molecule with a surrounding array of C atoms has not yet been developed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; harris, A Brooks/C-8640-2013 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 21 AR 214301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.214301 PG 20 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 634AX UT WOS:000180318800051 ER PT J AU Zelezny, V Cockayne, E Petzelt, J Limonov, MF Usvyat, DE Lemanov, VV Volkov, AA AF Zelezny, V Cockayne, E Petzelt, J Limonov, MF Usvyat, DE Lemanov, VV Volkov, AA TI Temperature dependence of infrared-active phonons in CaTiO3: A combined spectroscopic and first-principles study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL PHASE-TRANSITIONS; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; PEROVSKITE CATIO3; CUBIC PEROVSKITES; RAMAN-SCATTERING; CERAMICS; SRTIO3; (SR1-XCAX)TIO3; INSTABILITIES AB Spectroscopic studies involving dielectric, submillimeter, infrared, and Raman measurements were performed on a CaTiO3 single crystal, covering a broad spectral range (static to 10 THz) at temperatures from 6 to 300 K. The results show mode softening characteristic of an incipient ferroelectric with T(c)approximate to-105 K. A signature of the soft mode is seen in the Raman spectra, even though the soft modes are not Raman active to first order. First-principles calculations were used to identify the phonons responsible for the spectral features. Many of the major features are due to phonons in orthorhombic CaTiO3 that are associated with zone-boundary phonons of the cubic perovskite phase. C1 ASCR, Inst Phys, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Gen Phys, Moscow, Russia. RP ASCR, Inst Phys, Na Slovance 2, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. RI Usvyat, Denis/C-8711-2012; Petzelt, Jan/G-6142-2014; Zelezny, Vladimir/G-7420-2014 OI Usvyat, Denis/0000-0001-6351-9289; Petzelt, Jan/0000-0001-8562-2148; Zelezny, Vladimir/0000-0003-0991-2025 NR 48 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 22 AR 224303 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.224303 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 633JH UT WOS:000180279000036 ER PT J AU Sengers, JL Levelt, AHM AF Sengers, JL Levelt, AHM TI Diederik Korteweg, pioneer of criticality SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. RP Sengers, JL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD DEC PY 2002 VL 55 IS 12 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.1063/1.1537912 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 619NF UT WOS:000179481800016 ER PT J AU Stellbrink, J Allgaier, J Willner, L Richter, D Slawecki, T Fetters, LJ AF Stellbrink, J Allgaier, J Willner, L Richter, D Slawecki, T Fetters, LJ TI Real time SANS study on head group self-assembly for lithium based anionic polymerizations SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE self-assembly; polymer; headgroups ID END-FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS; STAR POLYMERS; ORDERING PHENOMENA; ASSOCIATION BEHAVIOR; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIVING POLYMERS; POLYISOPRENES; AGGREGATION; AMINE; LIGHT AB Small angle neutron scattering was used to in situ study the aggregated structures formed in the course of the polymerization of butadiene and isoprene in deuterated n-heptane. The samples were designed to have equal degrees of polymerization. These measurements showed, at low Q, that the start of the butadiene propagation event was accompanied by the presence of highly extended large-scale structures. As propagation progressed these initial structures diminished in size and were replaced, at least in part, by star-like aggregates. At the cessation of the polymerization reaction the star micelles, mid-Q regime, exhibited a mean aggregation state of 8.4. At lower conversions (and thus lower chain molecular weights) the presence of large three-dimensional aggregates was indicated. Conversely, the isoprene system in its initial moments of propagation did not show the same extent of large-scale structures although the low Q data did indicate the formation of architectures larger than the star-like aggregates. The star shaped micelles exhibited the mean degree of aggregation of 4. These results demonstrate that the association behavior of these polar dienyllithium headgroups is more varied than permitted by the current 'textbook' mechanism where the solitary permissible aggregation state is four. These findings concur with those suggested from a recent semi-empirical and ab initio quantum chemistry based series of calculations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Solid State Res, Res Ctr, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Fetters, LJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Richter, Dieter/H-3701-2013; Stellbrink, Jorg/K-3351-2013 OI Richter, Dieter/0000-0003-0719-8470; Stellbrink, Jorg/0000-0001-6183-3901 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 IS 25 BP 7101 EP 7109 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00450-0 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00450-0 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 612LA UT WOS:000179075700053 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Baranauskas, V Riffle, JS Sorathia, U AF Lin-Gibson, S Baranauskas, V Riffle, JS Sorathia, U TI Cresol novolac-epoxy networks: properties and processability SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE cresol novolac; novolac; flame retardant AB Linear controlled molecular weight ortho-cresol novolac oligomers were crosslinked with epoxies to form tough, flame retardant networks with enhanced processability and reduced moisture uptake. At the networks' optimum stoichiometry, the fracture toughness, assessed by the critical stress intensity factor (K-IC), was slightly higher for the cresol novolac-epoxy networks (similar to 1.1 MPa m(1/2)) than for similar phenolic novolac-epoxy networks (similar to 0.85 MPa M-1/2). Cresol novolac-epoxy networks exhibited improved processability under melt conditions relative to phenolic novolac-epoxy materials, and this was attributed to the presence of a methyl group adjacent to the hydroxyl group on cresol repeat units, which reduced the rate of reaction between phenol and epoxy. The use of cresol novolac oligomers also reduced the network equilibrium water absorption, and this was likely due to the presence of the additional methyl on each repeat unit. The equilibrium water absorption for all cresol novolac containing compositions was between 1.7 and 2.1 wt%, comparable to epoxy networks. Cone calorimetry showed that the flame retardance of cresol novolac-epoxy networks was lower than that for the phenolic novolac-epoxy materials, but was far superior to the control epoxy networks. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Carderock Div, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 IS 26 BP 7389 EP 7398 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00538-4 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00538-4 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 622RZ UT WOS:000179661900018 ER PT J AU Harvey, KL Recely, F AF Harvey, KL Recely, F TI Polar coronal holes during cycles 22 and 23 SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; SOLAR-CYCLE; EVOLUTION; REVERSALS AB The National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak synoptic rotation maps of the magnetic field and of the equivalent width of the He I 1083 nm line are used to identify and measure polar coronal holes from September 1989 to the present. This period covers the entire lifetime of the northern and southern polar holes present during cycles 22 and 23 and includes the disappearance of the previous southern polar coronal hole in 1990 and and formation of the new northern polar hole in 2001. From this sample of polar hole observations, we found that polar coronal holes evolve from high-latitude (similar to60degrees) isolated holes. The isolated pre-polar holes form in the follower of the remnants of old active region fields just before the polar magnetic fields complete their reversal during the maximum phase of a cycle, and expand to cover the poles within 3 solar rotations after the reversal of the polar fields. During the initial 1.2-1.4 years, the polar holes are asymmetric about the pole and frequently have lobes extending into the active region latitudes. During this period, the area and magnetic flux of the polar holes increase rapidly. The surface areas, and in one case the net magnetic flux, reach an initial brief maximum within a few months. Following this initial phase, the areas (and in one case magnetic flux) decrease and then increase more slowly reaching their maxima during the cycle minimum. Over much of the lifetime of the measured polar holes, the area of the southern polar hole was smaller than the northern hole and had a significantly higher magnetic flux density. Both polar holes had essentially the same amount of magnetic flux at the time of cycle minimum. The decline in area and magnetic flux begins with the first new cycle regions with the holes disappearing about 1.1-1.8 years before the polar fields complete their reversal. The lifetime of the two polar coronal holes observed in their entirety during cycles 22 and 23 was 8.7 years for the northern polar hole and 8.3 years for the southern polar hole. C1 Solar Phys Res Corp, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. NR 29 TC 106 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 211 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 52 DI 10.1023/A:1022469023581 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 647BQ UT WOS:000181071700003 ER PT J AU Gutzler, DS Kann, DM Thornbrugh, C AF Gutzler, DS Kann, DM Thornbrugh, C TI Modulation of ENSO-based long-lead outlooks of Southwestern US winter precipitation by the Pacific decadal oscillation SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; TELECONNECTIONS; PREDICTABILITY; PROGRESS AB Seasonal predictability of winter precipitation anomalies across the U. S. Southwest derived from knowledge of antecedent, late-summer Pacific Ocean surface temperatures is examined empirically. Previous studies have shown that equatorial Pacific SST anomalies associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which are persistent from late summer through winter, exhibit a strong relationship with winter precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico. Here the degree to which seasonal predictability in this region is modulated by longer-term oceanic fluctuations associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is assessed. When all years from 1950 through 1997 are considered as a single dataset, inclusion of the PDO signal adds only slightly to the ENSO-based statistical predictability of Southwest winter precipitation anomalies. However, when the dataset is split into two subperiods delineated by a major shift in the PDO (before and after 1977), the ENSO-based predictability and, to a lesser extent, PDO-based predictability are substantially modified. Before 1977, negative winter precipitation anomalies are strongly tied to ENSO cold years but warm years do not systematically lead to positive precipitation anomalies. After 1977, this asymmetry is reversed and positive precipitation anomalies predictably follow warm ENSO years but cold years yield no precipitation predictability. Within each subperiod, interannual PDO fluctuations yield less predictability than ENSO fluctuations. Thus ENSO-based predictability seems to undergo a profound decadal modification that might be associated statistically with the PDO, but the physical link to North Pacific Ocean temperatures is problematic. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Gutzler, DS (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 30 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1163 EP 1172 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1163:MOEBLL>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XF UT WOS:000180135600003 ER PT J AU Weisman, RA McGregor, KG Novak, DR Selzler, JL Spinar, ML Thomas, BC Schumacher, PN AF Weisman, RA McGregor, KG Novak, DR Selzler, JL Spinar, ML Thomas, BC Schumacher, PN TI Precipitation regimes during cold-season Central US inverted trough cases. Part I: Synoptic climatology and composite study SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CYCLOGENESIS AB This paper is the first of two papers that examines the organization of the precipitation field in central U. S. cold-season cyclones involving inverted troughs. The first portion of the study examines the varying precipitation distribution that occurred during a 6-yr synoptic climatology of inverted trough cases. The definition of inverted trough cases has been expanded from the groundbreaking work by Keshishian et al. by 1) not requiring a closed cyclonic isobar along the frontal wave along the conventional surface front and 2) not requiring a surface thermal gradient to be present along the inverted trough. Only 8.5% of the expanded dataset produced the precipitation primarily occurring to the west of the inverted trough ("behind'' cases) as seen in Keshishian et al. The largest group of cases, comprising about 40% of the cases, produced precipitation that primarily occurred between the inverted trough and the conventional warm front ("ahead'' cases). A composite study compared a subset of the ahead cases with a subset of the behind cases. The ahead cases tended to be more progressive with a stronger jet stream located over the center of the parent low. Broad warm-air advection and frontogenesis in the lower troposphere were observed between the inverted trough and the surface warm front. Cold-air advection to the west of the inverted trough precluded the development of "wraparound precipitation.'' In contrast, the behind cases had a stronger low-latitude wave couplet with a trough upstream of the surface low and a ridge downstream. The region of warm-air advection and frontogenesis were displaced to the west of the inverted trough and surface cyclone. In addition, the entrance region of a southwest-northeast-oriented jet streak aided the development of ascent to the west of the inverted trough while precluding the development of precipitation to the north of the conventional warm front. Thus, the inverted trough tended to act like a warm front in behind cases, as shown by Keshishian et al. Composites were also computed at both 12 and 24 h before inverted trough formation in order to generate comparisons useful to operational applications. Case study results for both ahead and behind cases will be compared with the composite cases in the companion paper. C1 St Cloud State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Weisman, RA (reprint author), St Cloud State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, MS 48,720 4th Ave S, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1173 EP 1193 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1173:PRDCSC>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XF UT WOS:000180135600004 ER PT J AU Ulbrich, CW Lee, LG AF Ulbrich, CW Lee, LG TI Rainfall characteristics associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Helene in upstate South Carolina SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; RADARS AB A description is given of rainfall characteristics associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Helene, which made landfall on the panhandle of Florida and moved through parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina during 22-23 September 2000. Also included in the description are rainfall events in advance of the approach of Helene to South Carolina. Emphasis is placed on the implications of these characteristics regarding the ability of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) to measure rainfall accurately for this system when employing reflectivity factor-rainfall rate (Z-R) algorithms as defined by the National Weather Service. The results are based on analysis of raindrop size spectra collected with a disdrometer in upstate South Carolina at the Clemson University Atmospheric Research Laboratory. It was found that there were pronounced variations in the Z-R relationship from day to day and within a day that would limit the accuracy of radar measurement of rainfall. A discussion is presented of the effects of these variations on the decisions made by meteorologists with regard to the choice of Z-R used during operation of the radar. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Greer, SC USA. RP Ulbrich, CW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1257 EP 1267 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1257:RCAWTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XF UT WOS:000180135600009 ER PT J AU Wasula, AC Bosart, LF LaPenta, KD AF Wasula, AC Bosart, LF LaPenta, KD TI The influence of terrain on the severe weather distribution across interior Eastern New York and Western New England SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA AB Forecasters have surmised that prominent mountain ranges and river valleys in eastern New York and western New England (e. g., Hudson and Mohawk River valleys; Adirondack, Catskill, Green, and Berkshire Mountains) affect convective initiation and subsequent severe weather distribution. The purpose of this research is to document the climatology of severe weather in this region with respect to the terrain and the synoptic-scale flow direction. The area of study was subdivided into overlapping 0.58 grid boxes, and the number of severe weather reports from the database (1950-98) was tabulated for each box. These severe weather reports were then normalized and contoured over a terrain map. A logarithmic correction factor was applied to the data in order to minimize potential population bias effects. The results of this correction were compared with cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strikes (independent of population bias) from 1989 to 1998 (1990 missing) for severe weather days in the same region. The severe weather and CG lightning database also was stratified by 700-hPa flow direction into northwest and southwest flow regimes to see if subtle terrain influences on the severe weather distribution could be detected. Regions where the CG lightning and severe weather stratifications agree well include the southern Adirondacks, Berkshires, and the Litchfield Hills of northwest Connecticut. Regions where discrepancies exist between the two stratifications include the Catskills and the mid-Hudson valley. The results of both severe weather and lightning stratifications show that there are preferred regions of upstate New York and western New England for both CG lightning and severe weather to occur depending on the 700-hPa flow direction. C1 SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Albany, NY USA. RP Wasula, AC (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Rm 328,1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1277 EP 1289 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1277:TIOTOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XF UT WOS:000180135600011 ER PT J AU Whaley, SD Minello, TJ AF Whaley, SD Minello, TJ TI The distribution of benthic infauna of a Texas salt marsh in relation to the marsh edge SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE salt marsh; benthic infauna; polychaetes; edge; elevation; Spartina alterniflora marsh; oligochaetes ID CORDGRASS SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; PENAEUS-AZTECUS IVES; SMALL-SCALE PATTERNS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; NORTH-CAROLINA; TIDAL MARSH; GALVESTON BAY; BROWN SHRIMP; NEKTON USE; SELECTIVE PREDATION AB Coastal salt marshes in the northern Gulf of Mexico are often highly fragmented, with a large amount of marsh edge, the interface between the vegetated marsh surface and shallow open water. Nekton predators, including many juvenile fishery species, aggregate near this marsh edge, and benthic infaunal populations are a primary source of prey for many of these predators. We examined the fine-scale (1-10 m) distributions of benthic infauna in relation to the edge of a Texas, USA salt marsh. Every six weeks for nearly a year, we sampled marsh sediments at five locations: on nonvegetated bottom 1 m from the marsh edge and on the vegetated marsh surface at 1, 3, 5, and 10 m from the edge. Surface-dwelling annelid worms and peracarid crustaceans were most abundant in low-elevation sediments near the marsh edge for most sampling periods. Because the marsh slope varied within the study area, we could distinguish between correlative relationships with elevation and distance from the marsh edge. Distributions of common surfaced-welling species were often unrelated to elevation but almost always negatively related to distance from the marsh edge. Abundances of near-surface direct deposit feeders and omnivores were related to both distance from edge and elevation. In contrast to surface dwellers, densities of abundant subsurface deposit feeders (mainly oligochaetes) were frequently greatest in sediments located away from the marsh edge. Surface and near-surface dwelling infauna are an important prey resource for nekton, including many juvenile fishery species that concentrate near the marsh edge. Populations of these infaunal prey fluctuated seasonally, with the greatest densities occurring during winter and early spring when predator abundances are generally low. Infaunal densities decreased dramatically near the marsh edge from the late spring through early fall, and this decrease coincides with historically high seasonal densities of nekton predators. Our data suggest that there is a strong trophic link between infauna and nekton near the marsh edge and that this relationship contributes to the high fishery productivity derived from Gulf Coast marshes. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Whaley, SD (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM Shannon.Whaley@fwc.state.flu.us NR 80 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 753 EP 766 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0753:TDOBIO]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 632YU UT WOS:000180253100012 ER PT J AU Heide-Jorgensen, MP Bloch, D Stefansson, E Mikkelsen, B Ofstad, LH Dietz, R AF Heide-Jorgensen, MP Bloch, D Stefansson, E Mikkelsen, B Ofstad, LH Dietz, R TI Diving behaviour of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas around the Faroe Islands SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diving behaviour; Faroe Islands; Globicephala melas; pilot whale; satellite tracking AB Three long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas were equipped with satellite-linked time-depth recorders on the Faroe Islands on 15 July 2000. The purpose was to study the diving behaviour and habitat use of free-ranging pilot whales in the northeast Atlantic. Summarised data on the diving behaviour of the whales were collected for up to 129 6-hour periods. The maximum depth of dives was 828 in and the mean number of dives below 12 in was 12.2/hour (SD = 8.2). On average, the whales spent 60% of their time above 7 in depth. All three whales had significantly longer surface times when they were outside the continental shelf than when they were on the shelf. The mean vertical speeds ranged from 0.9 m/second for dives to 150 in to 2.3 m/second for dives to 600 in. No dives below 12 in lasted longer than 18 minutes, and more than 60% of dives lasted less than three minutes. The mean number of dives that lasted less than one minute was significantly higher in offshore areas than on the continental slope for all three whales. Compared to other odontocetes of similar size, long-finned pilot whales apparently either have a lower dive capacity or utilise a niche in the water column that requires less diving activity. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Museum Nat Hist, Torshavn 100, Faroe Islands, Denmark. Fisheries Lab, Torshavn 100, Faroe Islands, Denmark. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Heide-Jorgensen, MP (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Greenland Inst Nat Resources, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 8 IS 4 BP 307 EP 313 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 628NZ UT WOS:000180003600008 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ Jeffries, SJ Hobbs, RC Bowlby, CE VanBlaricom, GR AF Laidre, KL Jameson, RJ Jeffries, SJ Hobbs, RC Bowlby, CE VanBlaricom, GR TI Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; Enhydra lutris kenyoni; sea otter; Washington ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; CALIFORNIA; POPULATION; PATTERNS AB We obtained index estimates of carrying capacity W for the Washington sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) population as products of the density of sea otters at equilibrium within a portion of their existing range and the total amount of available habitat. We classified sea otter habitat as rocky, sandy, or mixed during aerial surveys along the Washington coast in March 2000. We characterized substrate type and kelp composition from the coast to the 40-m depth contour and computed area (km(2)) and available coastline (km) within each habitat. We calculated maximum foraging depths and maximum distance from shore for 68 sea otters radiotagged between 1994 and 1998 and used the estimites to approximate the offshore extent of sea otter habitat. We used the most current population survey data (1996-1999) to obtain equilibrium densities of sea otters in rocky habitat in Washington. Because sea otters have only recently occupied sandy or mixed sites, the equilibrium densities for these habitats represent a proportional density, based on current counts in the rocky equilibrium region in Washington and available data from the California sea otter population. Index estimates of K for the Washington sea otter population range from 1,372 (CV 0.13) to 2,734 (CV 0.13). These estimates are useful for sea otter management because they directly relate to the index counts Used to monitor the population since 1977. Our results will facilitate decision-making by entrusted management agencies regarding stock assessment and population status under the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Geol Survey, W Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95826 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Investigat, Tacoma, WA 98498 USA. NOAA, Olympic Coast Natl Marine Sanctuary, Port Angles, WA 98362 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washingtn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1172 EP 1181 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 637YG UT WOS:000180540900023 ER PT J AU Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA Munro, PT AF Weinberg, KL Somerton, DA Munro, PT TI The effect of trawl speed on the footrope capture efficiency of a survey trawl SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bottom trawls; trawl catchability; trawl efficiency; trawl performance; selectivity ID SAMPLING TRAWL; FISH; DENSITY AB The effect of speed through water on the footrope capture efficiency of a survey bottom trawl was experimentally investigated by repetitively towing at three vessel speeds (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 knots) with an auxiliary net attached underneath the trawl footrope to capture fish escaping beneath the trawl. Length-dependent capture efficiencies were then computed from the number of fish caught in both the trawl and auxiliary net. Capture efficiencies for Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma and Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis were not affected by fish length or trawl speed. Capture efficiency for skates Bathyraja spp. decreased with increasing trawl speed but was not affected by fish length. Capture efficiencies for arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias and flathead sole Hippoglossoides elassodon increased with fish length and decreased with increasing trawl speed. Our results indicate that in areas of variable current, variation in survey catch per unit effort could be reduced for some species by standardizing towing speed to speed through water or by reducing footrope lift by the addition of sufficient weight to the trawl footrope. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Weinberg, KL (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bld 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV 30 PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3 BP 303 EP 313 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00395-2 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00395-2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 615AG UT WOS:000179223200004 ER PT J AU Cornell, EA Wieman, CE AF Cornell, EA Wieman, CE TI Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas; The first 70 years and some recent experiments SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Review ID POLARIZED ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; TRAPPED NEUTRAL ATOMS; RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; 3-BODY RECOMBINATION; FESHBACH RESONANCES; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; MAGNETIC TRAP; DOPPLER LIMIT AB Bose-Einstein condensation, or BEC, has a long and rich history dating from the early 1920s. In this article we will trace briefly over this history and some of the developments in physics that made possible our successful pursuit of BEC in a gas. We will then discuss what was involved in this quest. In this discussion we will go beyond the usual technical description to try and address certain questions that we now hear frequently, but are not covered in our past research papers. These are questions along the lines of "How did you get the idea and decide to pursue it? Did you know it was going to work? How long did it take you and why?" We will review some of our favorites from among the experiments we have carried out with BEC. There will then be a brief encore on why we are optimistic that BEC can be created with nearly any species of magnetically trappable atom. Throughout this article we will try to explain what makes BEC in a dilute gas so interesting, unique, and experimentally challenging.(a) C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 104 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 EI 1793-6578 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD NOV 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 30 BP 4503 EP 4536 DI 10.1142/S0217979202014681 PG 34 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 638RV UT WOS:000180584800001 ER PT J AU Poskrebyshev, GA Neta, P Huie, RE AF Poskrebyshev, GA Neta, P Huie, RE TI Temperature dependence of the acid dissociation constant of the hydroxyl radical SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; OH AB The acid dissociation constant of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution was determined by pulse radiolysis from the [OH-] dependence of the rate constant for reaction of the (OH)-O-./O.- radical with benzoate ions. The rate constant and the pK(a)((OH)-O-.) values were determined over the temperature range 284-343 K. At 298 K, pK(a298)((OH)-O-.) = 11.54 +/- 0.04 and Delta(ion)Gdegrees(298)((OH)-O-.) = (65.9 +/- 0.3) kJ mol(-1). From the temperature dependence of K-a((OH)-O-.), we calculate Delta(ion)Hdegrees(298)((OH)-O-.) = (24.85 +/- 0.5) kJ mol(-1) and Delta(ion)Sdegrees(298)((OH)-O-.) = (-139 +/- 2) J mol(-1) K-1. The activation energy for the reaction of (OH)-O-. with C6H5CO2_ was found to be (8.8 +/- 0.6) kJ mol(-1) and the Arrhenius preexponential factor (2.4 +/- 0.6) x 10(11) L mol(-1) s(-1). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huie, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Poskrebyshev, Gregory/I-9122-2016 OI Poskrebyshev, Gregory/0000-0002-8920-7037 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 28 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 47 BP 11488 EP 11491 DI 10.1021/jp020239x PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 620QG UT WOS:000179543600010 ER PT J AU Knyazev, VD AF Knyazev, VD TI Computational study of the reactions of H atoms with chlorinated alkanes. Isodesmic reactions for transition states SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION REACTIONS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS; AB-INITIO DYNAMICS; FUEL-RICH; RATE CONSTANTS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURES; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; FLAMES; THERMOCHEMISTRY; MIXTURES AB Reactions of H atoms with methane, ethane, and chlorinated methanes and ethanes were studied by computational methods. An approach to estimating reaction rate constants based on the use of isodesmic reactions for transition states was developed and implemented. Reactions of H atoms with CH4 and CCl4 (clear cases of H and Cl abstraction, respectively) were used as reference reactions. Rate constants of all other reactions from the series were calculated using the isodesmic reactions approach. For the seven reactions. for which directly obtained experimental data are available, the resultant calculated temperature dependences of the rate constants demonstrate agreement with experiment. Average deviations between calculations and experiment are 17-24%, depending on the quantum chemical method used, although channel-specific rates show larger divergence. Rate constants of all 30 reaction members of the H + chloromethane and H + chloroethane classes are calculated as functions of temperature using the described approach. Individual channels of H and Cl abstraction and the corresponding reverse reactions are quantitatively characterized. In a separate part of the investigation, it is demonstrated that correlations between the energy barriers and reaction enthalpies do not provide a good predictive toot for evaluating temperature dependences of the reaction rate constants of the H + chloroalkanes class. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knyazev, VD (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 61 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 28 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 47 BP 11603 EP 11615 DI 10.1021/jp026313t PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 620QG UT WOS:000179543600023 ER PT J AU Genzer, J Efimenko, K Fischer, DA AF Genzer, J Efimenko, K Fischer, DA TI Molecular orientation and grafting density in semifluorinated self-assembled monolayers of mono-, di-, and trichloro silanes on silica substrates SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; SURFACES; FILMS; ALKANES; LAYERS; CHAINS; GOLD AB Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is used to measure the molecular orientation in semifluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared by vapor deposition of mono(F3C(CF2)s(CH2)(2)Si( CH3)(2)Cl, m-F8H2), di-(F3C(CF2)(8)(CH2)(2)Si(CH3)Cl-2, d-F8H2), and trichloroorganosilanes (F3C(CF2)s(CH2)(2)SiCl3, t-F8H2) on flat silica-covered substrates. The average tilt angles (from the sample normal) of the fluorocarbon part, F(CF2)(8)-, of t-F8H2, d-F8H2, and m-F8H2 measured by carbon K-edge NEXAFS are 10 +/- 2degrees, 35 +/- 2degrees, and 45 +/- 3degrees, respectively. We show that the increase of the tilt angle is associated with the steric hindrance of the methyl groups attached to silicon close to the bonding substrate. We also show that the molecular orientation obtained from the NEXAFS measurements can be used to estimate the grafting densities of the F8H2 molecules on the substrates. We present a simple one-dimensional geometric model to show that the grafting density of m-F8H2 is approximately one-half of that corresponding to the t-F8H2 SAM. Finally, we show that the results of this simple model are in accord with estimates of the two-dimensional fluorine areal density obtained from the fluorine K-edge NEXAFS spectra. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 25 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 26 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 24 BP 9307 EP 9311 DI 10.1021/la025921x PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 618QH UT WOS:000179428400028 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Fernandez, DL Thune, RL AF Moore, MM Fernandez, DL Thune, RL TI Cloning and characterization of Edwardsiella ictaluri proteins expressed and recognized by the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus immune response during infection SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Edwardsiella ictaluri; cloning; antigenic proteins; channel catfish; vaccination ID II FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; COLI CROOKES STRAIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENTERIC SEPTICEMIA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; PROTECTION; MUTANT; PURIFICATION AB An Edwardsiella ictaluri expression library was screened for clones expressing antigenic E. ictaluri proteins using anti-E. ictaluri serum, which resulted in the isolation of 32 clones. The clones were partially characterized and 4 were selected for complete analysis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 2-dimensional PAGE, Western blotting, and DNA sequencing were used to analyze expressed antigenic proteins and encoded genes. Sequence analysis identified 4 putative open reading frames (ORFs) in the insert of Clone 4d6, which corresponded to antigenic acidic proteins of 55, 20 and 18 kDa expressed by both the clone and E. ictaluri cells. The predicted gene products of these ORFs were similar to several products of the imp locus of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, The imp locus of R. legumi. nosarum contains 14 genes that encode proteins involved in a putative temperature-dependent protein secretion system. In addition there was significant amino acid identity for a variety of hypothetical proteins from R. solanacearum, Ps. aeruginosa, A. tumefaciens, Y. pestis, and Salmonella typhimurium. Overlapping inserts of Clones 1.4, 5d2, and 5d3 encoded ORFs similar to Escherichia coli partial genes serA and pgk, and complete genes rpiA, iciA, yggE, yggB and fda. These genes encode D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (serA), ribose 5-phosphate isomerase (rpiA), a specific inhibitor of chromosomal initiation of replication (iciA), a hypothetical protein (yggE), a protein involved in responses to osmotic stress (yggB), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fda), and phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk). Cloned antigenic E. ictaluri proteins of 33, 27, 35 and 45 kDa appeared to be products of the ORFs similar to yggE, rpiA, iciA, and fda respectively. All the cloned antigenic proteins were recognized by antiserum from catfish that had recovered from enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), indicating that these antigens are expressed during the infectious process. The cloned antigenic proteins were subsequently evaluated as subunit vaccines for protection against wild-type E. ictaluri. All vaccine treatments were protective against E. ictaluri in catfish, but results were inconclusive due to high levels of cross-reactive protection afforded by the E. coli host strain of the cloning vector. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Thune, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resources Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 49 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 22 PY 2002 VL 52 IS 2 BP 93 EP 107 DI 10.3354/dao052093 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 643LA UT WOS:000180861700001 PM 12542086 ER PT J AU Grodkowski, J Neta, P AF Grodkowski, J Neta, P TI Formation and reaction of Br-2(center dot-) radicals in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and in other solvents SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; RATE CONSTANTS; OH RADICALS; OXIDATION; CHLORPROMAZINE; PARAMETERS; REDUCTION; BROMIDE AB Reaction of solvated electrons with BrCH2CH2Br produces Br- and .CH2CH2Br, which decomposes rapidly into CH2=CH2 and Br.. Reaction of Br. with Br- forms Br-2(.-). The stability of Br-2(.-) is much greater in the ionic liquid and in acetonitrile than in water or alcohols. The rate constant for oxidation of chlorpromazine by Br-2(.-) radicals decreases upon changing the solvent from water (approximate to6 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) to methanol (2.8 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)), ethanol (1.2 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)), isopropyl alcohol (1.2 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)), 1-propanol (7.5 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1)), tert-butyl alcohol (3.0 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1)), acetonitrile (2.0 x 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1)), N,N-dimethylformamide (5.3 X 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1)), the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium. bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (1.1 x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1)), and hexamethylphosphoramide (less than or equal to8 X 10(4) L mol(-1) s(-1)). The rate constants show poor correlation with typical solvent polarity parameters, but reasonable correlations with hydrogen bond donor acidity and with anioji-solvation tendency parameters. From the good correlation with the free energy of transfer of Br- ions from water to the various solvents, it is suggested that the change in the energy of solvation of Br- in the different solvents is the main factor that affects the rate constant of the reaction through its effect on the reduction potential of Br-2(.-) and the driving force of the reaction. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 21 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 46 BP 11130 EP 11134 DI 10.1021/jp021498p PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 617AD UT WOS:000179336100023 ER PT J AU Fahr, A Tardy, DC AF Fahr, A Tardy, DC TI Rate coefficients and products of ethyl and vinyl cross-radical reactions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID RATE CONSTANTS; T=298 K; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; METHYL; TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE; C2H3; CH3 AB Rate constants and products for cross-radical reactions of vinyl (C2H3) and ethyl (C2H5) radicals have been determined at T = 298 K and a total pressure (predominately helium) of 93.3 kPa (700 Torr). C2H3 and C2H5 were produced simultaneously through the 193-nm excimer laser photolysis of dilute mixtures of C2H5COC2H3 (EVK)/He. This is the first report of direct rate determination for the C2H5 + C2H5 reaction and using,the photolysis of EVK as a precursor for producing a nearly 1 : 1 ratio of C2H5/C2H3. Time-resolved UV absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GOMS) product analysis methods were employed for kinetics and product studies. Major reaction products consisted of n-butane, 1,3-butadiene, and 1-butene which are formed, respectively, through the combination reactions: C2H5 + C2H5 --> n-butane (1c), C2H3 + C2H3 --> 1,3-butadiene (2c) and C2H5 + C2H3 --> 1-butene (3c). Minor products, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, result from disproportionation reactions. Analysis of the temporal absorptions at 230 and 235 nm through kinetic modeling of the reaction system resulted in an overall rate constant of k(3) = 9.6 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the C2H5 + C2H3 cross-radical reaction. A detailed error analysis with estimates of both random. error and systematic errors for each parameter in the model was performed; the resulting combined uncertainty on the rate constant k(3) is +/-9 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecular(-1) s(-1). Using previously published rate constants for the combination reactions 1c and 2c [2.0 x 10(-11) and 9.3 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively], and relative yields of the combination products the rate constant for the cross-combination reaction k(3c) [C2H3 + C2H5] calculated to be (6.51) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Fahr, A (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 21 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 46 BP 11135 EP 11140 DI 10.1021/jp021497x PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 617AD UT WOS:000179336100024 ER PT J AU Lee, YS Worthington, SE Krauss, M Brooks, BR AF Lee, YS Worthington, SE Krauss, M Brooks, BR TI Reaction mechanism of chorismate mutase studied by the combined potentials of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; CATALYTIC MECHANISM; TRANSITION-STATE; ACTIVE-SITE; ELECTROSTATIC CATALYSIS; PREPHENATE; ENZYME; QM/MM; SELECTION AB The reaction path for the rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in B.subtilis has been determined in a QM/MM study including the entire protein environment while treating the reaction with ab initio quantum chemistry. In addition to the reactant, chorismate, the side-chains of glu78 and arg90 are included in the quantum region to explore whether the strong ionic hydrogen bonding of the side chains to the substrate has a catalytic effect. The hydrogen bonds from glu78 and arg90 induce electronic effects that activate the substrate. The energetic residue analysis finds that the binding from arg7, arg63, and arg90 are all catalytic due to a differential stabilization along the reaction path of the transition state with respect to the reactant by the local environment. A global QM/MM optimization including the entire protein environment shows only slight changes in the protein environment around the active site along the reaction path. The rearrangement reaction occurs with almost a complete break in the C-O ether bond in chorismate before the C-C bond forms to create prephenate. In this study, the reacting complex forms a hydrogen bond to arg63 that stabilizes the region near the protein surface where the substrate may enter the active site. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIH, Ctr Informat Technol, Ctr Mol Modeling, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Biophys Chem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Krauss, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 27 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 21 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 46 BP 12059 EP 12065 DI 10.1021/jp0268718 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 617AE UT WOS:000179336200023 ER PT J AU Curry, JJ Lister, GG Lawler, JE AF Curry, JJ Lister, GG Lawler, JE TI Experimental and numerical study of a low-pressure Hg-Ar discharge at high current densities SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INCREASED POWER CONCENTRATION; ARGON POSITIVE-COLUMN; RARE-GAS DISCHARGES; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; LIGHTING PURPOSES; ISOTOPE SHIFTS; MERCURY; MODEL; PARAMETERS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Experimental measurements of Hg excited state densities and the positive column electric field have been made in a highly-loaded low-pressure Hg-Ar discharge for current densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 A cm(-2) and Hg vapour pressures from 1.2 to 13.2 mTorr. Resonance level (Hg 6s6p (3)P(1), (1)P(1)) and metastable level (Hg 6s6p (3)P(0), (3)P(2)) column densities across the positive column have been obtained using white light absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results are compared with numerical predictions from two existing and independent codes. Several physical mechanisms, which are not generally included in numerical models of the Hg-Ar positive column, are suggested as possible causes of the observed discrepancies. C1 OSRAM SYLVANIA, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Curry, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8422, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jjcurry@nist.gov NR 43 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD NOV 21 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 22 BP 2945 EP 2953 AR PII S0022-3727(02)37393-5 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/35/22/309 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 630ZA UT WOS:000180140600011 ER PT J AU Christopher, SA Zhang, J Holben, BN Yang, SK AF Christopher, SA Zhang, J Holben, BN Yang, SK TI GOES-8 and NOAA-14 AVHRR retrieval of smoke aerosol optical thickness during SCAR-B SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE; GOES-I; BIOMASS; BRAZIL; PARTICLES; CLOUDS; CALIBRATION; IMAGERS; TRACE AB Using the NOAA-14 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-8) imager data, smoke aerosol optical thickness (tau) is retrieved over land during the Smoke, Clouds and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment in Brazil during August-September 1995. The satellite-retrieved tau values are then compared against ground-based sunphotometer derived tau values from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) program. Both the AVHRR and GOES-8 retrieved tau values are in excellent agreement with the AERONET derived tau values with linear correlation coefficients of 0.93. A single scattering albedo of 0.90 (at 0.67 mum) provides the best fit between the GOES-8 and AERONET tau values. The sensitivity of the retrieved tau to assumed surface albedo and aerosol single scattering albedo are also examined. A simple multi-spectral thresholding algorithm is used to separate smoke from other features from GOES-8 satellite imagery and regional maps of tau are provided. Our results show that the aerosol properties used in this paper are adequate to characterize biomass burning aerosols and can be used in studies that model the role of biomass burning on regional climate. C1 Univ Alabama Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, RDC,Climate Predict Ctr,NCEP, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Christopher, SA (reprint author), Univ Alabama Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RI Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011 NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 22 BP 4931 EP 4944 DI 10.1080/01431160110111045 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 611VF UT WOS:000179037900010 ER PT J AU Sharpless, KE Thomas, JB Nelson, BC Phinney, CS Sieber, JR Wood, LJ Yen, JH Howell, DW AF Sharpless, KE Thomas, JB Nelson, BC Phinney, CS Sieber, JR Wood, LJ Yen, JH Howell, DW TI Value assignment of nutrient concentrations in Standard Reference Material 2384 Baking Chocolate SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chocolate analysis; certified reference material; control material; food composition; nutrition labeling; quality assurance; Standard Reference Material ID FOOD; MATRIX AB Standard Reference Material (SRM) Baking Chocolate was recently issued, and the process used for value assignment of nutrient concentrations is reported herein. SRM 2384 is intended for use as a primary control material for assigning values to in-house control materials and for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of fatty acids, proximates, vitamins, and elements in chocolate and similar high-fat matrices. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2384 provides assigned values for concentrations of fatty acids, proximates, vitamins, elements, and total dietary fiber, for which product labeling is required by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, as well as for catechins, caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. These assigned values were based on measurements by NIST and/or collaborating laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sharpless, KE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7069 EP 7075 DI 10.1021/fj020610d PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000022 PM 12428961 ER PT J AU Kramer, DE Foecke, T AF Kramer, DE Foecke, T TI Transmission electron microscopy observations of deformation and fracture in nanolaminated Cu-Ni thin films SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE A-PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER STRUCTURE DEFECTS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on the Fundamentals of Fracture CY MAR 26-30, 2001 CL CIRENCESTER, ENGLAND ID MULTILAYERS; COMPOSITES; HARDNESS AB Deformation and fracture of nanolaminates have been investigated by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) straining of cross-sectioned epitaxial Cu/Ni nanolaminates grown on Cu(001) single-crystal substrates. Initial deformation is accommodated by confined layer slip. With continued straining, unstable fracture occurs, creating a mixed-mode crack that propagates across the nanolaminate interfaces. Further straining results in stable crack growth with intense plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip extending over many bilayers in the direction of crack growth. However, the plastic zone is confined within a small distance normal to the crack. Post-mortem TEM, in general, did not reveal the presence of dislocations in the crack wake, except when the crack was deflected. By comparison, the plastic zone size in the substrate was greater by several of orders of magnitude. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, DE (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-8610 J9 PHILOS MAG A JI Philos. Mag. A-Phys. Condens. Matter Struct. Defect Mech. Prop. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 82 IS 17-18 BP 3375 EP 3381 DI 10.1080/01418610210124478 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA 638HN UT WOS:000180565700021 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Powell, CJ TI Comparisons of practical attenuation lengths obtained from different algorithms for application in XPS SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Auger electron spectroscopy; computer simulations; copper; electron-solid interactions; electron-solid interactions, scattering, diffraction; electron-solid scattering and transmission-elastic; gold; Monte Carlo simulations; silicon; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ELASTIC-ELECTRON-SCATTERING; QUANTITATIVE SURFACE-ANALYSIS; DIOXIDE FILM THICKNESSES; MEAN FREE PATHS; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; ESCAPE DEPTH; AUGER; AES AB Practical effective attenuation lengths (EALs) are needed for the determination of overlayer-film thicknesses by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We have investigated the reliability of calculations of practical EALs from four analytical formulae, three proposed by Nefedov and Federova and one proposed by Tilinin et al. for the signal-electron depth distribution function in XPS. Comparisons were made between practical EALs from these formulae and practical EALs obtained from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for Si 2s, Si 2p(3/2), Cu 2s, Cu 2p(3/2), Au 4s, and Au 4f(7/2) photoelectrons excited by Mg K-alpha X-rays. For a common XPS configuration in which the angle between the X-ray source and the analyzer axis was 54degrees, practical EALs were calculated for electron emission angles between 0degrees and 80degrees (with respect to the surface normal) and for overlayer-film thicknesses such that the substrate signal intensities were reduced to 10% of their values for an uncovered substrate at each emission angle. The average deviations between practical EALs from the four formulae and from MC simulations were 4.97% for the Tilinin et al. algorithm and 8.99%, 7.02%, and 5.79% for the three Nefedov and Federova algorithms. Practical EALs from the Tilinin et al. formula are thus generally more reliable that those from the Nefedov and Federova formulae. For a less-common XPS configuration in which the angle between the X-ray source and the analyzer axis was less than 10degrees and the emission angle is 0degrees, practical EALs from one of the Nefedov and Federova formulae were found to be more reliable than those from the Tilinin et al. formula. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 520 IS 1-2 BP 78 EP 96 AR PII S0039-6028(02)02267-7 DI 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)02267-7 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 615YE UT WOS:000179274300013 ER PT J AU Vanderah, TA Collins, TR Wong-Ng, W Roth, RS Farber, L AF Vanderah, TA Collins, TR Wong-Ng, W Roth, RS Farber, L TI Phase equilibria and crystal chemistry in the BaO-Al2O3-Nb2O5 and BaO-Nb2O5 systems SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE BaO-Al2O3-Nb2O5; BaO-Nb2O5; Ba5.75Al0.75Nb9.25O30; tetragonal tungsten bronze; Ba0.9Nb2O5.9; Ba0.9Nb2O5.9; Ba3NbO8; Ba5Nb4O15; phase diagram; barium aluminum mobates; barium mobates; permittivity ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE-FREQUENCIES; CERAMICS; BARIUM; POLARIZABILITIES; PEROVSKITES; PARAMETERS AB Subsolidus phase equilibria in the BaO-Al2O3-Nb2O5 system at approximate to1250 degreesC in air have been determined. Ternary compound formation in this system is limited to one new phase, Ba5.75Al0.75Nb9.25O30 (Ba6-xAl1-xNb9+xO30, x = 0.25), with a tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB)-type structure (P4bm (No. 100); a = 12.558(1), c = 3.9708(3) Angstrom), and solid solutions of 1-2 mol% Al2O3 in TTB-related phases that form in the binary BaO-Nb2O5 system from 25 to 41 mol% BaO. Ba5.75Al0.75Nb9.25O30 exhibited an ambient permittivity of 242 (1 MHz); no indication of ferroelectric behavior was observed in the temperature range 100-400 K. This TTB-type compound exhibited no detectable range in composition and decomposed to other solid phases near 1275 degreesC, approximately 15 degreesC below the solidus. For the binary BaO-Nb2O5 phase diagram, the results of the present study suggest the following alterations in the region between 0 and 50 mol% BaO: the high-BaO end of the TTB-related solid solution was observed to extend past the previously reported limit of Ba3Nb10O28 to 41 mol% BaO, and the compound previously reported to occur near 6BaO:7Nb(2)O(5) formed as a line compound at 47.5 mol% BaO (= Ba0.9Nb2O5.9), with a hexagonal unit cell (P6/mmm (No. 191); a = 21.044(1), c = 3.9787(2) Angstrom) and an X-ray powder pattern analogous to that of hexagonal BaTa2O6. Also reported here are single-crystal X-ray structural refinements of Ba5Nb4O15 (P (3) over bar m1 (No. 164); a = 5.7960(5), c = 11.7880(6) Angstrom; Z = 1) and air/water sensitive Ba3Nb2O8 (R (3) over barm (No. 166); a = 6.0477(13), c = 21.289(5) Angstrom; Z = 3). The results are in good agreement with previously suggested structural models from X-ray powder diffraction studies. Indexed X-ray powder diffraction data are given for Ba(5.75)Al(0.75)Nbg(9.25)O(30), four phases with TTB-related superstructures in the BaO-Nb2O5 system (i.e. Ba3.3Nb10O28.3, Ba3Nb10O28, BaNb4O11, and BaNb6O16), and Ba0.9Nb2O5.9. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 59 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD NOV 18 PY 2002 VL 346 IS 1-2 BP 116 EP 128 AR PII S0925-8388(02)00520-0 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00520-0 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 614DF UT WOS:000179172500022 ER PT J AU Harris, NRP Farman, JC Fahey, DW AF Harris, NRP Farman, JC Fahey, DW TI Comment on "Effects of cosmic rays on atmospheric chlorofluorocarbon dissociation and ozone depletion" SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, European Ozone Res Coordinating Unit, Cambridge CB2 1HE, England. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Harris, NRP (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, European Ozone Res Coordinating Unit, 14 Union Rd, Cambridge CB2 1HE, England. RI Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Harris, Neil/0000-0003-1256-3006 NR 5 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 18 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 21 AR 219801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.219801 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 612HH UT WOS:000179068000062 PM 12443455 ER PT J AU Shin, MG Kajigaya, S McCoy, JP Levin, BC Young, NS AF Shin, MG Kajigaya, S McCoy, JP Levin, BC Young, NS TI Unexpected mitochondrial DNA heterogeneity in single CD34+cell clones from normal bone marrow SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 44th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Hematology CY DEC 06-10, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Soc Hematol C1 NHLBI, Hematol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, Flow Cytometry Core Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2002 VL 100 IS 11 MA 4105 BP 154B EP 155B PN 2 PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 614JL UT WOS:000179184800648 ER PT J AU Roberson, SV Fahey, AJ Sehgal, A Karim, A AF Roberson, SV Fahey, AJ Sehgal, A Karim, A TI Multifunctional ToF-SIMS: combinatorial mapping of gradient energy substrates SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface energy gradient; ToF-SIMS; UV-ozone treatment ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; INTERFACIAL ENERGIES; MATERIALS SCIENCE; SILICON-OXIDE; DISCOVERY; POLYMERS; SURFACE; EXPOSURE; PHOSPHOR AB We present a simple method for chemical modification of chlorosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Si surfaces by exposure to a gradient of UV-ozone radiation to create stable substrates with a range of contact angles (theta(H2O) approximate to 5-95degrees) and surface energies on a single substrate. These gradient energy substrates are developed to potentially generate libraries for combinatorial studies of thin film phenomenology, where a systematic variation of interfacial surface energy represents one of the significant parameters along one axis. The graded oxidation process presents a systematic variation of surface chemical composition. We have utilized contact angle measurements and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to investigate this variation for a series of ions, among which are SiCH3+, SiOH+ and COOH-. We show that the macroscopic measurements of surface free energy/contact angle correlate with the detailed analysis of surface chemistry (as assessed by ToF-SIMS) on these test substrates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM sonya.roberson@nist.gov RI Fahey, Albert/C-5611-2015 NR 27 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 EI 1873-5584 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 200 IS 1-4 BP 150 EP 164 AR PII S0169-4332(02)00887-5 DI 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00887-5 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 609HE UT WOS:000178896900018 ER PT J AU Cohen, MD Draxler, RR Artz, R Commoner, B Bartlett, P Cooney, P Couchot, K Dickar, A Eisl, H Hill, C Quigley, J Rosenthal, JE Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Laurin, R Mathewson-Brake, L McDonald, J AF Cohen, MD Draxler, RR Artz, R Commoner, B Bartlett, P Cooney, P Couchot, K Dickar, A Eisl, H Hill, C Quigley, J Rosenthal, JE Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Laurin, R Mathewson-Brake, L McDonald, J TI Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of PCDD/F to the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; DRY DEPOSITION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ORGANOHALOGEN PESTICIDES; AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE; AIRBORNE PARTICLES; SOUTHERN ONTARIO AB Atmospheric deposition is a significant loading pathway for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxin) to the Great Lakes. An innovative approach using NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric fate and transport model was developed to estimate the 1996 dioxin contribution to each lake from each of 5700 point sources and 42 600 area sources in a U.S./Canadian air emissions inventory. These unusually detailed source-receptor modeling results show that deposition to each lake arises from a broad geographical region, with significant contributions from up to 2000 km away. The source categories contributing most significantly to 1996 dioxin deposition appear to be municipal waste incineration, iron sintering, medical waste incineration, and cement kilns burning hazardous waste. Model-predicted air concentrations and deposition fluxes were consistent with ambient measurement data, within the uncertainties in each, but there may be a moderate tendency toward underestimation using midrange emissions estimates. The most likely reason for this tendency appears to be missing or underestimated emissions sources, but in-situ atmospheric formation of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) may have also contributed. Despite uncertainties, the findings regarding the relative importance of different sources types and source regions appear to be relatively robust and may be useful in prioritizing pollution prevention efforts. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Ctr Biol Nat Syst, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Environm Canada, Pollut Data Branch, Hull, PQ, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada. Int Joint Commiss, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. RP Cohen, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 89 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 22 BP 4831 EP 4845 DI 10.1021/es0157292 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 617EN UT WOS:000179348500019 PM 12487307 ER PT J AU Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD AF Ramaswamy, V Schwarzkopf, MD TI Effects of ozone and well-mixed gases on annual-mean stratospheric temperature trends SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; MODEL; IMPACT AB [1] The effects of changes in ozone and well-mixed greenhouse gases upon the annual-mean stratospheric temperatures are investigated using a general circulation model and compared with the observed (1979-2000) trends. In the global-mean lower stratosphere (50-100 hPa), ozone changes exert the most important influence upon the cooling trend. In the upper stratosphere, where both ozone and greenhouse gas changes influence the temperature trends, the amount of cooling is sensitive to the background ozone climatology. Taking into account the uncertainties in the observed temperature trend estimates and the dynamical variability of the model, the simulated results are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the vertical profile of the observed global-and-annual-mean stratospheric cooling, and with the observed lower stratospheric zonal-and-annual-mean cooling. This affirms the major role of these species in the temperature trend of the stratosphere over the past two decades. C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Ramaswamy, V (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 22 AR 2064 DI 10.1029/2002GL015141 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639FM UT WOS:000180617000021 ER PT J AU Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ AF Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ TI Regression procedure for determining the dopant profile in semiconductors from scanning capacitance microscopy data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPARSE LINEAR-EQUATIONS; LEAST-SQUARES; SIMULATION; ALGORITHM; NEEDS; LSQR AB A regression procedure has been developed to correlate scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) data with dopant concentration in three dimensions. The inverse problem (calculation of the dopant profile from SCM data) is formulated in two dimensions as a regularized nonlinear least-squares optimization problem. For each iteration of the regression procedure, Poisson's equation is numerically solved within the quasistatic approximation. For a given type model ion-implanted dopant profile, two cases are considered; the background doping is either the same or the opposite type as that ion-implanted. Due to the long-range nature of the interactions in the sample, the regression is done using two spatial meshes: a coarse mesh and a dense mesh. The coarse mesh stepsize is of the order of the probe-tip size. The dense mesh stepsize is a fraction of the coarse mesh stepsize. The regression starts and proceeds with the coarse mesh until the spatial wavelength of the error or noise in the estimated dopant density profile is of the order of the coarse mesh stepsize. The regression then proceeds in like manner with the dense mesh. Regularization and filtering are found to be important to the convergence of the regression procedure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marchiando, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8121, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 10 BP 5798 EP 5809 DI 10.1063/1.1512686 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 610XK UT WOS:000178987200033 ER PT J AU Hechtfischer, U Williams, CJ Lange, M Linkemann, J Schwalm, D Wester, R Wolf, A Zajfman, D AF Hechtfischer, U Williams, CJ Lange, M Linkemann, J Schwalm, D Wester, R Wolf, A Zajfman, D TI Photodissociation spectroscopy of stored CH+ ions: Detection, assignment, and close-coupled modeling of near-threshold Feshbach resonances SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER PHOTOFRAGMENT SPECTROSCOPY; STORAGE-RING; MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; SCATTERING-THEORY; SHAPE RESONANCES; CROSS-SECTION; ATOMS; STATE; SYSTEM AB We have measured and theoretically analyzed a photodissociation spectrum of the CH+ molecular ion in which most observed energy levels lie within the fine-structure splitting of the C+ fragment and predissociate, and where the observed irregular line shapes and dipole-forbidden transitions indicate that nonadiabatic interactions lead to multichannel dynamics. The molecules were prepared in low rotational levels J"=0-9 of the vibrational ground state X (1)Sigma(+) (v"=0) by storing a CH+ beam at 7.1 MeV in the heavy-ion storage ring TSR for up to 30 s, which was sufficient for the ions to rovibrationally thermalize to room temperature by spontaneous infrared emission. The internally cold molecules were irradiated with a dye laser at photon energies between 31 600-33 400 cm(-1), and the resulting C+ fragments were counted with a particle detector. The photodissociation cross section displays the numerous Feshbach resonances between the two C+ fine-structure states predicted by theory for low rotation. The data are analyzed in two steps. First, from the overall structure of the spectrum, by identifying branches, and by a Le Roy-Bernstein analysis of level spacings we determine the dissociation energy D-0=(32 946.7+/-1.1) cm(-1) (with respect to the lower fine-structure limit) and assign the strongest features to the vibrational levels v'=11-14 of the dipole-allowed A (1)Pi state. The majority of the 66 observed resonances cannot be assigned in this way. Therefore, in a second step, the complete spectrum is simulated with a close-coupling model, starting from recent ab initio Born-Oppenheimer potentials. For the long-range induction, dispersion and exchange energies, we propose an analytical expression and derive the C-6 coefficients. After a systematic variation of just the vibrational defects of the four Born-Oppenheimer potentials involved, the close-coupling model yields a quantitative fit to the measured cross section in all detail, and is used to assign most of the remaining features to the dipole-forbidden a (3)Pi state (v'=17-20), and some to the weakly bound c (3)Sigma(+) state (v'=0-2). The model potentials, which reproduce the spectrum and compactly represent the spectroscopic data, should help to predict more accurately C++H scattering in the interstellar medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Hechtfischer, U (reprint author), Philips Res, D-52066 Aachen, Germany. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Wester, Roland/J-6293-2012 OI Wester, Roland/0000-0001-7935-6066 NR 64 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 19 BP 8754 EP 8777 DI 10.1063/1.1513459 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 609YV UT WOS:000178934700017 ER PT J AU Pathak, JA Davis, MC Hudson, SD Migler, KB AF Pathak, JA Davis, MC Hudson, SD Migler, KB TI Layered droplet microstructures in sheared emulsions: Finite-size effects SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE emulsions; finite-size effects; confinement; wall migration; collisions; layering ID PLANE WALL; INDUCED DISPERSION; POLYMER BLENDS; INDUCED ORDER; FLOW; SUSPENSIONS; DEFORMATION; SPHERES; BREAKUP; MOTION AB We investigate the influence of confinement on the steady state microstructure of emulsions sheared between parallel plates, in a regime where the average droplet dimension is comparable to the gap width between the confining walls. Utilizing droplet velocimetry, we find that the droplets can organize into discrete layers on er the influence of shear. The number of layers decreases from two (at relatively higher shear rates) to one (at lower shear rates), as the drops grow slightly larger due to coalescence. We argue that the layering and overall composition profile may be controlled by the interplay of droplet collisions (which can cause separation of droplet centers in the velocity gradient direction), droplet migration toward the centerline (due to wall effects), and droplet packing constraints. We also study the effects of mixture composition on droplet microstructure, and summarize these results in the form of a morphology diagram in the parameter space of mass fraction and shear rate. We find that formation of strings of the suspended phase (reported earlier by our group in flow-visualization studies on confined emulsions) is observed over a broad composition window. We also find a stable (nontransient) morphology wherein the droplets are arranged in highly ordered pearl-necklace chain structures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Pathak, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 56 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 255 IS 2 BP 391 EP 402 DI 10.1006/jcis.2002.8608 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 615TW UT WOS:000179263700023 PM 12505088 ER PT J AU Legeckis, R Brown, CW Chang, PS AF Legeckis, R Brown, CW Chang, PS TI Geostationary satellites reveal motions of ocean surface fronts SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Ocean Fronts held at the 2000 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting CY JAN 24-28, 2000 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Amer Geophys Union, Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog DE ocean surface fronts; GOES; sea surface temperatures ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; EDDY VARIABILITY; SOUTH-CAROLINA; EL-NINO; SEA; FREQUENCY; STREAM; TEMPERATURES; DEFLECTION; CHARLESTON AB A new method of locating and viewing ocean surface fronts is demonstrated in animations of daily composites of hourly sea surface temperatures derived from the NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). The animation of the satellite images allows the human eye to separate the faster-moving residual clouds from slower-moving ocean currents, fronts and eddies. The animations produce the sense of an ocean in motion that is not apparent in individual satellite images. Three years of GOES animations of sea surface temperatures of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are used to illustrate the westward propagation of Pacific Tropical Instability Waves (TIW) during La Nina, the seaward deflection of the Gulf Stream at the Charleston Bump, a time series of the Loop Current and separation of six warm core eddies in the Gulf of Mexico, and the cyclonic eddies and westward-moving meridional fronts near the Hawaiian Islands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Legeckis, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, 1315 E W Highway E-RA-31,SSMC3,Rm 3620, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008; Legeckis, Richard/F-5604-2010; Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391; Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 15 AR PII S0924-7963(02)00192-6 DI 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00192-6 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 617TW UT WOS:000179377800002 ER PT J AU Stanley, HE Barbosa, MC Mossa, S Netz, PA Sciortino, F Starr, FW Yamada, M AF Stanley, HE Barbosa, MC Mossa, S Netz, PA Sciortino, F Starr, FW Yamada, M TI Statistical physics and liquid water at negative pressures SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Slow Dynamical Processes in Nature CY NOV 25-27, 2001 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA ID SINGULARITY-FREE INTERPRETATION; SUPERCOOLED WATER; PHASE-TRANSITION; MOLECULAR MOBILITY; UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR; STRETCHED WATER; CRITICAL-POINT; SLOW DYNAMICS; GLASSY WATER; MODEL AB Angell and his collaborators have underscored the importance of studying water under all extremes of pressure-squeezing to high pressures and stretching to negative pressures. Here we review recent results of molecular dynamics simulations of two models of liquid water, the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) and the Mahoney-Jorgensen transferable intermolecular potential with five points (TIP5P), which is closer to real water than previously proposed classical pairwise additive potentials. In particular, we describe simulations of the TIP5P model for a wide range of deeply supercooled states, including both positive and negative pressures, which reveal (i) the existence of a non-monotonic "nose-shaped" temperature of maximum density (TMD) line and a non-reentrant spinodal, (ii) the presence of a low-temperature phase transition. The TMD that changes slope from negative to positive as P decreases and, notably, the point of crossover between the two behaviors is located at ambient pressure (temperature approximate to 4degreesC, and density approximate to 1 g/cm(3)). We also describe simulations of the dynamics of the SPC/E model, which reveal (iii) the dynamics at negative pressure shows a minimum in the diffusion constant D when the density is decreased at constant temperature, complementary to the known maximum of D at higher pressures, and (iv) the loci of minima of D relative to the spinodal shows that they are inside the thermodynamically metastable regions of the phase diagram. These dynamical results reflect the initial enhancement and subsequent breakdown of the tetrahedral structure and of the hydrogen bond network as the density decreases. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Inst Fis, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Univ Luternana Brasil, Dept Quim, BR-92420280 Canoas, RS, Brazil. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Materia, Dept Quim, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Materia, Dipartimento Fis, Rome, Italy. INFM, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computational Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stanley, HE (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Polymer Studies, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM hes@bu.edu; barbosa@if.ufrgs.br RI Netz, Paulo/B-1921-2010; Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Barbosa, Marcia/C-8809-2012; Mossa, Stefano/B-8230-2014 OI Netz, Paulo/0000-0003-4242-0591; Barbosa, Marcia/0000-0001-5663-6102; Mossa, Stefano/0000-0001-6335-762X NR 84 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 315 IS 1-2 BP 281 EP 289 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01536-4 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01536-4 PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 620KP UT WOS:000179532800033 ER PT J AU Cerne, J Kono, J Su, M Sherwin, MS AF Cerne, J Kono, J Su, M Sherwin, MS TI Photothermal transitions of magnetoexcitons in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID OPTICALLY DETECTED RESONANCE; FAR-INFRARED RADIATION; INTERNAL TRANSITIONS; EXCITONS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SUPERLATTICES; ABSORPTION AB By monitoring changes in excitonic photoluminescence (PL) that are induced by terahertz (THz) radiation, we observe resonant THz absorption by magnetoexcitons in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells. Changes in the PL spectrum are explored as a function of temperature and magnetic field, providing insight into the mechanisms which allow THz absorption to modulate PL. The strongest PL-quenching occurs at the heavy hole 1s-->2p(+) resonance where heavy hole excitons are photothermally converted into light hole excitons. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Space Terahertz Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Cerne, J (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 20 AR 205301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.205301 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 624RC UT WOS:000179773900035 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK TI Change in low-temperature thermodynamic functions of a semiconductor due to a quantum dot SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC PHONONS; RAMAN-SCATTERING; NANOCRYSTALS AB A phonon Green's function method is developed for modeling the phonon modes of a semiconductor perturbed by a quantum dot. Simple expressions are derived for the frequency spectrum of perturbed low-frequency phonon modes and changes in the Helmholtz-free energy and the constant-volume specific heat at low temperatures using the Debye model. The changes are found to be significant and can be used to characterize the material properties of the quantum dot. The theory is also applicable to nanocrystals and other nanoinclusions in solids. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 20 AR 205321 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.205321 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 624RC UT WOS:000179773900055 ER PT J AU Willis, MA Krajewski, W Chalamasetty, VR Reddy, P Howard, A Herzberg, O AF Willis, MA Krajewski, W Chalamasetty, VR Reddy, P Howard, A Herzberg, O TI Structure of HI1333 (YhbY), a putative RNA-binding protein from Haemophilus influenzae SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DOMAIN C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM57890] NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 49 IS 3 BP 423 EP 426 DI 10.1002/prot.10225 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 607NX UT WOS:000178798600015 PM 12360533 ER PT J AU Schneider, BI Nygaard, N AF Schneider, BI Nygaard, N TI Orthogonal functions, discrete variable representation, and generalized gauss quadratures SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-MECHANICS AB The numerical solution of most problems in theoretical chemistry involve either the use of a basis set expansion (spectral method) or a numerical grid. For many basis sets, there is an intimate connection between the spectral form and numerical quadrature. When this connection exists, the distinction between spectral and grid approaches becomes blurred. In fact, the two approaches can be related by a similarity transformation. By the exploitation of this idea, calculations can be considerably simplified by removing the need to compute difficult matrix elements of the Hamiltonian in the original representation. This has been exploited in bound-state, scattering, and time-dependent problems using the so-called, discrete variable representation (DVR). At the core of this approach is the mathematical three-term recursion relationship satisfied by the classical orthogonal functions. This three-term recursion can be used to generate the orthogonal functions as well as to generate the points and weights of Gauss quadratures on the basis of these functions. For the classical orthogonal functions, the terms in the three-term recursion are known analytically. For more general weight functions, this is not the case. However, they may be computed in a stable numerical fashion, via the recursion. In essence, this is an application of the well-known Lanczos recursion approach. Once the recursion coefficients are known, it is possible to compute the points and weights of quadratures on, the basis of the generalized weight functions. We review these ideas below and apply then to the generation of the points and weights of the Rys polynomials which have proven useful in the evaluation of multicenter integrals, using Gaussian basis sets in quantum chemistry. In contrast to some approaches, the method advocated is general, numerically stable, and trivial to program. C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22239 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Schneider, BI (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22239 USA. RI Nygaard, Nicolai/B-4664-2009 NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 14 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 45 BP 10773 EP 10776 DI 10.1021/jp025552d PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 614GQ UT WOS:000179180300006 ER PT J AU Moy, CM Seltzer, GO Rodbell, DT Anderson, DM AF Moy, CM Seltzer, GO Rodbell, DT Anderson, DM TI Variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; NINO; ECUADOR; PERU AB The variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the Holocene epoch, in particular on millennial timescales, is poorly understood. Palaeoclimate studies have documented ENSO variability for selected intervals in the Holocene, but most records are either too short or insufficiently resolved to investigate variability on millennial scales(1-3). Here we present a record of sedimentation in Laguna Pallcacocha, southern Ecuador, which is strongly influenced by ENSO variability, and covers the past 12,000 years continuously. We find that changes on a timescale of 2-8 years, which we attribute to warm ENSO events, become more frequent over the Holocene until about 1,200 years ago, and then decline towards the present. Periods of relatively high and low ENSO activity, alternating at a timescale of about 2,000 years, are superimposed on this long-term trend. We attribute the long-term trend to orbitally induced changes in insolation, and suggest internal ENSO dynamics as a possible cause of the millennial variability. However, the millennial oscillation will need to be confirmed in other ENSO proxy records. C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab 204, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Union Coll, Dept Geol, Schenectady, NY 12308 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moy, CM (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Heroy Geol Lab 204, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 18 TC 649 Z9 689 U1 18 U2 155 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 14 PY 2002 VL 420 IS 6912 BP 162 EP 165 DI 10.1038/nature01194 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 614QM UT WOS:000179200900041 PM 12432388 ER PT J AU Kacker, R Zhang, NF AF Kacker, R Zhang, NF TI Online control using integrated moving average model for manufacturing errors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB We propose a protocol for online control using an Integrated Moving Average (IMA) model for manufacturing errors. This model is suitable for manufacturing processes that are mildly to moderately non-stationary. The protocol is similar to that of the Shewhart X-bar chart. After some number N of the units of product have been manufactured, the (N+1)th unit is sampled and its error relative to the target value is checked and recorded. At each check, the observed absolute error is compared against a benchmark, called the correction limit denoted by D to assess the state of errors. When errors are excessive, the system is stopped for correction. Our objective is to determine the ideal settings for N and D from engineering economic and statistical viewpoints. We use root expected mean square error (REMSE) as a measure of the dispersion of errors subject to online control. We use the IMA model to approximate REMSE as a simple function of N and D. Next, we use the approximate REMSE to define a loss function due to manufacturing error. We then determine explicit expressions for N and D that minimize the loss function. The expressions for N and D are simple functions of the engineering economic parameters (manufacturer's cost per unit of product due to errors, cost of checking, cost of correction, and product tolerance) and the two statistical parameters of IMA. We discuss estimation of these parameters and propose how this approach may be used for multiple product characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7543 J9 INT J PROD RES JI Int. J. Prod. Res. PD NOV 10 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 16 BP 4131 EP 4146 DI 10.1080/00207540210155800 PG 16 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 630PT UT WOS:000180117700007 ER PT J AU Vanderah, TA AF Vanderah, TA TI Talking ceramics SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE DIELECTRICS; FREQUENCY C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 170 Z9 174 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 8 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5596 BP 1182 EP 1184 DI 10.1126/science.1078489 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 612MQ UT WOS:000179080400027 PM 12424358 ER PT J AU Jaskolski, W Bryant, GW Planelles, J Zielinski, M AF Jaskolski, W Bryant, GW Planelles, J Zielinski, M TI Artificial molecules SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE artificial atoms; artificial molecules; molecular orbitals; optoelectronics; quantum dots ID QUANTUM-DOT SOLIDS; NANOCRYSTALS; WELLS AB Double semiconductor nanocrystals, called artificial molecules by analogy to artificial atoms (quantum dots), are investigated. Empirical tight-binding and k.p theories are used to obtain electronic structure, charge density distributions, and optical absorption spectra for single and double nanocrystals. We show how the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals are formed from the wavefunctions of individual nanocrystals when the nanocrystals are joined together to form an artificial molecule. Formation of quantum dot lattices and interpretation of experimental data for close-packed solids of nanocrystals are discussed. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Inst Fizyk UMK, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UJI, Dept Ciencias Expt, Castellon, Spain. RP Jaskolski, W (reprint author), Inst Fizyk UMK, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504; Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 90 IS 3 BP 1075 EP 1082 DI 10.1002/qua.10331 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 601JD UT WOS:000178441900010 ER PT J AU Esipov, IB Johannessen, OM Naugolnykh, KA Ovchinnikov, OB Tuzhilkin, YI AF Esipov, IB Johannessen, OM Naugolnykh, KA Ovchinnikov, OB Tuzhilkin, YI TI Sound signal scintillation approach in the acoustic modeling of the current speed profile in the Fram Strait SO ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL WAVES; OCEAN; TIME AB The results of mathematical model measurements of the speed of the transverse current in the Fram Strait are presented. The method is based on the statistical processing of the propagation time fluctuations of the probing signals along 16 acoustic tracks. The dependence of the sound velocity on depth is assumed to correspond to winter conditions. For the imitation of the current, the three-dimensional field of environmental inhomogeneities observed in the strait is computed. The complex profile of the current in the direction across the strait is represented by the motion of 10 layers of this field that move with different velocities. The measuring system consists of four transmitters and four receivers positioned near both coasts of the strait. The rays used for the measurements do not touch the bottom and do not change their type under the effect of environmental inhomogeneities crossing the acoustic tracks. (C) 2002 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica". C1 Russian Acad Sci, NN Andreev Acoust Inst, Moscow 117036, Russia. Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, N-5037 Bergen, Norway. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Zeltech, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Esipov, IB (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, NN Andreev Acoust Inst, Ul Shvernika 4, Moscow 117036, Russia. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PUBL PI MELVILLE PA C/O AMERICAN INST PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUANDRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1063-7710 J9 ACOUST PHYS+ JI Acoust. Phys. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 48 IS 6 BP 681 EP 686 DI 10.1134/1.1522035 PG 6 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA 625FD UT WOS:000179805500006 ER PT J AU Montgomery, R Sauerwein, J Rumble, J AF Montgomery, R Sauerwein, J Rumble, J TI Spotlighting NIST standard reference materials SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Montgomery, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 22 BP 34 EP 36 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 618JP UT WOS:000179415200005 ER PT J AU Ducey, MW Orendorff, CJ Pemberton, JE Sander, LC AF Ducey, MW Orendorff, CJ Pemberton, JE Sander, LC TI Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 1. Effects of temperature, surface coverage, and preparation procedure SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-STATE NMR; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; H STRETCHING REGION; REVERSED-PHASE; SILICA SURFACES; MOBILE-PHASE; POLYMETHYLENE CHAIN; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BONDED SILICAS AB Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the effects of temperature, surface coverage, nature of the alkylsilane precursor (octadecyltrichlorosilane, methyloctadecyldichlorosilane, or dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane), and surface grafting method (surface or solution polymerized) on alkyl chain conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 mumol/m(2). Conformational order is assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric and symmetric nu(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which these Raman bands are observed. Conformational order increases with surface coverage. Temperature-induced surface phase changes are observed between 258 and 343 K for this homologous series of stationary phases that are demonstrated to adhere to the Clapeyron equation for a simple first-order transition. Phase changes are discussed in terms of variation of the molar enthalpy, molar entropy, and molar volume of the stationary phase, all of which depend on surface coverage. For the limited range of systems investigated, a correlation between stationary-phase preparation (surface versus solution polymerized and nature of the silane precursor) and extent of alkyl chain order is not clearly observed. Instead, alkyl chain order is largely dependent on bonding density. A molecular picture of temperature-induced disorder in octadecylsilane stationary phases is proposed, with disorder originating at the distal carbon and propagating toward the proximal carbon. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, 1306 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 79 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 21 BP 5576 EP 5584 DI 10.1021/ac0203488 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 611QB UT WOS:000179028300025 PM 12433091 ER PT J AU Ducey, MW Orendorff, CJ Pemberton, JE Sander, LC AF Ducey, MW Orendorff, CJ Pemberton, JE Sander, LC TI Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 2. Effect of common mobile-phase solvents SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; STATE NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; MOLECULAR MECHANISM; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; REVERSED PHASES; SILICA SURFACES AB Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the effects of solvent, temperature; and surface grafting method (surface or solution polymerized) on alkyl chain rotational and conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 mumol/m(2). Rotational and conformational order is assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric to symmetric nu(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which these Raman bands are observed. Solvents studied include perdeuterated hexane; toluene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and water. Stationary-phase order was investigated at temperatures between 258 and 323 K. Alkyl chain rotational and conformational order, and hence, solvation of the stationary phase; is dependent on solvent parameters (polarity, size, etc.), temperature, and stationary-phase properties (polymerization method and surface coverage). Information on stationary-phase conformational order allows solvent-stationary-phase interactions to be described in terms of a combination of adsorption and partitioning models for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Finally, a distinct interplay between solvent- and temperature-induced ordering of these stationary phases is documented that is also a function of solvent and stationary-phase properties. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pemberton, JE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, 1306 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 57 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 21 BP 5585 EP 5592 DI 10.1021/ac0203490 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 611QB UT WOS:000179028300026 PM 12433092 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LD Coady, AM Strom, MS AF Rhodes, LD Coady, AM Strom, MS TI Expression of duplicate msa genes in the salmonid pathogen Renibactetium salmoninarum SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHINOOK SALMON; AMMONIA MONOOXYGENASE; NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA; SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN; TUF GENES; PROTEIN; FISH; RNA AB Renibacterium salmoninarum is a gram-positive bacterium responsible for bacterial kidney disease of salmon and trout. R. salmoninarum has two identical copies of the gene encoding major soluble antigen (MSA), an immunodominant, extracellular protein. To determine whether one or both copies of msa are expressed, reporter plasmids encoding a fusion of MSA and green fluorescent protein controlled by 0.6 kb of promoter region from msal or msa2 were constructed and introduced into R. salmoninarum. Single copies of the reporter plasmids integrated into the chromosome by homologous recombination. Expression of mRNA and protein from the integrated plasmids was detected, and transformed cells were fluorescent, demonstrating that both msal and msa2 are expressed under in vitro conditions. This is the first report of successful transformation and homologous recombination in R. salmoninarum. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,REUT Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Rhodes, LD (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,REUT Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 68 IS 11 BP 5480 EP 5487 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5480-5487.2002 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 611PU UT WOS:000179027600036 PM 12406741 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH Cromer, CL AF Lehman, JH Cromer, CL TI Optical trap detector for calibration of optical fiber powermeters: coupling efficiency SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED DETECTORS AB The optical trap detector is based on two, 1 cm x 1 cm silicon photodiodes and a spherical mirror contained in a package that is highly efficient for measuring light diverging from the end of an optical fiber. The mathematical derivation of the coupling efficiency relies on the integral directional response weighted by the angular intensity distribution of an idealized parabolic optical beam. Results of directional-uniformity measurements, acquired with the aid of a six-axis industrial robotic arm, indicate that the trap has a collection efficiency greater than 99.9% for a fiber numerical aperture of 0.24. Spatial uniformity measurements indicate that the variation of detector response as a function of position is less than 0.1%. The detector's absolute responsivity at 672.3, 851.7, and 986.1 nm is also documented by comparison with other optical detectors and various input conditions and indicates that the design is well suited for laser and optical fiber power measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources & Detectors Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources & Detectors Grp, 81501,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lehman@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 31 BP 6531 EP 6536 DI 10.1364/AO.41.006531 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 608LJ UT WOS:000178847600001 PM 12412643 ER PT J AU Sanders, M Sivertsen, S Scott, G AF Sanders, M Sivertsen, S Scott, G TI Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from the Savannah River SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; BIOAVAILABILITY; PAHS; PERYLENE; ESTUARY; HARBOR AB Surface sediments collected from the Savannah River, located in the southeastern state of Georgia, USA, in June-July 1994 were analyzed for individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Three subdivisions of the river were identified for the study: upstream from, adjacent to, and downstream from the city of Savannah. There was high spatial variability in the total PAH (1PAH) concentrations that ranged from 29 to 5,375 ng/g with an average concentration of 1,216 +/- 1,161 (SD). Of the three subdivisions, the highest SigmaPAH concentrations were in the middle segment, which was adjacent to urban and industrial areas. To elucidate sources, molecular indices based on indices among phenanthrene versus anthracene and fluoranthene versus pyrene were used to determine pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, respectively. These indices have been used by other authors to differentiate sources. In most cases, PAHs in sediments nearest the city of Savannah were of high temperature and pyrogenic origin. These pyrogenic PAHs were highly associated with toxicity to benthic organisms. The two-ringed naphthalene and substituted naphthalenes, which are petroleum-related PAHs, were significantly higher in the lower section of the river relative to the subdivisions. This river segment receives inputs primarily from shipping and boating traffic. Perylene, which is indicative of nonanthropogenic terrestrial inputs of carbon, had the highest concentration among the individual PAHs measured. High perylene concentrations were found at stations located upstream and adjacent to forested terrain and where salinity level was low. To discriminate pattern differences and similarities of individual PAHs among samples, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the more hydrophobic and persistent nonalkylated PAHs. These differences and similarities were used to infer perylene origin. PCA was performed on 14 nonalkylated PAHs that was normalized to the sum of nonalkylated PAHs, using a correlation matrix. Generally, the PAHs were separated into group patterns according to chemical and physical properties associated with log K-ow, except perylene. Perylene, a five-ringed PAH, was distinctly separated from the other five-ringed PAHs. The sources for perylene are likely from biogenic, terrestrial precursors. The collected data show that pyrogenic PAHs were highly associated with biological effects on benthic organisms, based on bioassay results. Perylene, a nonanthropogenic PAH, was found throughout the river and constituted a large percentage of total PAHs in the tipper river. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Sanders, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 39 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 43 IS 4 BP 438 EP 448 DI 10.1007/S00244-002-1232-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 606FG UT WOS:000178723100008 PM 12399915 ER PT J AU Gilliland, AB Butler, TJ Likens, GE AF Gilliland, AB Butler, TJ Likens, GE TI Monthly and annual bias in weekly (NADP/NTN) versus daily (AIRMoN) precipitation chemistry data in the Eastern USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE deposition wet; precipitation chemistry; AIRMoN; national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network; collocated sites; data intercomparison ID ATMOSPHERIC-DEPOSITION-PROGRAM; ACT AMENDMENTS; PHASE-I; PRECISION; SITE; WET; DRY AB Previous comparisons of the data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, National Trends Network (NTN) against collocated event sampled data and daily sampled data suggest a substantial bias in the concentration of ammonium [NH4+] and concentrations of several base cations, while the comparability of other ion concentrations ranges among the studies. Eight years of collocated data from five NTN and Atmospheric Integrated Research and Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) sites are compared here. Unlike previous analyses, the data from these two data sets were analyzed in the same laboratory using the same analytical methods; therefore, factors that influence concentration differences can be isolated to sampling frequency and sample preservation techniques. For comparison, the relative biases for these data have been calculated using both median value and volume-weighted mean concentrations, following two different approaches in the literature. The results suggest a relative bias of about 10% in [NH4+] (NTN less than AIRMoN), which is smaller than previous estimates that included the influence of inter-laboratory comparisons. The annual relative bias of [H+] increases over the analysis period, which results in a larger total relative bias for [H+] than found in a previous analysis of AIRMoN and NTN data. When comparing NTN and AIRMoN [SO42-]. data on monthly time scales, strong seasonal variations are evident in the relative bias for [H+], [NH4+], and [SO42-] Large biases in [SO42-] (NTN greater than AIRMoN) on monthly times scales have not been detected in previous analyses where data for all seasons were considered together. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, RTP, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gilliland, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, AMD,MSAB, Mail Drop E243-04,RTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 36 IS 33 BP 5197 EP 5206 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00653-2 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00653-2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 613EZ UT WOS:000179120500008 ER PT J AU Lindberg, SE Dong, WJ Meyers, T AF Lindberg, SE Dong, WJ Meyers, T TI Transpiration of gaseous elemental mercury through vegetation in a subtropical wetland in Florida SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE everglades; Typha domingenesis; Cladium jamaicense; fluxes; biogeochemistry ID NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROJECT; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; AIR/WATER EXCHANGE; EVERGLADES; FLUX; FOREST; SOILS; EMISSIONS; PLANTS; WATERS AB Four seasonal sampling campaigns were carried out in the Florida Everglades to measure elemental Hg vapor (Hgdegrees) fluxes over emergent macrophytes using a modified Bowen ratio gradient approach. The predominant flux of Hgdegrees over both invasive cattail and native sawgrass stands was emission; mean day time fluxes over cattail ranged from similar to20 (winter) to similar to40 (summer) ng m(-2)h(-1). Sawgrass fluxes were about half those over cattail during comparable periods. Emission from vegetation significantly exceeded evasion of Hgdegrees from the underlying water surface (similar to1-2 ng m(-2)h(-1)) measured simultaneously using floating chambers. Among several environmental factors (e.g. CO2 flux, water vapor flux, wind speed, water, air and leaf temperature, and solar radiation), water vapor exhibited the strongest correlation with Hgdegrees flux, and transpiration is suggested as an appropriate term to describe this phenomenon. The lack of significant Hgdegrees emissions from a live, but uprooted (floating) cattail stand suggests that a likely source of the transpired Hgdegrees is the underlying sediments. The pattern of Hg' fluxes typically measured indicated a diel cycle with two peaks, possibly related to different gas exchange dynamics: one in early morning related to lacunal gas release, and a second at midday related to transpiration; nighttime fluxes approached zero. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Lindberg, SE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 43 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 5 U2 33 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 36 IS 33 BP 5207 EP 5219 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00586-1 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00586-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 613EZ UT WOS:000179120500009 ER PT J AU Sun, JL Burns, SP Lenschow, DH Banta, R Newsom, R Coulter, R Frasier, S Ince, T Nappo, C Cuxart, J Blumen, W Lee, X Hu, XZ AF Sun, JL Burns, SP Lenschow, DH Banta, R Newsom, R Coulter, R Frasier, S Ince, T Nappo, C Cuxart, J Blumen, W Lee, X Hu, XZ TI Intermittent turbulence associated with a density current passage in the stable boundary layer SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE density currents; intermittent turbulence; nocturnal boundary layer; stable surface layer ID GRAVITY-WAVES; DOPPLER LIDAR; INSTABILITY; STABILITY; SHEAR; FLOW AB Using the unprecedented observational capabilities deployed during the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study-99 (CASES-99), we found three distinct turbulence events on the night of 18 October 1999, each of which was associated with different phenomena: a density current, solitary waves, and downward propagating waves from a low-level jet. In this study, we focus on the first event, the density current and its associated intermittent turbulence. As the cold density current propagated through the CASES-99 site, eddy motions in the upper part of the density current led to periodic overturning of the stratified flow, local thermal instability and a downward diffusion of turbulent mixing. Propagation of the density current induced a secondary circulation. The descending motion following the head of the density current resulted in strong stratification, a sharp reduction in the turbulence, and a sudden increase in the wind speed. As the wind surge propagated toward the surface, shear instability generated upward diffusion of turbulent mixing. We demonstrate in detail that the height and sequence of the local thermal and shear instabilities associated with the dynamics of the density current are responsible for the apparent intermittent turbulence. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, PAOS, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Inst Natl Meteorol, Barcelona, Spain. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. RP Sun, JL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Frasier, Stephen/H-1536-2015; Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015; OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838; Frasier, Stephen/0000-0003-4287-2889; Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914; LENSCHOW, DONALD/0000-0003-4353-0098 NR 33 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 105 IS 2 BP 199 EP 219 DI 10.1023/A:1019969131774 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 588UF UT WOS:000177719200001 ER PT J AU Banta, RM Newsom, RK Lundquist, JK Pichugina, YL Coulter, RL Mahrt, L AF Banta, RM Newsom, RK Lundquist, JK Pichugina, YL Coulter, RL Mahrt, L TI Nocturnal low-level jet characteristics over Kansas during CASES-99 SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE CASES-99; lidar; low-level jet; nocturnal boundary layer; stable boundary layer; wind profiles ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYERS; WIND PROFILER NETWORK; DOPPLER LIDAR; GREAT-PLAINS AB Characteristics and evolution of the low-level jet (LLJ) over southeastern Kansas were investigated during the 1999 Cooperative Surface-Atmosphere Exchange Study (CASES-99) field campaign with an instrument complement consisting of a high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL), a 60 m instrumented tower, and a triangle of Doppler mini-sodar/profiler combinations. Using this collection of instrumentation we determined the speed U-X, height Z(X) and direction D-X of the LLJ. We investigate here the frequency of occurrence, the spatial distribution, and the evolution through the night, of these LLJ characteristics. The jet of interest in this study was that which generates the shear and turbulence below the jet and near the surface. This was represented by the lowest wind maximum. We found that this wind maximum, which was most often between 7 and 10 m s(-)1, was often at or just below 100 m above ground level as measured by HRDL at the CASES central site. Over the 60 km profiler-sodar array, the topography varied by similar to100 m. The wind speed and direction were relatively constant over this distance (with some tendency for stronger winds at the highest site), but Z(X) was more variable. Z(X) was occasionally about equal at all three sites, indicating that the jet was following the terrain, but more often it seemed to be relatively level, i.e., at about the same height above sea level. Z(X) was also more variable than U-X in the behaviour of the LLJ with time through the night, and on some nights $U-X was remarkably steady. Examples of two nights with strong turbulence below jet level were further investigated using the 60 m tower at the main CASES-99 site. Evidence of TKE increasing with height and downward turbulent transport of TKE indicates that turbulence was primarily generated aloft and mixed downward, supporting the upside-down boundary layer notion in the stable boundary layer. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Banta, RM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI pichugina, yelena/I-4141-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008 NR 29 TC 182 Z9 183 U1 3 U2 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 105 IS 2 BP 221 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1019992330866 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 588UF UT WOS:000177719200002 ER PT J AU Waycott, M Freshwater, DW York, RA Calladine, A Kenworthy, WJ AF Waycott, M Freshwater, DW York, RA Calladine, A Kenworthy, WJ TI Evolutionary trends in the seagrass genus Halophila (thouars): Insights from molecular phylogeny SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Seagrass Biology Workshop CY SEP 26-OCT 02, 2000 CL CORSICA, FRANCE SP Univ Corsica, Coastal Ecosyst Team, Ischia Lab, Staz Zool Anton Dohrn ID ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY; HYDROCHARITACEAE; BIOGEOGRAPHY; SEQUENCES; REGION; RBCL AB Relationships among members of the seagrass genus Halophila (Hydrocharitaceae) were investigated using phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The final aligned ITS sequence data set of 705 base pairs from 36 samples in 11z currently recognised species included 18.7% parsimony informative characters. Phylogenetic analysis yielded two most parsimonious trees with strong support for six groups within the genus. Evolutionary trends in Halophila appear to be toward a more reduced simple phyllotaxy. In addition, this study indicates that long distance 'jump' dispersal between major ocean systems may have occurred at least in the globally distributed H. decipiens. Results of ITS analyses also indicate that the widespread pacific species H. ovalis is paraphyletic and may contain cryptic species. Likewise, the geographically restricted species H. hawaiiana and H. johnsonii could not be distinguished from H. ovalis with these data and warrant further investigation. C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies Geog & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa 2072, Panama. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Waycott, M (reprint author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 71 IS 3 BP 1299 EP 1308 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 696BM UT WOS:000183865300016 ER PT J AU Orth, RJ Batiuk, RA Bergstrom, PW Moore, KA AF Orth, RJ Batiuk, RA Bergstrom, PW Moore, KA TI A perspective on two decades of policies and regulations influencing the protection and restoration of submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay, USA SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Seagrass Biology Workshop CY SEP 26-OCT 02, 2000 CL CORSICA, FRANCE SP Univ Corsica, Coastal Ecosyst Team, Ischia Lab, Staz Zool Anton Dohrn ID COMMUNITIES; ABUNDANCE; DECLINE AB Seagrasses along with many other species of freshwater rooted submerged macrophytes in Chesapeake Bay (collectively called SAV) underwent serious declines in population abundances in the 1970s and have not as yet rebounded to previous levels. Cooperative efforts by scientists, politicians, federal and state resource managers, and the general public have developed policies and plans to protect, preserve and enhance SAV populations of Chesapeake Bay. These include the Chesapeake Bay Agreements (1983, 1987, 1992, 1993, 2000), an SAV Management Policy and Implementation Plan for Chesapeake Bay and Tidal Tributaries (1989 and 1990), Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Fishery Management Plan (1997), as well as federal and state guidelines for protecting SAV communities from direct human impacts such as dredge and fill operations. The foundation for many of these management efforts has been the recognition of the habitat value of SAV to many fish and shellfish, and the elucidation of linkages between water quality conditions and the continuing occurrence of SAV as established by minimal water quality habitat requirements for growth and survival. Because of these linkages, the distribution of SAV in the Bay and its tidal tributaries is being used as an initial measure of progress in the restoration of living resources and water quality. Restoration targets and goals have been established to link demonstrable improvements in water quality to increases in SAV abundance. The major challenge facing the Chesapeake Bay community will be to restore SAV habitat and ecosystem functions to historic levels. However, the recent success in the development of policies, plans, regulations and laws highlighting the importance of SAV communities in Chesapeake Bay and their protection and restoration, is an excellent example of effective communication linkages and adaptive management principles between scientists, resource managers, politicians and the public in the Chesapeake Bay region. Only through these interactions will SAV restoration become a reality. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. NOAA, Chesapeake Bay Program, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Orth, RJ (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 71 IS 3 BP 1391 EP 1403 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 696BM UT WOS:000183865300025 ER PT J AU Trenberth, KE Karl, TR Spence, TW AF Trenberth, KE Karl, TR Spence, TW TI The need for a systems approach to climate observations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID AIR-FREEZING INDEX; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; RECORDS; SURFACE AB Because climate is changing we need to know how and why. How do we best track and provide useful information of sufficient on climate? C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Trenberth, KE (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM trenbert@ucar.edu RI Trenberth, Kevin/A-5683-2012 OI Trenberth, Kevin/0000-0002-1445-1000 NR 22 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1593 EP 1602 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1593 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620VU UT WOS:000179554000014 ER PT J AU Webster, PJ Bradley, EF Fairall, CW Godfrey, JS Hacker, P Houze, RA Lukas, R Serra, Y Hummon, JM Lawrence, TDM Russell, CA Ryan, MN Sahami, K Zuidema, P AF Webster, PJ Bradley, EF Fairall, CW Godfrey, JS Hacker, P Houze, RA Lukas, R Serra, Y Hummon, JM Lawrence, TDM Russell, CA Ryan, MN Sahami, K Zuidema, P TI The jasmine pilot study SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC WARM POOL; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; UPPER-OCEAN HEAT; INDIAN-OCEAN; TOGA COARE; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; PRECIPITATING CONVECTION AB A recent field experiment aimed at supplying critical data from the Indian Ocean region may eventually help climate models reproduce and forecast ther intraseasonal and interannual variability of the monsoon. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. CSIRO, Div Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CSIRO, Div Marine Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Webster, PJ (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Lukas, Roger/B-3715-2009; Lawrence, David/C-4026-2011; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013; Bradley, Frank/I-6574-2013; Serra, Yolande/I-3457-2015 OI Lawrence, David/0000-0002-2968-3023; Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X; Serra, Yolande/0000-0003-3542-1158 NR 68 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1603 EP 1630 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1603 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620VU UT WOS:000179554000015 ER PT J AU Kanamitsu, M Ebisuzaki, W Woollen, J Yang, SK Hnilo, JJ Fiorino, M Potter, GL AF Kanamitsu, M Ebisuzaki, W Woollen, J Yang, SK Hnilo, JJ Fiorino, M Potter, GL TI NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EARTH RADIATION BUDGET; SOLAR-RADIATION; WATER-VAPOR; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; ABSORPTION; ERBE AB An updated NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, covering 1979-present, featues never physics and observed soil moisyure forcing also eliminates several previous errors. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NCEP, CPC, Washington, DC USA. NCEP, EMC, Washington, DC USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, PCMDI, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RP Kanamitsu, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Reboreda, Rosa/A-2518-2012; Fiorino, Michael/N-4150-2014 OI Fiorino, Michael/0000-0002-2819-8157 NR 27 TC 2614 Z9 2789 U1 16 U2 108 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 1631 EP 1643 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620VU UT WOS:000179554000016 ER PT J AU Curtis, RE Sarmiento, C AF Curtis, RE Sarmiento, C TI Identification of economies of scope in a stochastic production environment SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D AGROECONOMIE LA English DT Article ID COST-FUNCTIONS; FIXED INPUTS; TECHNOLOGIES AB This paper extends the definition of economies of scope to multioutput firms that face an uncertain production environment. Identification of economies of scope in this environment, however, requires separability assumptions on the technology. These identification restrictions are demonstrated in the paper. For each identification restriction, the definition of economies of scope is generalized to the case Of uncertain production and risk aversion. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Maritime Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Agribusiness & Appl Econ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Curtis, RE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY PI OTTAWA PA 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, SUITE 1112, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Agroecon. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.2002.tb00336.x PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 653LV UT WOS:000181438400003 ER PT J AU Cox, SP Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Kaplan, I AF Cox, SP Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Kaplan, I TI Reconstructing ecosystem dynamics in the central Pacific Ocean, 1952-1998. I. Estimating population biomass and recruitment of tunas and billfishes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AGE-STRUCTURED MODEL; STRATEGIES AB Commercial yield of tunas in the central Pacific increased several fold between 1952 and 1998. We developed age-structured production models that incorporate information from multiple fisheries to estimate population biomass and recruitment trends of tunas (Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus, and Katsuwonus pelamis) and billfish in the central north Pacific (0degreesN to 40degreesN and 130degreesE to 150degreesW). Our results suggest that all tuna stocks remain above 40% of 1950s levels, whereas blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) declined to 21% and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) to 56%. Estimated biomasses of juvenile bigeye (T obsesus) and yellowfin (T albacares) tuna increased to 112 and 129%, respectively, of 1950s levels. Juvenile albacore (T alalunga) decreased during the 1970s and 1980s but recovered to historical highs (121%) in recent years. Skipjack (K. pelamis) remained relatively stable between 1952 and 1980, declined by 35% between 1981 and 1990, and then increased to 68% of 1950s levels. These changes generally represent decreases in top predators and increases in small tunas, which make up their prey. Application of stock assessment methods set in a food web context provides an important step toward developing a method that recognizes fishery exploitation as a component of ecosystem dynamics. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Cox, SP (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012; Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012 NR 27 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1724 EP 1735 DI 10.1139/F02-137 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639JX UT WOS:000180626000003 ER PT J AU Cox, SP Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Boggs, C Kaplan, I AF Cox, SP Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Martell, SJD Walters, CJ Boggs, C Kaplan, I TI Reconstructing ecosystem dynamics in the central Pacific Ocean, 1952-1998. II. A preliminary assessment of the trophic impacts of fishing and effects on tuna dynamics SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NATURAL MORTALITY; BIOMASS AB Pelagic fisheries in the Pacific Ocean target both large (Thunnus spp.) and small tunas (juveniles of Thunnus spp; Katsuwonus pelamis) but also take billfishes (Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus platypterus) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) as bycatch. We developed a multispecies model using the Ecopath with Ecosim software that incorporated time-series estimates of biomass, fishing mortality, and bycatch rates (1952-1998) to evaluate the relative contributions of fishing and trophic impacts on tuna dynamics in the central Pacific (0degreesN to 40degreesN and 130degreesE to 150degreesW). The Ecosim model reproduced the observed trends in abundance indices and biomass estimates for most large tunas and billfishes. A decline in predation mortality owing to depletion of large predators was greatest for small yellowfin tuna and could possibly account for apparent increases in biomass. For other tunas, however, predicted changes in predation mortality rates were small (small bigeye) or were overwhelmed by much larger increases in fishing mortality (skipjack and small albacore). Limited evidence of trophic impacts associated with declining apex predator abundance likely results from the difficulties of applying detailed trophic models to open ocean systems in which ecological and fishery data uncertainties are large. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Cox, SP (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. EM spcox@sfu.ca RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012; Cox, Sean/I-5374-2012 NR 24 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 27 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1736 EP 1747 DI 10.1139/F02-138 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639JX UT WOS:000180626000004 ER PT J AU Davis, MW AF Davis, MW TI Key principles for understanding fish bycatch discard mortality SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; TRAWL FISHERIES; OTTER-TRAWL; BY-CATCH; COD-END; SURVIVAL; SABLEFISH; LIGHT; LONGLINE AB The mortality of discarded fish bycatch is an important issue in fisheries management and, because it is generally unmeasured, represents a large source of uncertainty in estimates of fishing mortality worldwide. Development of accurate measures of discard mortality requires fundamental knowledge, based on principles of bycatch stressor action, of why discarded fish die. To date, discard mortality studies in the field have focused on capture stressors. Recent laboratory discard experiments have demonstrated the significant role of environmental factors, size- and species-related sensitivity to stressors, and interactions of stressors, which increase mortality. In addition, delayed mortality was an important consideration in experimental design. The discard mortality problem is best addressed through a combination of laboratory investigation of classes of bycatch stressors to develop knowledge of key principles of bycatch stressor action and field experiments under realistic fishing conditions to verify our understanding and make predictions of discard mortality. This article makes the case for a broader ecological perspective on discard mortality that includes a suite of environmental and biological factors that may interact with capture stressors to increase stress and mortality. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 64 TC 203 Z9 208 U1 9 U2 49 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1834 EP 1843 DI 10.1139/F02-139 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639JX UT WOS:000180626000012 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN AF Kotochigova, S Mohr, PJ Taylor, BN TI Precise energies of highly excited hydrogen and deuterium SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRONG COULOMB FIELD; FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; PROTON POLARIZATION SHIFTS; CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES; ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; NUCLEAR-SIZE CORRECTIONS; ELECTRON SELF-ENERGY; LAMB SHIFT; RECOIL CORRECTIONS; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN AB The energy levels of hydrogen and deuterium atoms are calculated to provide frequencies for transitions between highly excited states with principal quantum number n up to 200. All known quantum electrodynamics and relativistic corrections have been included in the calculation. In some cases, contributions originally calculated for a few states have been extrapolated to highly excited states. The fundamental constants necessary for the calculation are taken from the 1998 CODATA least-squares adjustment. Evaluated uncertainties take into account uncertainties in the theoretical calculations, uncertainties in the fundamental constants, and covariances between the various contributions and input parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4204 J9 CAN J PHYS JI Can. J. Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1373 EP 1382 DI 10.1139/P02-100 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 623KU UT WOS:000179702900022 ER PT J AU Cullen, HM Kaplan, A Arkin, PA Demenocal, PB AF Cullen, HM Kaplan, A Arkin, PA Demenocal, PB TI Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; HOLOCENE; RIVER; COMPLEXITY; DISCHARGE; AUSTRALIA AB Interannual to decadal variations in Middle Eastern temperature, precipitation and streamflow reflect the far-field influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a dominant mode of Atlantic sector climate variability. Using a new sea surface temperature (SST) based index of the NAO and available streamflow data from five Middle Eastern rivers, we show that the first principal component of December through March streamflow variability reflects changes in the NAO. However, Middle East rivers have two primary flooding periods. The first is rainfall-driven runoff from December through March, regulated on interannual to decadal timescales by the NAO as reflected in local precipitation and temperature. The second period, from April through June, reflects spring snowmelt and contributes in excess of 50% of annual runoff. This period, known locally as the khamsin, displays no significant NAO connections and a less direct relationship with local climatic factors, suggesting that streamflow variability during this period reflects land-cover change, possibly related to agriculture and hydropower generation, and snowmelt. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cullen, HM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010; demenocal, peter/B-1386-2013 OI demenocal, peter/0000-0002-7191-717X NR 48 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3 BP 315 EP 338 DI 10.1023/A:1020518305517 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 600LA UT WOS:000178390400002 ER PT J AU Furl, N Phillips, PJ O'Toole, AJ AF Furl, N Phillips, PJ O'Toole, AJ TI Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis SO COGNITIVE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE psychology; computer vision; representation; computer simulation; neural networks; human experimentation ID OWN-RACE; REPRESENTATION; EXPERIENCE; IDENTIFICATION; PERCEPTION; LANGUAGE; ABILITY; SPEECH; SEX; AGE AB People recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races. The "contact" hypothesis suggests that this "other-race effect" occurs as a result of the greater experience we have with own- versus other-race faces. The computational mechanisms that may underlie different versions of the contact hypothesis were explored in this study. We replicated the other-race effect with human participants and evaluated four classes of computational face recognition algorithms for the presence of an other-race effect. Consistent with the predictions of a developmental contact hypothesis, "experience-based models" demonstrated an other-race effect only when the representational system was developed through experience that warped the perceptual space in a way that was sensitive to the overall structure of the model's experience with faces of different races. When the model's representation relied on a feature set optimized to encode the information in the learned faces, experience-based algorithms recognized minority-race faces more accurately than majority-race faces. The results suggest a developmental learning process that warps the perceptual space to enhance the encoding of distinctions relevant for own-race faces. This feature space limits the quality of face representations for other-race faces. (C) 2002 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Human Dev GR4 1, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Furl, N (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Human Dev GR4 1, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. OI furl, nicholas/0000-0003-2488-1343 NR 34 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0364-0213 J9 COGNITIVE SCI JI Cogn. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 797 EP 815 AR PII S0364-0213(02)00084-8 DI 10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00084-8 PG 19 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 619WD UT WOS:000179499700004 ER PT J AU Leighfield, TA Barbier, M Van Dolah, FM AF Leighfield, TA Barbier, M Van Dolah, FM TI Evidence for cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the dinoflagellate, Amphidinium operculatum SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amphidinium operculum; cAMP dependent-protein kinase; dinoflagellate; kemptide; PKA ID CYCLIC-AMP; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; CELL-CYCLE; IDENTIFICATION; CDNA AB A cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) was identified in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculum. In vitro kinase activity towards kemptide, a PKA-specific substrate, was not detectable in crude lysates. However, fractionation of dinoflagellate extracts by gel filtration chromatography showed PKA-like activity toward kemptide at approximately 66 kDa. These findings suggest that possible low molecular mass inhibitors in crude lysates were removed by the gel filtration chromatography. Pre-incubation of extracts with cAMP prior to chromatography resulted in an apparent molecular mass shift in the in vitro kinase assay to 40 kDa. An in-gel kinase assay reflected activity of the free catalytic subunit at approximately 40 kDa. Furthermore, western blotting with an antibody to the human PKA catalytic subunit confirmed a catalytic subunit with a mass of approximately 40 kDa. Results from this study indicate that the PKA in A. operculatum has a catalytic subunit of similar size to that in higher eukaryotes, but with a holoenzyme of a size suggesting a dimeric, rather than tetrameric structure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Charleston, Grice Program Marine Biol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Leighfield, TA (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 317 EP 324 AR PII S1096-4959(02)00148-3 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00148-3 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 623FE UT WOS:000179692000005 PM 12431399 ER PT J AU Volz, DC Wirth, EF Fulton, MH Scott, GI Block, DS Chandler, GT AF Volz, DC Wirth, EF Fulton, MH Scott, GI Block, DS Chandler, GT TI Endocrine-mediated effects of UV-A irradiation on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) reproduction SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crustacean; UV; Palaemonetes pugio; reproduction; vitellogenin; ecdysteroids; pesticides; aquaculture ID AMPHIPOD LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS; CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS-CLARKII; RED SWAMP CRAYFISH; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; BENTHIC COPEPOD; LIFE-CYCLE; TOXICITY; SEDIMENT; EXPOSURE AB Although much is known regarding photoperiodic effects on crustacean egg production, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on reproduction has not been investigated. Likewise, little is known concerning the interaction between UV and xenobiotic exposure on crustacean reproductive cycles. In this study, male and female grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, were exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan (200 ng/l and 400 ng/l ES) under both white fluorescent (WF) and UV-A (315-400 nm) light conditions for 50 days in laboratory bioassays. Female endocrine (vitellogenin, ecdysteroids, and cholesterol), reproductive (percent gravid, clutch size), and embryo (days to hatch, hatching success, and hatching survival) responses were assessed. UV-exposure alone caused a significant (>4-fold) increase in total Palaemonetes pugio female egg production over the course of 50 days. Exposure to ES and UV significantly lowered the percentage of gravid females relative to UV controls, whereas ES-exposed shrimp under WF lighting did not exhibit these trends. Although higher vitellogenin concentrations and lower ecdysteroid titers were correlated with increased female egg production, cholesterol titers only exhibited a dose-dependent change when exposed to ES. Embryos from females exposed to UV had significantly lower ecdysteroid titers and shorter hatching times but there were no differences in embryo vitellogenin concentrations, hatching success, or hatching survival. These results indicate that UV-A exposure has a pronounced effect on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) reproduction and is likely mediated through 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT)-related neuroendocrine pathways. The implications for decapod aquaculture and evaluating chronic contaminant effects are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Wirth, EF (reprint author), 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM ed.wirth@noaa.gov RI fanjul-moles, maria luisa /C-8069-2011 NR 65 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 419 EP 434 AR PII S01532-0456(02)00145-X DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00145-X PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 611FJ UT WOS:000179005500008 PM 12379426 ER PT J AU Beichl, I AF Beichl, I TI Dealing with degeneracy in triangulation SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 4 IS 6 BP 70 EP 74 DI 10.1109/MCISE.2002.1046599 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 608XL UT WOS:000178873000011 ER PT J AU Ressler, PH AF Ressler, PH TI Acoustic backscatter measurements with a 153 kHz ADCP in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: determination of dominant zooplankton and micronekton scatterers SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE USA; Gulf of Mexico; zooplankton; acoustic models; sound scattering; correlation analysis; randomization analysis; ADCP; 24-31 degrees N x 84-90 degrees W ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; EASTERN GULF; SOUND-SCATTERING; OF-MEXICO; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; BIOMASS; MYCTOPHIDAE; PROXIMATE; ABUNDANCE; STRENGTHS AB A 153 kHz narrowband acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to measure volume backscattering strength (S-v) during a deepwater oceanographic survey of cetacean and seabird habitat in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. S-v was positively related to zooplankton and micronekton biomass (wet displacement volume) in 'sea-truth' net hauls made with a 1 m(2) Multiple Opening-Closing Net Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS). A subset of these MOCNESS tows was used to explore the relationship between the numerical densities of various taxonomic categories of zooplankton and the ADCP backscatter signal. Crustaceans, small fish, and fragments of non-gas-bearing siphonophores in the net samples all showed significant, positive correlations with the acoustic signal, while other types of gelatinous zooplankton, pteropod and atlantid molluscs, and gas-filled siphonophore floats showed no significant correlation with S-v. Previously published acoustic scattering models for zooplankton were used to calculate expected scattering for several general zooplankton types and sizes for comparison with the field data. Even though gelatinous material often made up a large fraction of the total biomass, crustaceans, small fish, and pteropods were most likely the important scatterers. Since only crustacean and small fish densities were significantly correlated with S-v, it is suggested that S-v at 153 kHz can be used as a relative proxy for the abundance of these organisms in the Gulf of Mexico. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Ressler, PH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS NWFSC, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 58 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 11 BP 2035 EP 2051 AR PII S0967-0637(02)00117-6 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00117-6 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 639FU UT WOS:000180617600007 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Coyer, JA Petrik, R Good, TP AF Levin, PS Coyer, JA Petrik, R Good, TP TI Community-wide effects of nonindigenous species on temperate rocky reefs SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Codium; Gulf of Maine, USA; herbivory; indirect effects; introduced species; Isles of Shoals, Maine, USA; kelp recruitment and nonindigenous species; Membranipora; nonindigenous species; recruitment; species interactions; Tautogolabrus adspersus ID FRAGILE SSP TOMENTOSOIDES; BRYOZOAN MEMBRANIPORA-MEMBRANACEA; NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; NEW-ENGLAND; STRONGYLOCENTROTUS-DROEBACHIENSIS; POSTSETTLEMENT SURVIVAL; RECRUITMENT VARIATION; FEEDING PREFERENCE; MARINE BRYOZOAN; DEMERSAL FISH AB Ecological interactions among invading species are common and may often be important in facilitating invasions. Indeed, the presence of one nonindigenous species can act as an agent of disturbance that facilitates the invasion of a second species. However, most studies of nonindigenous species are anecdotal and do not provide substantive evidence that interactions among nonindigenous species have any community-level effects. Here, using a combination of field experiments and observations we examine interactions among introduced species in New England kelp forests and ask whether these interactions have altered paradigms describing subtidal communities in the Gulf of Maine. The green alga Codium fragile was observed at the Isles of Shoals, Maine, USA, in 1983 and has since replaced the native kelp as the dominant seaweed on leeward shores. Experiments manipulating kelp and Codium reveal that Codium does not directly inhibit growth or survival of kelp. Codium does, however, successfully recruit to gaps in the kelp bed and, once established, inhibits recruitment of kelp. A second nonindigenous species, Membranipora membranacea, grows epiphytically on kelp, and experiments reveal that the presence of Membranipora reduces growth and survival of kelp, resulting in defoliation of kelp plants and gap formation in kelp beds. In the absence of Codium, kelp recolonizes these gaps, but when present, Codium colonizes and prevents kelp recolonization. Manipulations of herbivores demonstrate that herbivory will reinforce Codium dominance. Thus, the demise of New England kelp beds appears to result from one invasive species facilitating the spread of a second nonindigenous species. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Coyer, James/B-3295-2010; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 74 TC 135 Z9 144 U1 3 U2 45 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 3182 EP 3193 DI 10.2307/3071852 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 622AT UT WOS:000179624600024 ER PT J AU Castro, JI AF Castro, JI TI On the origins of the Spanish word 'tiburon', and the English word 'shark' SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE etymology; fish names; elasmobranchs; requin; requiem shark AB Large sharks were known to the Greeks and Romans, and references to large sharks of the Mediterranean are found in the writings of classical writers. However, large sharks are conspicuously absent from the medieval bestiaries that described the then known fauna. The explanation for this interesting omission is simple: Medieval man did not encounter large sharks because he shed mainly in rivers and close to shore and did not venture far into the ocean to catch fish, and the few large European sharks did not venture into rivers or shallow waters. The Spanish and the English first encountered large sharks in the American tropics. Both groups borrowed Amerindian words to designate them. The Spanish borrowed the word tiburon from the Carib Indians, and, later, the English borrowed tiburon from the Spanish and used it for about 100 years. In the late sixteenth century, the English borrowed the word xoc from the Mayans and it became the English word shark. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, NOOA, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Castro, JI (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, NOOA, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD NOV PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1023/A:1020591206657 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 600LC UT WOS:000178390600001 ER PT J AU Cooter, EJ Hutzell, WT Foreman, WT Majewski, MS AF Cooter, EJ Hutzell, WT Foreman, WT Majewski, MS TI A regional atmospheric fate and transport model for atrazine. 2. Evaluation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI-RIVER VALLEY; MASS-BALANCE; PESTICIDES AB The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been adapted to simulate the regional fate and transport of atrazine. Model modifications and simulations spanning April to mid-July 1995 are described in a previous paper. CMAQ results for atrazine concentrations in air and rainfall are evaluated against field observations taken along the Mississippi River and the shores of Lake Michigan in 1995. CMAQ results agree within 10% of published annual wet deposition load estimates for Lake Michigan and predicted annual dry deposition lies within published error bounds. Comparisons of weekly observed and predicted air and rainfall concentrations along the Mississippi River yield order-of-magnitude differences. Precipitation weighting of concentrations in rainfall good agreement for seasonal time frames. Weekly ambient gas form concentrations tend to be overpredicted by the CMAQ and semivolatile particulate fractions are underpredicted. Uncertainty in CMAQ predictions of air and rainfall concentrations for atrazine appear to derive primarily from uncertainty in emissions estimates, simulated precipitation, and spatial scale. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Cooter, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 21 BP 4593 EP 4599 DI 10.1021/es011372q PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611ED UT WOS:000179002700033 PM 12433169 ER PT J AU Sciortino, F La Nave, E Scala, A Stanley, HE Starr, FW AF Sciortino, F La Nave, E Scala, A Stanley, HE Starr, FW TI Water and its energy landscape SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUID; SUPERCOOLED WATER; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; SLOW DYNAMICS; TRANSITION; MODEL; SURFACE AB We present an overview of the recent studies on the properties of the potential energy surface for a simple model of water. We emphasize the relations between PES properties and dynamics in supercooled states for the model and discuss possible future application of the PES studies. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. INFM, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Sciortino, F (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RI Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Scala, Antonio/A-2098-2012 OI Scala, Antonio/0000-0002-3414-2686 NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1292-8941 J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD NOV PY 2002 VL 9 IS 3 BP 233 EP 237 DI 10.1140/epje/i2002-10080-6 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 644KK UT WOS:000180916300005 PM 15010913 ER PT J AU Koga, T Seo, YS Hu, X Shin, K Zhang, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK AF Koga, T Seo, YS Hu, X Shin, K Zhang, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK TI Dynamics of polymer thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMPRESSED FLUID DILUENTS; TEMPERATURE; VISCOSITY; BEHAVIOR; MIXTURES AB In situ neutron reflectivity and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements were used to investigate the dynamics of polystyrene thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)). The results show that the large degree of anomalous swelling observed is associated with a decrease in glass transition temperature that occurs only within a narrow region of the phase diagram associated with the density fluctuation ridge in scCO(2) region. Furthermore, the plasticization effect induced by the density fluctuations was found to enhance the polymer interdiffusion by 2 orders of magnitude as the ridge was approached. Within the ridge the diffusion coefficients scale as M-2 and can be approximated by an effective William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM tkoga@notes.cc.sunysb.edu; mrafailovich@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Koga, Tadanori/A-4007-2010; Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 60 IS 4 BP 559 EP 565 DI 10.1209/epl/i2002-00255-3 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 614BZ UT WOS:000179169600011 ER PT J AU Morgan, AB Harris, RH Kashiwagi, T Chyall, LJ Gilman, JW AF Morgan, AB Harris, RH Kashiwagi, T Chyall, LJ Gilman, JW TI Flammability of polystyrene layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: Carbonaceous char formation SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID POLYMER; HYBRID; POLYPROPYLENE; DISPERSION; STABILITY AB Polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites have not only the unique advantage of reduced flammability, but also improved mechanical properties. This is a key advantage over many flame retardants, which reduce flammability but also reduce the mechanical properties of the polymer. In our efforts to further understand the mechanism of flame retardancy with polymer-clay nanocomposites, we investigated the effect of the clay, the loading level and polymer melt viscosity on the flammability of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites: The nanoscale dispersion of the clay in the polymer was analysed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cone calorimetry and gasification studies were used to evaluate the flammability of these nanocomposites. There were major reductions in peak heat release rates (HRRs), and increased carbonaceous char formation, for these nanocomposites. It was determined that while the viscosity of the PS nanocomposite played a role in lowering the peak HRR, the clay loading level had the largest effect on peak HRR. Finally, it was found that clay catalysed carbonaceous char formation, and the reinforcement of the char by the clay was responsible for the lowered flammability of these nanocomposites. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Great Lakes Chem Corp, W Lafayette, IN 47996 USA. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 27 TC 106 Z9 115 U1 4 U2 40 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 247 EP 253 DI 10.1002/fam.803 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 642TU UT WOS:000180821400001 ER PT J AU Baker, ET Massoth, GJ de Ronde, CEJ Lupton, JE McInnes, BIA AF Baker, ET Massoth, GJ de Ronde, CEJ Lupton, JE McInnes, BIA TI Observations and sampling of an ongoing subsurface eruption of Kavachi volcano, Solomon Islands, May 2000 SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volcanic process; eruptions; hydrothermal processes; island arcs; Solomon Islands ID FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; SEAWATER; PRECONCENTRATION AB A serendipitous encounter with an erupting, shallow submarine volcano in the Solomon Islands provided a rare opportunity to map and sample the dispersal of volcanogenic emissions into the surrounding water column. Kavachi, episodically active since at least 1939, is a forearc volcano located on the Pacific plate only similar to30 km northeast of its convergent boundary with the downgoing Indo-Australlian plate. During 14 May 2000 we observed explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions at several minute intervals, creating a complex distribution of plumes of volcanic glass shards throughout the water column at a distance of similar to1.5 km from the summit. At distances of 4-5 km, shallow-water (<250 m) plumes had dissipated, but deeper plumes were ubiquitous down to seafloor depths of 1500 m. Only 2 of 22 water samples (at 14 and 237 m depth) showed evidence of hydrothermal and magmatic enrichment. These samples were elevated in delta(3)He, Fe, and Mn (one sample only), but not in CO2. We infer that the volcano flanks were essentially impermeable to fluid emissions and that the observed particle halo was created by magma shattering and resuspension. Most magmatic and hydrothermal fluids were thus discharged directly from the summit into the atmosphere. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Sydney, NSW 1670, Australia. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McInnes, Brent/B-7408-2013; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 30 IS 11 BP 975 EP 978 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0975:OASOAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 609KH UT WOS:000178902000005 ER PT J AU Woolard, JW Colby, JD AF Woolard, JW Colby, JD TI Spatial characterization, resolution, and volumetric change of coastal dunes using airborne LIDAR: Cape Hatteras, North Carolina SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LIDAR; GIS; coastal dune; coastal geomorphology; volumetric change; scale; spatial statistics ID LASER ALTIMETRY; ACCURACY; ERRORS; MODELS; SCALE AB The technological advancement in topographic mapping known as airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) allows researchers to gather highly accurate and densely sampled coastal elevation data at a rapid rate. The problem is to determine the optimal resolutions at which to represent coastal dunes for volumetric change analysis. This study uses digital elevation models (DEM) generated from LIDAR data and spatial statistics to better understand dune characterization at a series of spatial resolutions. The LIDAR data were collected jointly by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). DEMs of two study sites (100 x 200 m) located in Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina were generated using a raster-based geographic information system (GIs). Changes in the dune volume were calculated for a I-year period of time (Fall 1996-1997) at grid cell resolutions ranging from I x I to 20 x 20 m. Directional statistics algorithms were used to calculate local variance and characterize topographic complexity. Data processing was described in detail in order to provide an introduction to working with LIDAR data in a GIs. Results from these study sites indicated that a 1-2 m resolution provided the most reliable representation of coastal dunes on Cape Hatteras and most accurate volumetric change measurements. Results may vary at other sites and at different spatial extents, but the methods developed here can be applied to other locations to determine the optimum resolutions at which to represent and characterize topography using common GIs and database software. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NOS, NGS, Remote Sensing Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. E Carolina Univ, Dept Geog, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. RP Woolard, JW (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, NGS, Remote Sensing Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 39 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 269 EP 287 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00185-X DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00185-X PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 608DG UT WOS:000178829400014 ER PT J AU Cziczo, DJ Murphy, DM Thomson, DS Ross, MN AF Cziczo, DJ Murphy, DM Thomson, DS Ross, MN TI Composition of individual particles in the wakes of an Athena II rocket and the space shuttle SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ALUMINUM-OXIDE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; AEROSOLS AB The Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument was used to obtain the first in situ measurements of the composition of particles in the wakes of solid rocket motor (SRMs) launch vehicles. PALMS acquired mass spectra of over 2300 exhaust particles within the plumes of an Athena II rocket and the Space Shuttle. The majority of positive spectra indicated the presence of primary and trace components of the aluminum fuel and the combustion catalyst. Negative spectra showed chlorine from the oxidizer. Nitrate and phosphate fragments and water were common features of spectra acquired during the Space Shuttle encounters. Elemental carbon (EC) was a significant particle type observed in the Athena II plume. The data show that particles emitted by SRMs are more diverse and probably more reactive than previously considered. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 21 AR 2037 DI 10.1029/2002GL015991 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639DG UT WOS:000180611900032 ER PT J AU Jain, S Woodhouse, CA Hoerling, MP AF Jain, S Woodhouse, CA Hoerling, MP TI Multidecadal streamflow regimes in the interior western United States: Implications for the vulnerability of water resources SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DROUGHT AB In the interior western United States, increased demand for water coupled with the uncertain nature of anthropogenic and natural hydroclimatic variations add challenges to the task of assessing the adequacy of the existing regional water resources systems. Current availability of relatively short instrumental streamflow records further limits the diagnosis of multidecadal and longer time variations. Here we develop a long-term perspective of streamflow variations using a 285-year long tree-ring reconstruction at Middle Boulder Creek, Colorado. Analysis of the reconstructed streamflow provides useful insights for assessing vulnerability: (a) a wider range of hydrologic variations on multidecadal time scales, not seen in the instrumental record, (b) wet/dry regimes show disparate fluctuations across various flow thresholds, and (c) temporal changes in the flow probabilities have varied "flavors'' corresponding to wet and dry regimes and their spatial extent. Based on these results, we discuss implications for the climate-related vulnerability of regional water resources. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Jain, S (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sjain@cdc.noaa.gov; woodhous@ngdc.noaa.gov; mph@cdc.noaa.gov RI Jain, Shaleen/B-2923-2011 OI Jain, Shaleen/0000-0003-1792-4421 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 21 AR 2036 DI 10.1029/2001GL014278 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639DG UT WOS:000180611900031 ER PT J AU Randa, J Wiatr, W AF Randa, J Wiatr, W TI Monte Carlo estimation of noise-parameter uncertainties SO IEE PROCEEDINGS-SCIENCE MEASUREMENT AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Uncertainties in noise-parameter measurements, obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation of the measurements, are presented. Sets of data were generated to simulate measurements on a low-noise amplifier, with given uncertainties in the underlying measurements, including the standard noise temperature (hot or cold), ambient temperature, reflection coefficients of the terminations, scattering parameters of the amplifier, power measurements, and variations in the connections. Each set of simulated measurement results was analysed to determine the "measured" noise parameters, and the standard deviation of the set of measured noise-parameter values was computed to determine the uncertainty in each noise parameter. Results are presented for the noise-parameter uncertainties for different values of the underlying measurement uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Warsaw Univ Technol, Inst Elect Syst, Warsaw, Poland. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Wiatr, Wojciech/G-4127-2013 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1350-2344 J9 IEE P-SCI MEAS TECH JI IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 149 IS 6 BP 333 EP 337 DI 10.1049/ip-smt:20020488 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 644TY UT WOS:000180936500010 ER PT J AU Vogel, EM Heh, DW Bernstein, JB Suehle, JS AF Vogel, EM Heh, DW Bernstein, JB Suehle, JS TI Impact of the trapping of anode hot holes on silicon dioxide breakdown SO IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CMOS; defect generation; reliability; silicon dioxide; time-dependent dielectric breakdown ID DEFECT GENERATION; INJECTION; ELECTRON; INTERFACE; DEGRADATION; STRESS; OXIDE; FILMS; SIO2 AB Hot holes are injected from the anode and trapped in thin silicon dioxide using constant voltage stress at large gate voltage. By comparing oxides having trapped holes with oxides in which the holes were detrapped, it is shown that the presence of trapped holes does not affect the breakdown of the oxide. Furthermore, as the temperature during stress is increased, less hole trapping is observed whereas the charge-to-breakdown of the oxide is decreased. The results show that although the trapping of hot holes injected using anode hole injection (AHI) may be partly responsible for defect generation in silicon dioxide, breakdown cannot be limited by the number of holes trapped in the oxide. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Elect Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vogel, EM (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0741-3106 J9 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L JI IEEE Electron Device Lett. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 667 EP 669 DI 10.1109/LED.2002.805004 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 622KX UT WOS:000179647200011 ER PT J AU Singh, R Capell, DC Hefner, AR Lai, J Palmour, JW AF Singh, R Capell, DC Hefner, AR Lai, J Palmour, JW TI High-power 4H-SiC JBS rectifiers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS); merged p-i-n Schottky; rectifier; reverse-recovery; Schottky; silicon carbide (SiC); ultrafast diodes ID SCHOTTKY DIODES; INVERTER AB This paper reports the detailed design, fabrication, and characterization of two sets of high-power 4H-SiIicon Carbide (4H-SiC) Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes-one with a 1500-V, 4-A capability and another with 1410-V, 20-A capability. Two-dimensional (2-D) device simulations show that a grid spacing of 4 pm results in the most optimum trade-off between the on-state and off-state characteristics for these device ratings. JBS diodes with linear and honeycombed p(+) grids, Schottky diodes and implanted p-i-n diodes fabricated alongside show that while 4H-SiC JBS diodes behave similar to Schottky diodes in the on-state and switching characteristics, they show reverse characteristics similar to p-i-n diodes. Measurements on 4H-SiC JBS diodes indicate that the reverse-recovery time (tau(rr)) and associated losses are near-zero even at a high reverse dI/dt of 75 A/mus. A dc/dc converter efficiency improvement of 3-6% was obtained over the fastest, lower blocking voltage silicon (Si) diode when operated in the 100-200 kHz range. The 1410-V/20-A JBS diodes were evaluated for both hard- and soft-switching applications. Experimental results indicate that their conduction characteristics are comparable with the Si diode counterpart, but the switching characteristics are far superior. When applied to hard-switching choppers, it reduces not only the reverse-recovery loss, but also the main switch turn-on loss. Using the MOSFET as the main switching device, the combination of switch turn-on loss and diode reverse-recovery loss shows more than a 60 % reduction. When applied to soft-switching choppers, the SiC JBS diode is used as the auxiliary diode to avoid the voltage spike during auxiliary branch turn-off. With the conventional ultrafast reverse-recovery Si diode, a voltage spike exceeds the switched-voltage transition by 100% and the auxiliary circuit requires additional voltage clamping or snubbing to avoid over-voltage failure. With the SiC JBS diode, however, the voltage spike is reduced to less than 50% of the switched-voltage transition and the additional voltage clamping circuit can be eliminated. Savings in soft-switching choppers using SiC JBS diodes can be realized in size and weight reduction, energy loss reduction, and reduced packaging complexity. C1 Cree Inc, Durham, NC 27703 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, CPES, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Singh, R (reprint author), Cree Inc, Durham, NC 27703 USA. EM ranbir_singh@cree.com OI Lai, Jihsheng/0000-0003-2315-8460 NR 11 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 16 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 11 BP 2054 EP 2063 DI 10.1109/TED.2002.804715 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 623GD UT WOS:000179694200028 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE AF Voronovich, AG Ostashev, VE CA NPAL Grp TI Experimental investigation of the horizontal refraction of acoustic signals in the ocean SO IZVESTIYA ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB An experimental investigation of the horizontal refraction of acoustic signals traversing a distance of about four thousand kilometers in the ocean is given. The signals were recorded with the two-dimensional antenna array of the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) over a year. The horizontal angle of refraction as a function of time was obtained as a result of processing these signals. This function behaves as a random function and shows no clearly defined temporal trend. A possible explanation of this phenomenon lies in random refraction of signals by internal waves. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Howe, Bruce/0000-0001-5711-5253; Cornuelle, Bruce/0000-0003-2110-3319 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 0001-4338 J9 IZV ATMOS OCEAN PHY+ JI Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 38 IS 6 BP 716 EP 719 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 628YX UT WOS:000180024600010 ER PT J AU Balzar, D Ramakrishnan, PA Spagnol, P Mani, S Hermann, AM Matin, MA AF Balzar, D Ramakrishnan, PA Spagnol, P Mani, S Hermann, AM Matin, MA TI Influence of strains and defects on ferroelectric and dielectric properties of thin-film barium-strontium titanates SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics CY MAY 28-JUN 01, 2002 CL NARA, JAPAN SP IEEE DE ferroelectric thin films; strain; defects; Curie-Weiss temperature; barium-strontium titanate ID PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; MICROWAVE PROPERTIES; MISFIT RELAXATION; SRTIO3; DIFFRACTION; CRYSTALS AB Pristine, W and Mn 1% doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 epitaxial thin films grown on the LaAlO3 substrate were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Dielectric and ferroelectric properties were determined by the capacitance measurements and X-ray diffraction was used to determine both residual elastic strains and defect-related inhomogeneous strains-by analyzing diffraction line shifts and line broadening, respectively. We found that both elastic and inhomogeneous strains are affected by doping. This strain correlates with the change in Curie-Weiss temperature and can qualitatively explain changes in dielectric loss. To explain the experimental findings, we model the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of interest in the framework of the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire thermodynamic theory. As expected, an, elastic-strain contribution due to the epilayer-substrate misfit has an important influence on the free-energy. However, additional terms that correspond to the defect-related inhomogeneous strain had to be introduced to fully explain the measurements. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. UNESP, Inst Chem, BR-14801970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. EM balzar@du.edu NR 17 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS PI TOKYO PA KUDAN-KITA BUILDING 5TH FLOOR, 1-12-3 KUDAN-KITA, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102-0073, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Brief Commun. Rev. Pap. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 41 IS 11B BP 6628 EP 6632 DI 10.1143/JJAP.41.6628 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 676AT UT WOS:000182730300004 ER PT J AU Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, B Trepakov, V Kapphan, S Savinov, M Jastrabik, L AF Prosandeev, SA Cockayne, E Burton, B Trepakov, V Kapphan, S Savinov, M Jastrabik, L TI Properties of K1-xLxTaO3 solid solutions; First-principles computations and comparison with experiments SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on the Applications of Ferroelectrics CY MAY 28-JUN 01, 2002 CL NARA, JAPAN SP IEEE DE off-center Li; thermal polarization; first-principles computations ID K1-XLIXTAO3; DYNAMICS; KTAO3-LI AB Experiments on K0.957Li0.043TaO3 samples indicate two different relaxation processes (pi and pi/2). First-principles computations clarify the natures of these relaxations, and yield good agreement with experiment. C1 NIST, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Univ Osnabruck, FB Phys, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. Inst Phys AS CR, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. RP Prosandeev, SA (reprint author), NIST, Ceram Div, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Trepakov, Vladimir/H-1352-2014; Jastrabik, Lubomir /H-1217-2014; Savinov, Maxim/H-2417-2014 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS PI MINATO-KU TOKYO PA DAINI TOYOKAIJI BLDG, 4-24-8 SHINBASHI, MINATO-KU TOKYO, 105-004, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Short Notes Rev. Pap. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 41 IS 11B BP 7179 EP 7180 DI 10.1143/JJAP.41.7179 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 676AT UT WOS:000182730300125 ER PT J AU McCollum, JR Krajewski, WF Ferraro, RR Ba, MB AF McCollum, JR Krajewski, WF Ferraro, RR Ba, MB TI Evaluation of biases of satellite rainfall estimation algorithms over the continental United States SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; PRECIPITATION; VALIDATION; WSR-88D AB A bias-adjusted radar rainfall product is created and used for evaluation of two satellite rainfall estimation algorithms. Three years of collocated rainfall estimates from radar, rain gauges, a microwave satellite algorithm, and a multispectral (visible through near-infrared) algorithm were collected over the continental United States from July 1998 through July 2001. The radar and gauge data are compared to determine the locations and times at which the rainfall occurrences estimated by these two sensors are in sufficient agreement for the data to be used for validation. This procedure serves as quality control for both sensors and determines the locations at which the radar has difficulty detecting rainfall and should not be used in a validation dataset. For the data remaining after quality control, the gauge data are used for multiplicative adjustment of the radar estimates to remove the radar bias with respect to the gauges. These bias-adjusted estimates are compared with the satellite rainfall estimates to observe the evolution of the satellite biases over the 3-yr period. The multispectral algorithm was under development throughout the 3-yr period, and improvement is evident. The microwave algorithm overestimates rainfall in the summer months, underestimates in the winter months, and has an east-to-west bias gradient, all of which are consistent with physical explanations and previous findings. The multispectral algorithm bias depends highly on diurnal sampling; there is much greater overestimation for the daytime overpasses. These results are applicable primarily to the eastern half of the United States, because few data in the western half remain after quality control. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa Inst Hydraul Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Raytheon Co, ITSS, Lanham, MD USA. RP McCollum, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Cooperat Inst Climate Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 32 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1065 EP 1080 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1065:EOBOSR>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609CK UT WOS:000178884900001 ER PT J AU Motayed, A Davydov, AV Bendersky, LA Wood, MC Derenge, MA Wang, DF Jones, KA Mohammad, SN AF Motayed, A Davydov, AV Bendersky, LA Wood, MC Derenge, MA Wang, DF Jones, KA Mohammad, SN TI High-transparency Ni/Au bilayer contacts to n-type GaN SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID P-TYPE GAN; RESISTANCE OHMIC CONTACTS; INDIUM TIN OXIDE; TRANSISTOR; DIODES AB A unique metallization scheme has been developed for obtaining both Schottky and low-resistance Ohmic contacts to n-GaN. It has been demonstrated that the same metallization can be used to make both Schottky and Ohmic contacts to n-GaN using a Ni/Au bilayer composite with Ni in contact to GaN. Using this metallization, contacts with a specific contact resistivity, rho(s), as low as 6.9x10(-6) Omega cm(2) for a doping level of 5.0x10(17) cm(-3) was obtained after annealing the sample for 10 s at 800 degreesC in a rapid thermal annealer. The presence of only (111)Au and (111)Ni peaks in the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of as-deposited samples indicates that both metals participate to form epitaxial or highly textured layers on the basal GaN plane. When the contact layer is annealed, Au and Ni react with GaN creating interfacial phases. Both XRD and transmission electron microscopy confirm that Ni3Ga and Ni2Ga3 intermetallic phases together with Au and Ni based face-centered-cubic solid solutions, are formed during annealing. The high optical transmission achieved (in the range of 400-700 nm) through this contact after annealing suggests that it is, indeed, very useful for electro-optic device applications. The contacts also demonstrate exceptional thermal stability. Experimental data suggest that the formation of interfacial phases with a low work function is responsible for the low contact resistance of the system. The Ni-Au layer forms a robust composite enabling the contacts to have high-temperature applications. Unlike the Ni/Au Ohmic contact, the Ni/Au Schottky contact to n-GaN has a relatively large barrier height. Improved material quality and Schottky contact technology are needed to improve upon the reverse breakdown voltage. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Washington, DC 20059 USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mohammad, SN (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Elect Engn, 2300 6th St NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 9 BP 5218 EP 5227 DI 10.1063/1.1509109 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 607AA UT WOS:000178767200055 ER PT J AU Siu, IL Egelhoff, WF Yang, DX Chopra, HD AF Siu, IL Egelhoff, WF Yang, DX Chopra, HD TI Magnetization reversal in half-metallic epitaxial CrO2 films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THIN-FILMS; MAGNETORESISTANCE; MAGNETOTRANSPORT; ANISOTROPY AB We have investigated the magnetization reversal in thin films of the half-metallic ferromagnet chromium dioxide, CrO2, grown on single crystal TiO2 (100) and (110) substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated epitaxial growth of CrO2 in the rutile crystal structure with the c axis (also the magnetization easy-axis), lying in the plane of the film. Direct, real-time observation of the magnetization reversal revealed that reversal occurs via nucleation of domain walls, and their subsequent motion perpendicular to themselves. The reversed domains are formed when the applied field is close to the coercive field H-c of the CrO2 film, and the reversal is complete within a small field range, indicating a small dispersion in the film switching field. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Mat Program, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Thin Films & Nanosynth Lab, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Siu, IL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 9 BP 5409 EP 5412 DI 10.1063/1.1510568 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 607AA UT WOS:000178767200082 ER PT J AU Bianco, L Wilczak, JM AF Bianco, L Wilczak, JM TI Convective boundary layer depth: Improved measurement by Doppler radar wind profiler using fuzzy logic methods SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOTION; AIR AB A new method for estimating the mixing depth of the atmosphere's convective boundary layer is developed for use with wind- profiling radars. This method applies " fuzzy logic'' methods to give an improved determination of the atmospheric signal in radar spectra. The method then applies fuzzy logic again to calculate the depth of the convective boundary layer, using vertical profiles of both radar- derived signal- to- noise ratio and variance of vertical velocity. A comparison with independent boundary layer depth observations at two radar wind profiler sites shows that the new method gives significantly more accurate estimates of the boundary layer depth (correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.96) than does a standard method (correlation coefficients of 0.14 and 0.80). Also, the new method reduces the absolute error of the mixing- depth estimates to a level similar to the vertical range resolution of the profilers. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. RP Wilczak, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1745 EP 1758 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1745:CBLDIM>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610NY UT WOS:000178967900001 ER PT J AU Brown, RA Wood, VT Sirmans, D AF Brown, RA Wood, VT Sirmans, D TI Improved tornado detection using simulated and actual WSR-88D data with enhanced resolution SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; SIGNATURES AB The magnitude of the Doppler velocity signature of a tornado depends on the effective width of the radar beam relative to the size of the tornado. The effective beamwidth is controlled by the antenna pattern beamwidth and the azimuthal sampling interval. Simulations of Weather Surveillance Radar- 1988 Doppler (WSR- 88D) velocity signatures of tornadoes, presented in this paper, show that signature resolution is greatly improved when the effective beamwidth of the radar is reduced. Improved signature resolution means that stronger signatures can be resolved at greater ranges from the radar. Using a special recording device on the National Weather Service's Radar Operations Center's KCRI test bed radar, Archive Level I time series data were collected during the Oklahoma- Kansas tornado outbreak of 3 May 1999. Two Archive Level II meteorological datasets, each having a different effective beamwidth, were created from the Archive Level I dataset. Since the rotation rate and time interval between pulses are common for both Archive Level II datasets, the only parameter that could be changed to reduce the effective beamwidth of the KCRI data was the number of pulses, which also changed the azimuthal sampling interval. By cutting the conventional number of pulses in half for one of the Archive Level II datasets, the effective beamwidth was decreased by about a quarter and the azimuthal sampling interval was decreased from 1.0degrees to 0.5degrees. The 3 May 1999 data confirm the simulation results that stronger Doppler velocity signatures of tornadoes typically are produced when the azimuthal sampling interval, and thus the effective beamwidth, is decreased. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RS Informat Syst, Norman, OK USA. RP Brown, RA (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 17 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1759 EP 1771 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1759:ITDUSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610NY UT WOS:000178967900002 ER PT J AU Melnikov, VM Doviak, RJ AF Melnikov, VM Doviak, RJ TI Spectrum widths from echo power differences reveal meteorological features SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEATHER ECHOES; DOPPLER AB A new Doppler spectrum width estimator using the absolute power differences (APDs) at lag one is presented, and its performance is evaluated using simulated signals as well as those recorded from the National Severe Storms Laboratory's Research and Development WSR- 88D. The APD estimate bias, its standard error of estimation, and the frequency of complex widths are compared with that obtained with other single lag estimators [e. g., the pulse- pair logarithm (PPL) estimator]. For narrow spectra and signal- to- noise ratios more than 15 dB, the APD estimator has lower bias, lower standard deviation, and a lesser number of complex width estimates than the PPL estimator. Spectrum width fields, observed when this estimate technique is applied to the logarithms of echo power from an X- band radar, reveal meteorologically significant features that are not often seen in weather radar displays in regions of relatively small spectrum widths. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Melnikov, VM (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1793 EP 1810 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1793:SWFEPD>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610NY UT WOS:000178967900005 ER PT J AU Wick, GA Bates, JJ Scott, DJ AF Wick, GA Bates, JJ Scott, DJ TI Satellite and skin-layer effects on the accuracy of sea surface temperature measurements from the GOES satellites SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; THERMAL-BOUNDARY LAYER; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES; WIND-SPEED; IMAGER; RETRIEVALS; CALIBRATION; ALGORITHMS; DIFFERENCE AB The latest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have facilitated significant improvements in the ability to measure sea surface temperature (SST) from geostationary satellites. Nonetheless, difficulties associated with sensor calibration and oceanic near- surface temperature gradients affect the accuracy of the measurements and the estimation and interpretion of the diurnal cycle of the bulk SST. Overall, measurements of SST from the GOES imagers on the GOES- 8- 10 satellites are shown to have very small bias (< 0.02 K) and rms differences of between 0.6 and 0.9 K relative to buoy observations. Separate consideration of individual measurement times, however, demonstrates systematic bias variations of over 0.6 K with measurement hour. These bias variations significantly affect both the amplitude and shape of estimates of the diurnal SST cycle. Modeled estimates of the temperature difference across the oceanic cool skin and diurnal thermocline show that bias variations up to 0.3 K can result from variability in the near- surface layer. Oceanic near- surface layer and known "satellite midnight'' calibration effects, however, explain only a portion of the observed bias variations, suggesting other possible calibration concerns. Methods of explicitly incorporating skin layer and diurnal thermocline effects in satellite bulk SST measurements were explored in an effort to further improve the measurement accuracy. While the approaches contain more complete physics, they do not yet significantly improve the accuracy of bulk SST measurements due to remaining uncertainties in the temperature difference across the near- surface layer. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES ETL, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway,R-ET1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406 NR 45 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1834 EP 1848 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1834:SASLEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610NY UT WOS:000178967900008 ER PT J AU Palmer, DA Archer, DG Rard, JA AF Palmer, DA Archer, DG Rard, JA TI Isopiestic determination of the osmotic and activity coefficients of K2SO4(aq) at the temperatures 298.15 and 323.15 K, and revision of the thermodynamic properties of the K2SO4+H2O system SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID MINERAL SOLUBILITIES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HEAT-CAPACITY; ELECTROLYTES; 25-DEGREES-C; NA2SO4(AQ); NACL(AQ); MIXTURES; PITZER; H2O AB Isopiestic vapor-pressure measurements were made for K2SO4(aq) from (0.228 to 0.740) mol(.)kg(-1) at 298.15 K and from (0.200 to 0.957) mol(.)kg(-1) at 323.15 K, using NaCI(aq) as the isopiestic reference standard. These isopiestic measurements extend to saturation at 323.15 K and to slightly above saturation at 298.15 K. There are no previous isopiestic studies for K2SO4(aq) at 323.15 K. Thermodynamic properties from the literature for the potassium sulfate + water system and the present measurements were used to generate equations that represent the thermodynamic properties of this system from the freezing point of the aqueous solution to 500 K. The measured values included for least-squares estimation of the model parameters spanned the temperature range approximately 271 K to 530 K for K2SO4(aq). C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1425 EP 1431 DI 10.1021/je025531c PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 617NV UT WOS:000179368500020 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV AF Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV TI Heat capacities, enthalpy increments, and derived thermodynamic functions for naphthalene between the temperatures 5 K and 440 K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE naphthalene; heat capacity; entropy; enthalpy of fusion; triple-point temperature AB Heat capacities and enthalpy increments between the temperatures T = 5 K and 440 K were measured by adiabatic calorimetry for naphthalene. The triple-point temperature, enthalpy of fusion, heat capacities, and derived thermodynamic functions are reported for the solid and liquid phases. Results are compared with selected literature values. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Phys Properties Res Facil, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Petrol & Energy Res, BDM Oklahoma Inc, Bartlesville Thermodynam Grp, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, TRC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1873 EP 1884 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00262-8 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 626LQ UT WOS:000179874300010 ER PT J AU Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV AF Chirico, RD Knipmeyer, SE Steele, WV TI Heat capacities, enthalpy increments, and derived thermodynamic functions for benzophenone between the temperatures 5 K and 440 K SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE benzophenone; heat capacity; entropy; enthalpy of fusion; triple-point temperature ID CALIBRATION; CALORIMETRY AB Heat capacities and enthalpy increments between the temperatures T = 5K and T = 440K wore determined with adiabatic calorimetry for benzophenone. The triple-point temperature, enthalpy of fusion, heat capacities, and derived thermodynamic functions are reported for the solid and liquid phases. Standard entropies for benzophenone are reported for the first time. Results are compared with modem literature values. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Phys Properties Res Facil, Nucl Sci & Technol Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Petrol & Energy Res, Bartlesville Thermodynam Grp, BDM Oklahoma Inc, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. RP Chirico, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, TRC, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1885 EP 1895 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00261-6 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 626LQ UT WOS:000179874300011 ER PT J AU Miller, KE Bruno, TJ AF Miller, KE Bruno, TJ TI Enthalpy of fuel gas odorants on surrogate soil surfaces by gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE clay; enthalpy; natural gas; laponite; thiol; sulfide; mercaptan ID SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY; CLAY DISPERSIONS; ADSORPTION; HEATS AB Heats of adsorption and heats of interaction for natural gas odorants on clay and organo-clay, respectively, were determined by means of wall-coated open-tubular (WCOT) column gas chromatography. The odorants studied are organic thiol and sulfide compounds. Clay stationary phases were created from the synthetic clay Laponite-RD. Subsequent coatings with octadecane created an organo-clay stationary phase. Experimental results show that, as a class, sulfide odorants have larger enthalpies on clay and organo-clay surfaces than thiol odorants. Therefore, we conclude that thiols are less likely to be sequestered on soil surfaces. The effect of hydrated clay surfaces on odorant enthalpies is also presented. Further, we demonstrate that Lewis acid-base chemistry on clay surfaces explains the significant difference in enthalpy magnitudes between the sulfide and thiol classes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 975 IS 2 BP 311 EP 318 AR PII S0021-9673(02)01307-9 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01307-9 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 611KU UT WOS:000179016900007 PM 12456085 ER PT J AU Gregory, JM Stouffer, RJ Raper, SCB Stott, PA Rayner, NA AF Gregory, JM Stouffer, RJ Raper, SCB Stott, PA Rayner, NA TI An observationally based estimate of the climate sensitivity SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; OCEAN AB A probability distribution for values of the effective climate sensitivity, with a lower bound of 1.6 K (5th percentile), is obtained on the basis of the increase in ocean heat content in recent decades from analyses of observed interior-ocean temperature changes, surface temperature changes measured since 1860, and estimates of anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing of the climate system. Radiative forcing is the greatest source of uncertainty in the calculation; the result also depends somewhat on the rate of ocean heat uptake in the late nineteenth century, for which an assumption is needed as there is no observational estimate. Because the method does not use the climate sensitivity simulated by a general circulation model, it provides an independent observationally based constraint on this important parameter of the climate system. C1 Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany. RP Gregory, JM (reprint author), Hadley Ctr, Met Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. RI Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016; Stott, Peter/N-1228-2016 OI Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644; Stott, Peter/0000-0003-4853-7686 NR 18 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 15 IS 22 BP 3117 EP 3121 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3117:AOBEOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609CJ UT WOS:000178884800001 ER PT J AU Jin, D Thunberg, E Kite-Powell, H Blake, K AF Jin, D Thunberg, E Kite-Powell, H Blake, K TI Total factor productivity change in the New England groundfish fishery: 1964-1993 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE commercial fishing; total factor productivity; fisheries management ID CAPACITY UTILIZATION; UNITED-STATES; INDUSTRIES; GROWTH AB We develop estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) change in the New England groundfish fishery from 1964 to 1993, using a procedure similar to Squires' (1992, Rand J. Econom. 23(2), 221-236) method, which extends standard TFP measurement by including the effect of fluctuations in stock abundance. The results indicate that TFP increased on average by 4.4% per year from 1964 to 1993. A higher average rate of increase occurred between 1964 and 1982, possibly due to new technologies (e.g., fishfinders). TFP declined at 0.33% annually from 1983 to 1993 due to stringent output and effort control measures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Social Sci Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. ICF Consulting, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. RP Jin, D (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 44 IS 3 BP 540 EP 556 DI 10.1006/jeem.2001.1213 PG 17 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 605EP UT WOS:000178664300008 ER PT J AU Eldridge, MB Norton, EC Jarvis, BM MacFarlane, RB AF Eldridge, MB Norton, EC Jarvis, BM MacFarlane, RB TI Energetics of early development in the viviparous yellowtail rockfish SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE embryo; larvae; development; energy utilization; egg quality; rockfish ID ANNUAL REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS; SEBASTES-FLAVIDUS; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; EGG SIZE; NUTRITIONAL DYNAMICS; GENUS SEBASTES; CLASS STRENGTH; SCORPAENIDAE; SCHLEGELI AB Total mean gestation period of all female yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus, from fertilization to parturition, was 29.2 days. Hatching occurred 23 days after fertilization, followed by 6 days of larval incubation. Eggs varied in dry mass and energy content with lipid concentrations contributing the greatest amount of energy per egg. The endogenous energy of the yolk and oil globule declined throughout gestation resulting in limited yolk and oil reserves at parturition. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Norton, EC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1122 EP 1134 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2127 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 636HD UT WOS:000180447800005 ER PT J AU MacCrehan, WA Reardon, MR Duewer, DL AF MacCrehan, WA Reardon, MR Duewer, DL TI A quantitative comparison of smokeless powder measurements SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; measurement comparison; smokeless powder; gunpowder additives; propellant; nitroglycerin; diphenylamine; ethyl centralite ID MEASUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE AB Measurements of the type and concentration of propellant and stabilizer additives in smokeless gunpowder are used by forensic scientist, investigating the source of explosives and by military laboratories assuring the safety and efficacy of munitions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology recently assessed the state-of-the-practice of smokeless powder measurements through an international measurement comparison exercise, We here present results provided by the five participants (of 20 total) reporting quantitative as well as qualitative values for two handgun reloading powders. All five of these participants reported values for nitroglycerin (NG), ethyl centralite (EC), diphenylamine (DPA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NnDPA). Several participants additionally reported the concentrations of secondary stabilizer decomposition products. The unstable NG propellant additive appears to be more susceptible to method-specific calibration biases then are the stabilizer additives, All results from one participant were strongly biased relative to those of the other four. The within-participant measurement uncertainties for all analytes were self-reported to be 1 to 5% relative; among the four concordant participants. the measurement ranges are 5 to 10% relative. There was Little consistency among the participants as to what components of measurement variance were included in their uncertainty statements. A discussion of the certainties in these measurements and factors that affect the accuracy of gunpowder additive determinations is presented. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8394, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1283 EP 1287 PG 5 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 613BM UT WOS:000179111100012 PM 12455650 ER PT J AU Muller, R Tilmes, S Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Muller, M Schmidt, U Toon, GC Stachnik, RA Margitan, JJ Elkins, JW Arvelius, J Russell, JM AF Muller, R Tilmes, S Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Muller, M Schmidt, U Toon, GC Stachnik, RA Margitan, JJ Elkins, JW Arvelius, J Russell, JM TI Chlorine activation and chemical ozone loss deduced from HALOE and balloon measurements in the Arctic during the winter of 1999-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Arctic ozone loss; chemical ozone destruction; vortex remnants; tracer relationships; mixing across vortex edge ID ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; POLAR VORTEX; STRATOSPHERIC EXPEDITION; OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; BORNE OBSERVATIONS; DEPLETION; CAMPAIGN; DENITRIFICATION AB [1] We employ Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) observations and balloon-borne measurements (on the large Observations of the Middle Stratosphere [OMS] and Triple balloons, as well as on two small balloons) to investigate ozone loss in the stratospheric vortex in the 1999-2000 Arctic winter. Using HF and CH4 as long-lived tracers, we identify chlorine activation and chemical ozone destruction in the polar vortex. Reference relations, representative of chemically undisturbed "early vortex'' conditions, are derived from the OMS remote and in situ balloon measurements on 19 November and 3 December 1999, respectively. Deviations from this "early vortex'' reference are interpreted as chemical ozone loss and heterogeneous chlorine activation. The observations show an extensive activation of chlorine; in late February 2000, the activation extends to altitudes of 600 K. Between 360 and 450 K chlorine was almost completely activated. At that time, about 70% of the HCl column between 380 and 550 K was converted to active chlorine. Furthermore, the measurements indicate severe chemical ozone loss, with a maximum loss of over 60% in the lower stratosphere (415-465 K) by mid-March 2000. Substantial ozone loss was still observable in vortex remnants in late April 2000 (80 +/- 10 Dobson units [DU] between 380 and 550 K). The average loss in column ozone between 380 and 550 K, inside the vortex core, in mid-March amounted to 84 +/- 13 DU. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospharenforsch ICGI, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, D-0325 Frankfurt, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Muller, R (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospharenforsch ICGI, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM ro.mueller@fz-juelich.de RI Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; McKenna, Daniel/E-7806-2014 OI Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; McKenna, Daniel/0000-0002-4360-4782 NR 57 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8302 DI 10.1029/2001JD001423 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643PR UT WOS:000180870100011 ER PT J AU Plumb, RA Heres, W Neu, JL Mahowald, NM del Corral, J Toon, GC Ray, E Moore, F Andrews, AE AF Plumb, RA Heres, W Neu, JL Mahowald, NM del Corral, J Toon, GC Ray, E Moore, F Andrews, AE TI Global tracer modeling during SOLVE: High-latitude descent and mixing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratosphere; polar vortex; tracer modeling; stratospheric tracers ID STRATOSPHERIC POLAR VORTEX; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; TRANSPORT; AIR; TROPOSPHERE AB [1] We compare tracer observations made during the northern winter of 1999/2000 with the results of simulations with a three-dimensional chemical transport model, driven by assimilated winds. During the course of the winter, very low concentrations of tracers of tropospheric origin (such as N2O) descend into the lower stratosphere within the polar vortex. The altitude of origin of this air has been a matter of debate in the literature; by midwinter, both observations and model results indicate a significant fraction of mesospheric air in the lower stratosphere. Observations from aircraft and balloon flights reveal markers of mesospheric air within the Arctic vortex in the lower and middle stratosphere. An artificial tracer introduced into the model mesosphere at the start of winter descends (being diluted as it does so) all the way down to the 450 K potential temperature surface by March. Modeled tracer-tracer relationships evolve through the winter in a way similar to observations, but the separation between vortex and extravortex curves is exaggerated, suggesting that the model exhibits excessive horizontal mixing within and into the vortex. The tracer-tracer relationships are used to identify partly mixed air as lying, in tracer-tracer space, in a region intermediate between the characteristic vortex and midlatitude relationships. Air lying in a collar region just inside the vortex edge is thus identified as being mixed, and this indicates excessive horizontal mixing in the model across the vortex edge. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Plumb, RA (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Room 54-1726,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM rap@rossby.mit.edu; will@rossby.mit.edu; jessica@rossby.mit.edu; natalie@bren.ucsb.edu; jdcorral@bren.ucsb.edu; toon@mark4sun.jbl.nasa.gov; eray@al.noaa.gov; fmoore@cmdl.noaa.gov; andrews@maia.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Mahowald, Natalie/D-8388-2013; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013 OI Mahowald, Natalie/0000-0002-2873-997X; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849 NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8309 DI 10.1029/2001JD001023 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643PR UT WOS:000180870100004 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Richard, EC Fahey, DW Gao, RS Bui, TP AF Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Richard, EC Fahey, DW Gao, RS Bui, TP TI A scaling analysis of ER-2 data in the inner Arctic vortex during January-March 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE multifractal; ozone; wind; Arctic; stratosphere; vortex ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD; VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS; ANTARCTIC OZONE EXPERIMENT; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; INSITU MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; WINTER; AIRCRAFT; DENITRIFICATION; TURBULENCE AB [1] We apply multifractal analysis using exponents H-1, C-1, and alpha to straight and level stratospheric flight legs of the ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft in the inner vortex (defined as having wind speed <30 ms(-1)). The quantities so analyzed were ozone, wind speed s and temperature T, with the more gappy NOy data being analyzed by H-1 alone. The results for ozone, wind, and temperature are presented as time-dependent data on the three possible planes of the exponents and are compared for the different variables. We relate values of H-1 found in January observations of NOy to those found for ozone. Inner vortex mixing does not remove the small-scale polar stratospheric cloud-induced antipersistence (negative correlation between neighboring intervals for all choices of interval) in ozone by mid-March. Given that large particles were in evidence on all flights examined up to and including 7 March (although in greatly decreased numbers compared to January), this is reasonable. The value of a for ozone did, however, show an increase by mid-March, consistent with the widespread ozone loss evident from time series of histograms of ozone and methane. The histograms also demonstrate that inhomogeneity, with long tails in the probability distributions, is maintained throughout at the 15-25% level in both species. Interpretation is made in terms of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) induced antipersistence competing with persistence induced by the large-scale insolation field, with the balance increasingly favoring the latter as time proceeds. Results are compared with inner vortex data obtained during earlier ER-2 flights in the Antarctic (1987) and in the Arctic (1989). The inner vortex over Antarctica showed significant increases in H-1 (O-3) and alpha during mid to late September. The correlated increases are consistent with latitudinal excursions of the outer vortex after the cessation of PSC processing, with increased solar exposure increasing H-1 (O-3) and a greater variety of filaments increasing a (O-3). It is concluded that the results have implications for the calculation of photochemical ozone loss in the vortex as a function of time and show that the combined effects of Bolgiano-Obukhov k(-11/5) vertical scaling and Kolmogorov k(-5/3) horizontal scaling predict the scaling behavior of wind speed observed by the aircraft. Rates of change of scaling exponents are linked to horizontal mixing rates and are combined with rates of change of methane to estimate diabatic descent and ozone loss rates for the inner vortex. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Tuck, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-E-AL6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tuck@al.noaa.gov; hovde@al.noaa.gov; richard@al.noaa.gov; fahey@al.noaa.gec; gao@al.noaa.gov; pbui@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8306 DI 10.1029/2001JD000879 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643PR UT WOS:000180870100007 ER PT J AU Daniel, JS Solomon, S Portmann, RW Langford, AO Eubank, CS Dutton, EG AF Daniel, JS Solomon, S Portmann, RW Langford, AO Eubank, CS Dutton, EG TI Cloud liquid water and ice measurements from spectrally resolved near-infrared observations: A new technique SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cloud; liquid; ice; radiation; remote sensing ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE MODELS; ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; PARAMETERIZATION; RADAR; OXYGEN; PATH AB A new technique is presented for the simultaneous measurement of water vapor, liquid water, and water ice in clouds using spectral observations of scattered sunlight between 0.865 and 1.065 mum. A nonlinear least squares approach is used to fit the measurements with the absorption spectral signatures of the vapor, liquid, and solid phases of water. This allows for the retrieval of the total path-integrated column abundances of vapor, liquid, and ice and directly yields the fractional absorption by all three phases of water within clouds at these wavelengths. Laboratory, ground-based, and aircraft-based observations are presented that illustrate the application of this technique and its comparison to other methods of measuring liquid water in widely varying conditions. The results suggest that the retrieval of liquid water is relatively insensitive to interference from other absorbers. The measurement of ice is less accurate and precise than that of liquid and is affected to some degree by the absorption of water vapor and liquid; uncertainty estimates are given. The method provides key information for radiative balance studies and has the potential to aid aviation safety. An extension of this technique to include scattered sunlight at longer wavelengths is likely to produce more accurate results and lower detection limits for both liquid and ice. Applying the technique to shorter wavelengths should allow for retrievals that are less sensitive to photon path distribution uncertainties. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Daniel, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jdaniel@al.noaa.gov RI Portmann, Robert/C-4903-2009; Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009; Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Eubank, Charles/H-5585-2013 OI Portmann, Robert/0000-0002-0279-6087; Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061; NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4599 DI 10.1029/2001JD000688 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300050 ER PT J AU Eldering, A Ogren, JA Chowdhury, Z Hughes, LS Cass, GR AF Eldering, A Ogren, JA Chowdhury, Z Hughes, LS Cass, GR TI Aerosol optical properties during INDOEX based on measured aerosol particle size and composition SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; INDOEX; single-scattering albedo; extinction coefficient ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; SCATTERING; VISIBILITY; NEPHELOMETER; MODEL AB [1] The light scattering and light absorption as a function of wavelength and relative humidity due to aerosols measured at the Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory in the Republic of the Maldives during the INDOEX field campaign has been calculated. Using size-segregated measurements of aerosol chemical composition, calculated light scattering and absorption has been evaluated against measurements of light scattering and absorption. Light scattering coefficients are predicted to within a few percent over relative humidities of 20-90%. Single scattering albedos calculated from the measured elemental carbon size distributions and concentrations in conjunction with other aerosol species have a relative error of 4.0% when compared to measured values. The single scattering albedo for the aerosols measured during INDOEX is both predicted and observed to be about 0.86 at an ambient relative humidity of 80%. These results demonstrate that the light scattering, light absorption, and hence climate forcing due to aerosols over the Indian Ocean are consistent with the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol at that location. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Eldering, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Annmarie.Eldering@jpl.nasa.gov; John.A.Ogren@noaa.gov; zohir@caltech.edu; lara@gertler.com RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 8001 DI 10.1029/2001JD001572 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500031 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Frost, GJ Ravishankara, AR AF Feingold, G Frost, GJ Ravishankara, AR TI Role of NO3 in sulfate production in the wintertime northern latitudes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE clouds; multiphase chemistry; nitrogen oxides; sulfate ID SULFUR CHEMISTRY; COEFFICIENT; CLOUD; STRATOCUMULUS; SENSITIVITY; DROPLETS; MODEL AB [1] The production of sulfate via multiphase chemistry is usually assumed to be dominated by oxidation of S(IV) by O-3 and H2O2. The former reaction is pH dependent and negligibly small for pH less than about 5, while oxidation via H2O2 is independent of pH. Another oxidant that may play a role in sulfate formation is NO3 [Sander et al., 1995; Mozurkewich, 1995; Rudich et al., 1998]. Although it is commonly assumed to be far less important than O-3 and H2O2, it has been hypothesized that it may account for significant oxidation under certain conditions, such as relatively low mixing ratios of O-3 and <150 pptv of H2O2. These conditions may be met in the nighttime Northern Hemisphere winters when H2O2 production is small and NOx concentrations are sufficient to produce adequate concentrations of NO3. We explore the importance of NO3 in multiphase sulfate production using a simple cloud model. It is shown that the relative importance of NO3 is very sensitive to the assumed value of the Henry's Law equilibrium constant of NO3 as well as the assumed catalytic chain length for NO3 oxidation of S(IV). Using the recently measured value of 0.6 M atm(-1) [Rudich et al., 1996], and a catalytic chain length of 8, it is shown that NO3 enhances sulfate production by about 10-30% relative to calculations where NO3 is absent. It is noted that NO3 may contribute even more if additional sources of NOx are present and/or H2O2 is removed via precipitation. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM graham.feingold@noaa.gov; gfrost@al.noaa.gov; ravi@al.noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4640 DI 10.1029/2002JD002288 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500039 ER PT J AU Fioletov, VE Bodeker, GE Miller, AJ McPeters, RD Stolarski, R AF Fioletov, VE Bodeker, GE Miller, AJ McPeters, RD Stolarski, R TI Global and zonal total ozone variations estimated from ground-based and satellite measurements: 1964-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; Dobson; Brewer; TOMS; SBUV ID RECORD-LOW OZONE; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; NEW-ZEALAND; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; PINATUBO AEROSOLS; DOBSON NETWORK; COLUMN OZONE; TRENDS; TOMS; NIMBUS-7 AB [1] Six data sets of monthly average zonal total ozone were intercompared and then used to estimate latitudinal and global total ozone temporal variations and trends. The data sets were prepared by different groups and are based on TOMS, SBUV-SBUV/2, GOME, and ground-based measurements. Different approaches have been used to homogenize the records over the period 1979-2000. Systematic differences of up to 3% were found between different data sets for zonal and global total ozone area weighted average values. However, when these systematic differences were removed by deseasonalizing the data, the residuals agreed to within +/-0.5% of the long-term mean ozone values. All data sets show changes in the rate of the total ozone decline in recent years. While global ozone was fairly constant during the 1990s, the average values of the 1990s are about 2-3% lower than those of the late 1970s. About 38% of the global ozone is located between 25 S and 25degreesN where the data show no decline. The strongest decline and the largest variability occur over the 35degreesN-60degreesN zone during the winter-spring season with the largest negative deviations occurring in 1993 and 1995. The decline in autumn is much smaller at these latitudes. Over the 35degreesS-60degreesS zone the ozone decline shows less seasonal dependence, and the largest deviations there were observed in 1985 and 1997. Sliding 11-year trends were calculated to estimate ozone changes over different time intervals. The first interval was from 1964 to 1974, and the last interval was from 1990 to 2000. The steepest year-round trends, of up to -5% per decade, occurred in the 11-year periods ending between 1992 and 1997 over the 35degrees-60degreesN zone and between 1985 and 1993 over the 35degrees-55degreesS zone. More recent 11-year trends have smaller declines. C1 Environm Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Omakau, New Zealand. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Fioletov, VE (reprint author), Environm Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM vitali.fioletov@ec.gc.ca; g.bodeker@niwa.cri.nz; miller@climon.wwb.noaa.gov; mcpeters@wrabbit.gsfc.nasa.gov; stolarski@polska.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013 OI Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462 NR 69 TC 144 Z9 148 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4647 DI 10.1029/2001JD001350 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500047 ER PT J AU Gates, AM Avallone, LM Toohey, DW Rutter, AP Whitefield, PD Hagen, DE Hopkins, AR Ross, MN Zittel, PF Thompson, TL Herman, RL Friedl, RR AF Gates, AM Avallone, LM Toohey, DW Rutter, AP Whitefield, PD Hagen, DE Hopkins, AR Ross, MN Zittel, PF Thompson, TL Herman, RL Friedl, RR TI In situ measurements of carbon dioxide, 0.37-4.0 mu m particles, and water vapor in the stratospheric plumes of small rockets SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide (CO2); H2O; ozone depletion; rocket plumes; emissions ID INDUCED ICE PARTICLES; ALUMINUM-OXIDE; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; NITRIC-ACID; EXHAUST; AIRCRAFT; OZONE; H2O; HCL; SPECTROMETER AB [1] Carbon dioxide (CO2) and large particles (0.37-4.0 mum) were measured in the stratospheric plume wakes of three rockets, an Atlas IIAS, a Delta II, and an Athena II. The correlations between CO2 mass and particle number densities in each plume are consistent with the unique combination of solid and liquid engine emissions of each rocket. Measured size distributions indicate a 1.1 mum mode with density of 2 g cm(-3), consistent with spherical alumina particles emitted by solid rocket motors. Disagreement between the measured size distributions and the mean sizes inferred from the known alumina and CO2 emission indices and an observed increase in the particle number emission index with altitude are evidence for large particle oversampling effects and the presence of condensed volatile compounds within the particle population. Direct evidence for the latter is a persistent similar to0.5-1 part per million (ppm) shortfall of water vapor relative to CO2 measured in the plume of the Athena II rocket based on the expected H2O/CO2 emission ratio. Although pure ice particles would not persist at the conditions of the measurements, a more stable coating of HNO3 (as either nitric acid trihydrate or as a liquid layer) could have reduced the sublimation rate of the underlying ice, thereby increasing the lifetimes of volatile particles within the plume. If confirmed, such a process would have important implications for the radiative and chemical properties of rocket plumes, including global ozone depletion associated with rocket launch activities. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Missouri, Cloud & Aerosol Sci Lab, Rolla, MO USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gates, AM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, 590 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM amelia.gates@colorado.edu; avallone@lasp.colorado.edu; toohey@colorado.edu; arutter@umr.edu; pwhite@umr.edu; hagen@umr.edu; martin.n.ross@aero.org; paul.f.zittel@aero.org; thomas.l.thompson@al.noaa.gov; robert.l.herman@jpl.nasa.gov; randall.r.friedl@jpl.nasa.gov RI Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012 OI Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4649 DI 10.1029/2002JD002121 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500049 ER PT J AU Gettelman, A Seidel, DJ Wheeler, MC Ross, RJ AF Gettelman, A Seidel, DJ Wheeler, MC Ross, RJ TI Multidecadal trends in tropical convective available potential energy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE convective available potential energy (CAPE); radiosonde observations; climate change; multidecadal trends; general circulation model (GCM); convective parameterization ID WESTERN PACIFIC; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; ENVIRONMENT; INSTABILITY; CLIMATE; SCALES; SPACE; MODEL AB Time series of convective available potential energy (CAPE) calculated from 15 tropical radiosonde stations indicate mostly positive trends in CAPE during 1958-1997. Increases in CAPE are associated with increases in near-surface temperature and water vapor, consistent with previous studies. The predominantly positive trends appear mostly as a shift in the middle 1970s, consistent with the time of an apparent shift of the background state of the climate system, as documented by others. A general circulation model of the atmosphere forced by observed sea surface temperatures does not reproduce these overall increases in CAPE, although it does reproduce the temperature trends. The observed changes imply significant changes to the tropical atmosphere over the last 40 years, and potential limitations of climate model simulations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. RP Gettelman, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM andrew@ucar.edu; dian.seidel@noaa.gov; m.wheeler@bom.gov.au RI Wheeler, Matthew/C-9038-2011 OI Wheeler, Matthew/0000-0002-9769-1973 NR 25 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4606 DI 10.1029/2001JD001082 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300057 ER PT J AU Lemire, KR Allen, DT Klouda, GA Lewis, CW AF Lemire, KR Allen, DT Klouda, GA Lewis, CW TI Fine particulate matter source attribution for Southeast Texas using C-14/C-13 ratios SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; radiocarbon; secondary organic aerosol ID AEROSOL FORMATION; ORGANIC AEROSOL; RADIOCARBON; PARTICLES; TRACER AB Radiocarbon analyses of fine particulate matter samples collected during the summer of 2000 in southeast Texas indicate that a substantial fraction of the aerosol carbon at an urban/suburban site (27-73%) and at a rural, forested site (44-77%) was modern carbon. Data from emission inventories and additional ambient measurements indicate that the most likely sources of this modern carbon are biomass burning fires and biogenic secondary organic aerosol. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Energy & Environm Resources, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NIST, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemire, KR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM allen@che.utexas.edu NR 29 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4613 DI 10.1029/2002JD002339 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500011 ER PT J AU Liu, HY Jacob, DJ Chan, LY Oltmans, SJ Bey, I Yantosca, RM Harris, JM Duncan, BN Martin, RV AF Liu, HY Jacob, DJ Chan, LY Oltmans, SJ Bey, I Yantosca, RM Harris, JM Duncan, BN Martin, RV TI Sources of tropospheric ozone along the Asian Pacific Rim: An analysis of ozonesonde observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE pollution transport; seasonal variation; case study ID BIOMASS-BURNING EMISSIONS; HONG-KONG; SURFACE OZONE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SEASONAL BEHAVIOR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FLOW PATTERNS; 3-D MODELS; EAST-ASIA AB [1] The sources contributing to tropospheric ozone over the Asian Pacific Rim in different seasons are quantified by analysis of Hong Kong and Japanese ozonesonde observations with a global three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model (GEOS-CHEM) driven by assimilated meteorological observations. Particular focus is placed on the extensive observations available from Hong Kong in 1996. In the middle-upper troposphere (MTUT), maximum Asian pollution influence along the Pacific Rim occurs in summer, reflecting rapid convective transport of surface pollution. In the lower troposphere (LT) the season of maximum Asian pollution influence shifts to summer at midlatitudes from fall at low latitudes due to monsoonal influence. The UT ozone minimum and high variability observed over Hong Kong in winter reflects frequent tropical intrusions alternating with stratospheric intrusions. Asian biomass burning makes a major contribution to ozone at <32 degrees N in spring. Maximum European pollution influence (<5 ppbv) occurs in spring in the LT. North American pollution influence exceeds European influence in the UT-MT, reflecting the uplift from convection and the warm conveyor belts over the eastern seaboard of North America. African outflow makes a major contribution to ozone in the low-latitude MT-UT over the Pacific Rim during November-April. Lightning influence over the Pacific Rim is minimum in summer due to westward UT transport at low latitudes associated with the Tibetan anticyclone. The Asian outflow flux of ozone to the Pacific is maximum in spring and fall and includes a major contribution from Asian anthropogenic sources year-round. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Liu, HY (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Inst Comp Applicat Sci & Engn, Mail Stop Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM hyl@post.harvard.edu; djj@io.harvard.edu; celychan@polyu.edu.hk; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; isabelle.bey@epfl.ch; bmy@io.harvard.edu; joyce.m.harris@noaa.gov; bryan.duncan@epfl.ch; rvm@io.harvard.edu RI Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Liu, Hongyu/A-5867-2008; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; NR 73 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4573 DI 10.1029/2001JD002005 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300025 ER PT J AU Peterson, TC Taylor, MA Demeritte, R Duncombe, DL Burton, S Thompson, F Porter, A Mercedes, M Villegas, E Fils, RS Tank, AK Martis, A Warner, R Joyette, A Mills, W Alexander, L Gleason, B AF Peterson, TC Taylor, MA Demeritte, R Duncombe, DL Burton, S Thompson, F Porter, A Mercedes, M Villegas, E Fils, RS Tank, AK Martis, A Warner, R Joyette, A Mills, W Alexander, L Gleason, B TI Recent changes in climate extremes in the Caribbean region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Caribbean; climate; extremes; temperature; precipitation; climate change ID TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; RAINFALL AB A January 2001 workshop held in Kingston, Jamaica, brought together scientists and data from around the Caribbean region and made analysis of indices of extremes derived from daily weather observation in the region possible. The results of the analyses indicate that the percent of days having very warm maximum or minimum temperatures increased strongly since the late 1950s while the percent of days with very cold temperatures decreased. One measure of extreme precipitation shows an increase over this time period while the one analyzed measure of dry conditions, the maximum number of consecutive dry days, is decreasing. These changes generally agree with what is observed in many other parts of the world. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ W Indies, Dept Phys, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Dept Meteorol, Nassau, NP, Bahamas. Grand Bahama Airport Co Ltd, Freeport Weather Dept, Freeport, Bahamas. Caribbean Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Husbands, St James, Barbados. Natl Meteorol Serv, Philip Goldson Int Airport, Belize City, Belize. Civil Aviat, Meteorol Serv, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, Jamaica. Oficina Nacl Meteorol, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. Ctr Natl Meterol Haiti, Airport Int Port au Prince, Port Au Prince, Haiti. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Meteorol Serv, Div Climate Res, Seru Mahuma, Curacao, Neth Antilles. Meteorol Off, Basseterre, St Kitts & Nevi. Meteorol Off, Kingstown, St Vincent. Piarco Int Airport, Meteorol Serv, Caroni, Trinid & Tobago. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England. RP Peterson, TC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM thomas.c.peterson@noaa.gov; mataylor@uwimona.edu.jm; rogerd500@email.com; gbac4@grouper.batelnet.bs; sdburt@inaccs.com.bb; dir.met@internet.net.do; on.meteorologia@codetel.net.do; semexantrony@netscape.net; albert.klein.tank@knmi.nl; albmartis@meteo.an; warnerson@caribsurf.com; zabs@caribsurf.com; dirmet@tstt.net.tt; lisa.alexander@metoffice.com; byron.gleason@noaa.gov RI Klein Tank, Albert/A-4182-2011; Alexander, Lisa/A-8477-2011 OI Alexander, Lisa/0000-0002-5635-2457 NR 17 TC 109 Z9 116 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4601 DI 10.1029/2002JD002251 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300052 ER PT J AU Roberts, JM Flocke, F Stroud, CA Hereid, D Williams, E Fehsenfeld, F Brune, W Martinez, M Harder, H AF Roberts, JM Flocke, F Stroud, CA Hereid, D Williams, E Fehsenfeld, F Brune, W Martinez, M Harder, H TI Ground-based measurements of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs) during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PAN; urban pollution; biogenic hydrocarbons ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; PEROXYISOBUTYRYL NITRATE; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; ISOPRENE CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; OZONE PRODUCTION; REGIONAL OZONE; MPAN AB [1] Peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs) were measured at Cornelia Fort Airpark during the 1999 Nashville Intensive of the Southern Oxidants Study. The observed concentrations were similar to those measured in the 1994 and 1995 Nashville Intensives. The average daytime ratio of peroxypropionic nitric anhydride (PPN) to peroxyacetic nitric anhydride (PAN) was 13.7%. Extensive measurements were also made of peroxyisobutyric nitric anhydride (PiBN), which confirm the anthropogenic origin of this compound, and its ratio to PAN was 2.4% on average. The daytime ratio of peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN) to PAN was as high as 25% during periods of high biogenic hydrocarbon (BHC) impact. A simple linear combination model was used to estimate anthropogenic hydrocarbon (AHC) and BHC contributions to O-3 production. On average, 80% of the O-3 observed over 80 ppbv was attributed to AHC chemistry and 20% to BHC chemistry. An exception to this was a plume derived from a combination of power plant NOx and isoprene emissions from west of the city, in which the BHC contribution was at least 50 to 75%. C1 NOAA, ERL, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Roberts, JM (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jr@al.noaa.gov; ffl@acd.ucar.edu; brune@essc.psu.edu RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4554 DI 10.1029/2001JD000947 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300005 ER PT J AU Rozanov, EV Schlesinger, ME Andronova, NG Yang, F Malyshev, SL Zubov, VA Egorova, TA Li, B AF Rozanov, EV Schlesinger, ME Andronova, NG Yang, F Malyshev, SL Zubov, VA Egorova, TA Li, B TI Climate/chemistry effects of the Pinatubo volcanic eruption simulated by the UIUC stratosphere/troposphere GCM with interactive photochemistry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Pinatubo; aerosol; chemistry; ozone; volcanic effects; climate ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MOUNT-PINATUBO; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; MT-PINATUBO; EL-CHICHON; AEROSOLS; IMPACT; CLIMATE; DEPLETION AB The influence of the sulfate aerosol formed following the massive Pinatubo volcanic eruption in June 1991 on the chemical composition, temperature, and dynamics of the atmosphere has been investigated with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) stratosphere-troposphere General Circulation Model (GCM) with interactive photochemistry (ST-GCM/PC). Ensembles of five runs have been performed for the unperturbed (control) and perturbed (experiment) conditions. The simulated repartitioning within the chlorine and nitrogen groups, as well as the ozone changes, are in reasonable quantitative agreement with observations and theoretical expectations. The simulated ozone changes in the tropics reveal the ozone mixing ratio decreases below 28 km and increases in the stratosphere above this level. However, these changes are not statistically significant in the lowermost stratosphere. The simulated total ozone loss reached 15% over the northern middle and high latitudes in winter and early spring. However, the simulated changes are statistically significant only during early winter. The magnitude of the simulated total ozone depletion is generally less than that observed, but some members of the experiment ensemble are in better agreement with the observed ozone anomalies. The model simulates a pronounced stratospheric warming in the tropics, which exceeds the warming derived from observations by 1-2 K. The model matches well the intensification of the polar-night jet (PNJ) in December 1991 and 1992, the statistically significant cooling of the lower stratosphere and warming of the surface air in boreal winter over the United States, northern Europe, and Russia, and the cooling over Greenland, Alaska, and Central Asia. C1 PMOD WRC, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. IAC ETHZ, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Climate Res Grp, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Main Geophys Observ, Dept Dynam Meteorol, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. RP Rozanov, EV (reprint author), PMOD WRC, Dorfstr 33, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. EM schlesin@atmos.uiuc.edu RI Andronova, Natalia/I-8983-2012; Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012; Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 OI Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488; NR 49 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4594 DI 10.1029/2001JD000974 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300046 ER PT J AU Tsidulko, M Krichak, SO Alpert, P Kakaliagou, O Kallos, G Papadopoulos, A AF Tsidulko, M Krichak, SO Alpert, P Kakaliagou, O Kallos, G Papadopoulos, A TI Numerical study of a very intensive eastern Mediterranean dust storm, 13-16 March 1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE dust storm; dust plume; cyclone; Mediterranean; eta model; TOMS AI ID STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; DESERT DUST; MODEL; SCHEME; PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERE; PREDICTION; CYCLE; TOMS AB Presented herein is an analysis of an exceptionally intensive central and eastern Mediterranean dust intrusion of 15-16 March, 1998. The intrusion has been associated with development of an intense cyclone over Africa. The weather and dust development processes were simulated with the Eta weather and dust prediction model. Also presented is a comparison of the model results with the Total Ozone Mass Spectrometer Aerosol Index (TOMS AI) pictures as well as with those of the surface and weather observations. The roles of the main processes responsible for the dust plume development and associated dust intrusion to the eastern Mediterranean (EM) are studied. The observation data as well as the model-simulated parameters are jointly analyzed. The analysis also includes the data from the back-trajectory computations. With the aid of the model-produced dust profiles we studied the significant variation in the altitudes of the dust layers within the cyclone sectors. In the warm sector of the cyclone located over the Mediterranean Sea the dust layer extended up to 8-10 km. Relatively low dust concentration values were found here. In the area of the cold front over Africa the dust was restricted to the lower troposphere and the planetary boundary layer. Here the model simulated high values of the dust concentrations. The sharp TOMS AI increase over Israel and the eastern Mediterranean up to 5.0 units, further away from the dust sources, is explained by the strong winds, by the increased cyclone convergence, and the formation of a two-layer dust plume. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Athens, Dept Appl Phys, GR-10679 Athens, Greece. RP Tsidulko, M (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NOAA, N-CS13,Room 7880,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM marina.tsidulko@noaa.gov; shimon@cyclone.tau.ac.il; pinhas@cyclone.tau.ac.il; olga@mg.uoa.gr; kallos@mg.uoa.gr; tasos@ncmr.gr RI Papadopoulos, Anastasios/L-6578-2013 OI Papadopoulos, Anastasios/0000-0002-4441-3443 NR 35 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 4581 DI 10.1029/2001JD001168 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643KK UT WOS:000180860300033 ER PT J AU Vinnikov, KY Robock, A Basist, A AF Vinnikov, KY Robock, A Basist, A TI Diurnal and seasonal cycles of trends of surface air temperature SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE diurnal cycle; seasonal cycle; climate change; climate variability; trends; temperature ID CLOUDS AB [1] A new technique was recently developed to study seasonal cycles of climatic trends of expected values, variance, skewness, and other statistical moments of climatic variables. Here we apply that technique to analyze the diurnal and seasonal cycles of trends of surface air temperature and its variability using hourly observations from nine geographically distributed meteorological stations in the United States for the period 1951-1999. The analysis reveals a complex pattern of trends in temperature and its variance at different times of the seasonal and diurnal cycle, showing warming trends for all stations during most times of the year and times of day, but with diurnal asymmetry of warming only in the warm half of the year. We found no correspondence between the trends in temperature and the trends in temperature variability. This analysis may be used as a prototype for developing the next generation of climate services that will be able to supply customers with detailed information about the first few moments of the statistical distribution of any meteorological variable for every day and hour of the period of observation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Vinnikov, KY (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM kostya@atmos.umd.edu; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; alan.basist@noaa.gov RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4641 DI 10.1029/2001JD002007 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500040 ER PT J AU Zahn, A Brenninkmeijer, CAM Crutzen, PJ Parrish, DD Sueper, D Heinrich, G Gusten, H Fischer, H Hermann, M Heintzenberg, J AF Zahn, A Brenninkmeijer, CAM Crutzen, PJ Parrish, DD Sueper, D Heinrich, G Gusten, H Fischer, H Hermann, M Heintzenberg, J TI Electrical discharge source for tropospheric "ozone-rich transients'' SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone budget; electricity induced trace gas production; stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone ID TRACE GASES; AIRCRAFT; THUNDERSTORMS; ATLANTIC; CHARGE; ELECTRIFICATION; TROPOPAUSE AB [1] In situ trace gas (O-3, NO, NO2,NOy) and ultrafine aerosol particle data from a passenger aircraft (project CARIBIC) and the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft are used to identify the origin of "ozone-rich transients'' that occasionally appear in aircraft ozone data sets along flight distances of 5-80 km. Evidence of ozone import from the stratosphere, once suggested as the most likely cause, cannot be found. Our data rather reveal that the majority of the recorded ozone transients are artifacts caused by electrical discharges on the aircraft fuselage and the sample air inlet system. These discharges produce not solely O-3 but also nitric oxide (NO) which rapidly reacts with O-3 to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Further evidence is, however, provided showing that some of the less pronounced and broader O-3-NO-NO2-rich transients are of atmospheric origin. We hypothesize that they are formed in an early (i.e., prelightning) phase of thunderstorms due to cold electrical discharges on the surface of charged hydrometeors. Simple considerations suggest that the amount of O-3 and NO produced through these mechanisms is negligible with regard to the global tropospheric budget for the two gases. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Inst Troposher Res, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany. RP Univ Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, POB 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM andreas.zahn@imk.fzk.de RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Zahn, Andreas/K-2567-2012; Brenninkmeijer, Carl/B-6860-2013; Hermann, Markus/B-7527-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Zahn, Andreas/0000-0003-3153-3451; Hermann, Markus/0000-0002-5124-1571 NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS D22 AR 4638 DI 10.1029/2002JD002345 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643NN UT WOS:000180867500037 ER PT J AU Bertram, MA Cowen, JP Thomson, RE Feely, RA AF Bertram, MA Cowen, JP Thomson, RE Feely, RA TI Compositional variability in the ascending fluxes from a hydrothermal plume SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal; particles; iron; biogenic; productivity; flux ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; ENDEAVOR SEGMENT; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; DISSOLVED PHOSPHATE; METAL ADSORPTION; ORGANIC MATERIAL; PARTICLE FLUXES; NORTH PACIFIC; SEA-FLOOR AB [1] Sequentially sampling sediment traps set with 33 day sampling intervals were deployed with current meters on three moorings in the northeast Pacific Ocean between July 1994 and May 1995. One mooring was deployed near the Main Vent field on Endeavour Ridge (On-Axis site, 47degrees57.0'N, 129degrees05.7'W), a second, 3 km west of the Main vent site (West site), and the third, 43 km northeast of the Main vent site (East or background site). Ascending and descending particles were collected near 1600 and 2000 m depth, well above and within the top of laterally spreading hydrothermal plumes. The elemental composition of particles was used to evaluate their origins: biogenic fluxes were indicated by elevated Ca or Si, hydrothermal fluxes by elevated Fe, Mn, and Cu, and lithogenic fluxes by elevated Ti. We link temporal variability in both the ascending and descending particle composition and flux to variations in lateral transport of hydrothermal constituents and to seasonal drawdown of hydrothermal plume particles by biogenic material from the upper ocean. The relatively low hydrothermal Fe content of ascending material late in the experiment is thought to be due to uptake by descending biogenic material. These results suggest that seasonal productivity and particle export from the ocean surface can modulate the hydrothermal flux of elements to the waters above and to the sediments below. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bertram, MA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS C11 AR 3191 DI 10.1029/2000JC000223 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638KP UT WOS:000180570400012 ER PT J AU Coumans, V Gerard, JC Hubert, B Evans, DS AF Coumans, V Gerard, JC Hubert, B Evans, DS TI Electron and proton excitation of the FUV aurora: Simultaneous IMAGE and NOAA observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE FUV aurora; IMAGE satellite; NOAA satellite; high-energy protons; Lyman alpha ID CROSS-SECTIONS; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; N-2; EMISSIONS; DAYGLOW; IMPACT; SYSTEM; STATES; REGION AB [1] The Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imaging system on board the IMAGE satellite provides a global view of the north auroral region in different spectral channels. The Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) is sensitive to the N-2 LBH emission and NI emissions produced by both electron and proton precipitations. The SI12 camera images the Lyman-alpha emission due to incident protons only. We compare WIC and SI12 observations with model predictions based on particle measurements from the TED and the MEPED detectors on board NOAA-TIROS spacecraft. Models of the interaction of auroral particles with the atmosphere are used together with the in situ proton and electron flux and characteristic energy data to calculate the auroral brightness at the magnetic footprint of the NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 orbital tracks. The MEPED experiment measures the precipitating particles with energy higher than 30 keV, so that these comparisons include all auroral energies, in contrast to previous comparisons. A satisfactory agreement in morphology and in magnitude is obtained for most satellite overflights. The observed FUV-WIC signal is well modeled if the different spatial resolution of the two sensors is considered and the in situ measurements properly smoothed. The calculated count rate includes contributions from LBH emission, the NI 149.3 nm line, and the OI 135.6 nm line excited by electrons and protons. The proton contribution in WIC can locally dominate the electrons. The comparisons indicate that protons can significantly contribute to the FUV aurora at specific times and places and cannot be systematically neglected. The results confirm the shift of the proton auroral oval equatorward of the electron oval in the dusk sector. We also show that in some regions, especially in the dusk sector, high-energy protons dominate the proton energy flux and account for a large fraction of the Lyman-alpha and other FUV emissions. C1 Univ Liege, Lab Phys Atmospher & Planetaire, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Coumans, V (reprint author), Univ Liege, Lab Phys Atmospher & Planetaire, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. OI GERARD, Jean-Claude/0000-0002-8565-8746 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS A11 AR 1347 DI 10.1029/2001JA009233 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 634UU UT WOS:000180360500014 ER PT J AU Korotova, GI Sibeck, DG Singer, HJ Rosenberg, TJ AF Korotova, GI Sibeck, DG Singer, HJ Rosenberg, TJ TI Tracking transient events through geosynchronous orbit and in the high-latitude ionosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE; EARTHS BOW SHOCK; MAGNETOSPHERIC PULSATIONS; MAGNETOPAUSE MOTION; IMPULSE EVENTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DAYSIDE; SIGNATURES; INTERBALL-1 AB [1] We combine observations from seven satellites and more than 50 ground magnetometers to study a series of impulsive ground magnetometer events that originated in response to sudden solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field variations on an otherwise quiet day. We demonstrate that the events were global and conjugate. We use high time resolution geosynchronous magnetometer data to determine the origin, velocity, and direction of propagation of the transient events in the magnetosphere. We show that the transient events propagated antisunward but that the IMF orientation controlled the direction of their propagation near local noon in the sense predicted by the dynamic pressure pulse model. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Maryland, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Korotova, GI (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS A11 AR 1345 DI 10.1029/2002JA009477 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 634UU UT WOS:000180360500012 ER PT J AU Onsager, TG Rostoker, G Kim, HJ Reeves, GD Obara, T Singer, HJ Smithtro, C AF Onsager, TG Rostoker, G Kim, HJ Reeves, GD Obara, T Singer, HJ Smithtro, C TI Radiation belt electron flux dropouts: Local time, radial, and particle-energy dependence SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radiation belt; energetic electrons; flux dropouts; magnetosphere; storms and substorms ID RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; MAGNETIC STORMS; PREDICTION; SUBSTORM; WIND AB [1] The radiation belt electrons in Earth's magnetosphere exhibit substantial variability driven by changing solar wind conditions. The electron dynamics are due to a number of different adiabatic and nonadiabatic processes that can result in rapid increases and decreases in the particle flux levels. In this paper we present observations of abrupt flux decreases driven by a moderate geomagnetic storm. The particle dynamics are found to have significant local time and energy dependence that developed over roughly a 10-hour period beginning with the onset of the storm. The electrons with energies greater than 2 MeV dropped fairly abruptly at various local times, but not simultaneously at different local times. It is shown that the initial flux dropout was due to the development of local taillike magnetic field stretching, rather than due to more global processes such as ring current buildup or large-scale radial diffusion. It is also found that while the lower energy electrons (E < 300 keV) fully recovered by the end of the storm, the >2 MeV electrons were lost from the magnetosphere and did not recover. These results indicate that the initial dropout of the radiation belt electrons at geostationary orbit was controlled by the adiabatic response to localized changes in the geomagnetic field that develop over many hours, but that eventually nonadiabatic processes acted to cause the loss of electrons from the magnetosphere. It is also shown that during geomagnetically quiet conditions, the energetic electron flux can remain at nearly constant levels for as long as I week, suggesting that in the absence of geomagnetic activity either the outer radiation belt electron loss rate becomes quite small or the loss and growth rates are balanced. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa, Aichi 4428507, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Commun Res Labs, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. RP Onsager, TG (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011 OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098 NR 25 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS A11 AR 1382 DI 10.1029/2001JA000187 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 634UU UT WOS:000180360500049 ER PT J AU DeWall, J Dimeo, RM Sokol, PE AF DeWall, J Dimeo, RM Sokol, PE TI Slow diffusion of molecular hydrogen in zeolite 13X SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POROUS VYCOR GLASS; LIQUID-HYDROGEN; REFINEMENT; SUPERFLUID; H-2 AB High-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering measurements have been performed on molecular hydrogen in zeolite 13X. Previous NMR measurements suggested that the freezing temperature is suppressed from 14 K down to 8 K. In contrast, previous intermediate resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies suggested freezing occurred between 25 and 35 K. Unfortunately, the limited instrumental resolution available in the previous quasi-elastic neutron scattering study was not sufficient to show this point definitively. We report new quasi-elastic neutron scattering measurements with very high resolution that show no evidence of mobile hydrogen below 25 K, which is well above the bulk liquid-solid transition temperature for hydrogen. A quasi-elastic component appears between 25 and 30 K indicating the presence of mobile H-2. However, the width and momentum dependence of the quasi-elastic scattering are much different than would be expected for the diffusive motion of liquid hydrogen in this temperature range. Instead, we find that a slow diffusive component representing jumps between well-defined sites appears first at low temperatures. As the temperature is raised, a faster liquid like diffusive component appears. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeWall, J (reprint author), Navigat Res & Dev Ctr, Penn State Appl, Res Lab, Warminster, PA 18974 USA. EM paul@sokol.phys.psu.edu NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 129 IS 3-4 BP 171 EP 184 DI 10.1023/A:1020896123362 PG 14 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 607XY UT WOS:000178817100005 ER PT J AU Sinclair, EH Zeppelin, TK AF Sinclair, EH Zeppelin, TK TI Seasonal and spatial differences in diet in the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; Eumetopias jubatus; food; foraging; otariid; prey; sea lions; Steller sea lions ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT; NORTHERN FUR SEALS; BERING SEA; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; STOMACH CONTENTS; PORPOISE; ALASKA; PREY AB We identified prey remains from 3,762 scats (feces) of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Scats were collected from 1990-1998 on island sites across most of the range of the United States western stock of the species. Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) were the 2 most common species of prey, followed by salmonids (Oncorhynchus) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). An additional 16 species of fish and unidentified cephalopods were considered primary in the diet, either because they occurred in >5% of scats collected across the range in winter and summer or because they consistently occur-red among the top 3 prey items in particular islands or island groups. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) occurred at very low frequencies despite their predominance in the diet of Steller sea lions before the 1980s. Regions of diet similarity suggest area-specific foraging strategies, with strong seasonal patterns in consumption of most species of prey. Patterns in prey consumption and characteristics of prey indicate that Steller sea lions target prey that are densely schooled in spawning or migratory aggregations at the continental shelf or along oceanographic boundary zones. We suggest that regional diet patterns among the western stock reflect regional foraging strategies of females learned at islands near the natal rookery site. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Sinclair, EH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM beth.sinclair@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 3 U2 28 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 973 EP 990 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0973:SASDID>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 621HP UT WOS:000179583200006 ER PT J AU Westlake, RL O'Corry-Crowe, GM AF Westlake, RL O'Corry-Crowe, GM TI Macrogeographic structure and patterns of genetic diversity in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Alaska to Japan SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic diversity; genetic drift; harbor seal; isolation-by-distance; mitochondrial DNA ID MICROSATELLITE DNA ANALYSES; ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; INTRASPECIFIC STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; EVOLUTION; POLYMORPHISMS AB We examined sequence variation in the control region of the mitochondrial genome from 778 seals sampled at 161 locations from northern Japan to southeastern Alaska to learn more about the evolutionary history and population structure of, and effects of recent declines on genetic diversity in, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the northern Pacific Ocean. High haplotypic diversity (H = 0.975) and a poorly resolved mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) phylogeny suggest that harbor seals in the Pacific underwent a rapid expansion in population size in their recent evolutionary past, possibly after the retreat of Pleistocene ice sheets. Weak phylogeographic partitioning of lineages attests to a complex evolutionary and demographic history of contemporary Pacific populations. Extensive macrogeographic subdivision was evident among a subset of grouped localities that represent centers of abundance along the distributional continuum. Heterogeneity was influenced by population size and correlated with geographic distance, suggesting that dispersal occurs primarily among neighboring subpopulations. The 2 currently recognized subspecies of harbor seal in the Pacific, P. v. richardii of North America and P. v. stejnegeri of Asia, do not represent phylogenetically discrete mtDNA assemblages. The greatest differentiation detected was along the Commander-Aleutian Island chain, the region of the presumed subspecies boundary and a likely contact zone for expanding refugial populations of a number of marine mammal species after retreat of ice sheets. Differentiation between the Kodiak Archipelago and Prince William Sound, and between Bristol Bay and the Pribilof Islands, indicates that current management stocks are inappropriate and highlights the need for a detailed analysis of population and stock structure in Alaska. A decline in population size in Prince William Sound over the past few decades was accompanied by a discernible reduction in mtDNA diversity, manifested as a loss of rare haplotypes through random drift. A continued population decline will erode genetic diversity further, with potentially adverse effects on evolutionary potential and individual fitness. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM greg.o'corry-crowe@noaa.gov NR 87 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 32 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1111 EP 1126 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<1111:MSAPOG>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 621HP UT WOS:000179583200020 ER PT J AU Schmitz, TL Beckwith, JF AF Schmitz, TL Beckwith, JF TI Acousto-optic displacement-measuring interferometer: a new heterodyne interferometer with Angstrom-level periodic error SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LASER INTERFEROMETER; NONLINEARITY; LINEARITY AB A concept for a new displacement-measuring interferometer has been developed. The motivation behind this work is minimization of the periodic error caused by unwanted leakage between the two frequencies in commercially available heterodyne systems. Typically, the two frequencies are carried on a single beam and separated by polarization-dependent optics. Imperfect optics, non-ideal laser heads and mechanical misalignment may cause each frequency to be leaked into both the reference and the measurement paths, ideally consisting of a single light frequency. The new polarization-independent interferometer described here uses an acousto-optic modulator as the beam splitter and eliminates the frequency leakage by spatially separating the two light beams. Bench-top experiments have shown a reduction in periodic error to 0.18 nm (1.8 Angstrom). The device description, as well as suggestions for simple architecture implementations, are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Elect Engn Technol Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Schmitz, TL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 13 BP 2105 EP 2114 DI 10.1080/09500340210123938 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 609CT UT WOS:000178885600005 ER PT J AU Netz, PA Starr, F Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE AF Netz, PA Starr, F Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE TI Translational and rotational diffusion in stretched water SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT EuroConference on Molecular Liquids CY SEP 07-12, 2001 CL OBERNAI, FRANCE SP European Sci Fdn, European Molec Liquids Grp ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LIQUID WATER; SUPERCOOLED WATER; SIMULATION; PRESSURE; MOTION AB We perform molecular dynamics simulations using the extended simple point charge SPC/E water model in order to investigate the dynamical behavior of supercooled-stretched water. We focus on the behavior of the translational diffusion coefficient, the orientational relaxation time, and the local hydrogen bond network. Decreasing density or pressure along an isothermal path, there is a mininum in the diffusion coefficient and a maximum in the orientational relaxation time, suggesting an initial enhancement and subsequent breakdown of the tetrahedral structure and of the hydrogen bond network as the density decreases. The analysis of the tetrahedral structure of the nearest neighbors help to clarify the relationship between the local structural changes and the system dynamics We also find that the product of diffusion coefficient and relaxation time is nearly constant. indicating that the anomalous behavior observed in the rotational and translational diffusion arise from the same microscopic mechanism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ULBRA, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UFRGS, Dept Fis, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Netz, PA (reprint author), ULBRA, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. RI Netz, Paulo/B-1921-2010; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Barbosa, Marcia/C-8809-2012 OI Netz, Paulo/0000-0003-4242-0591; Barbosa, Marcia/0000-0001-5663-6102 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7322 J9 J MOL LIQ JI J. Mol. Liq. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 101 IS 1-3 BP 159 EP 168 AR PII S0167-7322(02) 00090-9 DI 10.1016/S0167-7322(02)00090-9 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 594TN UT WOS:000178067200015 ER PT J AU Ramond, TM Davico, GE Hellberg, F Svedberg, F Salen, P Soderqvist, P Lineberger, WC AF Ramond, TM Davico, GE Hellberg, F Svedberg, F Salen, P Soderqvist, P Lineberger, WC TI Photoelectron spectroscopy of nickel, palladium, and platinum oxide anions SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE transition-metal oxides; electronic structure; negative ion spectroscopy; electron affinity; NiO; PdO; PtO; ONiO; OPdO; ONO ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS; TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES; LYING ELECTRONIC STATES; EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-SPECTRA; NIO MOLECULE; GROUND-STATE; PDO; PTO; COMPLEXES AB The 364-nm negative ion photoelectron spectra of XO and OXO molecules (X = Ni, Pd, and Pt) are reported. The spectra yield the electron affinities (EAs): EA(NiO) = 1.455 +/- 0.005 eV; EA(PdO) = 1.672 +/- 0.005 eV; EA(PtO) = 2.172 +/- 0.005 eV; EA(ONiO) = 3.043 +/- 0.005 eV; EA(OPdO) = 3.086 +/- 0.005 eV; EA(OPtO) = 2.677 +/- 0.005 eV. In addition, for the diatomics, transitions from the anion (X) over tilde (2)Pi(3/2) and (X) over tilde (2)Pi(1/2) states into neutral (X) over tilde (3)Sigma(-), (3)Pi, and for NiO and PdO, (1)Pi, are assigned. Several states have been reassigned from those in the existing literature. Anion (2)Pi(3/2)-(2)Pi(1/2) spin-orbit splittings are measured, as are neutral (3)Pi(2)-(3)Pi(1) spin-orbit splittings: the XO (3)Pi(2)-(3)Pi(1) splittings increase from 405 +/- 30 cm(-1) (NiO) to 805 +/- 30 cm(-1) (PdO) to 3580 +/- 40 cm(-1) (PtO). A bond length shortening of 0.03 +/- 0.01 Angstrom is measured upon electron detachment from NiO-, resulting in an anion bond length of 1.66 +/- 0.01 Angstrom. The bond length does not change upon electron detachment from PdO- using 3.4-eV photons. The Pt-O bond length decreases by 0.035 +/- 0.010 Angstrom in the (3)Pi(1) <-- (2)Pi(3/2) transition. The spectrum of OPtO displays a significantly more extended vibrational progression than those of ONiO or OPdO, and the O-Pt bond length is found to decrease by 0.07 +/- 0.01 Angstrom upon electron detachment. The spectra support the view that the Ni-O bond is largely ionic, the Pd-O bond is somewhat less so, and the Pt-O bond displays a substantial covalent character. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lineberger, WC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 69 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 216 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2002.8669 PG 14 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 622VA UT WOS:000179666700001 ER PT J AU Barnes, JE Hays, PB AF Barnes, JE Hays, PB TI Pressure shifts and pressure broadening of the B and gamma bands of oxygen SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; A-BAND; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; ATMOSPHERIC BANDS; O-2; LINES; NM AB Measurements of pressure shift and pressure broadening in molecular oxygen have been made for rotational transitions in the B (1 <--0) and gamma (2 <--0) vibrational bands of the b(1) Sigma(g)(+) <-- X(3)Sigma(g)(-) visible electronic transition. The absorption features were. 9 9 measured simultaneously in two cells by photoacoustic spectroscopy using a scanning dye laser. The measurements were made with background gases of both pure oxygen and air at room temperature. The pressure shifts were all negative. The measurements show the magnitude of the pressure shift increasing with vibrational quantum number when compared with existing data for the A (0<--0) band. The shifts also increase with rotational number within each vibrational band. The shifts in air are larger than in oxygen although the difference gets smaller with vibrational number. The average shifts in air for the A, B, and gamma bands were 36, 11, and 0.2% higher, respectively, than in pure oxygen. The pressure broadening of the rotational lines does not change significantly with vibrational number and in general decreases with rotational number within a band. The pressure shift measurements were used by the high-resolution Doppler imager (on the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite) to correct the Doppler wind measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Mauna Loa Observ, NOAA Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Barnes, JE (reprint author), Mauna Loa Observ, NOAA Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 216 IS 1 BP 98 EP 104 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2002.8689 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 622VA UT WOS:000179666700012 ER PT J AU Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL AF Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Maki, A Weber, A Blake, TA Sams, RL TI Analysis of nu(2), nu(4) infrared hot bands of (SO3)-S-32-O-16: Resolution of the puzzle of the nu(1) CARS spectrum SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared; Raman; CARS; spectrum; sulfur trioxide ID SO3 AB Further analysis of the high-resolution (0.0015 cm(-1)) infrared spectrum of S-32(16) 03 has led to the assignment of more than 3100 hot band transitions from the nu(2) and nu(4) levels to the states 2nu(2) (l = 0), nu(2) + nu(4) (l = +/-1), and 2nu(4) (l = 0, +/-2). These levels are strongly coupled via Fermi resonance and indirect Coriolis interactions to the nu(1) levels, which are IR-inaccessible from the ground state. The unraveling of these interactions has allowed the solution of the unusual and complicated structure of the nu(1) CARS spectrum. This has been accomplished by locating over 400 hot-band transitions to levels that contain at least 10% nu(1) character. The complex CARS spectrum results from a large number of avoided energy-level crossings between these states. Accurate rovibrational constants are deduced for all the mixed states for the first time, leading to deperturbed values of 1064.924(1 1), 0.000 840 93(64), and 0.000 418 19(58) cm(-1) for nu(1), alpha(1)(B), and alpha(1)(C), respectively. The uncertainties in the last digits are shown in parentheses and represent two standard deviations. In addition, new values for some of the anharmonicity constants have been obtained. Highly accurate values for the equilibrium rotational constants B-e and C-e are deduced, yielding independent, nearly identical values for the SO r(e) bond length of 141.734 03(13) and 141.732 54(18) pin, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Barber, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 216 IS 1 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2002.8646 PG 8 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 622VA UT WOS:000179666700013 ER PT J AU Lin, WQ Sanford, LP Suttles, SE Valigura, R AF Lin, WQ Sanford, LP Suttles, SE Valigura, R TI Drag coefficients with fetch-limited wind waves SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE; HEAT-FLUX; OPEN-OCEAN; STRESS COEFFICIENTS; GENERATED WAVES; DEPENDENCE; SPEED; EXCHANGES; ROUGHNESS; PRESSURE AB Air-sea fluxes of momentum and heat were measured simultaneously with surface wind waves and near-surface currents in mid Chesapeake Bay during summer 1998 under low wind conditions. The data were collected using a Gill sonic anemometer and a Sontek Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter with a pressure sensor mounted on a temporary fixed tower in 8.8 m of water. The analyzed data show that the neutral drag coefficients depend upon both wind speed and wave age. They are better correlated to wave age than to wind speed. Data scatter is significantly larger in low winds than in high winds. Under light winds, the neutral drag coefficients increase with decreasing wind speed and have values much higher than those for relatively higher wind speeds. At higher wind speeds, neutral drag coefficients increase with increasing wind speed. Regardless of wind speed, neutral drag coefficients always decrease with increasing wave age. Neutral drag coefficients are lower than the results of similar field studies when fit to wind speed alone, but they statistically agree with other studies if they are fit to wave age. The momentum transfer mechanism is investigated using a parametric wave model with a sea-state-dependent form drag and a reference system moving with the waves. The relationship between modeled drag coefficient and modeled wave age agrees well with the relationship derived from the data. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NOAA, Air Resource Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Sanford, LP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. NR 62 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 3058 EP 3074 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3058:DCWFLW>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 608FD UT WOS:000178834000006 ER PT J AU Mellor, G AF Mellor, G TI Oscillatory bottom boundary layers SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FIXED RIPPLED BED; COMBINED WAVE; TURBULENCE CLOSURE; CURRENTS; FLOWS AB A turbulence closure model is applied to the case of an oscillating boundary layer; model calculations compare favorably with data. Wave-induced oscillations can be temporally resolved in a one-dimensional model but not in three-dimensional ocean models, and, indeed, statistical wave models, working in consort with ocean models, can only provide information on expected wave periods and amplitudes. Therefore, in this paper, a way has been found to parameterize the effects of bottom flow oscillations; it entails augmenting the turbulence shear production as a function of amplitude and period of the oscillation, the bottom shear stress of the mean current flow, and the angle between the directions of the oscillations and the mean flow. The more conventional method of solving for an apparent wall roughness is also investigated in an appendix. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Mellor, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Box CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 22 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 3075 EP 3088 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3075:OBBL>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 608FD UT WOS:000178834000007 ER PT J AU De Robertis, A AF De Robertis, A TI Small-scale spatial distribution of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica and overlap with planktivorous fishes SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; AGE-0 WALLEYE POLLOCK; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SOCIAL AGGREGATION; SWARMING BEHAVIOR; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; BERING-SEA; ZOOPLANKTON; PREY; KRILL AB The spatial distribution of zooplankton and planktivorous fish in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia was characterized with a 445 kHz multibeam sonar capable of localizing individual animals in three dimensions. Numerical simulation of data processing procedures indicates that this instrument has sufficient resolution to characterize zooplankton spatial distributions using Lloyd's index of patchiness and nearest neighbour distance (NND) measures. Zooplankters at this site were dominated by the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica which underwent diel vertical migration (DVM). Fish (mainly herring and walleye pollock) were only abundant at this deep-water station at night. Analysis of 4 m(3) volumes over scales of similar to100 m indicates that both euphausiids and fish were strongly aggregated in the vertical dimension, but not in the horizontal dimension. In the horizontal dimension, fish distributions were independent of zooplankton abundance, indicating that the fish were not exploiting small-scale horizontal prey aggregations. Analysis of NND at the centimetre scale indicates that euphausiids were not aggregated, but rather, they were approximately randomly distributed. These observations indicate that in this environment euphausiids do not form subsurface social aggregations as has been documented in other locations. DVM and social aggregation are both predator avoidance behaviours that may be redundant, as populations that exhibit pronounced DVM may derive little additional benefit from routine social aggregation. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP De Robertis, A (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Alex.DeRobertis@noaa.gov NR 59 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 EI 1464-3774 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1207 EP 1220 DI 10.1093/plankt/24.11.1207 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 611VM UT WOS:000179038500008 ER PT J AU Heinrich, KFJ AF Heinrich, KFJ TI Uncertainty in quantitative electron probe microanalysis SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE absorption coefficients; accuracy; microanalysis; models; x-ray absorption; x-ray spectrometry AB Quantitative electron probe analysis is based on models based on the physics or x-ray generation, empirically adjusted to the analyses of specimens of known composition. Their accuracy can be estimated by applying them to a set of specimens of presumably well-known composition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heinrich, KFJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 483 EP 485 DI 10.6028/jres.107.040 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100004 PM 27446746 ER PT J AU Remond, G Myklebust, R Fialin, M Nockolds, C Phillips, M Roques-Carmes, C AF Remond, G Myklebust, R Fialin, M Nockolds, C Phillips, M Roques-Carmes, C TI Decomposition of wavelength dispersive x-ray spectra SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE atomic lines; distortions induced by absorption edges; pseudo-Voigt profiles; satellites; soft x-ray bands; WDS instrumental distortions ID ELECTRON-PROBE MICROANALYSIS; ELEMENTS AB Line shapes of atomic lines and soft x-ray emission bands measured with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS) with the Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) are reviewed. Least square fitting to pseudo-Voigt profiles of the digitally measured spectra are used to account for the presence of non-diagram features (high and low energy satellites) and instrumental induced distortions. The effect of line width and relative intensities on the quality of fits is illustrated. Spectral distortions resulting from the presence of absorption edges within the analyzed wavelength region are illustrated for the case of FeLalpha,beta emission bands for pure Fe and iron oxides. For quantitative analysis, an analytical approach is presented where the measured soft x-ray emission bands are corrected for self absorption before extracting the intensities from the experimental data. C1 Univ Sydney, Australian Key Ctr Microscopy & Microanal, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Ecole Natl Mecan & Microtech, Lab Microanal Surfaces, Besancon, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, URA 736, Paris, France. Univ Sydney, Electron Microscopy Unit, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Univ Technol Sydney, Microstruct Anal Unit, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. RP Remond, G (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Australian Key Ctr Microscopy & Microanal, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM guy.remond@net-up.com; rmykleb@fred.net; fialin@ccr.jussieu.fr; clive@emu.usyd.edu.au; matthew.phillips@uts.edu.au; lms-sec@ens2m.fr RI IPGP, Geosciences Marines/F-8780-2010; OI Phillips, matthew/0000-0003-1522-9281 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 509 EP 529 DI 10.6028/jres.107.044 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100008 PM 27446750 ER PT J AU Small, JA AF Small, JA TI The analysis of particles at low accelerating voltages (<= 10 kV) with energy daspersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE electron probe analysis; low voltage analysis; particle analysis; scanning electron microscopy; x-ray microanalysis AB In recent years, there have been a series of advancements in electron beam instruments and x-ray detectors which may make it possible to improve significantly the quality of results from the quantitative electron-probe analysis of individual particles. These advances include: (1) field-emission gun electron beam instruments such as scanning electron microscopes (FEG-SEMs) that have high brightness electron guns with excellent performance at low beam energies, E-o less than or equal to 10 keV and (2) high-resolution energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometers, like the microcalorimeter detector, that provide high-resolution (< 10 eV) parallel x-ray collection. These devices make it possible to separate low energy (< 4 keV) x-ray lines including the K lines of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen and the L and M lines for elements with atomic numbers in the range of 25 to 83. In light of these advances, this paper investigates the possibility of using accelerating voltages less than or equal to 10 kV, as a method to improve the accuracy of elemental analysis for micrometer-sized particles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Small, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.small@nist.gov NR 13 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 13 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 555 EP 566 DI 10.6028/jres.107.047 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100011 PM 27446753 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI X-ray microanalyses in the variable pressure (environmental) scanning electron microscope SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry; environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM); variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM); x-ray mapping; x-ray microanalysis; x-ray spectrometry AB Electron-excited x-ray microanalysis performed in the variable pressure and environmental scanning electron microscopes is subject to additional artifacts beyond those encountered in the conventional scanning electron microscope. Gas scattering leads to direct contributions to the spectrum from the environmental gas, as well as remote generation of x rays by electrons scattered out of the focussed beam. The analyst can exert some degree of control over these artifacts, but depending on the exact situation, spurious elements can appear at the trace (< 0.01 mass fraction), minor (0.01 mass fraction to 0.1 mass fraction), or even major (> 0.1 mass fraction) levels. Dispersed particle samples give the least compromised results, while fine scale microstructures are the most severely compromised. Procedures to optimize the situation based upon specimen preparation as well as spectral processing are described. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 567 EP 603 DI 10.6028/jres.107.048 PG 37 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100012 PM 27446754 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI Barriers to quantitative electron probe x-ray microanalysis for low voltage scanning electron microscopy SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE electron probe x-ray microanalyzer; energy dispersive spectrometry; low voltage microanalysis; scanning electron microscope; wavelength dispersive spectrometry; x-ray spectrometry AB Low voltage x-ray microanalysis, defined as being performed with an incident beam energy less than or equal to5 keV, can achieve spatial resolution, laterally and in depth, of 100 nm or less, depending on the exact selection of beam energy and the composition of the target. The shallow depth of beam penetration, with the consequent short path length for x-ray absorption, and the low overvoltage, the ratio of beam energy to the critical ionization energy, both contribute to minimizing the matrix effects in quantitative x-ray microanalysis when the unknown is compared to pure element standards. The low beam energy restricts the energy of the atomic shells that can be excited, forcing the analyst to choose unfamiliar shells/characteristic peaks. The low photon energy shells are subject to low fluorescence yield, so that the peak-to-continuum background is reduced, severely limiting detectability. The limited resolution of semiconductor energy dispersive spectrometry results in frequent peak interference situations and further exacerbates detection limits. Future improvements to the x-ray spectrometry limitations are possible with x-ray optics-augmented wavelength dispersive spectrometry and microcalorimeter energy dispersive spectrometry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 605 EP 619 DI 10.6028/jres.107.049 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100013 PM 27446755 ER PT J AU Windsor, ES Carlton, RA Gillen, G Wight, SA Bright, DS AF Windsor, ES Carlton, RA Gillen, G Wight, SA Bright, DS TI Copper oxide precipitates an NBS Standard Reference Maternal 482 SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE copper-gold alloy; electron probe microanalysis; metallography; NBS Standard Reference Material 482; oxide inclusions; sample preparation; secondary ion mass spectrometry ID ELECTRON-PROBE MICROANALYSIS AB Copper oxide has been detected in the copper containing alloys of NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) 482. This occurrence is significant because it represents heterogeneity within a standard reference material that was certified to be homogeneous on a micrometer scale. Oxide occurs as elliptically to spherically shaped precipitates whose size differs with alloy composition. The largest precipitates occur in the Au20-Cu80 alloy and range in size from submicrometer up to 2 mum in diameter. Precipitates are observed using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). SIMS has demonstrated that the precipitates are present within all the SRM 482 wires that contain copper. Only the pure gold wire is precipitate free. Initial results from the analysis of the Au20-Cu80 alloy indicate that the percentage of precipitates is less than 1 % by area. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of large (2 mum) precipitates in this same alloy indicates that precipitates are detectable by EPMA and that their composition differs significantly from the certified alloy composition. The small size and low percentage of these oxide precipitates minimizes the impact that they have upon the intended use of this standard for electron probe microanalysis. Heterogeneity caused by these oxide precipitates may however preclude the use of this standard for automated EPMA analyses and other microanalysis techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Elan Drug Delivery Inc, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA. RP Windsor, ES (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.windsor@nist.gov; j.gillen@nist.gov; scott.wight@nist.gov; david.bright@nist.gov NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 663 EP 679 DI 10.6028/jres.107.053 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100017 PM 27446759 ER PT J AU Marinenko, RB AF Marinenko, RB TI NIST standards for microanalysis and the certification process SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Accuracy Barrier in Quantitative EPMA and the Role of Standards CY APR 08-11, 2002 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Microbeam Anal Soc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE certification; electron microprobe; microanalysis standards; microhomogeneity; microheterogeneity; standard reference materials for microanalysis AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been involved in the development of standards for microanalysis since the middle of the 1960s. Certification of "traceable" standards that can be sold to other laboratories is time-consuming and costly, especially when the extent of microheterogeneity within each specimen becomes part of the uncertainty assigned to the certified values. The process of certification of microanalysis standards and the improvements that have facilitated the process with the development of automation and computerization are reviewed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marinenko, RB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 107 IS 6 BP 687 EP 691 DI 10.6028/jres.107.055 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 643NJ UT WOS:000180867100019 PM 27446761 ER PT J AU Evans, DJ Rondoni, L AF Evans, DJ Rondoni, L TI Comments on the entropy of nonequilibrium steady states SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE chaos; fractal; entropy; nonequilibrium steady state ID PERIODIC LORENTZ GAS; CHAOTIC MAP APPROACH; FLUCTUATION THEOREM; DYNAMICAL ENSEMBLES; SYSTEMS; EQUIVALENCE; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT; MECHANICS; BALANCE AB We discuss the entropy of nonequilibrium steady states. We analyze the so-called spontaneous production of entropy in certain reversible deterministic nonequilibrium system, and its link with the collapse of such systems towards an attractor that is of lower dimension than the dimension of phase space. This means that in the steady state limit, the Gibbs entropy diverges to negative infinity. We argue that if the Gibbs entropy is expanded in a series involving 1, 2,... body terms, the divergence of the Gibbs entropy is manifest only in terms involving integrals whose dimension is higher than, approximately, the Kaplan-Yorke dimension of the steady state attractor. All the low order terms are finite and sum in the weak field limit to the local equilibrium entropy of linear irreversible thermodynamics. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Politecn Torino, Dept Math, I-10129 Turin, Italy. RP Evans, DJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM evans@rsc.anu.edu.au RI Evans, Denis/C-1653-2009 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-4715 J9 J STAT PHYS JI J. Stat. Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 109 IS 3-4 BP 895 EP 920 DI 10.1023/A:1020435219996 PG 26 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 599FT UT WOS:000178324000029 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS AF Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS TI Determining crystal habits from observations of planar sections SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SHAPE AB A method is described for reconstructing the habits of crystals embedded in a second phase from observations of random planar sections of known orientation. We have generated simulated observations based on five assumed crystal habits and found that it is possible to reconstruct the shape from 100-1000 planar sections, depending on the relative area of each facet. Habit planes comprising as little as 3% of the crystal's area have been detected and axial ratios accurately determined. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rohrer, GS (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 9 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 11 BP 2799 EP 2804 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 614HC UT WOS:000179181400028 ER PT J AU Davies-Jones, R AF Davies-Jones, R TI Linear and nonlinear propagation of supercell storms SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; UPDRAFT ROTATION; DYNAMICAL STRUCTURE; SQUALL-LINE; THUNDERSTORM; EVOLUTION; PRESSURE; HELICITY; INITIATION AB A nonlinear formula for updraft motion in supercell storms is derived from Petterssen's formula for the motion of systems and the vertical equation of motion, and tested on form-preserving disturbances. At each level, continuous propagation of an updraft maximum is determined largely by the horizontal gradient of the nonhydrostatic vertical pressure-gradient force (NHVPGF) at the updraft center. The NHVPGF is deduced from the formal solution of the Poisson equation for nonhydrostatic pressure in anelastic flow subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions at the ground and top boundary. Recourse also is made to published fields of partitioned vertical pressure-gradient force. Updraft motion is partitioned into parts forced by horizontal gradients of hydrostatic pressure, linear interaction between the environmental shear and updraft, and nonlinear dynamical effects. The dynamics of supercell storms for nearly straight and highly curved hodographs are found to be different. Nonlinear rotationally induced propagation is important during storm splitting in fairly unidirectional shear where the vortex pair, formed at midlevels by lifting of environmental vortex tubes, straddles the initial updraft. After the initial storm splits into severe right-moving (SR) and left-moving (SL) supercells, anomalous motion is maintained by the distribution of the NHVPGF. For the SR storm, the NHVPGF is upward below the cyclonic vortex on the right side of the updraft and downward on the left side. The anticyclonic vortex on the left side of this storm migrates to the downdraft and so does not affect updraft propagation. For a storm in shear that turns markedly clockwise with height, the cyclonic vortex is nearly coincident with the updraft, while the anticyclonic vortex is located in the downdraft so that the horizontal gradient of nonlinear NHVPGF at the updraft center associated with rotationally induced propagation is relatively small. Linear shear-induced propagation now becomes the dominant mechanism. At each level, propagation off the hodograph to the concave side increases with updraft width. Once the propagation has been deduced, tilting of storm-relative environmental streamwise vorticity explains the origins of overall updraft rotation in all cases. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Davies-Jones, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 59 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 59 IS 22 BP 3178 EP 3205 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)059<3178:LANPOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 607BB UT WOS:000178769600003 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL Jones, RL Lin, EK Soles, CL Wu, WL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M AF Lenhart, JL Jones, RL Lin, EK Soles, CL Wu, WL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M TI Probing surface and bulk chemistry in resist films using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN) CY MAY 28-31, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA ID CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS; DEEP-ULTRAVIOLET RESISTS; AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION AB The performance of chemically amplified photoresists is extremely sensitive to interfacial and surface phenomena, which cause deviations in the pattern profile near an interface. Striking examples include T-topping or closure near the air/resist interface and footing or undercutting near the resist/substrate interface. One focus of our research is to identify mechanisms that cause lithographic patterns to deviate near interfaces. Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is a powerful tool that can be developed and adapted to probe for detailed chemical information near lithographically relevant interfaces. NEXAFS showed that our model resist films exhibited significant surface segregation of the photo acid generator (PAG) at the air interface. The PAG surface mole fraction was 20-70 times greater than the bulk mole fraction and the amount of surface segregation was dependent on the polarity of the polymer. NEXAFS also revealed that the PAG surface fraction was reduced after a postexposure bake. In the absence of delay times between processing steps, the PAG surface enhancement led to a faster deprotection reaction rate near the air, interface relative to the bulk. However, when significant postexposure delay times were incorporated into the processing, NEXAFS showed that the surface deprotection reaction was incomplete after postexposure baking. Comparison of carbon K-edge, and oxygen K-edge NEXAFS spectra showed that the incomplete surface reaction was localized at the air interface. While delay effects have previously been linked to deterioration of resist performance, NEXAFS proved to be a valuable tool for providing detailed chemical specificity about the resist surface composition and deprotection kinetics. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,Bldg 897,Mail Stop 1411, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE,, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 20 IS 6 BP 2920 EP 2926 DI 10.1116/1.1524970 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 633WJ UT WOS:000180307300135 ER PT J AU Grantham, S Tarrio, C Lucatorto, TB AF Grantham, S Tarrio, C Lucatorto, TB TI Accurate reflectometry for extreme-ultraviolet lithography at the National Institute of Standards and Technology SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Conference on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN) CY MAY 28-31, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA ID LIGHT-SOURCE AB The most demanding application of extreme ultraviolet multilayer optics is in lithography. The optics in current alpha-class tools are large, and the multilayer coatings must have both optimized reflectance and extremely high uniformity. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology we have recently commissioned a very large sample chamber at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility storage ring. This dedicated reflectometer is capable of carrying out complete surface maps of alpha- and beta-class tools for the extreme-ultraviolet lithography community. We have conducted a rigorous characterization of the system by varying the output spectrum of our storage ring in conjunction with multiple filter and detector combinations. This exercise has resulted in an accurate model of the effects of out-of-band radiation and scattering on the measured reflectivity. The model can be directly applied to raw data measured under any typical operating conditions to reduce the uncertainty of our measurements to 0.3%. We will report the findings of the characterization along with the resulting model and sample measurements, which show that the requisite accuracy and precision in reflectivity required for beta-class tools has been achieved. We will also present measurements of large-sized curved multilayer samples. Finally, we will report on an upgrade to the beamline's monochromator, which is currently in progress. This will improve the stability that will yield the wavelength precision, needed for all planned extreme-ultraviolet lithography tools. C1 NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grantham, S (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE,, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 20 IS 6 BP 3080 EP 3084 DI 10.1116/1.1526351 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 633WJ UT WOS:000180307300167 ER PT J AU Whalen, TM Sadek, F Simiu, E AF Whalen, TM Sadek, F Simiu, E TI Database-assisted design for wind: basic concepts and software development SO JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE building technology; database-assisted design; building codes; structural engineering; wind engineering; wind loads ID BUILDINGS; LOADS AB Standard provisions for wind loads on buildings have traditionally been based on summary tables and/or plots suitable for slide-rule calculations. The accuracy in the definition of wind loads inherent in such tables and plots is far lower than that inherent in current methods for stress computation. Advances in computational power now make it possible to reduce this discrepancy and achieve structural designs for wind that are significantly safer and more economical than current designs. This is true both for routine, low-rise structures and for flexible structures experiencing significant dynamic effects. In this paper, we present the concept of database-assisted design (DAD) along with a discussion of the application software Wind Load Design Environment, a user-friendly tool for designers and code writers that employs the DAD approach. The DAD approach entails the use of large databases of aerodynamic pressures, the optional use of databases of directional extreme wind speeds, and the use of structural information needed for the description of linear or nonlinear structural behavior. We present progress achieved to date, describe current efforts and future needs, and discuss the implications of DAD for reliability-based design and performance-based standards development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Whalen, TM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 1284 Civil Engn Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6105 J9 J WIND ENG IND AEROD JI J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 90 IS 11 BP 1349 EP 1368 AR PII S0167-6105(02)00353-7 DI 10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00353-7 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 608EY UT WOS:000178833500010 ER PT J AU Hare, JA Churchill, JH Cowen, RK Berger, TJ Cornillon, PC Dragos, P Glenn, SM Govoni, JJ Lee, TN AF Hare, JA Churchill, JH Cowen, RK Berger, TJ Cornillon, PC Dragos, P Glenn, SM Govoni, JJ Lee, TN TI Routes and rates of larval fish transport from the southeast to the northeast United States continental shelf SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; WARM-CORE RING; CROSS-FRONTAL EXCHANGE; GULF-STREAM WATER; CAPE-HATTERAS; SLOPE WATER; NEW-ENGLAND; VARIABILITY; HYDROGRAPHY; ASSEMBLAGES AB Larval fish originating south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, are frequently found on the continental shelf north of Cape Hatteras, even as far north as the Scotian shelf. The Gulf Stream and associated warm-core rings are hypothesized as the physical mechanisms responsible for the northward transport of larvae. Specifically, larvae spawned along the southeast U.S. continental shelf are entrained into the Gulf Stream, transported to the northeast, regularly incorporated in warm-core ring streamers, transported across the slope region, and released along the shelf edge north of Cape Hatteras. This proposed transport route was evaluated using hydrographic data and drifter tracks that were collected as part of other studies. Continental shelf water that originated south of Cape Hatteras was found along the edge of the Gulf Stream north of Cape Hatteras, and drifter tracks demonstrated each segment of the proposed transport route. A probability model was then developed to estimate transport times for larvae carried over the proposed transport route using a combination of sea surface temperature images, statistics of drifter transport speeds, and a larval mortality function. Modeled transport time distributions closely matched observed age distributions of larvae, further supporting the hypothesized transport route. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOS, NCCOS, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Raleigh, NC 27605 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Battelle Ocean Sci, Duxbury, MA 02332 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Hare, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOS, NCCOS, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 62 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1774 EP 1789 PG 16 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 622ME UT WOS:000179650200021 ER PT J AU Flatt, RJ Ferraris, CF AF Flatt, RJ Ferraris, CF TI Acoustophoretic characterization of cement suspensions SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID ZETA; PARTICLES AB Acoustophoresis has been used to study the evolution of the surface potential of hydrating cement suspensions because it is potentially capable of measuring zeta potentials of cement suspensions at concentrations high enough not to modify ion/particle interactions, which is not the case for most other methods. Measurements were Performed using cement with and without addition of high-range water reducing admixture (HRWRA). In this paper it will be shown that quantitative determination of the potential is rendered difficult by the large size of cement particles as well as by ongoing hydration reactions. Other benefits of the technique will be discussed. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci, Powder Technol Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Flatt, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RI Flatt, Robert/D-3295-2013 OI Flatt, Robert/0000-0002-5609-8487 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 35 IS 253 BP 541 EP 549 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 629MW UT WOS:000180054300005 ER PT J AU DeWerd, LA Micka, JA Laird, RW Pearson, DW O'Brien, M Lamperti, P AF DeWerd, LA Micka, JA Laird, RW Pearson, DW O'Brien, M Lamperti, P TI The effect of spectra on calibration and measurement with mammographic ionization chambers SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE mammographic radiation dose; dosimetry; radiation measurement; ionization chamber; half value layer; breast radiography AB Mammographic imaging uses x-ray tubes with molybdenum, rhodium, or tungsten anodes with the produced bremsstrahlung filtered by thin sheets of molybdenum, rhodium, or aluminum. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratories, and several manufacturers offer calibrations of mammography ionization chambers with reference x-ray beams with different radiation qualities in the range 23-40 kVp. The energy response of ten commercially available chambers was determined for these reference radiation qualities using the Attix variable-length free-air chamber. The evaluated chambers are designed with thin entrance windows of varying thickness and composition. The chambers show variation in their air kerma response as a function of beam radiation quality. This response with beam radiation quality may affect the measurement of clinical beam half value layer (HVL) and the determination of the mean glandular dose. The combined effect of the chamber's energy dependence and HVL measurement affects the mean glandular dose calculation resulting in differences ranging from -1.8% to +2.5%. (C) 2002 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Radiat Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeWerd, LA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Radiat Calibrat Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1 R01 CA60575-01 A1] NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2649 EP 2654 DI 10.1118/1.1517612 PG 6 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 617CG UT WOS:000179342200023 PM 12462732 ER PT J AU Elliott, JT Tona, A Jones, PL Plant, AL AF Elliott, JT Tona, A Jones, PL Plant, AL TI Highly reproducible fibrillar and non-fibrillar Type I collagen surfaces induce a distribution of responses in smooth muscle cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol Physiol & Biotechnol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80262 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 382 BP 68A EP 68A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569100382 ER PT J AU Chapados, R Sisbarro, L Mckean, DM Merklinger, S Elliot, J Plant, A Jones, PL AF Chapados, R Sisbarro, L Mckean, DM Merklinger, S Elliot, J Plant, A Jones, PL TI Vascular smooth muscle cell tenascin-C expression depends upon cell shape: Role of Rho GTPases SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 1935 BP 344A EP 344A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569101934 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Sanders, F AF Schultz, DM Sanders, F TI Upper-level frontogenesis associated with the birth of mobile troughs in northwesterly flow SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RAPIDLY INTENSIFYING CYCLONES; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CONCEPTUAL MODELS; ATLANTIC ERICA; CLIMATOLOGY; ENERGETICS; SYSTEMS; WAVES AB Previous studies have shown that 500-hPa mobile trough births (or genesis) occur preferentially in northwesterly flow during upper-level frontogenesis, and that cold advection assists in, and is a product of, mobile trough intensification. This study focuses on the synoptic environments and thermal-advection patterns of upper-level fronts associated with mobile trough births in northwesterly flow. A climatology of 186 such events, derived from an earlier study by Sanders, shows that most births tend to occur within uniform or diffluent flow and that most tend to be associated with relatively weaker 500-hPa thermal advection. Most mobile trough births in diffluence, however, tend to be associated with increasing 500-hPa cold advection, typically indicated by a cyclonic rotation of isentropes, whereas, most mobile trough births in confluence tend to be associated with weaker 500-hPa thermal advection. Two cases of upper-level frontogenesis associated with mobile trough genesis-one in diffluence and one in confluence-are compared to determine the processes acting to produce the differing thermal-advection patterns at 500 hPa. A thermal-advection tendency equation is developed and shows that the magnitude of the temperature advection can be changed by accelerating the advecting wind speed or by changing the temperature gradient (i.e., vector frontogenesis). The latter can be accomplished either by changing the magnitude of the temperature gradient (the frontogenetical component F-n, also known as scalar frontogenesis) or by rotating the direction of the temperature gradient relative to the flow (the rotational component F-s). The dominant processes acting on Fn for the diffluence and confluence cases are tilting and deformation frontogenesis, respectively. The dominant process acting on Fs for the diffluence case is rotation of the isentropes due to the vorticity term, whereas rotation of the isentropes due to the vorticity and tilting terms are both important for the confluence case. The rotational component of frontogenesis is cyclonic downstream of the vorticity maximum for both cases, favoring increasing cold advection downstream of the vorticity maximum. For both cases, the rate of rotation of the isentropes at a point due to horizontal advection is large and that due to vertical advection is negligible. Since advection can only transport the existing isentrope angle and cannot change the isentrope angle, the rotational component of frontogenesis normalized by the temperature gradient is the only term that can increase the isentrope angle following the flow. This term dominates in the diffluence case but is small in the confluence case. This diagnosis suggests the following reasoning. In diffluent flow, the vorticity associated with the incipient trough is compacted into a more circular shape and intensifies. The potent vorticity maximum leads to robust isentrope rotation. In confluent flow, however, the vorticity is deformed into an elongated maximum, inhibiting both strong isentrope rotation and increasing cold advection. Thus, the rotational frontogenesis component explains the rotation of the isentropes that is responsible for the differing thermal-advection patterns. Diagnosis of these cases supports the results from the climatology indicating a strong relationship between the synoptic environment and the upper-tropospheric thermal-advection pattern. Nevertheless, current conceptual models of upper-level frontogenesis do not fully explain the variety of these features in the real atmosphere. In particular, mobile trough genesis and its associated upper-level frontogenesis can occur in weak 500-hPa thermal-advection patterns, in contrast to the confluence and cold advection that have been previously identified as important to upper-level frontal intensification. This result provides further support for the possibility that generation and intensification of mobile troughs can occur by barotropic processes. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 11 BP 2593 EP 2610 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2593:ULFAWT>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599RZ UT WOS:000178350100004 ER PT J AU Dowell, DC Bluestein, HB AF Dowell, DC Bluestein, HB TI The 8 June 1995 McLean, Texas, storm. Part I: Observations of cyclic tornadogenesis SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; TORNADIC STORMS; WIND FIELDS; AIRBORNE; MESOCYCLOGENESIS; THUNDERSTORMS; SUPERCELL; VORTEX-95; DYNAMICS AB On 8 June 1995 scientists participating in the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) collected airborne Doppler radar data in a storm that produced a family of tornadoes near McLean, Texas. The Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) scanned three significant tornadoes during their formative and mature stages; one of the tornadoes was of F4/F5 intensity. Evidence from pseudo-dual-Doppler analyses of the ELDORA data reveals a process of cyclic tornado formation qualitatively similar to that depicted in previous conceptual models. In particular, the rear-flank gust front appears to play a major role in determining the location of the next vortex in the series. When a tornado forms, a small region (3-5 km wide) of outflow surges ahead of the tornado, producing a local bulge in the gust front. A new vorticity maximum may form near the leading edge of the outflow. In contrast to what is suggested by earlier conceptual models, intersection of the rear-flank gust front with a wind shift along the forward flank does not appear to be a necessary element in the formation of the new vortex. Previous studies have shown that if low-level outflow from the rear flank of a storm surges well ahead of the midlevel updraft, initiation of new deep, moist convection downshear along the gust front may be necessary for storm survival. In contrast, in the McLean storm, the rear gust front did not move ahead of the location of the midlevel updraft. The persistence of the main updraft may have fostered a rapid cyclic process. The first and second tornadoes each, in short time, became separated from the main updraft. In contrast, the third large tornado in the family (the fourth overall) remained with the main updraft and persisted for over 1 h. Reasons for the transition of the cyclic phase into the long-lived phase will be discussed in Part II of this paper. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Dowell, DC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Dowell, David/E-7855-2015 NR 70 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 11 BP 2626 EP 2648 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2626:TJMTSP>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599RZ UT WOS:000178350100006 ER PT J AU Dowell, DC Bluestein, HB AF Dowell, DC Bluestein, HB TI The 8 June 1995 McLean, Texas, storm. Part II: Cyclic tornado formation, maintenance, and dissipation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM; ROTATION; VORTEX; DYNAMICS; FIELD; PROPAGATION; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; ORIGINS AB On 8 June 1995, scientists participating in the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) collected a unique dataset with the Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA). The ELDORA observations document the sequential life cycles of storm-scale circulations associated with three large tornadoes in a supercell thunderstorm near McLean, Texas. A qualitative description of the evolution of the storm was provided in Part I of this paper. During the first stage of development of each storm-scale circulation, interaction of the updraft with the environmental low-level horizontal vorticity produced a vorticity column that increased in intensity with height. As the vortex matured, vorticity increased greatly at low levels (i.e., below 2 km AGL) and exceeded that aloft. Each tornadic vortex was located near the rear side of the updraft, where the surrounding low-level horizontal vorticity was modified locally, most likely by weak baroclinity within the storm. Tilting of low-level horizontal vorticity into the vertical, followed by stretching of the vertical vorticity, occurred in the air parcels that entered the rear portion of the main storm updraft from its left (as viewed in the direction of storm motion). Although the region of tilting was near the interface of the main updraft and that portion of the downdraft to the left of the updraft, there is no direct evidence in the observations (above 500 m AGL) of generation of cyclonic vertical vorticity by tilting in the downdraft itself. For this storm, the cyclic tornadogenesis process was associated with a mismatch between the horizontal motion of successive tornadoes and the horizontal velocity of the main storm-scale updraft and downdraft. Low-level updraft-relative flow seemed to be the most important factor in determining tornado motion. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Dowell, DC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Dowell, David/E-7855-2015 NR 59 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 11 BP 2649 EP 2670 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2649:TJMTSP>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599RZ UT WOS:000178350100007 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Snyder, C Morss, RE AF Hamill, TM Snyder, C Morss, RE TI Analysis-error statistics of a quasigeostrophic model using three-dimensional variational assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; SEQUENTIAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PRIMITIVE-EQUATION MODEL; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; RANGE FORECAST ERRORS; SINGULAR VECTORS; ANALYSIS SCHEME; RADIOSONDE DATA; COVARIANCE AB A perfect model Monte Carlo experiment was conducted to explore the characteristics of analysis error in a quasigeostrophic model. An ensemble of cycled analyses was created, with each member of the ensemble receiving different observations and starting from different forecast states. Observations were created by adding random error (consistent with observational error statistics) to vertical profiles extracted from truth run data. Assimilation of new observations was performed every 12 h using a three-dimensional variational analysis scheme. Three observation densities were examined, a low-density network (one observation similar to every 20(2) grid points), a moderate-density network (one observation similar to every 10(2) grid points), and a high-density network (similar to every 5(2) grid points). Error characteristics were diagnosed primarily from a subset of 16 analysis times taken every 10 days from a long time series, with the first sample taken after a 50-day spinup. The goal of this paper is to understand the spatial, temporal, and some dynamical characteristics of analysis errors. Results suggest a nonlinear relationship between observational data density and analysis error; there was a much greater reduction in error from the low- to moderate-density networks than from moderate to high density. Errors in the analysis reflected both structured errors created by the chaotic dynamics as well as random observational errors. The correction of the background toward the observations reduced the error but also randomized the prior dynamical structure of the errors, though there was a dependence of error structure on observational data density. Generally, the more observations, the more homogeneous the errors were in time and space and the less the analysis errors projected onto the leading backward Lyapunov vectors. Analyses provided more information at higher wavenumbers as data density increased. Errors were largest in the upper troposphere and smallest in the mid- to lower troposphere. Relatively small ensembles were effective in capturing a large percentage of the analysis-error variance, though more members were needed to capture a specified fraction of the variance as observation density increased. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climat Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 56 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 11 BP 2777 EP 2790 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2777:AESOAQ>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599RZ UT WOS:000178350100014 ER PT J AU Davis, MW Olla, BL AF Davis, MW Olla, BL TI Mortality of lingcod towed in a net as related to fish length, seawater temperature, and air exposure: A laboratory bycatch study SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; OTTER-TRAWL; SURVIVAL; SABLEFISH; CAUGHT; CONCORDANCE; STRESS; LIGHT; SEA AB The mortality of discarded bycatch is a critical problem in the management of fisheries worldwide. Little is known about the key principles involved in the mortality of discarded bycatch. These principles are best elaborated under controlled conditions in the laboratory where the actions and interactions of stressors found in fishing practices can be investigated independently. The goal of this study was to investigate the principles involved in the mortality of lingcod Ophiodon elongatus by testing hypotheses concerning the factors that may control trawl bycatch mortality. Lingcod were towed in a net and exposed to increased seawater temperature and to air, two stressors that occur during the processes of trawl capture, retrieval through a thermocline, and landing on deck. Mortality occurred after exposure to more than 45 min in air, after exposure to 4 h towing in a net followed by more than 30 min in air, or after 4 h towing followed by exposure to seawater above 16.0degreesC for 30 min and air for 15 min. In treatments of equal stressor intensity, smaller fish (41-51 cm total length) had higher rates of mortality than larger fish (52-67 cm). The effects of net towing and air-as well as of towing, increased seawater temperature, and air-were additive. Lingcod bycatch mortality may be reduced by decreasing trawling times and exposure to increased seawater and air temperatures during warmer seasons or by restricting fisheries that produce bycatch to seasons of cooler temperatures. The sorting, handling, and release of bycatch on deck after capture may be conducted in a manner that would probably enhance survival if fish are released within 30 min of capture. Because smaller lingcod had higher rates of mortality, further information about the mortality rates of relevant size-classes of fish is needed to validate the assumptions of management rules for released, undersized bycatch that are designed to enhance recruitment. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1095 EP 1104 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1095:MOLTIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100003 ER PT J AU Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P AF Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P TI Multispecies perspectives on the Bering Sea groundfish fisheries management regime SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID VIRTUAL POPULATION ANALYSIS AB The need to understand the multispecies implications of various harvesting regimes is becoming more important as fishery managers move toward ecosystem-based management. We explore the possible effects that different exploitation rates may have on eastern Bering Sea groundfish using a multispecies simulation context that incorporates predator-prey relationships. At present, some groundfish species in the eastern Bering Sea are exploited up to the recommended levels of allowable biological catch, whereas others, for economic or bycatch limitation reasons, are only lightly exploited. We explore the possible long-term multispecies implications of different exploitation patterns on the biomass and yield of several groundfish species using predator-prey suitability estimates derived from multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) in a multispecies simulation modeling context and compare those predictions with those from single-species forecasting models. Three different fishing scenarios that included eight species in the eastern Bering Sea were implemented in these models. In one scenario, the present exploitation rates were used for the model simulations; in the second scenario, all exploited species were more evenly exploited by fishing each species at its recommended allowable biological catch levels; and in the third scenario, there was no fishing for all the species. Results from the single-species and multispecies model simulations mostly showed the same direction of population trends. However, the magnitude of change was different for some species, which can be ascribed mainly to predation interactions. Greater differences were seen between the simulations that used the present exploitation rates and those in which no fishing occurred. The multispecies simulations that included predation interactions predicted much lower equilibrium population sizes for prey species populations under conditions of no fishing than did single-species simulations that did not take predator-prey relationships into account. These results show that multispecies models provide new insights into the implications of single-species harvesting strategies, particularly for prey species that are also the target of commercial fisheries. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jurado-Molina, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jjurado@u.washington.edu NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1164 EP 1175 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1164:MPOTBS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100009 ER PT J AU Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Intelmann, SS Corbett, SC Arbogast, MC Hjort, RC AF Hughes, RM Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Intelmann, SS Corbett, SC Arbogast, MC Hjort, RC TI Electrofishing distance needed to estimate fish species richness in raftable Oregon rivers SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; NUMBER; DISTRIBUTIONS; EXTRAPOLATION; BIODIVERSITY; LAKES AB One critical issue surrounding river biomonitoring is the minimum amount of sampling distance required to adequately represent the fish assemblage of a reach. Determining adequate sampling distance is important because it affects the estimates of fish assemblage integrity and diversity at the local and regional scales. We sought to answer the sampling distance question by. sampling 45 raftable Oregon river reaches for an entire day and then assessing the minimum effort needed to collect 95% of the species obtained in 75% of the reaches sampled. We also resampled 10 reaches to estimate the measurement and sampling period errors. Fish were collected by means of an electrofishing raft, and physical and chemical habitats were sampled to aid in data interpretation. The collected numbers of species were typically only 0-3 species fewer than those predicted for true species richness by simulated species accumulation curves and nonparametric models. We concluded that a sampling distance equal to 85 times the mean wetted channel width produced repeatable results and 95% of the fish species that were usually collected in 100 channel widths or 8 h. Collection of all fish species in a reach was estimated to require an average of 300 channel widths. C1 Dynamac, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. NOAA, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. Comp Sci Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hughes, RM (reprint author), Dynamac, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 38 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1229 EP 1240 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1229:EDNTEF>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100015 ER PT J AU Zabel, RW Levin, PS AF Zabel, RW Levin, PS TI Simple assumptions on age composition lead to erroneous conclusions on the nature of density dependence in age-structured populations SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; population modeling; population regulation; resource management; time series data ID ECOLOGICAL TIME-SERIES; STOCHASTIC-PROCESSES; SEQUENTIAL CENSUSES; COD POPULATIONS; RECRUITMENT; EXTINCTION; DYNAMICS; FISH; BIAS; MORTALITY AB Ecologists have debated the nature of density dependence in natural populations for decades, and efforts to detect density dependence from time series of abundance data have paralleled these debates. Yet due to the correlative nature of time series data, these undertakings have been statistically problematic. Most analyses of density dependence have focused on simple population models (i.e., non-overlapping generations), but in reality most vertebrates exhibit more complex life histories, and this complexity has been incorporated into population models in a variety of ways. Unfortunately, adding complexity to population models can further exacerbate efforts to detect density dependence. We examined the effect of adding age structure when inadequate data exist in support; to demonstrate this effect, we adopted Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) as our study organism. Most salmon populations are semelparous and have variable age at maturity. Salmon populations (and many other fish species populations) are typically modeled in terms of numbers of recruits arising from spawners in a given brood year. Recruits are enumerated as they return as adults to spawn, and proper assignment of recruits to brood year requires age information. Unfortunately, while adult counts are common, detailed age information is not. A common practice is to apply long-term averages of age composition to returning adults to "reconstruct" time series of recruits. Here, by conducting simulations and analyzing data from natural populations, we demonstrated that this practice leads to a biased portrayal of density dependence by overestimating recruits from small spawning classes and underestimating recruits from large spawning classes. Also, productivity was overestimated and variance was underestimated, which could lead to overly optimistic predictions of extinction risk or overharvesting. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Zabel, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1007/s00442-002-1051-0 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611UE UT WOS:000179035500010 ER PT J AU Netz, PA Starr, FW Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE AF Netz, PA Starr, FW Barbosa, MC Stanley, HE TI Relation between structural and dynamical anomalies in supercooled water SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Horizons in Complex Systems CY DEC, 2001 CL MESSINA, ITALY DE water; supercooled; anomalies ID LIQUID WATER; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; SLOW DYNAMICS; PRESSURE; MODEL; MOBILITY; DENSITY; SPECTRA; DEFECTS; MOTION AB We step toward the elucidation of the relation between the structural and dynamic anomalies in supercooled water. We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) model of water for the translational and rotational diffusion and for the number of neighbors and hydrogen bonds. We find that the product of diffusion coefficient and relaxation time is nearly constant. The coupling between the two mobilities is explained in the framework of the structural anomalies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UFRGS, Inst Fis, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ULBRA, Dept Quim, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Barbosa, MC (reprint author), UFRGS, Inst Fis, Caixa Postal 15051, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RI Netz, Paulo/B-1921-2010; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Barbosa, Marcia/C-8809-2012 OI Netz, Paulo/0000-0003-4242-0591; Barbosa, Marcia/0000-0001-5663-6102 NR 33 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 314 IS 1-4 BP 470 EP 476 AR PII S0378-4371(02)01083-X DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01083-X PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 619XL UT WOS:000179502800064 ER PT J AU Berger, CL Lupo, AR Browning, P Bodner, M Chambers, MD Rayburn, CC AF Berger, CL Lupo, AR Browning, P Bodner, M Chambers, MD Rayburn, CC TI A climatology of northwest Missouri snowfall events: Long-term trends and interannual variability SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE interannual variability; snowfalls; climatology; El Nino ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; US LANDFALLING HURRICANES; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES; SST ANOMALIES; ENSO; TELECONNECTIONS; ATLANTIC AB The goal of this study was to develop a 50-yr. statistical climatology of snowfall occurrences using data from a dense network of cooperative station observations covering northwest and central Missouri, and these records were provided by the Missouri Climate Center. This included a study of the long-term trends and interannual variability in snowfall occurrence as related to sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific Ocean basin associated with the El Ni (n) over tildeo and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO). These trends and variations were then related to four synoptic-scale flow regimes that produce these snowfalls in the Midwest. The results demonstrate that during the snowfall season (Oct-April) the northwest Missouri region can expect about eight snowfall events which produce greater than or equal to3 in. (>7.5 cm) of accumulation. While no significant long-term trend in overall snowfall occurrence was found, a decrease in the number of extreme events (greater than or equal to10 in., >25 cm) was noted. Also, fewer snowfall events were found during El Ni (n) over tildeo years, while more heavy snowfall events occurred during "neutral" years, and these results could be related to synoptic-scale variability. A closer examination of the results demonstrated that El Ni (n) over tildeo/La Ni (n) over tildea related variability in snowfall occurrence was superimposed on longer-term NPO-related variability. Interannual variability. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. AgDay Televis, South Bend, IN 46624 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Pleasant Hill, MO 64080 USA. RP Berger, CL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Atmospher Sci, 389 Gentry Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 23 IS 6 BP 427 EP 448 DI 10.2747/0272-3646.23.6.427 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 718PC UT WOS:000185154700001 ER PT J AU Fatemi, FK Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E AF Fatemi, FK Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E TI Ultracold ground-state molecule production in sodium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID 2-COLOR PHOTOASSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; POTASSIUM MOLECULES; NA-2; TEMPERATURES; COLLISIONS; MECHANISM; LI-7(2); ATOMS AB We have observed the formation of ground-state Na-2 molecules via the spontaneous decay of excited molecules created by the photoassociation of ultracold atoms. We measure the binding energies of molecules created in three hyperfine components of the lowest singlet and triplet potentials of Na-2 by two different methods. Two of the features are purely triplet a (3)Sigma(u)(+) (v=15) (quasibound) states that have not been previously observed, while the third is a mixed X (1)Sigma(g)(+)-a (3)Sigma(u)(+) state. The molecules are detected with high-resolution cw laser ionization techniques and binding energies are measured to within 10 MHz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 31 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 AR 053401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.053401 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 622DU UT WOS:000179631900083 ER PT J AU Harber, DM Lewandowski, HJ McGuirk, JM Cornell, EA AF Harber, DM Lewandowski, HJ McGuirk, JM Cornell, EA TI Effect of cold collisions on spin coherence and resonance shifts in a magnetically trapped ultracold gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; FREQUENCY-SHIFT; HYDROGEN; FOUNTAIN AB We have performed precision microwave spectroscopy on ultracold Rb-87 confined in a magnetic trap, both above and below the Bose-condensation transition. The cold collision frequency shifts for both normal and condensed clouds were measured, which allowed the intrastate and interstate density correlations (characterized by sometimes controversial "factors of 2") to be determined. Additionally, temporal coherence of the normal cloud was studied, and the importance of mean-field and velocity-changing collisions in preserving coherence is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 18 TC 139 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 AR 053616 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.053616 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 622DU UT WOS:000179631900114 ER PT J AU Migdall, AL Branning, D Castelletto, S AF Migdall, AL Branning, D Castelletto, S TI Tailoring single-photon and multiphoton probabilities of a single-photon on-demand source SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PRACTICAL QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; ENTANGLED PHOTONS; KEY DISTRIBUTION; FREE-SPACE; PAIRS; TIME AB As typically implemented, single-photon sources cannot be made to produce single photons with high probability, while simultaneously suppressing the probability of yielding two or more photons. Because of this, single-photon sources cannot really produce single photons on demand. We describe a multiplexed system that allows the probabilities of producing one and more photons to be adjusted independently, enabling a much better approximation of a source of single photons on demand. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Migdall, AL (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011 NR 23 TC 132 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 AR 053805 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.053805 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 622DU UT WOS:000179631900123 ER PT J AU Sklarz, SE Friedler, I Tannor, DJ Band, YB Williams, CJ AF Sklarz, SE Friedler, I Tannor, DJ Band, YB Williams, CJ TI Flat-phase loading of a Bose-Einstein condensate into an optical lattice SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB It has been proposed that the adiabatic loading of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) into an optical lattice via the Mott-insulator transition can be used to initialize a quantum computer [D. Jaksch , Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3108 (1998)]. The loading of a BEC into the lattice without causing band excitation is readily achievable; however, unless one switches on an optical lattice very slowly, the optical lattice causes a phase to accumulate across the condensate. We show analytically and numerically that a cancellation of this effect is possible by adjusting the harmonic trap force constant of the magnetic trap appropriately, thereby facilitating quick loading of an optical lattice for quantum computing purposes. A simple analytical theory is developed for a nonstationary BEC in a harmonic trap. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sklarz, SE (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 14 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 AR 053620 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.053620 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 622DU UT WOS:000179631900118 ER PT J AU Gaulin, BD Mao, M Wiebe, CR Qiu, Y Shapiro, SM Broholm, C Lee, SH Garrett, JD AF Gaulin, BD Mao, M Wiebe, CR Qiu, Y Shapiro, SM Broholm, C Lee, SH Garrett, JD TI Spin and lattice excitations in the heavy-fermion superconductor UNi2Al3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INCOMMENSURATE MAGNETIC ORDER; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDER; SYSTEM URU2SI2; SI-29 NMR; UPD2AL3; FLUCTUATIONS; PRESSURE; UPT3; TRANSITIONS AB Inelastic neutron scattering measurements have been carried out on the heavy fermion superconductor UNi2Al3. This hexagonal material orders magnetically into an incommensurate structure, characterized by the ordering wave vector Q(ord)=(1/2+/-tau, 0, 1/2) with tausimilar to0.11, below T-N=4.6 K and then superconducts below T-C=1.2 K. For energies above 2 meV, we observe quasielastic magnetic neutron scattering both near (0, 0, n/2) and in ridges along H of the form (H, 0, n/2), with n odd. This scattering has a characteristic energy width of similar to6 meV, and evolves on a temperature scale of similar to80 K, which is close to the coherence temperature of this heavy fermion metal. High energy resolution measurements, below 2 meV, show the spectral weight of these fluctuations to evolve from the commensurate wavevector (0, 0, n/2), with n odd, to the material's incommensurate ordering wave vector as the energy of the fluctuations decreases. This observation is particularly interesting in light of the fact that UNi2Al3's isostructural sister heavy fermion superconductor, UPd2Al3, orders into a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with this same (0, 0, n/2) wave vector. A search for inelastic magnetic scattering associated with the superconducting phase transition, as has been observed in UPd2Al3, revealed no additional scattering at the incommensurate ordering wavevector and energies above 0.10 meV. Measurements of the low-lying acoustic phonons were also performed, and show zone boundary energies lying in the range 10-13 meV. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada. RP McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 17 AR 174520 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.174520 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 621VL UT WOS:000179611700104 ER PT J AU Buck, RP Rondinini, S Covington, AK Baucke, FGK Brett, CMA Camoes, MF Milton, MJT Mussini, T Naumann, R Pratt, KW Spitzer, P Wilson, GS AF Buck, RP Rondinini, S Covington, AK Baucke, FGK Brett, CMA Camoes, MF Milton, MJT Mussini, T Naumann, R Pratt, KW Spitzer, P Wilson, GS TI Measurement of pH. Definition, standards, and procedures SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-JUNCTION POTENTIALS; COMPUTER CALCULATION; CONCENTRATED KCL; SALT BRIDGE; ELECTRODES; CHLORIDE; VALUES; WATER; RECOMMENDATIONS; CELL AB The definition of a "primary method of measurement" [1] has permitted a full consideration of the definition of primary standards for pH, determined by a primary method (cell without transference, Harried cell), of the definition of secondary standards by secondary methods, and of the question whether pH, as a conventional quantity, can be incorporated within the internationally accepted system of measurement, the International System of Units (SI, Systeme International d'Unites). This approach has enabled resolution of the previous compromise IUPAC 1985 Recommendations [2]. Furthermore, incorporation of the uncertainties for the primary method, and for all subsequent measurements, permits the uncertainties for all procedures to be linked to the primary standards by an unbroken chain of comparisons. Thus, a rational choice can be made by the analyst of the appropriate procedure to achieve the target uncertainty of sample pH. Accordingly, this document explains IUPAC recommended definitions, procedures, and terminology relating to pH measurements in dilute aqueous solutions in the temperature range 5-50 degreesC. Details are given of the primary and secondary methods for measuring pH and the rationale for the assignment of pH values with appropriate uncertainties to selected primary and secondary substances. C1 Univ Milan, Dipartimento Chim Fis & Elettrochim, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Newcastle Univ, Dept Chem, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Schott Glaswerke, D-55014 Mainz, Germany. Univ Coimbra, Dept Quim, P-3004535 Coimbra, Portugal. Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim & Bioquim, SPQ,DQBFCUL, P-1700 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Phys Lab, Ctr Opt & Environm Metrol, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Kansas, Dept Chem, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Rondinini, S (reprint author), Univ Milan, Dipartimento Chim Fis & Elettrochim, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RI Camoes, Maria/A-8003-2008; Brett, Christopher/D-1676-2014; Rondinini, Sandra/S-6149-2016 OI Camoes, Maria/0000-0001-8582-8904; Brett, Christopher/0000-0002-1972-4434; Rondinini, Sandra/0000-0002-1585-7221 NR 53 TC 245 Z9 247 U1 5 U2 44 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2169 EP 2200 DI 10.1351/pac200274112169 PG 32 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 656FM UT WOS:000181598200016 ER PT J AU Chaychian, M Jones, C Poster, D Silverman, J Neta, P Huie, R Al-Sheikhly, M AF Chaychian, M Jones, C Poster, D Silverman, J Neta, P Huie, R Al-Sheikhly, M TI Radiolytic dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in transformer oil and in marine sediment SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Pacifichem 2000 Meeting CY DEC 14-19, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HAWAII DE ionizing radiation; gamma radiation; electron beam; polychlorinated biphenyls; sediment; transformer oil ID GAMMA-RAY DESTRUCTION; PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; RADICAL CATIONS; PCB; IRRADIATION; DEGRADATION; 2-PROPANOL; SOLVENT AB Radiolytic dechlorination. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil and in marine sediments has been studied. At low PCB concentrations, complete degradation of the PCBs in transformer oil was achieved without degradation of the oil. Addition of an organic base, triethylamine, enhances the radiolytic dechlorination yield. The mechanism of dechlorination has been shown to involve electron transfer to PCBs from various aromatic radical anions formed in the irradiated oil. At high PCB concentrations, large amounts of triethylamine were necessary to achieve complete radiolytic dechlorination. Preliminary results on PCB-contaminated marine sediments demonstrate that addition of 2-propanol to the sediment/water slurry increases the effectiveness of the electron beam treatment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Washington, DC 20555 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Al-Sheikhly, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 65 IS 4-5 BP 473 EP 478 AR PII S0969-806X(02)00359-6 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(02)00359-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 618NB UT WOS:000179423200023 ER PT J AU Van Doornik, DM AF Van Doornik, DM TI Patterns of temporal genetic variation in coho salmon: Estimates of the effective proportion of 2-year-olds in natural and hatchery populations SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; CONSERVATION GENETICS; BREEDING-BEHAVIOR; CHINOOK SALMON; DNA VARIATION; SIZE; TACTICS AB The majority of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch south of central British Columbia spawn when they are 3 years old, so gene flow among brood years occurs predominately when precocious 2-year-old males (jacks) spawn successfully. To determine how much gene flow among brood years is occurring, we evaluated temporal differences in allozyme allele frequencies in four coho salmon populations in Washington State. Forty-three loci were polymorphic in the 26 samples, totaling 2,328 fish, that were collected from three naturally spawning populations and one hatchery population over 7 years. Our results indicate a greater degree of geographic variation among populations than temporal variation within populations, suggesting that population genetic analyses that depend on spatial variation can be done on natural coho salmon populations even in the absence of temporal sampling. Using a modification of the temporal method for estimating effective population size, we estimated the effective proportion of 2-year-olds to be 35% for each of the naturally spawning populations and 2% for the hatchery population. These results suggest that precocity is a viable and important life history strategy in the naturally spawning coho salmon populations we studied. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Van Doornik, DM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 61 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 131 IS 6 BP 1007 EP 1019 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<1007:POTGVI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 643VE UT WOS:000180881100001 ER PT J AU Baldocchi, DD Wilson, KB Gu, LH AF Baldocchi, DD Wilson, KB Gu, LH TI How the environment, canopy structure and canopy physiological functioning influence carbon, water and energy fluxes of a temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest-an assessment with the biophysical model CANOAK SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function CY JUL 11-19, 2001 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Int Union Forest Res Org, Canopy Processes Working Grp, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, NASA HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE biocomplexity; biosphere-atmosphere interactions; canopy photosynthesis; ecophysiology; evaporation ID VEGETATION-ATMOSPHERE CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PLANT CANOPIES; VAPOR EXCHANGE; GAS-EXCHANGE; LEAF-AREA; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROPERTIES; INTERCELLULAR CO2; SOIL RESPIRATION; PONDEROSA PINE AB This paper focuses on how canopy structure, its physiological functioning and the environment interact to control and drive the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor between a temperate forest stand and the atmosphere. First, we present an overview of how temporal and spatial variations in canopy structure (e.g., leaf area index, species, leaf inclination angles, leaf clumping) and physiological functioning (e.g., maximal stomatal conductance, photosynthetic capacity) modulate CO2 and water vapor fluxes. Then, with the biophysical model CANOAK, we quantify the effects of leaf dimension and thickness, vertical variations in leaf area and photosynthetic capacity, leaf clumping, leaf inclination angles, photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance and weather on the annual SUMS of CO2, water vapor and sensible heat exchange. Finally, we discuss how much detail is needed in a model to predict fluxes of Co-2 and water vapor with acceptable fidelity. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Baldocchi, DD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738 NR 104 TC 107 Z9 111 U1 2 U2 24 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 15-16 BP 1065 EP 1077 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 615HE UT WOS:000179239100004 PM 12414367 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Wetherald, RT AF Milly, PCD Wetherald, RT TI Macroscale water fluxes - 3. Effects of land processes on variability of monthly river discharge SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE temporal variability; spectral analysis; snowmelt; storage; residence time AB A salient characteristic of river discharge is its temporal variability. The time series of flow at a point on a river can be viewed as the superposition of a smooth seasonal cycle and an irregular, random variation. Viewing the random component in the spectral domain facilitates both its characterization and an interpretation of its major physical controls from a global perspective. The power spectral density functions of monthly flow anomalies of many large rivers worldwide are typified by a "red noise'' process: the density is higher at low frequencies (e.g., <1 y(-1)) than at high frequencies, indicating disproportionate (relative to uncorrelated "white noise'') contribution of low frequencies to variability of monthly flow. For many high-latitude and arid-region rivers, however, the power is relatively evenly distributed across the frequency spectrum. The power spectrum of monthly flow can be interpreted as the product of the power spectrum of monthly basin total precipitation (which is typically white or slightly red) and several filters that have physical significance. The filters are associated with (1) the conversion of total precipitation (sum of rainfall and snowfall) to effective rainfall (liquid flux to the ground surface from above), (2) the conversion of effective rainfall to soil water excess (runoff), and (3) the conversion of soil water excess to river discharge. Inferences about the roles of each filter can be made through an analysis of observations, complemented by information from a global model of the ocean-atmosphere-land system. The first filter causes a snowmelt-related amplification of high-frequency variability in those basins that receive substantial snowfall. The second filter causes a relatively constant reduction in variability across all frequencies and can be predicted well by means of a semiempirical water balance relation. The third filter, associated with groundwater and surface water storage in the river basin, causes a strong reduction in high-frequency variability of many basins. The strength of this reduction can be quantified by an average residence time of water in storage, which is typically on the order of 20-50 days. The residence time is demonstrably influenced by freezing conditions in the basin, fractional cover of the basin by lakes, and runoff ratio (ratio of mean runoff to mean precipitation). Large lake areas enhance storage and can greatly increase total residence times (100 to several hundred days). Freezing conditions appear to cause bypassing of subsurface storage, thus reducing residence times (0-30 days). Small runoff ratios tend to be associated with arid regions, where the water table is deep, and consequently, most of the runoff is produced by processes that bypass the saturated zone, leading to relatively small residence times for such basins (0-40 days). C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 38 IS 11 AR 1235 DI 10.1029/2001WR000761 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637RX UT WOS:000180527800017 ER PT J AU Orkin, VL Louis, F Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ AF Orkin, VL Louis, F Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ TI Photochemistry of bromine-containing fluorinated alkenes: Reactivity toward OH and UV spectra SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; RADICALS; OZONE AB The rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the fluorinated alkenes containing one Br atom (CFBr=CF2, CHBr=CF2, CH2=CBr-CF3, CH2=CBr-CF2-CF3, and, CH2=CH-CF2-CF2Br), as well as CF2=CF2, were measured using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range 250-370 K to give the following Arrhenius expressions: k(C2F3Br)(T) = (2.02(-0.12)(+0.12)) X 10(-12) exp{(396 +/- 18)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(C2HF2Br)(T) = (1.30(-0.18)(+0.22)) X 10(-12) exp{(370 +/- 47)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(C3H2F3Br)(T) =(1.36(-01.14)(+0.17)) X 10(-12) exp{(317 +/- 34)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(C4H2F5Br)(T) = (0-98(-0.26)(+0.35)) X 10(-12) exp{(369 +/- 90)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(C4H3F4Br)(T) (0.85(-0.12)(+0.15)) X 10(-12) exp{(201 +/- 46)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); kC2F4(T) = (3.39(-0.12)(+0.22)) X 10(-12) exp{(323 +/- 11)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Ultraviolet absorption spectra of these brominated fluoroalkanes and bromoethene were measured between 164 and 276 nm. On the basis of these results, the atmospheric lifetimes were estimated to be 1.4, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 7.0, and 1.1 days, respectively. The general pattern of haiolalkene reactivity toward OH is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Energy Problems Chem Phys, Moscow 117829, Russia. RP Orkin, VL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012; OI Louis, Florent/0000-0002-9533-557X NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 31 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 43 BP 10195 EP 10199 DI 10.1021/jp014436s PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 608XW UT WOS:000178873900017 ER PT J AU Svoronos, PDN Bruno, TJ AF Svoronos, PDN Bruno, TJ TI Carbonyl sulfide: A review of its chemistry and properties SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS; GLOBAL SULFUR CYCLE; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC-OCEAN; COS HYDROLYSIS; HYDROGEN-SULFIDE; GASEOUS SULFUR; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; ALUMINA CATALYSTS; SECONDARY-AMINES AB A number of years have elapsed since the last comprehensive review of the chemical properties of carbonyl sulfide (COS) was presented in 1957. Since that time, some important new issues have arisen regarding this fluid. The presence of COS in industrial product streams has always been an important consideration for chemical engineers. An example of a relatively new industrial issue is the presence of naturally occurring COS in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is believed that the hydrolysis of this COS is the cause of corrosion and compliance-testing failures in the LPG industry. New applications of COS have arisen in recent years, such as its use as an agricultural fumigant. Environmental issues also have become more of a concern recently. These issues, as well as many other chemical and physical property issues in science and industry, make this an appropriate time to revisit the chemistry of this interesting fluid, paying special attention to recent observations. In this review, we treat the chemical preparation of COS, its major physical properties, and its major chemical reactions, and then we discuss engineering consequences, applications, and environmental issues. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CUNY Queensborough Community Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 11364 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 243 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 8 U2 52 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD OCT 30 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 22 BP 5321 EP 5336 DI 10.1021/ie020365n PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 608NU UT WOS:000178853400001 ER PT J AU Kokkelmans, SJJMF Holland, MJ AF Kokkelmans, SJJMF Holland, MJ TI Ramsey fringes in a Bose-Einstein condensate between atoms and molecules SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; FIELDS AB In a recent experiment, a Feshbach scattering resonance was exploited to observe Ramsey fringes in a Rb-85 Bose-Einstein condensate. The oscillation frequency corresponded to the binding energy of the molecular state. We show that the observations are remarkably consistent with predictions of a resonance field theory in which the fringes arise from oscillations between atoms and molecules. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kokkelmans, SJJMF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 14 TC 119 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 28 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 18 AR 180401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.180401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 604LH UT WOS:000178622000001 PM 12398584 ER PT J AU Smith, KS Boccaletti, G Henning, CC Marinov, I Tam, CY Held, IM Vallis, GK AF Smith, KS Boccaletti, G Henning, CC Marinov, I Tam, CY Held, IM Vallis, GK TI Turbulent diffusion in the geostrophic inverse cascade SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID BETA-PLANE TURBULENCE; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; ENERGY-SPECTRA; FLOWS; GENERATION; VORTICES; SURFACE; SCALAR; RANGE; JETS AB Motivated in part by the problem of large-scale lateral turbulent heat transport in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, and in part by the problem of turbulent transport itself, we seek to better understand the transport of a passive tracer advected by various types of fully developed two-dimensional turbulence. The types of turbulence considered correspond to various relationships between the streamfunction and the advected field. Each type of turbulence considered possesses two quadratic invariants and each can develop an inverse cascade. These cascades can be modified or halted, for example, by friction, a background vorticity gradient or a mean temperature gradient. We focus on three physically realizable cases: classical two-dimensional turbulence, surface quasi-geostrophic turbulence, and shallow-water quasi-geostrophic turbulence at scales large compared to the radius of deformation. In each model we assume that tracer variance is maintained by a large-scale mean tracer gradient while turbulent energy is produced at small scales via random forcing, and dissipated by linear drag. We predict the spectral shapes, eddy scales and equilibrated energies resulting from the inverse cascades, and use the expected velocity and length scales to predict integrated tracer fluxes. When linear drag halts the cascade, the resulting diffusivities are decreasing functions of the drag coefficient, but with different dependences for each case. When beta is significant, we find a clear distinction between the tracer mixing scale, which depends on beta but is nearly independent of drag, and the energy-containing (or jet) scale, set by a combination of the drag coefficient and beta. Our predictions are tested via high-resolution spectral simulations. We find in all cases that the passive scalar is diffused down-gradient with a diffusion coefficient that is well-predicted from estimates of mixing length and velocity scale obtained from turbulence phenomenology. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Smith, KS (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. OI Smith, K Shafer/0000-0003-0740-3067 NR 40 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 13 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD OCT 25 PY 2002 VL 469 BP 13 EP 48 DI 10.1017/S0022112002001763 PG 36 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 610NC UT WOS:000178965700002 ER PT J AU Lelieveld, J Berresheim, H Borrmann, S Crutzen, PJ Dentener, FJ Fischer, H Feichter, J Flatau, PJ Heland, J Holzinger, R Korrmann, R Lawrence, MG Levin, Z Markowicz, KM Mihalopoulos, N Minikin, A Ramanathan, V de Reus, M Roelofs, GJ Scheeren, HA Sciare, J Schlager, H Schultz, M Siegmund, P Steil, B Stephanou, EG Stier, P Traub, M Warneke, C Williams, J Ziereis, H AF Lelieveld, J Berresheim, H Borrmann, S Crutzen, PJ Dentener, FJ Fischer, H Feichter, J Flatau, PJ Heland, J Holzinger, R Korrmann, R Lawrence, MG Levin, Z Markowicz, KM Mihalopoulos, N Minikin, A Ramanathan, V de Reus, M Roelofs, GJ Scheeren, HA Sciare, J Schlager, H Schultz, M Siegmund, P Steil, B Stephanou, EG Stier, P Traub, M Warneke, C Williams, J Ziereis, H TI Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BACKGROUND OZONE; PEM-TROPICS; AEROSOL; PACIFIC; CLIMATE; TRANSPORT; RAINFALL; SULFUR AB The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. German Weather Serv, Meteorol Observ, D-82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Univ Mainz, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm, I-21020 Ispra, Va, Italy. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Warsaw Univ, Inst Geophys, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Crete, Environm Chem Proc Lab, Iraklion 71409, Greece. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. Lab Environm & Climate Sci, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lelieveld, J (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. EM lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI sciare, jean/A-9529-2008; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Borrmann, Stephan/E-3868-2010; Minikin, Andreas/A-3904-2011; Berresheim, Harald/F-9670-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos/H-5327-2016; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012 OI Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Minikin, Andreas/0000-0003-0999-4657; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos/0000-0002-1282-0896; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X NR 47 TC 545 Z9 552 U1 8 U2 82 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 25 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5594 BP 794 EP 799 DI 10.1126/science.1075457 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 607KR UT WOS:000178791200050 PM 12399583 ER PT J AU Ramond, TM Blanksby, SJ Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Davico, GE Schwartz, RL Lineberger, WC Ellison, GB AF Ramond, TM Blanksby, SJ Kato, S Bierbaum, VM Davico, GE Schwartz, RL Lineberger, WC Ellison, GB TI Heat of formation of the hydroperoxyl radical HOO via negative ion studies SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE ACIDITY; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRON-AFFINITY; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; THERMOCHEMISTRY; PHOTODETACHMENT; CHEMISTRY; SPECTRUM; H2O2; OH AB We present a determination of Delta(f)H(298)(HOO) based upon a negative. ion thermodynamic cycle. The photoelectron spectra of HOO- and DOO- were used to measure the molecular electron affinities (EAs). In a separate experiment, a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT) was used to measure the forward and reverse rate constants for HOO- + HCdropCH reversible arrow HOOH + HCdropC(-) at 298 K, which gave a value for Delta(acid)H(298)(HOO-H). The experiments yield the following values: EA(HOO) = 1.078 +/- 0.006 eV; T-0((X) over tilde HOO - (A) over tilde HOO) = 0.872 +/- 0.007 eV; EA(DOO) = 1.077 +/- 0.005 eV; T-0((X) over tilde DOO - (A) over tilde DOO) = 0.874 +/- 0.007 eV; Delta(acid)G(298)(HOO-H) = 369.5 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1); and Delta(acid)H(298)(HOO-H) = 376.5 +/- 0.4 kcal mol(-1). The acidity/EA thermochemical cycle yields values for the bond enthalpies of DH298(HOO-H) = 87.8 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1) and Do(HOO-H) = 86.6 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1). We recommend the following values for the heats of formation of the hydroperoxyl radical: Delta(f)H(298)(HOO) = 3.2 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(0)(HOO) = 3.9 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1); we recommend that these values supersede those listed in the current NIST-JANAF thermochemical tables. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bierbaum, VM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Blanksby, Stephen/C-8388-2013 OI Blanksby, Stephen/0000-0002-8560-756X NR 42 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 24 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 42 BP 9641 EP 9647 DI 10.1021/jp014614h PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 607LA UT WOS:000178792000003 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, KK TI New empirical procedures for improving ab initio energetics SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; DISSOCIATION-ENERGY; IONIZATION-ENERGY; THERMOCHEMISTRY; CHEMISTRY; EXCHANGE; ENTHALPY; SYSTEM AB Empirical schemes are developed for correcting the energies resulting from a moderately high-level ab initio calculation. Each method involves only a few adjustable parameters, which are determined by fitting a set of 31 high-spin atomization energies. Parameters are developed only for elements through the 2p block. The methods are based upon (1) bond lengths, (2) the electron densities at mid-bond critical points, (3) correlation energy scaling, (4) basis-set extrapolation, and (5) the number and spin of the valence electrons. A hybrid method, in which correlation energy is scaled by a factor that depends on the mid-bond electron densities, is also investigated. Each type of correction achieves a marked improvement over ab initio atomization energies; the first two are especially effective. Additional expressions are developed to represent the expected (la) uncertainties for predicted atomization energies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 24 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 42 BP 9910 EP 9917 DI 10.1021/jp025706p PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 607LA UT WOS:000178792000035 ER PT J AU Brown, CM Manson, JL AF Brown, CM Manson, JL TI Solid-state ligand dynamics in interpenetrating Mn[N(CN)(2)](2)(pyrazine): A neutron spectroscopy study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DICYANAMIDE N(CN)(2)(-); STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; 3-D NETWORK; SCATTERING; CO; PYRAZINE; DENSITY; MOTION; PYZ AB We have used quasielastic neutron scattering to probe the solid-state ligand dynamics in the coordination polymer Mn[N(CN)(2)](2)(pyz) {pyz = pyrazine} which has double-interpenetrating 3D lattices. A reversible structural phase transition occurs at 410 K as shown by neutron spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The origin of this transition is linked to rotational dynamics associated with the bridging pyz ligands. At 425 K, the pyrazine ring motion can be solely regarded as a 180degrees reorientational jump about the axis defined by the Mn-N coordinative bonds, occurring with a correlation time of similar to70 ps. This model can be extended to the 200-410 K temperature region using high-resolution backscattering spectroscopy to measure an identical motion on the time scale of nanoseconds with an activation energy of 24 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1). In contrast, no quasielastic scattering is seen for the 2D layered variant beta-Cu[N(CN)(2)](2)-(pyz), owing to its more compact layer packing motif. Importantly, this work represents the very first study of solid-state rotational dynamics in an interpenetrating lattice structure. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, BIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manson, JL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 200,Room A193, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. EM jlmanson@anl.gov RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 33 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD OCT 23 PY 2002 VL 124 IS 42 BP 12600 EP 12605 DI 10.1021/ja017124b PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 605HU UT WOS:000178672900042 PM 12381205 ER PT J AU Bergeman, T Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Tiesinga, E Manaa, MR Wang, H Gould, PL Stwalley, WC AF Bergeman, T Julienne, PS Williams, CJ Tiesinga, E Manaa, MR Wang, H Gould, PL Stwalley, WC TI Predissociations in 0(u)(+) and 1(g) states of K-2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE VARIABLE REPRESENTATION; ALKALI-METAL DIMERS; SCATTERING LENGTHS; PHOTOASSOCIATIVE SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC-STATE; POTENTIAL CURVES; BOUND-STATES; LINE-SHAPES; ATOMS; COLLISIONS AB Recently Wang, Gould, and Stwalley [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 476 (1998)] showed by exciting atomic fragments that predissociation occurs in the 1(g) and 0(u)(+) states of K-2. In this study, we supplement the interpretation given in the original report with a more detailed discussion. The calculations presented here use discrete variable representation, close coupling, and semiclassical methods, and incorporate an ab initio calculation of diagonal and off-diagonal spin-orbit elements. The predicted predissociation widths for the 1(g) state are too narrow to be observed directly, but may be correlated with the strength of the spectral lines observed by exciting atomic fragments. The missing v=90 level of the 1(g) state in the observed fragmentation spectrum, where the predissociation rate is calculated to be nearly maximum, is attributed to a node in the absorption line strength close to this vibrational level. Since the available information on K-2 electronic states (despite recent progress) gives inadequate information on the inner walls of the A state and especially of the b state, calculations of predissociation in the 0(u)(+) state can give only a range of possible widths. We fit widths to 0(u)(+) spectral lines observed by monitoring trap loss. The fitted experimental widths are significantly larger than the maximum calculated predissociation widths, suggesting that there was line broadening associated with the laser power required for the observation. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Energet Mat Ctr, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Aerosp Corp, Elect & Photon Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Bergeman, T (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 58 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 22 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 16 BP 7491 EP 7505 DI 10.1063/1.1508375 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 602AW UT WOS:000178483400010 ER PT J AU Hammouda, B Ho, D Kline, S AF Hammouda, B Ho, D Kline, S TI SANS from poly(ethylene oxide)/water systems SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN; WATER; EQUILIBRIUM; PRESSURE; BEHAVIOR; PHASE; OXIDE AB The poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/water system is investigated using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). This system associates to form hydrogen-bonded clusters at high enough concentrations. Two correlation lengths are observed: one long range representing cluster sizes and the other short range representing polymer chain correlations. Clusters are formed at a volume fraction of 4% hPEO in D2O. An LCST transition is obtained between a mixed phase (through hydrogen bonding) and a demixed two-phase region. Solvent deuteration is seen to enhance hydrogen bonding. Deuteration of the polymer backbone is seen to enhance hydrophobic interactions. The average polymer contrast match method fails due to the isotopic dependence of specific interactions. Pressure was seen to lower the LCST by breaking hydrogen bonds. At even higher temperature (beyond the boiling point of water) a UCST transition was observed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hammouda, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562,Bldg 235,E151, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD OCT 22 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 22 BP 8578 EP 8585 DI 10.1021/ma011657n PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 606MP UT WOS:000178738000044 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Length scales of acceleration for locally isotropic turbulence SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REYNOLDS-NUMBER DEPENDENCE; HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE; PRESSURE STATISTICS; PARTICLE; SPECTRA; VELOCITY AB Length scales are determined that govern the behavior at small separations of the correlations of fluid-particle acceleration, viscous force, and pressure gradient. The length scales and an associated universal constant are quantified on the basis of published data. The length scale governing pressure spectra at high wave numbers is discussed. Fluid-particle acceleration correlation is governed by two length scales: one arises from the pressure gradient, the other from the viscous force. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Boradway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 21 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 17 AR 174501 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.174501 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 602AX UT WOS:000178483500025 ER PT J AU Yan, B Stamnes, K Toratani, M Li, W Stamnes, JJ AF Yan, B Stamnes, K Toratani, M Li, W Stamnes, JJ TI Evaluation of a reflectance model used in the SeaWiFS ocean color algorithm: implications for chlorophyll concentration retrievals SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; ANISOTROPICALLY SCATTERING ATMOSPHERES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER CALCULATIONS; REMOTELY-SENSED REFLECTANCE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENTS; THEORETICAL DERIVATION; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES AB For the atmospheric correction of ocean-color imagery obtained over Case I waters with the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) instrument the method currently used to relax the black-pixel assumption in the near infrared (NIR) relies on (1) an approximate model for the nadir NIR remote-sensing reflectance and (2) an assumption that the water-leaving radiance is isotropic over the upward hemisphere. Radiance simulations based on a comprehensive radiative-transfer model for the coupled atmosphere-ocean system and measurements of the nadir remote-sensing reflectance at 670 nm compiled in the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Algorithm Mini-Workshop (SeaBAM) database are used to assess the validity of this method. The results show that (1) it is important to improve the flexibility of the reflectance model to provide more realistic predictions of the nadir NIR water-leaving reflectance for different ocean regions and (2) the isotropic assumption should be avoided in the retrieval of ocean color, if the chlorophyll concentration is larger than approximately 6, 10, and 40 mg m(-3) when the aerosol optical depth is approximately 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3, respectively. Finally, we extend our scope to Case II ocean waters to gain insight and enhance our understanding of the NIR aspects of ocean color. The results show that the isotropic assumption is invalid in a wider range than in Case I waters owing to the enhanced water-leaving reflectance resulting from oceanic sediments in the NIR wavelengths. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Decis Syst Technol Inc, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Engn Phys, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Tokai Univ, Sch High Technol Human Welfare, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 4100395, Japan. Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. RP NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Decis Syst Technol Inc, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Banghua.Yan@noaa.gov NR 65 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 20 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 30 BP 6243 EP 6259 DI 10.1364/AO.41.006243 PG 17 WC Optics SC Optics GA 605GF UT WOS:000178668700001 PM 12396176 ER PT J AU Riley, P Linker, JA Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ Webb, DF AF Riley, P Linker, JA Mikic, Z Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ Webb, DF TI Evidence of posteruption reconnection associated with coronal mass ejections in the solar wind SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE solar wind; Sun : activity; Sun : corona; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : magnetic fields ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; SHOCK; EVOLUTION; STREAMER; CLOUDS; TOPOLOGY; WAVES; SHEET; CMES AB Using a coupled 2.5-dimensional, time-dependent MHD model of the solar corona and inner heliosphere, we have simulated the eruption and evolution of a coronal mass ejection containing a flux rope all the way from the Sun to 1 AU. Although idealized, we find that the simulation reproduces many generic features of magnetic clouds. In this paper we report on a new, intriguing aspect of these comparisons. Specically, the results suggest that jetted outflow, driven by posteruptive reconnection underneath the flux rope, occurs and may remain intact out to 1 AU and beyond. We present an example of a magnetic cloud with precisely these signatures and show that the velocity perturbations are consistent with reconnection outflow. We suggest that other velocity and/or density enhancements observed trailing magnetic clouds may be signatures of such reconnection and, in some cases, may not be associated with prominence material, as has previously been suggested. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. RP Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. EM pete.riley@saic.com NR 38 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 20 PY 2002 VL 578 IS 2 BP 972 EP 978 DI 10.1086/342608 PN 1 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 604JR UT WOS:000178617600027 ER PT J AU Bamford, HA Poster, DL Huie, RE Baker, JE AF Bamford, HA Poster, DL Huie, RE Baker, JE TI Using extrathermodynamic relationships to model the temperature dependence of Henry's law constants of 209 PCB congeners SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ENTHALPY-ENTROPY COMPENSATION; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; LAKE-MICHIGAN; DIFFUSIVE EXCHANGE; FLUXES; COEFFICIENTS AB Our previous measurements of the temperature dependencies of Henry's law constants of 26 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed a well-defined linear. relationship between the enthalpy and the entropy of phase change. Within a homologue group, the Henry's law constants converged to a common value at a specific isoequilibrium temperature. We use this relationship to model the temperature dependencies of the Henry's law constants of the remaining PCB congeners. By using experimentally measured Henry's law constants at 11 degreesC for 61 PCB congeners described in this paper combined with the isoequilibrium temperatures from our previous measurements of Henry's law constants of 26 PCB congeners, we have derived an empirical relationship between the enthalpies and the entropies of phase change for these additional PCB congeners. A systematic variation in the enthalpies and. entropies of phase change was found to be partially dependent on the chlorine number and substitution patterns on the biphenyl rings, allowing further estimation of the temperature dependence of Henry's law constants for the remaining 122 PCB congeners. The enthalpies of phase change for all 209 PCB congeners ranged between 10 and 169 kJ mol(-1), where the enthalpies of phase change decreased as the number of ortho chlorine substitutions on the biphenyl rings increased within homologue groups. These data are used to predict the temperature dependence of Henry's law constants for all 209 PCB congeners. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781 NR 48 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 20 BP 4395 EP 4402 DI 10.1021/es020599y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 603VK UT WOS:000178581300026 PM 12387414 ER PT J AU Koshimura, S Mofjeld, HO Gonzalez, FI Moore, AL AF Koshimura, S Mofjeld, HO Gonzalez, FI Moore, AL TI Modeling the 1100 bp paleotsunami in Puget Sound, Washington SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOWLAND AB Recent paleoseismic and geologic studies indicate that a tsunami occurred 1100 years ago in Puget Sound. This study aims to reproduce and validate the model tsunami, using a finite difference model based on nonlinear shallow water theory and abathymetry/topography computational grid that takes into account the 1-meter rise in sea level that has occurred in the region during the past 1100 years. Estimates of tsunami height, the extent of inundation, and the current velocity pattern are provided at the northern head of Cultus Bay, Whidbey Island, where paleotsunami sand deposits have been found. The model demonstrates that a tsunami generated when the background water level was at mean high water or above could have surged across the then-existing coastal marsh, penetrated the full length of the shallow bay, and deposited the observed sand layers. C1 Disaster Reduct & Human Renovat Inst, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6510073, Japan. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA. RP Koshimura, S (reprint author), Disaster Reduct & Human Renovat Inst, Chuo Ku, 1-5-2 Wakinohama Kaigan Dori, Kobe, Hyogo 6510073, Japan. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 20 AR 1948 DI 10.1029/2002GL015170 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639BL UT WOS:000180607700009 ER PT J AU Min, DH Bullister, JL Weiss, RF AF Min, DH Bullister, JL Weiss, RF TI Anomalous chlorofluorocarbons in the Southern California Borderland Basins SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; OCEAN; FLUX; SEAWATER; REMOVAL; CFC-11; WATER; AIR AB During the past two decades, unexpectedly high concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been observed in the bottom waters of the Southern California Borderland Basins (SCBB), with relatively constant spatial distribution patterns. In contrast to offshore waters in this region, CFC concentrations below the oxygen minimum layer (OML) in the deep SCBB increase with depth. The uniformity of the bottom-enhanced CFC signals and the near-zero levels of tritium suggest that this feature is likely maintained by release of CFCs from sediments and vertical mixing, and not by dumped CFC-bearing materials or an intrusion of recently ventilated waters. We hypothesize that CFC scavenging processes, either on particulate organic matter or hydrocarbon residues from the adjacent natural seeps, occur in these high-productivity near-surface coastal waters. The subsequent release of CFCs at the bottom boundary layer during the degradation of particulate material may cause the anomalous CFC distributions in the SCBB. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Min, DH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dongha@ocean.washington.edu NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 20 AR 1955 DI 10.1029/2002GL015408 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639BL UT WOS:000180607700016 ER PT J AU Rust, WD Trapp, RJ AF Rust, WD Trapp, RJ TI Initial balloon soundings of the electric field in winter nimbostratus clouds in the USA SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Presented are the first known vertical profiles of electric field, E, in six winter nimbostratus clouds in the USA. No lightning was detected while the E profiles were collected. Deep convection was embedded in one of the clouds that had been a thunderstorm. The maximum magnitude of the vertical component of the electric field, E-z, in the profiles ranged from 1 to 12 kV m(-1); the maximum horizontal component ranged from 0.2 to 28 kV m(-1). The latter indicates that the charge in the cloud was not horizontally homogeneous. The E-z versus altitude profiles have 1-3 peaks inside the clouds. From the profiles, we inferred up to four charge regions stacked vertically. Peaks in E-z are found in regions of melting as evidenced by radar bright bands: Both polarities of charge are inferred in the bright bands. Three nimbostratus clouds without melting precipitation also were electrified. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Rust, WD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Cir, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 20 AR 1959 DI 10.1029/2002GL015278 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 639BL UT WOS:000180607700020 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS AF Bennett, HS TI Multidimensional, closed-form analytic expressions for mobilities in Ga1-xAlxAs heterostructures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID P-TYPE GAAS; GALLIUM ALUMINUM ARSENIDE; MINORITY-ELECTRON AB A significant, practical challenge, which arises in developing computationally efficient physical models for use in computer simulations of microelectronic and optoelectronic devices (for example, transistors in digital cellular phones and in laser modulators, respectively), is to represent vast amounts of numerical data for transport properties in two or more dimensions in terms of closed- form analytic expressions. In this article, we use a methodology, which was presented in more detail previously, to achieve the above goal for a class of numerical data in a bounded two-dimensional space. We present here closed-form analytic expressions for the electron and hole mobilities at 300 K in p-type and n-type Ga1-xAlxAs as functions of dopant densities between 10(16) and 10(20) cm(-3) and mole fractions of AlAs with x between 0.0 and 0.3. This methodology and its associated principles, strategies, regression analyses, and graphics are expected to be applicable to other problems beyond the specific case of mobilities addressed in this article. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 8 BP 4475 EP 4485 DI 10.1063/1.1507815 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 599DC UT WOS:000178318000044 ER PT J AU Hodges, MP Wheatley, RJ Harvey, AH AF Hodges, MP Wheatley, RJ Harvey, AH TI Intermolecular potentials and second virial coefficients of the water-neon and water-argon complexes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; EXCESS-ENTHALPIES; ENERGY SURFACES; AR-H2O; HYDROGEN; AR; PRESSURES; ABINITIO; DIPOLE AB We construct potential-energy surfaces for the water-neon and water-argon complexes from scaled perturbation theory, and calibrate them using accurate supermolecule data. Our best estimates of the binding energies for these two systems are 66.9 and 142.7 cm(-1), respectively, where the latter value is in good agreement with the spectroscopically determined AW2 potential. We calculate second virial coefficients, B-12(T), and the related property phi(12)=B-12-T(dB(12)/dT), and compare our results with experimental data for water-argon. The perturbation theory and AW2 B-12(T) results are consistent, and demonstrate that current theoretical approaches yield more precise second virial coefficient data than any in the literature. Our phi(12) calculations are in good agreement with experimental results derived from enthalpy-of-mixing data, though our estimated uncertainties are significantly smaller. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hodges, MP (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RI Wheatley, Richard/K-6598-2015 OI Wheatley, Richard/0000-0002-2096-7708 NR 37 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 15 BP 7169 EP 7179 DI 10.1063/1.1504703 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 599CV UT WOS:000178317300033 ER PT J AU Efimenko, K Wallace, WE Genzer, J AF Efimenko, K Wallace, WE Genzer, J TI Surface modification of Sylgard-184 poly(dimethyl siloxane) networks by ultraviolet and ultraviolet/ozone treatment SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poly(dimethyl siloxane) networks; Sylgard-184; ultraviolet/ozone treatment; hydrophilic elastomers ID THIN-FILMS; ELASTOMERIC POLYMER; ORDERED STRUCTURES; SILICON-OXIDE; POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE; MONOLAYERS; SPECTROSCOPY; ORIENTATION; LITHOGRAPHY; NANOTUBES AB We report on the surface modification of Sylgard-184 poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) networks by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ultraviolet/ozone (UVO) treatment. The effects of the UV light wavelength and ambient conditions on the surface properties of Sylgard-184 are probed using a battery of experimental probes, including static contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and X-ray reflectivity. Our results reveal that when exposed to UV, the PDMS macromolecules in the surface region of Sylgard-184 undergo chain scission, involving both the main chain backbone and the side groups. The radicals formed during this process recombine and form a network whose wetting properties are similar to those of a UV-modified model PDMS. In contrast to the UV radiation, the UVO treatment causes very significant changes in the surface and near-surface structure of Sylgard-184. Specifically, the molecular oxygen and ozone created during the UVO process interact with the UV-modified specimen. As a result of these interactions, the surface of the sample contains a large number of hydrophilic (mainly-OH) groups. In addition, the material density within the first approximate to 5 nm reaches about 50% of that of pure silica. A major conclusion that can be drawn from the results and analysis described in this work is that the presence of the silica fillers in Sylgard-184 does not alter the surface properties of the UVO- and UV-modified Sylgard-184. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 52 TC 383 Z9 390 U1 22 U2 198 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 254 IS 2 BP 306 EP 315 DI 10.1006/jcis.202.8594 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 609ZC UT WOS:000178935400014 PM 12702402 ER PT J AU Deng, L Hagley, EW Payne, MG AF Deng, L Hagley, EW Payne, MG TI Optical wave group velocity reduction in sodium without on-resonance electromagnetically induced transparency SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION AB A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group velocity reduction is applied to a pure lifetime broadened sodium atomic system. In addition to the significant reduction of group velocity, probe field loss and smaller pulse distortion, as expected for such a scheme, we also investigate possible dipole moment combinations for the optimum probe pulse propagation. We show that the nuclear spin of sodium atomic system and proper laser coupling scheme can conspire to dramatically reduce the influence of any nearby state in a multi-level system, making it a nearly perfect 3-level system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Elect & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 212 IS 1-3 BP 101 EP 105 AR PII S0030-4018(02)01889-8 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01889-8 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 605UP UT WOS:000178695700015 ER PT J AU Fox, RW Hollberg, L AF Fox, RW Hollberg, L TI Role of spurious reflections in ring-down spectroscopy SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CAVITY AB Spurious coherent reflections from optical elements that re-enter an exit port of a two-mirror ring-down cavity can significantly change the effective reflectivity of the cavity mirrors, thus altering the cavity decay time. For a 25-cm-long Fabry-Perot cavity with a decay constant of 40 mus, we find that a specular reflection of only 10(-4) of the transmitted ring-down power that is mode matched back toward the cavity could change the decay time by as much as +/-0.4 mus, depending on the phase of the returning reflection. The perturbation of the decay time is proportional to the electric field, so a decrease in the spurious reflected power of 100 times will result in a perturbation that is only 10 times smaller. We demonstrate the effect with a cw system by purposely introducing a spurious reflection. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fox, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 20 BP 1833 EP 1835 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001833 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 603LP UT WOS:000178561300029 PM 18033378 ER PT J AU Ramond, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Bartels, A AF Ramond, TM Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Bartels, A TI Phase-coherent link from optical to microwave frequencies by means of the broadband continuum from a 1-GHz Ti : sapphire femtosecond oscillator SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASER; GENERATION; SPECTROSCOPY; ULTRAVIOLET; HG-199(+); PULSES AB An optical clockwork is created with a compact 1-GHz repetition-rate laser and three nonlinear crystals. The broadband continuum output of the laser covers sufficient bandwidth to provide direct access to its carrier-envelope offset frequency without the use of a microstructure fiber. We phase lock the femtosecond comb to a Ca optical standard and monitor the stability of the repetition rate, f(r), at 1 GHz. We demonstrate that the short-term stability of the microwave output of the optical clock is at least as good as that of a high-performance hydrogen maser. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Halbleitertech, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. RP Ramond, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, MS 846-10,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Bartels, Albrecht/B-3456-2009; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 15 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 20 BP 1842 EP 1844 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001842 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 603LP UT WOS:000178561300032 PM 18033381 ER PT J AU Jones, RJ Ye, J AF Jones, RJ Ye, J TI Femtosecond pulse amplification by coherent addition in a passive optical cavity SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIS; LASERS AB By simultaneously controlling repetition and carrier frequencies, one can achieve the phase coherent super-position of a collection of successive pulses from a mode-locked laser. An optical cavity can be used for coherent delay and constructive interference of sequential pulses until a cavity dump is enabled to switch out the amplified pulse. This approach will lead to an effective amplification process through decimation of the original pulse rate while the overall coherence from the oscillator is preserved. Detailed calculations show the limiting effects of intracavity dispersion and indicate that enhancement of sub-100-fs pulses to microjoule energies is experimentally feasible. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 10 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 20 BP 1848 EP 1850 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001848 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 603LP UT WOS:000178561300034 PM 18033383 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ Lewansowska, A Tsvetkov, F Miller, KE Hanley, HJM AF Bruno, TJ Lewansowska, A Tsvetkov, F Miller, KE Hanley, HJM TI Wall-coated open-tubular column chromatography on an organo-clay stationary phase SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE stationary phases, GC; enthalpy of interaction; wall-coated open-tubular columns; organo-clay complex; hydrocarbons; laponite; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ID ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM; DRY SOILS; GAS-PHASE; SORPTION; MODEL; SEDIMENTS; SURFACES; VAPORS; LIQUID AB Wall-coated open-tubular (WCOT) column chromatography is shown to be a viable tool to measure hydrocarbon interactions with an organo-clay as the stationary phase. In this paper, we report the heats of interaction for a series of hydrocarbons (n-alkanes of C-6-C-12, and cyclohexane) on a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified Laponite-RD clay. The measurements were performed with a new WCOT method that we have developed, and also a conventional packed-column approach. Although the measurements from both techniques yield the same values of enthalpy (on the basis of our statistical analysis), we argue that WCOT column chromatography gave the more reliable results, with lower uncertainties and better chromatographic behavior. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 11 PY 2002 VL 973 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 149 AR PII S0021-9673(02)01124-X DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01124-X PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 604UH UT WOS:000178639100014 PM 12437172 ER PT J AU Daniel, KJ Linsky, JL Gagne, M AF Daniel, KJ Linsky, JL Gagne, M TI Chandra observations of the Pleiades open cluster: X-ray emission from late B- to early F-type binaries SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE open clusters and associations : individual (Pleiades); stars : activity; stars : coronae; stars : early-type; X-rays : stars ID LATE A-TYPE; ROSAT HRI OBSERVATIONS; HOT-STAR WINDS; LOW-MASS STARS; CHROMOSPHERIC ACTIVITY; CONVECTION ZONES; BROWN DWARFS; EINSTEIN; EVOLUTION; CORONAE AB We present the analysis of a 38.4 and 23.6 ks observation of the core of the Pleiades open cluster. The Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory detected 99 X-ray sources in a 17' x 17' region, including 18 of 23 Pleiades members. Five candidate Pleiades members have also been detected, confirming their cluster membership. Fifty-seven sources have no optical or near-infrared counterparts to limiting magnitudes V = 22.5 and J = 14.5. The unidentified X-ray sources are probably background active galactic nuclei and not stars. The Chandra field of view contains seven intermediate-mass cluster members. Five of these, HII 980 ( B6+G), HII 956 (A7+F6), HII 1284 (A9+K), HII 1338 (F3+F6), and HII 1122 (F4+K), are detected in this study. All but HII 1284 have high X-ray luminosity and soft X-ray spectra. HII 1284 has X-ray properties comparable to non flaring K-type stars. Since all five stars are visual or spectroscopic binaries with X-ray properties similar to F-G stars, the late-type binary companions are probably producing the observed coronal X-ray emission. Strengthening this conclusion is the nondetection by Chandra of two A stars, HII 1362 (A7, no known companion) and HII 1375 (A0+A SB) with X-ray luminosity upper limits 27-54 times smaller than HII 980 and HII 956, the B6-A7 stars with cooler companions. Despite the low number statistics, the Chandra data appear to confirm the expectation that late B and A stars are not strong intrinsic X-ray sources. The ACIS spectra and hardness ratios suggest a gradual increase in coronal temperature with decreasing mass from F4 to K. M stars appear to have somewhat cooler coronae than active K stars. C1 W Chester Univ, Dept Geol & Astron, W Chester, PA 19383 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Daniel, KJ (reprint author), W Chester Univ, Dept Geol & Astron, W Chester, PA 19383 USA. RI Gagne, Marc/C-1130-2013 NR 67 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 578 IS 1 BP 486 EP 502 DI 10.1086/340553 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 598XH UT WOS:000178301500042 ER PT J AU Li, R Zhou, G Schmidt, NJ Fowler, C Tuell, G AF Li, R Zhou, G Schmidt, NJ Fowler, C Tuell, G TI Photogrammetric processing of high-resolution airborne and satellite linear array stereo images for mapping applications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB This article introduces a mathematical model for photogrammetric processing of linear array stereo images acquired by high-resolution satellite imaging systems such as IKONOS. The experimental result of the generation of simulated IKONOS stereo images based on photogrammetric principles, IKONOS imaging geometry and a set of georeferenced aerial images is presented. An accuracy analysis of ground points derived from the simulated IKONOS stereo images is performed. The impact of the number of GCPs (ground control points), distribution of GCPs, and image measurement errors on the ground point accuracy is investigated. It is concluded that an accuracy of ground coordinates from 2 m to 3 m is attainable with GCPs, and 5 m to 12 m without GCPs. Two data sets of HRSC (high resolution stereo camera) and MOMS (modular opto-electronic multispectral stereo-scanner)-2P are also utilized to test the model and system. The presented data processing method is a key to the generation of mapping products such as digital terrain models (DEM) and digitial shorelines from high-resolution satellite images. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Technol, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. Univ Florida, Reed Lab 301, Geomat Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Li, R (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Technol, Kaufman Hall,Rm 214, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 20 BP 4451 EP 4473 DI 10.1080/01431160110107662 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 599MC UT WOS:000178337700018 ER PT J AU Alpert, B Beylkin, G Gines, D Vozovoi, L AF Alpert, B Beylkin, G Gines, D Vozovoi, L TI Adaptive solution of partial differential equations in multiwavelet bases SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE adaptive techniques; Burgers' equation; exact linear part; high-order approximation; integrodifferential operators; Legendre polynomials; Runge phenomenon ID COMPACTLY SUPPORTED WAVELETS; REPRESENTATION; OPERATORS AB We construct multiresolution representations of derivative and exponential operators with linear boundary conditions in multiwavelet bases and use them to develop a simple, adaptive scheme for the solution of nonlinear, time-dependent partial differential equations. The emphasis on hierarchical representations of functions on intervals helps to address issues of both high-order approximation and efficient application of integral operators, and the lack of regularity of multiwavelets does not preclude their use in representing differential operators. Comparisons with finite difference, finite element, and spectral element methods are presented, as are numerical examples with the heat equation and Burgers' equation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Math Appl, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Math Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Alpert, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Beylkin, Gregory/G-6653-2011; OI BEYLKIN, GREGORY/0000-0003-3447-1460 NR 23 TC 105 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 182 IS 1 BP 149 EP 190 DI 10.1006/jcph.2002.7160 PG 42 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 614HV UT WOS:000179183200007 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Exact second-order structure-function relationships SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE; LAW; EQUATIONS; VELOCITY AB Equations that follow from the Navier-Stokes equation and incompressibility but with no other approximations are 'exact'. Exact equations relating second- and third-order structure functions are studied, as is an exact incompressibility condition on the second-order velocity structure function. Opportunities for investigations using these equations are discussed. Precisely defined averaging operations are required to obtain exact averaged equations. Ensemble, temporal and spatial averages are all considered because they produce different statistical equations and because they apply to theoretical purposes, experiment and numerical simulation of turbulence. Particularly simple exact equations are obtained for the following cases: (i) the trace of the structure functions, (ii) DNS that has periodic boundary conditions, and (iii) an average over a sphere in r-space. Case (iii) introduces the average over orientations of r into the structure-function equations. The energy dissipation rate g appears in the exact trace equation without averaging, whereas in previous formulations e appears after averaging and use of local isotropy. The trace mitigates the effect of anisotropy in the equations, thereby revealing that the trace of the third-order structure function is expected to be superior for quantifying asymptotic scaling laws. The orientation average has the same property. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 468 BP 317 EP 326 DI 10.1017/S0022112002001696 PG 10 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 606JT UT WOS:000178731400012 ER PT J AU Li, XF Andruzzi, L Chiellini, E Galli, G Ober, CK Hexemer, A Kramer, EJ Fischer, DA AF Li, XF Andruzzi, L Chiellini, E Galli, G Ober, CK Hexemer, A Kramer, EJ Fischer, DA TI Semifluorinated aromatic side-group polystyrene-based block copolymers: Bulk structure and surface orientation studies SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE; POLYMERS; FILMS; FLUORINE AB Two families of narrow polydispersity poly(styrene)-based block copolymers bearing side groups containing both a phenyl ring and a para-linked semifluorinated side group were designed to produce stable low energy surfaces. The effects of the phenyl ring on the surface and bulk structure of the materials were investigated. The semifluorinated side chains were found to self-assemble into liquid-crystalline smectic layers within the microphase domains. An unexpected enhancement of surface organization by the aromatic g-roup was observed. The bulk morphology and the interplay between microphase separation and liquid crystalline self-assembly were examined using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray scattering. Near-edge X-ray absorption Fine structure (NEXAFS) studies were used to probe the surface coverage of the fluorinated segments. NEXAFS also allowed the determination of the orientation parameters (SC-F and S-R*) of the C-F bond and phenyl ring of the semifluorinated side groups at the surface. On the basis of these data, the orientational coupling between the -CF2- helix and the aromatic ring was found to depend an the length of the fluorocarbon substituent. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Chim & Chim Ind, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ober, CK (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 28 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD OCT 8 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 21 BP 8078 EP 8087 DI 10.1021/ma020463k PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 601KG UT WOS:000178444400031 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC TI On the collision dynamics of a water droplet containing an additive on a heated solid surface SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE droplet; impact; heated surface ID LIQUID DROPLET; HOT SURFACE; TRANSFER REGIMES; IMPACT; BEHAVIOR AB An experimental study is presented for water-droplet impingement containing an additive upon a heated stainless-steel surface. A solution of 30% (mass fraction) sodium acetate trihydrate, CH(3)COONa3H(2)O, was used for the experiments. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames per second. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 2.7 +/- 0.1 mm and all experiments were performed in atmospheric air. Three different impact Weber numbers were considered, namely 15, 80 and 181. The droplet-evaporation lifetime was measured as a function of temperature for 30% (mass fraction) sodium acetate trihydrate. Collision dynamics were investigated for each impact Weber number, with the temperature of the stainless-steel surface varied from film evaporation to film boiling. The temporal variation of the liquid-film diameter was measured as a function of temperature for each impact Weber number. Experiments were also performed using water for direct comparison of the collision dynamics with the additive-containing droplets. The collision dynamics were observed to be different for water droplets containing an additive at low impact Weber number, but became increasingly similar as the impact Weber number was increased. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Fire & Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Fire & Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM samuel.manzello@nist.gov NR 40 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 EI 1471-2946 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 8 PY 2002 VL 458 IS 2026 BP 2417 EP 2444 DI 10.1098/rspa.2002.0980 PG 28 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 601BY UT WOS:000178427300006 ER PT J AU Jiang, JS Bader, SD Kaper, H Leaf, GK Shull, RD Shapiro, AJ Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Platt, CL Berkowitz, AE David, S Fullerton, EE AF Jiang, JS Bader, SD Kaper, H Leaf, GK Shull, RD Shapiro, AJ Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Platt, CL Berkowitz, AE David, S Fullerton, EE TI Rotational hysteresis of exchange-spring magnets SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Colloquium on Magnetic Films and Surfaces (ICMFS-2002) CY MAR 05-08, 2002 CL KYOTO, JAPAN ID HIGH-COERCIVITY; BILAYERS; ANISOTROPY; STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; FILMS; CO AB We highlight our experimental studies and micromagnetic simulations of the rotational hysteresis in exchange-spring magnets. Magneto-optical imaging and torque magnetometry measurements for Sm-Co/Fe exchange-spring films with uniaxial in-plane anisotropy show that the magnetization rotation created in the magnetically soft Fe layer by a rotating magnetic field is hysteretic. The rotational hysteresis is due to the reversal of the chirality of the spin spiral structure. Micromagnetic simulations reveal two reversal modes of the chirality, one at low fields due to an in-plane untwisting of the spiral, and the other, at high fields, due to an out-of-plane fanning of the spiral. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Jiang, JS (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Bader, Samuel/A-2995-2013; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; Fullerton, Eric/H-8445-2013 OI Fullerton, Eric/0000-0002-4725-9509 NR 20 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD OCT 7 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 19 BP 2339 EP 2343 AR PII S0022-3727(02)35783-8 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/35/19/303 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 608YQ UT WOS:000178876200005 ER PT J AU Aizpurua, J Hoffmann, G Apell, SP Berndt, R AF Aizpurua, J Hoffmann, G Apell, SP Berndt, R TI Electromagnetic coupling on an atomic scale SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; LIGHT-EMISSION; PHOTON-EMISSION; PLASMON MODES AB Light emission from a scanning tunneling microscope is used to investigate the electromagnetic coupling (EMC) of a metal tip and a metal sample. Subatomic scale modifications of the tip-sample region cause spectral shifts of the fluorescence as demonstrated for a monatomic step and by variation of the tip-sample distance. For sharp tips the EMC is confined to a lateral range of a few nm. The results are consistent with model calculations of the electromagnetic response of an appropriate tip-sample geometry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Kristianstad Univ, Univ Outreach, SE-29188 Kristianstad, Sweden. RP Aizpurua, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hoffmann, Germar/D-8698-2011; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014 OI Hoffmann, Germar/0000-0003-1692-9618; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589 NR 19 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 7 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 15 AR 156803 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.156803 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 596ZC UT WOS:000178195500040 PM 12366012 ER PT J AU Grodkowski, J Neta, P AF Grodkowski, J Neta, P TI Reaction kinetics in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Pulse radiolysis study of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; RADICALS; REDUCTION; SPECTRA; CO2 AB Hydrogen-abstraction reactions of various radicals with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MB) to produce the 4-carboxyphenylthiyl radical have been studied by pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions and in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2). The rate constants in aqueous solutions are in the range of (1-3) x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) for the reactions of MB with several alkyl radicals, are higher with reducing radicals (6.4 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) for CH3CHOH and 1.4 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1) for (CH3)(2)(COH) and lower with oxidizing radicals (less than or equal to 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1) for (CH2COCH3)-C-.). Because the bond dissociation energy for the S-H bond is much lower than that for the C-H bonds involved in these reactions, it appears that hydrogen abstraction from mercaptobenzoic acid is not controlled by the relative bond dissociation energies but rather by the electron density at the radical site through a polar transition state. The rate constants for similar reactions in alcohols are slightly lower than those in water, supporting a polar transition state. The rate constants in the ionic liquid are in the range of 10(7)-10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) and are essentially controlled by the diffusion rate; variations within this range appear to be due mainly to changes, in viscosity, The (.)CF3 radical reacts slightly more slowly (3.6 x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1)) with MB in the ionic liquid, in agreement with the low reactivity in water of radicals bearing electron-withdrawing groups. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 3 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 39 BP 9030 EP 9035 DI 10.1021/jp020806g PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 598JU UT WOS:000178273400007 ER PT J AU Higginson, KA Kuno, M Bonevich, J Qadri, SB Yousuf, M Mattoussi, H AF Higginson, KA Kuno, M Bonevich, J Qadri, SB Yousuf, M Mattoussi, H TI Synthesis and characterization of colloidal beta-HgS quantum dots SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Letter ID NANOCRYSTALS AB High-quality colloidal mercury sulfide quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized at room temperature using a strategy combining the effects of strongly binding Hg(II) ligands and metal/chalcogen precursor phase separation. This combination prevents both the rapid precipitation of bulk HgS in preparations involving only weak Hg(II) ligands and the reduction of mercury that takes place when only strongly binding ligands are used to slow the growth kinetics. Both the linear absorption and complementary band edge emission of the synthesized HgS QDs exhibit narrow, size-dependent transitions between 500 and 800 rim for sizes ranging from 1 to 5 nm in diameter. The metastable zinc blende phase of HgS is verified by wide-angle X-ray diffraction experiments and suggests potentially large tunable band edges if larger HgS nanocrystals that approach the bulk (zero energy) gap can be made. Growth of HgS QDs can be arrested by subsequent addition of Cd or Zn to the surface, after which the QDs can be stabilized with long-chain thiols or amines. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NISt Met Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kuno, M (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Kuno, Masaru/K-2673-2012 NR 20 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD OCT 3 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 39 BP 9982 EP 9985 DI 10.1021/jp026232x PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 598JV UT WOS:000178273500003 ER PT J AU Barker, PE Pinsky, P Wang, W Srivastava, S Hocker, D Wu, X Spitz, MR AF Barker, PE Pinsky, P Wang, W Srivastava, S Hocker, D Wu, X Spitz, MR TI Estimates of consensus in cell selection and scoring of FISH data. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 52nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 15-19, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Human Genet, NICHHD, NCI, NIMH, Affymetrix Inc, Gentra Syst, NIDCD C1 MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Houston, TX USA. NCI, Canc Biomarkers Grp, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 71 IS 4 SU S MA 294 BP 222 EP 222 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 594AC UT WOS:000178025800294 ER PT J AU Atha, DH Miller, K Sanow, AD Xu, J Hess, JL Wu, OC Wang, W Srivastava, S Highsmith, WE AF Atha, DH Miller, K Sanow, AD Xu, J Hess, JL Wu, OC Wang, W Srivastava, S Highsmith, WE TI High-throughput TRAP/PCR analysis of telomerase using capillary electrophoresis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 52nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 15-19, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Human Genet, NICHHD, NCI, NIMH, Affymetrix Inc, Gentra Syst, NIDCD C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 71 IS 4 SU S MA 341 BP 230 EP 230 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 594AC UT WOS:000178025800342 ER PT J AU McAndrew, PE Rodriquez, H O'Connell, C Marino, MA AF McAndrew, PE Rodriquez, H O'Connell, C Marino, MA TI Monitoring the TP53 gene to detect genetic damage in tissue-engineered skin. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 52nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 15-19, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Human Genet, NICHHD, NCI, NIMH, Affymetrix Inc, Gentra Syst, NIDCD C1 Transgenom Inc, Appl Genom, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 71 IS 4 SU S MA 907 BP 327 EP 327 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 594AC UT WOS:000178025800907 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Coble, MD Letmanyi, I Parsons, TJ Vallone, PM AF Butler, JM Coble, MD Letmanyi, I Parsons, TJ Vallone, PM TI Multiplex detection of 10 SNPs located in the coding region of the mitochondrial genome. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 52nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 15-19, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Human Genet, NICHHD, NCI, NIMH, Affymetrix Inc, Gentra Syst, NIDCD C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USAF, DNA Identificat Lab, Rockville, MD USA. RI Coble, Michael/E-7540-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 71 IS 4 SU S MA 1374 BP 406 EP 406 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 594AC UT WOS:000178025801369 ER PT J AU Montgomery, R Sauerwein, J Rumble, J AF Montgomery, R Sauerwein, J Rumble, J TI Spotlighting NIST Standard Reference Materials SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Measurement Serv Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Montgomery, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Measurement Serv Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 34 IS 20 BP 45 EP 45 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 610ZG UT WOS:000178991500008 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA Angelo, JB AF Margolis, SA Angelo, JB TI Interlaboratory assessment of measurement precision and bias in the coulometric Karl Fischer determination of water SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Karl Fischer method; coulometry; transformer oil; measurement error; precision; bias AB The precision and bias of the coulometric Karl Fischer ASTM method D1533-00 have been assessed in a collaborative ASTM round robin program for a group of 34 laboratories. The test materials used in this study included water saturated I-octanol (WSO), water saturated 1-butanol (WSB), and a series of new and used transformer oil samples. Fundamental systematic biases have been demonstrated in the accuracy of the measurement of water in the WSO, WSB, and transformer oil samples. The systematic bias in the measurement of the WSO and WSB standards indicates that for some laboratories either the instruments were not accurate or the quantity of the standard was not measured accurately. A second type of systematic bias consisted of measurement errors associated with the selection of the Karl Fischer solvent that was used with each instrument, and this was superimposed upon the error in the measurement of the water in the standards. Using the statistical calculation method ASTM D 6300 the repeatability and reproducibility for water in transformer oil were found to be 7 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg respectively. The method detection limit of water was 8 mg/kg oil. The method bias was estimated based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2890, WSO, since no suitable reference material for water in transformer oil was available for this study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ExxonMobil Proc Res Labs, Baton Rouge, LA 70821 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 374 IS 3 BP 505 EP 512 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1493-6 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 610QG UT WOS:000178971300024 PM 12373401 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE TI Long-term temporal stability of the National Institute of Standards and Technology spectral irradiance scale determined with absolute filter radiometers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID NIST; NM AB The temporal stability of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) spectral irradiance scale as measured with broadband filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral irradiance responsivity is described. The working standard free-electron laser (FEL) lamps and the check standard FEL lamps have been monitored with radiometers in the ultraviolet and the visible wavelength regions. The measurements made with these two radiometers reveal that the NIST spectral irradiance scale as compared with an absolute thermodynamic scale has not changed by more than 1.5% in the visible from 1993 to 1999. Similar measurements in the ultraviolet reveal that the corresponding change is less than 1.5% from 1995 to 1999. Furthermore, a check of the spectral irradiance scale by six different filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral irradiance responsivity based on the high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer shows that the agreement between the present scale and the detector-based scale is better than 1.3% throughout the visible to the near-infrared wavelength region. These results validate the assigned spectral irradiance of the widely disseminated NIST or NIST-traceable standard sources. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hyoon@nist.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 28 BP 5872 EP 5878 DI 10.1364/AO.41.005872 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 598TP UT WOS:000178292800007 PM 12371544 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Barnes, PY AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Barnes, PY TI Realization of the National Institute of Standards and Technology detector-based spectral irradiance scale SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID NIST; TEMPERATURE AB A detector-based spectral irradiance scale has been realized at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Unlike the previous NIST spectral irradiance scales, the new scale is generated with filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral power responsivity traceable to the NIST high accuracy cryogenic radiometer instead of with the gold freezing-point blackbody. The calibrated filter radiometers are then used to establish the radiance temperature of a high-temperature blackbody (HTBB) operating near 3000 K. The spectral irradiance of the HTBB is then determined with knowledge of the geometric factors and is used to assign the spectral irradiances of a group of 1000-W free-electron laser lamps. The detector-based spectral irradiance scale results in the reduction of the uncertainties from the previous source-based spectral irradiance scale by at least a factor of 2 in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions. The new detector-based spectral irradiance scale also leads to a reduction in the uncertainties in the shortwave infrared wavelength region by at least a factor of 2-10, depending on the wavelength. Following the establishment of the spectral irradiance scale in the early 1960s, the detector-based spectral irradiance scale represents a fundamental change in the way that the NIST spectral irradiance scale is realized. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hyoon@nist.gov NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 28 BP 5879 EP 5890 DI 10.1364/AO.41.005879 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 598TP UT WOS:000178292800008 PM 12371545 ER PT J AU Bushby, ST Newman, HM AF Bushby, ST Newman, HM TI BACnet today - Significant new features and future enhancements SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mech Syst & Control Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Cornell Univ, Utilit Comp Sect, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Bushby, ST (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mech Syst & Control Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP A10 EP + PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 601XD UT WOS:000178473400007 ER PT J AU Kulin, S Kishore, R Hubbard, JB Helmerson, K AF Kulin, S Kishore, R Hubbard, JB Helmerson, K TI Real-time measurement of spontaneous antigen-antibody dissociation SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BINDING; SURFACE; BONDS; KINETICS; ADHESION; FORCES; CELLS; MOLECULES; TWEEZERS; OBJECTS AB We report observations in real time of thermally driven adhesion and dissociation between a monoclonal IgE antibody and its specific antigen N-epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine. Both molecules were attached to the surfaces of different polystyrene microspheres trapped by optical tweezers. Monitoring spontaneous successive attachment and detachment events allowed a direct determination of the reaction-limited detachment rate k(off) for a single bond and also for multiple bonds. We observed both positive and negative cooperativity between multiple bonds depending on whether the antigen was linked to the microsphere with or without a tether, respectively. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8424, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1965 EP 1973 PG 9 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 603RA UT WOS:000178572500019 PM 12324415 ER PT J AU Kollias, P Albrecht, BA Marks, F AF Kollias, P Albrecht, BA Marks, F TI Why Mie? Accurate observations of vertical air velocities and raindrops using a cloud radar SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; WIND PROFILERS; DOPPLER RADAR; 94-GHZ RADAR; SCATTERING; RAIN; PRECIPITATION; SPECTRA; GHZ AB Scattering of microwave radiation by large particles-Mie scattering-makes possible an innovative method for observing precipitation using 94 Ghz Doppler radar. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Kollias, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514 NR 42 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 1471 EP 1483 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-10-1471 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609QD UT WOS:000178915700016 ER PT J AU Woodhouse, CA Lukas, JJ Brown, PM AF Woodhouse, CA Lukas, JJ Brown, PM TI Drought in the western Great Plains, 1845-56 - Impacts and implications SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; WATER-SUPPLY RELIABILITY; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-AMERICAN DROUGHT; LOW-LEVEL JET; BISON ECOLOGY; PRECIPITATION; RECONSTRUCTION; VARIABILITY; MOISTURE AB A relatively small, but severe and persistent drought occurred in the western Great Plains during the mid-19th century, and may have contributed to the decimation of bison herds. C1 NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Rocky Mt Tree Ring Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Woodhouse, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 1485 EP 1493 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-10-1485 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609QD UT WOS:000178915700017 ER PT J AU Garboczi, EJ AF Garboczi, EJ TI Three-dimensional mathematical analysis of particle shape using X-ray tomography and spherical harmonics: Application to aggregates used in concrete SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE image and shape analysis; aggregates; modeling; X-ray tomography; spherical harmonics ID MOLECULAR-SURFACES; ELLIPSOIDS; CONDUCTIVITY; PERCOLATION; OBJECTS AB The properties of composites made by placing inclusions in a matrix are often controlled by the shape and size of the particles used. Mathematically, characterizing the shape of particles in three dimensions is not a particularly easy task, especially when the particle, for whatever reason, cannot be readily visualized. But, even when particles can be visualized, as in the case of aggregates used in concrete, three-dimensional (3-D) randomness of the particles can make mathematical characterization difficult. This paper describes a mathematical procedure using spherical harmonic functions that can completely characterize concrete aggregate particles and other particles of the same nature. The original 3-D particle images are acquired via X-ray tomography. Three main consequences of the availability of this procedure are mathematical classification of the shape of aggregates from different sources, comparison of composite performance properties to precise morphological aspects of particles, and incorporation of random particles into many-particle computational models. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Mat Div, 226-B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 43 TC 193 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 EI 1873-3948 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1621 EP 1638 AR PII S0008-8846(02)00836-0 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00836-0 PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 593HF UT WOS:000177984400014 ER PT J AU Plusquellic, DF Lavrich, RJ Petralli-Mallow, T Davis, S Korter, TM Suenram, RD AF Plusquellic, DF Lavrich, RJ Petralli-Mallow, T Davis, S Korter, TM Suenram, RD TI High resolution spectroscopic studies of 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine in S-0 and S-1: exploring the dependence of circular dichroism on conformational structure SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICALLY-ACTIVE AMINES; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; GAS-PHASE; CHIRAL MOLECULES; DIPOLE-MOMENTS; SPECTRA; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; CHROMOPHORE; CONFORMERS; COMPLEXES AB Rotationally resolved spectra of gas-phase samples of 1-(1-naphthyl)-ethylamine (NEA) and amine deuterated forms have been obtained in the microwave and ultraviolet regions, with the isotopomers initially prepared in their zero-point vibrational levels by cooling in pulsed jet and molecular beam supersonic expansions. A single parameter set that includes inertial parameters and N-14 nuclear quadrupole constants has accounted for nearly all transitions observed in the Fourier-transform microwave spectrum at 2 K and indicates the presence of only one geometrical isomer in the jet-cooled expansion. The rotational constants, dipole moment orientation, and the amine hydrogen atom positions have been used to identify the conformation of the attached chiral group from among nine possible isomeric forms. The S, rotational constants and electronic transition moment orientation have been obtained from high resolution molecular beam data of the band origin at 31771.56(2) cm(-1). Excited state "gas phase" predictions from ab initio theory at the CIS/6-31G(d,p) and CIS/6-311+G(d) levels are compared with the observed S, results and with circular dichroism (CD) data obtained for solution phase samples of (S)-NEA in cyclohexane. Distinguishing spectral features are found in the calculated CD spectra of the three lowest energy conformers arising from rotation about the C-CH(NH2)CH3 bond, all of which are thermally populated at room temperature. While the predictions at both levels are in fair agreement with the observed gas phase results, CIS/6-31G(d,p) theory is found to be inadequate to model the condensed phase CD spectrum. In constrast, the calculated spectrum of the equilibrium mixture of conformers at the CIS/6-311 + G(d) level is in good qualitative agreement with the observed CD results and indicates the importance of diffuse functions for the accurate prediction of chiroptical properties of NEA. The most noteworthy exception is the predicted rotatory strength of the S, origin, which is overestimated by more than 10-fold. Possible reasons for this discrepancy with experiment include a reversal of S-1(L-b) and S-2(L-a) states from the absence of electron correlation and/or the neglect of room-temperature solvent effects. These results provide for rigorous benchmark tests of theoretical models and further elucidate the importance of the conformational structure for determinations of absolute stereochemistry from CD spectra. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Plusquellic, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-0104 J9 CHEM PHYS JI Chem. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 283 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 355 EP 370 AR PII S0301-0104(02)00571-2 DI 10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00571-2 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 599WY UT WOS:000178359200026 ER PT J AU Riedel, GF Valette-Silver, N AF Riedel, GF Valette-Silver, N TI Differences in the bioaccumulation of arsenic by oysters from Southeast coastal US and Chesapeake Bay: environmental versus genetic control SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE bioaccumilation; dissolved arsenic; oysters; sediment; suspended particles; pore water ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; ESTUARINE; SEDIMENTS; WATERS; MODEL; CYCLE AB The potential sources of relatively great concentrations of arsenic (As) in oysters from the Southeastern United States coast was examined in a study conducted from August 1998 through October 1999. A transplant experiment was conducted to determine whether genetic or environmental differences accounted for the observed difference between Southeastern oysters, and oysters elsewhere on the east coast. Oysters originating in South Carolina (a region where As in oysters is usually greater) and Maryland (a region where arsenic is oysters is less) were reciprocally transplanted to determine whether site of growth or site of origin would determine the accumulation of As. To examine the potential role of various potential sources of As exposure on the concentrations of As in oysters, samples of native oysters, water, pore water and suspended particles were collected and analyzed for As monthly, while the sediments were examined four times during the year. Concentrations of As in transplanted oysters matched the concentrations of As in oysters native to the area in which they were grown, rather than that of oysters from their site of origin. Oysters from South Carolina had average concentrations of As approximate to 3.2 times that of oysters from Maryland. This enrichment was similar to enrichments of water (3.4 times), sediment (2.5 times), suspended particles (1.7 times), and pore water (3.1 times) from South Carolina compared to Maryland. This supports the hypothesis that the cause of the apparent As enrichments in the Southeastern oysters is environmental, but leaves the question of the primary source for arsenic incorporation by oysters open. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Acad Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Riedel, GF (reprint author), Natl Acad Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, 10545 Mackall Rd, St Leonard, MD 20685 USA. RI 张, 楠/B-1010-2010 NR 29 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 2002 VL 49 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 AR PII 0045-6535(02)00195-9 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00195-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591FJ UT WOS:000177868800004 PM 12243327 ER PT J AU McKeown, DA Post, JE Etz, ES AF McKeown, DA Post, JE Etz, ES TI Vibrational analysis of palygorskite and sepiolite SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE FTIR; palygorskite; Raman; sepiolite ID ACID TREATMENT; FT-IR; ATTAPULGITE; SILICATES; SPECTRA; RAMAN; MICA AB Lattice dynamic calculations for the sepiolite and palygorskite structures using polarized Raman and FTIR spectra provide a fundamental basis for interpreting spectral features by assigning vibrational modes. The Si-O stretch and O-Si-O bond bending force constants determined for palygorskite are similar to equivalent values calculated previously for other phyllosilicates. The Mg-O bond stretch values, on the other hand, are about half of those determined for the equivalent Al-O and Mg-O bond stretch environments in other phyllosilicates, suggesting that the bonding within the octahedral ribbons in palygorskite and sepiolite is weaker than that in the continuous octahedral sheets in micas. The weaker bonding allows more flexible octahedral environments in palygorskite and sepiolite, giving rise to higher probabilities for cation substitutions and vacancies relative to the micas. Above similar to700 cm(-1) in the IR and 750 cm(-1) in the Raman spectra, the eigenmodes are dominated by atomic displacements within the silicate sheets. Below 700 cm(-1) the eigenmodes become mixed with motions among the Mg octahedra and the silicate sheets; the eigenmodes assigned to the most prominent peaks in the Raman spectra (near 700 cm(-1)) belong to this group. As mode frequencies decrease, the corresponding eigenmodes evolve from more localized Mg-O stretch, O-Mg-O bend and O-Si-O bend motions to longer-range motions such as silicate sheet deformations caused by silicate tetrahedra rotation and silicate sheet shearing around the Mg-octahedral sheets. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanalysis Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McKeown, DA (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, 620 Michigan Ave,NE, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM davidm@vsl.cua.edu NR 30 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 27 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 50 IS 5 BP 667 EP 680 DI 10.1346/000986002320679549 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 610EJ UT WOS:000178947500013 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Ellis, J Petrik, R Hay, ME AF Levin, PS Ellis, J Petrik, R Hay, ME TI Indirect effects of feral horses on estuarine communities SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROCKY INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY; SALT-MARSH; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; LAUGHING-GULLS; NEW-JERSEY; PLEISTOCENE; SELECTION; BEHAVIOR; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB Livestock have grazed on salt marshes for centuries and have dramatic effects on marsh vegetation. Most studies examining the effects of livestock on salt marshes have focused on the effects on plants rather than on salt marsh fauna or ecological processes. However, grazers such as feral horses may have strong indirect effects on communities by altering the habitat, making it more or less suitable for species that potentially occur there. We evaluated the indirect effects of grazing by feral horses on estuarine animals that use salt marshes and adjacent subtidal communities. Surveys revealed that horse-grazed marshes had less vegetation, a higher diversity of foraging birds, higher densities of crabs, and a lower density and species richness of fishes than marshes not grazed by horses. In addition, fish density was reduced in subtidal habitats adjacent to grazed marshes. Experiments manipulating marsh vegetation indicated that the potential for predation on fishes in ungrazed marshes was higher than in grazed marshes. Results of additional experiments in which fishes were enclosed with or without artificial Spartina suggested that the removal of shelter provided by marsh vegetation results in behavioral shifts by fishes that make them more susceptible to predation. Although large herbivores are naturally absent from extant salt marsh ecosystems, such large herbivores were common members of Pleistocene communities. Using modern horses as surrogates for extinct ungulates, we hypothesize that large herbivores could have had strong indirect effects on Pleistocene estuarine habitats. We argue that both the modern introduction of ungulates to salt marshes and the prehistoric elimination of large herbivores affected estuarine biodiversity. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28857 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Hay, Mark/D-9752-2011 OI Hay, Mark/0000-0002-6130-9349 NR 52 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1364 EP 1371 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600023 ER PT J AU Millero, FJ Pierrot, D Lee, K Wanninkhof, R Feely, R Sabine, CL Key, RM Takahashi, T AF Millero, FJ Pierrot, D Lee, K Wanninkhof, R Feely, R Sabine, CL Key, RM Takahashi, T TI Dissociation constants for carbonic acid determined from field measurements SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC CARBON; PH MEASUREMENTS; BORIC-ACID; SEAWATER; WATER; THERMODYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIUM; ALKALINITY; SYSTEM; CO2 AB A number of workers have recently shown that the thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater of Mehrbach et al. are more reliable than measurements made on artificial seawater. These studies have largely been confined to looking at the internal consistency of measurements of total alkalinity (TA), total inorganic carbon dioxide (TCO2) and the fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO(2)). In this paper, we have examined the field measurements of pH, JCO(2), TCO2 and TA on surface and deep waters from the Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Pacific oceans to determine the pK(1), pK(2) and pK(2) - pK(1). These calculations are possible due to the high precision and accuracy of the field measurements. The values of pK(2) and pK(2) - pK(1) over a wide range of temperatures (-1.6-38degreesC) are in good agreement (within +/-0.005) with the results of Mehrbach et al. The measured values of pK(1) at 4degreesC and 20degreesC are in reasonable agreement (within +/-0.01) with all the constants determined in laboratory studies. These results indicate, as suggested by internal consistency tests, that the directly measured values of pK(1)+pK(2) of Mehrbach et al. on real seawater are more reliable than the values determined for artificial seawater. It also indicates that the large differences of pK(2) - pK(1) (0.05 at 20degreesC in real and artificial seawater determined by different investigators are mainly due to differences in pK2. These differences may be related to the interactions of boric acid with the carbonate ion. The values of pK(2) - pK(1) determined from the laboratory measurements of Lee et al. and Lueker et al at low fCO(2) agree with the field-derived data to +/-0.016 from 5degreesC to 25degreesC. The values of pK(2) - pK(1) decrease as the fCO(2) or TCO2 increases. This effect is largely related to changes in the pK(2) as a function of fCO(2) or TCO2. The values of fCO(2) calculated from an input of TA and TCO2, which require reliable values of pK(2) - pK(1), also vary with fCO(2). The field data at 20degreesC has been used to determine the effect of changes of TCO2 on pK2 giving an empirical relationship: pK(2)(2)(TCO) = pK(2) - 1.6 x 10(-4) (TCO2 - 2050) which is valid at TCO2 > 2050 mumol kg(-1). This assumes that the other dissociation constants such as K-B for boric acid are not affected by changes in TCO2. The slope is in reasonable agreement with the laboratory studies of Lee et al. and Lucker et al. (-1.2 x 10(-4) to -1.9 x 10(-4)). This equation eliminates the dependence of the calculated CO2 on the level of fCO(2) or TCO2 in ocean waters (sigma = 29.7 muatm in fCO(2)). An input of pH and TCO2 yields values fCO(2) and TA that are in good agreement with the measured values ( +/-22.3 muatm in fCO(2) and +/-4.3 mumol kg(-1) in TA). The cause of the decrease in pK(2) at high fCO(2), is presently unknown. The observed inconsistencies between the measured and computed fCO(2) values may be accounted for by adding the effect of organic acid (similar to8 mumol kg(-1)) to the interpretation of the TA. Further studies are needed to elucidate the chemical reactions responsible for this effect. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Millero, FJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Pierrot, Denis/A-7459-2014; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 OI Pierrot, Denis/0000-0002-0374-3825; NR 35 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1705 EP 1723 AR PII S0967-0637(02)00093-6 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00093-6 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 623FU UT WOS:000179693300001 ER PT J AU Tatara, CP Mulvey, M Newman, MC AF Tatara, CP Mulvey, M Newman, MC TI Genetic and demographic responses of mercury-exposed mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) populations: Temporal stability and reproductive components of fitness SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gambusia holbrooki; genetics; mercury; selection; fitness ID ALLOZYME GENOTYPE; INORGANIC MERCURY; AFFINIS BAIRD; GIRARD; TIME; VERIFICATION; FREQUENCIES; SELECTION; ALLELE; DEATH AB Two previous mesocosm studies showed changes in glucosephospbate isomerase-2 (Gpi-2) allele frequencies in mosquitofish Populations exposed to mercury for I I Id or two years. A previous selection component analysis of single-gene ration populations exposed for I I I d to 18 mug/L Hg suggested that female sexual selection and fecundity selection could contribute to changes in Gpi-2 allele frequencies. The present multigeneration study was conducted to determine! the stability of Gpi-2 allele frequencies over four years of mercury exposure. measure the reproductive fitness of Gpi-2 genotypes inhabiting control and mercury-contaminated mesocosms to determine a mechanism explaining changes in Gpi-2 allele frequencies, investigate differences in the demographic characteristics of mercury-exposed and control populations, and investigate the water quality of the mesocosms to determine if variables other than mercury show concordant patterns among, mesocosms. Differences in Gpi-2 allele frequencies between control and mercury-exposed populations were stable over four years (similar to eight generations) of mercury exposure. Mercury-exposed female mosquitofish had a lower probability of being gravid than control females (p = 0.001). Mercury-exposed females also had lower fecundity (total number of eggs and embryos) than control females (p = 0.036). Unlike the results of the more intense mercury exposures in the single generation study. no strong evidence was found that Gpi-2 genotype influenced fecundity or the probability of being gravid in both control and mecury-exposed females. The quantification of fitness components is difficult but has the potential to enhance our understanding of how toxicants alter allele frequencies in exposed populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Tatara, CP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2191 EP 2197 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2191:GADROM>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 596FJ UT WOS:000178153300024 PM 12371497 ER PT J AU Prager, MH AF Prager, MH TI Comparison of logistic and generalized surplus-production models applied to swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the north Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE swordfish; surplus production; accuracy; precision; robust methods; outliers; stock assessment; north Atlantic Ocean ID ROBUST REGRESSION AB Recent assessments of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the north Atlantic Ocean by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) have included fitting a nonequilibrium logistic (Schaefer) surplus-production model. The logistic model offers simplicity, but concern has been expressed that its fixed model shape may bias estimates of quantities of management interest. Here, I compare results from the logistic estimator used by ICCAT to those from an otherwise equivalent generalized (Pella-Tomlinson) production-model estimator. Following initial estimation with nonlinear least-squares, a resistant fitting method was used to identify statistical outliers, and both models were refit with outliers removed. The estimate of model shape from the generalized model was then close to the logistic, and estimates of stock status from the two estimators were similar. A simulation study conditioned on the trimmed generalized fit suggests that any systematic estimation error caused by assuming logistic shape for this stock is small. Moreover, the generalized estimator was sensitive to outlying observations and thus less precise than the logistic estimator, and it exhibited larger median proportional unsigned error. Sensitivity to outliers and lack of precision in an estimator make it more likely to provide misleading estimates in a given analysis; therefore, if the generalized production model with estimated shape parameter is used in stock assessment, it should be applied with skepticism and in conjunction with the more robust logistic form. Unless a good external estimate of model shape is available, the logistic model appears more suitable for routine assessment use on stocks similar to swordfish. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Prager, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 46 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 1 BP 41 EP 57 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00358-7 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00358-7 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 606XW UT WOS:000178761900004 ER PT J AU Bostrom, MA Collette, BB Luckhurst, BE Reece, KS Graves, JE AF Bostrom, MA Collette, BB Luckhurst, BE Reece, KS Graves, JE TI Hybridization between two serranids, the coney (Cephalopholis fulva) and the creole-fish (Paranthias furcifer), at Bermuda SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LUTJANUS-SYNAGRIS; OCYURUS-CHRYSURUS; HYBRID; ECOLOGY; DNA AB Intergeneric hybridization between the epinepheline serranids Cephalopholis fulva and Paranthias furcifer in waters off Bermuda was investigated by using morphological and molecular characters. Putative hybrids, as well as members of each presumed parent species, were analyzed for 44 morphological characters and screened for genetic variation at 16 nuclear allozyme loci, two nuclear WDNA loci, and three mitochondrial (mt)DNA gene regions. Four of 16 allozyme loci, creatine kinase (CK-B*), fumarase (FH*), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH-S*), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-B*), were unique in C. fulva and R furcifer. Restriction fragments of two nuclear DNA intron regions, an actin gene intron and the second intron in the S7 ribosomal protein gene, also exhibited consistent differences between the two presumed parent species. Restriction fragments of three mtDNA regions-ND4, ATPase 6, and 12S/16S ribosomal RNA-were analyzed to identify maternal parentage of putative hybrids. Both morphological data and nuclear genetic data were found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the putative hybrids were the result of interbreeding between C. fulva and R furcifer. Mean values of 38 morphological characters were different between presumed parent species, and putative hybrids were intermediate to presumed parent species for 33 of these characters. A principal component analysis of the morphological and meristic data was also consistent with hybridization between C fulva and R furcifer. Thirteen of 15 putative hybrids were heterozygous at all diagnostic nuclear loci, consistent with F, hybrids. Two putative hybrids were identified as post-F(1) hybrids based on homozygosity at one nuclear locus each. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the maternal parent of all putative hybrid individuals was C. fulva. A survey of nuclear and mitochondrial loci of 57 C fulva and 37 R furcifer from Bermuda revealed no evidence of introgression between the parent species mediated by hybridization. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NOAA, Natl Systemat Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Dept Agr & Fisheries, Div Fisheries, Crawl CR BX, Bermuda. RP Graves, JE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Div Endocrinol & Mol Med, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. EM graves@vims.edu NR 38 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 651 EP 661 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600001 ER PT J AU Hannah, RW Parker, SJ Fruh, EL AF Hannah, RW Parker, SJ Fruh, EL TI Length and age at maturity of female petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) determined from samples collected prior to spawning aggregation SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY PARAMETERS; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; OREGON; COAST AB The problem of bias in female petrale sole age and length-at-maturity relationships caused by sampling from spawning aggregations was investigated. Samples were collected prior to aggregation, and histological methods were used to determine maturity status. Mature and immature fish were classified by inspecting oocytes for the presence of yolk in September, when substantial divergence in yolked and unyolked oocyte diameters had been observed. Comparison of macroscopic and microscopic assessment of maturity showed that maturity status cannot be determined accurately by using macroscopic inspection during the summer. Female petrale sole from the central Oregon coast were 50% mature at 33 cm and 5 years of age. Comparison of data from our study with data used in recent petrale sole stock assessments showed that both sampling bias and the use of samples from seasons when status cannot be accurately determined have likely caused errors in fitted maturity relationships. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Sci Ctr, Fisheries Res & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hannah, RW (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, 2040 Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 711 EP 719 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600006 ER PT J AU Jensen, CF Natanson, LJ Pratt, HL Kohler, NE Campana, SE AF Jensen, CF Natanson, LJ Pratt, HL Kohler, NE Campana, SE TI The reproductive biology of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; RAFINESQUE AB Reproductive organs from 393 male and 382 female porbeagles (Lamna nasus), caught in the western North Atlantic Ocean, were examined to determine size at maturity and reproductive cycle. Males ranged in size from 86 to 246 cm fork length (FL) and females ranged from 94 to 288 cm FL. Maturity in males was best described by an inflection in the relationship of clasper length to fork length when combined with clasper calcification. Males matured between 162 and 185 cm FL and 50% were mature at 174 ern FL. In females, all reproductive organ measurements related to body length showed a strong inflection around the size of maturity. Females matured between 210 and 230 em FL and 50% were mature at 218 cm FL. After a protracted fall mating period (September-November), females give birth to an average of 4.0 young in spring (April-June). As in other lamnids, young are nourished through oophagy. Evidence from this study indicated a one-year reproductive cycle and gestation period lasting 8-9 months. C1 N Carolina Dept Environm Hlth & Nat Resources, Div Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fish Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Jensen, CF (reprint author), N Carolina Dept Environm Hlth & Nat Resources, Div Marine Fisheries, POB 769, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 28 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 27 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 727 EP 738 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600008 ER PT J AU Nasby-Lucas, NM Embley, BW Hixon, MA Merle, SG Tissot, BN Wright, DJ AF Nasby-Lucas, NM Embley, BW Hixon, MA Merle, SG Tissot, BN Wright, DJ TI Integration of submersible transect data and high-resolution multibeam sonar imagery for a habitat-based groundfish assessment of Heceta Bank, Oregon SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; REEF FISHES; DEEP-REEF; SEBASTES; ROCKFISH; ASSOCIATIONS; ALASKA; ZONE AB In the face of dramatic declines in groundfish populations and a lack of sufficient stock assessment information, a need has arisen for new methods of assessing groundfish populations. We describe the integration of seafloor transect data gathered by a manned submersible with high-resolution sonar imagery to produce a habitat-based stock assessment system for groundfish. The data sets used in this study were collected from Heceta Bank, Oregon, and were derived from 42 submersible dives (1988-90) and a multibeam sonar survey (1998). The submersible habitat survey investigated seafloor topography and groundfish abundance along 30-minute transects over six predetermined stations and found a statistical relationship between habitat variability and groundfish distribution and abundance. These transects were analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS) by using dynamic segmentation to display changes in habitat along the transects. We used the submersible data to extrapolate fish abundance within uniform habitat patches over broad areas of the bank by means of a habitat classification based on the sonar imagery. After applying a navigation correction to the submersible-based habitat segments, a good correlation with major boundaries on the backscatter and topographic boundaries on the imagery were apparent. Extrapolation of the extent of uniform habitats was made in the vicinity of the dive stations and a preliminary stock assessment of several species of demersal fish was calculated. Such a habitat-based approach will allow researchers to characterize marine communities over large areas of the seafloor. C1 Pfleger Inst Environm Res, Oceanside, CA 92054 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nasby-Lucas, NM (reprint author), Pfleger Inst Environm Res, 901-B Pier View Way, Oceanside, CA 92054 USA. EM nnasby@yahoo.com RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 739 EP 751 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600009 ER PT J AU Schirripa, MJ AF Schirripa, MJ TI An evaluation of back-calculation methodology using simulated otolith data SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; BASS MORONE-SAXATILIS; STRIPED BASS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; SOMATIC GROWTH; FISH; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; RECRUITMENT; BIOLOGY AB I simulated somatic growth and accompanying otolith growth using an individual-based bioenergetics model in order to examine the performance of several back-calculation methods. Four shapes of otolith radius-total length relations (OR-TL) were simulated. Ten different back-calculation equations, two different regression models of radius-length, and two schemes of annulus selection were examined for a total of 20 different methods to estimate size at age from simulated data sets of length and annulus measurements. The accuracy of each of the twenty methods was evaluated by comparing the back-calculated length-at-age and the true length-at-age. The best back-calculation technique was directly related to how well the OR-TL model fitted. When the OR-TL was sigmoid shaped and all annuli were used, employing a least-squares linear regression coupled with a log-transformed Lee back-calculation equation (gamma-intercept corrected) resulted in the least error; when only the last annulus was used, employing a direct proportionality back-calculation equation resulted in the least error. When the OR-TL was linear, employing a functional regression coupled with the Lee back-calculation equation resulted in the least error when all annuli were used, and also when only the last annulus was used. If the OR-TL was exponentially shaped, direct substitution into the fitted quadratic equation resulted in the least error when all annuli were used, and when only the last annulus was used. Finally, an asymptotically shaped OR-TL was best modeled by the individually corrected Weibull cumulative distribution function when all annuli were used, and when only the last annulus was used. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Schirripa, MJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Michael.Schirripa@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 789 EP 799 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600012 ER PT J AU Williams, EH Ralston, S AF Williams, EH Ralston, S TI Distribution and co-occurrence of rockfishes (family : Sebastidae) over trawlable shelf and slope habitats of California and southern Oregon SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FISH ASSEMBLAGES; COAST; PATTERNS AB The rockfishes of the sebastid genus Sebastes are a very important fishery resource off the coasts of California and southern Oregon. However, many of the 54 managed stocks of west coast rockfish have recently reached historically low population levels, leading fishery managers to re-examine current management practices. Management of rockfish stocks as multispecies aggregates, as opposed to independent stocks within the ground-fish fishery, can be more desirable when nontargeted bycatch, discard, and management complexity are considered. Rockfish assemblage structure and species co-occurrences were determined by using data from the Alaska Fisheries Science Center triennial continental shelf bottom trawl survey. The weight of rockfish species in trawl catches was expressed as a catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPLTE) statistic, from which species spatial distributions, overlaps, diversity, and richness were analyzed. Multidimensional scaling of transformed CPUE data was employed in indirect gradient and multivariate partitioning analyses to quantify assemblage relationships. Results indicated that rockfish distributions closely match the bathymetry of coastal waters. Indirect gradient analysis suggested that depth and latitude are the principal factors in structuring the spatial distributions of rockfish on trawlable habitat. In addition, four assemblages were identified through the joint evaluation of species' distributions and multivariate partitioning analyses: 1) deep-water slope; 2) northern shelf; 3) southern shelf, and 4) nearshore. The slope, shelf, and nearshore groups are found in depth ranges of 200-500 in, 100-250 in, and 50-150 in, respectively. The division of northern and southern shelf assemblages occurs over a broad area between Cape Mendocino and Monterey Canyon. The results of this analysis are likely to have direct application in the management of rockfish stocks off the coasts of southern Oregon and California. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Williams, EH (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Se Fisheries Sci Ctr, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 36 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 836 EP 855 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600015 ER PT J AU Work, TM Balazs, GH AF Work, TM Balazs, GH TI Necropsy findings in sea turtles taken as bycatch in the North Pacific longline fishery SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREEN TURTLES; DERMOCHELYS-CORIACEA; FIBROPAPILLOMATOSIS C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, 300 Ala Moana Blvd,Room 5-231, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 22 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 100 IS 4 BP 876 EP 880 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 613KC UT WOS:000179130600019 ER PT J AU Kasibhatla, P Arellano, A Logan, JA Palmer, PI Novelli, P AF Kasibhatla, P Arellano, A Logan, JA Palmer, PI Novelli, P TI Top-down estimate of a large source of atmospheric carbon monoxide associated with fuel combustion in Asia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL CO PRODUCTION; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; MODEL; PHOTOOXIDATION; AIR; OH AB [1] Deriving robust regional estimates of the sources of chemically and radiatively important gases and aerosols to the atmosphere is challenging. Here, we focus on carbon monoxide. Using an inverse modeling methodology, we find that the source of carbon monoxide from fossil-fuel and biofuel combustion in Asia during 1994 was 350-380 Tg yr(-1), which is 110-140 Tg yr(-1) higher than bottom-up estimates derived using traditional inventory-based approaches. This discrepancy points to an important gap in our understanding of the human impact on atmospheric chemical composition. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kasibhatla, P (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Arellano, Avelino, Jr./F-5674-2010; Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010; Kasibhatla, Prasad/A-2574-2010; OI Kasibhatla, Prasad/0000-0003-3562-3737 NR 20 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 19 AR 1900 DI 10.1029/2002GL015581 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 638ZQ UT WOS:000180603500006 ER PT J AU Lee, K Karl, DM Wanninkhof, R Zhang, JZ AF Lee, K Karl, DM Wanninkhof, R Zhang, JZ TI Global estimates of net carbon production in the nitrate-depleted tropical and subtropical oceans SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; ATLANTIC TIME-SERIES; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; NITROGEN-FIXATION; N-2 FIXATION; BATS SITE; DENITRIFICATION; CYCLE; FLUX; CO2 AB [1] Nitrate availability is generally considered to be the limiting factor for oceanic new production and this concept is central in our observational and modeling efforts. However, recent time-series observations off Bermuda and Hawaii indicate a significant removal of total dissolved inorganic carbon (C-T) in the absence of measurable nitrate. Here we estimate net carbon production in nitrate-depleted tropical and subtropical waters with temperatures higher than 20degreesC from the decrease in the salinity normalized C-T inventory within the surface mixed layer. This method yields a global value of 0.8 +/- 0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C yr(-1),Pg = 10(15) grams), which equates to a significant fraction (20-40%) of the recent estimates (2.0-4.2 Pg C yr(-1)) of total new production in the tropical and subtropical oceans [Emerson et al., 1997; Lee, 2001]. The remainder is presumably supported by upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone via eddy diffusion and turbulent mixing processes or lateral exchange. Our calculation provides the first global-scale estimate of net carbon production in the absence of measurable nitrate. We hypothesize that it is attributable to dinitrogen (N-2) fixing microorganisms, which can utilize the inexhaustible dissolved N-2 pool and thereby bypass nitrate limitation. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM ktl@postech.ac.kr RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; NR 20 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 19 AR 1907 DI 10.1029/2001GL014198 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 638ZQ UT WOS:000180603500013 ER PT J AU Otterman, J Angell, JK Ardizzone, J Atlas, R Schubert, S Starr, D Wu, ML AF Otterman, J Angell, JK Ardizzone, J Atlas, R Schubert, S Starr, D Wu, ML TI North-Atlantic surface winds examined as the source of winter warming in Europe SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE sources of warm advection; maritime-air advection into Europe; changes in North Atlantic surface winds; climate trends ID TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; TRENDS AB [1] Trajectories traced backward from western Europe point to the warm southwestern North Atlantic as the source region of the warm maritime air brought into Europe by low-level southwesterlies. Over the eastern North Atlantic, patterns of ocean-surface winds in late winter changed during the second half of the 20th century, and the southwesterly direction became even more predominant. In January-to-March, the strength of southwesterlies in this region and in source region increased significantly in the years 1948-1995, and is likely to account for a large part of the observed warming in Europe during this period. For 1996-2001, however, this trend in southwesterlies appears broken, consistent with a downturn of the winter warming reported from central Europe after 1995. Monthly indexes of North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO, show a similar pattern, rising till 1995 and a downturn for the 1996-2002 winters and early spring, indicating that this climate oscillation is associated with the NAO. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Land Atmosphere Ocean Res Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Otterman, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Land Atmosphere Ocean Res Data Assimilat Off, Code 910-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 19 AR 1912 DI 10.1029/2002GL015256 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 638ZQ UT WOS:000180603500018 ER PT J AU Iglesias-Rodriguez, MD Brown, CW Doney, SC Kleypas, J Kolber, D Kolber, Z Hayes, PK Falkowski, PG AF Iglesias-Rodriguez, MD Brown, CW Doney, SC Kleypas, J Kolber, D Kolber, Z Hayes, PK Falkowski, PG TI Representing key phytoplankton functional groups in ocean carbon cycle models: Coccolithophorids SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA; WORLD OCEAN; BLACK-SEA; BLOOM; CALCIFICATION AB [1] Carbonates are the largest reservoirs of carbon on Earth. From mid-Mesozoic time, the biologically catalyzed precipitation of calcium carbonates by pelagic phytoplankton has been primarily due to the production of calcite by coccolithophorids. In this paper we address the physical and chemical processes that select for coccolithophorid blooms detected in Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color imagery. Our primary goal is to develop both diagnostic and prognostic models that represent the spatial and temporal dynamics of coccolithophorid blooms in order to improve our knowledge of the role of these organisms in mediating fluxes of carbon between the ocean, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere. On the basis of monthly composite images of classified coccolithophorid blooms and global climatological maps of physical variables and nutrient fields, we developed a probability density function that accounts for the physical chemical variables that predict the spatiotemporal distribution of coccolithophorids in the world oceans. Our analysis revealed that areas with sea surface temperatures (SST) between 3degrees and 15degreesC, a critical irradiance between 25 and 150 m mol quanta m(-2) s(-1), and decreasing nitrate concentrations (DeltaN/Deltat < 0) are selective for upper ocean large-scale coccolithophorid blooms. While these conditions favor both Northern and Southern Hemisphere blooms of the most abundant coccolithophorid in the modern oceans, Emiliania huxleyi, the Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations of this organism are genetically distinct. Applying amplified fragment length polymorphism as a marker of genetic diversity, we identified two major taxonomic clades of E. huxleyi; one is associated with the Northern Hemisphere blooms, while the other is found in the Southern Hemisphere. We suggest a rule of "universal distribution and local selection'': that is, coccolithophorids can be considered cosmopolitan taxa, but their genetic plasticity provides physiological accommodation to local environmental selection pressure. Sea surface temperature, critical irradiance, and DN/Dt were predicted for the years 2060-2070 using the NCAR Community Climate System Model to generate future monthly probability distributions of coccolithophorids based upon the relationships observed between the environmental variables and coccolithophorid blooms in modern oceans. Our projected probability distribution analysis suggests that in the North Atlantic, the largest habitat for coccolithophorids on Earth, the areal extent of blooms will decrease by up to 50% by the middle of this century. We discuss how the magnitude of carbon fluxes may be affected by the evolutionary success of coccolithophorids in future climate scenarios. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Iglesias-Rodriguez, MD (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM iglesias@imcs.rutgers.edu; christopher.w.brown@noaa.gov; doney@ucar.edu; kleypas@ucar.edu; dkolber@imcs.rutgers.edu; zkolber@imcs.rutgers.edu; paul.hayes@bristol.ac.uk; falko@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437 NR 84 TC 158 Z9 162 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1100 DI 10.1029/2001GB001454 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100047 ER PT J AU Sabine, CL Feely, RA Key, RM Bullister, JL Millero, FJ Lee, K Peng, TH Tilbrook, B Ono, T Wong, CS AF Sabine, CL Feely, RA Key, RM Bullister, JL Millero, FJ Lee, K Peng, TH Tilbrook, B Ono, T Wong, CS TI Distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE Pacific Ocean; anthropogenic CO2; carbon cycle; total CO2; delta C*; optimum multiparameter analysis ID DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SURFACE OCEAN; BOTTOM WATER; RED-SEA; INCREASE; DIOXIDE; CIRCULATION AB [1] This work presents an estimate of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean based on measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey. These estimates used a modified version of the DeltaC* technique. Modifications include a revised preformed alkalinity term, a correction for denitrification, and an evaluation of the disequilibrium terms using an optimum multiparameter analysis. The total anthropogenic CO2 inventory over an area from 120degreesE to 70degreesW and 70degreesS to 65degreesN (excluding the South China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Japan/East Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk) was 44.5 +/- 5 Pg C in 1994. Approximately 28 Pg C was located in the Southern Hemisphere and 16.5 Pg C was located north of the equator. The deepest penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is found at about 50 S. The shallowest penetration is found just north of the equator. Very shallow anthropogenic CO2 penetration is also generally observed in the high-latitude Southern Ocean. One exception to this is found in the far southwestern Pacific where there is evidence of anthropogenic CO2 in the northward moving bottom waters. In the North Pacific a strong zonal gradient is observed in the anthropogenic CO2 penetration depth with the deepest penetration in the western Pacific. The Pacific has the largest total inventory in all of the southern latitudes despite the fact that it generally has the lowest average inventory when normalized to a unit area. The lack of deep and bottom water formation in the North Pacific means that the North Pacific inventories are smaller than the North Atlantic. C1 Univ Washington, PMEL, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. CSIRO, Div Oceanog, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. FRSGC, IGCR, Ecosyst Change Res Program, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. RP Sabine, CL (reprint author), Univ Washington, PMEL, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM feely@pmel.noaa.gov; key@princeton.edu; bullister@pmel.noaa.gov; fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu; ktl@postech.ac.kr; peng@aoml.noaa.gov; onot@frontier.esto.or.jp; wongc@dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015; Tilbrook, Bronte/A-1522-2012 OI Tilbrook, Bronte/0000-0001-9385-3827 NR 67 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1083 DI 10.1029/2001GB001639 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100030 ER PT J AU Sabine, CL Key, RM Feely, RA Greeley, D AF Sabine, CL Key, RM Feely, RA Greeley, D TI Inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean: Distribution and dissolution processes SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE Indian Ocean; carbon cycle; alkalinity; calcium carbonate; total CO2; saturation state ID DIOXIDE SYSTEM; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; TOTAL ALKALINITY; ARABIAN SEA; SEAWATER; WATER; THERMODYNAMICS; PRESSURE; DISSOCIATION; TEMPERATURE AB This study uses nearly 25,000 carbon measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS global CO2 survey to examine the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) in the Indian Ocean. Shallow and intermediate distributions of inorganic carbon do not strictly follow temperature and salinity because of differing surface gradients and vertical biological processes that work to modify the circulation derived features. Anthropogenic CO2 has increased the shallow DIC by as much as 3%, decreasing the vertical DIC gradient. Deep ocean DIC and TA increase toward the north because of the decomposition and dissolution of organic and inorganic particles. Calcite saturation depths range from 2900-3900 m with the deepest saturation depth in the central Indian Ocean. Variations of aragonite saturation depth (200-1400 m) are similar to calcite, but the deepest saturations are in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The shallowest aragonite saturation depths are found in the Bay of Bengal. In the northern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the current aragonite saturations are 100 and 200 m shallower, respectively, than in preindustrial times. Estimates of carbonate dissolution rates on isopycnal surfaces range from 0.017 to 0.083 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) in deep waters. Upper water column dissolution rates range from 0 to 0.73 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1), with a local maximum occurring in intermediate waters just below the aragonite saturation horizon. Dissolution is also generally higher north of the Chemical Front at 10-20degreesS. There is some evidence for significant sedimentary sources in the northern Indian Ocean. C1 Univ Washington, NOAA, PMEL, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Sabine, CL (reprint author), Univ Washington, NOAA, PMEL, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 72 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1067 DI 10.1029/2002GB001869 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100015 ER PT J AU Mayali, X Doucette, GJ AF Mayali, Xavier Doucette, Gregory J. TI Microbial community interactions and population dynamics of an algicidal bacterium active against Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae) SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE Algicidal bacteria; Cytophaga; Harmful algal blooms; 16S rRNA; bacterial interactions; Karenia brevis; DGGE AB The population dynamics of Cytophaga strain 41-DBG2, a bacterium algicidal to the harmful algal bloom (HAB) dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, were investigated in laboratory experiments using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Following its introduction into non-axenic K brevis cultures at concentrations of 10(3) or 10(5) bacterial cells per milliliter, 41-DBG2 increased to 10(6) cells per milliliter before initiation of its algicidal activity. Such threshold concentrations were not achieved when starting algal cell numbers were relatively low (10(3) cells per milliliter), suggesting that the growth of this bacterium may require high levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) excreted by the algae. It remains to be determined whether this threshold concentration is required to trigger an algicidal response by 41-DBG2 or, alternatively, is the point at which the bacterium accumulates to an effective killing concentration. The ambient microbial community associated with these algal cultures, as determined by DGGE profiles, did not change until after K. brevis cells were in the process of lysing, indicating a response to the rapid input of algal-derived organic matter. Resistance to algicidal attack exhibited by several K brevis clones was found to result from the inhibition of 41-DBG2 growth in the presence of currently unculturalble bacteria associated with those clones. These bacteria apparently prevented 41-DBG2 from reaching the threshold concentration required for initiation of algicidal activity. Remarkably, resistance and susceptibility to the algicidal activity of 41-DBG2 could be transferred between K. brevis clones with the exchange of their respective unattached bacterial communities, which included several dominant phylotypes belonging to the alpha-proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria, and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) groups. We hypothesize that CFB bacteria may be successfully competing with 41-DBG2 (also a member of the CFB) for nutrients, thereby inhibiting growth of the latter and indirectly providing resistance against algicidal attack. We conclude that if algicidal bacteria play a significant role in regulating HAB dynamics, as some authors have inferred, bacterial community interactions are crucial factors that must be taken into consideration in future studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Mayali, Xavier; Doucette, Gregory J.] NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Mayali, Xavier] Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Doucette, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM xmayali@ucsd.cdu; greg.doucette@noaa.gov FU NSF of the ECOHAB Inter-Agency Funding Initiative [OCE-9726260]; NOAA Coastal Ocean Program of the ECOHAB Inter-Agency Funding Initiative; NOAA/NOS; NOAA; NSF; EPA; NASA; ONR FX The authors wish to thank Christina Mikulski for antibiotic-treated K. brevis cultures originally donated by Dr. K. Steidinger, Dr. S. Morton for some unpublished data, and Dr. M. Twiner for valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by NSF grant OCE-9726260 to G.J.D. and the NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, both as part of the ECOHAB Inter-Agency Funding Initiative, and by NOAA/NOS operational funds. This is contribution 53 of the US ECOHAB Program, sponsored by NOAA, NSF, EPA, NASA, and ONR. NR 35 TC 90 Z9 110 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 EI 1878-1470 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD OCT PY 2002 VL 1 IS 3 BP 277 EP 293 AR PII S1568-9883(02)00032-X DI 10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00032-X PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA V38LZ UT WOS:000209346200004 ER PT J AU Doyle, MJ Busby, MS Duffy-Anderson, JT Picquelle, SJ Matarese, AC AF Doyle, MJ Busby, MS Duffy-Anderson, JT Picquelle, SJ Matarese, AC TI Early life history of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the northwest Gulf of Alaska: a historical perspective based on larval collections, October 1977-March 1979 SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE capelin; early life history strategies; Gulf of Alaska; larvae; oceanographic regime ID GROWTH AB Analyses of ichthyoplankton samples collected in the vicinity of Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the period October 1977-March 1979 provide new information on the spawning strategy and early life history of capelin in the Gulf of Alaska. Seasonal variation in abundance, length, and distribution of capelin larvae indicates that capelin populations in this area in 1978 spawned inshore during summer and autumn, and that spawning activity peaked during June-July. Distribution patterns of capelin larvae suggest that, subsequent to hatching and emergence into the plankton, larvae are transported from the bays and coastal zone around Kodiak Island into adjacent shelf waters, probably by tidal flushing and wind-induced surface currents. Mixing processes on the shelf seawards of Kodiak Island, reflecting variable current patterns there, are likely to enhance the dispersal of larvae as indicated by the uniformity observed among distribution patterns of several length categories. A comparison of larval abundance and length between bongo and neuston samples suggests that capelin larvae >30 mm standard length actively migrate to the surface layer. The observations represent a picture of capelin early life history during a period of abundance of adult capelin that has been linked to a cold phase in the oceanographic environment of the Gulf of Alaska. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Doyle, MJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM miriam.doyle@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1005 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1236 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 601WL UT WOS:000178471700016 ER PT J AU Brown, ED Churnside, JH Collins, RL Veenstra, T Wilson, JJ Abnett, K AF Brown, ED Churnside, JH Collins, RL Veenstra, T Wilson, JJ Abnett, K TI Remote sensing of capelin and other biological features in the North Pacific using lidar and video technology SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aerial survey; capelin; lidar; Mallotus villosus; ocean colour; remote sensing ID FISH SCHOOLS; OCEANOGRAPHIC LIDAR; AIRBORNE LIDAR; ANCHOVY AB We evaluated airborne remote sensing, using lidar and colour digital video, in the North Pacific in 2000. Specific objectives were (1) to determine lidar depth-penetration range, (2) to develop ocean colour indices as a proxy for depth penetration and Chl a, (3) to compare lidar with acoustic and net-sampling data, (4) to define diurnal variability over large areas, and (5) to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Depth penetration ranged from 18 to 50 m in non-silty water, with lowest values observed inshore by day and highest values on the continental shelf at night. A green index. derived from the three-band video data, was significantly related to depth penetration and was in general agreement with SeaWiFS satellite Chl a values. Significant correlations with acoustics data were obtained in an area with a high concentration of capelin, Mallotus villosus (Muller). The day and night distributions of two capelin locations arc shown. At a number of zooplankton sampling stations, there was general agreement between densities derived from lidar and vertical net tows. We discuss the spatial patchiness of capelin and zooplankton, ramifications of those distributions on survey design and sampling, strengths, weaknesses, and future research direction for aerial remote sensing. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R E ETI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Airborne Technol Inc, Wasilla, AK 99687 USA. RP Brown, ED (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, POB 757220, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013 NR 27 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 IS 5 BP 1120 EP 1130 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1282 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 601WL UT WOS:000178471700031 ER PT J AU Burton, WH Farrar, JS Steimle, F Conlin, B AF Burton, WH Farrar, JS Steimle, F Conlin, B TI Assessment of out-of-kind mitigation success of an artificial reef deployed in Delaware Bay, USA SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats CY OCT 07-11, 1999 CL SAN REMO, ITALY SP ICES, Italian Soc Marine Biol, European Artificial Reef Res Network, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Univ Geona, Phillips Petr, European Commiss, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE benthic secondary production epifauna; estuarine artificial reef; mitigation AB An out-of-kind, off-site mitigation reef was constructed in 1989 to replace an oligohaline tidal marsh and subtidal mudflat of the upper Delaware Estuary that had been filled in 1985 to create the Wilmington Harbor South Dredged Material Disposal Area. Habitat loss consisted of 57.4 ha of subtidal, soft-bottom habitat. The mitigation reef (0.651 ha of surface area) consisted of 16 prefabricated concrete reef structures, arranged in four clusters of four units each, near Brown's Shoal in Delaware Bay. We estimated benthic secondary production of the two sites using published production: biomass ratios (P:B) as a tool for conducting comparisons of benthic epifaunal communities. Results indicate that the artificial reef provides enhanced benthic secondary production per unit area (2000-12000 kcal yr(-1)) over the lost habitat (177 kcal yr(-1)), but that total production (3 and 77 million kcal yr(-1)) does not equal what has been lost (100 million kcal/yr). The construction of this reef, while not completely effective in its intended mitigation, provides a benchmark by which to design and judge future mitigation efforts. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Versar Inc, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. US Dept Army, Corps Engineers, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Burton, WH (reprint author), Versar Inc, 9200 Rumsey Rd, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 SU S BP S106 EP S110 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1269 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 615KC UT WOS:000179243500017 ER PT J AU Helvey, M AF Helvey, M TI Are southern California oil and gas platforms essential fish habitat? SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats CY OCT 07-11, 1999 CL SAN REMO, ITALY SP ICES, Italian Soc Marine Biol, European Artificial Reef Res Network, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Univ Geona, Phillips Petr, European Commiss, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE artificial reefs; essential fish habitat; groundfish; Magnuson-Stevens Act; oil platforms ID SANTA-BARBARA CHANNEL; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; MARINE RESERVES; REEF FISHES; ASSEMBLAGES; BIOMASS; BIGHT AB US federal agencies must consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service on actions that may adversely affect "essential fish habitat" (EFH). This EFH mandate coincides with recent discussions on proposed decommissioning of oil and gas platforms in southern California. While many species falling under the Pacific Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (e.g. rockfish, genus Sebastes) inhabit platforms, available information is insufficient for determining whether the structures are necessary to support a sustainable fishery or contribute to a healthy ecosystem, the two basic tenets of EFH. The occurrence of juvenile and large adult rockfish at some platforms suggests that they may support important ecological functions. Because rockfish show long-term population declines, further evaluation of platform ecological structure and function is warranted and should be integrated into the environmental review process. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Habitat Conservat Div, Long Beach, CA 92610 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Habitat Conservat Div, SW Region,501 W Ocean Blvd,Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA 92610 USA. EM mark.helvey@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 EI 1095-9289 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 SU S BP S266 EP S271 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1226 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 615KC UT WOS:000179243500042 ER PT J AU Miller, MW AF Miller, MW TI Using ecological processes to advance artificial reef goals SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats CY OCT 07-11, 1999 CL SAN REMO, ITALY SP ICES, Italian Soc Marine Biol, European Artificial Reef Res Network, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Univ Geona, Phillips Petr, European Commiss, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE artificial reefs; ecological processes; ecosystem restoration; experiments; fisheries; water quality ID OYSTER REEFS; CORAL AB The ecological study of natural reef communities has followed a progression from observational/descriptive studies to a more experimental and process-oriented approach. Ironically, most published studies of artificial reefs are observational despite the fact that their manipulative nature lends these reefs to an experimental approach, and despite the potential benefits of an experimental, process-oriented approach to fulfilling their objectives. Most applications of artificial reefs are underpinned by ecological processes ranging from trophic interactions and recruitment to individual physiology and biogeochemical cycling. Examples concerning three goals are discussed; enhancement of fisheries production, ecosystem restoration, and water quality enhancement. These examples illustrate (1) predictions that can be drawn from basic ecological studies of "natural" reef organisms and ecosystems regarding ecological structure, processes, and performance of artificial reefs, and (2) how an experimental ecological approach has been (or could be) utilized to elucidate ecological process and yield specific improvements in the application of artificial reefs to achieve management goals. In fact, answering the "why" and "how" questions addressed by experimental process studies is the only way to improve our success in achieving any sort of ecological engineering objectives. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 8 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 SU S BP S27 EP S31 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2001.1162 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 615KC UT WOS:000179243500005 ER PT J AU Steimle, F Foster, K Kropp, R Conlin, B AF Steimle, F Foster, K Kropp, R Conlin, B TI Benthic macrofauna productivity enhancement by an artificial reef in Delaware Bay, USA SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats CY OCT 07-11, 1999 CL SAN REMO, ITALY SP ICES, Italian Soc Marine Biol, European Artificial Reef Res Network, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Univ Geona, Phillips Petr, European Commiss, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE caloric conversions; epifauna; estuarine artificial reef; interannual variability; Mytilus edulis; taxon-specific P : B ID NEW-YORK-BIGHT; MYTILUS-EDULIS; MUSSEL BED; COMMUNITY; HABITAT; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; ESTUARY AB To understand the potential enhancement value of a habitat-loss mitigation reef in Delaware Bay, especially as a source of food for fishery resources, the secondary productivity of the reef epifauna and nearby sand infauna was estimated and compared. The mean production of natural sand infauna was estimated at between 215 and 249 kcal m(2) yr(-1), while that of the epifauna on the reef surfaces was between 3990 and 9555 kcal m(2) yr(-1). With the 36 m(2) footprint of a reef unit as a basis for comparison, the 407 m(2) of reef unit surface covering that footprint produced 1.62-3.89 X 10(6) kcal yr(-1) of epifauna compared with 7.74-8.96 X 10(3) kcal yr(-1) per footprint area for the adjacent sand infauna. There was, however, substantial annual variability in the productivity of the epifauna, based on the recruitment success of Mytilus edulis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sandy Hook Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Battelle Ocean Sci, Duxbury, MA 02332 USA. US Dept Army, Corps Engineers, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Steimle, F (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Sandy Hook Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 SU S BP S100 EP S105 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1268 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 615KC UT WOS:000179243500016 ER PT J AU Workman, I Shah, A Foster, D Hataway, B AF Workman, I Shah, A Foster, D Hataway, B TI Habitat preferences and site fidelity of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats CY OCT 07-11, 1999 CL SAN REMO, ITALY SP ICES, Italian Soc Marine Biol, European Artificial Reef Res Network, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Univ Geona, Phillips Petr, European Commiss, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE habitat preferences; homing instinct; juvenile red snapper; site fidelity ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; FISHERY; GROWTH AB Ten small reefs constructed of either oyster shell or polyethylene webbing and ten randomly selected open-bottom sites within a distance of 3.7 km of the reefs were used to determine juvenile red snapper [Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860)] habitat preferences. The reefs were deployed at 40, 50, 70, and 90 m from a flare stack located in a gas field off the coast of Mississippi. Juvenile red snapper were observed at one of the open-bottom sites when it was first surveyed, but none during a second survey conducted 45 days later. Age-0 and age-1 fish showed a preference for the more complex study reefs, but presence of age-1 appeared to limit recruitment of age-0 to a reef. As age-1 fish started to leave the reefs, increased numbers of age-0 were observed moving onto them. However, age-0 were never observed at the 40-m reef occupied by older fish throughout the study. Distance from the flare stack also appeared to have an effect on recruitment to the reefs. Age-0 were first observed at the 50-m reefs. They appeared at the 70-m reefs a week later and at the 90-m reefs almost a month later. Age-1 fish showed a preference for the reefs located closest to the flare stack. Juvenile red snapper site fidelity was determined using fish that either were tagged and released on site or were removed from the capture site before release. Fish from the on-site release were repeatedly sighted at the capture reef over about a 2-month period. Displaced fish, as determined with tracking equipment, were able to find their way back to the capture reef from as far away as 0.43 km in about 25 min. We conclude that juvenile red snapper are not only faithful to structures, but also have homing capabilities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Merck & Co Inc, Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. RP Shah, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 59 SU S BP S43 EP S50 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2001.1211 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 615KC UT WOS:000179243500008 ER PT J AU Li, XF Pichel, WG He, MX Wu, SY Friedman, KS Clemente-Colon, P Zhao, CF AF Li, XF Pichel, WG He, MX Wu, SY Friedman, KS Clemente-Colon, P Zhao, CF TI Observation of hurricane-generated ocean swell refraction at the Gulf Stream north wall with the RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA DE Gulf Stream; refraction; surface waves; synthetic aperture radar ID WAVE REFRACTION; IMAGERY; SPECTRA; SAR; ICE AB In this study, we analyze the refraction of long oceanic waves at the Gulf Stream's north wall off the Florida coast as observed in imagery obtained from the RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during the passage of Hurricane Bonnie on August 25, 1998. The wave spectra are derived from RADARSAT-1 SAR images from both inside and outside the Gulf Stream. From the image spectra, we can determine both the long wave's dominant wavelength and its propagation direction with 180degrees ambiguity. We find that the wavelength of hurricane-generated ocean waves can exceed 200 m. The calculated dominant wavelength from the SAR image spectra agree very well with in situ measurements made by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Data Buoy Center buoys. Since the waves mainly propagate toward the continental shelf from the open ocean, we can eliminate the wave propagation ambiguity. We also discuss the velocity-bunching mechanism. We find that in this very long wave case, the RADARSAT-1 SAR wave spectra should not be appreciably affected by the azimuth falloff, and we find that the ocean swell measurements can be considered reliable. We observe that the oceanic long waves change their propagation directions as they leave the Gulf Stream current. A wave-current interaction model is used to simulate the wave refraction at the Gulf Stream boundary. In addition, the wave shoaling effect is discussed. We find that wave refraction is the dominant mechanism at the Gulf Stream boundary for these very long ocean swells, while wave reflection is not a dominant factor. We extract 256-by-256 pixel full-resolution subimages from the SAR image on both sides of the Gulf Stream boundary, and then derive the wave spectra. The SAR-observed swell refraction angles at the Gulf Stream north wall agree reasonably well with those calculated by the wave-current interaction model. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Ocean Univ Qingdao, Ocean Remote Sensing Inst, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010 OI Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119; Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149 NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 2131 EP 2142 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.802474 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 625CC UT WOS:000179798500004 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, AJ Oldak, A Klein, M Njoku, EG Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Bindlish, R AF Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, AJ Oldak, A Klein, M Njoku, EG Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Bindlish, R TI Soil moisture retrieval using the C-band polarimetric scanning radiometer during the Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA DE advanced microwave scanning radiomete (AMSR); passive microwave; soil moisture ID MICROWAVE EMISSION AB The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) holds promise for retrieving soil moisture in regions with low levels of vegetation. Algorithms for this purpose have been proposed, but none have been rigorously evaluated due to a lack of datasets. Accordingly, the Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment (SGP99) was designed to provide C-band datasets for AMSR algorithm development and validation. Ground observations of soil moisture and related variables were collected in conjunction with aircraft measurements using a C-band radiometer similar to the AMSR sensor (6.92 GHz), the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer with its C-band scanhead (PSR/C). The study region has been the focus of several previous remote sensing field experiments and contains vegetation conditions compatible with the expected capabilities of C-band for soil moisture retrieval. Flights were conducted under a Aide range of soil moisture conditions, thus providing a robust dataset for validation. A significant issue found in data processing was the removal of anthropogenic radio-frequency interference. Several approaches to estimating the parameters of a single-channel soil moisture retrieval algorithm were used. PSR/C soil moisture images show spatial and temporal patterns consistent with meteorological and soil conditions, and the dynamic range of the PSR/C observations indicates that the AMSR instrument can provide useful soil moisture information. C1 USDA ARS, ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Shure Europe GMBH, Heilbronn, Germany. Syst Sci & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 2151 EP 2161 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.802480 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 625CC UT WOS:000179798500006 ER PT J AU Kinard, JR Lipe, TE Avramov-Zamurovic, S AF Kinard, JR Lipe, TE Avramov-Zamurovic, S TI A new binary inductive divider comparator system for measuring high-voltage thermal converters SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE AC-DC difference; high-voltage thermal converters (HVTCs); inductive divider; thermal converter; thermal voltage converters (TVC) ID DC; DEPENDENCE AB National Measurement Institutes have traditionally used bootstrapping or build-up techniques to determine the ac-dc difference of high-voltage thermal converters (HVTCs) in terms of the ac-dc difference of lower-voltage converters. We describe a met-hod of determining the ac-dc difference of HVTCs that is independent of the build-up process. A description of the system and technique is given and preliminary data is presented. C1 NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN Acad, Weapons & Syst Engn Dept, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. RP Kinard, JR (reprint author), NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 51 IS 5 BP 1045 EP 1049 DI 10.1109/TIM.2002.807794 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 640WX UT WOS:000180712400029 ER PT J AU Schmitz, TL AF Schmitz, TL TI Automatic trimming of machining stability lobes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE LA English DT Article DE stability lobes; chatter; lobe trimming ID ANALYTICAL PREDICTION; PART 1 AB This paper details an automatic method for the organization of the stability information included in the multiple parameterized lobes that make up analytic stability lobe diagrams into a single pair of vectors that describe the continuous relationship between spindle speed and allowable chip width. Additionally, the method describes the trimming of adjacent lobes and the removal of the spurious loops that are contained in each lobe for niultiple-mode tool point frequency response functions. Example MATLAB code is provided which implements the steps to perform the necessary trimming operations in AutoCAD using an executable script file. The trimmed lobe coordinate information is then exported from AutoCAD using the drawing interchange file (.dxf) format and read back into MATLAB for plotting and analysis. Examples for the development of trimmed stability lobe diagrams from tool point dynamic data that exhibits multiple modes, as well as directly from experimental frequency response measurements, are provided. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmitz, TL (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Metrol Div, MS 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6955 J9 INT J MACH TOOL MANU JI Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 13 BP 1479 EP 1486 AR PII S0890-6955(02)00034-2 DI 10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00034-2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 604NJ UT WOS:000178627400010 ER PT J AU Hillger, DW Clark, JD AF Hillger, DW Clark, JD TI Principal component image analysis of MODIS for volcanic ash. Part I: Most important bands and implications for future GOES Imagers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-BASED TECHNIQUE; FAILURES AB In Part I of this paper, the infrared bands of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are analyzed for volcanic ash signals using principal component image analysis. Target volcanoes included Popocatepetl volcano near Mexico City and Cleveland volcano in the Aleutian Islands. The analyses were performed to determine the MODIS bands that contribute the most to detecting volcanic ash. Even though the explained variance and signal-to-noise ratio of most of these new images are generally small, several of them provide views of volcanic ash with good contrast to the image background and other image features. Both day and night examples indicate that volcanic ash can be readily detected by combinations of MODIS bands to determine not only the ash extent but also qualitative variations in the concentration and height of the ash. The 36 bands on MODIS give much more flexibility for ash detection than the 4 bands on the current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager. In particular, MODIS bands 28-32, in the water vapor and longwave infrared portions of the spectrum, contributed most frequently to the detection of airborne volcanic ash. These include bands 28-30 in the 7.3-9.7-mum portion of the spectrum known for volcanic signals. Several of the MODIS bands that proved useful are bands projected for inclusion in the next major upgrade to the GOES Imager (scheduled for 2012). However, band 30 (9.7 mum) is neither available on the current GOES series nor planned for future GOES Imagers. In Part II of this paper, MODIS data for the same volcanic cases examined in Part I are used for specific simulations of current and near-term GOES imagery. The purpose of the simulations is to assess the impact of changes that will occur in the spectral bands of the GOES-M Imager (launched in 2001 and renamed GOES-12) when it becomes operational. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,ORA,RAMMT, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, OSDPD, SSD Satellite Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Hillger, DW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,ORA,RAMMT, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Hillger, Donald/F-5592-2010 OI Hillger, Donald/0000-0001-7297-2640 NR 16 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 41 IS 10 BP 985 EP 1001 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599AM UT WOS:000178310700001 ER PT J AU Hillger, DW Clark, JD AF Hillger, DW Clark, JD TI Principal component image analysis of MODIS for volcanic ash. Part II: Simulation of current GOES and GOES-M Imagers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB In Part I of this paper the infrared bands of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were analyzed using principal component image analysis for volcanic ash signals. The analyses performed determined that several of the thermal infrared bands of MODIS contributed significantly to detecting volcanic ash in the cases examined. Most, but not all, of these bands will be included in the next major upgrade to the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager scheduled for 2012. In Part II, MODIS data for the same volcanic cases examined in Part I (Popocatepetl near Mexico City and Cleveland in the Aleutian Islands) are used to simulate the impact of changes that will occur in spectral bands between current and near-term GOES imagery. The change from the 12.0-mum band to a 13.3-mum band on GOES-M (launched in 2001 and renamed GOES-12) was made to improve cloud-height determinations. However, when GOES-M becomes operational, the change in bands will have a potential negative impact on image products that are heavily utilized for volcanic ash detection. Image products generated from the three GOES infrared bands with the 13.3-mum band substituted for the 12.0-mum band indicate that volcanic ash can be detected but with diminished ability, especially for diffuse ash. For both day and night cases the increased contamination by clouds leads to increased chances of false ash detection. C1 Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,ORA,RAMMT, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, OSDPD, SSD Satellite Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Hillger, DW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, CIRA, NOAA, NESDIS,ORA,RAMMT, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Hillger, Donald/F-5592-2010 OI Hillger, Donald/0000-0001-7297-2640 NR 8 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1003 EP 1010 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1003:PCIAOM>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599AM UT WOS:000178310700002 ER PT J AU Yang, B AF Yang, B TI Elastic energy release rate of quantum islands in Stranski-Krastanow growth SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DOT SUPERLATTICES; CRYSTAL-SURFACES; SHAPE; NANOSTRUCTURES; STABILITY AB When constrained by a lattice-misfit substrate, a sufficiently thick epitaxial layer develops surface quantum islands (QIs) via mass transport as a thermodynamic process for energy minimization. By this process, the misfit strain energy is partially released, which serves as the driving force for island formation. In this work, we examine the elastic energy release rate (EERR, i.e., elastic relaxation energy per unit volume) of QI growth in multilayered heteroepitaxial structures under the condition of mass conservation. The analysis is based on a two-dimensional isotropic linear elastic continuum approach. A parametric study first is carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters on the variation of EERR of QI formation in an epilayer-substrate system. Furthermore, the EERR, which represents the energetics of global equilibrium, is applied to investigate the correlation of surface islands to buried seed islands in a multilayered heterostructure. The variation of EERR during nucleation of new surface islands shows a tendency of vertical correlation to buried seed islands in the isotropic heterogeneous system. This relationship of correlation does not alter with changing vertical distance between the surface and seed islands in the range examined. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Struct Technol Inc, Cary, NC 27511 USA. RP Yang, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Yang, Bo/A-5716-2010 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 7 BP 3704 EP 3710 DI 10.1063/1.1506386 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 595BU UT WOS:000178087600044 ER PT J AU Luy, B Richter, U DeJong, ES Sorensen, OW Marino, JP AF Luy, B Richter, U DeJong, ES Sorensen, OW Marino, JP TI Observation of H-bond mediated (3h)J(H2H3) coupling constants across Watson-Crick AU base pairs in RNA SO JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR LA English DT Article DE (3h)J(HH) coupling constant; E. COSY; hydrogen bond; RNA ID N HYDROGEN-BONDS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; SPIN-SPIN COUPLINGS; CENTER-DOT-O=C; SCALAR COUPLINGS; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; AB-INITIO; CHEMICAL-SHIFTS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; PROTEINS AB (3h)J(H2H3) trans-hydrogen bond scalar coupling constants have been observed for the first time in Watson-Crick AU base pairs in uniformly N-15-labeled RNA oligonucleotides using a new (2h)J(NN)-HNN-E. COSY experiment. The experiment utilizes adenosine H2 (AH2) for original polarization and detection, while employing (2h)J(NN) couplings for coherence transfer across the hydrogen bonds (H-bonds). The H3 protons of uracil bases are unperturbed throughout the experiment so that these protons appear as passive spins in E. COSY patterns. (3h)J(H2H3) coupling constants can therefore be accurately measured in the acquisition dimension from the displacement of the E. COSY multiplet components, which are separated by the relatively large (1)J(H3N3) coupling constants in the indirect dimension of the two-dimensional experiment. The (3h)J(H2H3) scalar coupling constants determined for AU base pairs in the two RNA hairpins examined here have been found to be positive and range in magnitude up to 1.8 Hz. Using a molecular fragment representation of an AU base pair, density functional theory/finite field perturbation theory (DFT/FPT) methods have been applied to attempt to predict the relative contributions of H-bond length and angular geometry to the magnitude of (3h)J(H2H3) coupling constants. Although the DFT/FPT calculations did not reproduce the full range of magnitude observed experimentally for the (3h)J(H2H3) coupling constants, the calculations do predict the correct sign and general trends in variation in size of these coupling constants. The calculations suggest that the magnitude of the coupling constants depends largely on H-bond length, but can also vary with differences in base pair geometry. The dependency of the (3h)J(H2H3) coupling constant on H-bond strength and geometry makes it a new probe for defining base pairs in NMR studies of nucleic acids. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Carlsberg Lab, Dept Chem, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Luy, Burkhard/I-1918-2013 OI Luy, Burkhard/0000-0001-9580-6397 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 59107-01] NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-2738 J9 J BIOMOL NMR JI J. Biomol. NMR PD OCT PY 2002 VL 24 IS 2 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1020919131801 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Spectroscopy GA 610FF UT WOS:000178949500005 PM 12495029 ER PT J AU Nugent-Glandorf, L Scheer, M Samuels, DA Bierbaum, VM Leone, SR AF Nugent-Glandorf, L Scheer, M Samuels, DA Bierbaum, VM Leone, SR TI Ultrafast photodissociation of Br-2: Laser-generated high-harmonic soft x-ray probing of the transient photoelectron spectra and ionization cross sections SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS; SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS; PULSES; PHASE AB The ultrafast dissociation of gas-phase Br-2 is probed via a 400 nm pump soft-x-ray probe scheme at five different high-order harmonic wavelengths (13th, 15th, 17th, 19th, and 21st of an 800 nm Ti:sapphire laser). A series of time-resolved ultrafast photoelectron spectra reveals prompt two-photon ionization features, which allow in situ measurement of the cross correlation between the pump and probe pulses. Transient features are attributed to ionization of the dissociative excited state wave packet, and new spectral peaks are associated with the formation of atomic Br. Deconvolution of time-trace plots of the atomic signals with the cross-correlation pulse durations reveal similar dissociation times (similar to40 fs) at two probe wavelengths (47 and 42 nm). Analysis of the transient wave packet photoelectron signal suggests an ionization process that occurs during dissociation, with a broad electron kinetic energy distribution at an extended Br-Br bond length (R greater than or equal to3 Angstrom). At long delay times (greater than or equal to500 fs), an enhancement of the ionization cross section of the Br atom compared to the Br-2 molecule is observed with each of the probe wavelengths, the ratio increasing from a factor of 21+/-1 to 56+/-5 for probe wavelengths of 61.5 to 38 nm, respectively. The intensity of the transient wave packet signal on the dissociative state remains nearly constant between the 17th and 19th harmonic probes, indicating that the ionization cross section of the dissociative state has an entirely different wavelength dependence than the Br atom. The transient wave packet ionization signal is qualitatively 10%-20% of the simultaneous two-photon (400 nm+soft x-ray) ionization signal. The results are discussed in terms of the transient dynamics of dissociative state photoelectron spectroscopy, the correlation between molecular and atomic ionization probabilities, and above threshold ionization probabilities. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Phys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nugent-Glandorf, L (reprint author), Nortel Networks, M-S 04332F15, Nepean, ON K2H 8E9, Canada. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 13 BP 6108 EP 6116 DI 10.1063/1.1504084 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 593BV UT WOS:000177972400019 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EK Jeon, HS Wang, H Kim, H Stout, DJ Han, CC AF Hobbie, EK Jeon, HS Wang, H Kim, H Stout, DJ Han, CC TI Shear-induced structure in polymer blends with viscoelastic asymmetry SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; ANGLE LIGHT-SCATTERING; INDUCED HOMOGENIZATION; PHASE-SEPARATION; FLOW; MIXTURES; DEFORMATION; TRANSITION; MICROSCOPY; EMULSIONS AB Light scattering and optical microscopy have been used to measure the morphology as a function of shear rate and composition in polymer blends with viscoelastic asymmetry in the melt components. The blends studied are immiscible mixtures of low-vinyl polybutadiene (PB) and high-vinyl polyisoprene (PI), where the vinyl content strongly influences the rheological properties of the melt. At the temperatures where the optical measurements described here were performed, the PI starts to exhibit an elastic response above a critical shear rate gamma(c), while the PB responds like a viscous fluid up to the highest shear rates of interest. The disparate rheology of the two fluids leads to a rich variety of domain patterns and orientations as the volume fraction of the more elastic component is varied. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Chem & Petr Engn, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Chem, Yongin 449701, Kyungkido, South Korea. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem & Chem Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 40 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 13 BP 6350 EP 6359 DI 10.1063/1.1503769 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 593BV UT WOS:000177972400047 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Hawkins, AR Lamb, HK Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, YB Hawkins, AR Lamb, HK Goldberg, RN TI A thermodynamic study of the reactions: {2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptanoate 7-phosphate(aq)=3-dehydroquinate(aq) plus phosphate(aq)} and {3-dehydroquinate(aq)=3-dehydroshikimate(aq) plus H2O(1)} SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE apparent equilibrium constant; DAHP synthase; 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptanoate; 7-phosphate; 3-dehydroquinate synthase; dehydratase; DHQ; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs free energy ID DEHYDROQUINATE SYNTHASE; 3-DEHYDROQUINATE SYNTHASE; CATALYZED REACTION; SUBSTRATE-ANALOGS; I DEHYDROQUINASE; STEPS; CATIONS; PROBE AB Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of reactions catalyzed by 3-dehydroquinate synthase and by 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase. These are the second and third reactions in the metabolic pathway leading to the formation of chorismate. The two reactions are: {DAHP(aq) = 3-dehydroquinate(aq) + phosphate(aq)} and {3-dehydroquinate(aq) = 3-dehydroshikimate(aq) + H2O(1)}. The h.p.l.c. measurements showed that the first reaction proceeded to completion and that the value of the apparent equilibrium constant for the second reaction was K' = (4.6 +/- 1.5) (Hepes buffer, temperature T = 298.15 K, pH = 7.50, and ionic strength I-m = 0.065 mol.kg(-1)). Calorimetric measurements led to a molar enthalpy of reaction Delta(r)H(m) (cal) = -(50.9 +/- 1.1) kJ.mol(-1) (Hepes buffer, T = 298.15 K, pH = 7.46, I-m = 0.070 mol.kg(-1)) for the first reaction and to Delta(r)H(m) (cal) = (2.3 +/- 2.3) kJ.mol(-1) (Hepes buffer, T = 298.15 K, pH = 7.42, I-m = 0.069 mol.kg(-1)) for the second reaction. These results were analyzed in terms of a chemical equilibrium model that accounts for the multiplicity of ionic states of the reactants and products. These calculations gave thermodynamic quantities at T = 298.15 K and I-m = 0 for chemical reference reactions involving specific ionic forms. For the reaction DAHP(3)-(aq) = 3-dehydroquinate(-)(aq) + HPO42-(aq), the standard molar enthalpy of reaction Delta(r)H(m) = -(51.1 +/- 4.5) kJ.mol(-1). For the reaction 3-de-hydroquinate(aq) = 3-dehydroshikimate (aq) + H2O(1), the equilibrium constant K = (4.6 +/- 1.5) and Delta(r)H(m)degrees = (2.3 +/- 2.3) kJ.mol(-1). A Benson type approach was used to estimate the standard molar entropy change Delta(r)S(m)degrees for the first reference reaction and led to the value K approximate to 2.10(14) for this reaction. Values of the apparent equilibrium constants and the standard transformed Gibbs free energy changes Delta(r)G(m)degrees under approximately physiological conditions are given for the biochemical reactions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Mail Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1671 EP 1691 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00226-4 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 620FE UT WOS:000179522700013 ER PT J AU Galanti, E Tziperman, E Harrison, M Rosati, A Giering, R Sirkes, Z AF Galanti, E Tziperman, E Harrison, M Rosati, A Giering, R Sirkes, Z TI The equatorial thermocline outcroppin - A seasonal control on the tropical Pacific Ocean-atmosphere instability strength SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DELAYED OSCILLATOR; PHASE-LOCKING; COUPLED MODEL; ENSO; ADJOINT; SENSITIVITY AB One of the major factors determining the strength and extent of ENSO events is the instability state of the equatorial Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere system and its seasonal variations. This study analyzes the coupled instability in a hybrid coupled model of the Indo-Pacific region, using the adjoint method for sensitivity studies. It is found that the seasonal changes in the ocean-atmosphere instability strength in the model used here are related to the outcropping of the thermocline in the east equatorial Pacific. From July to December, when the thermocline outcrops over a wide area in the east Pacific, there is a strong surface-thermocline connection and anomalies that arrive as Kelvin waves from the west along the thermocline can reach the surface and affect the SST and thus the coupled system. Conversely, from February to June, when the thermocline outcropping is minimal, the surface decouples from the thermocline and temperature anomalies in the thermocline depth range do not affect the surface and dissipate within the thermocline. The role of vertical mixing rather than upwelling in linking vertical thermocline movements to SST changes is emphasized. It is therefore suggested that the seasonal ocean-atmosphere instability strength in the equatorial Pacific is strongly influenced by the thermocline outcropping and its seasonal modulation, a physical mechanism that is often neglected in intermediate coupled models and that can be represented properly only in models that employ the full dynamics of the mixed layer. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. FastOpt, Hamburg, Germany. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Galanti, E (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 50 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 19 BP 2721 EP 2739 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2721:TETOAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 593RQ UT WOS:000178006300001 ER PT J AU Ricciardulli, L Sardeshmukh, PD AF Ricciardulli, L Sardeshmukh, PD TI Local time- and space scales of organized tropical deep convection SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL CLOUD IMAGERY; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MULTIPLE SATELLITES; CUMULUS CONVECTION; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; EQUATORIAL WAVES; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY AB The time- and space scales of tropical deep convection are estimated via analysis of 3-hourly Global Cloud Imagery (GCI) data for 3 yr at 35-70-km resolution. The emphasis is on estimating local time- and space scales rather than traditional zonal wavenumber-frequency spectra. This is accomplished through estimation of local spatial lag autocorrelations, the conditional probability of convection at neighboring points, and the expected duration of convective events. The spatial autocorrelation scale is found to be approximately 130 km, and the mean duration of convective events approximately 5.5 h, in the convectively active areas of the Tropics. There is a tendency for the spatial autocorrelation scales to be shorter over the continents than oceans (95-155 versus 110-170 km). The expected duration of convective events likewise tends to be shorter (4-6 versus 5-7 h). In the far western Pacific, these differences are sharp enough to legitimize the notion of the Indonesian archipelago as an extended maritime continent with a distinctive shape. Consistent with many other studies, the diurnal variation of the convection is also found to be strikingly different over the continents and oceans. The diurnal amplitude over land is comparable to the long-term mean, raising the possibility of significant aliasing across timescales. The simple analysis of this paper should be useful in evaluating and perhaps even improving the representation of convective processes in general circulation models. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, David Skaggs Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ricciardulli, L (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, David Skaggs Res Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 48 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 19 BP 2775 EP 2790 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2775:LTASSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 593RQ UT WOS:000178006300004 ER PT J AU Kang, IS Jin, K Lau, KM Shukla, J Krishnamurthy, V Schubert, SD Waliser, DE Stern, WF Satyan, V Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Kanamitsu, M Galin, VY Sumi, A Wu, G Liu, Y Kim, JK AF Kang, IS Jin, K Lau, KM Shukla, J Krishnamurthy, V Schubert, SD Waliser, DE Stern, WF Satyan, V Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Kanamitsu, M Galin, VY Sumi, A Wu, G Liu, Y Kim, JK TI Intercomparison of atmospheric GCM simulated anomalies associated with the 1997/98 El Nino SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; SOLAR-RADIATION; SCHEME; PARAMETERIZATION; PATTERNS; VARIABILITY AB The atmospheric anomalies for the 1997/98 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period have been analyzed and intercompared using the data simulated by the atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) of 11 groups participating in the Monsoon GCM Intercomparison Project initiated by the Climate Variability and Prediction Program (CLIVAR)/Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel. Each participating GCM group performed a set of 10 ensemble simulations for 1 September 1996-31 August 1998 using the same sea surface temperature (SST) conditions but with different initial conditions. The present study presents an overview of the intercomparison project and the results of an intercomparison of the global atmospheric anomalies during the 1997/98 El Nino period. Particularly, the focus is on the tropical precipitation anomalies over the monsoon-ENSO region and the upper-tropospheric circulation anomalies in the Pacific-North American (PNA) region. The simulated precipitation anomalies show that all of the models simulate the spatial pattern of the observed anomalies reasonably well in the tropical central Pacific, although there are large differences in the amplitudes. However, most of the models have difficulty in simulating the negative anomalies over the Maritime Continent during El Nino. The 200-hPa geopotential anomalies over the PNA region are reasonably well reproduced by most of the models. But, the models generally underestimate the amplitude of the PNA pattern. These weak amplitudes are related to the weak precipitation anomalies in the tropical Pacific. The tropical precipitation anomalies are found to be closely related to the SST anomalies not only during the El Nino seasons but also during the normal seasons that are typified by weak SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific. In particular, the pattern correlation values of the 11-model composite of the precipitation anomalies with the observed counterparts for the normal seasons are near 0.5 for the tropical region between 30degreesS and 30degreesN. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. Inst Global Environm & Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kang, IS (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. EM kang@climate.snu.ac.kr RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; NR 61 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 19 BP 2791 EP 2805 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2791:IOAGSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 593RQ UT WOS:000178006300005 ER PT J AU Campo, MA Woo, LY Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ AF Campo, MA Woo, LY Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ TI Frequency-dependent electrical mixing law behavior in spherical particle composites SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCERAMICS LA English DT Article DE composites; cement; impedance; electrical conductivity; mixing laws ID IMPEDANCE SPECTRA AB The electrical properties of cement-based composites with mono-size conductive (steel) or insulating (glass) spherical inclusions were investigated by combined 2-point impedance spectroscopy and 4-point dc resistance measurements. The matrix was ordinary Portland cement (w/c = 0.4; cured for 7 days). Particle loading was varied over an extended range to as high as 42% volume fraction. The steel particle composites behaved like the glass particle composites at dc and low ac frequencies; conductivity decreased with increasing particle loading. Under ac excitation, however, the steel particles were rendered conductive; conductivity increased dramatically with particle loading. The results were analyzed in terms of various mixing laws and effective media theories and the proposed "frequency-switchable coating model," which accounts for the unusual frequency-dependent behavior of the steel particle composites. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mason, TO (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Mason, Thomas/B-7528-2009 NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-3449 J9 J ELECTROCERAM JI J. Electroceram. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 9 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1023/A:1021642118889 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 627DH UT WOS:000179916000006 ER PT J AU Arge, CN Hildner, E Pizzo, VJ Harvey, JW AF Arge, CN Hildner, E Pizzo, VJ Harvey, JW TI Two solar cycles of nonincreasing magnetic flux SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE solar magnetic flux; aa index; solar cycle variations; coronal holes ID HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET; FIELD; INTERPLANETARY; CORONA; SUN AB [1] Since measurements began in the late nineteenth century, there has been a secular increase (with superposed ripples due to solar cycles) of the aa geomagnetic index [Mayaud, 1972]. Starting from this observation, Lockwood et al. [1999a, 1999b] conclude that the total open solar magnetic flux has increased by 41% from 1964 to 1995 and by 130% over all but the last 5 years of the twentieth century. However, solar data for more than two solar cycles - Carrington maps from Mount Wilson, and Wilcox Solar Observatories and newly reanalyzed data from the National Solar Observatory - show no secular trend in overall photospheric flux. More importantly, the magnetic flux open to interplanetary space (as calculated from photospheric measurements and assuming potential fields to a height of 2.5 R(.)) fails to show evidence of a secular increase over the last two solar cycles. Like Lockwood et al., we do not explicitly take account of transient events. Thus both data and calculations imply that the Sun's average coronal magnetic flux has not increased over the last two solar cycles. Analysis of simulations with the potential field source surface model shows that the interplanetary magnetic flux is not simply related to the erupted photospheric solar magnetic flux. Both results are in agreement with the findings of Wang et al. [2000]. The topology, rather than the strength, of the emergent solar magnetic field may be a major determinant of the interplanetary magnetic field experienced at Earth. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Solar Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RP Arge, CN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Mail Code R-E-SE,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Nick.Arge@noaa.gov; Hildner@noaa.gov; Vic.Pizzo@noaa.gov; jharvey@noao.edu NR 18 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS A10 AR 1319 DI 10.1029/2001JA000503 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 634RF UT WOS:000180353900054 ER PT J AU Izmodenov, V Wood, BE Lallement, R AF Izmodenov, V Wood, BE Lallement, R TI Hydrogen wall and heliosheath Ly alpha absorption toward nearby stars: Possible constraints on the heliospheric interface plasma flow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE heliospheric interface; interstellar atoms; Lyman alpha absorption ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; SOLAR-WIND INTERACTION; HST-GHRS OBSERVATIONS; SIRIUS-A; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; LAMBDA-ANDROMEDAE; STELLAR WIND; EPSILON-INDI; D/H RATIO; H-ATOMS AB In this paper, we study heliospheric Ly alpha absorption toward nearby stars in different lines of sight. We use the Baranov-Malama model of the solar wind interaction with a two-component (charged component and H atoms) interstellar medium. Interstellar atoms are described kinetically in the model. The code allows us to separate the heliospheric absorption into two components, produced by H atoms originating in the hydrogen wall and heliosheath regions, respectively. We study the sensitivity of the heliospheric absorption to the assumed interstellar proton and H atom number densities. These theoretical results are compared with interstellar absorption toward six nearby stars observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). C1 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Math & Mech, Dept Aeromech & Gas Dynam, Moscow 119899, Russia. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Les Buissons, France. RP Izmodenov, V (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Math & Mech, Dept Aeromech & Gas Dynam, Moscow 119899, Russia. RI Izmodenov, Vladislav/K-6073-2012 OI Izmodenov, Vladislav/0000-0002-1748-0982 NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS A10 AR 1308 DI 10.1029/2002JA009394 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 634RF UT WOS:000180353900043 ER PT J AU Gilsinn, DE Bandy, HT Ling, AV AF Gilsinn, DE Bandy, HT Ling, AV TI A spline algorithm for modeling cutting errors on turning centers SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE error modeling; generalized inverse; least squares; machine tool; pseudo inverse; spline ID MACHINING CENTER; COMPENSATION AB Turned parts on turning centers are made up of features with profiles defined by arcs and lines. An error model for turned parts must take into account not only individual feature errors but also how errors carry over from one feature to another. In the case where there is a requirement of tangency between two features, such as a line tangent to an arc or two tangent arcs, any error model on one of the features must also satisfy a condition of tangency at a boundary point between the two features. Splines, or piecewise polynomials with differentiability conditions at intermediate or knot points, adequately model errors on features and provide the necessary degrees of freedom to match constraint conditions at boundary points. The problem of modeling errors on features becomes one of least squares fitting of splines to the measured feature errors subject to certain linear constraints at the boundaries. The solution of this problem can be formulated uniquely using the generalized or pseudo inverse of a matrix. This is defined and the algorithm for modeling errors on turned parts is formulated in terms of splines with specified boundary constraints. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Metrol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. AFRL, DEX, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gilsinn, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0956-5515 J9 J INTELL MANUF JI J. Intell. Manuf. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 13 IS 5 BP 391 EP 401 DI 10.1023/A:1019940827539 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 586NK UT WOS:000177589900006 ER PT J AU Bendersky, LA Lu, CJ Scott, JH Chang, K Takeuchi, I AF Bendersky, LA Lu, CJ Scott, JH Chang, K Takeuchi, I TI Microstructure and microstructural evolution in BaTiO3 films fabricated using the precursor method SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS; LIBRARIES; CHEMISTRY AB Pulsed laser deposition of TiO2 and BaF2 layers at room temperature and subsequent annealing in flowing oxygen were used to form homogeneous epitaxial BaTiO3 films on LaAlO3. This oxide film synthesis method, known as the precursor technique, is frequently used for making combinatorial libraries. In this paper, we investigated the microstructures of the films at different stages of annealing using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution imaging, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. It was shown that epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films with large grains could be formed on a LaAlO3 substrate. Their formation process consists of the following stages: At 200 degreesC, the BaF2 layer is partially oxidized. At 400 degreesC, the amorphous TiO2, layer crystallizes, further transformation of BaF2 into BaO takes place, and interdiffusion begins. At 700 degreesC, the formation of a polycrystalline structure with different Ba-Ti oxides occurs, epitaxial BaTiO3 grains nucleate on the film/substrate interface, and significant interdiffusion takes place. Finally, at 900 degreesC, the interdiffusion is completed, and the epitaxial BaTiO3 grains coalesce and grow. The presence of nonepitaxial polycrystalline regions in fully annealed films can be explained as the following: (i) stoichiometric transient regions not yet consumed by recrystallization of BaTiO3; (ii) nonstoichiometric regions resulting from inhomogeneous deposition of BaF2. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 10 BP 2499 EP 2506 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0364 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 599TN UT WOS:000178351400005 ER PT J AU Jillavenkatesa, A Kelly, JF AF Jillavenkatesa, A Kelly, JF TI Nanopowder characterization: challenges and future directions SO JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nanopowder; nanoparticles; particle size; size distribution; standards; dispersions AB This article summarizes the conclusions of a workshop organized at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, October 4-5, 2001. The workshop was focused on the strengths and limitations of the techniques currently used for creating stable dispersions of nanoparticles and measuring the size distribution of powders in the nanosize range. Several emerging and alternative techniques with potential for use in particle size measurement in the nanometer range were advanced. Future needs for procedural and instrumental techniques and standards were identified. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jillavenkatesa, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8521, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-0764 J9 J NANOPART RES JI J. Nanopart. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 4 IS 5 BP 463 EP 468 DI 10.1023/A:1021689007419 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 625HM UT WOS:000179811100011 ER PT J AU Rabinovich, AB Thomson, RE Bograd, SJ AF Rabinovich, AB Thomson, RE Bograd, SJ TI Drifter observations of anticyclonic eddies near Bussol' Strait, the Kuril Islands SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Sciences-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org DE Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Bussol' Strait, inertial currents, satellite drifters ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC; SHELF WAVES; CURRENTS; TRAJECTORIES; KUROSHIO; OKHOTSK; SEA AB Hydrographic surveys and satellite imaging reveal that mesoscale anticyclonic (AC) eddies are common features of the area south of Bussol' Strait, the deepest of the Kuril straits connecting the western North Pacific and Sea of Okhotsk. To examine the velocity structure of these eddies, we deployed groups of 15-m drogued satellite-tracked surface drifters over the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench in the fall of 1990 and late summer of 1993. Drifters in both groups entered large AC eddies centered over the axis of the trench seaward of Bussol' Strait and subsequently underwent a slow northeastward translation. One drifter (Drifter 1315) deployed near the center of the "Bussol' eddy" in 1990, remained in the eddy for roughly 45 days and made five loops at successively greater distances from the eddy center. Large-amplitude (80-100 cm/s) storm-generated inertial oscillations were observed during the first two loops. The vorticity field associated with the eddy resulted in a Doppler "red-shift" of inertial frequency motions such that the "effective" inertial period of 21 hours was roughly 4 hours greater than the nominal inertial period for the drifter latitude (45degreesN). In 1993, a second drifter (Drifter 15371) was retained in the Bussol' eddy for about 40 days. This eddy had characteristics similar to those of the 1990 eddy but was devoid of significant high-frequency motions until the drifter's final half loop. The observed spatial scales, persistence, and slow poleward translation of the eddies suggests that they play an important role in the dynamics of the East Kamchatka and Oyashio current systems. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia. NOAA, NMFS Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Thomson, RE (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 5 BP 661 EP 671 DI 10.1023/A:1022890222516 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 597VG UT WOS:000178241000005 ER PT J AU Seki, MP Lumpkin, R Flament, P AF Seki, MP Lumpkin, R Flament, P TI Hawaii cyclonic eddies and blue marlin catches: The case study of the 1995 Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament SO JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Sciences-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org DE cyclonic eddies, AVHRR SST, hydrography, currents, Pacific blue marlin; tournament catches ID MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; IMAGERY; WATERS AB The combination of prevailing northeasterly tradewinds and island topography results in the formation of vigorous, westward propagating cyclonic eddies in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands on time scales of 50-70 days. These mesoscale (similar to10(2) km) features are nowhere more conspicuous or spin up more frequently than in the Alenuihaha Channel between the Island of Maui and the Big Island of Hawaii. Cyclonic eddies in subtropical waters such as those around Hawaii vertically displace the underlying nutricline into the overlying, nutrient-depleted euphotic zone creating localized biologically enhanced patches. Insight into how these eddies may directly influence pelagic fish distribution is provided by examination of recreational fish catch data coinciding with the presence of eddies on the fishing grounds. We highlight the 1995 Hawaii International Billfish Tournament in which a cyclonic eddy dominated the ocean conditions during the weeklong event and the fish catch distribution differed significantly from the average historical tournament catch patterns. On the tournament fishing grounds, well-mixed surface layers and strong current flows induced by the eddy's presence characterized the inshore waters where the highest catches of the prized Pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara) occurred, suggesting possible direct (e.g., physiological limitations) or indirect (e.g., prey availability) biological responses of blue marlin to the prevailing environment. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Hawaii, SOEST, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Seki, MP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Lumpkin, Rick/C-9615-2009 OI Lumpkin, Rick/0000-0002-6690-1704 NR 14 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158, JAPAN SN 0916-8370 J9 J OCEANOGR JI J. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 5 BP 739 EP 745 DI 10.1023/A:1022854609312 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 597VG UT WOS:000178241000012 ER PT J AU Ladd, C Thompson, L AF Ladd, C Thompson, L TI Decadal variability of North Pacific central mode water SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID THERMOCLINE VARIABILITY; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SUBTROPICAL GYRE; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; SUBDUCTION; HEMISPHERE; INTENSIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; WESTERLIES AB An isopycnal model forced with wind stress and heat fluxes from 1965 through 1993 was used to examine the effects of variable atmospheric forcing on the ventilation of the North Pacific. During this time period, a climatic regime shift occurred that had significant impacts on heat fluxes, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind stress patterns. The climate shift, occurring in the winter of 1976/77, affected the formation rates and locations, and properties of the Central Mode Water (CMW) formed in the model. Three model runs were compared: one with variable buoyancy forcing and climatological wind forcing, one with variable wind forcing and climatological buoyancy forcing, and one with variability in both the buoyancy and the wind forcing. The comparison indicates that buoyancy forcing is of primary importance in the variability of mode water formation and properties surrounding the climate shift. One measure of the climate shift is the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), an index of SST variability in the North Pacific, which changed sign in 1976/77. A positive state for the PDO is associated with deeper model mixed layers, formation of denser varieties of CMW, and an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the CMW density range. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ladd, C (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014 OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 2870 EP 2881 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<2870:DVONPC>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 594XY UT WOS:000178078800010 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL AF Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL TI Pore size distributions in low-k dielectric thin films from X-ray porosimetry SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE X-ray; thin films; particle size distribution; adsorption ID ANNIHILATION LIFETIME; REFLECTIVITY; SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUIDS AB X-ray reflectivity has been used to determine the mass uptake of probe molecules in porous thin films supported on thick silicon wafers. The adsorption occurs by capillary condensation when the films are exposed to probe vapor at controlled partial vapor pressures. The probe solvent partial pressure was varied by mixing saturated air and dry air at constant temperature or by changing sample temperature at a constant vapor concentration. Pore size distribution in the films can be calculated from the probe uptake with typical porosimetric approaches such as the application of the Kelvin equation to convert partial pressure into pore size. For illustration, the pore size distribution of three different nanoporous thin films, the primary candidate of ultra-low-k interlevel dielectrics in the next generation of integrated circuit chips, was determined with this technique. These samples represent different generations of low-k dielectrics developed by industry. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, MSEL, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 19 BP 2170 EP 2177 DI 10.1002/polb.10275 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 593JX UT WOS:000177989000003 ER PT J AU Levin, I Amos, TG Nino, JC Vanderah, TA Randall, CA Lanagan, MT AF Levin, I Amos, TG Nino, JC Vanderah, TA Randall, CA Lanagan, MT TI Structural study of an unusual cubic pyrochlore Bi1.5Zn0.92Nb1.5O6.92 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pyrochlore; dielectric; bismuth zinc niobate; disorder ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; ZIRCONOLITE; BISMUTH AB Single-phase pyrochlore-type specimens of Bi1.5Zn0.92 Nb1.5O6.92 were studied using combined electron, X-ray and neutron powder diffraction techniques. Rietveld refinements using neutron powder diffraction data confirmed an average pyrochlore structure A(2)B(2)O(6)O' (Fd (3) over barm, a = 10.5616(1) Angstrom) with both Bi and Zn mixed on the A-sites. However, refinements revealed significant local deviations from the ideal pyrochlore arrangement which were caused by apparent displacive disorder on both the A and O' sites. The best fit was obtained with a disordered model in which the A-cations were randomly displaced by similar to0.39 Angstrom from the ideal eight-fold coordinated positions. The displacements occur along the six [112] directions perpendicular to the O'-A-O' links. In addition, the O' ions were randomly displaced by similar to0.46 Angstrom, along all 12 [110] directions. Crystal-chemical considerations suggest the existence of short-range correlations between the O' displacements and both the occupancy of the A-sites (i.e., Bi or Zn) and the directions of the A-cation displacements. The combined A-cation and O' displacements change the coordination sphere of the A-cations from 8 to (5+3); the resulting coordination environment of the A-cations bears similarities to that of the (5+1)coordinated Zn in zirconolite-like Bi2Zn2/3Nb4/3O7. The observed displacive disorder in the A(2)O' network of the Bi1.5Zn0.92Nb1.5O6.92 structure involves atoms associated with the lowest-frequency vibrational bending mode, and is likely responsible for both the high dielectric constant and the dielectric relaxation reported for this compound. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, Ctr Dielect Studies, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Bldg 223-A256, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Nino, Juan/A-6496-2008 OI Nino, Juan/0000-0001-8256-0535 NR 19 TC 173 Z9 184 U1 0 U2 29 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 168 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1006/jssc.2002.9681 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 620QN UT WOS:000179544200010 ER PT J AU Kim, H Huang, Q Lynn, JW Kauzlarich, SM AF Kim, H Huang, Q Lynn, JW Kauzlarich, SM TI Neutron diffraction study of the ternary transition metal zintl compound Ca14MnSb11 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ternary transition metal zintl compound; neutron diffraction; magnetic structure; colossal magnetoresistance; magnetocrystalline anisotropy ID COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; SR; YB14MNSB11; MAGNETISM; BA AB The magnetic ordering of the tetragonal Ca14MnSb11 compound (space group I4(1)/acd) has been determined by high-resolution neutron diffraction on powder samples. Neutron data were obtained at temperatures of 1.4, 10, 95K, and room temperature. Refinement of the magnetic structure reveals a ferromagnetic ordering of Mn magnetic moments lying in the a-b plane below the T-C of 63K. The low-temperature-ordered magnetic moment on the Mn ion is 3.4(2) mu(B) at 1.4 K. The results are confirmed by magnetic susceptibility measurements, which show that the easy magnetization direction of the compound is perpendicular to the c-axis and the system orders ferromagnetically at 63 K, in good agreement with neutron diffraction results. A large negative magnetoresistance effect (Deltarho/rho(H) = -34.4%) at the magnetic transition temperature is observed in applied magnetic fields up to 6 T. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kauzlarich, SM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Kauzlarich, Susan/H-1439-2011 NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 168 IS 1 BP 162 EP 168 DI 10.1006/jssc.2002.9705 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 620QN UT WOS:000179544200022 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous, moving fluid SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID OCEAN ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY; WAVE-EQUATION; APPROXIMATION; VELOCITY; FLOW; RECIPROCITY; SIMULATION; TURBULENCE; GRADIENTS; CURRENTS AB The idea of similarity between acoustic fields in a moving fluid and in, a certain "effective" quiescent medium, first put forward by Lord Rayleigh, proved very helpful in understanding and modeling sound propagation in an atmosphere with winds and in an ocean with currents, as well as in other applications involving flows with small velocity compared to sound speed. Known as effective sound speed approximation, the idea is routinely utilized in the contexts of the ray theory, normal mode representation of the sound field, and the parabolic approximation. Despite the wide use of the concept of effective sound speed in acoustics of moving media, no theoretical justification of Rayleigh's idea was published that would be independent of the chosen representation of the sound field and uniformly apply to distinct propagation regimes. In this paper, we present such a justification by reducing boundary conditions and a wave equation governing sound fields in the inhomogeneous moving fluid with a slow flow to boundary conditions and a wave equation in a quiescent fluid with effective sound speed and density. The derivation provides insight into validity conditions of the concept of effective quiescent fluid. Introduction of effective density in conjunction with effective sound speed is essential to ensure accurate reproduction of acoustic pressure amplitude in the effective medium. Effective parameters depend on sound speed, flow velocity, and density of the moving fluid as well as on sound propagation direction. Conditions are discussed under which the dependence on the propagation direction can be avoided or relaxed. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanog Inst, Acoust Wave Propagat Lab, Moscow 117851, Russia. RP Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oleg.godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 43 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 112 IS 4 BP 1269 EP 1275 DI 10.1121/1.1504853 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 602BW UT WOS:000178486100006 PM 12398433 ER PT J AU Kiffney, PM Bull, JP Feller, MC AF Kiffney, PM Bull, JP Feller, MC TI Climatic and hydrologic variability in a coastal watershed of southwestern British Columbia SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ENSO; PDO; precipitation; discharge; temperature; streams; organic matter; ecosystem function ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; EL-NINO; HEADWATER STREAMS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ENSO TELECONNECTIONS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; RIVER BASIN; LA-NINA; SALMON; PRECIPITATION AB Climate data fro in the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest (MKRF) in the Coast Range mountains of southwestern British Columbia were used to examine relationships between climate and hydrology and variations in the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Air and water temperatures were higher and precipitation was lower during in-phase or warm PDO/El Nino events than in other years. In contrast, in-phase or cool PDO/La Nina years were generally cooler and wetter than other years. Precipitation and East Creek discharge were positively related to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and negatively related to the PDO index. Conversely, air and water temperatures were negatively related to the SOI and positively related to the PDO index. Differences in precipitation and air temperature were also evident at longer time scales when separated by PDO phase. Because of drier conditions during in-phase El Nino events, the flow of organic matter from East Creek to downstream portions of the channel network was lower compared to other years. This reduction has implications for downstream communities, as these subsidies provide a major source of energy for stream food webs. Therefore, short term and long term shifts in climate, discharge, and water temperature may have profound impacts on the ecology of Pacific Northwest (PNW) watersheds due to changes in a number of ecosystem processes such as altered flux of organic matter from headwater streams to larger rivers. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Kiffney, PM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 10 Pk Ave,Bldg B, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. NR 41 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1437 EP 1451 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04357.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 615XV UT WOS:000179273400019 ER PT J AU Lau, KM Li, XF Wu, HT AF Lau, KM Li, XF Wu, HT TI Evolution of the large scale circulation, cloud structure and regional water cycle associated with the South China Sea monsoon during May-June, 1998 SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; 1997-98 EL-NINO; FIRST TRANSITION; ONSET; OSCILLATION; MECHANISM; VELOCITY; RAINFALL; TRMM AB This paper studies the evolution of the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon during May-4unq,1998, to elucidate relationships among the large scale circulation, organization of convection cloud structures, and fluctuations of the regional water cycle of the SCS. Primary data used include field observations from the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX), and the satellite rain product's from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Prior to the onset of the SCS monsoon, enhanced corvective activities associated with. the Madden and Julian Oscillation were detected over the equatorial Indian, Ocean in early May, while the SCS was under the influence of the West Pacific Anticyclone with prevailing low level easterlies and suppressed convection. Subsquently, a bifurcation of the MJO convection near 90degreesE led to the development of strong convection over the Bay of Bengal, which spawned low-level westerlies across Indo-China and contributed to the initial build-up of moisture and convective available potential energy over the northern SCS. The onset of the SCS monsoon occurred around May 18-20, and appeared to be triggered by the equatorward penetration of extratropical. frontal disturbances originating from the continental regions of East Asia. Analysis of TRMM microwave and precipitation radar data revealed that during the onset phase, convection over the northern SCS consisted of squall-type rain cells embedded in meso-scale complexes similar to extratropical systems. The radar Z-factor intensity indicated that SCS clouds possessed a bimodal distribution, with a pronounced signal (>30 dBz) at. a height of 2-3 km, and another one (>25 dBz) at the 8-10 km level, separated by a well-defined melting level signaled by a bright band at around 5-km level. The most convectively active phase of the SCS monsoon, as measured by the abundance of convective and stratiform hydrometeor types, inferred from the radar vertical profile, was found to occur when the large scale vertical wind shear was weakest. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Lau, KM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Atmospheres Lab, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 33 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 5 BP 1129 EP 1147 DI 10.2151/jmsj.80.1129 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 627XF UT WOS:000179961200003 ER PT J AU Swann, WC Gilbert, SL AF Swann, WC Gilbert, SL TI Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1560-1630-nm carbon monoxide wavelength-calibration lines SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY; ACETYLENE; BAND AB We have measured the line centers and the pressure-induced shifts of 14 lines in the 3nu rotational-vibrational band of carbon monoxide, (C16O)-C-12 and 18 lines in the corresponding band of (CO)-C-13-O-16. These lines can be used as wavelength references in the optical fiber communication wavelength-division multiplexing L band (approximately 1565-1625 nm). The (CO)-C-12-O-16, spectrum has useful reference lines from 1560 to 1595 nm, and the 130160 spectrum has lines from 1595 to 1630 nm. We observed that, except for a shift of 35 nm toward longer wavelengths for the (CO)-C-13-O-16 spectrum, the behaviors of the two isotopic species are similar. We found that the pressure shift varies with line number, from similar to+0.01 to +0.02 pm/kPa (similar to0.16 to 0.31 MHz/Torr). In addition, we measured the pressure broadening of these lines; we found that it also varies with line number and is typically 0.3-0.4 pm/kPa (approximately 5-7 MHz/Torr). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Swann, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 19 IS 10 BP 2461 EP 2467 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.19.002461 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 602HM UT WOS:000178499900020 ER PT J AU Mukherjea, A Nakassis, A AF Mukherjea, A Nakassis, A TI On the continuous singularity of the limit distribution of products of i.i.d. d x d stochastic matrices SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL PROBABILITY LA English DT Article DE random matrices; limit distribution; central limit theorem AB This article gives sufficient conditions for the limit distribution of products of i.i.d. d x d random stochastic matrices, d finite and greater than or equal to2, to be continuous singular, when the support of the distribution of the individual random matrices is finite or countably infinite. Proofs are based on applications of the multivariate Central Limit Theorem. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Math, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mukherjea, A (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Math, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0894-9840 J9 J THEOR PROBAB JI J. Theor. Probab. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 4 BP 903 EP 918 DI 10.1023/A:1020636603528 PG 16 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 604ZK UT WOS:000178650800003 ER PT J AU Yang, CSC Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Briggman, KA AF Yang, CSC Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Briggman, KA TI In situ, vibrationally resonant sum frequency Spectroscopy study of the self-assembly of dioctadecyl disulfide on gold SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE; IN-SITU; ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; POLYCRYSTALLINE GOLD; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; ORGANIC MONOLAYERS; DIALKYL DISULFIDES; SURFACES; KINETICS AB We report the results of an in situ, vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy study of the assembly of perdeuterated dioctadecyl disulfide on gold substrates from ethanol solutions under laminar flow conditions. The coverage evolution of the SFG spectra can be well described by the coexistence of two distinct phases: a low-coverage, disordered phase and the full-coverage crystalline phase. The structure of the adsorbed thiolate fragments in the low-coverage phase is disordered but upright (as opposed to lying completely in the surface plane), characterized by significant gauche defects in the backbone but a near-normal orientation for the terminal methyl group. The crystalline phase is marked by an erect all-trans configuration of the alkane chain. The kinetics of the evolution of these two phases can be quantitatively described by a simple model, consistent with phase coexistence above a critical density of the disordered phase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, LJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 53 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 20 BP 7549 EP 7556 DI 10.1021/la0257790 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 598WV UT WOS:000178300200045 ER PT J AU Jefferson, TA van Waerebeek, K AF Jefferson, TA van Waerebeek, K TI The taxonomic status of the nominal dolphin species delphinus tropicalis van Bree, 1971 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE long-beaked common dolphin; Delphinus capensis; Delphinus tropicalis; taxonomy; skull morphology; geographic variation; Indo-Pacific region; Indian Ocean ID CETACEANS; AFRICA AB The taxonomic status of common dolphins in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has been clarified in recent years, with the discovery that there appear to be two species, a short-beaked (Delphinus delphis) and a long-beaked (D. capensis) species. However, the taxonomy of common dolphins in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia is still unclear. A nominal third species, Delphinus tropicalis van Bree, 1971, has been described from this area, but its validity is controversial. We reviewed records and literature on common dolphins from South Africa east to Australia and Japan, and measured 206 skulls of common dolphins from the Indo-Pacific and southern California. Other than southern Australia, we found no evidence for Delphinus delphis in the Indo-Pacific (South African specimens appear to be D. capensis). Previous reports of short-beaked common dolphins in the Indo-Pacific appear to have been cases of misidentification. The tropicalis form has an exceptionally long and narrow rostrum with high tooth counts, but otherwise appears to resemble D. capensis, in both skeletal and external morphology. From an examination of 86 Delphinus skulls from the reported range of tropicalis (Middle East to China), we found that both tooth counts and rostral length/zygomatic width ratios were higher than for 94 D. capensis specimens from southern Japan, South Africa, and California. These measurements were greatest in the central Indian Ocean (around India). However, there was evidence of clinal variation, with both decreasing as one moves east or west from India, towards South Africa in the west or Japan in the east. We suggest that the tropicalis-form is actually a long-beaked subspecies of D. capensis, which may hybridize or intergrade with the standard capensis-form in southeast Asia and possibly along the east coast of Africa. The appropriate name is Delphinus capensis tropicalis (van Bree, 1971), and a formal description of the subspecies is provided. C1 Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Hong Kong Cetacean Res Project, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Peruvian Ctr Cetacean Res, Pucusana, Peru. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Hong Kong Cetacean Res Project, Ocean Pk, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 109 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 787 EP 818 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01074.x PG 32 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 611CD UT WOS:000178998100001 ER PT J AU Krutzen, M Barre, LM Moller, LM Heithaus, MR Simms, C Sherwin, WB AF Krutzen, M Barre, LM Moller, LM Heithaus, MR Simms, C Sherwin, WB TI A biopsy system for small cetaceans: Darting success and wound healing in Tursiops SPP. SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biopsy sampling; bottlenose dolphin; cetaceans; darting; wound healing; Tursiops sp. ID WHALES MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; HUMPBACK WHALES; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; SKIN; DNA; POPULATIONS; VALIDATION; HAIR AB Together with PAY-ARMS (NZ), we developed a biopsy system for small cetaceans and tested it on four populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). The system consists of a modified 0.22 caliber rifle, and biopsy darts made out of polycarbonate with stainless steel biopsy tips. Animals were darted at a range of 2-15 m while travelling parallel to the vessel. Overall sampling success for obtaining biopsy samples when an animal was struck ranged from 96.6% to 100% in the four populations. However, hit rate varied for the four different populations. We did not observe a significant difference in strength of the reaction to the darting procedure when an animal was hit or missed, both among and within populations. Data from one population showed no significant difference in the reaction to biopsy sampling by four different age-sex classes. The only factor that had a significant influence on darting success was the hit location. Furthermore, we observed a significant positive correlation between the size of the sample obtained and the reaction to biopsy sampling. Biopsy samples were sufficient for microsatellite and d-loop analysis in 95.8% and for genetic sexing in 99% of all cases. In animals that we observed on a daily basis, wounds were healed after approximately 23 d. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Dept Conservat & Land Management, Denham, WA 6537, Australia. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Krutzen, M (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. RI Moller, Luciana/A-6030-2008; Sherwin, William B/C-3432-2008; Krutzen, Michael/D-9550-2011; OI Sherwin, William B/0000-0002-1578-8473; Krutzen, Michael/0000-0003-1055-5299 NR 35 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 863 EP 878 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01078.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 611CD UT WOS:000178998100005 ER PT J AU Zolman, ES AF Zolman, ES TI Residence patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina, USA SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops truncatus; stock structure; residence; migration; transients; photo identification; video-identification ID NOSED-DOLPHIN; ABUNDANCE; WATERS; BAY AB Residence patterns of inshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina were investigated as part of a larger effort to better understand stock structure of these dolphins along the east coast of the United States. Eighty-seven small-boat surveys for bottlenose dolphins were conducted from October 1994 through January 1996. Dolphins were sighted during all surveys. Approximately 304 h were spent surveying the study area; 64% (n = 196 h) of this time was spent observing and videotaping dolphins. A catalog, containing 112 individually identified dolphins was compiled. Thirty-two percent (n = 36) of identified dolphins were sighted once, while 28% (n = 31) were sighted five or more times. Nineteen percent (n = 21) of identified dolphins were determined to be year-round residents; eight percent (n = 9) seasonal residents. The majority (64%, n = 72) of identified dolphins were sighted in the study area during a single season or in two consecutive seasons and were classified as transients. This study documents the northernmost known site of a resident bottlenose dolphin community on the east coast of the United States, suggesting a complex bottlenose dolphin stock structure. C1 Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Biol Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Zolman, ES (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, CCEHBR, Charleston Lab, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 36 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 879 EP 892 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01079.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 611CD UT WOS:000178998100006 ER PT J AU Walker, WA Mead, JG Brownell, RL AF Walker, WA Mead, JG Brownell, RL TI Diets of Baird's beaked whales, Berardius bairdii, in the southern sea of Okhotsk and off the pacific coast of Honshu, Japan SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Baird's beaked whale; Berardius bairdii; Ziphiidae; diet; cephalopods; moridae; macrouridae; Laemonema longipes; Coryphaenoides cinereus; Coryphaenoides longifilis AB Stomach contents were analyzed from 127 Baird's beaked whales, Berardius bairdii, taken in coastal waters of Japan. During late July-August of 19851987, 1989, and 1991, 107 samples were collected from off the Pacific coast of Honshu. An additional 20 samples were collected from whales taken in the southern Sea of Okhotsk during late August-September of 1988 and 1989. Prey identification using fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks revealed the whales fed primarily on deep-water gadiform fishes and cephalopods in both regions. Prey species diversity and the percentage of cephalopods and fish differed between the two regions. Off the Pacific coast of Honshu the whales fed primarily on benthopelagic fishes (81.8%) and only 18.0% on cephalopods. Eight species of fish representing two families, the codlings (Moridae) and the grenadiers (Macrouridae), collectively made up 81.3% of the total. Thirty species of cephalopods representing 14 families made up 12.7%. In the southern Sea of Okhotsk, cephalopods accounted for 87.1% of stomach concents. The families Gonatidae and Cranchiidae were the predominant cephalopod prey, accounting for 86.7%, of the diet. Gadiform fish accounted for only 12.9% of the diet. Longfin codling, Laemonema longipes, was the dominant fish prey in both regions. Depth distribution of the two commonly consumed fish off the Pacific coast of Honshu indicate the whales in this region fed primarily at depths ranging from 800 to 1,200 m. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Div Mammals, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Walker, WA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way,NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 902 EP 919 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01081.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 611CD UT WOS:000178998100008 ER PT J AU Hamazaki, T AF Hamazaki, T TI Spatiotemporal prediction models of cetacean habitats in the mid-western North Atlantic Ocean (from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA to Nova Scotia, Canada) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cetaceans; habitat prediction model; geographical information system; western North Atlantic Ocean ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; GULF-OF-MEXICO; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; DOLPHIN HABITATS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; WHALE; WATERS; SHELF; EDGE AB Habitat prediction models were developed for 13 cetacean species of the mid-western North Atlantic Ocean: beaked whale, fin whale, humpback whale, minke whale, pilot whale, sperm whale, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, Risso's dolphin, spotted dolphin, whitesided dolphin, and harbor porpoise. Using the multiple logistic regression, sightings of cetaceans during the 19901996 summer (June-September) surveys were modeled with oceanographic (sea surface temperature, monthly probability of front occurrence) and topographic (depth, slope) variables for the same period. Predicted habitat maps for June and August were created for each species using a Geographical Information System. The predicted habitat locations matched with current and historic cetacean sighting locations. The model also predicted habitat shifts for some species associated with oceanographic changes. The correct classification rate of the prediction models with 1997-1998 summer survey data ranged from 44% to 70%, of which most of the misclassifications were caused by false positives (i.e., absence of sightings at locations where the models predicted). C1 NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hamazaki, T (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fishery Div, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 28 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 23 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 920 EP 939 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01082.x PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 611CD UT WOS:000178998100009 ER PT J AU Loughlin, TR Castellini, MA Ylitalo, G AF Loughlin, TR Castellini, MA Ylitalo, G TI Spatial aspects of organochlorine contamination in northern fur seal tissues SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE northern fur seals; organochlorine; PCBs; dioxin-like PCBs; pesticides ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; BERING SEA; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; MARINE MAMMALS; FACTORS TEFS; BLUBBER; ALASKA; MILK; PCBS AB Northern fur seals from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska (St. George Is. and St. Paul Is.) were examined fur organoehlorine contamination (OC) and whether the organochlorine levels differed between the populations and were at levels that may adversely affect their health. Fur seal blubber and milk samples were obtained from pups, sub-adult males, and adult females on both Pribilof Islands. These samples were analyzed for organochlorine contaminants including dioxin-like PCBs and other selected PCBs and pesticides by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array. Results showed that there are clear differences between the two islands in the patterns of fur seal OC distribution. Generally, these differences are confined to the PCBs with only minimal differences in the DDTs. There are also clear biological differences in the levels shown between milk, pup blubber, and sub-adult male blubber. When considering blubber, St. George Is. fur seals show higher OC levels than St. Paul la., for both pups and subadults. On the other hand, milk samples From St. Paul Is. showed higher PCB levels than St. George I,. For the milk, the overall OC levels may impact the immune function of the pups, but are probably of only minimal impact to humans. However, for blubber, the overall toxic equivalency shows levels exceeding those levels recommended for human consumption at St, George Is, and approaching those levels at St. Paul Is. The concentration curves suggest that the movement of OC in and out of milk follows a complex set of reactions dependent on how the OC compounds on a congener level are associated with lipid. In fact, there is some evidence that they may not follow the lipid as closely as we had thought and that lipid levels can vary without importing the total OC level in the milk. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM tom.loughlin@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1024 EP 1034 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00149-2 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00149-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 616GW UT WOS:000179296900016 PM 12474962 ER PT J AU Vitaliano, JJ Reid, RN Frame, AB Packer, DB Arlen, L Sacco, JN AF Vitaliano, JJ Reid, RN Frame, AB Packer, DB Arlen, L Sacco, JN TI Comparison of benthic invertebrate assemblages at Spartina alterniflora marshes reestablished after an oil spill and existing marshes in the Arthur Kill (NY/NJ) SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE benthic invertebrates; community structure; salt marsh; oil spill; Arthur Kill; Spartina alterniflora; sediments ID SALT-MARSH; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MACROBENTHOS; IMPACTS; CREEKS; TEXAS AB In January 1990, an oil spill damaged salt marshes along the banks of the Arthur Kill (New York and New Jersey. USA). In the years following the spill. Spartina alterniflora seedlings were planted at a number of the oil damaged sites and successfully reestablished at these sites. In 1996, the National Marine Fisheries Service began a study to compare the benthic invertebrate assemblages at the reestablished S. alterniflora marshes to those at nearby existing marshes in the,Arthur Kill. Oligochaetes, nematodes, and the small tube-building polychaete, Manayunkia aestuarina were the dominant taxi in the study. Significant differences were found in the abundances of all invertebrate individuals, oligochaetes, and nematodes between the September and May sampling times but not between reestablished and existing marshes. Although benthic invertebrate community structure was similar at reestablished and existing marshes three to four years after planting, the functional similarity of these marshes was nut assessed in this study. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Off Nat Resources Damages, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM joseph.vitaliano@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1100 EP 1108 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00164-9 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00164-9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 616GW UT WOS:000179296900025 PM 12474971 ER PT J AU Mukhopadhyay, A Wei, BX Zullo, SJ Wood, LV Weiner, H AF Mukhopadhyay, A Wei, BX Zullo, SJ Wood, LV Weiner, H TI In vitro evidence of inhibition of mitochondrial protease processing by HIV-1 protease inhibitors in yeast: a possible contribution to lipodystrophy syndrome SO MITOCHONDRION LA English DT Article DE lipodystrophy; mitochondria; inhibition; protease ID REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; THERAPY-RELATED LIPODYSTROPHY; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PEPTIDASE; PRECURSOR; INFECTION; TOXICITY; IMPORT; DYSFUNCTION AB Highly active antiretroviral therapy has been associated with the emergence of lipodystrophy syndromes that have clinical features commonly seen in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction. The effect of therapeutic protease inhibitors (PIs) on mitochondrial function is unknown. Mitochondrial matrix space proteins possess an amino-terminal leader peptide that is removed by the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP). Lack of cleavage could result in non- or dysfunctional mitochondrial proteins. The effects of different PIs on protease processing using pure MPP or yeast mitochondria, recognized models for mammalian counterparts, were examined in vitro. Multiple PIs were found to inhibit MPP, evidenced by accumulation of immature pALDH and decreased levels of processed ALDH. Both indinavir and amprenavir at 5.0 mg/ml resulted in significant inhibition of NIPP. Although inhibition of MPP was also observed with ritonavir and saquinavir, the inhibition was difficult to quantify due to background inhibition of MPP by DMSO that was required to solubilize the drugs for the in vitro studies. Indinavir was also shown to inhibit MPP within yeast mitochondria. Lack of processing may impair mitochondrial function and contribute to the observed mitochondrial dysfunctions in patients receiving HAART and implicated in antiretroviral-associated lipodystrophy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. and Mitochondria Research Society. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Zullo, SJ (reprint author), NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1567-7249 J9 MITOCHONDRION JI Mitochondrion PD OCT PY 2002 VL 1 IS 6 BP 511 EP 518 AR PII S1567-7249(02)00042-9 DI 10.1016/S1567-7249(02)00042-9 PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 601FK UT WOS:000178435700004 PM 16120303 ER PT J AU Gilmore, MS Wicker, LJ AF Gilmore, MS Wicker, LJ TI Influences of the local environment on supercell cloud-to-ground lightning, radar characteristics, and severe weather on 2 June 1995 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; ICE CRYSTAL INTERACTIONS; CHARGE-TRANSFER; ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE; DETECTION ALGORITHM; MESOSCALE SYSTEMS; RIME ACCRETION; TORNADIC STORM; LIQUID WATER; LIFE-CYCLES AB Radar, cloud- to- ground (CG) lightning characteristics, and storm reports were documented for 20 long-lived supercell thunderstorms that occurred during a 6-h period in the west Texas Panhandle on 2-3 June 1995. These thunderstorms occurred in proximity to a preexisting mesoscale outflow boundary. Storms that remained on the warm side of the mesoscale outflow boundary and storms that formed directly on the boundary tended to produce weaker low-level rotation, lower maximum heights for the 40-dBZ echo top, and had the largest negative CG flash rates. The largest negative flash rate was produced as each storm was gradually weakening. In contrast, out of 11 boundary-crossing storms, several important radar-based measurands increased unambiguously after storms crossed the boundary: 40-dBZ echo-top height in 5 cases, radar reflectivity above the environmental freezing level in 6 cases, and low-level mesocyclone strength in 9 cases. Trends of the first two measurands were ambiguous for 4 of 11 cases affected by a +/-15 min estimated boundary- position uncertainty. Five out of 11 storms dramatically increased their positive flash rate within 60 min after crossing the outflow boundary. These large positive flash rates were associated with descending reflectivity cores that were larger in magnitude and areal extent compared to other storms in this study. The local mesoscale environment and its horizontal variations of 0-3-km vertical wind profile, CAPE below the in-cloud freezing level, and boundary layer mixing ratio appeared to greatly influence storm structure and evolution. The observed environmental variations are hypothesized to support changes in charge structure that might lead to the observed changes in flash rate and polarity. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, NCAR, NORTH, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Gilmore, MS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, NCAR, NORTH, 3450 Mitchell Lane,Bldg 3, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 78 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 10 BP 2349 EP 2372 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2349:IOTLEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589WG UT WOS:000177784100001 ER PT J AU Ooyama, KV AF Ooyama, KV TI The cubic-spline transform method: Basic definitions and tests in a 1D single domain SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MINIMUM ALIASING METHOD; NUMERICAL-MODELS; SPECTRAL MODEL AB The purpose of the paper is to describe the technical details of a numerical method that combines the cubic-spline representation of spatial variables in a finite domain with the logistics of the spectral transform method for the time integration of nonlinear meteorological equations. The reason for developing the method lies in its application to two-way interacting nested models of the atmosphere. When compared with the gridpoint representation, the cubic-spline representation allows direct evaluation of derivatives in the model equations, and leads to a substantial reduction of shortwave dispersion of advecting and propagating waves. When compared with the Fourier spectral representation, the cubic B-splines as basis functions provide simple but exact means of implementing a variety of boundary conditions that are needed at the domain interfaces, as well as at natural boundaries. A sharp (sixth order) low-pass filter, which is built into the cubic-spline transform, effectively eliminates adverse nonlinear accumulation of small-scale errors near the resolution limit. These features, critically important to noise-free nesting, are defined and analyzed in this paper in the simpler context of a single 1D domain. The actual procedures for two-way interactive nesting will be presented in a subsequent paper. C1 NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Ooyama, KV (reprint author), NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 10 BP 2392 EP 2415 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2392:TCSTMB>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589WG UT WOS:000177784100003 ER PT J AU Zhu, T Zhang, DL Weng, FZ AF Zhu, T Zhang, DL Weng, FZ TI Impact of the advanced microwave sounding unit measurements on hurricane prediction SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; CLOUD LIQUID WATER; TROPICAL CYCLONES; DATA ASSIMILATION; ANDREW 1992; MATURE HURRICANES; INITIALIZATION; MESOSCALE; MODEL; SIMULATION AB Due to the lack of meteorological observations over the tropical oceans, almost all the current hurricane models require bogusing of a vortex into the large-scale analysis of the model initial state. In this study, an algorithm to construct hurricane vortices is developed using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSUA) data. Under rain-free atmospheric conditions, the temperature profile could be retrieved with a root-meansquare error of 1.5degreesC. Under heavy rainfall conditions, measurements from channels 3-5 are removed in retrieving temperatures. An application of this algorithm to Hurricane Bonnie (1998) shows well the warm-core eye and strong thermal gradients across the eyewall. The rotational and divergent winds are obtained by solving the nonlinear balance and omega equations using the large-scale analysis as the lateral boundary conditions. In doing so, the sea level pressure distribution is empirically specified, and the geopotential heights are calculated from the retrieved temperatures using the hydrostatic equation. The so-derived temperature and wind fields associated with Bonnie compare favorably to the dropsonde observations taken in the vicinity of the storm. The initial moisture field is specified based on the AMSU-derived total precipitable water. The effectiveness of using the retrieved hurricane vortex as the model initial conditions is tested using three 48-h simulations of Bonnie with the finest grid size of the 4-km, triply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). It is found that the control run captures reasonably well the track and rapid deepening stage of the storm. The simulated radar reflectivity exhibits highly asymmetric structures of the eyewall and cloud bands, similar to the observed. A sensitivity simulation is conducted, in which an axisymmetric vortex is used in the model initial conditions. The simulated features are less favorable compared to the observations. Without the incorporation of the AMSU data, the simulated intensity and cloud structures differ markedly from the observed. The results suggest that this algorithm could provide an objective, observation-based way to incorporate a dynamically consistent vortex with reasonable asymmetries into the initial conditions of hurricane models. This algorithm could also be utilized to estimate three-dimensional hurricane flows after the hurricane warm core and eyewall are developed. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zhang, DL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, 2419 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Zhang, Da-Lin/F-2634-2010; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Zhang, Da-Lin/0000-0003-1725-283X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 42 TC 57 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 10 BP 2416 EP 2432 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2416:IOTAMS>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589WG UT WOS:000177784100004 ER PT J AU Xie, YF Lu, CL Browning, GL AF Xie, YF Lu, CL Browning, GL TI Impact of formulation of cost function and constraints on three-dimensional variational data assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ECMWF IMPLEMENTATION; WEATHER PREDICTION; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; ERROR COVARIANCES; 3D-VAR; SYSTEM; FILTER; MODEL AB Three- dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) analysis is an important method used at operational and research institutes in meteorology, for example, the National Centers for Environmental (NCEP) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In 3DVAR analysis, forms of cost functions and constraints (e. g., geostrophic balance) have been used. However, the impacts these different forms of cost functions, covariances, and constraints on the 3DVAR solutions have not completely analyzed due to their complexity. Using the Fourier analysis where the Fourier transformation applicable, the impacts of different forms of cost functions and some commonly used physical constraints demonstrated. In the particular case of geostrophic balance as the constraint, the large-scale motion of a analysis could be in geostrophic balance, but the mesoscale solution may be nearly unchanged if the terms and the forms of J(b) (terms related to the background field in 3DVAR cost functions) and J(o) (related the observation field) are chosen properly. This conclusion shows that the penalization of geostrophic can be used for mesoscale data assimilation without serious damage to the mesoscale features. More for constructing a 3DVAR system, this paper also demonstrates that some formulations of J(b) can physically unexpected solutions. The theory is illustrated using numerical experiments. C1 NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Xie, YF (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, FS1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Xie, Yuanfu/G-4413-2015 NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 10 BP 2433 EP 2447 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2433:IOFOCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589WG UT WOS:000177784100005 ER PT J AU Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM AF Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM TI Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ICE-PHASE MICROPHYSICS; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; TOGA COARE; RADIATION INTERACTION; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; EXPLICIT SIMULATION; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; SURFACE PROCESSES; MESOSCALE AB Dominant cloud microphysical processes associated with a tropical oceanic convective system are investigated based on a 2D cloud resolving simulation. The model is forced by the zonal-mean vertical velocity, zonal wind, sea surface temperature, and horizontal temperature and moisture advections measured and derived from the TOGA COARE period. The analysis of cloud microphysics budgets shows that cloud water forms due to vapor condensation, but most of the conversion of cloud water to precipitation occurs primarily through two mechanisms, depending on the temperature when they occur: through riming of cloud water onto precipitation ice (snow or graupel) at colder than 0degreesC and collection of cloud water by rain at warmer temperatures. Processes involving the liquid phase are dominant during the early stages of convection development. The collection process produces rain, and the riming process enhances ice clouds. Ice processes are more dominant during the later stages. The melting of precipitation ice and vapor deposition become important in producing rain and ice clouds, respectively. ased on the analysis of dominant cloud microphysical processes, a simplified set of cloud microphysics parameterization schemes are proposed. Simulations with the simplified and original sets show similar thermodynamic evolution and cloud properties. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 23 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 10 BP 2481 EP 2491 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2481:DCMPIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589WG UT WOS:000177784100008 ER PT J AU Gilsinn, DE AF Gilsinn, DE TI Estimating critical Hopf bifurcation parameters for a second-order delay differential equation with application to machine tool chatter SO NONLINEAR DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE center manifolds; delay differential equations; exponential polynomials; Hopf bifurcation; limit cycle; machine tool chatter; normal form; semigroup of operators; subcritical bifurcation ID NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; MODEL AB Nonlinear time delay differential equations are well known to have arisen in models in physiology, biology and population dynamics. They have also arisen in models of metal cutting processes. Machine tool chatter, from a process called regenerative chatter, has been identified as self-sustained oscillations for nonlinear delay differential equations. The actual chatter occurs when the machine tool shifts from a stable fixed point to a limit cycle and has been identified as a realized Hopf bifurcation. This paper demonstrates first that a class of nonlinear delay differential equations used to model regenerative chatter satisfies the Hopf conditions. It then gives a precise characterization of the critical eigenvalues on the stability boundary and continues with a complete development of the Hopf parameter, the period of the bifurcating solution and associated Floquet exponents. Several cases are simulated in order to show the Hopf bifurcation occurring at the stability boundary. A discussion of a method of integrating delay differential equations is also given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilsinn, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 55 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-090X J9 NONLINEAR DYNAM JI Nonlinear Dyn. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 103 EP 154 DI 10.1023/A:1020455821894 PG 52 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 599EZ UT WOS:000178322300001 ER PT J AU Carasso, AS Bright, DS Vladar, AE AF Carasso, AS Bright, DS Vladar, AE TI APEX method and real-time blind deconvolution of scanning electron microscope imagery SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE electron microscopy; real time; image deblurring; blind deconvolution; heavy-tailed Levy density functions; APEX method; slow evolution from the continuation boundary method; scanning electron microscopy images ID SHARPNESS MEASUREMENT AB Loss of resolution due to image blurring is a major concern in electron microscopy. The point spread function describing that blur is generally unknown. We discuss the use of a recently developed fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based direct (noniterative) blind deconvolution procedure, the APEX method, that can process 512x512 images in seconds of CPU time on current desktop platforms. The method is predicated on a restricted but significant class of shift-invariant blurs, consisting of finite convolution products of heavy-tailed Levy probability density functions. Such blurs considerably generalize Gaussian and Lorentzian point spread functions. The method is applied to a variety of original scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and is shown to be useful in enhancing and detecting fine detail not otherwise discernible. Quantitative sharpness analysis of "ideal sample" micrographs shows that APEX processing can actually produce sharper imagery than is achievable with optimal microscope settings. (C) 2002 society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Precis Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carasso, AS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 41 IS 10 BP 2499 EP 2514 DI 10.1117/1.1499970 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 606BU UT WOS:000178713900018 ER PT J AU Hotinski, RM Kump, LR Bice, KL AF Hotinski, RM Kump, LR Bice, KL TI Comment on "Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic?'' by R. Zhang et al. SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Permian; anoxia; phosphate; extinction; stagnation; ocean modeling ID CIRCULATION; MODEL C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hotinski, RM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Kump, Lee/H-8287-2012 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1052 DI 10.1029/2001PA000680 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA 639XX UT WOS:000180656400004 ER PT J AU Aslaksen, M Bailey, J AF Aslaksen, M Bailey, J TI NOAA's role in napping the World Trade Center and the Pentagon disaster sites SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, NGS, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Aslaksen, M (reprint author), NOAA, NGS, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 969 EP 969 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 599MM UT WOS:000178338800002 ER PT J AU Shimakage, H Wang, Z Ono, RH Vale, LR AF Shimakage, H Wang, Z Ono, RH Vale, LR TI Fabrication of interface-engineered Josephson junctions on sapphire substrates SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS 2001) CY SEP 25-27, 2001 CL KOBE, JAPAN DE interface engineered junction; YBCO; sapphire substrate; ICRN products AB We report on a process for fabricating YBCO interface-engineered junctions on sapphire substrates. The electrical properties of the junctions thus produced were investigated across a wide range of temperatures. The current-voltage characteristics approached the characteristic of the resistively shunted junction property at high temperatures. The ICRN products of the junctions displayed a quasi-linear property. The I-V characteristics showed Shapiro steps under irradiation at 12.3 GHz, and this is consistent with the Josephson relation. We predict that the interface-engineered Josephson junction on sapphire will be suitable for ractical use in high-frequency mixers after optimization of the fabrication process. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kansi Adv Res Ctr, Commun Res Lab, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Shimakage, H (reprint author), Kansi Adv Res Ctr, Commun Res Lab, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 378 BP 1348 EP 1352 AR PII S0921-4534(02)01712-4 DI 10.1016/S0921-4534(02)01712-4 PN 2 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 617GY UT WOS:000179355000093 ER PT J AU Ballard, JB Stauffer, HU Mirowski, E Leone, SR AF Ballard, JB Stauffer, HU Mirowski, E Leone, SR TI Simultaneous control of time-dependent population transfer dynamics and wave-packet quantum interferences in Li-2 by shaped ultrafast pulses SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-REACTION DYNAMICS; SHELF STATE; PHOTODISSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOIONIZATION; FEMTOCHEMISTRY; IODINE; PHASE AB Ultrafast pulse shapes are used to control simultaneously the optimal population transfer coefficients and rotational wave-packet quantum interferences in the E (1)Sigma(g)(+) state of Li-2 (nu(E)=9, J(E)=27 and 29). By dividing the spectral bandwidth of the ultrafast pulses into multiple "control domains" centered on each resonant wavelength, the population transfer coefficients can be manipulated independently of the wave-packet interferences to maximize the Li-2 photoionization yield at arbitrary short pump-probe time delays. To investigate the population transfer coefficients with and without wave-packet interferences, respectively, the pump polarization is set to be either parallel to or at the magic angle (similar to55degrees) relative to the probe polarization. A comparison is made between phases that are symmetric and antisymmetric about the resonances. The effects of resonant and nonresonant frequencies are separately established and quantified. It is estimated that up to 90% of the possible nonresonant Rabi oscillations can be, brought into phase simultaneously for each rovibrational state in the wave, packets while at the same time a constant phase offset added to one of the control domains establishes the phase of the wave-packet interference. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ballard, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 043402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043402 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 619XF UT WOS:000179502200092 ER PT J AU Milstein, JN Kokkelmans, SJJMF Holland, MJ AF Milstein, JN Kokkelmans, SJJMF Holland, MJ TI Resonance theory of the crossover from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluidity to Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute Fermi gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID GINZBURG-LANDAU-THEORY; BCS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; TRANSITION AB We present a description of the behavior of a superfluid gas of fermions in the presence of a Feshbach resonance over the complete range of magnetic field detunings. Starting from a resonance Hamiltonian, we exploit a functional method to describe the continuous behavior from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer to Bose-Einstein condensation type superfluidity. Our results show an ability for a resonance system to exhibit a high critical temperature comparable to the Fermi temperature. The results are derived in a manner that is shown to be consistent with the underlying microscopic scattering physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 27 TC 94 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 043604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043604 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 619XF UT WOS:000179502200112 ER PT J AU Nikuni, T Williams, JE Clark, CW AF Nikuni, T Williams, JE Clark, CW TI Linear spin waves in a trapped Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-HYDROGEN GAS; EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; OSCILLATIONS AB An ultracold Bose gas of two-level atoms can be thought of as a spin-1/2 Bose gas. It supports spin-wave collective modes due to the exchange mean field. Such collective spin oscillations have been observed in recent experiments at JILA with Rb-87 atoms confined in a harmonic trap. We present a theory of the spin-wave collective modes based on the moment method for trapped gases. In the collisionless and hydrodynamic limits, we derive analytic expressions for the frequencies and damping rates of modes with dipole and quadrupole symmetry. We find that the frequency for a given made is given by a temperature-independent function of the peak density n, and falls off as 1/n, We also find that, to a very good approximation, excitations in the radial and axial directions are decoupled. We compare our model to the numerical integration of a one-dimensional version of the kinetic equation and find very good qualitative agreement. The damping rates, however, show the largest deviation for intermediate densities, where one expects Landau damping-which is unaccounted for in our moment approach-to play a significant role. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nikuni, T (reprint author), Sci Univ Tokyo, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Shinjuku Ku, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Tokyo 1628601, Japan. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 043411 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043411 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 619XF UT WOS:000179502200101 ER PT J AU O'Hara, KM Hemmer, SL Granade, SR Gehm, ME Thomas, JE Venturi, V Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ AF O'Hara, KM Hemmer, SL Granade, SR Gehm, ME Thomas, JE Venturi, V Tiesinga, E Williams, CJ TI Measurement of the zero crossing in a Feshbach resonance of fermionic Li-6 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM FERMIONS; COLLISIONS; ATOMS; GAS; SCATTERING; STATE AB We measure a zero crossing in the scattering length of a mixture of the two lowest hyperfine states of Li-6. To locate the zero crossing, we monitor the decrease in temperature and atom number arising from evaporation in a CO2 laser trap as a function of magnetic field B. The temperature decrease and atom loss are minimized for B = 52.8 +/- 0.4 mT, consistent with no evaporation. We also present preliminary calculations using potentials that have been constrained by the measured zero crossing and locate a broad Feshbach resonance at approximate to86 mT, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions. In addition, our theoretical model predicts a second and much narrower Feshbach resonance near 55 mT. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 22 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 041401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.041401 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 619XF UT WOS:000179502200003 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Deng, L Schmitt, C Anderson, S AF Payne, MG Deng, L Schmitt, C Anderson, S TI Studies of group-velocity reduction and pulse regeneration with and without the adiabatic approximation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; OPTICAL INFORMATION-STORAGE; DIELECTRIC MEDIA; ATOMIC VAPOR; LIGHT; PROPAGATION; EXCITATION; PHYSICS; GAS AB We present a detailed semiclassical study of the propagation of a pair of optical fields in resonant media with and without the adiabatic approximation. In the case of near- and on-resonance excitation, we show detailed calculations, both analytical and numerical, of the extremely slowly propagating probe pulse and the subsequent regeneration of a pulse via a coupling laser. Further discussions of the adiabatic approximation provide much subtle understanding of the process, including the effect on the bandwidth of the regenerated optical field. We show that the adiabatic condition does not generally predict that the regenerated field will have the same bandwidth as that of the original probe pulse. Indeed, we show analytically that for a set of coupling pulses well satisfying the adiabatic conditions, the regenerated field usually has a different bandwidth from the original probe pulse. For very-far-off resonance excitations, we show that the analytical solution is nearly detuning independent, providing a simple condition is satisfied. This surprising result is vigorously tested and compared to numerical calculations with very good agreement. C1 Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, MG (reprint author), Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, POB 8031, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 043802 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043802 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 619XF UT WOS:000179502200132 ER PT J AU Mook, HA Dai, PC Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lynn, JW Lee, SH Dogan, F AF Mook, HA Dai, PC Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lynn, JW Lee, SH Dogan, F TI Magnetic order in YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SPIN FLUCTUATIONS; PSEUDOGAP; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; RESONANCE; DENSITY; MOMENTS; METALS; PHASE; WATER AB Polarized and unpolarized neutron diffraction has been used to search for magnetic order in YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors. Most of the measurements were made on a high quality crystal of YBa2Cu3O6.6. It is shown that this crystal has highly ordered ortho-II chain order, and a sharp superconducting transition. Inelastic scattering measurements display a very clean spin-gap and pseudogap with any intensity at 10 meV being 50 times smaller than the resonance intensity. The crystal shows a complicated magnetic order that appears to have three components. A magnetic phase is found at high temperatures that seems to stem from an impurity with a moment that is in the a-b plane, but disordered on the crystal lattice. A second ordering occurs near the pseudogap temperature that has a shorter correlation length than the high temperature phase and a moment direction that is at least partly along the c axis of the crystal. Its moment direction, temperature dependence, and Bragg intensities suggest that it may stem from orbital ordering of the d-density wave type. An additional intensity increase occurs below the superconducting transition. The magnetic intensity in these phases does not change noticeably in a 7 T magnetic field aligned approximately along the c axis. Searches for magnetic order in YBa2Cu3O7 show no signal while a small magnetic intensity is found in YBa2Cu3O6.45 that is consistent with the c axis directed magnetic order. The results are contrasted with other recent neutron measurements. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Mook, HA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Hayden, Stephen/F-4162-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012 OI Hayden, Stephen/0000-0002-3209-027X; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170 NR 30 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 14 AR 144513 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.144513 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 612MT UT WOS:000179080600089 ER PT J AU Yamaura, K Huang, Q Young, DP Noguchi, Y Takayama-Muromachi, E AF Yamaura, K Huang, Q Young, DP Noguchi, Y Takayama-Muromachi, E TI Crystal structure and electronic and magnetic properties of the bilayered rhodium oxide Sr3Rh2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID RUTHENATE SR3RU2O7; SPIN FLUCTUATIONS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; SR1-XCAXRUO3; TEMPERATURE; SR2RUO4; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; FERROMAGNETISM; TRANSITIONS; INSULATOR AB The bilayered rhodium oxide Sr3Rh2O7 was synthesized by high-pressure and high-temperature heating techniques. The single-phase polycrystalline sample of Sr3Rh2O7 was characterized by measurements of magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, specific heat, and thermopower. The structural characteristics were investigated by powder neutron diffraction study. The rhodium oxide Sr3Rh2O7 [Bbcb,a=5.4744(8) Angstrom, b=5.4716(9) Angstrom, c=20.875(2) Angstrom] is isostructural to the metamagnetic metal Sr3Ru2O7, with five 4d electrons per Rh, which is electronically equivalent to the hypothetical bilayered ruthenium oxide, where one electron per Ru is doped into the Ru-327 unit. The present data show the rhodium oxide Sr3Rh2O7 to be metallic with enhanced paramagnetism, similar to Sr3Ru2O7. However, neither manifest contributions from spin fluctuations nor any traces of a metamagnetic transition were found within the studied range from 2 K to 390 K below 70 kOe. C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Superconducting Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. RP Yamaura, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Superconducting Mat Ctr, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 13 AR 134431 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.134431 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 612HG UT WOS:000179067900096 ER PT J AU Mansour, F Dimeo, RM Peemoeller, H AF Mansour, F Dimeo, RM Peemoeller, H TI High-resolution inelastic neutron scattering from water in mesoporous silica SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; SUPERCOOLED WATER; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; PERCOLATION MODEL; LOW-TEMPERATURES; CONFINED SPACE; SLOW DYNAMICS; MOLECULES; BEHAVIOR; MCM-41 AB High-resolution inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the molecular dynamics of water confined to a porous host, the molecular sieve known as MCM-41, which has a hexagonal array of parallel pores with average pore diameter of 27 Angstrom, are reported. Previous neutron measurements probing higher-energy transfers, and thus shorter time scales, have been analyzed with both a rotation-translation diffusion model and a stretched exponential intermediate scattering function. The dynamics on longer time scales presented here are modeled well with a stretched exponential relaxation in a confining geometry. The observed molecular dynamics of water are three orders of magnitude slower than has been previously reported for water confined in MCM-41. C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 041307 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.041307 PN 1 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 614EV UT WOS:000179176100038 ER PT J AU Hudson, R Coursey, B Meshkov, S AF Hudson, R Coursey, B Meshkov, S TI Raymond Webster Hayward SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD OCT PY 2002 VL 55 IS 10 BP 71 EP 72 DI 10.1063/1.1522183 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 601HB UT WOS:000178439500022 ER PT J AU Hebrard, G Friedman, SD Kruk, JW Lehner, N Lemoine, M Linsky, JL Moos, HW Oliveira, CM Sembach, KR Sonneborn, G Vidal-Madjar, A Wood, BE AF Hebrard, G Friedman, SD Kruk, JW Lehner, N Lemoine, M Linsky, JL Moos, HW Oliveira, CM Sembach, KR Sonneborn, G Vidal-Madjar, A Wood, BE TI The deuterium-to-oxygen ratio in the local interstellar medium from FUSE observations SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Deuterium in the Universe CY JUN 25-27, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; cosmology : observations; ultraviolet : ISM; stars : white dwarfs ID ABUNDANCE AB Since HI, OI, and DI have nearly the same ionization potential, the deuterium-to-oxygen ratio (D/O) is an important tracer of the D/H ratio and its putative spatial variations. D/O is indeed very sensitive to astration, both because of deuterium destruction and oxygen production. Here, we present DI, 01, and NI interstellar column density measurements performed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) on eight nearby lines of sight. The first results of this survey show that D/O is a better D/H proxy than D/N, and that D/O is constant in the local interstellar medium. The mean value is D/O = 3.81(+/-0.18) x 10(-2) (1sigma). This result supports both D/H and O/H stability in the LISM. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hebrard, G (reprint author), CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98 Bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France. RI Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 50 IS 12-13 BP 1169 EP 1172 AR PII S0032-0633(02)00078-8 DI 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00078-8 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 630ZR UT WOS:000180142300007 ER PT J AU Hogaboom, GB Barrows Blum, W Anderson, EA Meyer, WR Soderberg, G AF Hogaboom, GB Barrows Blum, W Anderson, EA Meyer, WR Soderberg, G TI What is under the plate? SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Hanson Van Winkle Munning Co, Matawan, NJ 07747 USA. Natl Bur Stand, Washington, DC USA. New Jersey Zinc Co, Palmerton, PA USA. GE Co, Bridgeport, CT USA. Udylite Proc Co, Detroit, MI USA. RP Hogaboom, GB (reprint author), Hanson Van Winkle Munning Co, Matawan, NJ 07747 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 USA SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 89 IS 10 BP 14 EP 18 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA 602LM UT WOS:000178506800003 ER PT J AU Lehmann, C Lim, K Toedt, J Krajewski, W Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O AF Lehmann, C Lim, K Toedt, J Krajewski, W Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O TI Structure of 2C-methyl-D-erythrol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase from haemophilus influenzae: Activation by conformational transition SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEIN C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM osnat@carb.nist.gov RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM57890] NR 12 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 49 IS 1 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.1002/prot.10182 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 590BL UT WOS:000177797300014 PM 12211023 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB Bohlke, JK De Bievre, P Ding, T Holden, NE Hopple, JA Krouse, HR Lamberty, A Peiser, HS Revesz, K Rieder, SE Rosman, KJR Roth, E Taylor, PDP Vocke, RD Xiao, YK AF Coplen, TB Bohlke, JK De Bievre, P Ding, T Holden, NE Hopple, JA Krouse, HR Lamberty, A Peiser, HS Revesz, K Rieder, SE Rosman, KJR Roth, E Taylor, PDP Vocke, RD Xiao, YK TI Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements - (IUPAC Technical Report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; ATOMIC-WEIGHT; REFERENCE SAMPLE; GEOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE ABUNDANCE; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; NATURAL VARIATIONS; CALCIUM ISOTOPES; FORMATION WATERS AB Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic-weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic-weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope-abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic-weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic-weight uncertainties. This compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Deposits, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, WA 6001, Australia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Sinica, Qinghai Inst Salt Lakes, Xining 810008, Qinghai, Peoples R China. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov RI Shrestha, Yesha/N-8890-2014 NR 140 TC 229 Z9 242 U1 7 U2 58 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 74 IS 10 BP 1987 EP 2017 DI 10.1351/pac200274101987 PG 31 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 623YL UT WOS:000179732500017 ER PT J AU Salinas-Zavala, CA Douglas, AV Diaz, HF AF Salinas-Zavala, CA Douglas, AV Diaz, HF TI Interannual variability of NDVI in northwest Mexico. Associated climatic mechanisms and ecological implications SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION; OSCILLATION; DROUGHT AB The relation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) interannual variability, precipitation and atmospheric circulation at 700 mbar in northwest Mexico is analyzed during the warm and cold phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A conditional probability test was conducted between this phenomenon and NDVI values. It was found that the negative ENSO phase is associated with drought conditions with a delay of 4 - 6 months related to the start of event, while the positive phase is related to high NDVI values during the driest season in the region. Clustering the NDVI values by terciles, it was determined that summers with high NDVI values are related to an intensification of the Mexican summer monsoon; while, in dry summers, the flow is characterized by the presence of an enhanced ridge of high-pressure aloft over most of the national territory. In winters with high NDVI values, a very intense low-pressure trough induces a meridional flow with penetration of humid air associated with frontal activity. This circulation pattern is common during the ENSO warm phase. Winters with low NDVI are associated atmospheric circulation patterns typical of the so-called Pacific North American (PNA) type. Based on the bio-seasonality and precipitation modulation in northwest Mexico due to the ENSO, it is concluded that the delay of a few months observed in NDVI values with respect to precipitation inputs supports the Seed Hydration Memory (SHM) concept. The ecological implications of this phenomenon for the region are also discussed. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 BCS, CIBNOR, La Paz, Mexico. Creighton Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. NOAA, ERL, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Salinas-Zavala, CA (reprint author), BCS, CIBNOR, POB 128, La Paz, Mexico. NR 25 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 417 EP 430 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00057-3 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00057-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 595TA UT WOS:000178123800020 ER PT J AU Kos, AB Silva, TJ Kabos, P AF Kos, AB Silva, TJ Kabos, P TI Pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIZATION DYNAMICS; THIN-FILMS; PERMALLOY AB We describe the apparatus, software, and measurement procedures for a pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer (PIMM). PIMM can measure the dynamical properties of materials used in recording heads for magnetic storage applications, and it can be used as a general magnetodynamics diagnostic tool. PIMM uses a coplanar waveguide as both a source of fast pulsed magnetic fields and as an inductive flux sensor. Magnetic field pulses are provided by a 10 V, 55 ps risetime pulse generator; a 20 GHz digital sampling oscilloscope is used to acquire the fast pulse data; and orthogonal Helmholtz pairs provide the bias and saturating fields required for the measurement. The system can measure dynamical behavior as a function of several variables, including applied magnetic bias field, magnetic pulsed field amplitude and width, and sample orientation. Using a fast Fourier transform, PIMM can determine the frequency dependence of the complex magnetic permeability, as well as the step and impulse responses of the magnetic system. Data from 50 nm Ni-Fe and rare-earth-doped Ni-Fe thin films are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kos, AB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 11 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 73 IS 10 BP 3563 EP 3569 DI 10.1063/1.1505657 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 598CK UT WOS:000178257400021 ER PT J AU Bennett, HS AF Bennett, HS TI A systematic approach for multidimensional, closed-form analytic modeling: mobilities and effective intrinsic carrier concentrations in p-type Ga1-xAlxAs SO SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS 01) CY DEC 05-07, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP IEEE, Electron Device Soc, USA, Res Off, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Res Lab, NASA, Univ Maryland, Elect & Comp Engn Dept ID GALLIUM ALUMINUM ARSENIDE; MINORITY ELECTRON AB The changes in carrier densities of states, band structures, mobilities, and effective intrinsic carrier concentrations nie due to high concentration effects of dopants and carriers have been calculated for acceptor densities that span the Mott transition between 10(16) cm(-3) and 10(20) cm(-1) in p-type Ga1-xAlxAs. The theoretical results show that (1) a relative minimum exists in the minority mobility for p-type Ga1-xAlxAs as a function of acceptor density and (2) the n(ie) values differ by as much as a factor of 2.5 from the intrinsic carrier concentration denoted by ni. In contrast, many commercial device simulators assume that (1) minority mobilities are monotonically decreasing functions of dopant densities and (2) n(ie) values are essentially equal to ni in GaAs. Because the Mott transition in p-type Ga1-xAlxAs occurs near doping densities typically used in the bases of microwave and millimeter wave HBT linear power amplifiers, these results are of technological significance for mobile wireless communications systems and suggest alternative design strategies for improving the performance of HBTs. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bennett, HS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8120, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1101 J9 SOLID STATE ELECTRON JI Solid-State Electron. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 46 IS 10 BP 1617 EP 1619 AR PII S0038-1101(02)00114-4 DI 10.1016/S0038-1101(02)00114-4 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 588EC UT WOS:000177687300023 ER PT J AU Michaud, S Levasseur, M Doucette, G Cantin, G AF Michaud, S Levasseur, M Doucette, G Cantin, G TI Particle size fractionation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs): seasonal distribution and bacterial production in the St Lawrence estuary, Canada SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE paralytic shellfish poisoning; paralytic shellfish toxins; toxin; size fraction; bacteria; dinoflagellate; Alexandrium; shellfish; blue mussel; Mytilus edulis ID DINOFLAGELLATE ALEXANDRIUM-TAMARENSE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; TOXICITY; BIVALVES; POISON; PROTOGONYAULAX; OSTENFELDII; CULTURE AB We determined the seasonal distribution of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and PST producing bacteria in > 15, 5-15, and 0.22-5 mum size fractions in the St Lawrence. We also measured PSTs in a local population of Mytilus edulis. PST concentrations were determined in each size fraction and in laboratory incubations of sub-samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), including the rigorous elimination of suspected toxin 'imposter' peaks. Mussel toxin levels were determined by mouse bioassay and HPLC. PSTs were detected in all size fractions during the summer sampling season, with 47% of the water column toxin levels associated with particles smaller than Alexandrium tamarense (<15 mum). Even in the >15 mum size fraction, we estimated that as much as 92% of PSTs could be associated with particles other than A. tamarense. Our results stress the importance of taking into account the potential presence of PSTs in size fractions other than that containing the known algal producer when attempting to model shellfish intoxication, especially during years of low cell abundance. Finally, our HPLC results confirmed the presence of bacteria capable of autonomous PST production in the St Lawrence as well as demonstrating their regular presence and apparent diversity in the plankton. Canadian Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Michaud, S (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. EM michauds@dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 41 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1451 EP 1462 AR PII S0041-0101(02)00163-0 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00163-0 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 613ML UT WOS:000179136000008 PM 12368115 ER PT J AU Bower, JR Murphy, JM Sato, Y AF Bower, JR Murphy, JM Sato, Y TI Latitudinal gradients in body size and maturation of Berryteuthis anonychus (Cephalopoda : Gonatidae) in the northeast Pacific SO VELIGER LA English DT Article ID SQUID AB Trends in body size and maturation with latitude of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis anonychus in the northeast Pacific are described. Squid were collected during May 1999 at seven stations along 145degrees and 165degreesW between 39degrees and 49degreesN. Mantle lengths ranged from 10.3 to 102.2 mm and increased significantly in both sexes from south to north. Females were both larger and more numerous than males at the northern stations. Both sexes showed a clear pattern of increasing maturity from south to north, and at each station, males were generally in a more advanced stage of maturity than females. Most mature males occurred at the northernmost stations. No mature females were collected. Our data suggest that B. anonychus migrates northward in the northeast Pacific during spring, with males maturing at a smaller size than females. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bower, JR (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries, 3-1-1 Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIF MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOC INC PI SANTA BARBARA PA SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, 2559 PUESTA DEL SOL RD, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93105 USA SN 0042-3211 J9 VELIGER JI Veliger PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 309 EP 315 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 602CD UT WOS:000178487000006 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Macroscale water fluxes - 1. Quantifying errors in the estimation of basin mean precipitation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE error; sampling; topography; interpolation ID SURFACE RADIATION; NETWORKS AB [1] Developments in analysis and modeling of continental water and energy balances are hindered by the limited availability and quality of observational data. The lack of information on error characteristics of basin water supply is an especially serious limitation. Here we describe the development and testing of methods for quantifying several errors in basin mean precipitation, both in the long-term mean and in the monthly and annual anomalies. To quantify errors in the long-term mean, two error indices are developed and tested with positive results. The first provides an estimate of the variance of the spatial sampling error of long-term basin mean precipitation obtained from a gauge network, in the absence of orographic effects; this estimate is obtained by use only of the gauge records. The second gives a simple estimate of the basin mean orographic bias as a function of the topographic structure of the basin and the locations of gauges therein. Neither index requires restrictive statistical assumptions (such as spatial homogeneity) about the precipitation process. Adjustments of precipitation for gauge bias and estimates of the adjustment errors are made by applying results of a previous study. Additionally, standard correlation-based methods are applied for the quantification of spatial sampling errors in the estimation of monthly and annual values of basin mean precipitation. These methods also perform well, as indicated by network subsampling tests in densely gauged basins. The methods are developed and applied with data for 175 large (median area of 51,000 km(2)) river basins of the world for which contemporaneous, continuous (missing fewer than 2% of data values), long-term (median record length of 54 years) river discharge records are also available. Spatial coverage of the resulting river basin data set is greatest in the middle latitudes, though many basins are located in the tropics and the high latitudes, and the data set spans the major climatic and vegetation zones of the world. This new data set can be applied in diagnostic and theoretical studies of water balance of large basins and in the evaluation of performance of global models of land water balance. C1 US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 10 AR 1205 DI 10.1029/2001WR000759 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637PJ UT WOS:000180521100023 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Macroscale water fluxes - 2. Water and energy supply control of their interannual variability SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water balance; interannual variability; runoff; radiation ID CLIMATE CHANGE AB [1] Controls on interannual variations in water and energy balances of large river basins (10,000 km(2) and greater) are evaluated in the framework of the semiempirical relation (E) over bar/(P) over bar [1 + ((R) over bar/(P) over bar)(-nu)](-1/nu) in which and E, P, and R are basin mean values of annual evaporation, precipitation, and surface net radiation, respectively, expressed as equivalent evaporative water flux, overbars denote long-term means, and nu is a parameter. Precipitation is interpolated from gauges; evaporation is taken as the difference between precipitation and runoff, with the latter determined from basin discharge measurements and a simple storage-delay model; and radiation is based on a recent analysis in which 8 years of satellite observations were assimilated into radiative transfer models. Objective estimates of precipitation errors are considered; results suggest that past estimates of nu may have been biased by systematic errors in estimates of precipitation. Under the assumption that the semiempirical relation applies also to annual values, long-term mean observations are sufficient to predict the sensitivity of annual runoff to fluctuations in precipitation or net radiation. Additionally, an apparent sensitivity of runoff to precipitation can be inferred from the observations by linear regression. This apparent sensitivity is generally in good agreement with the predicted sensitivity. In particular, the apparent sensitivity increases with decreasing basin (R) over bar/(P) over bar; however, slightly excessive apparent sensitivity (relative to the prediction) is found in humid basins of the middle latitudes. This finding suggests a negative correlation between precipitation and net radiation: the increase in runoff caused by a positive precipitation anomaly is amplified by an accompanying decrease in surface net radiation, possibly induced by increased cloud cover. The inferred sensitivity of radiation (water flux equivalent) to precipitation is on the order of -0.1. Such a value is supported by independent direct analysis of annual precipitation and radiation data. The fraction of interannual variance in runoff explained by the annual precipitation anomaly (including any correlative influence of net radiation) varies systematically with climatic aridity, approaching unity in humid basins and falling to 40-80% in very arid basins. We conclude that the influence of seasonality of the precipitation anomaly on annual runoff is negligible under humid conditions, though it may be significant under arid conditions. C1 US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 10 TC 105 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 10 AR 1206 DI 10.1029/2001WR000760 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637PJ UT WOS:000180521100024 ER PT J AU Doswell, CA Baker, DV Liles, CA AF Doswell, CA Baker, DV Liles, CA TI Recognition of negative mesoscale factors for severe-weather potential: A case study SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTS AB The case of 7-8 June 1998 in eastern New Mexico and western Texas is used to illustrate the challenge of recognizing possible negative effects created by mesoscale processes. In this case, a region of cloud-covered cool air (which was associated with early thunderstorms) may have limited the tornadic potential of severe convection. Although the tornado potential in the synoptic situation was not highly portentous, supercell storms did eventually form, one of which was persistent for many hours. There were only relatively brief and weak tornadoes reported from this storm early in its life, despite its persistence as a long-lived supercell that produced a long swath of large hail. In this case, the development of thunderstorms east of the threat area early in the day maintained cloudiness that apparently inhibited the destabilization of the surface-based air mass over which the afternoon thunderstorms eventually moved. The persistent supercell formed on the dryline but overrode this mesoscale cool air mass relatively soon after it developed. It was able to persist as an elevated supercell despite the relatively stable near-surface air mass, but its tornadic production may have been limited by its interaction with this mesoscale feature. Implications for operational forecasting and warnings are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Lubbock, TX USA. NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Doswell, CA (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, CIMMS, Sarkeys Energy Ctr, Room 1110,100 E Boyd St, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 937 EP 954 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0937:RONMFF>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900001 ER PT J AU Poulos, GS Wesley, DA Snook, JS Meyers, MP AF Poulos, GS Wesley, DA Snook, JS Meyers, MP TI A rocky mountain storm. Part I: The blizzard-kinematic evolution and the potential for high-resolution numerical forecasting of snowfall SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; MODELING SYSTEM; MM5; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTION; FRONT; RAMS AB Over the 3-day period of 24-26 October 1997, a powerful winter storm was the cause of two exceptional weather phenomena: 1) blizzard conditions from Wyoming to southern New Mexico along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains and 2) hurricane-force winds at the surface near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, with the destruction of about 5300 ha of old-growth forest. This rare event was caused by a deep, cutoff low pressure system that provided unusually strong, deep easterly flow over the Front Range for an extended period. The event was characterized by highly variable snowfall and some very large snowfall totals; over a horizontal distance of 15 km, in some cases, snowfall varied by as much as 1.0 m, with maximum total snowfall depths near 1.5 m. Because this variability was caused, in part, by terrain effects, this work investigates the capability of a mesoscale model constructed in terrain-following coordinates (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System: RAMS) to forecast small-scale (meso gamma), orographically forced spatial variability of the snowfall. There are few investigations of model-forecast liquid precipitation versus observations at meso-gamma-scale horizontal grid spacing. Using a limited observational dataset, mean absolute percent errors of precipitation (liquid equivalent) of 41% and 9% were obtained at horizontal grid spacings of 5.00 and 1.67 km, respectively. A detailed, high-temporal-resolution (30-min intervals) comparison of modeled versus actual snowfall rates at a fully instrumented snow measurement testing site shows significant model skill. A companion paper, Part II, will use the same RAMS simulations to describe the observations and modeling of the simultaneous mountain- windstorm-induced forest blowdown event. C1 Colorado Res Associates, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Cooperat Program Operat Meteorol Educ & Training, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Weather Serv, Grand Junction, CO USA. RP Poulos, GS (reprint author), Colorado Res Associates, 3380 Mitchell Ln, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 955 EP 970 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0955:ARMSPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900002 ER PT J AU Lackmann, GM Keeter, K Lee, LG Ek, MB AF Lackmann, GM Keeter, K Lee, LG Ek, MB TI Model representation of freezing and melting precipitation: Implications for winter weather forecasting SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ETA-MODEL; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE STRUCTURE; ICE STORM; RAIN; SCHEME; CLOUD; PREDICTION; DRIZZLE; REGION AB During episodes of sustained moderate or heavy precipitation in conjunction with near-freezing temperatures and weak horizontal temperature advection, the latent heat released (absorbed) by the freezing (melting) of falling precipitation may alter thermal profiles sufficiently to affect the type and amount of freezing or frozen precipitation observed at the surface. Representation of these processes by operational numerical weather prediction models is incomplete; forecaster knowledge of these model limitations can therefore be advantageous during winter weather forecasting. The Eta Model employs a sophisticated land surface model (LSM) to represent physical processes at the lower-atmospheric interface. When considering the thermodynamic effect of melting or freezing precipitation at the surface, it is shown that limitations in the current version of the Eta LSM can contribute to biases in lower-tropospheric temperature forecasts. The Eta LSM determines the precipitation type reaching the surface from the air temperature at the lowest model level; subfreezing (above freezing) temperatures are assumed to correspond to snow (rain) reaching the surface. There is currently no requirement for consistency between the LSM and the Eta grid-scale precipitation scheme. In freezing-rain situations, the lowest model air temperature is typically below freezing, and the Eta LSM will therefore determine that snow is falling. As a result, a cold bias develops that is partly caused by the neglected latent heat release accompanying the freezing of raindrops at the surface. In addition, alterations in surface characteristics caused by erroneous snowfall accumulation in the model may also contribute to temperature biases. In an analogous fashion, warm biases can develop in cases with melting snow and above-freezing air temperatures near the surface (the LSM assumes rain). An example case is presented in which model misrepresentation of freezing rain is hypothesized to have contributed to a lower-tropospheric cold bias. A simple temperature correction, based on the first law of thermodynamics, is applied to lower-tropospheric model temperature forecasts; the neglect of latent heat released by freezing rain in the model is shown to contribute substantially to a cold bias in near-surface temperature forecasts. The development of a spurious snow cover likely exacerbated the bias. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, NWS Forecast Off, Raleigh, NC USA. NOAA, NWS Forecast Off, Greenville, SC USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Lackmann, GM (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, 1125 Jordan Hall,Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1016 EP 1033 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)017<1016:MROFAM>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900005 ER PT J AU Mazany, RA Businger, S Gutman, SI Roeder, W AF Mazany, RA Businger, S Gutman, SI Roeder, W TI A lightning prediction index that utilizes GPS integrated precipitable water vapor SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; SPACE-SHUTTLE LANDINGS; SOUTH FLORIDA; UNITED-STATES; METEOROLOGY; CONVECTION; FLOW AB The primary weather forecast challenge at the Cape Canaveral Air Station and Kennedy Space Center is lightning. This paper describes a statistical approach that combines integrated precipitable water vapor (IPWV) data from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver site located at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) with other meteorological data to develop a new GPS lightning index. The goal of this effort is to increase the forecasting skill and lead time for prediction of a first strike at the KSC. Statistical regression methods are used to identify predictors that contribute skill in forecasting a lightning event. Four predictors were identified out of a field of 23 predictors that were tested, determined using data from the 1999 summer thunderstorm season. They are maximum electric field mill values, GPS IPWV, 9-h change in IPWV, and K index. The GPS lightning index is a binary logistic regression model made up of coefficients multiplying the four predictors. When time series of the GPS lightning index are plotted, a common pattern emerges several hours prior to a lightning event. Whenever the GPS lightning index falls to 0.7 or below, lightning occurs within the next 12.5 h. An index threshold value of 0.7 was determined from the data for lightning prediction. Forecasting time constraints based on KSC weather notification requirements were incorporated into the verification. Forecast verification results obtained by using a contingency table revealed a 26.2% decrease from the KSC's previous-season false alarm rates for a nonindependent period and a 13.2% decrease in false alarm rates for an independent test season using the GPS lightning index. In addition, the index improved the KSC desired lead time by nearly 10%. Although the lightning strike window of 12 h is long, the GPS lightning index provides useful guidance to the forecaster in preparing lighting forecasts, when combined with other resources such as radar and satellite data. Future testing of the GPS lightning index and the prospect of using the logistic regression approach in forecasting related weather hazards are discussed. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Meteorol, Honolulu, HI 96829 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Businger, S (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Meteorol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96829 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1034 EP 1047 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1034:ALPITU>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900006 ER PT J AU Bright, DR Mullen, SL AF Bright, DR Mullen, SL TI Short-range ensemble forecasts of precipitation during the southwest monsoon SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Review ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; CENTRAL ARIZONA CONVECTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION; INITIAL CONDITION; EXPLOSIVE CYCLOGENESIS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MEXICAN MONSOON; UNITED-STATES AB The skill and potential value of fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) ensembles are evaluated for short-range (24 h) probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts over Arizona during the Southwest monsoon. The sensitivity of different ensemble constructs is examined with respect to analysis uncertainty, model parameterization uncertainty, and a combination of both. Model uncertainty is addressed through different cumulus and planetary boundary layer parameterizations and through stochastic forcing representative of a component of subgrid-scale uncertainty, in which a first-order autoregression model adds a stochastic perturbation to the Kain-Fritsch cumulus scheme and Medium-Range Forecast Model PBL scheme. The results indicate that the precipitation forecasts are skillful and may assist operational weather forecasters during the monsoon; however, the forecasts are highly dependent on the cumulus parameterization. The addition of a stochastic element in the Kain-Fritsch cumulus scheme produces a small increase in skill and dispersion. Ensembles that incorporate mixed physics and perturbed analyses are the most skillful. A simple cost-loss model reveals that the monsoon ensembles can aid decision makers. Operational application is demonstrated for a heavy rain event over southern Arizona. C1 NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. RP NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, 520 N Park Ave,Suite 304, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM david.bright@noaa.gov NR 107 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1080 EP 1100 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1080:SREFOP>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900009 ER PT J AU Aberson, SD AF Aberson, SD TI Two years of operational hurricane synoptic surveillance SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; SYSTEM; MODEL; FORECASTS; IMPACT; SEASON; TRACK; PERFORMANCE AB In 1997, the National Hurricane Center and the Hurricane Research Division began operational synoptic surveillance missions with the Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve the numerical guidance for hurricanes that threaten the continental United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Hawaii. During the first two years, 24 missions were conducted. Global positioning system dropwindsondes were released from the aircraft at 150-200-km intervals along the flight track in the environment of each tropical cyclone to obtain profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity from flight level (nearly 150 hPa) to the surface. The observations were processed and formatted aboard the aircraft and sent to NCEP to be ingested into the Global Data Assimilation System, which subsequently served as initial and boundary conditions for a number of numerical models that forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones. The current study is an attempt to mimic this process to assess the impact of these operational missions on the numerical guidance. Although the small number of missions flown in 1997 showed error reductions of as much as 32%, the improvements seen in the 2-yr sample are not promising. The additional dropwindsonde data from the synoptic surveillance missions provided statistically significant improvements in the GFDL forecasts only at 12 h. The "VBAR'' and Global Forecast System (AVN) forecasts were not significantly improved at any forecast time. Further examination suggests that the AVN synthetic vortex procedure, combined with difficulty in the quantification of the current storm-motion vector operationally, may have caused the mediocre improvements. Forecast improvements of 14%-24% in GFDL forecasts are shown in the subset of cases in which the synthetic vortex data do not seem to be a problem. Improvements in the landfall forecasts are also seen in this subset of cases. A reassessment of tropical cyclone vortex initialization schemes used by forecast centers and numerical modelers may be necessary. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickerbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100 NR 17 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1101 EP 1110 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1101:TYOOHS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900010 ER PT J AU Klimowski, BA Bunkers, MJ AF Klimowski, BA Bunkers, MJ TI Comments on "Satellite observations of a severe supercell thunderstorm on 24 July 2000 made during the GOES-11 science test'' SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Editorial Material ID DYNAMICS; HELICITY; MOTION; SHEAR; WIND C1 NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Klimowski, BA (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1111 EP 1117 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1111:COSOOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900011 ER PT J AU Weaver, JF Knaff, JA Bikos, D Wade, GS Daniels, JM AF Weaver, JF Knaff, JA Bikos, D Wade, GS Daniels, JM TI Comments on "Satellite observations of a severe supercell thunderstorm on 24 July 2000 made during the GOES-11 science test'' - Reply SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Team, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD,Adv Satellite Prod Team, Madison, WI USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD,Forest Prod Dev Team, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weaver, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, RAMM, CIRA Bldg,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011; Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; Wade, Gary S./F-5630-2010 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631; Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1118 EP 1127 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1118:R>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 603TJ UT WOS:000178575900012 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Batyrova, RG AF Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Batyrova, RG TI Features of isochoric heat capacity measurements near the phase transition points SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; coexistence curve; isochoric heat capacity; quasi-static thermogram; metastable state; n-dodecane; n-heptane; saturated density ID CRITICAL REGION; NITROGEN TETROXIDE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DENSITIES AB Isochoric heat capacity data of n-C7H6, n-Cl2H26, and CO2 + n-C10H22 in the immediate vicinity of the phase transition points including thermodynamically stable and metastable phases are presented. Measurements were made using a high-temperature, high-pressure, adiabatic, and nearly constant-volume calorimeter in the temperature ranges: for n-heptane-from 323 to 422 K and densities of 657.9, 612.4, and 57 1.1 kg m(-3); for n-dodecane-from 323 to 378 K and densities of 689.2 and 726.8 kg m(-3); and for CO2 + n-decane n-dxture-x = 0.822 and 0.905 mole fraction of CO2, densities of 347.1 and 287.8 kg m(-3), respectively, for temperatures between 471 and 494 K. Some features of the isochoric heat capacity measurements in the immediate vicinity of phase transition temperatures are discussed. This method allowed measurements of CV in the one- and two-phase regions including coexistence curves and metastable phases. Measurements in the stable states were carried out at constant volume by the continuous-heating (dT/dtau > 0) method. Measurements near the phase transition points in the stable and metastable states were carried out using continuous-cooling (reverse direction, dT/dtau < 0) runs. For each measured liquid isochore during cooling runs we found penetration to the metastable region. The magnitude of the penetration depth varied from 0.03 to 0.41 K depending on measured densities. Our experimental results indicate that the character of the temperature dependence of CV does not change, when moving along an isochore, upon the intersection of the coexistence curve and transition into the metastable state. The results of C-V and measurements for n-heptane and n-dodecane in the one-phase region and on the coexistence curve were compared with values calculated from different equations of state (EOS) and previous publications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD SEP 30 PY 2002 VL 201 IS 2 BP 269 EP 286 AR PII S0378-3812(02)00076-6 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(02)00076-6 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 589EA UT WOS:000177744400005 ER PT J AU Kashiwagi, T Grulke, E Hilding, J Harris, R Awad, W Douglas, J AF Kashiwagi, T Grulke, E Hilding, J Harris, R Awad, W Douglas, J TI Thermal degradation and flammability properties of poly(propylene)/carbon nanotube composites SO MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon nanotubes; flame retardant; nanocomposites; poly(propylene) ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBES; THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYPROPYLENE; BEHAVIOR AB Nanocomposites based on poly(propylene) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (up to 2 vol.-%) were melt blended, yielding a good dispersion of nanotubes without using any organic treatment or additional additives. Carbon nanotubes are found to significantly enhance the thermal stability of poly(propylene) in nitrogen at high temperatures. Specifically, the nanotube additive greatly reduced the heat release rate of poly(propylene). They are found to be at least as effective a flame-retardant as clay/poly(propylene) nanocomposites. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Adv Carbon Mat Ctr, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kashiwagi, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 359 Z9 373 U1 10 U2 81 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1022-1336 J9 MACROMOL RAPID COMM JI Macromol. Rapid Commun. PD SEP 30 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 13 BP 761 EP 765 DI 10.1002/1521-3927(20020901)23:13<761::AID-MARC761>3.0.CO;2-K PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 611GB UT WOS:000179007100006 ER PT J AU Khalifah, P Osborn, R Huang, Q Zandbergen, HW Jin, R Liu, Y Mandrus, D Cava, RJ AF Khalifah, P Osborn, R Huang, Q Zandbergen, HW Jin, R Liu, Y Mandrus, D Cava, RJ TI Orbital ordering transition in La4Ru2O10 SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OXIDES; DISTORTIONS; CA2RUO4; PHYSICS; YTIO3; YVO3 AB We report experimental evidence for a full orbital ordering transition in the two-dimensional lanthanum ruthenate La4Ru2O10. The observable consequences of this orbital ordering include the loss of the Ru local moment, a structural distortion which partitions Ru-O bonds into axially oriented short and long sets, a sharp jump in electrical resistivity, and the opening of a spin gap that is visible in neutron scattering experiments. This is a rare example of a discrete orbital ordering transition in a 4d transition metal oxide and demonstrates that orbital effects can have an influence on the properties of layered ruthenates, a family of compounds that notably includes the p-wave superconductor Sr2RuO4 and the field-tuned quantum critical metamagnet Sr3Ru2O7. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Tech Univ Delft, Natl Ctr High Resolut Electron Microscopy, NL-2628 AL Delft, Netherlands. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Khalifah, P (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; NR 16 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 38 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 27 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5590 BP 2237 EP 2240 DI 10.1126/science.1075556 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 597LA UT WOS:000178222000039 PM 12351782 ER PT J AU Percec, V Glodde, M Bera, TK Miura, Y Shiyanovskaya, I Singer, KD Balagurusamy, VSK Heiney, PA Schnell, I Rapp, A Spiess, HW Hudson, SD Duan, H AF Percec, V Glodde, M Bera, TK Miura, Y Shiyanovskaya, I Singer, KD Balagurusamy, VSK Heiney, PA Schnell, I Rapp, A Spiess, HW Hudson, SD Duan, H TI Self-organization of supramolecular helical dendrimers into complex electronic materials SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DISCOTIC LIQUID-CRYSTALS; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; NOBEL LECTURE; HOLE MOBILITY; CHARGE; TRINITROFLUORENONE; PHASE AB The discovery of electrically conducting organic crystals 1 and polymers(1-4) has widened the range of potential optoelectronic materials(5-9), provided these exhibit sufficiently high charge carrier mobilities(6-10) and are easy to make and process. Organic single crystals have high charge carrier mobilities but are usually impractical(11), whereas polymers have good processability but low mobilities(1,12). Liquid crystals exhibit mobilities approaching those of single crystals and are suitable for applications(13-18), but demanding fabrication and processing methods limit their use. Here we show that the self-assembly of fluorinated tapered dendrons can drive the formation of supramolecular liquid crystals with promising optoelectronic properties from a wide range of organic materials. We find that attaching conducting organic donor or acceptor groups to the apex of the dendrons leads to supramolecular nanometre-scale columns that contain in their cores pi-stacks of donors, acceptors or donor-acceptor complexes exhibiting high charge carrier mobilities. When we use functionalized dendrons and amorphous polymers carrying compatible side groups, these co-assemble so that the polymer is incorporated in the centre of the columns through donor-acceptor interactions and exhibits enhanced charge carrier mobilities. We anticipate that this simple and versatile strategy for producing conductive pi-stacks of aromatic groups, surrounded by helical dendrons, will lead to a new class of supramolecular materials suitable for electronic and optoelectronic applications. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55021 Mainz, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Percec, V (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Singer, Kenneth/G-6553-2011; Percec, Virgil/H-6316-2014; Spiess, Hans Wolfgang/G-6777-2011; OI Percec, Virgil/0000-0001-5926-0489; Spiess, Hans Wolfgang/0000-0002-4779-654X; Balagurusamy, Venkat/0000-0002-1994-2634 NR 32 TC 717 Z9 718 U1 17 U2 223 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 26 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6905 BP 384 EP 387 DI 10.1038/nature01072 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 596ZB UT WOS:000178195400042 PM 12352988 ER PT J AU Irigoien, X Harris, RP Verheye, HM Joly, P Runge, J Starr, M Pond, D Campbell, R Shreeve, R Ward, P Smith, AN Dam, HG Peterson, W Tirelli, V Koski, M Smith, T Harbour, D Davidson, R AF Irigoien, X Harris, RP Verheye, HM Joly, P Runge, J Starr, M Pond, D Campbell, R Shreeve, R Ward, P Smith, AN Dam, HG Peterson, W Tirelli, V Koski, M Smith, T Harbour, D Davidson, R TI Copepod hatching success in marine ecosystems with high diatom concentrations SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ENGLISH-CHANNEL; CALANUS-HELGOLANDICUS; EGG-PRODUCTION; PHYTOPLANKTON; FISHERIES AB Diatoms dominate spring bloom phytoplankton assemblages in temperate waters and coastal upwelling regions of the global ocean. Copepods usually dominate the zooplankton in these regions and are the prey of many larval fish species. Recent laboratory studies suggest that diatoms may have a deleterious effect on the success of copepod egg hatching(1-4). These findings challenge the classical view of marine food-web energy flow from diatoms to fish by means of copepods(5-7). Egg mortality is an important factor in copepod population dynamics(8), thus, if diatoms have a deleterious in situ effect, paradoxically, high diatom abundance could limit secondary production. Therefore, the current understanding of energy transfer from primary production to fisheries in some of the most productive and economically important marine ecosystems(9) may be seriously flawed(1,10). Here we present in situ estimates of copepod egg hatching success from twelve globally distributed areas, where diatoms dominate the phytoplankton assemblage. We did not observe a negative relationship between copepod egg hatching success and either diatom biomass or dominance in the microplankton in any of these regions. The classical model for diatom-dominated system remains valid. C1 AZTI, Pasaia 20110, Spain. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. Marine & Coastal Management, ZA-8012 Rogge Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Trieste, Dept Biol, Trieste, Italy. LBM, Trieste, Italy. Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. RP Irigoien, X (reprint author), AZTI, Herrera Kaia Portualdea S-G, Pasaia 20110, Spain. RI Irigoien, Xabier/B-8171-2009; Dam, Hans/A-9723-2015; OI Irigoien, Xabier/0000-0002-5411-6741; Dam, Hans/0000-0001-6121-5038; Tirelli, Valentina/0000-0002-5152-2891 NR 22 TC 147 Z9 173 U1 4 U2 37 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 26 PY 2002 VL 419 IS 6905 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.1038/nature01072 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 596ZB UT WOS:000178195400043 PM 12353032 ER PT J AU Lovinger, AJ Bates, FS Cheng, SZD Khoury, FA Koberstein, JT Lotz, B Russell, TP Thomas, EL AF Lovinger, AJ Bates, FS Cheng, SZD Khoury, FA Koberstein, JT Lotz, B Russell, TP Thomas, EL TI H. Douglas Keith - Tribute SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Appl Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. Inst Charles Sadron, CNRS, ULP, F-67083 Strasbourg, France. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Lovinger, AJ (reprint author), 1920 N Ohio Str, Arlington, VA 22205 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD SEP 24 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 20 BP 7527 EP 7528 DI 10.1021/ma0211737 PG 2 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 595VU UT WOS:000178129900001 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Balsara, NP Chakraborty, AK Krishnamoorti, R Hammouda, B AF Lee, JH Balsara, NP Chakraborty, AK Krishnamoorti, R Hammouda, B TI Thermodynamics and phase behavior of block copolymer/homopolymer blends with attractive and repulsive interactions SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ORDER-DISORDER TRANSITION; BINARY POLYMER MIXTURE; POLYSTYRENE POLYVINYL METHYL-ETHER); MULTICOMPONENT POLYOLEFIN BLENDS; SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; DIBLOCK COPOLYMER; COMPOSITIONAL DEPENDENCE; CONFORMATIONAL ASYMMETRY; MICROPHASE SEPARATION AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were conducted on a 25 vol % blend of a poly(ethylene-block-head-to-head propylene) copolymer (PE-PP) in polyisobutylene (PIB). PE/PIB and PE/PP chains are incompatible (the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter chi>0), while PIB and PP are compatible (chi<0) at low temperatures and incompatible (χ>0) at high temperatures. These interactions lead to an order-disorder transition at 150+/-5degreesC and macrophase separation at 251+/-5degreesC. The nature of the concentration fluctuations in the homogeneous state (155degreesC P4mm transition is investigated by high-temperature specific heat and unit-cell parameter measurements. The implications of the thermochemical results with respect to mean-field theoretical descriptions of lattice instabilities and phase boundaries in the PZT system are briefly discussed. C1 Continuum Photon Inc, Res & Dev Grp, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Thermochem Facil, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Rossetti, GA (reprint author), Continuum Photon Inc, Res & Dev Grp, 45 Manning Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. RI Rossetti, George/E-4401-2014 NR 41 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 12 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD SEP 2 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 34 BP 8131 EP 8143 AR PII S0953-8984(02)37357-0 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/14/34/331 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 594LN UT WOS:000178051800034 ER PT J AU Engels, P Coddington, I Haljan, PC Cornell, EA AF Engels, P Coddington, I Haljan, PC Cornell, EA TI Nonequilibrium effects of anisotropic compression applied to vortex lattices in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VORTICES; NUCLEATION; MODES AB We have studied the dynamics of large vortex lattices in a dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensate. While undisturbed lattices have a regular hexagonal structure, large-amplitude quadrupolar shape oscillations of the condensate are shown to induce a wealth of nonequilibrium lattice dynamics. When exciting an m=-2 mode, we observe shifting of lattice planes, changes of lattice structure, and sheetlike structures in which individual vortices appear to have merged. Excitation of an m=+2 mode dissolves the regular lattice, leading to randomly arranged but still strictly parallel vortex lines. C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Engels, P (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 23 TC 129 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 2 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 10 AR 100403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.100403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 586KF UT WOS:000177582600003 PM 12225177 ER PT J AU Granado, E Martinho, H Sercheli, MS Pagliuso, PG Jackson, DD Torelli, M Lynn, JW Rettori, C Fisk, Z Oseroff, SB AF Granado, E Martinho, H Sercheli, MS Pagliuso, PG Jackson, DD Torelli, M Lynn, JW Rettori, C Fisk, Z Oseroff, SB TI Unconventional metallic magnetism in LaCrSb3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LN=LA-ND; ANTIMONIDES; FERROMAGNET; SM AB Neutron-diffraction measurements in LaCrSb3 show a coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic sublattices below T-C=126 K, with ordered moments of 1.65(4) and 0.49(4)mu(B)/formula unit, respectively (T=10 K), and a spin-reorientation transition at approximate to95 K. No clear peak or step was observed in the specific heat at T-C. Coexisting localized and itinerant spins are suggested. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. UNICAMP, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Granado, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Rettori, Carlos/C-3966-2012; Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012; Martinho, Herculano/F-4684-2015; Optica e Eletronica, Laboratorio/A-8669-2014; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Rettori, Carlos/0000-0001-6692-7915; NR 20 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 2 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 10 AR 107204 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.107204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 586KF UT WOS:000177582600047 PM 12225221 ER PT J AU Kim, JH Ehrman, SH Mulholland, GW Germer, TA AF Kim, JH Ehrman, SH Mulholland, GW Germer, TA TI Polarized light scattering by dielectric and metallic spheres on silicon wafers SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OUT-OF-PLANE; SUBSURFACE DEFECTS; MU-M; SURFACE; PARTICLE; INSTRUMENT; SUBSTRATE; FEATURES; MODELS AB The polarization and intensity of light scattered by monodisperse polystyrene latex and copper spheres, with diameters ranging from 92 to 218 nm, deposited on silicon substrates were measured with 442-, 532-, and 633-nm light. The results are compared with a theory for scattering by a sphere on a surface, originally developed by others [Physica A 137, 209 (1986)], and extended to include coatings on the sphere and the substrate. The results show that accurate calculation of the scattering of light by a metal sphere requires that the near-field interaction between the sphere and its image be included in a complete manner. The normal-incidence approximation does not suffice for this interaction, and the existence of any thin oxide layer on the substrate must be included in the calculation. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Fire Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kim, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.germer@nist.gov NR 33 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 25 BP 5405 EP 5412 DI 10.1364/AO.41.005405 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 588JR UT WOS:000177698800028 PM 12211571 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Stark, H Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Stark, H Ravishankara, AR TI Cavity ring-down spectroscopy for atmospheric trace gas detection: application to the nitrate radical (NO3) SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID LEAK-OUT SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; NM; COEFFICIENTS; SPECTROMETER; TROPOSPHERE; REGION; N2O5 AB Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a relatively new and quite sensitive technique for the measurement of gas-phase optical extinction. It holds the potential for simple, direct and sensitive measurement of the concentrations of a variety of trace gases in the atmosphere. For example, detection of the nitrate radical, NO3. and its companion, dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, has been demonstrated with a sensitivity of 0.25 pptv (1sigma). This paper considers several of the requirements for the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to concentration measurements of trace gases in ambient air. These include detection sensitivity, measurement of an accurate zero in the presence of competing absorbers, cavity stability and mirror cleanliness, laser line-width effects, saturation effects, Rayleigh scattering, the influence of atmospheric aerosols and sampling issues for reactive species. Examples drawn from our work on NO3 and N2O5 detection in the field illustrate these considerations. C1 NOAA Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 48 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 23 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1007/s00340-002-0980-y PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 609PJ UT WOS:000178913900005 ER PT J AU Richard, EC Kelly, KK Winkler, RH Wilson, R Thompson, TL McLaughlin, RJ Schmeltekopf, AL Tuck, AF AF Richard, EC Kelly, KK Winkler, RH Wilson, R Thompson, TL McLaughlin, RJ Schmeltekopf, AL Tuck, AF TI A fast-response near-infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for in situ measurements CH4 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-CASCADE LASER; ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS; FREQUENCY-MODULATION; FM SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON-MONOXIDE; METHANE; H2O; N2O; CONSTITUENTS; TEMPERATURE AB We describe a near-infrared in situ tunable diode laser spectrometer developed for atmospheric measurements of CH4 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). The instrument is designed to provide fast-response (0.5-1 Hz) measurements and operate autonomously on the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft. A single-mode InGaAsP distributed feedback laser diode operating at 1.6537 mum scans continuously over the R(3) rotation-vibration transition in the 2v(3) band. We use a direct absorption technique incorporating a custom-designed long path length (252 m) low-volume (3.6 Q astigmatic Herriott cell. The present detection sensitivity is 5 x 10(10) molecules cm(-3), corresponding to similar to 20 ppbv in the UT/LS, with the main limit to instrument precision being background optical interference fringes. In-flight performance is demonstrated by presentation of recent data. C1 NOAA Aeronomy Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Richard, EC (reprint author), NOAA Aeronomy Lab, 325 Broadway R-AL6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; McLaughlin, Richard/I-4386-2013 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; NR 53 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 75 IS 2-3 BP 183 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s00340-002-0935-3 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 609PJ UT WOS:000178913900006 ER PT J AU Collier, TK Meador, JP Johnson, LL AF Collier, TK Meador, JP Johnson, LL TI Fish tissue and sediment effects thresholds for polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tributyltin SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Collier, TK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 489 EP 492 DI 10.1002/aqc.521 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 601KZ UT WOS:000178430200002 ER PT J AU Meador, JP Collier, TK Stein, JE AF Meador, JP Collier, TK Stein, JE TI Use of tissue and sediment-based threshold concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to protect juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE salmon; endangered species; PCBs; threshold concentrations; bioaccumulation ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; CHINOOK SALMON; MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE; GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; PROLONGED EXPOSURE; BODY-COMPOSITION; RISK ASSESSMENT AB 1. Under the Endangered Species Act, the National Marine Fisheries Service has authority to protect listed species from any adverse actions that may jeopardize the population's ability to recover and increase to sustainable levels. Listed salmon species in the northwest United States are known to travel through urban areas in their migration from river to ocean. Species such as the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) often spend several weeks in these urban estuaries where they can be highly exposed to urban-related contaminants that reside in the sediments and accumulate in their prey species. The concern is that these contaminants are bioaccumulated to levels that may impact the ability of individual salmon to grow and mature normally. This paper provides a framework for determining the tissue and sediment concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are likely protective against adverse effects in listed salmonid species. 2. The relevant ecotoxicological literature was examined. and 15 studies were selected that met the pre-established criteria outlined here. For each study, the lowest tissue concentration (residue) of total PCBs associated with a biological response was selected. The tissue concentration associated with the 10th percentile of these 15 studies was chosen to represent the residue effect threshold (RET) above which wild juvenile salmonids would be expected to exhibit adverse sublethal effects from accumulated PCBs. This value (2.4 mug PCBs g(-1) lipid) is expressed in terms of the lipid-normalized concentration because of the large effect lipid can have on the expressed toxicity and the substantial variability in lipid content observed in salmonids over their life cycle. 3. A sediment concentration that is expected to produce the RET was then determined using the biota-sediment accumulation factor approach. The sediment effect threshold, which varies with the total organic carbon content in sediment, is the level above which adverse effects may be expected in juvenile salmonids due to accumulation of PCBs from environmental exposure. Bioaccumulation of PCBs was examined in one river system as a model for determining an appropriate bioaccumulation factor for wild juvenile chinook salmon. 4. Evaluation of exposure to potentially deleterious concentrations of PCBs based on tissue residues is the preferred approach; however, the sediment effect threshold may also be used in cases where bioaccumulation has been characterized in an estuary. The threshold values presented here are intended as interim guidelines that should be modified as more data become available. Additionally, because of the uncertainty around many of the factors and assumptions that comprise the single threshold effect values, it is recommended that future studies be employed to help determine a range of acceptable values that would afford protection under various environmental and biological conditions. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Meador, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 73 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 493 EP 516 DI 10.1002/aqc.523 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 601KZ UT WOS:000178430200003 ER PT J AU Johnson, LL Collier, TK Stein, JE AF Johnson, LL Collier, TK Stein, JE TI An analysis in support of sediment quality thresholds for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to protect estuarine fish SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; English sole; sediment quality criteria ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; TOXICOPATHIC HEPATIC-LESIONS; SHOWING DIFFERENT PREVALENCES; HOCKEY STICK REGRESSION; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; ENGLISH SOLE; PUGET-SOUND; PLEURONECTES-VETULUS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; DOSE-RESPONSE AB 1. Under the US Endangered Species Act and the Essential Fish Habitat provisions of the Sustainable Fisheries Act, it is the responsibility of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to safeguard the health of fish in estuarine and coastal waters. 2. This includes assessment of the impacts of exposure to toxic chemicals on fish and their critical habitat. 3. This analysis was conducted to assist NMFS resource managers in determining when fish are exposed to potentially harmful concentrations of one of the most common environmental contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 4. Effects thresholds were estimated primarily through segmented regression of site-specific sediment PAH concentrations and associated disease prevalences in a resident fish species, English sole, Pleuronectes vetulus. 5. The analyses and supporting data encompass several endpoints, including DNA damage, liver lesions, and impacts on growth and reproduction. 6. In general, liver lesion prevalences, DNA adduct levels, and impacts on growth and reproduction were minimal at sediment PAH concentrations at or below 1000 ppb. Above 1000 ppb, there appears to be a substantial increase in the risk of contaminant-related injury to English sole. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Johnson, LL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 90 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 517 EP 538 DI 10.1002/aqc.522 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 601KZ UT WOS:000178430200004 ER PT J AU Meador, JP Collier, TK Stein, JE AF Meador, JP Collier, TK Stein, JE TI Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE tributyltin; endangered species; salmon; prey; sediment; toxicity threshold ID YOLK-SAC FRY; ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; LITTORINA-LITTOREA; NUCELLA-LAPILLUS; PHYSIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS; THAIS-CLAVIGERA; ORGANIC-CARBON; TOXICITY; WATER; ACCUMULATION AB 1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act. 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment-water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations. 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration. 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations. 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g(-1) organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Meador, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 61 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-7613 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 539 EP 551 DI 10.1002/aqc.520 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 601KZ UT WOS:000178430200005 ER PT J AU Groner, P Albert, S Herbst, E De Lucia, FC Lovas, FJ Drouin, BJ Pearson, JC AF Groner, P Albert, S Herbst, E De Lucia, FC Lovas, FJ Drouin, BJ Pearson, JC TI Acetone: Laboratory assignments and predictions through 620 GHz for the vibrational-torsional ground state SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE ISM : molecules; molecular data; molecular processes; radio lines : ISM ID HOT MOLECULAR CORES; ORION COMPACT RIDGE; FOURIER-TRANSFORM; ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM; FORMING REGIONS; DIMETHYL ETHER; INTERSTELLAR; CHEMISTRY; METHANOL; MOMENT AB The acetone molecule has a complex rotational spectrum arising from the internal rotation of two methyl tops and their interaction with each other and the rigid-body rotation of the molecule. Here we report the measurement and assignment of a large number of new rotational-torsional transitions of acetone in the vibrational-torsional ground state at frequencies of up to 620 GHz. The newly measured lines have been combined with previously measured transition frequencies and fitted by a procedure used successfully for dimethyl ether. From the fit to the global data set, we have extracted parameters that have enabled us to predict accurately the frequencies and intensities of over 10,000 lines of possible astronomical importance at frequencies of up to 620 GHz. The detection of interstellar acetone was first reported by Combes et al. based on two transitions with partially resolved internal rotation structure. The present work will aid further interstellar studies to verify acetone as an interstellar constituent. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Techol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Groner, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NR 40 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 142 IS 1 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1086/341221 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 585KU UT WOS:000177524600009 ER PT J AU Holloway, T Levy, H Carmichael, G AF Holloway, T Levy, H Carmichael, G TI Transfer of reactive nitrogen in Asia: development and evaluation of a source-receptor model SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acid deposition; Asia; Lagrangian models; pollution; transboundary ID LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE PRODUCTION; FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION; EAST-ASIA; SULFUR DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; AIR-POLLUTION; TRAJECTORY MODEL; NORTH-AMERICA; NOX EMISSIONS AB A simple model of chemistry and transport, ATMOS-N, has been developed to calculate source-receptor relationships for reactive nitrogen species within Asia. The model is intended to support discussion of energy and environmental issues in Asia, to compare sulfate and nitrate contributions to regional acidification, and to estimate how each nation's acid deposition and air quality relates to domestic versus foreign emissions. ATMOS-N is a Lagrangian "puff" model in which non-interacting puffs of emissions are advected horizontally and mixed between three vertical layers. Results are compared with wet nitrate deposition observations in Asia. On an annual average, the model estimates that long-range transport contributes a significant percentage of total nitrate deposition throughout east Asia. China, the largest emitter of the region, contributes 18% to nitrate deposition in Taiwan, 18% in Japan, 46% in North Korea, and 26% in South Korea. South Korea contributes 12% to nitrate deposition in Japan, due to its close upwind proximity. Compared with total acid deposition (nitrate + sulfate), nitrate contributes 30-50% over northern Japan, 30-60% in India, and 50-90% in southeast Asia where biomass burning emits high levels of NOx. The percentage contribution of nitrate is very low in China, where emissions and deposition of sulfur are extraordinarily high. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Holloway, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. NR 42 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 26 BP 4251 EP 4264 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00316-3 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00316-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 600UA UT WOS:000178409100008 ER PT J AU Rao, KS Gunter, RL White, JR Hosker, RP AF Rao, KS Gunter, RL White, JR Hosker, RP TI Turbulence and dispersion modeling near highways SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE near-highway dispersion models; vehicle wake theory and wind tunnel studies; wake parameterizations; ROADWAY-2 model and evaluation; field studies of wake turbulence and data analysis ID FLOW; WAKE AB Traffic-induced turbulence plays a dominant role in the dispersion of pollutants near highways. The formulations for velocity deficit and turbulence in vehicle wakes, developed from theoretical and physical modeling studies of Eskridge and his colleagues at US EPA about 20 years ago, are discussed. The vehicle wake parameterizations incorporated in ROADWAY-2, a near-highway pollutant dispersion model, and its evaluation results are described. The first field measurements of velocities and turbulence in the vehicle wake, using a towed array of 3-D sonic anemometers, are analyzed, and the results are presented and discussed. Specific recommendations are made for additional work in field measurements, laboratory studies, and mathematical model development and evaluation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Rao, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 27 BP 4337 EP 4346 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00353-9 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00353-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602FU UT WOS:000178495900005 ER PT J AU Slater, JF Currie, LA Dibb, JE Benner, BA AF Slater, JF Currie, LA Dibb, JE Benner, BA TI Distinguishing the relative contribution of fossil fuel and biomass combustion aerosols deposited at Summit, Greenland through isotopic and molecular characterization of insoluble carbon SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE elemental carbon; PAHS; radiocarbon; particle deposition; snow chemistry ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIGHT CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; AIR-POLLUTION SOURCES; ICE-CORE RECORD; BLACK CARBON; WOOD COMBUSTION; VEGETATION EMISSIONS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; FOREST-FIRES AB Quantifying combustion aerosols transported to Summit, Greenland has typically involved the measurement of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in air, snow, and ice. However, the ubiquitous nature of atmospheric soluble ions makes it difficult to separate the combustion component from the natural component. More specific combustion indicators are therefore needed to accurately quantify inputs from biomass and fossil-fuel burning. This work reports on radiocarbon (C-14) analysis of elemental carbon (EC) and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of water-insoluble particles from a snowpit excavated at Summit, Greenland in 1996. The C-14 measurements allowed us to quantify the relative contribution of EC from biomass burning and fossil-fuel combustion transported to and deposited at Summit during periods of 1994 and 1995. Specific PAHs associated with conifer combustion helped to identify snowpit layers impacted by forest fires. Our results show that fossil EC was the major component during spring and fall 1994, while biomass EC and fossil EC were present in roughly equal amounts during summer 1994. PAH ratios in spring layers of the snowpit indicate substantial inputs from anthropogenic sources and the SigmaPAH depth profile displays springtime maxima that coincided with non-sea-salt sulfate ion maximum concentrations. In other layers, ammonium ion concentrations were independent of the isotopic and molecular carbon measurements. This work demonstrates the utility of radiocarbon techniques to quantify the two different sources of combustion-generated particles at Summit; however, portions of the 14 C results were indeterminate due to large uncertainties that were the result of chemical impurities introduced in the EC isolation technique. Additionally, PAH measurements were successfully performed on as little as 100 ml of snowmelt water, demonstrating the potential for future finer sample resolution. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Dept Earth Sci, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Dept Earth Sci, Climate Change Res Ctr, Morse Hall,39 Coll Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM jslater@hopper.unh.edu NR 80 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 28 BP 4463 EP 4477 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00402-8 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00402-8 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602FV UT WOS:000178496000004 ER PT J AU Nowacek, DP AF Nowacek, DP TI Sequential foraging behaviour of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, FL SO BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID OYSTERCATCHERS HAEMATOPUS-OSTRALEGUS; WHALES ORCINUS-ORCA; NOSED-DOLPHINS; KILLER WHALES; UNDERWATER OBSERVATIONS; SAMPLING METHODS; HABITAT USE; PREY; SPECIALIZATIONS; CETACEANS AB Detailed analyses of dolphin foraging behaviour have typically been difficult due to researchers' inability to observe entire foraging sequences. Using a new observational tool I was able to observe sequences of behaviours leading to successful prey captures, including behaviours not previously described in Sarasota Bay dolphins. I defined a set of specific foraging behaviours and demonstrated their position in successful sequences by analyzing the conditional probability of their occurrence based the occurrence of a capture. The sequences of behaviours dolphins used were not deterministic, and individual dolphins displayed different behavioural repertoires. Foraging behaviours occurred at rates of up to 0.5 per minute during general activity categories commonly used in odontocete research, and the current results could assist in the interpretation of these activities. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Nowacek, DP (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Res Council, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 58 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 14 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-7959 J9 BEHAVIOUR JI Behaviour PD SEP PY 2002 VL 139 BP 1125 EP 1145 DI 10.1163/15685390260437290 PN 9 PG 21 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 626AT UT WOS:000179848800003 ER PT J AU Miller, LG Goodwin, KD AF Miller, LG Goodwin, KD TI Untitled - Foreword SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Miller, LG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 465,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Goodwin, Kelly/B-4985-2014 OI Goodwin, Kelly/0000-0001-9583-8073 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 2 BP 119 EP 120 DI 10.1023/A:1019829214796 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 586GC UT WOS:000177575400001 ER PT J AU Yang, SY Ren, WP Park, YS Sieving, A Hsu, S Nasser, S Wooley, PH AF Yang, SY Ren, WP Park, YS Sieving, A Hsu, S Nasser, S Wooley, PH TI Diverse cellular and apoptotic responses to variant shapes of UHMWPE particles in a murine model of inflammation SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE wear debris; shape; UHMWPE; cytokines; apoptosis ID TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT; TOTAL HIP-ARTHROPLASTY; AIR POUCH MODEL; PARTICULATE DEBRIS; WEAR DEBRIS; POLYETHYLENE PARTICLES; IN-VITRO; FAILURE; TISSUE; PROSTHESES AB The wear of orthopaedic prostheses results in the release of a markedly heterogeneous assortment of particulate debris, with respect to both size and shape. Although particle size has been extensively examined, the role of particle shape in adverse inflammatory reactions to debris remains unclear. Using an in vivo murine model of inflammation, we assessed tissue responses to globular and to elongated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles with a similar surface area, and investigated whether inflammation and cellular apoptosis varied with particle shape in the debris-tissue interaction. Histological changes of UHMWPE-stimulated pouch membrane were assessed using a computerized image analysis system. Quantitative real time PCR and ELISA were performed to assess mRNA expression and protein level of the cytokines, and TUNEL assays were conducted to quantify apoptotic cells. The data revealed that elongated particles generated more active inflammatory air pouches, stimulated more severe membrane proliferation and the inflammatory cellular infiltration compared to globular particles. Increased levels of IL-1beta and TNFalpha were detected in the lavage and homogenate of pouches stimulated with elongated particles in comparison to pouches with globular particles, and the apoptotic assay indicated more severe apoptotic changes within the inflammatory membrane provoked with elongated particles. Our results suggest that cellular responses to UHMWPE wear debris are dependent on the shape of the particles. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Hutzel Hosp, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Hutzel Hosp, Dept Orthopaed Surg, 1 South,4707 St Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. EM pwooley@wayne.edu OI Yang, Shang-You/0000-0002-8835-5302 NR 41 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 EI 1878-5905 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD SEP PY 2002 VL 23 IS 17 BP 3535 EP 3543 AR PII S0142-9612(02)00032-7 DI 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00032-7 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 568BM UT WOS:000176522600001 PM 12109677 ER PT J AU McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM He, JM Shimada, Y Chiang, MYM Schumacher, GE Schultheisz, CR AF McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM He, JM Shimada, Y Chiang, MYM Schumacher, GE Schultheisz, CR TI A microshear test to measure bond strengths of dentin-polymer interfaces SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE bond strength; shear test; dentin enamel; microshear test ID SHEAR-STRENGTH AB The microbond test, a single fiber shear test, has been adapted to be a microshear test for the measurement of the adhesion of resin-based dental materials to dentin and enamel. The objective Of this Study is to improve the design of this microshear test so that it can provide accurate and reliable shear bond strength data. In the current design of the microshear test apparatus, the bonding diameters of the specimens have been as small as 0.70 rum. The smaller diameters give researchers the ability to test several bonded specimens on one flat dentin or enamel surface, thus allowing both for the regional mapping of the mineralized surface and the conservation of extracted teeth needed to provide the necessary substrates. The test configuration used in earlier studies has been modified through finite element analysis to address concerns in the test methodology. The results of this study show that the microshear bond test can be a useful tool in helping to understand the complex interactions that occur at the interface between dental composites and dentin and/or enamel surfaces, especially at interfacial sites not amenable to macroshear testing. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Operat Dent, Tokyo, Japan. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McDonough, WG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [2Y0 1-DE-30001] NR 13 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD SEP PY 2002 VL 23 IS 17 BP 3603 EP 3608 AR PII S0142-9612(02)00089-3 DI 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00089-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 568BM UT WOS:000176522600009 PM 12109685 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Pohle, G AF Vecchione, M Pohle, G TI Midwater cephalopods in the western North Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium and Workshops (CIAC 2000) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL UNIV ABERDEEN, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND HO UNIV ABERDEEN AB The midwater fauna off Nova Scotia was sampled with large pelagic trawls over bottom depths of 169-4800 in on seven cruises between August 1986 and June 1989. We identified, counted, and measured mantle length (ML) of all 3661 cephalopods collected on these cruises. These specimens comprised about 63 species in 28 families. The ten most abundant families were (in rank order) Ommastrephidae, Enoploteuthidae, Pyroteuthidae, Histioteuthidae, Brachioteuthidae, Cranchiidae, Mastigoteuthidae, Octopoteuthidae, Onychoteuthidae, and Alloposidae. Although Illex illecebrosus was the most numerous species (1156 specimens in 54 samples), Abraliopsis hoylei (679 in 90, respectively), Histioteuthis reversa (164 in 72), and Pterygioteuthis gemmata (327 in 69) were collected more frequently. Large squids collected here include 3 cranchiids, Teuthowenia megalops (max. ML = 370 mm), Galiteuthis armata (308 mm), and Taonius pavo (300 mm), as well as mature female Gonatus fabricii (275 mm) and Illex illecebrosus (235 mm). Among the 47 species with <10 specimens, noteworthy examples include Chiroteuthis joubini, Chiroteuthis capensis, Joubiniteuthis portieri, Histioteuthis meleagroteuthis, Pholidoteuthis boschmai, Lepidoteuthis grimaldi, Heteroteuthis dispar, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, and Stauroteuthis syrtensis. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Huntsman Marine Sci Lab, Atlantic Reference Ctr, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2 BP 883 EP 892 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 677BT UT WOS:000182787600022 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Roper, CFE Widder, EA Frank, TM AF Vecchione, M Roper, CFE Widder, EA Frank, TM TI In situ observations on three species of large-finned deep-sea squids SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium and Workshops (CIAC 2000) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL UNIV ABERDEEN, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND HO UNIV ABERDEEN ID CEPHALOPODA; VERRILL AB The manned submersible JOHNSON SEA-LINK 11 Was used for a series of dives on the continental slope of the eastern Gulf of Mexico in September 1995. The deep-sea squids Mastigoteuthis hjorti Chun, 1913 and Octopoteuthis megaptera (Verrill, 1885) were repeatedly observed at depths of 600-850 m. Both species were videotaped alive, in situ, for the first time during these dives. These species share the characteristic of very large fins, almost as long as the mantle length, but their swimming behavior observed in the vicinity of the submersible differed greatly. Throughout most of the videotaped sequences of O. megaptera, it swam with its body oriented obliquely with the head upward, arms flexed laterally and dorsally. The fins flapped in the arc between overlapping ventrally and extending laterally, never traversing dorsally above the body plane. Conversely, the near-bottom observations of M. hjorti showed it to behave similarly to previous descriptions of Mastigoteuthis magna, orienting vertically with the head down and tentacles extended to the sediment. This orientation is maintained by gentle, complex undulation of the fins. A third species with very large fins and extremely long arms was observed near the bottom from an ROV at approximately 2200 In in January 2000. While it differed from any previously known family, it behaved similarly to a mastigoteuthid. We now believe this specimen was a 'big-fin', family Magnapinnidae Vecchione and Young, 1998. If so, this observation and a similar squid recently observed and video-taped from a submersible in the Indian Ocean extend the known distribution of the recently discovered family to deep waters in subtropical areas around the globe. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Invertebrate Zool, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, NMFS, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2 BP 893 EP 901 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 677BT UT WOS:000182787600023 ER PT J AU Young, RE Vecchione, M AF Young, RE Vecchione, M TI Evolution of the gills in the Octopodiformes SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium and Workshops (CIAC 2000) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL UNIV ABERDEEN, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND HO UNIV ABERDEEN ID COLEOID CEPHALOPODS; OCTOPUS AB The gills of cirrate octopods are known to be unusual with terms 'half orange' and sepioid' commonly used to describe them. The structure and relationships of these gills to other cephalopod gills have not been adequately investigated. In this paper we investigate the evolution of the gills of cirrates and of octopodiforms in general. Octopodiform gills differ from the primitive cephalopod gill, as exemplified by the gills of Nautilus and decapodiforms, by the presence of septa along the axes of the primary and secondary lamellae. The septa apparently constrain the respiratory surfaces to form tree-like folds rather than the fan-like folds of other cephalopods. In members of the Vampyromorpha, the sister taxon of the Octopoda, gills have a peculiar circulation pattern that seems to be a unique adaptation to its deep-sea habitat. The arrangement of blood vessels in the cirrates involves the repositioning of the primary efferent vessels deep within the gill. In addition, an axial anastomosis of superficial afferent vessels resulted in an appearance similar to a decapodiform gill but with afferent rather than efferent vessels on the 'top' of the gill. This, combined with the lack of a branchial canal and the presence of bilaterally symmetrical lamellae, has resulted in the appearance of a 'sepioid' gill. The 'half-orange' gill appears to result from a foreshortening and rotation of the gill to give the impression of a nearly radial arrangement of equal-sized primary lamellae rather than the typical serial arrangement of primary lamellae that decrease in size distally. Apparently, the adaptations of the octopodiform gill resulted from a need to increase the efficiency of oxygen uptake. We suggest that a major factor in the evolution of the Octopodiformes was the adaptation to a habitat low in oxygen. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Young, RE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 11 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2 BP 1003 EP 1017 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 677BT UT WOS:000182787600029 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ AF Stensrud, DJ TI Importance of tropical easterly waves to North American monsoon rainfall SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/15th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction CY AUG 12-16, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 83 IS 9 BP 1275 EP 1275 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602DL UT WOS:000178490400008 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM AF Gaffin, DM TI Unusual foehn winds near the Smoky Mountains SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 83 IS 9 BP 1276 EP 1280 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602DL UT WOS:000178490400010 ER PT J AU Easterling, DR AF Easterling, DR TI Recent changes in frost days and the frost-free season in the United States SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MINIMUM TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; TRENDS; MAXIMUM; EVENTS; VARIABILITY; NORTHERN; MODEL AB Recent observed warning in the United States has resulted in a decrease in the number of frost days, an earlier date of the last spring freeze, a later date of the first fall frost, and a lengthening of the frost-free season for the 1948-99 period. C1 NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Easterling, DR (reprint author), NOAA, NCDC, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 21 TC 94 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 83 IS 9 BP 1327 EP 1332 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602DL UT WOS:000178490400021 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE Kattner, UR AF Campbell, CE Kattner, UR TI Assessment of the Cr-B system and extrapolation to the Ni-Al-Cr-B quaternary system SO CALPHAD-COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT; ALLOYS; MODEL; DIFFUSION; ENTHALPY; PHASES; METAL AB The Cr-B system is re-assessed treating boron as an interstitial element in the disordered solid solution fcc and bcc phases. The binary assessment is in good agreement with the available experimental phase diagram data and thermochemical data. The Cr-B binary assessment is then used in the assessment of the Ni-Cr-B and Al-Cr-B systems. The ternary assessments are in reasonable agreement with the limited experimental data for the systems. Finally, the ternary assessments are combined with the previous ternary assessment of the Ni-Al-B system to extrapolate to the quaternary Ni-Al-B-Cr system. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8555, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0364-5916 J9 CALPHAD JI Calphad-Comput. Coupling Ph. Diagrams Thermochem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 26 IS 3 BP 477 EP 490 AR PII S0364-5916(02)00058-5 DI 10.1016/S0364-5916(02)00058-5 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 620PF UT WOS:000179541200012 ER PT J AU Link, JS Brodziak, JKT Edwards, SF Overholtz, WJ Mountain, D Jossi, JW Smith, TD Fogarty, MJ AF Link, JS Brodziak, JKT Edwards, SF Overholtz, WJ Mountain, D Jossi, JW Smith, TD Fogarty, MJ TI Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION; PREDATORS; IMPACTS; FISH AB We examined a suite of abiotic, biotic, and human metrics for the northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem at the aggregate, community, and system level (>30 different metrics) over three decades. Our primary goals were to describe ecosystem status, to improve understanding of the relationships between key ecosystem processes, and to evaluate potential reference points for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). To this end, empirical indicators of ecosystem status were examined and standard multivariate statistical methods were applied to describe changes in the system. We found that (i) a suite of metrics is required to accurately characterize ecosystem status and, conversely, that focusing on a few metrics may be misleading; (ii) assessment of ecosystem status is feasible for marine ecosystems; (iii) multivariate points of reference can be determined for EBFM; and (iv) the concept of reference directions could provide an ecosystem level analog to single-species reference points. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 39 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 2 U2 44 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1429 EP 1440 DI 10.1139/F02-115 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 607AY UT WOS:000178769300001 ER PT J AU Shertzer, KW Prager, MH AF Shertzer, KW Prager, MH TI Least median of squares: a suitable objective function for stock assessment models? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ROBUST REGRESSION APPROACH; NONLINEAR-REGRESSION; ATLANTIC MENHADEN; FISHERIES; BREAKDOWN; ESTIMATORS; DYNAMICS AB Robust fitting methods, intended for data sets possibly contaminated with invalid observations, are gaining increased use in analysis of fishery data. In particular, the method of least median of squares (LMS) has attracted attention. Its hallmark is high statistical resistance, which makes it immune to up to 50% contamination in the data. However, the same property makes it inefficient and can cause faulty fitting of typical fishery data. The LMS fit can be in conflict with important sections of a time series, a problem we illustrate by fitting a biomass dynamic (surplus production) model to simulated and actual fishery data. Additionally, we illustrate that LMS parameter estimates can be highly sensitive to small perturbations in the data. Other robust methods, like the method of least absolute values (LAV), appear less prone to such problems. A key reference on LMS recommends using the method as part of an exploratory procedure to identify outliers, rather than as an objective function for final model fitting. We concur with that recommendation. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Habitat & Fisheries Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Shertzer, KW (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Habitat & Fisheries Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1474 EP 1481 DI 10.1139/F02-112 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 607AY UT WOS:000178769300005 ER PT J AU Williams, EH Prager, MH AF Williams, EH Prager, MH TI Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium estimators for the generalized production model SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH STOCK ASSESSMENT AB Parameter estimation for the logistic (Schaefer) production model commonly uses an observation-error estimator, here termed the NM estimator, combining nonlinear-function minimization and forward projection of estimated population state. Although the NM estimator can be used to fit the generalized (Pella-Tomlinson) production model, an equilibrium approximation method (EA) is often used, despite calls in the literature to abandon equilibrium estimators. We examined relative merits of NM and EA estimators for the generalized model by fitting 48 000 simulated data sets describing five basic stock trajectories and widely varying population characteristics. Simulated populations followed the generalized production model exactly but were observed with random error. Both estimators were used on each data set to estimate several quantities of management interest. The estimates from NM were usually more accurate and precise than EA estimates, and overall, NM outperformed EA. This is the most comprehensive study of the question to date-the first to examine the generalized production model-and it demonstrates clearly why equilibrium estimators should be abandoned. Although valuable when introduced, they are no longer computationally necessary, they are no less demanding of data, and their performance is poor. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Williams, EH (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 59 IS 9 BP 1533 EP 1552 DI 10.1139/F02-123 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 607AY UT WOS:000178769300011 ER PT J AU Lapeyre, G AF Lapeyre, G TI Characterization of finite-time Lyapunov exponents and vectors in two-dimensional turbulence SO CHAOS LA English DT Article ID 2-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY-FIELDS; CHAOTIC ADVECTION; INVARIANT-MANIFOLDS; PASSIVE SCALARS; 2D TURBULENCE; OPEN FLOWS; DIFFUSION; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; TRACER AB This paper discusses the application of Lyapunov theory in chaotic systems to the dynamics of tracer gradients in two-dimensional flows. The Lyapunov theory indicates that more attention should be given to the Lyapunov vector orientation. Moreover, the properties of Lyapunov vectors and exponents are explained in light of recent results on tracer gradients dynamics. Differences between the different Lyapunov vectors can be interpreted in terms of competition between the effects of effective rotation and strain. Also, the differences between backward and forward vectors give information on the local reversibility of the tracer gradient dynamics. A numerical simulation of two-dimensional turbulence serves to highlight these points and the spatial distribution of finite time Lyapunov exponents is also discussed in relation to stirring properties. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lapeyre, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, GFDL, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Lapeyre, Guillaume/B-8871-2008 OI Lapeyre, Guillaume/0000-0001-8187-8971 NR 44 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1054-1500 J9 CHAOS JI Chaos PD SEP PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 688 EP 698 DI 10.1063/1.1499395 PG 11 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 588CA UT WOS:000177682000015 ER PT J AU Gilman, JW Awad, WH Davis, RD Shields, J Harris, RH Davis, C Morgan, AB Sutto, TE Callahan, J Trulove, PC DeLong, HC AF Gilman, JW Awad, WH Davis, RD Shields, J Harris, RH Davis, C Morgan, AB Sutto, TE Callahan, J Trulove, PC DeLong, HC TI Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites from thermally stable trialkylimidazolium-treated montmorillonite SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; IONIC LIQUIDS; POLYMER; STABILITY; FLAMMABILITY; DISPERSION AB The limited thermal stability of alkylammonium cations intercalated into smectite minerals (e.g., montmorillonite, MMT) and the processing instability of some polymers [polyamide-6 (PA-6) and polystyrene (PS)] in the presence of nanodispersed MMT have motivated the development of improved organophillic treatments for layered silicates. Success in this regard should enable the preparation of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites from thermoplastic polymers that require high melt-processing temperatures or long residence times under high shear and from thermoset resins with high cure temperatures. Our efforts to address some of these issues focus on the use of new thermally stable imidazolium-treated layered silicates for the preparation of nanocomposites. Several trialkylimidazolium salt derivatives were prepared with propyl, butyl, decyl, and hexadecyl alkyl chains attached to the imidazolium through one of the nitrogens. These imidazolium salts were used to prepare the corresponding treated layered silicates. We report here that the use of 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salts to replace the sodium in natural MMT gives organophillic MMT with a 100 degreesC improvement in thermal stability (in N-2) as compared to the alkylammonium-treated MMT. The use of 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salt in fluorinated synthetic mica (FSM) also gives a 100 degreesC improvement in thermal stability. The use of 1,2-dimetliyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium-treated MMT gives an exfoliated PA-6 nanocomposite and, depending on processing conditions, either a partially exfoliated or an intercalated polystyrene nanocomposite. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA USA. USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD USA. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 38 TC 232 Z9 240 U1 5 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 14 IS 9 BP 3776 EP 3785 DI 10.1021/cm011532x PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 595VH UT WOS:000178128900023 ER PT J AU Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ Dixon, KW Spelman, MJ Knutson, TR Broccoli, AJ Kushner, PJ Wetherald, RT AF Delworth, TL Stouffer, RJ Dixon, KW Spelman, MJ Knutson, TR Broccoli, AJ Kushner, PJ Wetherald, RT TI Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; HURRICANE INTENSITIES; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TRANSIENT RESPONSES; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; GRADUAL CHANGES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CIRCULATION AB A review is presented of the development and simulation characteristics of the most recent version of a global coupled model for climate variability and change studies at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, as well as a review of the climate change experiments performed with the model. The atmospheric portion of the coupled model uses a spectral technique with rhomboidal 30 truncation, which corresponds to a transform grid with a resolution of approximately 3.75degrees longitude by 2.25degrees latitude. The ocean component has a resolution of approximately 1.875degrees longitude by 2.25degrees latitude. Relatively simple formulations of river routing, sea ice, and land surface processes are included. Two primary versions of the coupled model are described, differing in their initialization techniques and in the specification of sub-grid scale oceanic mixing of heat and salt. For each model a stable control integration of near millennial scale duration has been conducted, and the characteristics of both the time-mean and variability are described and compared to observations. A review is presented of a suite of climate change experiments conducted with these models using both idealized and realistic estimates of time-varying radiative forcing. Some experiments include estimates of forcing from past changes in volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance. The experiments performed are described, and some of the central findings are highlighted. In particular, the observed increase in global mean surface temperature is largely contained within the spread of simulated global mean temperatures from an ensemble of experiments using observationally-derived estimates of the changes in radiative forcing from increasing greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Delworth, TL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 50 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 19 IS 7 BP 555 EP 574 DI 10.1007/s00382-002-0249-5 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 596CE UT WOS:000178145700001 ER PT J AU Nakamura, Y Kashiwagi, T McGrattan, KB Baum, HR AF Nakamura, Y Kashiwagi, T McGrattan, KB Baum, HR TI Enclosure effects on flame spread over solid fuels in microgravity SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article AB dEnclosure effects on the transition from a localized ignition to subsequent flame growth over a thermally thin solid fuel in microgravity are numerically investigated by solving the low Mach number time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical model solves the two and three dimensional, time-dependent, convective/diffusive mass, and heat transport equations with a one-step global oxidation reaction in the gas phase coupled to a three-step global pyrolysis/oxidative reaction system in the solid phase. Cellulosic paper is used as the solid fuel and is placed in a slow imposed flow parallel to the surface. Ignition is initiated across the width of the sample or at a small circular area by an external thermal radiation source. Two cases are examined; an open configuration (i.e., without any enclosure) and the case with the test chamber used in our previous microgravity experiments. Numerical results show that the upstream centerline flame spread rate for the case with the enclosure is faster than that for the case without any enclosure. This is due to the confinement of the flow field and also thermal expansion initiated by heat and mass addition in the chamber. The confinement accelerates the flow in the chamber, which enhances oxygen transport into the flame. In the three-dimensional configuration with the spot ignition, the flame growth in the direction perpendicular to the flow is significantly enhanced by the confinement effects. The effect of the enclosure is most significant at the slowest flow condition investigated and the effect becomes less important with an increase in imposed flow velocity. The total heat release rate from the flame during a flame growth period increases significantly with the confinement and the enclosure effects should be accounted to avoid underestimating fire hazard in a spacecraft. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakamura, Y (reprint author), Nagoya Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Chikusa Ku, 1 Furo Cho, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan. NR 1 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD SEP PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 307 EP 321 AR PII S0010-2180(02)00381-4 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(02)00381-4 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 600DZ UT WOS:000178376500003 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF Presser, C AF Widmann, JF Presser, C TI A benchmark experimental database for multiphase combustion model input and validation (vol 129, pg 47, 2002) SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD SEP PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 386 EP 390 AR PII S0010-2180(02)00450-9 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(02)00450-9 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 600DZ UT WOS:000178376500010 ER PT J AU Ilinkin, I Janardan, R Majhi, J Schwerdt, J Smid, M Sriram, R AF Ilinkin, I Janardan, R Majhi, J Schwerdt, J Smid, M Sriram, R TI A decomposition-based approach to layered manufacturing SO COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY-THEORY AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE computational geometry; cylindrical decomposition; layered manufacturing; optimization; plane sweep; rapid prototyping AB This paper introduces a new approach for improving the performance and versatility of Layered Manufacturing (LM), which is an emerging technology that makes it possible to build physical prototypes of 3D parts directly from their computer models using a "3D printer" attached to a personal computer. Current LM processes work by viewing the computer model as a single, monolithic unit. By contrast, the approach proposed here decomposes the model into a small number of pieces, by intersecting it with a suitably chosen plane, builds each piece separately using LM, and then glues the pieces together to obtain the physical prototype. This approach allows large models to be built quickly in parallel. Furthermore, it is very efficient in its use of so-called support structures that are generated by the LM process. This paper presents the first provably correct and efficient geometric algorithms to decompose polyhedral models so that the support requirements (support volume and area of contact) are minimized. Algorithms based on the plane-sweep paradigm are first given for convex polyhedra. These algorithms run in O(n log n) time for n-vertex convex polyhedra and work by generating expressions for the support volume and contact-area as a function of the height of the sweep plane, and optimizing them during the sweep. These algorithms are then generalized to nonconvex polyhedra, which are considerably more difficult due to the complex structure of the supports. It is shown that, surprisingly, non-convex polyhedra can be handled by first identifying certain critical facets using a technique called cylindrical decomposition, and then applying the algorithm for convex polyhedra to these critical facets. The resulting algorithms run in O(n(2) log n) time. Also given is a method for controlling the size of the decomposition, so that the number of pieces generated is within a user-specified limit. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can achieve significant reduction in support requirements in both the convex and the non-convex case. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Synopsys Corp, Mt View, CA 94043 USA. Algorithm Solut Software GmbH, D-66041 Saarbrucken, Germany. Carleton Univ, Sch Comp Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Janardan, R (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7721 J9 COMP GEOM-THEOR APPL JI Comput. Geom.-Theory Appl. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 117 EP 151 AR PII S0925-7721(01)00059-1 DI 10.1016/S0925-7721(01)00059-1 PG 35 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 590RM UT WOS:000177835900002 ER PT J AU Zhang, AJ Parker, BB Wei, E AF Zhang, AJ Parker, BB Wei, E TI Assimilation of water level data into a coastal hydrodynamic model by an adjoint optimal technique SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water level; wind drag coefficient; data assimilation; the US East Coast ID OPEN BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; NUMERICAL TIDAL MODEL; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; EDDY VISCOSITY; ETA-MODEL; PARAMETERS; SYSTEM AB An adjoint data assimilation system has been developed to assimilate coastal subtidal water level data into a hydrodynamic model. In this system, a linear two-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model with an orthogonal curvilinear grid system is used as the forward model. The wind drag coefficient is used as a convenient control variable (approximately representing errors in the forecasting wind fields that are usually the primary cause of errors in model-produced water levels). The cost function is defined in terms of the water level misfits between the observations and model outputs. The limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton method for large-scale optimization is implemented to minimize the cost function. Identical twin experiments with model-generated pseudo-observations are performed and the results show that the true solution of the control variable can be recovered efficiently by assimilating pseudo-observations at limited locations into the model. The results from actual subtidal water level data assimilation experiments show that the simulated subtidal water levels with data assimilation are better than those without data assimilation even if only one control variable is used. The results from the experiment with 16 control variables demonstrate that the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.93 and the RMS errors are less than 5.3 cm at IS coastal water level gauge stations. The nowcast/forecast experiments demonstrate that the subtidal water level forecasts are improved by water level data assimilation in the first 6h. The average RMS error of the subtidal water level forecasts over the 18 water level gauge stations is reduced by 3 cm. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, CSDL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zhang, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, CSDL, N-CS13,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 14 BP 1909 EP 1934 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00067-5 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00067-5 PG 26 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 602LD UT WOS:000178506000002 ER PT J AU Maslar, JE Hurst, WS Bowers, WJ Hendricks, JH AF Maslar, JE Hurst, WS Bowers, WJ Hendricks, JH TI In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of stainless steel hydrothermal corrosion SO CORROSION LA English DT Article DE aqueous environments; corrosion product release; general corrosion; Raman spectroscopy; stainless steel; nickel ferrite; temperature ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE WATER; INSITU RAMAN; CHROMIUM; IRON; MECHANISM; OXIDES; ALLOYS AB In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate corrosion of Type 304L stainless steel ([SS] UNS S30403) in air-saturated water at a pressure of 25.2 MPa and temperatures up to 496degreesC in an optically accessible flow cell. The exposed Type 304L SS coupon also was characterized ex situ with Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. After exposure, nickel(II) iron(III) oxide (NiFe2O4) and alpha chromium(III) oxide hydroxide (alpha-CrOOH) phases were detected on the coupon surface. The NiFe2O4 phase was first identified after the coupon was heated to 247degreesC and was observed under all subsequent conditions. Upon heating from 247degreesC to 326degreesC, the crystallinity and possibly the thickness of the NiFe2O4 phase increased. The alpha-CrOOH phase was first identified after the coupon was heated to 326degreesC and was observed under all subsequent conditions. At least a portion of the alpha-CrOOH phase probably originated as a corrosion product released from the optical cell and/orflow system. In situ Raman spectra indicated that the NiFe2O4 phase was present in greater amounts and/or was more crystalline during cooling, while there was probably less of the alpha-CrOOH phase present in the Raman scattering volume during cooling than during heating. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maslar, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8360, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 21 PU NATL ASSN CORROSION ENG PI HOUSTON PA 1440 SOUTH CREEK DRIVE, HOUSTON, TX 77084-4906 USA SN 0010-9312 J9 CORROSION JI Corrosion PD SEP PY 2002 VL 58 IS 9 BP 739 EP 747 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 595CA UT WOS:000178088200004 ER PT J AU Holmes, EE Fagan, WE AF Holmes, EE Fagan, WE TI Validating population viability analysis for corrupted data sets SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dennis method; Dennis-Holmes method; diffusion approximation; extinction; model validation; population viability analysis; salmon; sampling error ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; EXTINCTION; PROBABILITY; MEANINGFUL AB Diffusion approximation (DA) methods provide a powerful tool for population viability analysis (PVA) using simple time series of population counts. The e methods have a strong theoretical foundation based on stochastic age-structured models, but their application to data with high sampling error or age-structure cycles has been problematic. Recently, a new method was developed for estimating DA parameters from highly corrupted time series. We conducted an extensive cross-validation of this new method using 189 long-term time series of salmon counts with very high sampling error and nonstable age-structure fluctuations. Parameters were estimated from one segment of a time series, and a subsequent segment was used to evaluate the predictions regarding the risk of crossing population thresholds. We also tested the theoretical distributions of the estimated parameters. The distribution of parameter estimates is an essential aspect of a PVA because it-allows one to calculate confidence levels for risk metrics. This study is the first data-based cross-validation of these theoretical distributions. Our cross-validation analyses found that, when parameterization methods designed for corrupted data sets are used, DA predictions are very robust even for problematic data. Estimates of the probability of crossing population thresholds were unbiased, and the estimated parameters closely followed the expected theoretical distributions. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, REUT Div, Seattle, WA USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Holmes, EE (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, REUT Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA USA. NR 18 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 83 IS 9 BP 2379 EP 2386 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596FQ UT WOS:000178153900004 ER PT J AU Van Kooten, GK Short, JW Kolak, JJ AF Van Kooten, GK Short, JW Kolak, JJ TI Low-maturity Kulthieth Formation coal: A possible source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in benthic sediment of the northern Gulf of Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Artic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar CY JUN, 2002 CL CALGARY, CANADA DE PAH; Kulthieth; coal; hydrocarbons; geochemistry; thermal maturity; benthic sediment; Gulf of Alaska ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; OIL AB The successful application of forensic geology to contamination studies involving natural systems requires identification of appropriate endmembers and an understanding of the geologic setting and processes affecting the systems. Studies attempting to delineate the background, or natural, source for hydrocarbon contamination in Gulf of Alaska (GOA) benthic sediments have invoked a number of potential sources, including seep oils, source rocks, and coal. Oil seeps have subsequently been questioned as significant sources of hydrocarbons present in benthic sediments of the GOA in part because the pattern of relative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance characteristic of benthic GOA sediments is inconsistent with patterns typical of weathered seep oils. Likewise, native coal has been dismissed in part because ratios of labile hydrocarbons to total organic carbon (e.g. PAH:TOC) for Bering River coal field (BRCF) sources are too low-i.e. the coals are over mature-to be consistent with GOA sediments. We present evidence here that native coal may have been prematurely dismissed, because BRCF coals do not adequately represent the geochemical signatures of coals elsewhere in the Kulthieth Formation. Contrary to previous thought, Kulthieth Formation coals east of the BRCF have much higher PAH: TOC ratios, and the patterns of labile hydrocarbons in these low thermal maturity coals suggest a possible genetic relationship between Kulthieth Formation coals and nearby oil seeps on the Sullivan anticline. Analyses of low-maturity Kulthieth Formation coal indicate the low maturity coal is a significant source of PAH. Source apportionment models that neglect this source will underestimate the contribution of native coals to the regional background hydrocarbon signature. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of AEHS. C1 Petrotech Resources Alaska, Anchorage, AK USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Van Kooten, GK (reprint author), Calvin Coll, Dept Geol Geog & Environm Studies, 3201 Burton St,SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA. OI Kolak, Jonathan/0000-0003-2981-9522 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD SEP-DEC PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3-4 BP 227 EP 241 DI 10.1006/enfo.2002.0096 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615ZF UT WOS:000179276700006 ER PT J AU Short, JW AF Short, JW TI Oil identification based on a goodness-of-fit metric applied to hydrocarbon analysis results SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Artic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar CY JUN, 2002 CL CALGARY, CANADA DE oil spill; fingerprinting; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SEDIMENTS; ALASKA AB Assessment of environmental damage following accidental oil spills requires reliable oil identification methods. Results from hydrocarbon analyses of environmental samples are often difficult to interpret, because of the changes in oil composition (or weathering) that follows release into the environment, and because of confounding by hydrocarbons from other sources. To a first-order approximation, weathering proceeds according to simple first-order loss-rate (FOLR) kinetics for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) based on molecular size. This relationship between relative weathering rate and molecular size can be exploited to infer the initial PAH composition of spilled oils, and this information can be combined with results for weathering-invariant analytes to substantially increase the precision and accuracy of hydrocarbon source recognition methods. The approach presented here evaluates a goodness-of-fit metric between the measured hydrocarbon composition of an environmental sample and a suspected source, after correcting for PAH weathering losses based on FOLR kinetics. Variability from analytical and sampling error may thus be accounted for, and source identifications can be expressed as objective probability statements. This approach is illustrated by application to four independent case studies. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of AEHS. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Short, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD SEP-DEC PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3-4 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1006/enfo.2002.0105 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615ZF UT WOS:000179276700016 ER PT J AU Beliaeff, B O'Connor, TP Munschy, C Raffin, B Claisse, D AF Beliaeff, B O'Connor, TP Munschy, C Raffin, B Claisse, D TI Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in mussels and oysters in France and the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; monitoring; mussel watch; bivalves; coastal waters ID QUASIMEME LABORATORY PERFORMANCE; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; PAH; SEDIMENTS AB This paper compares data of 15 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations from two monitoring programs: the French Reseau National d'Observation de la qualite du milieu marin (RNO) and the Mussel Watch project of the U.S. National Status and Trends (NST) program. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon measurements in bivalve (mussels and oysters) are made from samples collected at 265 sites along the U.S. coastline and at 97 sites in the French coastal waters. Individual PAH patterns were found strikingly similar between the two countries with higher concentrations for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs. Principal component analysis results for both RNO and NST show the variability to be dominated by just two components with HMW compounds contributing primarily to the first and low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds to the second. This could imply a separation of petrogenic and pyrolytic sources with the latter being the more important in both nations accounting for the similarity in results. C1 IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes 3, France. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, N NSCI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP IFREMER, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes 3, France. EM benoit.beliaeff@ifremer.fr NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1783 EP 1787 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<1783:COPAHL>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 583WW UT WOS:000177434900004 PM 12206416 ER PT J AU Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Ingersoll, CG Severn, CG Smorong, D Lindskoog, R AF Field, LJ MacDonald, DD Norton, SB Ingersoll, CG Severn, CG Smorong, D Lindskoog, R TI Predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry using logistic regression models SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; sediment guidelines; logistic regression ID RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; QUALITY GUIDELINES; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; HYALELLA-AZTECA; MARINE; CRITERIA; MIXTURES AB Individual chemical logistic regression models were developed for 37 chemicals of potential concern in contaminated sediments to predict the probability of toxicity, based on the standard 10-d survival test for the marine amphipods Ampelisca abdita and Rhepoxynius abronius. These models were derived from a large database of matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data, which includes contaminant gradients from a variety of habitats in coastal North America. Chemical concentrations corresponding to a 20, 50, and 80% probability of observing sediment toxicity (T20, T50, and T80 values) were calculated to illustrate the potential for deriving application-specific sediment effect concentrations and to provide probability ranges for evaluating the reliability of the models. The individual chemical regression models were combined into a single model, using either the maximum (P,,,, model) or average (P-Avg model) probability predicted from the chemicals analyzed in a sample, to estimate the probability of toxicity for a sample. The average predicted probability of toxicity (from the P-Max model) within probability quartiles closely matched the incidence of toxicity within the same ranges, demonstrating the overall reliability of the P-Max model for the database that was used to derive the model. The magnitude of the toxic effect (decreased survival) in the amphipod test increased as the predicted probability of toxicity increased. Users have a number of options for applying the logistic models, including estimating the probability of observing acute toxicity to estuarine and marine amphipods in 10-d toxicity tests at any given chemical concentration or estimating the chemical concentrations that correspond to specific probabilities of observing sediment toxicity. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Premier Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA. RP Field, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 31 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1993 EP 2005 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 583WW UT WOS:000177434900029 PM 12206441 ER PT J AU Papadopoulos, G Bryant, RA Pitts, WM AF Papadopoulos, G Bryant, RA Pitts, WM TI Flow characterization of flickering methane/air diffusion flames using particle image velocimetry SO EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED SOOT PRODUCTION; INSTABILITY; DYNAMICS; STEADY AB Phase-resolved measurements of the velocity field in acoustically forced, flickering laminar co-flowing methane/air diffusion flames were made. Identical flames have been studied extensively in the past in order to characterize the effects of the vortical structures responsible for the flicker on the flame structure, but the initial velocity perturbation and the velocity fields have not been reported previously. Phase-locked measurements of the instantaneous two-dimensional velocity field at ten phases within a full excitation cycle were made using particle image velocimetry. The velocity measurements were complemented by phase-resolved shadowgraphs recorded in the vicinity of the flame base. Measurements are reported for the two forcing conditions that have most often been studied for this burner. When integrated with the results of previous studies, these measurements provide a clearer picture of the interactions between the buoyancy-induced vortical structures and the flame sheets, as well as providing the initial conditions required for realistic modeling of these flames. C1 Dantec Dynam Inc, Mahwah, NJ 07430 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Papadopoulos, G (reprint author), Dantec Dynam Inc, 777 Corp Dr, Mahwah, NJ 07430 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0723-4864 J9 EXP FLUIDS JI Exp. Fluids PD SEP PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 472 EP 481 DI 10.1007/S00348-002-0483-y PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 597NC UT WOS:000178226800013 ER PT J AU Prasad, K Patnaik, G Kailasanath, K AF Prasad, K Patnaik, G Kailasanath, K TI A numerical study of water-mist suppression of large scale compartment fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE compartment fires; water-mist suppression; mathematical modeling ID LIQUID POOL FIRES; FLUX-CORRECTED TRANSPORT; FIELD MODELING TECHNIQUE; SPRINKLER INTERACTION; SIMULATION; EXTENSION AB The focus of this paper is on simulating water mist suppression of fires in large enclosures. A two-continuum formulation is used in which the gas phase and the water-mist are both described by equations of the Eulerian form. The water-mist model is coupled with previously developed codes based on the multi- block Chimera technique for simulating fires. Computations are performed to understand the various physical processes that occur during the interaction of water-mist and fires in large enclosures. Droplet sectional density contours and velocity vectors are used to track the movement of water-mist and to identify the regions of the fire compartment where the droplets evaporate and absorb energy. Parametric studies are performed to optimize various water-mist injection characteristics for maximum suppression, The effects of droplet diameter, mist injection velocity, injection density, nozzle locations and injection orientation on mist entrainment and flame suppression are quantified. Numerical results indicate that for similar injection parameters such as mist injection density, injection velocity and droplet diameter, the time for suppression was smallest for the top injection configuration. Water-mist injection through the side walls, the front and rear walls and through the floor were found to be less efficient than the top injection configuration. These results are compared with our earlier predictions on water-mist suppression of small scale methanol pool fires and other experimental studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USN, Res Lab, Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8663,Polymers Bldg 224,Room B258, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kuldeep.prasad@nist.gov NR 32 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 569 EP 589 AR PII S0379-7112(02)00004-8 DI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00004-8 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 563GU UT WOS:000176248600003 ER PT J AU Seki, MP Polovina, JJ Kobayashi, DR Bidigare, RR Mitchum, GT AF Seki, MP Polovina, JJ Kobayashi, DR Bidigare, RR Mitchum, GT TI An oceanographic characterization of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) longline fishing grounds in the springtime subtropical North Pacific SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE chloropigments; mesoscale variability; physical-biological coupling; satellite altimetry; Sub-tropical Front; Xiphias gladius ID DEEP CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMUM; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PIGMENT SIGNATURES; CATCH RATES; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; FRONTS; ATLANTIC; DISTRIBUTIONS; ASSOCIATION AB During January-May, surface manifestation of multiple, individual basin-scale fronts accentuate the central North Pacific Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ) system. The most prominent of these fronts are climatologically located at 32degrees-34degreesN and at 28degrees-30degreesN latitudes [herein nominally referred to as the 'Subtropical Front' (STF) and the 'South Subtropical Front' (SSTF), respectively], although considerable interannual variability in both position and intensity is observed. This seasonally dynamic system is also the region typically targeted by the Hawaii-based swordfish (Xiphias gladius ) longline fishing fleet, where the presence, position, and strength of the convergent fronts are believed to play a key role with regard to the catch and catch rates of swordfish. Information furnished by a recent series of meridional hydrographic surveys and concurrent satellite remote sensing data elucidate structural patterns and coupling of the physics and biology associated with these fronts. This enables a re-characterization of the spring North Pacific STFZ and offers new insight into the seasonal variability of the phytoplankton dynamics in the subtropical North Pacific. On synoptic time scales, geographical positioning of the fronts may be systematically identified through surface outcropping of diagnostic thermohaline isopleths and therefore readily discerned from both shipboard surveys and by spaceborne sensors. The STF during spring can be characterized by the surface expression of the 34.8 isohaline and the 17degreesC isotherm within the frontal gradient. Biologically, the STF marks the transition from low chloropigment (chlorophyll + phaeopigments), nutrient-depleted surface waters to the south to a more productive regime to the north. To the south, the 20degreesC and 35.0 surface isotherm and isohaline, respectively, are characteristically embedded in the thermohaline gradients associated with the SSTF. A sharp increase in depth-integrated chloropigment is also observed at the SSTF and is ascribed to an increase in the concentration and thickness of the subsurface chloropigment maximum (SCM) prompted by the shoaling of the nutricline with the thermocline structure into the euphotic zone. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ S Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Seki, MP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 58 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 11 IS 5 BP 251 EP 266 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2002.00207.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 599QW UT WOS:000178347500001 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP Michaels, W Link, JS Fogarty, MJ AF Garrison, LP Michaels, W Link, JS Fogarty, MJ TI Spatial distribution and overlap between ichthyoplankton and pelagic fish and squids on the southern flank of Georges Bank SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Georges Bank; ichthyoplankton; pelagic fish; physical processes; predator-prey interactions; spatial overlap ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; HADDOCK MELANOGRAMMUS-AEGLEFINUS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF ECOSYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; OCEANOGRAPHIC FEATURES; PREDATION RISK; LARVAL FISH; ATLANTIC; ZOOPLANKTON; RECRUITMENT AB We conducted larval and adult fish surveys on the southern flank of Georges Bank during the spring of two years (1990 and 1995) with contrasting physical conditions. We employed canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine the relationships between physical variables and the spatial distribution of pelagic fish and ichthyoplankton. Surface temperature bottom temperature, and vertical stratification were significant factors affecting larval fish distributions, and there were groups of species with similar responses to these variables. There were also consistent relationships between physical variables and pelagic fish and squid abundances and spatial distributions. Pelagic fish and ichthyoplankton with similar responses to hydrographic variables had high spatial overlap, and variation in hydrographic regimes modulated the strength of this interaction. Pelagic fish and squids are potentially important predators of both larval and juvenile fish on Georges Bank. Hydrographic structure modulates the degree of spatial overlap and therefore likely influences the strength of predator-prey interactions. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 11 IS 5 BP 267 EP 285 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2002.00205.x PG 19 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 599QW UT WOS:000178347500002 ER PT J AU Overholtz, WJ AF Overholtz, WJ TI The Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus): spatial pattern analysis of the collapse and recovery of a large marine fish complex SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Clupea harengus; distribution; spatial patterns; stock recovery; range contraction AB Spatial patterns of the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex were evident at three levels of resolution from analyses using bottom trawl survey data from spring 1968 to 1998 and autumn 1963 to 1998. The geographic range of the complex contracted significantly during 1973-1985 in both spring and autumn, coincident with major declines in abundance following the distant water fleet fishery during 1961-1976. Following recovery in abundance, distribution patterns that were previously observed were re-established. Medium scale patterns (e.g., 50-200 km) in the data suggest that herring were not uniformly distributed over the continental shelf during spring and autumn, but rather aggregated in sub-groups within the range of the entire complex. Fine scale patterns in the survey data (5-50 km) suggest that herring maintained pre-collapse behavioral relationships even though the stock complex had declined by similar to85%. Among-site distances between the herring schools, presumably from the Gulf of Maine spawning component, remained remarkably constant as the Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals spawning components were extirpated. As the complex recovered, it appeared that more and perhaps larger schools of herring were present. These analyses suggest that a fully-recovered stock complex has distributional characteristics and patterns that can be monitored and quantified. Quantification of spatial patterns may have important consequences for assessment, stock identification, and fishery management. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Overholtz, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 57 IS 3 BP 237 EP 254 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00359-9 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00359-9 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582XZ UT WOS:000177377600003 ER PT J AU Burkholder, JB Gilles, MK Gierczak, T Ravishankara, AR AF Burkholder, JB Gilles, MK Gierczak, T Ravishankara, AR TI The atmospheric degradation of 1-bromopropane (CH3CH2CH2Br): The photochemistry of bromoacetone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OH AB [1] The atmospheric degradation of 1-bromopropane and its degradation products are examined with respect to their ability to deplete stratospheric ozone. It is shown that the OH initiated oxidation of 1-bromopropane does not lead to long lived bromine containing species. Laboratory measurements of the UV absorption cross sections and photodissociation quantum yields of chloroacetone and bromoacetone are presented. The atmospheric photolysis lifetime of bromoacetone at mid-latitudes is determined to be on the order of hours. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 17 AR 1822 DI 10.1029/2002GL014712 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 635KF UT WOS:000180397500003 ER PT J AU Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Pinczewski, WV Garboczi, EJ AF Arns, CH Knackstedt, MA Pinczewski, WV Garboczi, EJ TI Computation of linear elastic properties from microtomographic images: Methodology and agreement between theory and experiment SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL POROUS-MEDIA; 2-COMPONENT COMPOSITES; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; RECONSTRUCTION; SANDSTONE; EQUATIONS; BOUNDS AB Elastic property-porosity relationships are derived directly from microtomographic images. This is illustrated for a suite of four samples of Fontainebleau sandstone with porosities ranging from 7.5% to 22%. A finite-element method is used to derive the elastic properties of digitized images. By estimating and minimizing several sources of numerical error, very accurate predictions of properties are derived in excellent agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of the porosity. We consider the elastic properties of the digitized images under dry, water-saturated, and oil-saturated conditions. The observed change in the elastic properties due to fluid substitution is in excellent agreement with the exact Gassmann's equations. This shows both the accuracy and the feasibility of combining microtomographic images with elastic calculations to accurately predict petrophysical properties of individual rock morphologies. We compare the numerical predictions to various empirical, effective medium and rigorous approximations used to relate the elastic properties of rocks to porosity under different saturation conditions. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Arns, CH (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Appl Math, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Canberra, ACT 2052, Australia. RI Arns, Christoph/A-5036-2009 OI Arns, Christoph/0000-0003-1721-3996 NR 49 TC 147 Z9 153 U1 3 U2 9 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 67 IS 5 BP 1396 EP 1405 DI 10.1190/1.1512785 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 604FR UT WOS:000178606500005 ER PT J AU Tango-Lowy, T Robertson, RA AF Tango-Lowy, T Robertson, RA TI Predisposition toward adoption of open ocean aquaculture by Northern New England's inshore, commercial fishermen SO HUMAN ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE aquaculture; commercial fishermen; technology transfer; New England ID INNOVATION AB Aquaculture has been promoted as an enterprise that will provide regional economic development, new employment opportunities for displaced fishers. and the replenishment of commercially important fish stock. Conversely, how will open ocean aquaculture fit into the occupational life of the traditional Northern New England inshore, commercial fisher? Our objective was to identify those fishers with a predisposition to adopt the innovation, as determined by the relationship between the probability of potential adoption and particular explanatory variables. We drew upon adoption of innovations research and fishing-specific studies to establish the explanatory variables: fishers' attitudes toward specific innovation attributes and their personal and situational characteristics. Results suggest that nearly one-third of those surveyed were willing to consider adoption of open ocean aquaculture. We found adoption research to be effective in formulating a model that yielded statistically significant explanatory variables relative to the dependent variable. Respondents' fishing characteristics, communication behavior, and attitudes toward specific innovation attributes were the best predictors in the model. Open ocean aquaculture programs specifically designed to address the needs and interests of these fishers could serve to encourage adoption of the innovation and increase adoption success. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Resource Econ & Dev, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Open Ocean Aquaculture Demonstrat Project, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY PI OKLAHOMA CITY PA 3000 UNITED FOUNDERS BLVD, STE 148, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112 USA SN 0018-7259 J9 HUM ORGAN JI Hum. Organ. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 61 IS 3 BP 240 EP 251 PG 12 WC Anthropology; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Anthropology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 596MV UT WOS:000178169400005 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Matter, AL Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC AF Moser, ML Matter, AL Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC TI Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE lamprey; migration; dam; radiotelemetry; fishway; passage AB We used an extensive network of more than 170 radio receiving stations to document fine-scale passage efficiency of adult anadromous Pacific lamprey at Bonneville and The Dalles Dams in the lower Columbia River in the northwestern U. S. A. Each spring from 1997 to 2000, we released 197-299 lamprey with surgically implanted radio transmitters. Unique transmitter codes and the date and time of reception at each antenna site were downloaded electronically, and initial processing was conducted to eliminate false positive signals. The resulting large Oracle database was analyzed using an ArcView-based coding protocol. Underwater antennas positioned outside the fishway entrances detected lamprey approaches, and antennas positioned immediately inside the entrances indicated successful entries. Entrance efficiency ( the number of lamprey that successfully entered a fishway divided by the number that approached that fishway) was compared for different types of entrances ( main entrances versus orifice entrances) and entrance locations ( powerhouse versus spillway). Lamprey used orifice-type entrances less frequently than main entrances, and passage success was generally low (< 50%) at all entrances to fishways at Bonneville Dam ( the lowest dam in the system). Lamprey activity at the entrances was highest at night, and entrance success was significantly higher at The Dalles Dam ( the next dam upstream from Bonneville Dam) than at Bonneville Dam. In 1999 and 2000, construction modifications were made to Bonneville Dam spillway entrances, and water velocity at these entrances was reduced at night. Modifications to increase lamprey attachment at the entrances improved lamprey entrance efficiency, but entrance efficiency during reduced velocity tests was not significantly higher than during control conditions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 9 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2002 VL 483 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1023/A:1021394521450 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 622GX UT WOS:000179639600007 ER PT J AU Schlager, JB Callicoatt, BE Mirin, RP Sanford, NA AF Schlager, JB Callicoatt, BE Mirin, RP Sanford, NA TI Passively mode-locked waveguide laser with low residual jitter SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE erbium/ytterbium; jitter; mode-locked lasers; optical planar waveguides ID NOISE AB Picosecond pulses at 1.53 mum with low residual jitter are generated from a passively mode-locked erbium/ytterbium codoped planar waveguide laser in an extended cavity configuration. The round-trip frequency of the laser cavity is actively referenced to the frequency of a stable electronic oscillator; this lowers the residual root-mean-square timing jitter to 83 fs over the frequency range of our phase-noise measurement system 100 Hz-10 MHz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Schlager, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 13 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1351 EP 1353 DI 10.1109/LPT.2002.801123 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 594VJ UT WOS:000178071900041 ER PT J AU Kunz, A McMichael, RD AF Kunz, A McMichael, RD TI Normal mode mixing and ferromagnetic resonance linewidth SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference (Intermag Europe 2002) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2002 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE damping; ferromagnetic resonance; magnetic thin films; two-magnon model ID FILMS AB The normal modes of an inhomogeneous thin film are obtained by diagonalization of the perturbed Hamiltonian. The resulting modes are mixtures of the spin-wave modes and the uniform mode. We find that the ferromagnetic resonance intensity spectrum of the diagonalized system has a Lorentzian profile, and that the results correspond to the two-magnon model for weak perturbations. For stronger perturbations, the density of states Is smoothed, and the spectrum becomes asymmetric due to the low-frequency cutoff of the spin-wave manifold. The technique is expected to be valid for perturbation amplitudes that are large enough to invalidate the assumptions of the two-magnon model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kunz, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 2400 EP 2402 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2002.803595 PN 1 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 608VE UT WOS:000178867200173 ER PT J AU Donahue, MJ Porter, DGD AF Donahue, MJ Porter, DGD TI Analysis of switching in uniformly magnetized bodies SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference (Intermag Europe 2002) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2002 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE coherent rotation; micromagnetic simulation; single-domain particles; standard problems; Stoner-Wohlfarth model; uniform rotation ID BEHAVIOR; MICROMAGNETICS AB A full analysis of magnetization reversal of a uniformly magnetized body by coherent rotation is presented. The magnetic energy of the body in the presence of an applied field H is modeled as E = (mu(0)/2)(MDM)-D-T - mu(0)H(T)M, where T denotes a matrix transpose. This model includes shape anisotropy, any number of uniaxial anisotropies, and any energy that can be represented by an effective field that is a linear function of the uniform magnetization M. The model is a generalization to three dimensions of the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Lagrange multiplier analysis leads to quadraticalIy convergent iterative algorithms for computation of switching field, coercive field, and the stable magnetization(s) of the body in the presence of any applied field. Magnetization dynamics are examined as the applied field magnitude \H\ approaches the switching field H-s, and it is found that the precession frequency f proportional to (H-s - \H\)((1/4)) and the susceptibility chi proportional to (H-s - \H\)(-(1,2)). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Donahue, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 2468 EP 2470 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2002.803616 PN 1 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 608VE UT WOS:000178867200195 ER PT J AU Chien, CL Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Chien, CL Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Antiferromagnetic spin structure and domains in exchange-coupled multilayers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference (Intermag Europe 2002) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2002 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE antiferromagnetic (AFM); domain; exchange bias; spin structure ID MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL; BILAYERS; BIAS; FILMS; MODEL; FERROMAGNET; ANISOTROPY; INTERFACES; COERCIVITY; ASYMMETRY AB As revealed by the observation of memory effects and domain imaging, the antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin structure in exchange bias is not static. During reversal, the AFM spins form an exchange spring connected with the ferromagnet (FM). We have observed hybrid domain walls consisting of FM and AFM sections and their evolution using the magnetooptical indicator film technique. The external magnetic field moves only the FM section of the hybrid domain walls, leading to the formation of an exchange spring parallel to the interface. The nucleation and unwinding of the exchange spring occur at different locations, and the propagation depends strongly on the chirality of the FM domain walls. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. RP Chien, CL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 2736 EP 2740 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2002.803169 PN 1 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 608VE UT WOS:000178867200278 ER PT J AU Mancoff, FB Russek, SE AF Mancoff, FB Russek, SE TI Spin-current-induced magnetotransport in Co-Cu-Co nanostructures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Magnetics Conference (Intermag Europe 2002) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 2002 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE giant magnetoresistance (GMR); magnetic films and devices; multilayer films; spin-valves ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; POLARIZED CURRENT; CO/CU/CO PILLARS; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; EXCITATION; REVERSAL; WAVES AB We report measurements on sub-100-nm Co-Cu-Co spin-valves with the current perpendicular-to-plane. The giant magnetoresistance versus applied magnetic field shows the switching in individually patterned Co nanomagnets. Spin-transfer from the spin-polarized current to the nanomagnets becomes significant for large currents and small devices. The resistance versus applied current shows spin-transfer effects, including current-induced nanomagnet switching and resistance steps indicative of current-induced magnetic precession. C1 Motorola Phys Sci Res Labs, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Mancoff, FB (reprint author), Motorola Phys Sci Res Labs, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 2853 EP 2855 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2002.802861 PN 1 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 608VE UT WOS:000178867200317 ER PT J AU Torre, ED Bennett, LH Fry, RA Ducal, OA AF Torre, ED Bennett, LH Fry, RA Ducal, OA TI Preisach-Arrhenius model for thermal aftereffect SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE aftereffect; Arrhenius-Neel; fluctuating field; moving parameter; multilayer media; Preisach-Arrhenius ID MAGNETOOPTICAL MEDIUM; MOVING PARAMETER; DEPENDENCE AB Aftereffect-that is, decay of magnetization with time at a fixed holding field-is often linear in log-time for a limited time window. The slope of the decay at the holding field that maximizes the decay rate (normally near the field that maximizes the irreversible susceptibility) is often used as a measurement of the long-term stability of permanent magnet media. This paper demonstrates that this measurement alone does not indicate the stability at other fields. It shows theoretically, using the Preisach-Arrhenius model, and experimentally that for materials in which there is negligible particle interaction and negligible reversible magnetization, the shape of the thermal aftereffect curve is the same as that of the ascending major hysteresis curve. For these criteria, the ratio of the decay coefficient at one field to that at another is the same as the ratio of the susceptibilities at those two fields. The paper also discusses the effect of interaction on the decay process. In general, the full identification of the Preisach parameters is necessary and sufficient to estimate the decay rate. C1 George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Valladolid, Dept Electricidad & Elect, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain. RP Torre, ED (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 3409 EP 3416 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2002.802702 PN 2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 608VF UT WOS:000178867300002 ER PT J AU Leong, K Mazierska, J AF Leong, K Mazierska, J TI Precise measurements of the Q factor of dielectric resonators in the transmission mode - Accounting for noise, crosstalk, delay of uncalibrated lines, coupling loss, and coupling reactance SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE dielectric resonators; measurements effects; S-parameters; transmission-mode measurements; TMQF; unloaded Q factor ID FILMS AB Accurate measurements of the unloaded Q factor of microwave resonators are necessary in many microwave applications. The most accurate values of Q. can be obtained by Q-circle fits from multifrequency S-parameter data. Practical measurement systems cause S-parameters of the resonators to be distorted from the circular ideal shape, rotated, and shifted from the origin resulting in errors in the Q-factor values. A novel Q-factor measurement method has been developed based on equations derived for resonators working in the transmission mode and fractional linear circle-fitting techniques. The transmission-mode Q-factor (TMQF) technique removes measurement effects of noise, noncalibrated measurement cables, connectors, coupling structures, crosstalk between the coupling loops, and impedance mismatch from the measurement data. The TMQF is especially useful in cryogenic measurements of high-temperature-superconductor thin films and dielectrics since these measurements are typically done in the transmission mode and contain cables and connectors that are difficult to calibrate. The accuracy of the TMQF is better than 1% for practical measurement ranges and the method is applicable to a wide range of coupling. The range of Q factors measurable is from 10(3) up to 10(7). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. RP Leong, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 50 IS 9 BP 2115 EP 2127 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2002.802324 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 588PQ UT WOS:000177710200012 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC TI An experimental study of high Weber number impact of methoxy-nonafluorobutane C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100) and n-heptane droplets on a heated solid surface SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE droplet; impact; heated surface ID WATER AB An experimental study is presented for methoxy-nonafluorobutane (C4F9OCH3, HFE-7100) droplet impingement on a heated stainless steel surface. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames per second. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 1 7 +/- 0.1 mm. and all experiments were performed in atmospheric air. The impact velocity was fixed at 2.0 m/s thus defining an impact Weber number of 750. The temperature of the stainless steel surface was varied from 20 to 300 degreesC. above the Leidenfrost temperature of HFE-7100, Experiments were also performed using n-heptane to investigate whether (he collision dynamics were similar if the impact Weber number was matched to HFE-7100 and collision considered within the same boiling regimes as HFE-7100. While the collision dynamics were qualitatively similar, the evolution of liquid film diameter with time was different. Existing models used to describe the evolution of liquid film diameter with time were found to be inadequate to describe HFE-7100 and n-heptane impact. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8662,Bldg 224,A361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 45 IS 19 BP 3961 EP 3971 AR PII S0017-9310(02)00103-5 DI 10.1016/S0017-9310(02)00103-5 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 571NW UT WOS:000176724300007 ER PT J AU Gallo, KP Owen, TW AF Gallo, KP Owen, TW TI A sampling strategy for satellite sensor-based assessments of the urban heat-island bias (vol 23, pg 1935, 2002) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Correction AB A data sampling strategy was developed for the use of a satellite sensor-based methodology to estimate the urban heat-island temperature bias associated with climate observation stations. NOAA-AVHRR observations at a grid scale of 1 km x 1 km were analysed on a local (3 km x 3 km) and regional (41 km x 41 km) basis centred on the climate observation stations of interest. The grid cells of the regional sample were evaluated and only those designated as rural were used in further analysis. Local and regional differences in the normalized difference vegetation index and radiant surface temperature were used to estimate the urban heat-island bias associated with the climate observation stations. These values were compared to a population-based methodology and a satellite sensor/station-derived methodology that required locations of known rural observation stations associated with the local observation station of interest. Generally, the heat-island bias estimates provided by the methodology that relied solely on satellite sensor data were similar to the other methodologies. The datasets used to identify the regional grid cells as rural are available on a global basis as are the vegetation index and radiant surface temperature data. Thus, the satellite sensor-based methodology developed may be uniformly applicable on a global basis. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Gallo, KP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 23 IS 17 BP 3521 EP 3521 PG 1 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 588XR UT WOS:000177728000012 ER PT J AU Reilly, CA Crouch, DJ Yost, GS Fatah, AA AF Reilly, CA Crouch, DJ Yost, GS Fatah, AA TI Determination of capsaicin, nonivamide, and dihydrocapsaicin in blood and tissue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PEPPER-SPRAY; CAPSICUM; PAIN; TECHNOLOGY; OLEORESIN; CHEMISTRY; RECEPTOR; QUALITY C1 Univ Utah, Ctr Human Toxicol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Off Law Enforcement Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reilly, CA (reprint author), Univ Utah, Ctr Human Toxicol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 7 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0146-4760 J9 J ANAL TOXICOL JI J. Anal. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA 587PC UT WOS:000177649500001 PM 12220011 ER PT J AU Shertzer, KW Ellner, SP Fussmann, GF Hairston, NG AF Shertzer, KW Ellner, SP Fussmann, GF Hairston, NG TI Predator-prey cycles in an aquatic microcosm: testing hypotheses of mechanism SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemostat; fitting mechanistic models; plankton; rotifers ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FOOD QUALITY; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; LIMITATION; EVOLUTION; SYSTEM; MODEL; SIZE AB 1. Fussmann et al. (2000) presented a simple mechanistic model to explore predator-prey dynamics of a rotifer species feeding on green algae. Predictions were tested against experimental data from a chemostat system housing the planktonic rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. 2. The model accurately predicted qualitative behaviour of the system (extinction, equilibria and limit cycles), but poorly described features of population cycles such as the period and predator-prey phase relationship. These discrepancies indicate that the model lacked some biological mechanism(s) crucial to population cycles. 3. Here candidate hypotheses for the 'missing biology' are quantified as modifications to the existing model and are evaluated for consistency with the chemostat data. The hypotheses are: (1) viability of eggs produced by rotifers increases with food concentration, (2) nutritional value of algae increases with nitrogen availability, (3) algal physiological state varies with the accumulation of toxins in the chemostat and (4) algae evolve in response to predation. 4. Only Hypothesis 4 is compatible with empirical observations and thus may provide important insight into how prey evolution affects predator-prey dynamics. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Potsdam, Inst Biochem & Biol, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany. RP Shertzer, KW (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 34 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 40 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 71 IS 5 BP 802 EP 815 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00645.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 596VV UT WOS:000178187900009 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Clark, KA Martner, BE Tokay, A AF Matrosov, SY Clark, KA Martner, BE Tokay, A TI X-band polarimetric radar measurements of rainfall SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; 5-CM WAVELENGTH; LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS; RAINDROP SHAPE; WEATHER RADAR; PROPAGATION; SENSITIVITY; SCATTERING; VARIABLES AB A combined polarimetric estimator for rainfall rate (R) retrievals from polarimetric radar measurements at X band is proposed. This estimator uses the horizontal polarization radar reflectivity Z(e), differential reflectivity Z(DR), and specific differential phase shift K-DP, and it intrinsically accounts for changes in how drop oblateness increases with size. Because this estimator uses power measurements (i.e., Z(e) and Z(DR)), a procedure for correcting these measurements for effects of partial attenuation and differential attenuation using the differential phase measurement is suggested. An altitude correction for estimates of rainfall rates is also suggested. The proposed combined polarimetric estimator that uses K-DP, Z(DR), and Z(e), an estimator that uses K-DP alone for equilibrium drop shapes, and different Z(e)-R relations were applied to the 15 rain events observed with the NOAA X-band transportable polarimetric radar during the eight-week field campaign at the NASA Wallops Island facility in Virginia. The observed rains ranged from very light stratiform events to very heavy convective ones with cells producing rainfall rates in excess of 100 mm h(-1). The three different ground validation sites were equipped with high-resolution (0.01 in.) tipping-bucket rain gauges. One of these sites also was equipped with disdrometers. In terms of the relative standard deviation, the combined polarimetric estimator provided the best overall agreement with gauge data (22%), closely followed by a case-tuned Z(e)-R relation (23%) that was determined for each observational case from drop size distributions (DSD) measured in situ by a disdrometer and was available only a posteriori. The use of the K-DP-only estimator and a mean Ze-R relation resulted in 30% and 32% relative standard deviations, correspondingly. The combined polarimetric estimator, the K-DP-only estimator, and the case-tuned Z(e)-R relation estimator provided about a 6%-9% negative bias in comparison with the gauge data; the mean Z(e)-R relation estimator provided a larger negative bias (18%). C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway,R-ET7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sergey.matrosov@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 41 IS 9 BP 941 EP 952 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0941:XBPRMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589ZC UT WOS:000177790800004 ER PT J AU Goyette, AN Wang, YC FitzPatrick, GJ AF Goyette, AN Wang, YC FitzPatrick, GJ TI Electron drift in C4F6 and C4F6/Ar mixtures SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTIVITY; ATTACHMENT; TRANSPORT; GASES AB We report measurements of electron drift velocities as a function of density-reduced electric field, w(E/N), for hexafluorobutadiene (C4F6) and mixtures of C4F6 with Ar. The w(E/N) for the mixtures of C4F6 with Ar can aid Boltzmann transport equation analyses aimed at calculating cross-section sets for C4F6. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goyette, AN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 5 BP 2948 EP 2949 DI 10.1063/1.1497447 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 585WX UT WOS:000177548500113 ER PT J AU DeGaetano, AT Allen, RJ Gallo, KP AF DeGaetano, AT Allen, RJ Gallo, KP TI A homogenized historical temperature extreme dataset for the United States SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CITY LIGHTS; CLIMATE EXTREMES; RECENT TRENDS; TIME-SERIES; MAXIMUM; MINIMUM; STATIONS; EVENTS AB A subset of stations from the daily U. S. Historical Climatology Network (HCN) is used as a basis for a historical database of temperature extreme occurrence in the United States. The dataset focuses on daily temperature occurrences that exceed (fall below) the 90th (10th) percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature. Using a variety of techniques, the temperature extreme occurrence data are homogenized to account for nonclimatic shifts resulting from station relocations, changes in instrument type, and variations in the time of observations. Given the daily resolution of the extreme data, these potential sources of inhomogeneity require testing and adjustment using methods other than those conventionally used with mean temperature data. A data estimation technique, specific to extremes, is also used to produce serially complete exceedence records. Stations are also identified based on their current degree of urbanization using satellite observations. The dataset is intended to provide a research-quality source of temperature extreme data, analogous and complementary to the daily HCN dataset. Two analyses are presented that illustrate the influence of adjustment. The change in temperature extreme occurrence with time reverses at between 15% and 20% of the HCN stations depending upon whether adjusted or unadjusted series is used. Changes in the distribution of extreme occurrences during drought and nondrought years are also shown to occur. C1 Cornell Univ, NE Reg Climate Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, NOAA, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP DeGaetano, AT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, NE Reg Climate Ctr, 1119 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM atd2@cornell.edu RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 EI 1520-0426 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1267 EP 1284 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1267:AHHTED>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 588RT UT WOS:000177715000003 ER PT J AU Perkins, RA Ramires, MLV de Castro, CAN Cusco, L AF Perkins, RA Ramires, MLV de Castro, CAN Cusco, L TI Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of butane from 135 K to 600 K at pressures to 70 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; CRITICAL REGION; FLUIDS; APPARATUS; PROPANE; ETHANE; GASES AB New experimental data for the thermal conductivity of butane are reported that allow improved correlations to be developed. Previous correlations have been limited by a lack of thermal conductivity data for the vapor and compressed liquid at temperatures below 300 K and near the critical point. In addition, significant discrepancies were noted in the high-temperature dilute-gas thermal conductivity. These new experimental data, covering the temperature range from the triple point at 135.86 K to 600 K and the pressure range 0.1 MPa to 70 MPa, are used together with the previously available data to develop improved correlations for the thermal conductivity of butane. The data reported here are estimated to have an uncertainty of +/-1% for measurements removed from the critical point and at pressures above 1 MPa, which increases to +/-3% in the critical region and +/-4% at low pressures (<1 MPa) at a 95% confidence level. The quality of the new data is such that the thermal-conductivity correlation for butane is estimated to have an uncertainty of about 3% at a 95% confidence level, with the exception of state points near the critical point and the dilute gas, where the uncertainty of the correlation increases to 5%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Expt Properties Fluids Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Perkins, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Expt Properties Fluids Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Nieto de Castro, Carlos/B-7377-2011; OI Nieto de Castro, Carlos/0000-0001-9011-5132; Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1263 EP 1271 AR UNSP JE0101202 DI 10.1021/je0101202 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 594YQ UT WOS:000178080400035 ER PT J AU Perkins, RA AF Perkins, RA TI Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of isobutane from 114 K to 600 K at pressures to 70 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; CRITICAL REGION; FLUIDS; APPARATUS; ETHANE; GASES AB New experimental data for the thermal conductivity of isobutane are reported that allow improved correlations to be developed. Previous correlations have been limited by a lack of thermal conductivity data for the vapor and compressed liquid at temperatures below 300 K and near the critical point. In addition, significant discrepancies were noted in the available high-temperature data for thermal conductivity. These new experimental data, covering the temperature range from the triple point at 113.55 K to 600 K and the pressure range 0.1 MPa to 70 MPa, are used together with the previously available data to develop improved correlations for the thermal conductivity of isobutane. The data reported here are estimated to have an uncertainty of +/-1% for measurements removed from the critical point and at pressures above I MPa, which increases to +/-3% in the critical region and +/-4% at low pressures (<1 MPa) at a 95% confidence level. The quality of the new data is such that the thermal-conductivity correlation for isobutane is estimated to have an uncertainty of about 3% at a 95% confidence level, with the exception of state points near the critical point and the dilute gas, where the uncertainty of the correlation increases to 5%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Perkins, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 838-07,325 Boradway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1272 EP 1279 AR UNSP JE010121U DI 10.1021/je010121u PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 594YQ UT WOS:000178080400036 ER PT J AU Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR AF Bedner, M MacCrehan, WA Helz, GR TI Improving the recoveries of unstable N-chloramines determined by liquid chromatography-postcolumn electrochemical detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC CHLORAMINES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; CHLORINATION PRODUCTS; MODEL SOLUTIONS; WASTE-WATER; DERIVATIZATION; SULFITE; DECHLORINATION; DECOMPOSITION; WASTEWATERS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helz, George/D-1449-2010 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 40 IS 8 BP 447 EP 455 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 600LZ UT WOS:000178393100005 PM 12387336 ER PT J AU Mitchell, DL Ivanova, D Rabin, R Brown, TJ Redmond, K AF Mitchell, DL Ivanova, D Rabin, R Brown, TJ Redmond, K TI Gulf of California sea surface temperatures and the North American monsoon: Mechanistic implications from observations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SUMMER PRECIPITATION REGIME; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; MARITIME TROPICAL AIR; OF-CALIFORNIA; MEXICAN MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; OCEAN; DYNAMICS; ARIZONA; SYSTEM AB Perhaps the most regular and predictable weather pattern in North America is the North American (NA) or Mexican monsoon. Occurring in summer, it delivers about 35% and 45% of Arizona's and New Mexico's annual precipitation, respectively, and about 60% of northern Mexico's. While recent studies have linked strong NA monsoons to summer drought in the U. S. Midwest, the sequence of events that produce the NA monsoon remain unclear. This empirical study builds on the findings of many other studies that implicate the Gulf of California [( GOC) or simply the gulf] as the dominant moisture source for the monsoon. It examines six monsoon seasons in detail, and quantitatively relates GOC sea surface temperatures (SST) to the timing, amount, and regional extent of monsoon rainfall. This six season study is based on satellite measurements of rainfall [using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)] and GOC SST at high spatial and temporal resolution. Key findings include the following. 1) Monsoon rainfall did not occur prior to the onset of GOC SSTs exceeding 26degreesC, and the incremental advance of SSTs. >26degreesC up the mainland coast of Mexico appears necessary for the northward advance of the monsoon. 2) For the period June-August, 75% of the rainfall in the Arizona-New Mexico region (AZNM) occurred after northern GOC SSTs exceeded 29degreesC, with relatively heavy rains typically beginning 0-7 days after this exceedance. 3) For a given year, SSTs in the southern and central GOC reached 29.5degreesC during a similar time frame, but such warming was delayed in the northern GOC. This warming delay coincided with a rainfall delay for AZNM relative to regions farther south. 4) Based on the 17 yr of available SST data, 14 of those years exhibited the following behavior: When northern gulf SSTs were relatively high for some period during the first half of July, rainfall during June-August in Arizona was relatively high. Otherwise, June-August Arizona rainfall was normal or below normal. 5) Anomalously wet July-September periods in Arizona do not correspond to anomalously wet periods in New Mexico, based on data from 1950 to the present. The wettest Arizona seasons, about 1.1 standard deviations wetter than normal, were strongly related to summer drought in the Midwest, being about 0.8 standard deviations drier than normal. This was not true for the wettest New Mexico years (Midwest rainfall was near normal), but these years exhibited dry conditions in the interior Northwest, with standard deviations being about 0.6-0.9 drier than normal. Collectively, this research suggests that the cause of these two wet monsoon modes may be related to SSTs in the northern gulf, which appear to affect Arizona more than New Mexico rainfall. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mitchell, DL (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 45 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 15 IS 17 BP 2261 EP 2281 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2261:GOCSST>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 586FC UT WOS:000177573100001 ER PT J AU Carvalho, LMV Jones, C Liebmann, B AF Carvalho, LMV Jones, C Liebmann, B TI Extreme precipitation events in southeastern South America and large-scale convective patterns in the South Atlantic convergence zone SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; COMPLEXES; SUMMER AB The occurrence of daily extreme precipitation events in southeast South America (Sao Paulo, Brazil) and the spatial features of convective activity in the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) are investigated. Precipitation data from surface stations in Sao Paulo state from 1979 to 1996 are used to determine the frequency of occurrence of extremely heavy daily precipitation events. Daily averages of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are examined to characterize convective activity in the SACZ. OLR features are identified with factor analysis. Two factors explain similar to65% of the total variance of the convective activity patterns in tropical South America and characterize events according to the intensity and extent of the OLR features over the Atlantic Ocean. The combination of factors indicates that 35% of extreme precipitation events occurred when convective activity in the SACZ was intense over large parts of tropical South America, which includes Sao Paulo, but with less extent toward the Atlantic Ocean. Warm SST episodes (El Nino) seem to modulate the occurrence of extremes associated with intense convection in the SACZ displaced northward of Sao Paulo and toward the Atlantic Ocean. The remaining events associated with weak convective activity in the SACZ suggest the role of transient systems producing extreme precipitation in Sao Paulo. The important contribution of the present work is the documentation of the role of orographic features for the regional distribution of extreme precipitation in Sao Paulo. It is shown that the regional distribution of extreme precipitation depends on both the intensity and form of the convection in the SACZ. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron & Geophys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Carvalho, LMV (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci, R do Matao 1226,Cid Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Carvalho, Leila/I-5027-2012; OI Jones, Charles/0000-0003-4808-6977 NR 33 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 15 IS 17 BP 2377 EP 2394 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2377:EPEISS>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 586FC UT WOS:000177573100007 ER PT J AU McPhaden, MJ AF McPhaden, MJ TI Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; MEAN SEASONAL CYCLE; WARM POOL; KELVIN WAVES; INDIAN-OCEAN; HEAT-BALANCE AB The purpose of this study is to document the zonal evolution of processes affecting sea surface temperature (SST) variability on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Data primarily from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array of moored buoys are used, focusing on four sites along the equator with decade-long time series. These sites are located in the western Pacific warm pool (165degreesE), the eastern Pacific equatorial cold tongue (110degrees and 140degreesW), and the transition zone between these two regions (170degreesW). Results indicate that SST variability on intraseasonal timescales is most significantly influenced by local surface heat fluxes in the western Pacific (165degreesE), zonal advection in the central Pacific (170degreesW), and vertical advection and entrainment in the eastern Pacific (1108 and 140degreesW). East of the date line, oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves strongly mediate dynamical processes controlling intraseasonal SSTs variations, while surface fluxes tend to damp these dynamically generated SSTs at a rate of about 20 W m (-2) degreesC (-1). The details of coupling between Kelvin wave dynamics and mixed layer processes make for complicated SST phasing along the equator. While thermocline temperatures propagate eastward at Kelvin wave speeds in the central and eastern Pacific, SSTs can develop in phase over thousands of kilometers, or may even appear to propagate westward. Implications of these results for understanding the dynamical connection between intraseasonal and interannual variability are discussed. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP McPhaden, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 58 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 15 IS 18 BP 2632 EP 2647 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2632:MLTBOI>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 586FD UT WOS:000177573200004 ER PT J AU Sobel, AH Held, IM Bretherton, CS AF Sobel, AH Held, IM Bretherton, CS TI The ENSO signal in tropical tropospheric temperature SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; DEEP CONVECTION; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; CIRCULATIONS; ANOMALIES; CLOUDS; OCEAN AB Interannual anomalies in tropical tropospheric temperature have been shown to be related to interannual anomalies in tropical mean sea surface temperature (SST) by a simple moist adiabatic relationship. On physical grounds, it is less obvious than it might at first seem that this should be the case. It is expected that the freetropospheric temperature should be sensitive primarily to SST anomalies in regions in which the mean SST is high and deep convection is frequent, rather than to the tropical mean SST. The tropical mean also includes nonconvecting regions in which the SST has no direct way of influencing the free troposphere. However, interannual anomalies of SST averaged over regions of high monthly mean precipitation are very similar to interannual anomalies of tropical mean SST. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of the monthly SST histograms for the period of 1982-98 reveals a leading mode, well separated from the others, whose structure is very similar to a simple shift of the annual and climatological mean histogram, without change of shape. As a consequence, many different ways of sampling the histogram will yield similar anomaly time series, and the adequacy of the mean SST for predicting the tropospheric temperature appears coincidental from the point of view of the uncoupled atmospheric problem with given SST. There is a suggestion in the results that changes in the histogram shape may be significant for the tropospheric temperature anomalies associated with some large El Nino events and that in those events it is indeed the SST anomalies in the convective regions that are most important in controlling the tropospheric temperature. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sobel, AH (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, 500 W 120th St,Rm 217, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI Sobel, Adam/K-4014-2015 OI Sobel, Adam/0000-0003-3602-0567 NR 23 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 15 IS 18 BP 2702 EP 2706 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2702:TESITT>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 586FD UT WOS:000177573200010 ER PT J AU Timlin, MS Alexander, MA Deser, C AF Timlin, MS Alexander, MA Deser, C TI On the reemergence of North Atlantic SST anomalies SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; RECURRENCE; WINTER AB The reemergence mechanism, whereby temperature anomalies extending over the deep winter mixed layer are stored beneath the surface in summer and are reentrained into the mixed layer when it deepens again in the following autumn and winter, is studied in the North Atlantic using approximately 40 years of surface and subsurface data. Reemergence is found to be robust in the Sargasso Sea and the northeast Atlantic, regions where (i) the mixed layer is much deeper in winter than in summer, (ii) currents are relatively weak, and (iii) temperature anomalies are coherent over broad areas. The two leading empirical orthogonal functions of North Atlantic SST anomalies also exhibit strong reemergence signatures. A novel application of empirical orthogonal function analysis to temperature anomalies in the time-depth plane, which also incorporates information from all grid points, is shown to be an efficient and useful approach for detecting reemergence without dependence on specific spatial patterns or prior selection of regions. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Timlin, MS (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 18 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 15 IS 18 BP 2707 EP 2712 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2707:OTRONA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 586FD UT WOS:000177573200011 ER PT J AU Sung, LP Nadal, ME McKnight, ME Marx, E Laurenti, B AF Sung, LP Nadal, ME McKnight, ME Marx, E Laurenti, B TI Optical reflectance of metallic coatings: Effect of aluminum flake orientation SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 04-07, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Fed Soc Coatings Tech AB A set of aluminum-flake pigmented coatings having different flake orientations was prepared using various spraying conditions. The flake-surface topography and the orientations of individual flakes were determined from images obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Reflectance measurements were carried out to quantify the optical properties of the coatings. Both a Gaussian distribution (used to represent the measured-flake orientation distribution) and a topographic map (including local surface roughness and orientation) of the flakes were then used as input to a ray scattering model to calculate the optical reflectance of each coating. Flake orientation distributions and examples of measured optical reflectance as a function of scattering angle are shown, and the latter are compared to calculated reflectance values. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Eckart Amer, Louisville, KY 40221 USA. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 74 IS 932 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.1007/BF02697975 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 592FE UT WOS:000177925400013 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Martin, J Byrd, E Embree, N AF Nguyen, T Martin, J Byrd, E Embree, N TI Relating laboratory and outdoor exposure of coatings: II. Effects of relative humidity on photodegradation and the apparent quantum yield of acrylic-melamine coatings SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID ETCH RESISTANCE; ORGANIC COATINGS; POLYMER-FILMS; PAINT SYSTEMS; SOLID-STATE; END GROUPS; DEGRADATION; HYDROLYSIS; RESINS; MECHANISM AB The effect of relative humidity (RH)from <<1% to 90% on the photodegradation and quantum efficiency for a partially-methylated melamine acrylic coating exposed to UV/50degreesC condition has been investigated. The UV source is supplied by two 1000 W Xenon arc solar simulators and the relative humidities are provided by specially designed humidity generators, which control relative humidity in the 0 to 90% range to within <3% of the measured values. Radiation absorbed in the coating and degradation of the films are measured by UV visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, respectively. The degradation at a particular RH/UV condition consists of four different modes: reactions taken place during post curing, hydrolysis due to water in the film at a particular RH, photodegradation, and moisture-enhanced photodegradation. Total degradation, hydrolysis, and moisture-enhanced photodegradation increase with increasing RH. At low relative humidities, photodegradation is an important degradation mode but hydrolysis dominates the degradation at high RH levels. Moisture in the film is found to increase the quantum efficiency of acrylic melamine coating photodegradation. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nguyen, T (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 70 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 74 IS 932 BP 65 EP 80 DI 10.1007/BF02697976 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 592FE UT WOS:000177925400014 ER PT J AU Josell, D Wallace, WE Warren, JA Wheeler, D Powell, AC AF Josell, D Wallace, WE Warren, JA Wheeler, D Powell, AC TI Misaligned flip-chip solder joints: Prediction and experimental determination of force-displacement curves SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB The results of wetting experiments between eutectic lead-tin solder and copper pads on silicon substrates in geometries relevant to flip-chip applications are presented. Measurements of solder joint dimensions, specifically stand-off height and lateral offset (i.e., misalignment), as functions of the applied force (normal and shear), solder volume and pad diameter are presented. The experimentally-measured force-displacement relationships are compared with predictions obtained from the minimum energy model of the Surface Evolver computer code. For the case of the axisymmetric joint (zero shear) an exact solution to the capillary equations is also presented. The comparison of experimental and modeling results indicates that such models are accurate as well as extremely sensitive means for predicting the geometry of these solder joints. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1043-7398 J9 J ELECTRON PACKAGING JI J. Electron. Packag. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 124 IS 3 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.1115/1.1463732 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 583EW UT WOS:000177394500014 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Abookire, AA AF Stoner, AW Abookire, AA TI Sediment preferences and size-specific distribution of young-of-the-year Pacific halibut in an Alaska nursery SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat selection; sediment; behaviour; distribution; Pacific halibut ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; JUVENILE PLAICE; WINTER FLOUNDER; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; KODIAK-ISLAND; WADDEN SEA; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; BURYING ABILITY AB A combination of laboratory experiments and field Surveys was used to test the hypotheses that responses to sediments change with fish size and that sediment grain-size is the predominant environmental factor affecting small-scale distribution in young-of-the-year (yoy). Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis. Laboratory tests showed that the smallest fish (31 40 mm L-T) chose fine sediments (muddy and fine sands), fish 51.70mm had high selectivity (primarily medium sand), and the largest fish (80-150 mm) were not selective although they avoided the largest grain-sizes (pebbles and granules). Sediment preferences were correlated with size-dependent burial capabilities. Beam trawl collections were made over a 6 year period in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, to examine the distribution of yoy Pacific halibut (14 120mm L-T) using small size classes (e.g. 10mm intervals), Canonical correlation analysis showed that the per cent of sand in the sediment was a highly significant variable for all but one size and date combination. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for newly settled fish (<30 mm L-T) was highest on very fine sand, fish 41 80 min were most abundant oil title smid, and the largest yoy fish (81-120 mm) were abundant over a range of sediments from title sand to mud Except for the smallest fish. Pacific halibut in the field were associated with sediments somewhat finer than predicted from the laboratory experiments however, virtually all were captured where they could bury easily. The ability of flatfish to bury and shelter in sediment is related to fish sized consequently, habitat associations shift rapidly during the first bear of life. Habitat models for yoy flatfishes should consider size-dependent shifts in capabilities and preferences. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 52 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 61 IS 3 BP 540 EP 559 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2056 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 614BQ UT WOS:000179168400003 ER PT J AU Borucinska, J Kohler, N Natanson, L Skomal, G AF Borucinska, J Kohler, N Natanson, L Skomal, G TI Pathology associated with retained fishing hooks in blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), with implications for their conservation SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE NW Atlantic; pathology; Prionace glauca ID VIBRIO AB Fishing hooks retained from previous capture events were found in 6 of 211 blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), landed in the summers of 1999 and 2000 by recreational fishermen off Long Island (New York, USA). The hooks were embedded within the distal oesophagus (n =3), or perforated the gastric wall (n =3) and lacerated the liver (n =2). The hooks were surrounded by excessive fibronecrotic tissue which ablated the normal anatomical structures and in the three sharks with oesophageal hooks caused partial luminal obstruction. Accompanying lesions included oesophagitis, gastritis, hepatitis and proliferative peritonitis. Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. were isolated from the peritoneal fluid of one shark with peritonitis and intralesional bacteria were seen on histological examination in all sharks. This is the first report of the prevalence and pathology of retained fishing hooks in a large number of wild-caught sharks. C1 Univ Hartford, Dept Biol, W Hartford, CT 06117 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI USA. Commonwealth Massachusetts, Div Marine Fisheries, Vineyard Haven, MA USA. RP Borucinska, J (reprint author), Univ Hartford, Dept Biol, 200 Bloomfield Ave, W Hartford, CT 06117 USA. NR 23 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 9 BP 515 EP 521 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00396.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 592RG UT WOS:000177950200002 ER PT J AU MacCrehan, WA Reardon, MR AF MacCrehan, WA Reardon, MR TI A qualitative comparison of smokeless powder measurements SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; diphenylamine; ethyl centralite; measurement comparison; nitroglycerin; smokeless powder; smokeless powder additives AB In the spring of 2000, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and nineteen participants conducted a comparison of smokeless powder additive compositional measurements. The purpose of this exercise was to determine the state-of-the-practice for forensic smokeless powder determinations. For the comparison, two handgun reloading powder samples were mixed and were compositionally evaluated for homogeneity by NIST Participant laboratories included military, academic, and state/local, federal, and international forensic agencies. We solicited qualitative data identifying nitroglycerin. diphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, and ethyl centralite. In addition, some laboratories provided identification of additional ingredients, such as nitrocellulose, or reported other measurements. such as dimensional morphology. In this paper, laboratory identification of the smokeless powder additives and a summary of the measurement methods used for the evaluations are presented. All laboratories correctly identified NG and the major stabilizers. Some disparity between laboratories was noted for the identification of minor (<0.01% by weight) stabilizers and stabilizer decomposition products. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Mailstop 8394, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 996 EP 1001 PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 596UY UT WOS:000178185800012 PM 12353587 ER PT J AU Allan, RP Ramaswamy, V Slingo, A AF Allan, RP Ramaswamy, V Slingo, A TI Diagnostic analysis of atmospheric moisture and clear-sky radiative feedback in the Hadley Centre and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) climate models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE water vapor; temperature lapse-rate; climate model; feedback ID WATER-VAPOR; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATIONS; REANALYSES; HUMIDITY; CLOUDS AB The interannual variability of the hydrological cycle is diagnosed from the Hadley Centre and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) climate models, both of which are forced by observed sea surface temperatures. The models produce a similar sensitivity of clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation to surface temperature of similar to2 W m(-2) K-1, indicating a consistent and positive clear-sky radiative feedback. However, differences between changes in the temperature lapse-rate and the height dependence of moisture fluctuations suggest that contrasting mechanisms bring about this result. The GFDL model appears to give a weaker water vapor feedback (i.e., changes in specific humidity). This is counteracted by a smaller upper tropospheric temperature response to surface warming, which implies a compensating positive lapse-rate feedback. C1 Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Allan, RP (reprint author), Met Off, Hadley Ctr, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. EM richard.allan@metoffice.com; vr@gfdl.gov; as@mail.nerc-essc.ac.uk RI Allan, Richard/B-5782-2008 OI Allan, Richard/0000-0003-0264-9447 NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D17 AR 4329 DI 10.1029/2001JD001131 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YF UT WOS:000180427200009 ER PT J AU Andronache, C Donner, LJ Seman, CJ Hemler, RS AF Andronache, C Donner, LJ Seman, CJ Hemler, RS TI A study of the impact of the Intertropical Convergence Zone on aerosols during INDOEX SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE INDOEX; tropospheric aerosols; ITCZ; indirect effect; aerosol removal; aerosols and clouds ID TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; SEA-SALT; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; (NH4)2SO4 PARTICLES; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; 6-WAVELENGTH LIDAR AB [1] We report model simulations of the effect of deep convection on aerosol under typical Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean as encountered during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Measurements taken during various phases of INDOEX showed significant aerosol mass concentrations of nss-sulfate, carbonaceous, and mineral dust over the northern Indian Ocean. During the winter dry season these aerosol species accumulate and are transported long distances to the tropical regions. In contrast, aerosol measurements south of the ITCZ exhibit significantly lower aerosol concentrations, and the convective activity, mixing, and wet removal in the ITCZ are responsible for their depletion. Our results, based on a cloud-resolving model, driven by National Centers for Environmental Prediction analysis, show that convection and precipitation can remove significant amounts of aerosol, as observed in the Indian Ocean ITCZ. The aerosol lifetime in the boundary layer (BL) is of the order of hours in intense convection with precipitation, but on average is in the range of 1-3 days for the case studied here. Since the convective events occur in a small fraction of the ITCZ area, the aerosol lifetime can vary significantly due to variability of precipitation. Our results show that the decay in concentration of various species of aerosols is comparable with in situ measurements and that the ITCZ can act to reduce the transport of polluted air masses into the Southern Hemisphere especially in cases with significant precipitation. Another finding is that aerosol loading typical to north of ITCZ tends to induce changes in cloud microphysical properties. We found that a difference between clean air masses as those encountered south of the ITCZ to aerosol polluted air masses as encountered north of the ITCZ is associated with a slight decrease of the cloud droplet effective radius (average changes of about 2 mum) and an increase in cloud droplet number concentration (average changes by about 40 to 100 cm(-3)) consistent with several in situ measurements. Thus polluted air masses from the northern Indian Ocean are associated with altered microphysics, and the extent of these effects is dependent on the efficiency of aerosol removal by ITCZ precipitation and dilution by mixing with pristine air masses from the Southern Hemisphere. C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Andronache, C (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, 131 Hartwell Ave, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. EM andronac@bc.edu RI Andronache, Constantin/C-4431-2011 OI Andronache, Constantin/0000-0001-5375-7056 NR 60 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8027 DI 10.1029/2001JD900248 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300024 ER PT J AU Bates, TS Coffman, DJ Covert, DS Quinn, PK AF Bates, TS Coffman, DJ Covert, DS Quinn, PK TI Regional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans: A comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1, ACE-2, and Aerosols99 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; INDOEX; size distributions; ACE ID CONDENSATION NUCLEI; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PARTICLES; TROPOSPHERE; CLOUD AB [1] Aerosol number size distributions were measured aboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1999 Intensive Field Phase (IFP) using a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), covering a size range from 0.02 to 7 mum geometric diameter at 55% relative humidity (RH). The Indian Ocean marine boundary layer (MBL) aerosol number size distributions measured during the 1999 IFP were categorized into eight air mass source regions based on air mass back trajectories. The number and volume size distributions in these eight regions were distinctly different as a result of the different aerosol sources, meteorological conditions during transport, and time spent in the MBL. The aerosol sampling and data reduction during INDOEX were similar to that used during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE)-1 (Mid-Pacific Ocean 37degreesN to 32degreesS and Southern Ocean south of Tasmania, Australia), ACE-2 (North Atlantic Ocean west of Portugal and North Africa), and Aerosols99 (Atlantic Ocean transit from Norfolk, USA to Cape Town, South Africa) thus facilitating comparisons of the number and volume size distributions from these different experiments. The combined data set, summarized in this paper, provides regional aerosol parameters for comparison with global climate models and satellite retrieval algorithms. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bates, TS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM bates@pmel.noaa.gov RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 30 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8026 DI 10.1029/2001JD001174 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300020 ER PT J AU Bell, N Hsu, L Jacob, DJ Schultz, MG Blake, DR Butler, JH King, DB Lobert, JM Maier-Reimer, E AF Bell, N Hsu, L Jacob, DJ Schultz, MG Blake, DR Butler, JH King, DB Lobert, JM Maier-Reimer, E TI Methyl iodide: Atmospheric budget and use as a tracer of marine convection in global models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE methyl iodide; marine convection; atmospheric tracer; global budget of methyl iodide ID ACE-1 LAGRANGIAN-B; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; HALIDES; OZONE; SEA; TRANSPORT; EMISSIONS AB We simulate the oceanic and atmospheric distribution of methyl iodide (CH3I) with a global 3-D model driven by assimilated meteorological observations from the Goddard Earth Observing System of the NASA Data Assimilation Office and coupled to an oceanic mixed layer model. A global compilation of atmospheric and oceanic observations is used to constrain and evaluate the simulation. Seawater CH3I( aq) in the model is produced photochemically from dissolved organic carbon, and is removed by reaction with Cl- and emission to the atmosphere. The net oceanic emission to the atmosphere is 214 Gg yr(-1). Small terrestrial emissions from rice paddies, wetlands, and biomass burning are also included in the model. The model captures 40% of the variance in the observed seawater CH3I( aq) concentrations. Simulated concentrations at midlatitudes in summer are too high, perhaps because of a missing biological sink of CH3I( aq). We define a marine convection index (MCI) as the ratio of upper tropospheric (8-12 km) to lower tropospheric (0-2.5 km) CH3I concentrations averaged over coherent oceanic regions. The MCI in the observations ranges from 0.11 over strongly subsiding regions (southeastern subtropical Pacific) to 0.40 over strongly upwelling regions (western equatorial Pacific). The model reproduces the observed MCI with no significant global bias (offset of only +11%) but accounts for only 15% of its spatial and seasonal variance. The MCI can be used to test marine convection in global models, complementing the use of radon-222 as a test of continental convection. C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Adv Pollut Instrumentat, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. RP Bell, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM nbell@giss.nasa.gov; Lhsu@eps.berkeley.edu; djj@io.harvard.edu; martin.schultz@dkrz.de; drblake@uci.edu; J.H.Butler@noaa.gov; Daniel.B.King@noaa.gov; jlobert@advpol.com; maier-reimer@kdrz.de RI Hsu, Leslie/D-5881-2012; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012 OI Hsu, Leslie/0000-0002-5353-807X; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X NR 72 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D17 AR 4340 DI 10.1029/2001JD001151 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YF UT WOS:000180427200020 ER PT J AU Bond, TC Covert, DS Kramlich, JC Larson, TV Charlson, RJ AF Bond, TC Covert, DS Kramlich, JC Larson, TV Charlson, RJ TI Primary particle emissions from residential coal burning: Optical properties and size distributions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; emissions; optical properties; size distributions; residential coal ID VISIBLE-LIGHT ABSORPTION; GLOBAL RADIATION BUDGET; BLACK CARBON; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; ELEMENTAL CARBON; AEROSOLS; COMBUSTION; POLLUTION; IMPACT; PLANT AB [1] Particles generated by combustion of fossil fuels contribute to climate forcing by absorbing and scattering visible light. Residential combustion takes place in homes for heating or cooking purposes and is thought to contribute a large fraction of the global burden of anthropogenic primary particles. We present optical properties and size distributions of particulate matter emitted from three types of coal burned in residential combustors: bituminous coal, hard coal briquettes, and lignite. Emissions from these coals differ significantly and can be partially explained by differences in coal composition. For bituminous coal, particulate matter emission factors are somewhat greater than those used in current emission inventories. We observe particles for which the light absorption is weak and has a strong spectral dependence. For hard coal briquettes and lignite, emitted light absorption is low, and based on our measurements, current inventories of light-absorbing aerosols significantly overestimate the contribution from these sources. Hard coal briquettes produce very few particles in the optically active size range. For all coals tested the size distributions required to represent the average of the emitted particles are broader than atmospheric size distributions, with geometric standard deviations between 2.2 and 3.0. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mech Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bond, TC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Bond, Tami/A-1317-2013 OI Bond, Tami/0000-0001-5968-8928 NR 54 TC 50 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D21 AR 8347 DI 10.1029/2001JD000571 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636YX UT WOS:000180485800015 ER PT J AU Brown, RA Kaufman, CA MacGorman, DR AF Brown, RA Kaufman, CA MacGorman, DR TI Cloud-to-ground lightning associated with the evolution of a multicell storm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric electricity; cloud-to-ground lightning; lightning; hailstorm; multicell storm; thunderstorm ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; RADAR REFLECTIVITY; PRECIPITATION DEVELOPMENT; MOUNTAIN THUNDERSTORM; EARLY ELECTRIFICATION; FLORIDA THUNDERSTORM; THUNDERCLOUDS; CUMULONIMBUS; PROJECT; ONSET AB [1] The relationship of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strikes to the stages of updraft/downdraft evolution is investigated in a multicell thunderstorm that occurred on 11 July 1989 during the North Dakota Thunderstorm Project. With only single-Doppler radar data available for this storm, reflectivity and single-Doppler velocity signatures are used to identify individual cells within the storm and to deduce the stage of evolution within each cell. Cell evolution appeared to follow the Thunderstorm Project model of the late 1940s: updraft growth and vertical development during the growing (cumulus) stage, updraft peaking in the upper portion of the cell and rainy downdraft descending from the middle portion during the mature stage, and lighter precipitation settling out during the dissipating stage. On 11 July, cells tended to occur in clusters, each cluster consisting of growing/mature and dissipating cells close together in both time and space. No CG strikes were detected when the convective region of the storm contained only one cluster of cells; all strikes occurred when there were two or more clusters of cells. With only two exceptions, strikes occurred in the convective region of the storm, typically closer to growing/mature cells than to dissipating cells. These observations support the hypothesis that descending precipitation creates electrical conditions conducive to flashes reaching ground. However, these observations also suggest that the greater complexity of electrical structure due to the juxtaposition of several cells is especially conducive to CG flashes and can cause CG flashes to occur earlier in a new cell's life cycle than would otherwise be the case. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Brown, RA (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 62 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4397 DI 10.1029/2001JD000968 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300065 ER PT J AU Carslaw, KS Kettleborough, JA Northway, MJ Davies, S Gao, RS Fahey, DW Baumgardner, DG Chipperfield, MP Kleinbohl, A AF Carslaw, KS Kettleborough, JA Northway, MJ Davies, S Gao, RS Fahey, DW Baumgardner, DG Chipperfield, MP Kleinbohl, A TI A vortex-scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE denitrification; PSC; ozone; NOy ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; OZONE DEPLETION; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS; ICE PARTICLES; PSC FORMATION; DENITRIFICATION; WINTER; MODEL; DEHYDRATION AB Nitric acid-containing particles with diameters of 10-20 mum m were detected inside the Arctic polar vortex in the period January to March 2000. We present the results of a unique three-dimensional microphysical simulation of these large HNO3-containing particles covering the entire Arctic vortex. The model describes the simultaneous growth, evaporation, sedimentation, and advection of several thousand individual nitric acid hydrate particles over their complete lifetime. We compare modeled and observed particle size distributions as a test of different particle nucleation mechanisms. The model is able to produce particles with sizes typical of those observed and broadly reproduces the change in particle characteristics through the winter assuming nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particle growth. The possibility that the observed large nitric acid-containing particles were composed of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) cannot be excluded within the uncertainty of the HNO3 field above the aircraft. The formation of nitric acid hydrate particles on synoptic ice clouds may be a source of some of the observed large nitric acid-containing particles. However, a direct, but highly selective, nucleation of NAT or NAD particles over wide regions appears to be necessary to explain the observations. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Rutherford Lab, British Atmospher Data Ctr, Didcot, Oxon, England. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. RP Carslaw, KS (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Carslaw, Ken/C-8514-2009; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012 OI Carslaw, Ken/0000-0002-6800-154X; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424 NR 51 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8300 DI 10.1029/2001JD000467 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200106 ER PT J AU Clarke, AD Howell, S Quinn, PK Bates, TS Ogren, JA Andrews, E Jefferson, A Massling, A Mayol-Bracero, O Maring, H Savoie, D Cass, G AF Clarke, AD Howell, S Quinn, PK Bates, TS Ogren, JA Andrews, E Jefferson, A Massling, A Mayol-Bracero, O Maring, H Savoie, D Cass, G TI INDOEX aerosol: A comparison and summary of chemical, microphysical, and optical properties observed from land, ship, and aircraft SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE INDOEX; data comparison; optical properties; chemistry; microphysics; size distributions ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; EXPERIMENT ACE 1; SIZE; SCATTERING; PARTICLES; ATLANTIC; SULFATE; UNCERTAINTIES; CALIBRATION; FRACTION AB [1] The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) measurements on land, sea, and in the air were designed to provide complementary assessment of chemical, physical, and optical properties of the haze aerosol over the Indian Ocean. Differences in platform requirements and objectives resulted in diverse techniques, measurements, and analyses being employed. In order to best interpret the properties of the INDOEX aerosol, comparisons of data by platform, air mass origin, and light scattering intensity were undertaken. These revealed significant variability in platform averages of aerosol extensive properties (e. g., mass, light scattering, and absorption) but less variability in intensive properties (e. g., mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, backscatter fraction, and Angstrom exponent) and the ratios of constituents. In general, ratios of chemical species were found to show greater variability than properties of the size distributions or aerosol optical properties. Even so, at higher haze concentrations with higher scattering values, various determinations of the mass scattering efficiency (MSE) at 33% relative humidity converged on values of about 3.8 +/- 0.3 m(2) g(-1), providing a firm constraint upon the description and modeling of haze optical properties. MSE values trended lower with more dilute haze but became more variable in clean air or regions of low concentrations. This cross-platform comparison resolved a number of measurement differences but also revealed that regional characterization from different platforms results in differences linked to variability in time and space. This emphasizes the need to combine such efforts with coordinated satellite and modeling studies able to characterize large-scale regional structure and variability. These comparisons also indicate that "closure'' between chemical, microphysical, and optical properties across platforms to better than about 20% will require significant improvements in techniques, calibration procedures, and comparison efforts. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Tropospher Res, Leipzig, Germany. Max Planck Inst Chem, Dept Biogeochem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Univ Miami, MAC, RSMAS, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Georgia Tech, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Clarke, AD (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM tclarke@soest.hawaii.edu RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 43 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8033 DI 10.1029/2001JD000572 PG 34 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300084 ER PT J AU di Sarra, A Cacciani, M Chamard, P Cornwall, C DeLuisi, JJ Di Iorio, T Disterhoft, P Fiocco, G Fua, D Monteleone, F AF di Sarra, A Cacciani, M Chamard, P Cornwall, C DeLuisi, JJ Di Iorio, T Disterhoft, P Fiocco, G Fua, D Monteleone, F TI Effects of desert dust and ozone on the ultraviolet irradiance at the Mediterranean island of Lampedusa during PAUR II SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet radiation; ozone; aerosol; desert dust ID ROBERTSON-BERGER METER; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS; SPECTRAL UV MEASUREMENTS; AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH; B RADIATION; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; SOUTHERN ARGENTINA; CROSS-SECTIONS; EARTHS SURFACE; UNITED-STATES AB [1] Observations of the ultraviolet spectral irradiance, tropospheric aerosols, and ozone were carried out at Lampedusa (35.5degreesN, 12.6degreesE), during May and June 1999, in conjunction with the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation modulating factors II experiment. Lampedusa is a small Italian island in the Mediterranean, about 100 km off the west coast of Tunisia, North Africa. During the campaign, aerosol transport from Sahara, mainly controlled by the development of high-pressure systems over North Africa, strongly affected the troposphere at Lampedusa. Aerosol optical depths at 415 nm ranged between 0.14 and 0.91. Dust aerosols with an optical depth of 0.5 at 415 nm produced a reduction of the measured irradiance at 350 nm by about 20%, at a solar zenith angle of 30degrees, and by about 25% at 60degrees. The occurrence of large aerosol optical depths was associated with low total ozone values, mainly due to the influence of surface pressure on the stratospheric vertical structure and transport. Thus the aerosol attenuation of the UV irradiance was large when low absorption by ozone occurred, and a large ozone absorption occurred when aerosol attenuation was small. Mostly because of their large variability, aerosols produce larger attenuation effects than ozone on the UV irradiance for wavelengths longer than 315 nm. By neglecting the influence of aerosols on the radiation amplification factors, calculation of the dependence of the UV irradiance on ozone can be significantly underestimated. For the erythemally weighted irradiance a value for the radiation amplification factor between -0.1 and 0.7, depending on the solar zenith angle, has been derived. A simple model to take into account the aerosol effect in the determination of the radiation amplification factor has been developed. By applying this model an erythemal radiation amplification factor between 0.8 and 1.25 is obtained. It is estimated that an aerosol layer of optical depth 0.5 at 415 nm produces a reduction of the erythemal irradiance as large as 25 and 27% at solar zenith angles of 30degrees and 60degrees, respectively. When conditions similar to those of Lampedusa occur, i.e., when large aerosol loads may be present, and for certain meteorological conditions, the effects of the aerosol on the surface ultraviolet irradiance cannot be neglected. C1 Ente Nuove Technol Energia & Ambiente, Div Ambiente Globale & Mediterraneo, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Sci Ambiente & Terr, I-20126 Milan, Italy. Ente Nuove Tecnol Energia & Ambiente, Div Ambiente Globale & Mediterraneo, I-90141 Palermo, Italy. RP Ente Nuove Technol Energia & Ambiente, Div Ambiente Globale & Mediterraneo, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. EM disarra@casaccia.enea.it RI Di Iorio, Tatiana/O-8700-2015; di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016 OI Di Iorio, Tatiana/0000-0001-8872-8917; di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898 NR 70 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D18 AR 8135 DI 10.1029/2000JD000139 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YH UT WOS:000180427400001 ER PT J AU Friedman, I Harris, JM Smith, GI Johnson, CA AF Friedman, I Harris, JM Smith, GI Johnson, CA TI Stable isotope composition of waters in the Great Basin, United States - 1. Air-mass trajectories SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrology; hydroclimatology; Great Basin; stable isotope ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AMAZON BASIN; CALIFORNIA; TRANSPORT; NEVADA; HYDROGEN AB [1] Isentropic trajectories, calculated using the NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory's isentropic transport model, were used to determine air-parcel origins and the influence of air mass trajectories on the isotopic composition of precipitation events that occurred between October 1991 and September 1993 at Cedar City, Utah, and Winnemucca, Nevada. Examination of trajectories that trace the position of air parcels backward in time for 10 days indicated five distinct regions of water vapor origin: (1) Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific, (2) central Pacific, (3) tropical Pacific, (4) Gulf of Mexico, and (5) continental land mass. Deuterium (deltaD) and oxygen-18 (delta(18)O) analyses were made of precipitation representing 99% of all Cedar City events. Similar analyses were made on precipitation representing 66% of the precipitation falling at Winnemucca during the same period. The average isotopic composition of precipitation derived from each water vapor source was determined. More than half of the precipitation that fell at both sites during the study period originated in the tropical Pacific and traveled northeast to the Great Basin; only a small proportion traversed the Sierra Nevada. The isotopic composition of precipitation is determined by air-mass origin and its track to the collection station, mechanism of droplet formation, reequilibration within clouds, and evaporation during its passage from cloud to ground. The Rayleigh distillation model can explain the changes in isotopic composition of precipitation as an air mass is cooled pseudo-adiabatically during uplift. However, the complicated processes that take place in the rapidly convecting environment of cumulonimbus and other clouds that are common in the Great Basin, especially in summer, require modification of this model because raindrops that form in the lower portion of those clouds undergo isotopic change as they are elevated to upper levels of the clouds from where they eventually drop to the ground. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Friedman, I (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 963, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4400 DI 10.1029/2001JD000565 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300068 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, JB Jost, HJ Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Hurst, DF Elkins, JW Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Herman, RL Webster, CR Bui, TP Moore, FL Ray, EA Oltmans, S Vomel, H Blavier, JF Sen, B Stachnik, RA Toon, GC Engel, A Muller, M Schmidt, U Bremer, H Pierce, RB Sinnhuber, BM Chipperfield, M Lefevre, F AF Greenblatt, JB Jost, HJ Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Hurst, DF Elkins, JW Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Herman, RL Webster, CR Bui, TP Moore, FL Ray, EA Oltmans, S Vomel, H Blavier, JF Sen, B Stachnik, RA Toon, GC Engel, A Muller, M Schmidt, U Bremer, H Pierce, RB Sinnhuber, BM Chipperfield, M Lefevre, F TI Tracer-based determination of vortex descent in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE N2O; CH4; polar vortex; subsidence; descent; stratosphere ID STRATOSPHERIC POLAR VORTEX; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL SIMULATIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; OZONE DEPLETION; ER-2 AIRCRAFT; PROFILE OBSERVATIONS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; VERTICAL STRUCTURE AB A detailed analysis of available in situ and remotely sensed N2O and CH4 data measured in the 1999/2000 winter Arctic vortex has been performed in order to quantify the temporal evolution of vortex descent. Differences in potential temperature (theta) among balloon and aircraft vertical profiles (an average of 19-23 K on a given N2O or CH4 isopleth) indicated significant vortex inhomogeneity in late fall as compared with late winter profiles. A composite fall vortex profile was constructed for 26 November 1999, whose error bars encompassed the observed variability. High-latitude extravortex profiles measured in different years and seasons revealed substantial variability in N2O and CH4 on theta surfaces, but all were clearly distinguishable from the first vortex profiles measured in late fall 1999. From these extravortex-vortex differences we inferred descent prior to 26 November: as much as 397 +/- 15 K (1sigma) at 30 ppbv N2O and 640 ppbv CH4, and falling to 28 +/- 13 K above 200 ppbv N2O and 1280 ppbv CH4. Changes in theta were determined on five N2O and CH4 isopleths from 26 November through 12 March, and descent rates were calculated on each N2O isopleth for several time intervals. The maximum descent rates were seen between 26 November and 27 January: 0.82 +/- 0.20 K/day averaged over 50-250 ppbv N2O. By late winter (26 February to 12 March), the average rate had decreased to 0.10 +/- 0.25 K/day. Descent rates also decreased with increasing N2O; the winter average (26 November to 5 March) descent rate varied from 0.75 +/- 0.10 K/day at 50 ppbv to 0.40 +/- 0.11 K/day at 250 ppbv. Comparison of these results with observations and models of descent in prior years showed very good overall agreement. Two models of the 1999/2000 vortex descent, SLIMCAT and REPROBUS, despite theta offsets with respect to observed profiles of up to 20 K on most tracer isopleths, produced descent rates that agreed very favorably with the inferred rates from observation. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM buygreen@splash.princeton.edu; hjost@mail.arc.nasa.gov; mloewenstein@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jpodolske@mail.arc.nasa.gov; Dale.Hurst@noaa.gov; James.W.Elkins@noaa.gov; sues@ucar.edu; atlas@acd.ucar.edu; Robert.L.Herman@jpl.nasa.gov; Chris.R.Webster@jpl.nasa.gov; pbui@mail.arc.nasa.gov; Fred.Moore@noaa.gov; eray@al.noaa.gov; samuel.j.oltmans@noaa.gov; Holger.Voemel@noaa.gov; Jeanfrancois.L.Blavier@jpl.nasa.gov; bhaswar.sen@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.A.Stachnik@jpl.nasa.gov; Geoffrey.C.Toon@jpl.nasa.gov; an.engel@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; m.mueller@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; u.schmidt@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; bremer@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de; r.b.pierce@larc.nasa.gov; bms@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de; martyn@env.leeds.ac.uk; franck.lefevre@aero.jussieu.fr RI Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/A-7007-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016; Engel, Andreas/E-3100-2014 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/0000-0001-9608-7320; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322; Engel, Andreas/0000-0003-0557-3935 NR 77 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8279 DI 10.1029/2001JD000937 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200050 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, JB Jost, HJ Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Bui, TP Hurst, DF Elkins, JW Herman, RL Webster, CR Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Newman, PA Lait, LR Muller, M Engel, A Schmidt, U AF Greenblatt, JB Jost, HJ Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Bui, TP Hurst, DF Elkins, JW Herman, RL Webster, CR Schauffler, SM Atlas, EL Newman, PA Lait, LR Muller, M Engel, A Schmidt, U TI Defining the polar vortex edge from an N2O : potential temperature correlation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE N2O; polar vortex; potential temperature; vortex edge; stratosphere; Arctic ID METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; ARCTIC VORTEX; TRACE GASES; N2O; TROPOSPHERE; DYNAMICS; AIRCRAFT AB A prerequisite to studying phenomena in the winter stratospheric polar vortex is the separation of measurements inside and outside the dynamical barrier of the vortex edge. We describe a technique to accurately determine the inner edge of the vortex boundary region from measurements of potential temperature and a trace gas, such as N2O, and apply it to in situ aircraft and balloon measurements from the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 Arctic campaign. The method may be used to refine the Nash algorithm, which, due to the inherently coarser resolution of potential vorticity on which it is dependent, may misidentify the inner edge by more than 400 km and omit the identification of small, extravortex filaments within the vortex. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Frankfurt, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. RP Greenblatt, JB (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016; Engel, Andreas/E-3100-2014 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322; Engel, Andreas/0000-0003-0557-3935 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8268 DI 10.1029/2001JD000575 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200029 ER PT J AU Grooss, JU Gunther, G Konopka, P Muller, R McKenna, DS Stroh, F Vogel, B Engel, A Muller, M Hoppel, K Bevilacqua, R Richard, E Webster, CR Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Baumgardner, DG AF Grooss, JU Gunther, G Konopka, P Muller, R McKenna, DS Stroh, F Vogel, B Engel, A Muller, M Hoppel, K Bevilacqua, R Richard, E Webster, CR Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Baumgardner, DG TI Simulation of ozone depletion in spring 2000 with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratosphere; ozone; ozone depletion; CLaMS; Lagrangian; denitrification ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; ARCTIC WINTER STRATOSPHERE; POLAR VORTEX; ER-2 AIRCRAFT; LOSS RATES; CLO; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; FORMULATION; TROPOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY AB Simulations of the development of the chemical composition of the Arctic stratosphere for spring 2000 are made with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The simulations are performed for the entire Northern Hemisphere on four isentropic levels (400-475 K). The initialization in early February is based on observations made from satellite, balloon and ER-2 aircraft platforms. Tracer-tracer correlations from balloon-borne cryosampler (Triple) and ER-2 measurements, as well as tracer-PV correlations, are used to derive a comprehensive hemispherical initialization of all relevant chemical trace species. Since significant denitrification has been observed on the ER-2 flights, a parameterization of the denitrification is derived from NOy and N2O observations on board the ER-2 aircraft and the temperature history of the air masses under consideration. Over the simulation period from 10 February to 20 March, a chemical ozone depletion of up to 60% was derived for 425-450 K potential temperature. Maximum vortex-averaged chemical ozone loss rates of 50 ppb d(-1) or 4 ppb per sunlight hour were simulated in early March 2000 at the 425 and 450 K potential temperature levels. We show comparisons between the measurements and the simulations for the location of the ER-2 flight paths in late February and March and the location of the Triple balloon flight. The simulated tracer mixing ratios are in good agreement with the measurements. It was not possible to reproduce the exact details of the inorganic chlorine compounds. The simulation agrees with ClOx observations on the Triple balloon flight but overestimates for the ER-2 flights. The simulated ozone depletion agrees with estimates from other observations in the 425 and 450 K levels, but is underestimated on the 475 K level. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospher Chem ICG1, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Meteorol, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospher Chem ICG1, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM j.-u.grooB@fz-juelich.de; an.engel@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; m.mueller@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; bevilacqua@nrl.navy.mil; richard@al.noaa.gov; Chris.R.Webster@jpl.nasa.gov; James.W.Elkins@noaa.gov; dhurst@cmdl.noaa.gov; Pavel.Romashkin@noaa.gov; darrel@servidor.unam.mx RI Engel, Andreas/E-3100-2014; Stroh, Fred/A-6505-2009; Guenther, Gebhard/K-7583-2012; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; Konopka, Paul/A-7329-2013; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; Vogel, Barbel/A-9988-2013; McKenna, Daniel/E-7806-2014; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Engel, Andreas/0000-0003-0557-3935; Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; Guenther, Gebhard/0000-0003-4111-6221; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; McKenna, Daniel/0000-0002-4360-4782; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 40 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8295 DI 10.1029/2001JD000456 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200092 ER PT J AU Hanisco, TF Smith, JB Stimpfle, RM Wilmouth, DM Anderson, JG Richard, EC Bui, TP AF Hanisco, TF Smith, JB Stimpfle, RM Wilmouth, DM Anderson, JG Richard, EC Bui, TP TI In situ observations of HO2 and OH obtained on the NASA ER-2 in the high-ClO conditions of the 1999/2000 Arctic polar vortex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydroperoxyl; stratosphere; photochemistry; hypochlorous acid; ozone loss ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; 72-DEGREES-S LATITUDE; INSITU OBSERVATIONS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; AIRCRAFT; STRATOSPHERE; ABSORPTION; KINETICS; O-3; 54-DEGREES-S AB Extensive observations of OH and HO2 obtained aboard the NASA ER-2 inside the Arctic polar vortex during the SAGE III Ozone loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) provide the opportunity to identify and test interferences during the measurement of HO2 in the presence of high concentrations of ClO. In-flight calibrations are consistent with small interferences from CH3O2 (8%) and from ClO (3%) to the total signal on average inside the vortex. Measurements of HO2, OH, ClO, and O-3 are used with rate constants derived from laboratory measurements to test the consistency of the reactions that control HO2/OH. Inside the vortex the calculated HO2/OH under predicts the observed HO2/OH by 7% with the JPL-00 rate constants and over-predicts the observations by 23% when recent laboratory rates are used. Measurements of HO2 and ClO are used to calculate ozone loss rates and concentrations of HOCl with uncertainties determined from the analysis of HO2/OH. The calculated concentration of HOCl is 52(-28)(+50) pptv, or 0.07 x ClO on average in the vortex. The ozone loss rate from the two cycles controlled by HO2 + ClO is 1.5(-0.5)(+1.2) ppbv d(-1) in early March. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mt View, CA 94035 USA. RP Hanisco, TF (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8283 DI 10.1029/2001JD001024 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200055 ER PT J AU Hansen, J Sato, M Nazarenko, L Ruedy, R Lacis, A Koch, D Tegen, I Hall, T Shindell, D Santer, B Stone, P Novakov, T Thomason, L Wang, R Wang, Y Jacob, D Hollandsworth, S Bishop, L Logan, J Thompson, A Stolarski, R Lean, J Willson, R Levitus, S Antonov, J Rayner, N Parker, D Christy, J AF Hansen, J Sato, M Nazarenko, L Ruedy, R Lacis, A Koch, D Tegen, I Hall, T Shindell, D Santer, B Stone, P Novakov, T Thomason, L Wang, R Wang, Y Jacob, D Hollandsworth, S Bishop, L Logan, J Thompson, A Stolarski, R Lean, J Willson, R Levitus, S Antonov, J Rayner, N Parker, D Christy, J TI Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review DE climate forcings; climate models; greenhouse gases; aerosols; solar irradiance; ozone ID STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EXTINCTION OPTICAL-THICKNESS; TEMPERATURE TIME-SERIES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; PINATUBO ERUPTION; SULFATE AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE IMPACT; MAUNDER MINIMUM; EARTHS CLIMATE AB [1] We define the radiative forcings used in climate simulations with the SI2000 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global climate model. These include temporal variations of well-mixed greenhouse gases, stratospheric aerosols, solar irradiance, ozone, stratospheric water vapor, and tropospheric aerosols. Our illustrations focus on the period 1951-2050, but we make the full data sets available for those forcings for which we have earlier data. We illustrate the global response to these forcings for the SI2000 model with specified sea surface temperature and with a simple Q-flux ocean, thus helping to characterize the efficacy of each forcing. The model yields good agreement with observed global temperature change and heat storage in the ocean. This agreement does not yield an improved assessment of climate sensitivity or a confirmation of the net climate forcing because of possible compensations with opposite changes of these quantities. Nevertheless, the results imply that observed global temperature change during the past 50 years is primarily a response to radiative forcings. It is also inferred that the planet is now out of radiation balance by 0.5 to 1 W/m(2) and that additional global warming of about 0.5 C is already "in the pipeline.'' C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. SGT Inc, New York, NY USA. Yale Univ, Dept Geol, New Haven, CT USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. MIT, Ctr Meteorol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Honeywell Int, Buffalo, NY 14210 USA. USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Univ Alabama, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM jhansen@giss.nasa.gov; lnazarenko@giss.nasa.gov; alacis@giss.nasa.gov; itegen@bgc-jena.mpg.de; thall@scrapple.giss.nasa.gov; dshindell@giss.nasa.gov; santer1@llnl.gov; phstone@mit.edu; tnovakov@lbl.gov; l.w.thomason@larc.nasa.gov; raywang@eas.gatech.edu; yhw@envsci.rutgers.edu; djj@io.harvard.edu; lane.bishop@alliedsignal.co; lean@demeter.nrl.navy.mil; slevitus@nodc.noaa.gov; John.Antonov@noaa.gov; nrayner@meto.gov.uk; deparker@meto.gov.uk; christy@atmos.uah.edu RI Santer, Benjamin/F-9781-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014 OI Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; NR 145 TC 229 Z9 235 U1 3 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D18 AR 4347 DI 10.1029/2001JD001143 PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YH UT WOS:000180427400014 ER PT J AU Hurst, DF Schauffler, SM Greenblatt, JB Jost, H Herman, RL Elkins, JW Romashkin, PA Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Podolske, JR Loewenstein, M Webster, CR Flesch, GJ Scott, DC AF Hurst, DF Schauffler, SM Greenblatt, JB Jost, H Herman, RL Elkins, JW Romashkin, PA Atlas, EL Donnelly, SG Podolske, JR Loewenstein, M Webster, CR Flesch, GJ Scott, DC TI Construction of a unified, high-resolution nitrous oxide data set for ER-2 flights during SOLVE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nitrous oxide; stratosphere; SOLVE; ER-2; data combination method ID ARCTIC POLAR VORTEX; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; TRACE GASES; OZONE LOSS; WINTER; N2O; DENITRIFICATION; SPECTROMETER AB Four nitrous oxide (N2O) instruments were part of the NASA ER-2 aircraft payload during the 2000 SAGE-III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). Coincident data from the three in situ instruments and a whole air sampler are compared. Agreement between these instruments was typically good; however, there are several types of important differences between the data sets. These differences prompted a collaborative effort to combine data from the three in situ instruments, using an objective method, to produce a self-consistent, high-resolution, unified N2O data set for each SOLVE flight. The construction method developed by the four N2O instrument teams is described in detail. An important step in this method is the evaluation and reduction of bias in each of the in situ data sets before they are combined. The quality of unified N2O data is examined through its agreement with high-accuracy and high-precision N2O data from whole air samples collected from the ER-2 during SOLVE flights. Typical agreement between these two data sets is 2.9 ppb (1.5%), better than the typical agreement between any pair of N2O instruments. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Hurst, DF (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8271 DI 10.1029/2001JD000417 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200033 ER PT J AU Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ Vomel, H Smit, HGJ Deshler, T Kroger, C AF Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ Vomel, H Smit, HGJ Deshler, T Kroger, C TI Electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde pump efficiency measurements and tests on the sensitivity to ozone of buffered and unbuffered ECC sensor cathode solutions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozonesonde; iodometric method; intercomparison ID MCMURDO STATION; BREWER-MAST; ANTARCTICA; ACCURACY; PROFILES AB [1] On the basis of extensive laboratory and field tests of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes, a height-dependent artifact in ozone profile measurements was found that is primarily due to side reactions of the phosphate buffers used in the "standard'' 1% potassium iodide sensing solution. The influence of the buffers was revealed as a result of new, direct measurements of the ozonesonde pump flow rate efficiency made in an environmental chamber using an oil bubble flowmeter developed at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA/CMDL). The new flow rate measurements give pump efficiency correction factors that are 2 and 15% greater at 100 and 5 hPa, respectively, than those used in currently recommended procedures. Profile measurements using ozonesondes with differing ECC sensor solutions, on dual-sonde balloons and experiments in a simulation chamber, show that the impact of the buffers is most pronounced above the ozone partial pressure maximum. The effect is about a 10-15% overmeasurement of ozone at an altitude of 30 km. Careful consideration must be given to the combination of the sensing solution composition and pump efficiency correction if representative ozone profiles are to be obtained from ozonesonde measurements. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Res Ctr Julich, Inst Chem Polluted Atmosphere, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Johnson, BJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012 OI Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189 NR 45 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4393 DI 10.1029/2001JD000557 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300060 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR AF Knapp, KR TI Quantification of aerosol signal in GOES 8 visible imagery over the United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; remote sensing; GOES; optical depth ID OPTICAL DEPTH; SATELLITE RADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; THICKNESS; LAND; POLARIZATION; REFLECTANCE; ALGORITHM; DUST; SUN AB Changes in the top-of-the-atmosphere reflectance due to variations in the aerosol optical depth (tau) make retrieving tau from satellite possible. This aerosol signal is greatest for non-absorbing aerosol over dark surfaces and is least (often less than zero) for absorbing aerosols over bright surfaces. In general, previous aerosol retrieval research has been in regions where the signal is known to be large, for example, aerosol over ocean or biomass burning over heavily vegetated land. This study, however, looks at the aerosol signal and its variation over North America to determine when and where tau retrieval is possible. The results show that the aerosol signal is sufficiently large for tau retrieval over most of the sites studied; exceptions are located in the southwestern United States where the surface reflectance is large. Further, this aerosol signal closely corresponds with radiative transfer simulations, which suggests that aerosol optical depth retrieval over North America and the adjoining oceans is possible from geostationary orbit. The implication is that timely (e. g., 30 min intervals) observations of aerosol are possible. Such observations could aid research efforts in pollutant transport, air quality forecasting, and wildfire monitoring. C1 NOAA, NESDIS ORA, CIRA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS ORA, CIRA, Room 711,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 NR 33 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 4426 DI 10.1029/2001JD002001 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200082 ER PT J AU Lait, LR Schoeberl, MR Newman, PA McGee, T Burris, J Browell, EV Richard, E Braathen, GO Bojkov, BR Goutail, F von der Gathen, P Kyro, E Vaughan, G Kelder, H Kirkwood, S Woods, P Dorokhov, V Zaitcev, I Litynska, Z Kois, B Benesova, A Skrivankova, P De Backer, H Davies, J Jorgensen, T Mikkelsen, IS AF Lait, LR Schoeberl, MR Newman, PA McGee, T Burris, J Browell, EV Richard, E Braathen, GO Bojkov, BR Goutail, F von der Gathen, P Kyro, E Vaughan, G Kelder, H Kirkwood, S Woods, P Dorokhov, V Zaitcev, I Litynska, Z Kois, B Benesova, A Skrivankova, P De Backer, H Davies, J Jorgensen, T Mikkelsen, IS TI Ozone loss from quasi-conservative coordinate mapping during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaigns SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC POLAR VORTEX; WINTER; RECONSTRUCTION; TRANSPORT; DEPLETION; TRENDS; FIELDS; ER-2 AB Ozone observations made by the Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar (AROTEL) and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft, the NOAA in situ instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft, and Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone 2000 (THESEO 2000) ozonesondes are analyzed by applying a quasi-conservative coordinate mapping technique. Measurements from the late winter/early spring SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) period (January through March 2000) are incorporated into a time-varying composite field in a potential vorticity-potential temperature coordinate space; ozone loss rates are calculated both with and without diabatic effects. The average loss rate from mid-January to mid-March near the 450 K isentropic surface in the polar vortex is found to be approximately 0.03 ppmv/d. C1 Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20071 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Tromso, Norway. CNRS, F-75700 Paris, France. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. Univ Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Cent Aerol Observ, Moscow, Russia. Inst Meteorol & Water Management, Legionowo, Poland. Czech Hydrometeorol Inst, Prague, Czech Republic. Royal Meteorol Inst Belgium, KMI, IRM, Brussels, Belgium. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Danish Meteorol Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Lait, LR (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RI von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013; Vaughan, Geraint/O-2459-2015 OI von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Vaughan, Geraint/0000-0002-0885-0398 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8274 DI 10.1029/2001JD000998 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200039 ER PT J AU Lobert, J Harris, JM AF Lobert, J Harris, JM TI Trace gases and air mass origin at Kaashidhoo, Indian Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE INDOEX; Maldives; carbon monoxide; CFC; Indian Ocean; atmospheric chemistry ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; FLOW PATTERNS; INDOEX 1999; EMISSIONS; N2O; TROPOSPHERE; POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERE; MONSOON; SOUTH AB [1] Carbon monoxide (CO) was measured at the Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory (KCO, Republic of Maldives) between February 1998 and March 2000 to assess the regional pollution of the remote atmosphere in the northern Indian Ocean. CO showed a distinct annual cycle with maximum daily mixing ratios of around 240 parts per billion (ppb), a seasonal difference of about 200 ppb, and high variability during the dry seasons. Detailed air mass trajectory analysis for 1998, 1999, and 2000 was used to identify source regions and to associate them with various levels of pollution encountered at KCO. We conclude that most significant changes in local pollution throughout the year are caused by changes in air masses. Air at KCO generally originated from three main regions with decreasing pollution: India and southeast Asia, the Arabian Sea, and the Southern Hemisphere. We show that isentropic air mass trajectories can be used to predict CO pollution levels at KCO to a certain extent and vice versa. Nitrous oxide, CFC-11, CFC-12, CCI4, and SF6 were measured during the Indian Ocean Experiment (February to March 1999) to support pollution analysis and to confirm that India is the main source for heavy pollution measured at KCO. Correlations between CO and other gases and aerosol properties measured at the surface illustrate that CO may also be used as a proxy for aerosol loading and general pollution at the surface. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Clouds Chem & Climate, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lobert, J (reprint author), Teledyne Adv Pollut Instrumentat, 6565 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8013 DI 10.1029/2001JD000731 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300001 ER PT J AU Marengo, JA Douglas, MW Dias, PLS AF Marengo, JA Douglas, MW Dias, PLS TI The South American low-level jet east of the Andes during the 1999 LBA-TRMM and LBA-WET AMC campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE convection; jet; Andes; South America ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SUMMER; TRANSPORT; MONSOON; SYSTEM AB The present study describes some observed surface and upper-air features of the low-level jet (LLJ) and southerly jet (SJ). Our results suggest the existence of this low-level circulation to the east of the Andes that transports moisture from tropical South America toward the south during the warm/wet season of 1999. We explore the synoptic variability, diurnal variation, and alternations between LLJ and SJ episodes by using a combination of surface and high-resolution upper-air observations (1 to 8 soundings per day) and global reanalysis. Our results show strong synoptic fluctuations; with the LLJ more frequent than SJs. The LLJ has stronger winds in the afternoon and its core of maximum winds is located between 1600 and 2000 m above the surface. Special observational efforts, such as the pilot balloon sounding network in Bolivia (Pan American Climate Studies Sounding Network [PACS-SONET] program), the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment-WET Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign (AMC), and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-LBA in Southwest Amazonia, have provided upper-air information with high temporal and spatial resolution to describe the structure of both the LLJ and the SJ during the January-April 1999 period. C1 CPTEC, INPE, BR-12630000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Atmosfer, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Marengo, JA (reprint author), CPTEC, INPE, Rodovia Dutra Km 40, BR-12630000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Marengo, Jose /J-9382-2012 OI Marengo, Jose /0000-0002-8154-2762 NR 29 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8079 DI 10.1029/2001JD001188 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200047 ER PT J AU Masonis, SJ Franke, K Ansmann, A Muller, D Althausen, D Ogren, JA Jefferson, A Sheridan, PJ AF Masonis, SJ Franke, K Ansmann, A Muller, D Althausen, D Ogren, JA Jefferson, A Sheridan, PJ TI An intercomparison of aerosol light extinction and 180 degrees backscatter as derived using in situ instruments and Raman lidar during the INDOEX field campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aersol; optical; lidar; in situ; comparison; INDOEX ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; WATER-VAPOR; NEPHELOMETER; ABSORPTION; RATIO; PROFILES AB [1] Aircraft in situ and Raman lidar profiles of aerosol light extinction (sigma(ep)) and 180degrees backscattering (beta(p)) are compared for 6 days during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The measurements of sigma(ep) and beta(p) were made from the National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft using two integrating nephelometers to measure light scattering and one Radiance Research Particle Soot Absorption Photometer to measure light absorption. Particulate 180degrees backscattering was measured in situ using a new instrument, the 180degrees backscatter nephelometer. The Institute for Tropospheric Research Raman lidar was located on the island of Hulule (4.18degreesN, 73.53degreesE), and all of the in situ profiles presented are from descents into the Hulule airport. Aerosol optical depth was also measured from Hulule using a Sun photometer, and these data are included in the intercomparison. On average, the lidar-derived values of sigma(ep) and beta(p) are similar to30% larger than the in situ-derived values to a 95% confidence interval. Possible reasons for the overall discrepancy are (1) a low bias in the in situ measurements because of losses in the C-130 Community Aerosol Inlet; (2) underestimation of the humidification effect on light extinction in the in situ measurements; (3) overestimation of sigma(ep) and beta(p) in the lidar because of subvisible cloud contamination; (4) errors in data processing that could be biasing either measurement, though the lidar retrievals are especially sensitive to this type of error. Temporal and spatial variability also appear to be the source of at least some of the discrepancy in two of the six cases, none of which are well collocated. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Masonis, SJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Doherty, Sarah/D-5592-2015; MUELLER, DETLEF/F-1010-2015; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Doherty, Sarah/0000-0002-7796-6968; MUELLER, DETLEF/0000-0002-0203-7654; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8014 DI 10.1029/2000JD000035 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300002 ER PT J AU Mayol-Bracero, OL Gabriel, R Andreae, MO Kirchstetter, TW Novakov, T Ogren, J Sheridan, P Streets, DG AF Mayol-Bracero, OL Gabriel, R Andreae, MO Kirchstetter, TW Novakov, T Ogren, J Sheridan, P Streets, DG TI Carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian Ocean during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX): Chemical characterization, optical properties, and probable sources SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbonaceous aerosols; INDOEX; chemical characterization; optical properties; sources; aerosols ID CLOUD-CONDENSATION-NUCLEI; ORGANIC AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; UNITED-STATES; SEASONAL-VARIATION; SULFATE AEROSOL; NORTH-ATLANTIC; LOS-ANGELES; EMISSIONS AB [1] We measured carbonaceous material and water-soluble ionic species in the fine fraction (D-p < 1.3 μm) of aerosol samples collected on NCAR's C-130 aircraft during the intensive field phase (February-March 1999) of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Polluted layers were present over most of the study region north of the equator at altitudes up to 3.2 km. The estimated aerosol mass (sum of carbonaceous and soluble ionic aerosol components) of fine-mode particles in these layers was 15.3 +/- 7.9 μg m(-3). The major components were particulate organic matter (POM, 35%), SO42- (34%), black carbon (BC, 14%), and NH4+ (11%). The main difference between the composition of the marine boundary layer (MBL, 0 to similar to1.2 km), and the overlying residual continental boundary layer (1.2 to similar to3.2 km) was a higher abundance of SO42- relative to POM in the MBL, probably due to a faster conversion of SO2 into SO42- in the MBL. Our results show that carbon is a major, and sometimes dominant, contributor to the aerosol mass and that its contribution increases with altitude. Low variability was observed in the optical properties of the aerosol in the two layers. Regression analysis of the absorption coefficient at 565 nm on BC mass (BC < 4.0 μg C m(-3)) yielded a specific absorption cross section of 8.1 +/- 0.7 m(2) g(-1) for the whole period. The unusually high fraction of BC and the good correlation between the absorption coefficient and BC suggest that BC was responsible for the strong light absorption observed for the polluted layers during INDOEX. High correlation between BC and total carbon (TC) (r(2) = 0.86) suggest that TC is predominantly of primary origin. Good correlations were also found between the scattering coefficient at 550 nm and the estimated aerosol mass for the fine fraction. These yielded a specific scattering cross section of 4.9 +/- 0.4 m(2) g(-1). The observed BC/TC, BC/OC, SO42-/BC, and K+/BC ratios were fairly constant throughout the period. These ratios suggest that between 60 and 80% of the aerosol in the polluted layers during INDOEX originated from fossil fuel and between 20 and 40% from biofuel combustion. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Biogeochem Dept, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Decis & Informat Sci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mayol-Bracero, OL (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Biogeochem Dept, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008; OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925; Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 NR 93 TC 108 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8030 DI 10.1029/2000JD000039 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300064 ER PT J AU Morgenstern, O Pyle, JA Iwi, AM Norton, WA Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA AF Morgenstern, O Pyle, JA Iwi, AM Norton, WA Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA TI Diagnosis of mixing between middle latitudes and the polar vortex from tracer-tracer correlations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratosphere; tracer; mixing; polar vortex; midlatitudes; canonical correlation ID LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ER-2 AIRCRAFT; LATE WINTER; OZONE; TRANSPORT; DENITRIFICATION AB A method is introduced for diagnosing mixing between the polar vortex and midlatitudes from tracer data. Tracers with different photochemical activities and lifetimes usually exhibit curved tracer-tracer correlation functions on an isentropic surface. The effect of mixing events is to populate the inner side of such a curve. Using simultaneous measurements of trace gases or model results, we exploit this process to calculate the distribution of recent origins in tracer space prior to such a mixing event. The method relies on both hemispheric and local data and is applicable to situations where mixing is nonlocal in tracer space. It is applied to measurements taken during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment/Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone 2000 (SOLVE/THESEO 2000) winter campaign and to a chemical transport model simulation covering the same winter. In one of the cases studied, a vortex breakup and subsequent remerger of the vortex fragments in March 2000 results in significant diagnosed mixing. In a further example, an elongated filament shed off the polar vortex is characterized by anomalous composition. For the two high-altitude aircraft flights of the SOLVE campaign that probe the vortex boundary, a correspondence is found for mixing diagnosed in the measurements and in the model. Mixing timescales considered here are given by the life span of planetary waves, up to a few weeks. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM morgenstern@dkrz.de; john.pyle@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk; iwi@atm.ox.ac.uk; wan@atm.ox.ac.uk; jelkins@cmdl.noaa.gov; dhurst@cmdl.noaa.gov; promashkin@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016; OI Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322; Morgenstern, Olaf/0000-0002-9967-9740 NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D17 AR 4321 DI 10.1029/2001JD001224 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YF UT WOS:000180427200001 ER PT J AU Neuman, JA Huey, LG Dissly, RW Fehsenfeld, FC Flocke, F Holecek, JC Holloway, JS Hubler, G Jakoubek, R Nicks, DK Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Sueper, DT Weinheimer, AJ AF Neuman, JA Huey, LG Dissly, RW Fehsenfeld, FC Flocke, F Holecek, JC Holloway, JS Hubler, G Jakoubek, R Nicks, DK Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Sueper, DT Weinheimer, AJ TI Fast-response airborne in situ measurements of HNO3 during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nitric acid; NOy budget; photochemistry; Texas Air Quality Study; Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS); tropospheric chemistry ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETER; POWER-PLANT PLUMES; NITRIC-ACID; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; OZONE FORMATION; TRACE GASES; ATMOSPHERE; LIFETIMES; NITRATES AB Nitric acid (HNO3) was measured from an aircraft in the planetary boundary layer and free troposphere up to 7 km on 14 flights during the Texas Air Quality Study in August and September 2000. HNO3 mixing ratios were measured at 1 Hz using a fast-response chemical ionization mass spectrometer with SiF5- reagent ions. HNO3 measurement using this highly selective ion chemistry is insensitive to water vapor and is not degraded by interferences from other species. Rapid time response (1 s) was achieved using a heated Teflon inlet. In-flight standard addition calibrations from a HNO3 permeation source were used to determine the instrument sensitivity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 ion counts pptv(-1) s(-1) over the duration of the study. Contributions to the HNO3 signal from instrument artifacts were accounted for by regularly performing in-flight instrument background checks, where HNO3 was removed from the ambient air sample by diverting the sampled air though a nylon wool scrubber. Measurement inaccuracy, which is determined from uncertainties in the standard addition calibrations, was +/-10%. Measurement precision at low HNO3 levels was +/-25 pptv (1sigma) for the 1 Hz data and +/-9 pptv for 10 s averages of the 1 s measurements. Coincident in situ measurements of other reactive nitrogen species are used to examine NOy partitioning and HNO3 formation during this month long measurement campaign. The sum of the individually measured reactive nitrogen species is shown to be in agreement with the measured NOy. HNO3 formation in plumes from electric utility power plants, urban areas, and petrochemical facilities was studied. The observed differences in the fractional contribution of HNO3 to NOy in plumes from different anthropogenic source types are discussed. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Neuman, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 24 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 4436 DI 10.1029/2001JD001437 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200097 ER PT J AU Neususs, C Gnauk, T Plewka, A Herrmann, H Quinn, PK AF Neususs, C Gnauk, T Plewka, A Herrmann, H Quinn, PK TI Carbonaceous aerosol over the Indian Ocean: OC/EC fractions and selected specifications from size-segregated onboard samples SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review DE carbonaceous aerosol; size distribution; organic particulate matter ID FINE ORGANIC AEROSOL; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; SOLUBLE DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; ATTENUATION CROSS-SECTION; DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS; BLACK CARBON; ELEMENTAL CARBON; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; URBAN ATMOSPHERE AB [1] Concentrations and mass fractions of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and numerous organic species have been determined for submicrometer and supermicrometer particles in the Indian Ocean on the cruise of the R/V Ron Brown during INDOEX in February/March 1999. The total carbon (TC) concentration was low for air masses originating from the southern hemisphere of the Indian Ocean, where only small amounts of organic carbon (OC) could be detected in supermicrometer (sea salt) particles. The OC concentration was typically more than one order of magnitude higher in the northern Indian Ocean, where continental air masses were encountered, both for submicrometer and supermicrometer particles. Elemental carbon (EC) was mostly found in submicrometer particles, increasing up to more than two orders of magnitude in the northern part compared to the southern part of the Indian Ocean. The mass fraction of carbonaceous material was in the range of 6-15% and 2-12% for submicrometer and supermicrometer particles, respectively, with the higher values for more polluted air masses. A high degree of mixing with light scattering material is the main reason for high-absorption coefficients. The absorption efficiency is higher for lower mass fractions of EC. Various short-chain dicarboxylic and hydroxylated dicarboxylic acids have been determined. Dicarboxylic acids were mostly found in supermicrometer particles, whereas hydroxylated dicarboxylic acids showed up mainly in submicrometer particles. Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been found in small amounts, leading to the conclusion that an important part of the organic material is of secondary origin. This is confirmed by the good correlation of the sum of carboxylic acids with OC, nitrate with a less pronounced correlation with sulfate. However, low OC/EC ratios indicate the existence of primary OC. C1 Inst Tropospharenforsch, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Neususs, C (reprint author), Bruker Saxonia Analyt GmbH, Leipzig, Germany. EM cne@bsax.de; gnauk@tropos.de; plewka@tropos.de; herrmann@tropos.de; quinn@pmel.noaa.gov RI Herrmann, Hartmut/C-2486-2009; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Herrmann, Hartmut/0000-0001-7044-2101; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 106 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8031 DI 10.1029/2001JD000327 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300082 ER PT J AU Newman, PA Harris, NRP Adriani, A Amanatidis, GT Anderson, JG Braathen, GO Brune, WH Carslaw, KS Craig, MS DeCola, PL Guirlet, M Hipskind, RS Kurylo, MJ Kullmann, H Larsen, N Megie, GJ Pommereau, JP Poole, LR Schoeberl, MR Stroh, F Toon, OB Trepte, CR Van Roozendael, M AF Newman, PA Harris, NRP Adriani, A Amanatidis, GT Anderson, JG Braathen, GO Brune, WH Carslaw, KS Craig, MS DeCola, PL Guirlet, M Hipskind, RS Kurylo, MJ Kullmann, H Larsen, N Megie, GJ Pommereau, JP Poole, LR Schoeberl, MR Stroh, F Toon, OB Trepte, CR Van Roozendael, M TI An overview of the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE SOLVE; THESEO 2000; ozone; ozone loss; stratosphere; polar vortex ID ARCTIC POLAR VORTEX; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; CHEMICAL OZONE LOSS; STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; WINTER 1999/2000; BALLOON-BORNE; NITRIC-ACID; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE AB Between November 1999 and April 2000, two major field experiments, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) and the Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO 2000), collaborated to form the largest field campaign yet mounted to study Arctic ozone loss. This international campaign involved more than 500 scientists from over 20 countries. These scientists made measurements across the high and middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The main scientific aims of SOLVE/THESEO 2000 were to study (1) the processes leading to ozone loss in the Arctic vortex and (2) the effect on ozone amounts over northern midlatitudes. The campaign included satellites, research balloons, six aircraft, ground stations, and scores of ozonesondes. Campaign activities were principally conducted in three intensive measurement phases centered on early December 1999, late January 2000, and early March 2000. Observations made during the campaign showed that temperatures were below normal in the polar lower stratosphere over the course of the 1999-2000 winter. Because of these low temperatures, extensive polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) formed across the Arctic. Large particles containing nitric acid trihydrate were observed for the first time, showing that denitrification can occur without the formation of ice particles. Heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surfaces of the PSC particles produced high levels of reactive chlorine within the polar vortex by early January. This reactive chlorine catalytically destroyed about 60% of the ozone in a layer near 20 km between late January and mid-March 2000, with good agreement being found between a number of empirical and modeling studies. The measurements made during SOLVE/THESEO 2000 have improved our understanding of key photochemical parameters and the evolution of ozone-destroying forms of chlorine. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. European Ozone Res Coordinating Unit, Cambridge CB2 1HE, England. CNR, ISAC, Inst Fis Atmosfera, I-00133 Rome, Italy. European Commiss, Res DG, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem, Anderson Grp CCB, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Norsk Inst Luftforskning, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. ACRI ST, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. Danish Meteorol Inst, Middle Atmospher Res Div, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Radiat & Aerosols Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratosphar Chem, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Belgian Inst Space & Aeron BIRA IASB, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 910,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM newman@notus.gsfc.nasa.gov; Neil.Harris@ozone-sec.ch.cam.ac.uk; adriani@ifa.rm.cnr.it; georgios.amanatidis@cec.eu.int; anderson@huarp.harvard.edu; geir@nilu.no; brune@ems.psu.edu; carslaw@env.leeds.ac.uk; mcraig@mail.arc.nasa.gov; pdecola@hq.nasa.gov; mag@acri-st.fr; shipskind@mail.arc.nasa.gov; mkurylo@hq.nasa.gov; hkuell@physik.uni-bremen.de; nl@dmi.dk; gerard.megie@cnrs-dir.fr; pommereau@aerov.jussieu.fr; l.r.poole@larc.nasa.gov; schom@hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov; f.stroh@fz-juelich.de; toon@lasp.colorado.edu; c.r.trepte@larc.nasa.gov; michelv@oma.be RI Stroh, Fred/A-6505-2009; Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012; Carslaw, Ken/C-8514-2009; Larsen, Niels/G-3145-2014; OI Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Carslaw, Ken/0000-0002-6800-154X; Adriani, Alberto/0000-0003-4998-8008 NR 77 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8259 DI 10.1029/2001JD001303 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200105 ER PT J AU Northway, MJ Gao, RS Popp, PJ Holecek, JC Fahey, DW Carslaw, KS Tolbert, MA Lait, LR Dhaniyala, S Flagan, RC Wennberg, PO Mahoney, MJ Herman, RL Toon, GC Bui, TP AF Northway, MJ Gao, RS Popp, PJ Holecek, JC Fahey, DW Carslaw, KS Tolbert, MA Lait, LR Dhaniyala, S Flagan, RC Wennberg, PO Mahoney, MJ Herman, RL Toon, GC Bui, TP TI An analysis of large HNO3-containing particles sampled in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999/2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE polar stratospheric clouds; particles; denitrification; HNO3; NAT; NOy ID NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; POLAR VORTEX; OZONE LOSS; REACTIVE NITROGEN; CLOUD PARTICLES; DENITRIFICATION; HNO3; AEROSOL; CONDENSATION; CHEMISTRY AB Large (>2 mum diameter) HNO3-containing polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles were measured in situ by the NOAA NOy instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft during seven flights in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter vortex. Here we discuss the detection of these large PSC particles, their spatial distribution, the ambient conditions under which they were detected, and our methods for interpreting NOy time series with respect to particle sizes and number concentrations. The particles were observed through the use of two NOy inlets on a particle separator extending below the ER-2 aircraft. The particle phase is assumed to be nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) or nitric acid dihydrate (NAD). Over a 48-day period, particles were sampled in the Arctic vortex over a broad range of latitudes (60-85degreesN) and altitudes (15-21 km). Typically, regions of the atmosphere up to 4 km above the observed large particle clouds were saturated with respect to NAT. Occasionally, large particles were measured in air subsaturated with respect to NAT, suggesting ongoing particle evaporation. Vortex minimum temperatures in the observation period suggest that synoptic-scale ice saturation conditions are not required for the formation of this type of particle. Three analytical methods are used to estimate size and number concentrations from the NOy time series. Results indicate particle sizes between 5 and 20 mum diameter and concentrations from 10(-5) to 10(-3) cm(-3). These low number concentrations imply a selective nucleation mechanism. Particle sizes and number concentrations were greater during the midwinter flights than the late winter flights. Knowledge of the geographical extent of large particles, actual sampling conditions, and particle size distributions offers multiple constraints for atmospheric models of PSC formation, which will lead to a better understanding of the process of denitrification and improvements in modeling future ozone loss. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL6, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM northway@al.noaa.gov RI Carslaw, Ken/C-8514-2009; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012 OI Carslaw, Ken/0000-0002-6800-154X; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424 NR 62 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8298 DI 10.1029/2001JD001079 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200095 ER PT J AU Nowak, JB Huey, LG Eisele, FL Tanner, DJ Mauldin, RL Cantrell, C Kosciuch, E Davis, DD AF Nowak, JB Huey, LG Eisele, FL Tanner, DJ Mauldin, RL Cantrell, C Kosciuch, E Davis, DD TI Chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for detection of dimethylsulfoxide and ammonia SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE chemical ionization mass spectrometry; CIMS; dimethylsulfide; DMSO; ammonia; ethanol ion chemistry ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; MODEL SIMULATIONS; DMS OXIDATION; ION CHEMISTRY; TRACE GASES; OH AB [1] A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) was used to study reactions of protonated ethanol clusters (C2H5OH)(n) H+ with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylsulfone (DMSO2), ammonia (NH3), and a series of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The reactivity of the (C2H5OH)(n) H+ cluster ions is a function of cluster size with reactivity decreasing as cluster size increases. Ethanol cluster ion distributions that formed at atmospheric pressure from 24 ppbv, 900 ppmv, and 1% ethanol/N-2 gas mixtures were studied. Small (C2H5OH)(n) H+ clusters, those formed using the 24 ppbv ethanol/N-2 mixture, react at or near the collisional rate with DMSO, NH3, acetone, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK). The effective ion molecule rate coefficients are 1.8 x 10(-9),1.5 x 10(-9),1.0 x 10(-9), and 1.6 x 10(-9) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. Only DMSO and NH3 react efficiently with the two larger (C2H5OH)(n) H+ cluster ion distributions studied. The effective rate coefficients for DMSO and NH3 with the 900 ppmv ethanol cluster ion distribution are 1.5 x 10(-9) and 0.7 x 10(-9) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. The effective rate coefficient for DMSO with the 1% ethanol/N-2 mixture is 0.35 x 10(-9) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), while NH3 reaches equilibrium with this cluster ion distribution. Experiments show that large (C2H5OH)(n) H+ ion clusters must be used at relative humidities greater than 50% at 20 degreesC to prevent formation of and subsequent interferences from H3O+ ions. These results demonstrate that the (C2H5OH)(n) H+ ion chemistry can selectively detect DMSO and NH3 under most ambient atmospheric conditions with high sensitivity. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Nowak, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Nowak, John/B-1085-2008 OI Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807 NR 52 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D18 AR 4363 DI 10.1029/2001JD001058 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YH UT WOS:000180427400032 ER PT J AU Peylin, P Baker, D Sarmiento, J Ciais, P Bousquet, P AF Peylin, P Baker, D Sarmiento, J Ciais, P Bousquet, P TI Influence of transport uncertainty on annual mean and seasonal inversions of atmospheric CO2 data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric inversions; carbon cycle; tracer transport model ID CARBON-DIOXIDE DATA; MODEL; SINKS; CYCLE; DELTA-C-13; FLUXES; LAND; O-2; VARIABILITY; SIMULATIONS AB [1] Inversion methods are often used to estimate surface CO2 fluxes from atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements, given an atmospheric transport model to relate the two. The published estimates disagree strongly on the location of the main sources and sinks, however. Are these differences due to the different time spans considered, or are they artifacts of the method and data used? Here we assess the uncertainty in such estimates due to the choice of time discretization of the measurements and fluxes, the spatial resolution of the fluxes, and the transport model. A suite of 27 Bayesian least squares inversions has been run, given by varying the number of flux regions solved for (7, 12, and 17), the time discretization (annual/annual, annual/monthly, and monthly/monthly for the fluxes/data), and the transport model (TM2, TM3, and GCTM), while holding all other inversion details constant. The estimated fluxes from this ensemble of inversions for the land + ocean sum are stable over large zonal bands, but the spread in the results increases when considering the longitudinal flux distribution inside these bands. On average for 19901994 the inversions place a large CO2 uptake north of 30degrees N (3.2 +/- 0.3 GtC yr(-1)), mostly over the land regions, with more in Eurasia than North America. The ocean fluxes are generally smaller than given by Takahashi et al. [1999], especially south of 15 degreesS and in the global total, where they are less than half as large. A small uptake is found for the tropical land regions, suggesting that growth more than compensates for deforestation there. The results for the different transport models are consistent with their known mixing properties; the longitudinal pattern of their land biosphere rectifier, in particular, strongly influences the regional partitioning of the flux in the north. While differences between the transport models contribute significantly to the spread of the results, an equivalent or even larger spread is due to the time discretization method used: Solving for annual mean fluxes with monthly mean measurements tended to give spurious land/ocean flux partition in the north. We suggest then that this time discretization method be avoided. Overall, the uncertainty quoted for the estimated fluxes should include not only the random error calculated by the inversion equations but also all the systematic errors in the problem, such as those addressed in this study. C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biogeochim Isotop Lab, INRA, F-75005 Paris, France. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Peylin, P (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biogeochim Isotop Lab, INRA, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France. RI Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011 NR 51 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4385 DI 10.1029/2001JD000857 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300052 ER PT J AU Piani, C Norton, WA Iwi, AM Ray, EA Elkins, JW AF Piani, C Norton, WA Iwi, AM Ray, EA Elkins, JW TI Transport of ozone-depleted air on the breakup of the stratospheric polar vortex in spring/summer 2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; polar; vortex; model; transport; summer ID TRACER; AEROSOL; WINTER AB A high-resolution three-dimensional off-line chemical transport simulation has been performed with the SLIMCAT model to examine transport and mixing of ozone depleted air in the lower stratosphere on breakup of the polar vortex in spring/summer 2000. The model included ozone, N2O, and F11 tracers and used simplified chemistry parameterizations. The model was forced by T106 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses. The model results show that, by the end of June, above 420 K, much of the ozone-depleted air is transported from polar regions to the subtropics. In contrast, below 420 K, most of the ozone-depleted air remains poleward of approximately 55degreesN. It is suggested that the influence of the upper extension of the tropospheric subtropical jet provides a transport barrier at lower levels, while strong stirring on breakup of the polar vortex is important at upper levels. The mean meridional circulation modifies the distribution of ozone-depleted air by moving it up the subtropics and down in the extratropics. The model simulation is validated by comparing vertical profiles of ozone loss against ozonesonde measurements. The model results are consistent with many of the features present in the ozonesonde measurements. F11-N2O correlation plots are examined in the model and they show distinct canonical correlation curves for the polar vortex, midlatitudes, and the tropics. Comparison against balloon and aircraft measurements show that the model reproduces the separation between the vortex and midlatitude curves; however, the ratio of N2O to F11 lifetimes is somewhat too small in the model. It is shown that anomalies from the midlatitude canonical correlation curve can be used to identify remnants of polar vortex air which has mixed with midlatitude air. At the end of June there is excellent agreement in the position of air with anomalous F11-N2O tracer correlation and ozone-depleted air from the polar vortex. C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Piani, C (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RI Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013 OI Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8270 DI 10.1029/2001JD000488 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200032 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Bates, TS Miller, TL Johnson, JE Welton, EJ Neususs, C Miller, M Sheridan, PJ AF Quinn, PK Coffman, DJ Bates, TS Miller, TL Johnson, JE Welton, EJ Neususs, C Miller, M Sheridan, PJ TI Aerosol optical properties during INDOEX 1999: Means, variability, and controlling factors SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol chemical composition; aerosol mass extinction efficiencies; aerosol mass fractions; aerosol optical depth ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; BOUNDARY-LAYER AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; MASS CONCENTRATIONS; STRONG ELECTROLYTES; REFRACTIVE-INDEX AB [1] As part of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1999 Intensive Field Phase, measurements of aerosol properties were made on board the R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Indian Ocean north and south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal. On the basis of air mass trajectories, eight air mass source regions were identified including the southern hemisphere Atlantic; southern hemisphere Indian Ocean; northern hemisphere Indian Ocean; east Indian subcontinent where trajectories came from near Calcutta, through the southern portion of India, and then to the ship; Indian subcontinent where trajectories came from across central India to the ship; Arabia; Arabia/Indian subcontinent, a mixed region where lower-level trajectories came from Arabia and upper-level trajectories came from India; and Arabian Sea/coastal India where trajectories came from along the coast of India to the ship. Properties of the aerosol measured in the marine boundary layer included chemical composition, number size distribution, and scattering and absorption coefficients. In addition, vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter and optical depth were measured. Presented here as a function of air mass source region are the concentrations and mass fractions of the dominant aerosol chemical components, the fraction of the extinction measured at the surface due to each component, mass extinction efficiencies of the individual components, aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo, Angstrom exponent, and optical depth. All results except aerosol optical depth are reported at the measurement relative humidity of 55 +/- 5%. For air masses that originated from the two southern hemisphere marine regions (southern hemisphere Atlantic and Indian Ocean), sea salt dominated the extinction by sub-1 mum and sub-10 mum aerosol particles. The ratios of sub-1 mum to sub-10 mum extinction were the lowest measured of all air mass source regions (mean values of 28 and 40%) due to the dominance of the aerosol mass by supermicron sea salt. In addition, aerosol optical depths were the lowest measured averaging 0.06 +/- 0.03. Non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate aerosol concentrations in air masses from the northern hemisphere Indian Ocean were a factor of 6 higher than those in southern hemisphere air masses, while submicron sea-salt concentrations were comparable. Sulfate aerosol made up 40% of the sub-1 mum extinction, while sea salt dominated the sub-10 mum extinction. Aerosol optical depths for this source region averaged 0.10 +/- 0.03. A mean single scattering albedo near 0.89 and detectable black carbon (BC) concentrations (0.14 +/- 0.05 mug m(-3)) indicated the transport of continentally derived aerosol to the ITCZ. The two regions influenced by low-level (500 m) airflow from Arabia had higher concentrations of submicron nss sulfate, particulate organic matter (POM), and inorganic oxidized material (IOM) than were observed in the marine regions. Concentrations of supermicron IOM were comparable to supermicron sea-salt concentrations. Nss sulfate aerosol dominated the sub-1 mum extinction and made significant contributions to the sub-10 mum extinction. Sea salt dominated the supermicron extinction. Mean BC contributions to submicron extinction were 8 and 12%. Single scattering albedo values averaged 0.93 +/- 0.02 and 0.89 +/- 0.02 for these two source regions. Aerosol optical depths averaged 0.19 +/- 0.12 and 0.38 +/- 0.07 with the higher value due to upper-level (2500 m) flow from India. Regions influenced by low-level airflow from the Indian subcontinent had the Supermicron sea-salt concentrations were lower than or comparable to supermicron nitrate concentrations. Sub-1 mum and sub-10 mum extinction were dominated by nss sulfate aerosol although a burning component consisting of BC, KNO3, and K2SO4 made a nearly equivalent contribution. These regions had a mean single scattering albedo of 0.85 +/- 0.01, the lowest measured for any region. Mean aerosol optical depths were highest (0.3 to 0.4) for regions with low-level or upperlevel airflow from the Indian subcontinent. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Environm Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 73 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8020 DI 10.1029/2000JD000037 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300014 ER PT J AU Ray, EA Moore, FL Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Dutton, GS Fahey, DW AF Ray, EA Moore, FL Elkins, JW Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Dutton, GS Fahey, DW TI Descent and mixing in the 1999-2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC WINTER STRATOSPHERE; OZONE LOSS; DENITRIFICATION; AIR; CLIMATOLOGY; LIFETIMES; DYNAMICS; VORTICES; GASES; FALL AB In situ measurements from the Lightweight Airborne Chromatograph Experiment (LACE) and the Airborne Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species (ACATS-IV) taken during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) are used to examine the descent and mixing in the 1999-2000 northern stratospheric polar vortex. LACE was flown twice on an in situ balloon platform, in November 1999 just after the vortex formed and in March 2000 near the end of the vortex lifetime. The aim of this paper is to use simple models of vortex transport to try to explain the changes seen in the long-lived tracers measured by LACE between the two vortex flights. It is the high precision and long-term accuracy of the observations that allow small differences in the data from a number of species obtained on different flights to be used to infer transport processes. Changes in tracer profiles as a function of height or potential temperature can be attributed, to first order, to descent in the vortex. A calculation which used six tracers shows that the total descent was a strong function of potential temperature, from 200 K in the middle stratosphere to 50 K in the lower stratosphere over the nearly 4-month period between flights. Observed changes in long-lived tracer-tracer correlations require a mixing process to have occurred since descent alone cannot change the correlations. Two simple models of mixing are used to examine the tracer correlation changes. One model simulates entrainment of midlatitude air across the vortex edge with relatively efficient mixing within the vortex. A second model simulates the effect of differential descent and subsequent efficient mixing within a vortex that is entirely isolated from the midlatitudes. It is shown that the differential descent and mixing calculation produces results which are much more consistent among all the tracer correlations compared to the results from midlatitude entrainment. The unique sensitivity of SF6 as a tracer of mesospheric air makes it an outlier in both the descent and mixing calculations. The inclusion of a small fraction of air from the mesosphere is necessary to bring the SF6 mixing and descent calculations into agreement with the other tracers. The conclusions regarding descent and descent rates in the vortex are consistent with other modeling studies. The results indicate that mixing of midlatitude air into the winter vortex is not a significant contributor to the observed ozone changes in the 1999/2000 season. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM eray@al.noaa.gov RI Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 35 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8285 DI 10.1029/2001JD000961 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200059 ER PT J AU Rex, M Salawitch, RJ Harris, NRP von der Gathen, P Braathen, GO Schulz, A Deckelmann, H Chipperfield, M Sinnhuber, BM Reimer, E Alfier, R Bevilacqua, R Hoppel, K Fromm, M Lumpe, J Kullmann, H Kleinbohl, A Bremer, H von Konig, M Kunzi, K Toohey, D Vomel, H Richard, E Aikin, K Jost, H Greenblatt, JB Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Webster, CR Flesch, GJ Scott, DC Herman, RL Elkins, JW Ray, EA Moore, FL Hurst, DF Romashkin, P Toon, GC Sen, B Margitan, JJ Wennberg, P Neuber, R Allart, M Bojkov, BR Claude, H Davies, J Davies, W De Backer, H Dier, H Dorokhov, V Fast, H Kondo, Y Kyro, E Litynska, Z Mikkelsen, IS Molyneux, MJ Moran, E Nagai, T Nakane, H Parrondo, C Ravegnani, F Skrivankova, P Viatte, P Yushkov, V AF Rex, M Salawitch, RJ Harris, NRP von der Gathen, P Braathen, GO Schulz, A Deckelmann, H Chipperfield, M Sinnhuber, BM Reimer, E Alfier, R Bevilacqua, R Hoppel, K Fromm, M Lumpe, J Kullmann, H Kleinbohl, A Bremer, H von Konig, M Kunzi, K Toohey, D Vomel, H Richard, E Aikin, K Jost, H Greenblatt, JB Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Webster, CR Flesch, GJ Scott, DC Herman, RL Elkins, JW Ray, EA Moore, FL Hurst, DF Romashkin, P Toon, GC Sen, B Margitan, JJ Wennberg, P Neuber, R Allart, M Bojkov, BR Claude, H Davies, J Davies, W De Backer, H Dier, H Dorokhov, V Fast, H Kondo, Y Kyro, E Litynska, Z Mikkelsen, IS Molyneux, MJ Moran, E Nagai, T Nakane, H Parrondo, C Ravegnani, F Skrivankova, P Viatte, P Yushkov, V TI Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; stratosphere; Match ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; POLAR VORTEX; LOSS RATES; CHEMISTRY; TRENDS; HOLE; CLO AB During Arctic winters with a cold, stable stratospheric circulation, reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) lead to elevated abundances of chlorine monoxide (ClO) that, in the presence of sunlight, destroy ozone. Here we show that PSCs were more widespread during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter than for any other Arctic winter in the past two decades. We have used three fundamentally different approaches to derive the degree of chemical ozone loss from ozonesonde, balloon, aircraft, and satellite instruments. We show that the ozone losses derived from these different instruments and approaches agree very well, resulting in a high level of confidence in the results. Chemical processes led to a 70% reduction of ozone for a region similar to1 km thick of the lower stratosphere, the largest degree of local loss ever reported for the Arctic. The Match analysis of ozonesonde data shows that the accumulated chemical loss of ozone inside the Arctic vortex totaled 117 +/- 14 Dobson units (DU) by the end of winter. This loss, combined with dynamical redistribution of air parcels, resulted in a 88 +/- 13 DU reduction in total column ozone compared to the amount that would have been present in the absence of any chemical loss. The chemical loss of ozone throughout the winter was nearly balanced by dynamical resupply of ozone to the vortex, resulting in a relatively constant value of total ozone of 340 +/- 50 DU between early January and late March. This observation of nearly constant total ozone in the Arctic vortex is in contrast to the increase of total column ozone between January and March that is observed during most years. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14401 Potsdam, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Cambridge, European Ozone Res Coordinating Unit, Cambridge CB2 1HE, England. Norsk Inst Luftforskning, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway. Univ Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Free Univ Berlin, Inst Meteorol, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Observ Hohenpeissenberg, D-82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Atmospher Environm Serv, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Wales, Dept Phys, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, Dyfed, Wales. Royal Meteorol Inst Belgium, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Meteorol Observ Lindenberg, D-15864 Lindenberg, Germany. CAO, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa, Aichi, Japan. Sodankyla Meteorol Observ, Sodankyla, Finland. Ctr Aerol, Legionowo, Poland. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. UK Met Off, Bracknell RG11 2SZ, Berks, England. IMS, Valentia Observ, Kerry, Ireland. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan. INTA, Madrid, Spain. CNR, Ist Fisbat, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Czech Hydromet Inst, Prague 14306, Czech Republic. SMI, CH-1530 Payerne, Switzerland. RP Rex, M (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, POB 600149, D-14401 Potsdam, Germany. RI Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009; Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Fromm, Michael/F-4639-2010; Ravegnani, Fabrizio/A-7800-2009; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/A-7007-2013; Sinnhuber, Miriam/A-7252-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Aikin, Kenneth/I-1973-2013; Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221; Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Ravegnani, Fabrizio/0000-0003-0735-9297; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068; Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Sinnhuber, Bjorn-Martin/0000-0001-9608-7320; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 38 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8276 DI 10.1029/2001JD000533 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200041 ER PT J AU Salawitch, RJ Margitan, JJ Sen, B Toon, GC Osterman, GB Rex, M Elkins, JW Ray, EA Moore, FL Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Bevilacqua, RM Hoppel, KW Richard, EC Bui, TP AF Salawitch, RJ Margitan, JJ Sen, B Toon, GC Osterman, GB Rex, M Elkins, JW Ray, EA Moore, FL Hurst, DF Romashkin, PA Bevilacqua, RM Hoppel, KW Richard, EC Bui, TP TI Chemical loss of ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000: An analysis based on balloon-borne observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone depletion; Arctic ozone loss ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; POLAR VORTEX AIR; ER-2 AIRCRAFT; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; TRACE GASES; DENITRIFICATION; TRANSPORT; N2O; SIMULATIONS; MODEL AB Simultaneous balloon-borne observations of ozone (O-3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-lived tracer of dynamical motion, are used to quantify the chemical loss of ozone in the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000. Chemical loss of ozone occurred between altitudes of about 14 and 22 km ( pressures from similar to120 to 30 mbar) and resulted in a 61 +/- 13 Dobson unit reduction in total column ozone between late November 1999 and 5 March 2000 (the date of the last balloon-borne measurement considered here). This loss estimate is valid for the core of the vortex during the time period covered by the observations. It is shown that the observed changes in the O-3 versus N2O relation were almost entirely due to chemistry and could not have been caused by dynamics. The chemical loss of column ozone inferred from the balloon-borne measurements using the "ozone versus tracer" technique is shown to compare well with estimates of chemical loss found using both the Match technique (as applied to independent ozonesonde data) and the "vortex-averaged descent" technique (as applied to Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III satellite measurements of ozone). This comparison establishes the validity of each approach for estimating chemical loss of column ozone for the Arctic winter of 1999/2000. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14401 Potsdam, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 183-601, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Ross.J.Salawitch@jpl.nasa.gov; James.J.Margitan@jpl.nasa.gov; Bhaswar.Sen@jpl.nasa.gov; Geoffrey.C.Toon@jpl.nasa.gov; Gregory.B.Osterman@jpl.nasa.gov; mrex@awi-potsdam.de; James.W.Elkins@noaa.gov; eray@al.noaa.gov; Fred.Moore@noaa.gov; Dale.Hurst@noaa.gov; Pavel.Romashkin@noaa.gov; bevilacqua@nrl.navy.mil; Karl.Hoppel@nrl.navy.mil; Erik.C.Richard@noaa.gov; pbui@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009; Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221; Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 51 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8269 DI 10.1029/2001JD000620 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200030 ER PT J AU Scheeren, HA Lelieveld, J de Gouw, JA van der Veen, C Fischer, H AF Scheeren, HA Lelieveld, J de Gouw, JA van der Veen, C Fischer, H TI Methyl chloride and other chlorocarbons in polluted air during INDOEX SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE methyl; chloride; chlorocarbons; biomass burning; biofuel use; biosphere-atmosphere interactions; Southeast Asia ID TRACE GAS MEASUREMENTS; EMISSIONS INVENTORY; REACTIVE CHLORINE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GLOBAL EMISSIONS; HALOCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE; ISOPRENE; SOUTH AB [1] Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is the most abundant, natural, chlorine-containing gas in the atmosphere, with oceans and biomass burning as major identified sources. Estimates of global emissions suffer from large uncertainties, mostly for the tropics, partly due to a lack of measurements. We present analyses of whole-air canister samples for selected nonmethane hydrocarbons and chlorocarbons. The samples were collected from an aircraft during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) campaign over the northern Indian Ocean in February and March 1999. The CH3Cl results are correlated to selected nonmethane hydrocarbons and in situ measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and acetonitrile (CH3CN). We relate high mixing ratios of similar to750 pmol mol(-1) of CH3Cl to biomass burning, as observed in polluted air masses from India and Southeast Asia. We infer a relatively high enhancement ratio relative to CO, DeltaCH(3)Cl/DeltaCO approximate to1.74 +/- 0.21 x 10(-3) mol mol(-1). The CH3Cl levels relate to the extensive biofuel use in India and Southeast Asia, notably the burning of agricultural waste and dung with a comparatively high chlorine content. It appears that CH3Cl emissions from biofuel consumption in India and Southeast Asia have been underestimated in the past. Furthermore, we observed enhanced dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and trichloromethane (CHCl3) levels, correlating with high CO, acetylene (C2H2) and CH3Cl, indicating that biomass burning is a small but significant source of these species. C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht IMAU, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. Max Planck Inst Chem, Atmospher Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Scheeren, HA (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht IMAU, Princetonplein 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. RI de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 DI 10.1029/2001JD001121 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300003 ER PT J AU Schiller, C Bauer, R Cairo, F Deshler, T Dornbrack, A Elkins, J Engel, A Flentje, H Larsen, N Levin, I Muller, M Oltmans, S Ovarlez, H Ovarlez, J Schreiner, J Stroh, F Voigt, C Vomel, H AF Schiller, C Bauer, R Cairo, F Deshler, T Dornbrack, A Elkins, J Engel, A Flentje, H Larsen, N Levin, I Muller, M Oltmans, S Ovarlez, H Ovarlez, J Schreiner, J Stroh, F Voigt, C Vomel, H TI Dehydration in the Arctic stratosphere during the SOLVE/THESEO-2000 campaigns SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE water vapor; total hydrogen; Arctic stratosphere; dehydration ID POLAR VORTEX; WINTER STRATOSPHERE; HYDROGEN BUDGET; CLOUD PARTICLES; BALLOON-BORNE; ICE PARTICLES; WATER-VAPOR; DENITRIFICATION; SEDIMENTATION; EVOLUTION AB Balloon-borne measurements of H2O, CH4, and H-2 in January and March 2000 show clear evidence for dehydration inside the polar vortex. At 30-50 hPa, total hydrogen is reduced by approximately 0.5 ppmv. This phenomenon is apparent in all five in situ balloon observations of this period; therefore it is probable that dehydration occurred over extended regions and a long period of this winter which was characterized by a well-confined vortex and low stratospheric temperatures. At altitudes below 50 hPa, where dehydration was strongest in previous Arctic observations and in the austral spring, total hydrogen values (2.CH4 +H2O + H-2) were similar to those found in Arctic profiles from other years where there was no dehydration and to those found at midlatitudes. In some of the dehydrated air masses, small solid particles were found whose crystallization might be connected to the earlier formation of ice particles. Back trajectory calculations for the January observations indicate that the probed air masses had experienced temperatures below the ice frost point in a synoptic-scale cold region several days before the observations. Most likely, the air was dehydrated there. In addition, temperatures in these air masses dropped below ice saturation several hours prior to the observations in the lee of the Scandinavian mountain ridge. For the March measurements, no ice saturation was apparent in the recent history of the air masses, again indicating that dehydration in the Arctic winter 1999/2000 was not a local phenomenon. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphare 1, D-52425 Julich, Germany. CNR, Inst Fis Atmosfera, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphare 1, ICG-1, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM c.schiller@fz-juelich.de; r.bauer@fz-juelich.de; cairo@ifa.rm.cnr.it; deshler@uwyo.edu; andreas.doernbrack@dlr.de; Jelkins@cmdl.noaa.gov; an.engel@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de; harald.flentje@dlr.de; nl@dmi.dk; soltmans@cmdl.noaa.gov; joelle.ovarlez@polytechnique.fr; f.stroh@fz-juelich.de; christiane.voigt@dlr.de; hvoemel@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Stroh, Fred/A-6505-2009; Voigt, Christiane/G-3279-2010; Schiller, Cornelius/B-1004-2013; Larsen, Niels/G-3145-2014; Engel, Andreas/E-3100-2014 OI Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; Engel, Andreas/0000-0003-0557-3935 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8293 DI 10.1029/2001JD000463 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200080 ER PT J AU Stehr, JW Ball, WP Dickerson, RR Doddridge, BG Piety, CA Johnson, JE AF Stehr, JW Ball, WP Dickerson, RR Doddridge, BG Piety, CA Johnson, JE TI Latitudinal gradients in O-3 and CO during INDOEX 1999 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SURFACE OZONE; INDIAN-OCEAN; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; ATMOSPHERE; POLLUTION; BERMUDA; CYCLE; URBAN AB [1] Measurements of ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) from the INDOEX 1999 experiment show large differences in concentrations of ozone and CO between the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. These measurements confirm the theory that the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) serves as a barrier to mixing over the Indian Ocean, effectively separating the polluted air in the Northern Hemisphere from cleaner air in the Southern Hemisphere. In spite of CO levels similar to those observed off the coast of North America, there is relatively little ozone off the coast of India. The ozone-to-CO ratio in air coming from India is 0.14, lower than 0.3 or 0.4 in air being transported to Bermuda from North America. Diurnal cycles are observed in both CO and ozone. INDOEX data taken onboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown show an average diurnal cycle in ozone of 20%, while data from the island of Kaashidhoo in the Republic of Maldives indicate a diurnal variation of 19%, consistent with our analyses of other experiments. Diurnal variations of this magnitude are larger than expected from ozone destruction by conventional HOx chemistry alone, implying that the sink of ozone in the remote marine boundary layer is likely considerably larger than had been assumed. Additional chemical cycles must be fairly substantial-large enough to rival HOx chemistry in ozone destruction. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stehr, JW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Stehr, Jeffrey/F-2638-2010; Dickerson, Russell/F-2857-2010 OI Stehr, Jeffrey/0000-0003-4840-6942; Dickerson, Russell/0000-0003-0206-3083 NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8015 DI 10.1029/2001JD000446 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300004 ER EF